Beekes

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XXXXXΑ

XXXXXἁ- 1 copulative prefix (4 ἀθροιστικόν).

    <IE *sm->

    *VAR E.g. in ἄπαξ; by Grassmann's dissimilation or by psilosis also a-, which was analogically extended: ἄλοχος, ἀδελφός; ἄπεδος 'even', ἄβιος 'rich'. A form like Hom. ἄκοιτις was not aspirated because the Attic redactors of the text did not know the word, so they followed the Ionic pronunciation (cf. ἥλιος next to ἠέλιος).

    *ETYM From IE *sm- in Skt. sa- (sé-nadman- 'with the same name'), Lat. sem-, sim- (sim-plex), from PIE *siy1-, a zero grade to *sem in Skt. sém 'together', ▶︎ εἷς. Within Greek, cf. also ▶︎ ὀμός, ▶︎ ἄμα. From the meaning 'together, provided with', the so- called ἀ émtatixov (intensive) developed, e.g. ἄ-εδνον: πολύφερνον 'with much dowry' (H.), cf. ▶︎ ἕδνα. It has been supposed that in some cases a comparable ἀ- arose from *- (the zero grade of *h,en 'in'), e.g. ἀλέγω (Seiler KZ 75 (1957): 1-23), but the alleged instances are probably all wrong.

XXXXXἀ- 2 privative prefix (a στερητικόν).

    <IE *n->

    *VAR Prevocalic ἀν-.

    *ETYM The antevocalic form ἀν- arose because of a following laryngeal (Indo- European roots always started with a consonant), which led to vocalization of the nasal: *y-HV- > *anV-. In Greek, the loss of initial consonants (*4-, *s-) disturbed the original distribution: thus ἄισος (< *d-Fioo¢) next to the reshaped ἄνισος. Sometimes this led to analogical forms, like ἄ-οζος next to original ἄν-οζος. In the Myc. PN a-u-po-no /Ahupnos/, the a- stands before h-, like in classical ἄυπνος. In ἀόριστος (to ὅρος < *worwo-), we see that the initial Ε- was originally retained before *o as well. If the second member began with laryngeal + cons., this yielded Greek vn-, va-, vw- like in νήγρετος, νωδός < *n-hgr-, *n-h,d-. These adjectives were later reshaped, e.g. into ἀνώνυμος (see Beekes 1969: 98-113) In ἀνάεδος, ἀνά-ελπτος and ἀνάπνευστος, which seem to show dva- 'un-', the last two are analogical, and the first may stand for dv-eedv-. On pleonastic a(v)-, cf. ▶︎ ἀβέλτερος. a(v)- was originally limited to verbal adjectives and bahuvrihis, both in Greek and in other JE languages; see Frisk 1941: 4ff., 44{{., Frisk 1948: 8ff, Wackernagel 1920- 1924(2): 284ff., Wackernagel 1920-1924(1): 282f, and Moorhouse 1959. In other languages, we have e.g. Skt. a(#)-, Lat. in-, Go. un-, all from PIE *4-. The sentence negative was *ne, in Lat. ne-scio, ne-fas, etc., but this use is not attested for Greek (not in ▶︎ νέποδες).

XXXXXἀ- 3

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    *ETYM In Pre-Greek substrate words, a 'prothetic vowel' occurs, e.g. ἄσταχυς next to  στάχυς. In other words, the prothetic vowel may be present in the reflex of a  substrate word or not. Without a doubt, a phonetic process was at the origin of these variations. It is rather  frequent, see Fur. 368-378. The vowel was almost always ἀ- (only very few  exceptions can be recorded, see Pre-Greek).

XXXXXἀ- 4 in Anatolian place names, e.g. Ἀπαισός / Παισός, Ἄθυμβρα / Θύμβρα. «τῶν»

    *ETYM The origin of the phenomenon is unknown, and could be different from that  of the Pre-Greek prothetic vowel. It is probably due to adaptation from a non-IE  language.

XXXXXἆ 5 interjection (II.).

    *DER ἄζω [v.] 'to sigh, groan'.

    *ETYM Onomatopoeic; see Schwyzer: 716. 2

XXXXXἀάατος Mg. unknown. In νῦν μοι ὄμοσσον ἀ. Στυγὸς ὕδωρ (E 271) 'inviolable', ἄεθλος ἀ. (φ 91, x 5) 'infallible'?, κάρτος a. (A. R. 2, 77) 'invincible'? <?>

    *VAR For the varying length of the vowel, see LfgrE s.v.

    *ETYM Comparable to ▶︎ ἄτη and ▶︎ daw 'to damage'. Cf. perhaps ἀάβακτοι: ἀβλαβεῖς 'undamaged' (H.). Note that the privative prefix is ἀ-, not ἀν-.

XXXXXἄαδα · ἔνδεια. Λάκωνες 'want, lack (Lacon.y (H.). 4?>

    *DER ἀαδεῖν' ἀπορεῖσθαι, ἀσιτεῖν 'to be in distress, abstain from food' (H.), see on ▶︎ ἄδην. We also find dadeiv- ὀχλεῖν, λυπεῖσθαι, ἀδικεῖν 'to disturb, be vexed, be  wronged' (s.v. ▶︎ ἀνδάνω, ▶︎ ἡδύς).

    *ETYM The forms and meanings are uncertain; see DELG for an uncertain suggestion  by Frisk. Latte assumes 456 = ἄζα, contrary to the alphabetical order.

XXXXXἀάζω [v.] 'to breathe with the mouth wide open' (Arist.).

    *DER ἀασμός (Arist.).

    *ETYM Probably onomatopoeic. Another suggestion by Solmsen 1901: 284 relates it to > ἄημι. Cf. perhaps ▶︎ ἄζω 2, from ▶︎ 4.

XXXXXἀάνθα [f.] - εἶδος évwtiov παρὰ Ἀλκμᾶνι ὡς Ἀριστοφάνης 'a kind of earring in Alcm., ace. to Ar.' (H.). 42>

    *ETYM Schulze 1892: 38 explained it as *atc-av@a to the root of οὖς < *h,ous-, but  since the suffix is unclear (cf. oivav0n), this analysis cannot be substantiated. Cf. also  Bechtel 1921, 2: 366.

XXXXXἄαπτος [adj.] In χεῖρες ἄαπτοι (Hom., Hes.), later of κῆτος (Opp.), perhaps 'invincible'. <?>

    *ETYM Aristophanes read "ἀέπτους, which is also unclear. Meier-Briigger's  explanation of ▶︎ ἀπτοεπής does not convince me. Cf. »Gentoc and ▶︎ ἑάφθη.

XXXXXἄ(α)τος = ἄητος.

XXXXXἀάσχετος = ἔχω.

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XXXXXἀάω [v.] 'to damage', med. 'act in blindness' (1].).

    *VAR Beside pres. ἀᾶται (T 91 = 129) < *dpdetat only aor. daca (contracted doa) <  Ἰάρᾶσα, med. -άμην, pass. ἀάσθην. With -σκ-: ἀάσκει' φθείρει, βλάπτει 'destroys,  damages' (H.); difficult κατέβασκε: κατέβλαψεν 'damaged' (H.), for *kat-aBaoKe?

    *COMP ἀεσίφρων (wrong for daot-) 'damaged in mind' (Il.), cf. dacipdpoc: βλάβην  φέρων 'bringing damage' (H.); avat(e)i 'without harm, with impunity' (A.).

    *ETYM For PGr. *awa-je/o-, we may mechanically reconstruct an JE root *h,euh,-, but  there are no known cognates. A verbal noun *awd-teh,-, with which compare abata  (Alc.), yields ▶︎ ἄτη 'damage, guilt, delusion'. Not connected to ▶︎ ὠτειλή.

XXXXXἄβα - τροχὸς ἢ βοή 'wheel or screaming' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM In the sense of 'screaming', Specht compared ἄβα with Hom. ave [ipf.]  'called'. See further the glosses ἀβήρει: dda 'sings' and ἀβέσσει' ἐπιποθεῖ, θορυβεῖ  'yearns for, makes noise' (both H.}; lastly also GBwp with the meaning βοή. See  ▶︎ αὐδή, ▶︎ ἀείδω.

XXXXXἄβαγνα - ῥόδα Μακεδόνες 'roses (Maced.)' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM See Kalléris 1954: 66-73; Belardi Ric. ling. 4 (1958): 196.

XXXXXἀβακής [adj.]<?>

    *VAR Only Aeol. ἀβάκην φρένα [ace.sg.) (Sapph.), explained as ἡσύχιον καὶ πρᾷον  'quiet and gentle' (EM).

    *DER ἀβάκησαν (5 249) 'ἡἡσύχασαν᾽ (?) and ἀβακιζόμενος 'quiet' (Anacr.). Further  ἀβακήμων: ἄλαλος, ἀσύνετος 'unspoken, not understood' (H.), and ἀβάκητος:  ἀνεπίφθονος 'without reproach' (H.).

    *ETYM Perhaps it belongs to »Balw (βέβακται, βάξις) 'to speak'.

XXXXXἀβακλή = ἄμαξα.

XXXXXἀβαλῆ - ἀχρεῖον, Λάκωνες 'useless, foolish (Lacon.)'. οἱ δὲ νωθρὸν 'bastard' (H.).

    *ETYM Fur. 167, 348 compares ἄβελλον: ταπεινόν 'vile, low' (H,, Cyr.) and ἄβαλις:  μοχθηρὰ ἐλαία 'worthless olive tree' (H.), but not ▶︎ ἀφελής.

XXXXXἄβαλις = ἀβαλῆ.

XXXXXἀβάντασιν - ἀνάβασιν 'mounting' (H.).

    *ETYM For earlier "ἀ(μ)βάντασσιν [ἀ41.Ρ].}} See Schwyzer: 50.

XXXXXἄβαξ, -κος [m.] 'board for calculating or drawing' (Cratin., Arist.).

    *ETYM Etymology unknown. The assumption of a loan from Hebr. 'dbdq 'sand, dust'  (Lewy 1895: 173) is semantically weak (rejected by E. Masson 1967: 97). On the  meaning, cf. Bruneau REGr. 80 (1967): 325-330; see also Kratzsch WZHalle 23 (1973):  126, who defends the connection with Hebrew. Borrowed as Lat. abacus. Kuiper  compared dudkiov ἄβαξ. Λάκωνες (H.), but Fur: 221 doubts this. Yet, if the  comparison is correct, the word is Pre-Greek (variation B/\1).

XXXXXἀβαριστάν - γυναικιζομένην, καθαιρομένην καταμηνίοις. Κύπριοι 'being made to play a womanly role, being cleansed or purified during the menses (Cypr.)' (H.). <

    *ETYM Related to ▶︎ σαβαρίχις, with Cyprian loss of s-?

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XXXXXἄβαρκνα [f.] - λιμός 'hunger' (H.).

    *ETYM Fur.: 122 connects it to μαργός 'mad, gluttonous', which is not convincing. The formation with -va after -k- suggests Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXἀβαρταί = ἀφαρεύς.

XXXXXἄβαρτος - ἄπληστος 'greedy', οἱ δὲ ἄμαργος 'greedy' (H.).

    *VAR ἀβαρτία. ἀπληστία 'greediness' (H.).

    *ETYM Fur.: 217 connects it to μάργος, which seems difficult formally; or do we have  to read *&Bapyoc? If so, the word clearly shows a prothetic vowel, which points to  substrate origin.

XXXXXἀβαρύ [n.] - ὀρίγανον «τὸ ἐν» Μακεδονίᾳ (or Μακεδονίας) 'oregano (Maced.)' (H.).

    *ETYM Related to ἀμάρακον 'origanum', acc. to Fur.: 210. Cf. also βαρύ: τινὲς μέν  φασι θυμίαμα εὐῶδες 'acc. to some, an odoriferous incense' (H.); see Latte. The  suggestion of Kalléris 1954: 75f., who assumes connection with βαρύς as 'having a  strong (heavy) odor' (with prothetic a), is untenable.

XXXXXἄβδελλον [adj.} - ταπεινόν 'low, abased' (H.).

    *VAR  Hesychius also has ἄβελλον with the same mg,; Latte rejects it as a corruption  of the other form, which is unnecessary.

    *ETYM See Fur.: 167. If the variation 65 / B is real, it is a Pre-Greek word, which is  likely anyway for a form with BS.

XXXXXἄβδηρα [f.] - kai ἄβδια ἡ θάλασσα (EM 3, 8).

    *ETYM Fur.: 309 connects it with the TN Ἄβδηρα.

XXXXXἄβδης [m., f.] " μάστιξ παρ᾽ Ἱππώνακτι 'whip (Hippon.)' (H.).

    *ETYM Probably a foreign word in Hipponax; see O. Masson 1962: 170 (fr. 130). Fur.:  388 convincingly compares ἀβριστήν: μάστιγα (H.). The word is Pre-Greek because  of the cluster βδ (see ibid.: 318), with -Bp- perhaps representing earlier -βδ-.

XXXXXἄβεις - ἔχεις 'vipers; you have' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Perhaps Illyrian, with β from IE *g', as in viPa- χιόνα. It is unlikely, however,  that ἔχις should be reconstructed as *h,eg'*-i-. Maybe the gloss is just Lat. habés (see  Pisani Paideia 10 (1955): 279).

XXXXXἄβελλον = ἀβαλη, ἄβδελλον.

XXXXXἀβέλτερος [adj.] 'simple, stupid' (Ar.). <?>

    *ETYM Wackernagel GGN (1902): 745ff. connected it with BéAtepoc, assuming that an  original mg. 'morally good' developed into 'too good, simple', with an unclear prefix. This is unlikely; see Osthoff MU 6 (1910): 177 and Hatzidakis Glotta 11 (1921): 175f for  different analyses.

XXXXXἀβέρβηλον [adj.] - πολύ, ἐπαχθές, μέγα, βαρύ, ἀχάιστον, μάταιον 'much, heavy or burdensome, great, empty, rash' (Η.).

    *VAR ἀβύβηλον (H.) is glossed in the same way; also -ητος (EM).

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    *ETYM The variation points to a Pre-Greek word. Fur: 374 compares MoGr. βύρβηλο  'abundance'.

XXXXXἀβήρ [m/f.]? - οἴκημα στοὰς ἔχον, ταμεῖον. Λάκωνες 'house provided with store-houses, treasury (Lacon.)' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. Not identical with ▶︎ ἀήρ 'air' (as in Frisk, who compares MoSw. vind 1. 'wind' 2. 'bottom').

XXXXXἀβίλλιον -οἀμίλλακαν.

XXXXXἄβιν [acc.m./f.] - ἐλάτην, οἱ δὲ πεύκην 'silver fir; pine' (H.).

    *ETYM Comparing Lat. abiés, Mayer ΚΖ 66 (1939): 96f. assumed that PIE *ab- 'tree'  occurs in several Illyrian and Iranian names, such as'ABau, Ἄβροι, Ἀβική ="YAaia (St. Byz.). If this is the case, is the root from a non-IE language in Europe?

XXXXXἀβιτώριον [n.] 'latrine' (ΟΕ I, 599, Istropolis, Scythia Minor).

    *ETYM From an unknown Lat. *abitérium 'latrine', in turn from abire (DELG Supp.):  a case in which a Latin word is known only from Greek.

XXXXXἀβλαδέως [adv.] - ἡδέως 'sweet' (H.). «"

    *ETYM A connection with *BAaduc 'powerless' leaves the initial vowel unexplained  (see on »BAadeic); the semantic development is also problematic. Connection with  > ἀμαλδύνω 'to make weak' would point to *h,mld- (with -aA- analogically after the  full grade *duteA5-), but in this case one would expect "ἀμβλαδ- for our word; there is  yet no etymology.

XXXXXἄβλαροι [π|.] - ξύλα 'wood' (H.).

    *ETYM Fur. 370 compares βδαροί: δρύες, δένδρα 'trees' (H.); the word is Pre-Greek  (with prothetic vowel and ($6 alternating with BA). It is less probable that ▶︎ βάρνες  also belongs here.

XXXXXἀβληχρός = βληχρός.

XXXXXἀβλοπές [adj.] - ἀβλαβές. Κρῆτες 'sound, undamaged (Cret.)' (H.). = βλάπτω.

XXXXXἀβολεῖς [π1.}{ - περιβολαὶ ὑπὸ Σικελῶν 'garments (Sicilian) (H.).

    *ETYM Probably related to ▶︎ ἀβόλλης.

XXXXXἀβολέω [v.] 'meet' (A. R., Call.), = ἀντιβολέω. «ἀπὲ»

    *VAR  ἀβολῆσαι ἀπαντῆσαι 'to encounter' (H.). «ὈΕΕἀβολητύς 'meeting' (H.).

    *ETYM Cf. ἤβολον ἦμαρ' καθ᾽ ὅ ἀπαντῶσιν εἰς ταὐτόν, ἢ εὔκαιρον, ἱερόν (H.), which  may have its length for metrical reasons, or alternatively have arisen by  decomposition; cf. ▶︎ ἐπήβολος. The ἀ- could be copulative (see ▶︎ ἁ- 1).

XXXXXἀβόλλης [m.] 'kind of coat' (imperial period).

    *VAR Also ἀβολλα (Peripl. M. Rubr.).

    *ETYM LW from Lat. abolla (Varro). Cf. ▶︎ ἀβολεῖς.

XXXXXἀβραμίς a fish, a kind of mullet (Opp.).

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    *VAR Also ἄβραμις, ἀβραβίς (PLond. ined., ΠΠΡ).

    *ETYM The fish was salted in Egypt (Ath. 7, 3120). Fur.: 220 thinks that the form with  B is due to a recent assimilation. It is either Pre-Greek, or a loan from Egyptian.

XXXXXἀβριστήν = ἄβδης.

XXXXXἁβρός [adj.] 'graceful, delicate, pretty' (Hes.); mostly of young girls and women. <?>

    *VAR  Fem. ἅβρα 'favorite slave' (not a Semitic loan, E. Masson 1967: 98).

    *DER  ἁβρότης 'splendor, luxury', ἁβροσύνη 'id.'; denominative ἁβρύνομαι [v.] 'to live  a delicate life', act. 'to treat soft-heartedly'.

    *ETYM No etymology. Not related to ἥβη 'youthful power', which has n- < *é (< *eh,). On the feminine substantive, see Francis Glotta 53 (1975): 43-66.

XXXXXἀβροτάζω [v.] 'to miss'.

    *VAR  Only in ἀβροτάξομεν [aor.subj.] (K 65).

    *DER ἀβρόταξις (H., Eust.).

    *ETYM Perhaps formed on the basis of ἤμβροτον, the aorist of ▶︎ ἁμαρτάνω. Could it  be an artificial archaism of the Doloneia (DELG)? On -βρ- instead of -μβρ-, see  Schwyzer: 277. Is it metrically conditioned?

XXXXXἀβρότονον [n.] 'wormwood' (Thphr.). <?>

    *VAR  Also ἁ-.

    *ETYM Unknown; probably a loanword, perhaps from the Greek substrate. Connected with aBpdéc by folk etymology. From Akk. (a)murdennu 'flower with  thorns', acc. to Bailey TPS 1955: 82.

XXXXXἅβρυνα [n.pl.) 'mulberries' (Parth. apud Ath.). <?>

    *VAR Also ἀ-.

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXἀβρυτοί [m.] - ἐχίνων θαλασσίων εἶδος 'kind of sea urchin' (H.).

    *VAR Also ἄμβρυττοι: εἶδος ἐχίνων θαλασσίων Ἰά᾽", βρύττος (Ar.), βρύσσος (Arist.).

    *ETYM The formal variation (prothetic vowel and prenasalization) is typical of Pre-  Greek substrate words.

XXXXXἀβυδόν [adj.] - βαθύ 'deep' (H.).

    *ETYM von Blumenthal IF 49 (1931): 175 considers it to have an Illyrian origin  ('bottomless', related to βυθός). If the connection with βυθός is correct, it is not  necessarily Illyrian, but could also be a substrate word with prothetic ἀ-. See ▶︎ βυθός.

XXXXXἀβύρβηλος = ἀβέρβηλος.

XXXXXἀβυρτάκη [f.] a sauce of leek, cress and pomegranate seeds (Pherecr.).

    *ETYM Defined as ὑπότριμμα βαρβαρικόν 'a foreign dish' (Suid.). Theopompus  wrote: ἥξει δὲ Μήδων γαῖαν, ἔνθα ποιεῖται ἀβυρτάκη 'he will arrive in Media, where  the a. is made' (Suid. 17 Kock), so perhaps it is an Iranian loan. But the structure ἀ-  βυρτ-άκ-η is reminiscent of Pre-Greek words; for the suffix, cf. βατιάκη, KavvaKn,  πιστάκη. See also Fur. 158°.

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XXXXXἄβυσσος = βυθός.

XXXXXἀγα- intensifying prefix, e.g. ἀγα-κλεής 'of great renown'.

    <IE *meg-h,- 'great'>

    *DER Verbs: ἄγαμαι [v.] 'to admire, envy', ἀγάομαι (Hes.), ἀγαίομαι (Od.), ἀγάζω 'to  have too much' (A. Supp. 1061). Nominal derivatives: ἄγη 'admiration, envy' (Il.),  ἀγάσματα (S. Fr. 885), ἄγα(σγ)σις (H., EM). See also ▶︎ ἄγᾶν.

    *ETYM The same stem as μέγα-, continuing a PIE zero grade *mgh,-. It has a  counterpart in Av. as-, e.g. as-aojah- 'with great strength' (from a zero grade *mgs-);  see Schindler 1987: 345. See ▶︎ ἀγάλλομαι, PAyav, ▶︎ ἀγανακτέω, »ἀγαυός, ▶︎ μέγας.

XXXXXἀγαθίς 1, -ίδος [f.] 'ball of thread, clew' (Pherecyd.). <?>

    *ETYM No etymology. Under ἀγαθός, Frisk connects Skt. gadhya- 'was festzuhalten  ist'. Cf. ▶︎ ἀγαθίς 2.

XXXXXἀγαθίς 2, -ίδος = σησαμίς H; σησαμίς = σησαμῆ 'a mixture of sesame seeds, roasted and pounded with honey', an Athenian delicacy given to guests at a wedding. Note the expression ἀγαθῶν ἀγαθίδες 'quantities of goods'.

    *ETYM Belardi Ric. ling. 4 (1958): 196 compared γάθια. ἀλλάντια 'sausages (vel sim.y  (H.); see ▶︎ ἀλλᾶς, If this is correct, the word is Pre-Greek, because of the prothetic  vowel. Fur.: 370 also compares ▶︎ γήθυον.

XXXXXἀγαθός [adj.] 'good, fit, noble' (IL). «Ἰεῦ, Lw?>

    *VAR ἀκαθόν ἀγαθόν 'good' (H.); χάσιος: χρηστός 'good, useful (H.). Dor. χάϊος  'noble, good' (long a).

    *DIAL Cypr. ἀζαθος must probably be read ἀγαθος, see Egetmeyer Kadmos 32 (1993):  145-155.

    *ETYM The older comparison with Gm. forms like Go. gobs, MoHG gut, MLG gaden  'to fit? etc., and Slavic words like OCS godon> 'pleasant', goditi 'be pleasant' and Ru. gédnyj 'useful' should be forgotten, as these require a root *g'ed"- (LIV? s.v.), from  which Skt. gadh- 'to take, seize' derives. ἀγαθός is considered to be from a European  substrate by Beekes KZ 109 (1996). An Indo-European attempt by Pinault MSS 38  (1979): 165-170, who derives the word from *mgh,-d*h,-o- 'made great', or 'whose  deeds are great' (Ruijgh 1991b). I find this semantic development difficult. Moreover,  as Pinault admits, a suffix -d'o- is rare (see Chantraine 1933: 366). Finally, there are  forms like ἀκαθόν and χάσιος; if these variants are reliable, the word could be Pre-  Greek.

XXXXXἀγαιος [adj.] epithet of a sacrificial calf in the Labyadai inscr. (Schwyzer: 323). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. Connected with »dya-, based on comparison with dyatov-  ἐπίφθονον 'liable to envy' (H.); see Buck 1955: 245.

XXXXXἀγαλλίς [f.] 'dwarf iris, Iris attica' (h. Dem.). <?>

    *VAR Also msc. (H.). On Nic. fr. 74, 31 see DELG.

    *DER ἀγαλλίς: ὑάκινθος ἢ θρυαλλίς, ἢ ἀναγαλλίς 'hyacinth, plantain, pimpernel'    (H).

    *ETYM No etymology; see DELG, André 1956 s.v. anagallis and Strémberg 1940: 78.

XXXXXἀγάλλομαι [v.] 'to be proud, exult in' (Il.). «?»

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    *DER ἄγαλμα 'glory, delight, honor; statue'. In later language, ἀγάλλομαι is replaced  by ἀγαλλιάομαι; -ἰάω after the verbs in -1dw; thence ἀγαλλίασις, -ίαμα. ἀγάλλιος:  λοίδορος 'slandering' (H.), ἀγαλλιάζομαι' λοιδορεῖσθαι, Ταραντῖνοι 'to slander  (Tarent.)' (H.); Fur: 370 compares γαρριώμεθα, but there is no support for this. The  plant name ayaAXic (h. Cer., Nic.) probably does not belong to ἀγάλλομαι.

    *ETYM Looks like a denominative of *&yaAdc, but such a form is unknown.

XXXXXἀγάλοχον [n.] 'eagle-wood, Aquilaria malacensis' (Dsc.).

    *ETYM One suspects an Oriental loanword; cf. Schrader-Nehring 1917: 39f. On  Pahlavi 'wiwe < *agalik, see Henning BSOAS 11 (1943-1946): 728.

XXXXXἄγαμαι = ἀγα-.

XXXXXἈγαμέμνων [m.] the Greek commander before Troy (I]).

    *VAR  Att. vases Ἀγαμέσμων, also Ἀγαμέμμων, -μένζνλων (Nachmanson Glotta 4  (1913): 246).

    *ETYM Since Prellwitz BB 17 (1891): i7if., a pre-form *Aya-yéd-jlwv has been  assumed, with the root of μέδομαι. The development -δμ- > -νμ- > -uv- is known in  various Greek dialects (other examples in Lejeune 1972: 77, where also on the  development to -oj1-). Kretschmer Glotta 3 (1910-1912): 330f. connected the second part with μένος and  μένειν (which von Kamptz 1982: 181 and 209 finds improbable), explaining -σμ- as a  kind of popular assimilation.

XXXXXἄγᾱν [adv.] 'much, too much' (Pi.).

    *DIAL Aeolic or Doric in origin, which explains the long a.

    *ETYM The old accusative of the adjective ▶︎ μέγας. The form is important, as it points  to the type nom. *CeC-C, acc. *CC-eC-m, which I assume is the original  hysterodynamic inflection in Indo-European (see Beekes 1985: 103f.). Cf. also ▶︎ aya-.

XXXXXἀγανκτέω [v.] 'be indignant or irritated' (Hp.).

    *ETYM Expressive formation in -aktéw like bAaktéw (to bAdw), so from original  *dyavaw? Cf. ἀγάνημαι: ἀσχάλλω, ἀγανακτῶ (H.). Pinault RPA. 65 (1991 [1993]):  196-198 derives it from *aya-vaxtog 'pressed too much', from ▶︎ vacow. Uncertain.

XXXXXἀγάννα = ἀχάνη.

XXXXXἀγανός [adj.] 'mild, gentle' (11. «ἘΣ

    *ETYM No etymology. The connection with ἄγαμαι or γάνος [n.] 'splendor' (Bechtel  1914) is semantically unconvincing.

XXXXXἀγαπάω [v.] 'to receive with friendship; to like, love' (II.). <1E?>

    *VAR Also ἀγαπάζω (IL). Retrograde ἀγάπη '(Christian) love' (late, especially LXX  and NT).

    *ETYM Pinault RPh. 65 (1991 [1993]): 199-216 assumes it derives from *&ya-na- 'to  protect greatly', referring to similar expressions in Sanskrit; cf. ▶︎ ἐμπάζομαι. The  Christian use may have been influenced by Hebr."aba 'love'; see Ruijgh Lingua 25  (1970): 306.

===Pag_056: Beekes_Página_0056.tiff===

XXXXXἀγαρικόν [n.] name of several mushrooms (Dsc.). 46 ΕΡ

    *ETYM Perhaps from the TN Ayapia (Sarmatia)? See André 1956 s.v. agaricum and  Stromberg 1940: 122.

XXXXXἀγασυλλίς [f.] plant that produces ἀμμωνιακόν, Fecula marmarica (Dsc.).

    *ETYM Fur. 254 connects it with ▶︎ γηθυλλίς (Dor. ya-), which is Pre-Greek. Comparing the latter with ἀγασυλλίς, we note the prothetic vowel and the  interchange 0/c. See André 1956 s.v. agasylilis.

XXXXXἀγαυός [adj.] 'admirable, noble' (11... «ἘΣ

    *ETYM Acc. to Schwyzer IF 30 (1912): 430ff., Aeolic = aya-féc; perhaps related to  ▶︎ ἄγαμαι. An expressive gemination of the Ε has been proposed (eg. Ruijgh Lingua  25 (1970)). But since a suffix -yo- is doubtful in Greek (cf. Chantraine 1933: 124: 'le  suffixe était mort en grec'), the word may rather be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXἀγαυρός [adj.] not quite certain, perhaps 'proud' (Hes., Hdt, rare). «ἡ

    *ETYM Was ▶︎ γαῦρος reshaped after ἀγαυόςξ A pre-Greek origin should also be  considered.

XXXXXἄγγαρος [m.] 'Persian mounted courier' (X.). <?>

    *VAR Rarely as an adjective, e.g. dyyapov nip 'signal fire' (A. Ag. 282).

    *DER ἀγγαρήϊος = ἄγγαρος (Hdt.), substantivized ἀγγαρήϊον 'institution of the  ἄγγαροι᾽ (Hdt. 8, 98, with a description of it), Denominative ἀγγαρεύω [v.] 'press  into service' (Ev. Matt., pap. inscr.); thence ἀγγαρευτής 'impressed laborer' (pap. VIF) and ayyapeia 'service' (pap., inscr.), plur. ἀγγαρεῖαι 'cursus publicus' (inscr. ITIP); ἀγγαρικός (pap.). Hell. and late by-forms are éyyapebw, -éw, -ἰα, by folk-  etymology after the preverb év-.

    *ETYM The exact source is unknown. Not from Akk. agru 'hired man'; see Eilers 11] 5  (1962): 225; Happ Glotta 40 (1962): 201. On the realia see Rostowzew Klio 6 (1906):  24off. and R. Schmitt Glofta 49 (1971): 97-100 (who defends an Iranian origin). Mancini Glotta 73 (1995): 210-222 reconstructs a form OP *angard- > *ayyapn- as the  basis of ἀγγαρήιον (Hdt. 8, 98), which must be the oldest Greek form. Extensively on  this word Brust 200s: 17ff.

XXXXXἄγγελος [m.] 'messenger' (I].).

    *DIAL Perhaps Myc. a-ke-ro.

    *DER Denominative ἀγγέλλω [v.] 'to convey a message'. Did ἀγγελίης [m.]  'messenger' (Hom.) arise from a false interpretation of the genitive (τῆς) ayyeding?  See Leumann 1950: 168ff. Thence ἡ ἀγγελίη 'female messenger' (Hes. Th. 781). From  ἀγγελία: ἀγγελιώτης, -ὥτις '(female) messenger' (ἢ. Merc. 296); from ἄγγελος:  ἀγγελικός 'of a messenger' (late); from ayyéAAw: ἄγγελμα 'announcement' (E., Th.),  ἀγγελτικός 'premonitory' (late), ἀγγέλτειρα 'female messenger' (Orph. ἢ. 78, 3; not  certain).

    *ETYM The connection with Skt. drgiras-, name of mythical beings, has now been  abandoned. Perhaps an Oriental loan, like ▶︎ ἄγγαρος.

XXXXXἀγγεράκομον = ἀγερράκαβος,

===Pag_057: Beekes_Página_0057.tiff===

XXXXXἄγγοπηνία [n.pl.] - τὰ τὼν μελισσῶν κηρία 'honeycombs' (H.). «τὰν»

    *ETYM From Iranian angupén, see Bailey BSOAS 20 (1957): 51 (does not belong to  ▶︎ ἄγγος).

XXXXXἄγγος [n.] 'vessel' (1].).

    *DIAL Probably Myc. a-ke-ha [pl.).

    *ETYM Possibly a Mediterranean loanword (cf. Chantraine 1933: 418), as kitchen  utensils are often borrowed. Fur.: 275, 307? compares ἄγδυς: ἄγγος Κρητικόν, which  is quite tempting.

XXXXXἄγγουρα [f.] - ῥάξ, σταφυλή 'grape, bunch of grapes' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Cf. MoGr. ἄγωρος, ἄγουρος 'unripe, green, young man' and ἀγουρίδα 'unripe  grape', from G-wpoc 'unripe, green', with the spirant as a transitional sound;  secondary nasalization as in MoGr. Cret. ἄγγουρος 'young, youngster' and ἀγγούρι  'gherkin'. The MGr. and MoGr. word was borrowed as MP angi 'grape' and Eg.-  Arab. aggir 'gherkin'. See Kretschmer Glotta 20 (1932): 239f3 also Cocco Arch. glott. ital. 54 (1969): 98.

XXXXXἄγγουρος 'cake'. = γοῦρος.

XXXXXἀγείρω [v.] 'to gather' (IL).

    *DIAL Myc. a-ke-re, a-ko-ra /agora/, a-ma-ko-to me-no /*am-agorté ménos/ 'in the  month of the Assembly'? See Taillardat REGr. 97 (1984): 365-373.

    *COMP ὁμηγερής 'gathered together' (Il.), νεφεληγερέτα 'cloud-gatherer' (1].).

    *DER ▶︎ ἀγορά s.v. ἄγορος 'gathering' (E.). Often ayup- (cf. Schwyzer: 351): ἄγυρις  'gathering, mass' (Il.), with πανήγυρις 'gathering of all' (Arc. πανάγορσις,  παναγορία); ἀγύρτης 'beggar', denominative ἀγυρτάζω 'to beg', ἀγυρτεύω (Str.),  whence ἀγυρτεία, adjective ἀγυρτικός (Str, Plu.). Also ayuptip 'beggar', ἀγύρτρια  'beggar-woman' (A. Ag. 1273). Also ἀγυρμός 'gathering' and ἄγυρμα 'anything  collected'. The formations in ἀγερ- kept the connection with the verb: dyepotc  'gathering, inspection of the army' (Hdt.), ἀγερμός 'gathering of funds, troops, etc.'  (inser, Arist.), ἀγερμοσύνη (Opp.), ἀγέρτας 'collector' (IG 14, 423: I 35 [Taurom.]). ἄγαρ- is found in ἄγαρρις 'meeting' (IG 14, 759: 12 [Naples]); also ἄγορρις: ἀγορά,  ἄθροισις 'gathering' (H.) which may be Aeolic, see Chantraine 1933: 280.

    *ETYM No direct cognates, but the reconstruction *h,ger- is unproblematic. See  further »yépyepa - πολλά 'lots, often' (H.) and ta ▶︎ ydpyapa 'heaps, lots'. ἠγερέθονται and -to have a present suffix -θ- (cf. Schwyzer: 703); ἠγερέθονται (T  231) and ἠγερέθεσθαι (K 127, Aristarchus) have an unexpected long vowel; the forms  were built on frequent ἠγερέθοντο.

XXXXXἀγέλη [f.] 'herd, troop' (I1.). «1ὸῈ *h,eg- 'drive'>

    *ETYM From ▶︎ ἄγω, with a suffix *-I-. Comparison with Lat. agilis, Skt. ajird- 'mobile,  quick' and Lat. agolum 'staff of a shepherd' makes little sense; the formations are  probably independent.

XXXXXἀγέρδα = ἄχερδος.

XXXXXἀγερρακάβος [m.] - σταφυλή 'bunch of grapes' (H.).

===Pag_058: Beekes_Página_0058.tiff===

    *VAR ἀγγεράκομον' σταφυλήν 'id.'; ἁγράκαβος: σταφυλή 'id' (both H.).

    *ETYM Latte rejects two of these forms (how to decide which?), followed by Fur.: 221. I think this is indefensible. The word is Pre-Greek in any case, like so many words  concerning wine (e.g. apacyddec). Note the element -aB-. The -e- is a prop vowel  (see Fur.: 378ff.); variation a/o and βίμ are also well-known in Pre-Greek (which  means all the glosses are real); the yy may represent a prenasalized consonant, one of  the clearest characteristics of Pre-Greek words.

XXXXXἀγέρωχος [adj.] 'magnanimous, proud' (11. <?>

    *DER ἀγερωχία 'magnanimity' (LXX, Plb.). Uncertain is Dor. yepwyia (Ar. Lys. 980).

    *ETYM No etymology.

XXXXXἀγέτρια [f.] - μαῖα. Ταραντῖνοι 'midwife (Tarent.)' (H.); ἀναγέτρια- ἡ ταῖς τικτούσαις ὑπηρετοῦσα γυνὴ παρὰ Ταραντίνοις 'woman who watches over the midwives in Tarent. (H.). <?>

    *ETYM McKenzie Class. Quart. 15 (1921): 48 assumes that it stands for earlier  Ἰἀγρέτρια, from ▶︎ ἀγρέω with a suffix -τρία and subsequent dissimilation. This  seems quite improbable semantically.

XXXXXἄγη = ἀγα-.

XXXXXἀγήνωρ [adj.] epithet of θυμός of uncertain mg; perhaps 'proud' (II.).

    *VAR  PN Ἀγήνωρ.

    *DER ἀγηνορίη (Hom.), whence ἀγηνορέω (Nonnos).

    *ETYM First part probably related to ἄγω (Risch IF 59 (1949): 39f), rather than to ἀγα-  (Sommer 1948: 169f.); cf. also Kuiper MKNAW 14: 5 (1951): 5 : 207. On the evolution  of the meaning, see DELG.

XXXXXἀγήρατον [n.] a plant, 'Origanum onites' (Dsc.). <?>

    *ETYM Assuming an original meaning 'unaging', it can be connected to γηράσκω,  γῆρας. Semantic parallels are given by Stromberg 1940: 103; these are uncompelling.

XXXXXἀγήρατος [m.] stone used to polish women's shoes (Gal.). <?>

    *ETYM A connection with the word for 'age' does not seem appropriate. Szemerényi  Gnomon 43 (1971): 641-75 proposes ἀγ-ήρατος 'very lovely', which is not much  better.

XXXXXἀγήτωρ = ἡγέομαι.

XXXXXἄγιος [adj.] 'holy' (Hdt.).

    *DER Yod-present ἄζομαι [v.] 'to honor' (Il.), from "ἄγιομαι. Late nouns ἁγιότης and  ἁγιωσύνη (LXX), verbs ἁγίζω 'to consecrate, dedicate' (Pi, 5.) and ἁγιάζω 'id,'  (LXX), whence ἁγισμός 'offering to the dead' (Ὁ. S.), ἁγιασμός 'consecration' (LXX,  NT), ἁγίασμα 'id., sanctuary' (LXX); ἁγιστήριον 'holy vessel' (Inscr. Perg. 255, 9),  ἁγιαστήριον 'sanctuary (LXX) and ἁγιστύς 'ceremony' (Call.). ἀγιστεύω [v.] 'be  holy, be pure; consecrate' (PI, E.) also presupposes a nominal form in -ot- (ἁγιστός

===Pag_059: Beekes_Página_0059.tiff===

only in Et. Gud. s.v. ἁγιστεία); thence ἁγίστευμα 'sanctuary' (Procop.) and ἁγιστεία 'ritual, service' (Isoc.).

    *ETYM The connection with Skt. ydjati 'honor with sacrifice and prayer' is  semantically unobjectionable and formally explained by Lubotsky's rule (Lubotsky  MSS (1981): 133-8), ie. in *Hieh,g-, the glottal element of the pre-glottalized *g was  lost before a consonant. This means that it is unnecessary to assume a-vocalism for  this root in PIE, as is done by many scholars (e.g. LIV? s.v. *Hiag-). The primary  noun ἅγιος seems to have a suffix *-iHo-. A different formation is found in ▶︎ ἁγνός.

XXXXXἀγκύλος [adj.] 'curved, bent' (1].λ. «1Ὲ *h,enk- 'bend'>

    *COMP ἀγκυλομήτης 'who thinks crooked thoughts' (II.), from an old verb ἔμη-μι (cf. Skt. mati), see Ruijgh Lingua 25 (1970): 306.

    *DER Denominatives ἀγκύλλω [v.] 'to bend backwards' (Aret.) and ἀγκυλόω [v.] 'to  bend' (Ar.); from the latter ἀγκύλωμα 'loop' (Gal.), -woig medical term, name of  various lame or stiff conditions (Gal.); ἀγκύλη 'strap, loop, hook, hinge of a door,  etc. (B., Hp., S., E.). Thence ἀγκυλητός 'provided with ἀγκύλαι᾽ (A.), ἀγκυλίς [f.]  'hook' (Opp.), to which ἀγκυλιδωτός 'provided with a loop' (Hp. apud Gal.),  ἀγκύλιον 'loop, etc.' (medic.). Many derivatives built on the root *h,enk- with a different suffix:  a) With *-l-: ἀγκάλη [f.] 'curved arm, armful (Archil.), mostly plur; diminutive  ἀγκαλίς, mostly plur. -ἰδες (II), which is more frequent in the epic for metrical  reasons. ἄγκαλον [acc.sg.] 'armful, sheaf (ἢ. Merc. 82) is not entirely certain. Denominative ἀγκαλίζομαι [v.] 'to embrace' (Semon.), action nouns ἀγκάλισμα  (Tim. Pers.), ἀγκαλισμός (pap.). A derivation in *-l- without suffixal vowel is found  in ἀγκλόν' σκολιόν 'curved, bent, crooked' (H.), provided that the gloss is correct. Ὁ) With *-n-: ἀγκών, -@voc [m.] 'elbow' (IL), dat.pl ἀγκάσι (Opp.), said of many  protruding objects; cf. ἀγκάς below. Late diminutives ἀγκώνιον, -ίσκος, -ίσκιον;  denominative ἀγκωνίζω [v.] 'to lean on the elbows' (Com. Adesp., gloss.), whence  ἀγκωνισμός (Eust.). Further ἄγκοιναι [f-pl.] 'arms' (I1.), enlargement with -a. An old  e-grade may be found in ἐπ-ηγκενίδες 'long planks on a ship' (see Bechtel 1914). c) With *-s-: ἄγκος [n.] 'mountain glen' (1].), formally comparable with Skt. drikas-  {n.] 'curve'. d) With *-tro-: ἄγκιστρον 'hook' (Od; from *ayxi~w), the formation of which is  unclear (see Chantraine 1933: 333f.); thence ἀγκίστριον, ἀγκιστρεύω, ἀγκιστρευτικός  and ἀγκιστρεία (only marginal attestations). Unclear is the formation of ἀγκάς: ἀγκάλας 'armful, sheaf (H., see Bechtel 1914). Adverbs ἄγκαθεν [adv.] 'in(to) the arms, on the elbows' (A.), ἀγκάς 'into the arms'  (IL, only antevocalic except in Ψ 711), probably the elided dat.p]. with a zero grade  suffix belonging to ἀγκών; thence ἀγκάζομαι [v.] 'to lift up in the arms' (IL).

    *ETYM All forms derive from a widespread IE root *h,enk-, found in e.g. Skt. dficati  'to bend, curve' and dcati 'id'. Not connected with this group of words is Hitt. hai(n)k-'"* 'to bestow', med. 'to bow' (see Kloekhorst 2008). In Greek, we also find  ▶︎ ὄγκος 'barb' continuing *h,onk-o-. For the stem in -u-, cf. Skt. anku-rd- 'hook'  (note the operation of Wheeler's Law in Greek). The /-suffix is found in OHG angul  'fishhook', ON dl [f.] 'belt' (perhaps an old formation; cf. ἀγκύλη), dll 'germ' etc.

===Pag_060: Beekes_Página_0060.tiff===

One generally connects it with ▶︎ ἄγκῡρα 'anchor' (Alc.), but I suggest that this is a substrate word.

XXXXXἀγκάλη

    *VAR ἀγκών, ἄγκος, etc. = ἀγκύλος.

XXXXXἄγκῡρα [f.] 'anchor' (Alc.).

    *DER Dervatives are scarce: ἀγκυρωτός 'anchor-shaped' (Ph. Bel.), ἀγκύριον (Ph. Bel.), ἀγκυρίζω [v.] 'to make 504. stumble' (old com.).

    *ETYM The suffix -tpa is typically Pre-Greek, as in yé~tpa, yépytpa; it therefore  does not continue an inherited formation *-ur-ja-. Borrowed as Lat. ancora.

XXXXXἀγλαός [adj.] 'splendid, beautiful, famous' (II.); formulary epithet, e.g. of ὑιός. <?>

    *VAR The Cretan and Cyprian gloss ἀγλαόν: γλαφυρόν 'hollow(ed), polished' are  due to misunderstanding of the Homeric usage, acc. to Leumann 1950: 272".

    *DER ἀγλαΐα 'splendor, beauty' (Il), also PN; ἀγλαίζω [v.] 'to embellish, glorify',  med. 'to take delight in'.

    *ETYM Probably from "ἀγλαρός. Connected with γαλήνη, ἀγάλλομαι (cf. Szemerényi  1964: 155), or to ▶︎ ἀγανός, ▶︎ ἀγαυός. The connection with ἀγάλλομαι enjoys a certain  popularity.

XXXXXἀγλίς = αἰγλίς.

XXXXXἄγλῖς, -ιθος [f.] 'clove of garlic' (Ar.).

    *DER ἀγλίδιον in: ἀγλίδια' σκόροδα 'garlic' (H.), with interchange θ᾽ ὃ (Fur. 194).

    *ETYM Pur.: 127, 282 connects it with ▶︎ γέλγις, -ιθος, -ίδος as yed-y-: d-yA-, for which  cf. κέρ-κ-α: d-xp-ic. This seems quite possible.

XXXXXἀγλύεσθαι [v.] - βλάπτεσθαι 'to be hindered, damaged' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM von Blumenthal IF 49 (1931): 176 thinks it is Hyllaean or rather Messapian,  connecting it with Go. agls. Quite uncertain.

XXXXXἁγνός [adj.] (ritually) pure, holy' (Od., mostly poet.). IE *(A)ih.g-no- 'holy'>

    *DER ἁγνότης 'purity' (NT, etc.). Verbal derivations: 1. ἁγνεύω [v.] 'to consider holy,  be pure, purify' (IA), whence ἀγνεία 'purification', ἅγνευμα, ἁγνευτήριος,  ἁγνευτικός; 2. ἀγνίζω [v.] 'to purify, consecrate' (poetic), whence ἅγνισμα, -topidc,  -LOTIKGG, etc., ἁγνίτης 'purifier' (Lyc.) after nouns in -ίτης, cf. Redard 1949: 11.

    *ETYM Related to ▶︎ ἅγιος; it may be the same formation as Skt. yajfid- 'sacrifice'.

XXXXXἄγνος [f., m.] tree name: 'withy', 'Vitex agnus castus' (h. Merc.), = λύγος. The name probably also denotes a fish and a bird, see DELG s.v. 4 EUR?, PG?>

    *VAR Also ἄγονος; cf. ἄγονον = μυρσίνη ἀγρία 'wild myrtle' (Fur.: 381).

    *ETYM Comparable with OCS jagnedo 'black poplar' (Lidén IF 18 (1905-1906): 506); if  this is correct, it is perhaps a European substrate word (on which phenomenon, see  Beekes 2000). On the folk-etymological connection with the notion of chastity  (ἁγνότης), see Strémberg 1940: 154.

XXXXXἄγνυμι [v.] 'to break' (Il.).

    *VAR Fut. ἄξω, aor. fata or ἦξα, perf. Saya, pass. aor. ἄγην or ἐάγην (on verse-final  ἐἄγη A 559 see Wackernagel 1916: 141, Chantraine 1942: 18).

===Pag_061: Beekes_Página_0061.tiff===

    *COMP Mostly in κατάγνυμι, with & from -α-ραγ- (Bjorck 1950: 42, 147).

    *DER dyn 'fragment' (A., E.), long ἄ- certainly in A. R. 1, 554; 4, 941; further ἰωγή <  Ἐξι-Εωγ-ή 'shelter', if originally 'breaking of the wind' (ξ 533), also in composition  ἐπιωγαί, -ἡ 'place of shelter' (e 404), perhaps dissimilated from *é71l-Fipwyai (but see  Bechtel 1914). Further ἀγμός 'fracture, cleft' (Hp., E.), ἄγμα 'fragment' (late); ἄξος =  ἀγμός (Crete), but hardly from the o-aor; appurtenance of the TN Ὀάξος (Hat. 4,  154) as ξάξος is uncertain. Cf. also γακτός (= F-): κλάσμα 'fragment' (H.). On  fayavo- (Thespiae), see CEG 6, and Taillardat RPh. sér. 3: 40 (1966): 76. Also ἄγανος  [adj.] 'broken' (δ. fr. 231).

    *ETYM From ἐξάγνυμι (the F is clearly visible in Homer) < *uh.g-n(eu)-, belonging to  ToB wak- 'to go apart', caus. 'to split' and perhaps also to Hitt. yak-' / uakk- 'to bite  (cf. Kloekhorst 2008 s.v.). A palatovelar is best reconstructed based on Skt. vdjra-  'thunderbolt' and its Indo-Iranian cognates. Greek -Fwy- is from *uoh.g-. Perhaps  Lat. vagina is also related; cf. MoHG Scheide 'id' related to scheiden 'to separate'.

XXXXXἀγνύς [f.] 'weaving stones' (Plu.).

    *VAR -ῦθες [pl.].

    *ETYM See Chantraine 1933: 366. Probably a substrate word; suffixes of the type -60-  are typical of Pre-Greek.

XXXXXἀγορά [f] 'gathering, assembly, market, trade, traffic' (Hom.).

    *DER ἀγορητής 'speaker' (epic), which perhaps rather derives from ἀγοράομαι  (Fraenkel 1910: 25f.). Denominative verbs: 1. ἀγοράομαι 'to speak (in public, in the  assembly) (epic Ion., poet.), only in isolated forms; ἀγορητύς 'eloquence' (epic),  ἀγορατρός 'speaker' (inscr. Delphi, cf. Bechtel 1921, 2: 151); 2. ἀγορεύω 'id' (Hom.),  as a simplex rare in Attic (Wackernagel 1916: 220ff., Fournier 1946: 4:ff.), whence  ἀγορευτής 'speaker', -τήριον 'podium', 'σις 'speech' (all rare and late); 3. ἀγοράζω 'to  be on the market, do shoppings' (IA); thence ἀγόρασις 'purchase' (PL), Boeot. ἀγόρασσις (Holt 1941: 4of.), ἀγορασία 'id', ἀγορασμός 'id' (LXX), -ασμα, usually  plur. ἀγοράσματα 'purchased wares' (D.); agent noun ἀγοραστής 'purchaser' (X.),  fem. ἀγοράστρια (pap.), ἀγοραστικός 'pertaining to trade' (P1.).

    *ETYM Verbal noun related to ▶︎ ἀγείρω.

XXXXXἄγος [n.] 'pollution, guilt; expiation' (Hdt., A., Th.); the word denotes the notion of 'sacredness' in &yea- τεμένη 'consecrated piece of land' (H.), for which Bechtel 1921, 1: 115 suggests Lesbian origin, and also in 5. Ant. 775, A. Ch. 155, etc. <ΙΕ? *(Hieh.g- 'sacred'>

    *COMP ἐν-αγής 'under a curse or pollution' (Hdt, S.), whence ἐναγίζω [v.] 'to  sacrifice to the dead', ἐναγισμός, -ἰσμα. Rare and late ἐνάγιος [adj.] (after ἄγιος),  ἐναγικός. The opposite εὐ-αγής 'immaculate' (Parm., 5.) is found as Εύπαγης UG  12(9), 56 [Styra V*]); the simplex ἁγής (of the sun, Emp. 47) is clearly secondary.

    *ETYM Formerly connected with Skt. dgas- [n.] 'fault, sin', but the long vowel of  Sanskrit cannot be accounted for. DELG s.v. explains it as a psilotic form of "ἄγος  belonging with ▶︎ ἄγιος (cf. Chantraine and Masson 1954: 85-107), which certainly fits  the attested meaning 'sacredness' well. As Chantraine remarks, all forms can easily  be derived from the root *hag- 'sacred', except for ἄγος, the psilosis of which has not

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received a convincing explanation. At any rate, it did not serve to distinguish the word from ἄγιος (per DELG).

XXXXXἀγοστός [m.] in Homer only in the formula ἕλε γαῖαν ἀγοστῷ, which is usually taken to mean 'with the hand (bent like a clawy (A 425). Taken by Hell. imitative poets (A. R, Theoc.) as 'arm, elbow', <?>

    *ETYM Solmsen 1909: iff. proposed an original *t&yop-oto¢ 'collector', derived from  > ayeipw 'to gather' with a suffix *-st- found in semantically close παλαστή 'flat hand,  breadth of four fingers', Skt. hdsta- 'hand', MoHG Faust fist', OCS greste 'handful'  etc. Not really convincing.

XXXXXἄγρα [f.] 'hunting, way of catching; prey' (Od.). «ὃ, PG?(V)>

    *COMP Instruments: πυράγρα 'fire tongs' (II), kpedypa 'meat tongs' (Ar.); as medical  terms ὀδοντάγρα 'tooth tongs'; diseases: ποδάγρα 'podagra', χειράγρα 'gout in the  hand'. Compounds in -dypetoc: παλινάγρετος 'to be taken back' (epic since 1].),  αὐτάγρετος 'self-chosen' (Od.). Bodypia 'what was taken from a cow (= shield)',  avdpaypiov 'spoils of a slain enemy'. The interpretation of these compounds is  debated, see DELG.

    *DER ἀγρεύς 'hunter' (Pi, A. etc.), more common is ἀγρεύω [v.] 'to hunt' (Hadt., S.,  E., X.), whence ἀγρευτής 'hunter' (Sol., 8. [lyr.]), aypevtip 'id' (Theoc., Call),  ἄγρευμα 'catch, hunting net' (Sol, A, E., X.,); on the mg. of ἀγρέτης see Redard  1949: 2368, Further ἀγρώσσω [v.] 'to catch' (Od.), cf. Schwyzer: 733; aypéw [v.] 'to  take, seize' (Il, Sapph., Archil., in Hom. only ipv. ἄγρει, -te (see Wackernagel 1916:  166f.), Aeol. katdypevtov [ipv.]; aor. ptc. ἀγρέθεντα, -tec, verbal adj. ἀγρεταί (Cos). Agent noun ἀγρέμων (also -μών) 'hunting spear, hunter', etc. (A. H., EM), whence  ἀγρέμιον 'catch' (AP).

    *ETYM The relation between ἄγρα and aypéw is unclear. Schwyzer: 727' pleads  against dypéw as a denominative from ἄγρα. McKenzie Class. Quart. 15 (1921): 46f. and 125 separated the two words: ἄγρα and ἀγρεύς would belong to ἀγρός 'field',  whereas ἀγρέω would derive from the compounds in -aypetoc, which themselves  belong to ▶︎ ἀγείρω 'to gather'. The existence of compounds like αὐτάγρετος beside αὐθαίρετος could indicate that  αἱρέω and ἀγρέω were associated, and this may explain formal variants like  -alypetoc. Connection with Indo-Iranian (Skt. ghdsé-ajra-, Av. vahrkam azrodaidim,  both hapaxes of which the mg. is uncertain) and Celtic words (OW hair, MW aer  'battle' < *agra, Olr. dr [n.] 'defeat' < *agro-, σα} ἘΝ Veragri) is rejected by DELG,  where it is remarked that none of these words bear the concrete meaning of  'catching' thatis attested in Greek. Fur.: (see index) thinks that aypéw is a substrate word because of the prenasalized  forms (Thess. ayype-), the form with at for a (PN Ἐξαίγρετος on coins from Asia  Minor, on which see Vendryes 1938: 331-334; this form can hardly be reliable), the  variant éypéw, and the metathesized form apyeite. See »Cwypéw.

XXXXXἀγράκαβος > ἀγερράκαβος.

XXXXXἀγρεῖφνα [f.] 'harrow' (AP 6, 297).

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    *DER ἀγρίφη [f.] 'harrow' (Hdn., Η.).

    *ETYM One compares γριφᾶσθαι' γράφειν. Λάκωνες, of δὲ Eveiv καὶ ἀμύσσειν 'to  write (Lacon.), others: to plane and scratch' (H.). The 4- would remain unexplained. But note that the attestations are very late. Pre-Greek origin with a prothetic vowel is  possible. The form in -va also suggests Pre-Greek, cf. Fur, 132%.

XXXXXἀγρηνόν [n.] - «ἔνδυμα» δικτυοειδὲς ὃ περιτίθενται οἱ βακχεύοντες Διονύσῳ. Ἐρατοσθένης δὲ αὐτὸ καλεῖ [γρῆνυν] ἢ γῆνον 'garment like a net which those possessed by Dionysus put on. Eratosthenes calls it a y.' (H.). <?>

    *VAR ἀγρηνα' δίκτυα καὶ ἔνδυμα 'nets and clothing' (H.); cf. ἀγρηνὸν ποικίλον  ἐρεοῦν δικτυοειδὲς καὶ ἔνδυμα δὲ ποιόν (EM 14, 2).

    *ETYM Does the word have a prothetic vowel? Cf. also γρήνιγχ: ἄνθη συμμικτά 'mixed  flowers' (H.), cf. Stromberg 1944: 15. A derivation from ἄγρα (DELG) is quite  uncertain. Nilsson 1941(1): 204 says that the net on the Omphalos was called  ἀγρηνόν; this statement is ascribed to Hesychius and Pollux (4, 116), but neither  author says so: it was only a guess by PW s.v. ('wohl auch'). In fact, Hesychius states  that it was called γάγγαμον.

XXXXXἀγρήσκεται - πικραίνεται 'is made bitter, tastes bitter' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Latte suggested that it stands for ἀγρίσκεται and derives from ἄγριος,  comparing ἀλθίσκω / ἀλθήσκω to ▶︎ ἀλθαίνω. Semantically not convincing.

XXXXXἄγριππος [m.] Laconian name for the wild olive (Zen.). 4PG(V)>

    *VAR ἄγριφος: γένος τι ἀγρίας ἐλείας 'species of wild clive' (H.).

    *ETYM Fur: 158 notes that these words have the variation 1t/@, characteristic of Pre-  Greek words.

XXXXXἀγρός [m.] 'field' (IL).

    *VAR  Myc. a-ko-ro /agras/; PN a-ko-ro-qo-ro /Agrok*olos/.

    *COMP ἄγροικος 'who lives in the country' (aypo-fox-), ▶︎ ἄγρωστις; also ἄγρυπνος  'who sleeps outside', which developed into 'sleepless, awake' (IA); cf. ἄγρ-αυλος (11. 'who has his bed/lair in the field'.

    *DER Thence ἄγριος 'wild', with derivations: ἀγριότης [f.] 'wildness' (Pl, D., X.),  ἀγριόομαι, aypidw, ἀγριαίνω [v.] 'to become (make) wild'. ἀγρότης [m.]  'countryman, rustic' (m 218, E.), aypotip [m.] (E.) 'id', also ἀγρώτης CE.) and  ἀγρώστης (S. E.), of unclear formation (see Bechtel 1914 sv. ἄγρωστις, but also  Meier-Briigger KZ 103 (1990) above). ἀγροιώτης (IL) for ἀγρώτης would have arisen at verse end (Risch 1937: 32). On  ἀγρέτης see ▶︎ ἄγρα. Comp. aypdtepoc 'wild', cf. ὀρέστερος. 'living in the mountains  (as opposed to the fields).

    *ETYM Old IE word, originally designating the uncultivated field: cf. Skt. djra-, Lat. ager, Go. akrs and Arm. art. Derivation from *h.eg- 'drive' is probable.

XXXXXἄγρυπνος > ἄγρος.

XXXXXἄγρωστις, -ιδος, -εως [f.] 'dog's-tooth grass' (Od.). 4GR>

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17

    *ETYM Formerly supposed to be the fem. of ἀγρώστης 'countryman', from ▶︎ ἀγρός  (Bechtel 1914 s.v., Strémberg 1940: 117). However, Meier-Briigger KZ 103 (1990): 33f. convincingly explained the word as *h,egro-h,d-ti- 'Feld-Futter', comparing ▶︎ νῆστις  for the formation,

XXXXXἄγυια [f.] 'street, road' (IL). «ΡΟ(5)»

    *VAR Plur. ἀγυιαί.

    *DER Ἁγυιεύς [m.] 'guardian of the streets', epithet of Apollo (com., E.), whence the  month name Ayviijoc (Argos); Ἁγυιάτης [m.] 'id.' (A.), also 'inhabitant of an @.'  (Pharsalos), cf. ἀγυιῆται: κωμῆται 'village dwellers' (H.); fem. ἀγυιᾶτις (Pi. E. [lyr.]).

    *ETYM Mainly a poetic word. Generally considered to be a perf. ptc. οὗ» ἄγω 'to  drive' without reduplication, but this makes little sense as the formation is without a  parallel (save archaic ἰδυῖα) more probably a substrate word in -via, for which cf. ▶︎ κώδυια, see Szemerényi 1964: 203ff. and Beekes 1998: asf.

XXXXXἄγχι [adv., prep.] 'near' (I1.). <1E *hemé"- 'tie, betroth'>

    *COMP ἀγχέ-μαχος (IL) probably after τηλέ-μαχος (only as a PN), see Triimpy 1950:  113f.

    *DER Further adverbial forms ἀγχό-θι, -θεν; ἀγχοῦ. Comp. ἄσσον, ἀσσοτέρω, superl. ἄγχιστα, -ov, also ἄσσιστα, Elean ἀσιστα (see Peters 1980a: 288). From the superl. ἀγχιστῖνος 'near each other' (11), see Chantraine 1933: 204. On Locr. ἀγχιστεδᾶν =  ἀγχιστήδᾶν see Fraenkel Glotta 20 (1932): 84f. More forms in DELG.

    *ETYM Considered to be the locative of a root noun related to »&yyw (Schwyzer:  622), or a direct derivation from »dyxw after πέρι, ἄντι. West Glotta 77 (1999): 118f. suggests reconsidering the reading ayxnotivot, -al for ἀγχιστῖνοι, -al, which is a vl. at all Homeric places, and which he interprets as ἄγχι + ἐδ-τι- 'a sitting close  together'. More probable is the suggestion by Watkins (apud West l.c.) that the  compound contains the root ἧσ- 'to sit'.

XXXXXἀγχίλωψ [f] 'swelling which obstructs the lacrymal duct' (Gal. 19, 438).

    *VAR Synonym αἰγίλωψ (Cels.).

    *ETYM Galen analyzes it as ▶︎ ἄγχι and ▶︎ my. Stromberg 1944: of. follows this, and  explains the -A- from the synonym aiyiAwy. Frisk suggests that the first member is  from ▶︎ ἄγχω instead. Not very convincing. The synonym points to a Pre-Greek  origin, due to variation a/ai and y/y and prenasalization. Influence of ἄγχι Gyyw on  aiyikwy is improbable. Note that at before NC is not tolerated in Greek; perhaps the  first 1 derives from a palatalized /g'/. The analysis in terms of Pre-Greek is *a()g'-i-  ὄρ-.

XXXXXἀγχόνη [f.] = μανδραγόρα 'mandrake' (Ps.-Dsc.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXἄγχουρος 1 [m.] 'gold' (AP, Plu.), presumably the name of the son of Midas (Plu. 2, 306f.). <?>

    *ETYM Fur.: 391 compares τάγχουρος yap ὁ χρυσός, ἡ λέξις Περσική 'τ. means gold  in Persian' (sch. Theoc., Ρ. 351 W.) and τάγχαρας 'gold' (Cosmas ad OGI 199). If the

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word is Pre-Greek, I propose a sequence -ar'- giving either -ap- or -oup-; see ▶︎ ἀγχοῦρος 2 and, most notably, ▶︎ ἀρασχάδες.

XXXXXἀγχοῦρος 2 [m.] 'dawn' (Call.). <?>

    *VAR ἀγχοῦρος: ὀρθρός. Κύπριοι. ἢ φωσφόρος καὶ οἱ σὺν αὐτῷ 'dawn (Cypr.);  bringer of light, and what comes with him' (H.). Variant ἄγχαυρος 'near the  morning' (AP 4, 111); 'time near dawn' (Call.), see LSJ Supp.

    *ETYM Unknown. The interchange ov/av is reliable, as both occur in Callimachus (so  if av is explained from αὔριον, we cannot understand -oup-). Perhaps PG -ar'-  yielded variants in -avp- (with anticipation of the labial element) and ovp- (with  additional coloring of the vowel); cf. ▶︎ dpaoyadec.

XXXXXἄγχουσα [f.] a plant, 'Anchusa tinctoria' (Thphr., Dsc.). 4 PG(v)>

    *VAR Also ἔγχουσα (Ar.).

    *COMP Also κατάγχουσα (Ps.-Dsc.); cf. ψευδάγχουσα (Plin.).

    *ETYM The variant ἔγχουσα excludes derivation from ▶︎ ἄγχω (which is defended by  Strémberg 1940: 64). A typical substrate word; see Fur. 346 and 197° on the suffix  -ovoa. Not related to ▶︎ ἀγχύνωψ.

XXXXXἄγχραν [adj.] - μύωπα. Λοκροί 'short-sighted (Locrian) (H.).

    *ETYM Bechtel 1921 compares Gkapov: τυφλόν 'blind' (H.). These forms show typical  variations of Pre-Greek: k/y and prenasalization (see Fur. 127).

XXXXXἄγχω [v.] 'to squeeze, strangle' (1].). 41 *h,emg"- 'narrow, strangle'>

    *DER ἀγχόνη 'hanging, strangling', for the suffix cf. ▶︎ nepdvn, etc; Lat. LW angina  (Leumann Sprache 1 (1949): 205, but see E-M s.v.). Thence ἀγχόνιος 'fit for hanging'  (Ε,, Nonn.), ἀγχονάω 'to strangle' (Man.). ἀγκτήρ, -ἦρος [m.] 'tool for sewing up  wounds' (Cels. Med., Plu.).

    *ETYM An exact correspondence for the thematic present is found in Lat. angé 'to  bind together, strangle'. Hitt. hamank-', hame/ink- has a nasal present *h,m-(e)n-g"-. The widespread u-stem adjective *h,emg'-u- in Skt. amhu- 'narrow', Go. aggwus,  Arm. anju-k, OCS oze-ke is not found in Greek. See ▶︎ ἄγχι.

XXXXXἄγω [v.] 'to drive, lead, bring, carry; to draw, etc. (II). <1E *h.eg- 'drive, lead'>

    *VAR Aor. ἤγαγον, perf. nya (Att.); Dor. ἀγήγοχα, whence ἀγήοχα, ἀγέωχα.

    *DIAL Myc. a-ke /agei/.

    *COMP With at, εἰσ-, ἐξ-, kat-, etc; στρατηγός 'leader (of the army), commander'. On -αγέτης in compounds (ἀρχηγέτης, etc.) see Fraenkel 1910: soff., Sommer 1950:  uf.

    *DER ἀγός 'leader' (poet. since 11].), which is formally identical with Skt ajd- 'driver',  but perhaps a parallel formation; ἀγή 'transport' (Chios), 'winding' (Arat.); ἀγών,  -@voc [m.] 'gathering, rally (to see games)' (II.), whence ἀγώνιος, ἀγωνία, ἀγωνιάω,  ἀγωνιάτης; verb ἀγωνίζομαι 'to contend for a prize, etc', whence aywviotc,  ἀγώνισμα, ἀγωνιστής, ἀγωνιστικός, etc. Further ἄκτωρ, -opos 'leader' (A.), also a PN  (Il.), but Lat. actor may be an independent formation; ἄγμα' κλέμμα 'theft' (H.). Reduplicated nouns: ἀγωγός [m.] 'leader' (IA), ἀγωγή 'carrying away' (IA),  formation unclear, whence ἀγωγεύς, ἀγώγιμος, ἀγώγιον, ἀγωγαῖος, ἀγωγικά.

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XXXXXἄδδιξ, -ἰχος 19

ὤγανον 'spoke' seems unrelated (in spite of Frisk 1938: 17f.). Unclear is the formation of ἀγϊνέμεναι, ἀγινέω 'to lead, carry' (1].), and the relation with Dor. Aetol. ἀγνέω 'id'. Cf. further on ▶︎ ἀγέλη,» ἄξιος,» ἄξων,» ὄγμος; also ▶︎ ἀγρός. Not here ▶︎ ἄγυια.

    *ETYM Old thematic present, also found in Skt. djati, Av. azaiti, Arm. acem, Lat. agé,  Olr. -aig, ON aka and ToAB ἄκ-, all 'to drive, lead' vel sim. Originally the verb was  present (see LIV? s.v. *h,eg-). ▶︎ ὄγμος 'furrow, etc.' derives from *h,og-mo-, neatly  corresponding to Skt. djma- 'trajectory', and proves that the regular reflex of *h,o in  Greek was 0, not a (as was contended by Ruijgh).

XXXXXἀδαγμός [m.] -κνησμός 'itch' (H.). < PG(V)>

    *VAR Also in 8. Tr. 770 acc. to Phot. (codd. ὀδαγμός).

    *DER Cf. ἀδακτῶ: κνήθομαι 'to itch', ἀδαξῆσαι: κνῆσαι 'to scrape, scratch', ἀδαχᾷ:  κνᾷ, κνήθει κεφαλήν. ψηλαφᾷ 'scratches the head, gropes' (H.).

    *ETYM The old explanation of ἀδαγμός as assimilated from d6a- is due to the desire  to reduce everything to Indo-European roots; see Van Beek fthce.b. There is no  compelling reason to connect a word for 'scratch' with 'tooth'; the vocalic variation  points to PG origin. See ▶︎ ὀδάξ.

XXXXXἀδαής, -ές = δαῆναι.

XXXXXἀδαλός [m.] - ἄσβολος 'soot' (H.).

    *ETYM Macedonian for αἴθαλος; see von Blumenthal 1930: 5. See ▶︎ 46m, ▶︎ ἄδραια.

XXXXXἀδάμας, -αντος [m.] a strong metal, 'steel' (Hes.); 'diamond' (Thphr.). <?>

    *VAR  PN Ἀδάμας (Hom.).

    *DER ἀδαμάντινος (Pi. A.).

    *ETYM Both the appellative and the PN are often derived from ▶︎ δάμνημι as  'indomitable'; for the formation, cf. ▶︎ ἀκάμας and Chantraine 1933: 269. But  semantically, the etymology is rather strange. It is rather a loanword that was  adapted by folk etymology. Acc. to Troxler 1964: 19-21 and Barb 1969: 66-82, it is a  loan from Semitic, comparing Akk. adamu. Lubotsky 1998: 414' refers to NPhr. (a)teapa 'stone'.

XXXXXἀδάρεξα : εἰρήνη 'peace' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM von Blumenthal 1930: 24 compares ἀταραξία and thinks the word is of Ilyrian  origin. Very uncertain.

XXXXXἀδάρκη [f.] 'salt deposit on the herbage of marshes' (Dsc., Gal.). <Lw Celt

    *VAR Also -1¢ [m.], ἄδαρκος [m.].

    *ETYM Like Lat. adarca (Plin.), a loanword from Gaulish: cf. Ir. adarc 'horn', which is  from Basque adar 'horn', with a Celt. suffix -k- (Pokorny Zeitschr. f. celt. Phil. 14  (1923): 273; Pokorny Zeitschr. f. celt. Phil. 16 (1927): 112).

XXXXXἄδδαυον = ἄζω 1.

XXXXXἄδδιξ, -ιχος [f.] a measure of four choinikes (Ar. fr. 709). «1»

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    *ETYM Unknown. The suffix is also found in χοῖνιξ (which has -ἰκ-). Geminated 66 is  rare in IA, and names for measures are often borrowed. Cf. κάδδιχος s.v. ▶︎ κάδος,  which is combined by Fur.: 130%, who assumes a substrate word with the alternation  k/zero. Cf. also Szemerényi 1969b: 248.

XXXXXἀδεαλτωhαιε (3sg.opt.aor.] unknown (inscr. Elis [approx. 350°)). <?>

    *ETYM DELG (see s.v. for more details) thinks of δέλτος 'writing tablet', referring to  Buck 1955: 263.

XXXXXἀδελφεός [m.] 'brother' (1].). <Gre ΑΚ Att. ἀδελφός (shortened form); ἀδελφεή 'sister' (Pi. -ed, Att. -φή). Cret. adevitioc.

    *DER ἀδελφιδέος, -δέη (Att. -Sotc, -δῆ) 'nephew', 'niece'. ἀδελιφήρ: ἀδελφεός,  Λάκωνες 'brother (Lacon.)' (H.) is due to contamination with ppatnp. Diminutive  ἀδελφίδιον (Ar.), ἀδελφικός 'brotherly, etc' (Arist.), ἀδελφότης 'brotherhood'  (LXX), ἀδελφίζω [v.] 'to accept as a brother' (Hecat.), ἀδέλφιξις (Hp...

    *ETYM Derived from a word for 'womb' with copulative a < *sm-, meaning 'from the  same womb} cf. ἀδελφοί: οἱ ἐκ τῆς αὐτῆς δελφύος γεγονότες. δελφὺς yap ἡ μήτρα  (H.). However, the -ε- cannot be from -ξρ- because of Cret. -ἰος; acc. to Wackernagel  1916: 52f., it must derive from *-eio-, which forms material adjectives. We may also  assume a ntr. Ἰδελφός as a base noun, thus *ha-g'elpeh-o-. Att. ἀδελφός is from  contracted forms like ἀδελφοῦ < -εοῦ. The inherited word for 'brother', ppatnp, was  primarily used in a religious or political sense (e.g. φράτρα, φρατρία), and could  perhaps also be used for other members of the extended family, like nephews. Greek  probably introduced the expression *ppdatnp ἀδελφεός 'brother proper', cf. Skt. sagarbhya- and, within Greek, ὁμογαστριος. It has been suggested that the word  derived from pre-Greek matrilinear societies (Kretschmer Glotta 2 (1910): 2o01ff.), but  the word may instead point to a society with concubines (παλλακαί); see Gonda  Munem. 15 (1962): 390-2. See ▶︎ δελφύς.

XXXXXἀδευκής, -ές [adj.] unknown, said of ὄλεθρος, πότμος, φῆμις (Od.).

    *DIAL Perhaps Myc. de-u-ka-ri-jo /Deukalién/.

    *ETYM Like ΠΠολυ-δεύκης, it presupposes a noun ᾿δεῦκος [n.], for which no cognates  can be suggested. Not to Lat. disco 'to lead', etc. as per Lagercrantz KZ 35 (1899): 276. Cf. δεύκει: φροντίζει 'consider, ponder' (H.), ἐνδυκέως 'careful'; ἀδευκής would then  mean 'careless, thoughtless', which fits the meaning very well. In a sch. on A. R. 1,  1027, δεῦκος is glossed as γλεῦκος, which seems most improbable. Is it a mistake for  PAEYKO&? The name Δευκαλίων may derive from *Aevkadiwv; see Bechtel 1914 s.v.> ἀδευκής.

XXXXXἀδῆ · οὐρανός. Μακεδόνες 'heaven (Maced.)' (H.).

    *ETYM Identical with ▶︎ αἰθήρ, which features the typical Macedonian  Lautverschiebung (6 for Gr. 9, etc.).

XXXXXἀδηκότες [perf.ptc.nom.pl.] in καμάτῳ ἀδηκότες ἠδὲ καὶ ὕπνῳ (K 98), mg. uncertain. <?>

===Pag_068: Beekes_Página_0068.tiff===

    *ETYM Connected with ▶︎ ἄδην or ▶︎ ἡδύς, and ἀαδεῖν (cf. ▶︎ Gada). For discussion, see  DELG.

XXXXXἀδημονέω [v.] 'to be restless, scared' (Hp., Pl., X.). <?>

    *VAR With short ἀ- (Nic. fr. 16).

    *DER ἀδημονία (Epicur., Plu.), ἀδημοσύνη (Democr., X.).

    *ETYM An Ionic word. Allen Class. Rev. 20 (1906): 5 connected it with δαῆναι;  Debrunner 1937: 266 assumed a contraction from ᾿ἀδαημονέω; semantically not  compelling. Not related to ἡδύς, nor to ἀηδής (Leumann 1950: 309').

XXXXXἀδήν, -ένος [f.] 'gland' (Hp.).

    <IE?, PG?>

    *VAR Later [m.].

    *ETYM One compares Lat. inguen, -inis [n.] 'groin, swelling on the groin' and Molc. økkr [m.] 'growth, tumor < PGm. *enkwa- < *eng'o-. However, since PIE had no  words beginning with a vowel, this would be reconstructed as *h,eng'-, but a zero  grade *h,ng'-e- would give Gr. *évde- acc. to Rix' Law (*HRC- > Gr. a/e/oRC). This  implies that the Greek word cannot be cognate with the Germanic one (the latter can  be cognate with the Latin word, of course, as *h,eng'-, see Schrijver 1991: 58). Greek  ἀδήν thus remains isolated. Fur: 172"* suggests a substrate origin (words in -1yv). For  a recent challenge of the validity of Rix's Law, see Nikolaev 2005, and on the present  word, p. 50%.

XXXXXἄδην [adv.] 'to one's fill (Il.)

    *VAR In epic with psilosis. The a- may undergo metrical lengthening.

    *DER ἄδος [m., n.] 'satiety' (Il), ἁδινός 'crowded, thronging, vehement, etc' (mainly  epic), ▶︎ ἀδρός. From *4&6n-: ἀδαῖος 'leading to satiety, unpleasant' (Sophr., H.). Cf. further the glosses ▶︎ Gada and dadetv (H.), and ▶︎ ἀδμωλή and ▶︎ don.

    *ETYM Old accusative of a noun supposed in the first member of ἁδη-φάγος 'glutton'  (but what kind of compound is it?). Often connected with the root *seh,- 'to satisfy',  which is found in several Greek verbal forms: ἄμεναι (IL.), aor. ▶︎ σαι, ἄσασθαι (epic)  'to become satiated' and ▶︎ ἄατος. ἀδιὴν was analyzed by Frisk as containing a stem  a6- and connected with Arm. at-ok' 'full, ripe' (cf. ▶︎ d45pdc); but, as Clackson 1994:  17of. remarks, ἀδὴν itself may simply contain a suffix -81yv. Still, this does not explain  the other derivations with -5-. Other languages have an enlargement in -t(i)-: Lat. satis 'enough', Go. saps 'satiated', ga-sopjan, Lith. sdtis 'satiaty' etc. (see ▶︎ daat).

XXXXXἀδίαντον [n.] name of a plant, 'Adiantum' (Thphr.).

    <IE?, GR>

    *VAR ἀδίαντος [m.].

    *ETYM Explained as 'what cannot be irrigated' (» dtaivw); see Str6mberg 1940: 74f.

XXXXXἀδίκη [f.] 'nettle', = ἀκαλήφη (Ps.-Dsc. 4, 93).

    *ETYM Cf. ▶︎ ἑλίκη 'willow'. The connection with OHG nazza, nezzila etc. as *nd-ika  (cf. Frisk) is most improbable; it is rather a substrate word.

XXXXXἀδινός = ἅδην, ἁδρός.

XXXXXἄδις [?] - ὡς Ἀπίων, ἀθρόοι, ἢ ἐσχάρα 'in masses, hearth' (H.).

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    *ETYM In the meaning ἀθρόοι, probably a mistake for ἄλις; in the sense ἐσχάρα,  Macedonian (= Lat. aedés), acc. to von Blumenthal IF 49 (1931): 179.

XXXXXἀδμωλή [f.] - ἀπορία, ὀλιγωρία, ἄγνοια, ἡσυχία 'difficulty, contempt or negligence, ignorance, rest or quiet' (H.); cf. Hdn. Gra, 324, etc. <?>

    *VAR ἀδμωλία- ἡ ἄγνοια 'ignorance' (Suid., Call. fr. 717 Pf.), ἀδμολίη (EM). Further  ἀσμωλεῖν = ἀγνοεῖν (H., EM 155, 33).

    *DER ἀδμωλῶ: ἀκηδιῶ 'am careless' (Suid.), ἀδμωλεῖν: ἀγνοεῖν ἢ ἀγνωμονεῖν ἢ  ἀκηδιᾶν 'to be ignorant, act or treat unfairly, be careless' (ΕΜ). ἀδμωλεί- χωρίς  δόλου 'without resource' (Suid.).

    *ETYM Frisk derived it from ἄδ- (in ▶︎ ἄδην) with 'suffixal' -μωλ- (Frisk Eranos 41  (1943): 52), which is highly improbable. Acc. to Fur: 263°, the word can hardly be  inherited. On the interchange δμί op, see Schwyzer: 208 (unclear).

XXXXXἄδμωνες [pl.] a sea-fish (Opp. Hal. 3, 371). <?>

    *VAR Also ἄδμωες.

    *ETYM Unknown; see Thompson 1947.

XXXXXἀδνόν [adj.] - ἁγνόν. Κρῆτες 'holy (Cret.) (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Is it a hypercorrect form, caused by the development ὃν > yv? Or just a form  invented to explain Ἀριάδνη ? See Bechtel 1921(2): 777.

XXXXXἀδολέσχης [m.] 'idle talker' (Ar.). <?>

    *VAR On ἃ see Bjorck 1950: 142, 41.

    *DER Later ἀδόλεσχος; thence ἀδολεσχία, -ἕω, -tKdc.

    *ETYM Perhaps from "ἀαδο-λέσχης to dadeiv: ὀχλεῖν (H.), with λέσχη as a second  member in the sense of 'conversation', and a first member *d-ofad- (see ▶︎ ἁνδάνω,  ▶︎ ἡδύς); cf. Schulze 1892: 452f. Quite uncertain. See DELG for more details.

XXXXXἀδραία - αἰθρία 'clear weather' (H.).

    *ETYM Probably Macedonian; see von Blumenthal 1930: 5.

XXXXXἀδράφαξυς = ἀτράφαξυς.

XXXXXἀδουσιάσασθαι [v.aor.] 'to accept the membership of, φυλῆς καὶ δήμου καὶ φρατρίας (IG 2?, 553: 15, LSJ Supp.). < GR>

    *DER ἀδούσιον' ἀρεστόν, σύμφωνον 'pleased, harmonious, agreed' (H.), ἀδουσιασά-  μένοι: ὁμολογησάμενοι 'who agreed' (H.).

    *ETYM Probably connected with ἄδος 'decree' « 'decision'.

XXXXXἀδρός [adj.] 'thick, strong, full-grown, ripe' (Hdt.).

    *DER ἀδρότης 'strength' (Hell.); on Hom. ἀζν)δροτῆτα [acc.] see ▶︎ ἀνήρ. ἀδρύνω [v.]  'to make ripe', med. 'to ripen', whence ἄδρυνσις; sometimes also adpéw, ἀδρόομαι. Plant name ἀδρώδης (Stromberg 1940: 82).

    *ETYM From root ἀδ- in ▶︎ ἄδην, with a suffix -po-.

XXXXXἄδρυα - πλοῖα μονόξυλα, Κύπριοι 'ships made out of one piece of wood (Cypr.y'. Λέγονται δὲ καὶ of ἐν τῷ ἀρότρῳ στῦλοι 'the poles in the plough'. Σικελοὶ δὲ ἄδρυα λέγουσι τὰ μῆλα 'apples (Sicilian), παρὰ δὲ Ἀττικοῖς ἀκρόδρυα 'fruits grown on

===Pag_070: Beekes_Página_0070.tiff===

23

upper branches of trees (Αἰ (H.). Also ἄδρυα: οἱ στῦλοι ἀρότρου, δι᾿ ὧν ὁ ἱστοβοεὺς ἁρμόζεται 'by which the plough beam is fixed' (H.). «1Ὲ *dru- 'tree', PG>

    *ETYM In the first gloss, it seems to continue *4-dpva '(consisting) of one single tree',  a compound from ἁ- < *sy- and ▶︎ δρῦς, This can also be assumed for the second,  agricultiral meaning. For the meaning 'one single' of a-, cf. μώνυχες s.v. ▶︎ ὄνυξ. But  in the third meaning, 'apples', it is probably folk-etymological, as it is a variant of  ▶︎ μάδρυα, which is non-IE. Compounds with a second member -dpv- are rare and  doubtful; see DELG s.v. δρῦς.

XXXXXἌδωνις, -ιδος [m.] theonym.

    *VAR Also Ἄδων, -ος.

    *ETYM Supposed to be a loan from Semitic (Hebr. addon 'Lord'). But no cult  connected with this name is known in the Semitic world, nor a myth parallel to that  in Greece. See Burkert 1985: 176f, arguing against Kretschmer, eg. Kretschmer  Glotta 7 (1916): 29ff. and Kretschmer Glotta 10 (1920): 235f. Fur.: 328) points to the  proper name Ἄδων, an Armenian general and a Phrygian flute-player.

XXXXXἄεθλος [m.] 'burden, contest, prize of a contest' (Il.). On the mg. Triimpy 1950: 150f.

    *VAR Also -ov [n.] (IL).

    *DIAL Arc. [ἄ]ρεθλα (IG 5(2), 75), Att. contr. ἀθλος, -ov.

    *DER ἀέθλιον 14. (epic), ἀέθλιος 'of the contest' (Thgn., Call.), ἄθλιος 'unhappy'  (Att.), ἀθλιότης; ἀ(ε)θλέω, -ebw [v.] 'to contend for', ἀζε)ϑθλητήρ, -τής, ἀ(ζέδϑθλημα,  -σις, -τικός.

    *ETYM The original meaning probably was 'contest for a prize'. Not related to Skt. vayati 'be tired' (as per Triimpy 1950: 150-151), which is from *h,veh,-. The word  looks Indo-European; the form suggests a root reconstruction *h,ued"..

XXXXXἀείδω [v.] 'to sing (the praises of) (IL).

    *DIAL Att. Gu.

    *DER ἀοιδή, ᾧῳδή 'song', whence ἀοίδιμος, ᾧδικός. Agent noun ἀοιδός, wddc 'singer'. Thence, or from ἀοιδή, the verb ἀοιδιάω (epic) = ἀείδω; derived from wén: Ὠιδεῖον a  building in Athens for musical contests. Further ἄεισμα, dopa [n.] 'song' (IA),  ἀσμάτιον (Pl. Com.); ᾳσμός [m.] 'id' (PL. Com.).

    *ETYM The ablaut suggests PIE *h,ueid-, but no cognate outside Greek is known. Older speculations, now dated, are found in Frisk and DELG. Hardarson 1993b: 163  assumed the reconstruction *h,ue-(h.)ud-, with loss of the laryngeal (which seems  difficult) and dissimilation as in ἔειπον < *h,e-ue-uk'-. See ▶︎ αὐδή, ▶︎ ἀηδών.

XXXXXἀείρω 1 [v.] 'to raise' (IL). <ΙΕ? *h,uer- 'raise'?>

    *VAR  Gwpto 'hung' (IL), which Tichy 1983: 364f. explains as an injunctive *dopto <  PIE *h,ur-to.

    *DIAL Att. αἴρω, for which Frisk suggested a recent formation to the Att. fut. ἀρῶ <  Ἰἀερῶ. Improbable is a root *sr-, as per Heubeck Orbis 13 (1964): 264-7. Taillardat  RPh. 57 (1983): 21-25 convincingly assumes a zero grade verb *awr-je/o- > αἴρω.

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    *COMP ἀερσί-ποδες 'lifting their feet' (IL); μετήορος '(sth.) in the air', Att. μετέωρος,  Aeol. πεδάορος (these are not from ▶︎ ἀήρ).

    *DER ἄρσις [f.] 'raising' (Arist.); ▶︎ ἀρτήρ.

    *ETYM Not from ἀήρ 'air' (which has long *4-). No cognates are known, but the form  requires the reconstruction *h,uer-. See also »deipw 2; an important question is  whether these are originally the same verb. See ▶︎ ἀρτήρ, ▶︎ αἰώρα; cf. also ▶︎ ἄρμα 2,  ▶︎ ἠερέθονται.

XXXXXἀείρω 2 [v.] 'to bind together, join' (Il.); mostly with συν-. Cf. ξυναίρεται: συνάπτεται 'is attached' (H.). «1 *h,uer-? 'bind'>

    *VAR Note dwpto 'was hanging'; παρηέρθη 'was made to hang beside' Π 341.

    *DIAL Perhaps Myc. o- pa-wo-ta /op-aworta/ 'pieces of armor'?

    *COMP Nominal stem -aop- 'band, link' in *tetp(a)-dopos, tetpdopoc, contracted  τέτρωρος 'which yokes four together' (Od.), whence tetpdopia 'four-horse chariot'  (Pi.); from συναείρω also συνᾶορος, συνήορος 'coupled together, spouse', Att. συνωρίς, -idoc [f.] 'two-horse team', to which belongs συνωρικεύεται 'drives with a  team of horses' (Ar. Nub. 15), but *ovvwpikdc is unattested; from συνωρίς also  συνωριαστής 'driver of a συνωρίς᾽ (Luc.), which presupposes a verb *ovvwpidlev. Contrasted with συνήορος is παρήορος, παράορος (IL) '(horse) joined beside', also  'outstretched' and 'reckless' (see Leumann 1950: 222ff.); a verb napazipw seems to  have existed beside συναείρω, but it is attested only in a special use παρηέρθη δὲ  κάρη (Π 341) 'the head hung on one side', cf. Leumann loc. cit. Isolated ἀπήορος 'far  away'. ἐπήορος 'suspended over', κατήορος 'hanging down', and κατωρίς 'band  hanging down' rather belong with μετήορος, μετέωρος, see ▶︎ ἀείρω 1.

    *DER Action noun ἀορτή *'attaching', 'sth. attached, bag for tying' (Men.), medic. term referring to the bronchi and the hose-like aorta (Hp., Arist.). Agent or  instrument noun ἀορτήρ, -fpos [m.] *attacher', 'sword-belt' (Od.), with unclear o-  vocalism; also ἀόρτης (pap. H.) and ἀορτεύς (H.). Denominative or deverbative pte. ἀορτηθείς 'hanged' (AP). doptpa [n-pl.] 'pulmonary lobe' (Hp.), after nouns in  -tpov (Chantraine 1933: 331f.). See further ▶︎ ἄορ, -ορος [n.] 'sword' (probably  unrelated); related is ▶︎ ἀρτάω 'to hang'.

    *ETYM Solmsen 1901: 289ff. separated it from ▶︎ dgipw 1 'to raise', but DELG tends to  consider the second as a specialization of the first (see extensive discussion in  DELG). The present entry is mostly connected with a root *uerH- 'to bind, hang on,  strick' in Balto-Slavic, eg. Lith. virvé 'string', OCS obora < *ob-vora 'string, twine',  Lith. vérti 'to pierce, string', etc., but the exact demarcation from the root *Huer- 'to  open' is unclear; perhaps it was originally one root. For Greek, the closest connection  is with Alb. vjerr 'to hang, suspend'. See ▶︎ ἀρτήρ, ▶︎ ἀρτάω, ▶︎ ἄορ.

XXXXXἀεκήλιος [adj.] 'unbearable' (only = 77, ἔργα).

    *ETYM The form was based on the root *uek- 'to wish' in ▶︎ ἑκών, ▶︎ ἕκηλος; see  Philipp in LfgrE s.v.

XXXXXἀέλιοι [m.pl.] + οἱ ἀδελφὰς γυναῖκας ἐσχηκότες 'who have sisters as wives', i.e. 'brothers-in-law' (H.).

===Pag_072: Beekes_Página_0072.tiff===

    *VAR αἴλιοι σύγγαμβροι 'the husbands of two sisters' (H.); εἰλίονες in Pollux 3, 32 (οἱ  δὲ ἀδελφὰς γήμαντες ὁμόγαμβροι ἢ σύγγαμβροι ἢ μᾶλλον συγκηδεσταὶ καὶ παρὰ  τοῖς ποιηταῖς eiAiovec), with metrical lengthening of "ἐλίονες or "ἑλίονες.

    *ETYM αἴλιοι may be an itacistic notation for "ἕλιοι (*€Atot). The ἀ- in ἀέλιοι is taken  as a 'copulative' a-. Cognate with ON svilar [m.pl.] 'brothers-in-law, whose wives are  sisters', PIE *sue-lo-, a derivative in -ἰ- of the reflexive pronoun *sue.

XXXXXἄελλα [f.] 'storm wind' (II.). «Ἰεῦ *h.uel->

    *VAR ἀέλλη (Π 374).

    *DIAL Aeol. αὔελλα.

    *DER Ἀελλώ, -οὖς [f.] name of a Harpy (Hes.); ἀελλαῖος, also ἀελλάς 'fast like a  storm' (S.), ἀελλήεις (Nonn.), ἀελλώδης (sch. IL). Bird name ἀελλός (H.) and  ἄελλον: ταχύ 'quick' (EM). Note ἀελλής (of κονίσαλος Γ 13), perhaps from ▶︎ ἀολλής,  but rather not after deAAa. Verb ἀέλλεται- πνεῖ (EM).

    *ETYM Cf. θύελλα. Direct derivation fron the root of ▶︎ ἄημι, *h.ueh,, is impossible  because of related W awel [f.] 'wind', which requires the reconstruction *h,eu-el-. The Greek form can also be derived from *afeA-ta. The gloss ἀείλη: πνοή 'breath,  etc. (H.) does not fit in. See ▶︎ ἀέτμον.

XXXXXἄεμμα [n.] 'bow' (Call.). <?>

    *ETYM Assuming an original meaning 'bowstring' (cf. ▶︎ veupd), explained as an  artificial form for ἄμμα 'knot, cord' (to ▶︎ dtw); this is doubtful.

XXXXXἀετμόν = ἀτμός.

XXXXXἀέξω -- αὔξω, αὐξάνω.

XXXXXἄεπτος [adj.] of uncertain mg. cf. ἄεπτον: ἰσχυρόν, ἀοίκητον (ἄθικτον) 'strong, uninhabited' (H.). < ?%

    *VAR Sometimes we find ▶︎ ἄαπτος or ἄελπτος (A. Supp. 908, Ag. 141, etc.).

    *ETYM Unknown. See Wackernagel Stud. ital. fil. class. 5 (1897): 27ff.

XXXXXἀέροψ [m.] Boeotian name for the bird μέροψ (sch. Ar. Av. 1354).

    *VAR Also Ἀέροπες: ἔθνος, Τροιζῆνα κατοικοῦντες. kal ἐν Μακεδονιᾳ γένος τι. καί  ὄρνεά τινα 'people inhabiting Troezen; lineage in Macedonia; kind of bird' (H.); the  gloss ἀεροπός: κοχλίας 'snail' (H.) is corrupted acc. to DELG following Latte. Variants eipow = μέροψ, also Boeotian (Arist.); ΡΝ Πέροκπος.

    *ETYM See Beekes Glotta 73 (1995-1996): 12-34; it is clearly a substrate element. Chantraine thinks that the a- is long because of Ant. Lib. 18, 3 ἠέροπος. Fur. 243,  246, 352 assumes the interchange μ΄ f and prothesis a-/ é-/ ἠ-: wépon- / ἀρέροπ- /  ipon- < *éfepon- / ἠρέροπ- (but this remains uncertain; perhaps ci-, ry are  secondary lengthenings). Pre-Greek origin of the bird name and the proper name is  probable (cf. the suffix -om-). See ▶︎ μέροψ, ▶︎ πηνέλοψ.

XXXXXἄεσα [v.aor.] 'to spend (the night) (Od.), always with vixta(c).

    *VAR Secondary pres. ἀέσκω (Hdn., H.).

===Pag_073: Beekes_Página_0073.tiff===

    *ETYM Related to Skt. vdsati 'to dwell, live, spend the night', Hitt. huis' 'to live', ToB  was- [verb] 'to stay, to wait', Go. wisan 'to be', Arm. gom 'I am' (but rejected by  Kortlandt AAL 19 (2998): 19f.) etc. There is also an old present iavw < *h,i-h,eus-. Not related to ἄστυ, ἑστία.

XXXXXἀεσίφρων = ἀάω.

XXXXXἀέσκω = ἄεσα.

XXXXXἄζετον - ἄπιστον. Σικελοί 'not trustworthy (Sicilian) (H.). <?>

    *DER ἀζετόω in ἀζετωθεωντι (Delphi, SGDI 2034, 17), but the mg. 'if they are  persuaded' poses difficulties, as it is the opposite of the gloss; see DELG.

    *ETYM Unexplained.

XXXXXἀζηχής [adj.] ᾿ἄπαυστος, συνεχής, incessant', of noise, pain (Il.).

    *DER In H. also ἀζαχές and ἀζεχές: ἀδιάλειπτον 'incessant'; ἀζηχές: ἀδιεχές  'unceasing' (Suid.).

    *ETYM Probably for "ἀζαεχής, which can be read in all places in Homer, from *a-d1a-  exc (cf. συνεχής 'continuous') (Schulze 1892: 471, Bechtel 1914 s.v.). But the  contraction *ae > ἡ is irregular in Ionic. DELG therefore suggests the influence of  ἠχή and compounds like δυσηχής, but also remarks that *ae > ἢ may be found in  Thessalian, Lesbian and Arcado-Cyprian. For the meaning, Bechtel assumes 'der  ohne Einhalt etwas tut', but it simply means 'without interrruption'; διέχω means 'to  stand apart, be separate'.

XXXXXἄζον [adj.] - μέλαν, ὑψηλόν 'black or dark, high' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM von Blumenthal 1930: 33 corrects μέλαν to μέγαν. However, his explanation  from *ag-ion (to ἄγαν and μέγας) is quite uncertain.

XXXXXἅζομαι = ἅγιος.

XXXXXἄζω 1 [v.] 'to dry' (1].). «1 *h,ed- 'dry'>

    *VAR  Mostly intr. ἄζομαι 'to parch'.

    *COMP ἄδδαυον' ξηρόν. Λάκωνες 'dry (Lacon. (H.) would be a compound of ἄζα  (see below) and αὖος 'dry' (Fraenkel Gnomon 21 (1949): 39, Fraenkel Glotta 32 (1953):  22); improbable; Latte corrects the gloss to "ἄδδανον. Cf ἀζαυτός: παλαιότης καὶ  κόνις 'antiquity, dust' (H.), which remains unclear.

    *DER Hell. ἄζα 'dryness, heat', in σάκος ... πεπαλαγμένον ἄζῃ (x 184) often  interpreted as 'shield defiled with mold', which seems unnecessary, cf. ἄζα: ἄσβολος  κόνις 'soot, dust or ashes', παλαιότης: κόπρος ἐν ἀγγείῳ ὑπομείνασα 'filth having  remained behind in a receptacle' (H.). Adjective ἀζαλέος 'barren, arid' (IL), cf. ἰσχαλέος, αὐσταλέος. Verbs ἀζάνομαι (h. Ven.), ἀζαίνω (Nic.) 'to parch', both deverbative.

    *ETYM Acc. to Frisk, the nearest cognates are found in Slavic: OPol. ozd 'dried malt',  Cz., Sln. ozditi 'to dry malt' < *h,esd-. Germanic has a group of words with velars in  place of dentals: Go. azgo, OHG asca 'ashes'. However, it is more probable that Gr. ἄζω is comparable to Hitt. hat-' 'to dry up' < *h,od-ei, and should be reconstructed as  *h,ed-ie/o- (cf. Kloekhorst 2008). What is perhaps originally an extension of the

===Pag_074: Beekes_Página_0074.tiff===

same root, if h,eh,s- < pre-PIE h,eds-, is found in Lat. dred 'to be dry', dra 'altar' (OLat. dsa), Hitt. μαξξα- 'hearth' < h.eh,s-h,. Skt. dsa- [m.] 'ashes, dust' probably continues h,eh,s-o-. Cf. ▶︎ αὖος, ▶︎ ἀυσταλέος.

XXXXXἄζω 2 [v.] 'tocry, groan'. +45.

XXXXXἀηδών, -όνος [f.] 'nightingale' (Od.). < PG2(s)>

    *VAR Also anda, -οὖς [f.] (S.). Also [m.], but rare.

    *ETYM From *dprdwv; cf. ἀβηδόνα: ἀηδόνα (H.). Connection with ▶︎ ἀείδω and  ▶︎ αὐδή (which is almost universally accepted) is difficult, since a lengthened grade  *h,uéd- is improbable. The word could therefore well be Pre-Greek; for the suffix, cf. bird and animals names like ▶︎ χελῖδών 'swallow', ▶︎ τενθρηδών 'wasp'.

XXXXXἄημι [v.] 'to blow (IL). «1Ὲ *h.ueh,- 'blow >

    *VAR Forms in Schwyzer: 680.

    *DER ἀήτη [{1], ἀήτης [m.] 'wind'; rare are the verbal nouns ἄημα, ἄησις. A zero grade  ἀε- << *h.uh,- in ἀετμόν' τὸ πνεῦμα (H.), whence ▶︎ ἀτμός. Cf. further ▶︎ ἄελλα; doc:  πνεῦμα ἢ ἄημα (cod. ἴαμα) 'breath, wind' (H.) is an innovation. Unrelated is ▶︎ ἀήρ,  which has long ἄ-.

    *ETYM An old verbal root *h,ueh,- is also reflected in Skt. vati, Go. waian, OHG waen  and OCS isg. vé-jg, all 'to blow. The word for 'wind' is (a thematization of) the  participle of this root: *h,ueh,-nt-o- > Skt. vata- [m.], Av. vata-, both of which must  often be read with three syllables, representing Proto-Indo-Iranian *vaHata-. The  same word is found in Lat. ventus, Go. winds, ToA want, ToB yente; Hitt. huyant- is  from unthematicized *h,uh,-ent-. A form with suffix *-t- has been assumed in in  ▶︎ ἀήσυρος 'airy, quick (as wind?)' (poet.), for which cf. Skt. vatula- 'windy', but this  gives formal problems (*tu > ov is not regular). See »ἄελλα, ▶︎ αὔρα, ▶︎ ἀήσυρος,  ▶︎ ἀτμός.

XXXXXἀήρ [f.] 'mist, haze, clouds' (1]., later 'air, atmosphere'. 1Ὲ *h,eus-er->

    *VAR  Gen. ἠέρος. The nom. ἀήρ (also Att; thence gen. ἀέρος) arose by dissimilation;  is it an Atticism in Homer? Later Ion. nip.

    *DIAL Aeol. αὔηρ, Dor. ἀβήρ (= αὐήρ) (H.).

    *DER Derivatives: ἠερόεις, ἠεροειδής 'dim, cloudy', also ▶︎ αὔρα.

    *ETYM ἀήρ is not cognate with anu. Meillet BSL 26 (1925): 7ff. assumed an original  meaning 'suspension' and derived the word from deipw 'raise'. However, this leaves  the length of the initial vowel unexplained. Kiparsky Lang. 43 (1967): 619, 626 derives  the word from *ausér, arguing that related ▶︎ αὔρα < *h,eus-r-h, still means 'morning  mist' in ε 469. See »ἠέριος, ▶︎ ἦρι.

XXXXXἀήσυλος [adj.] in the hapax ἀήσυλα ἔργα (E 876) 'criminal acts'. <?, PG?(v)>

    *VAR  ainovAov: ἄνομον, κακοποιόν 'lawless, doing ill (H.).

    *ETYM It has been proposed that the word is a modification of αἴσυλος 'unseemly,  evil (αἴσυλα ῥέζειν, E 403, etc.) after dnp or ἀήσυρος. Different explanations are  found in Bechtel 1914 and Brugmann Sdchs. Ber. 53 (1901): 94. Fraenkel Glotta 34  (1955): 307ff proposed *a(F)toovAa, connecting it with ἶσος (highly doubtful). Fur:

===Pag_075: Beekes_Página_0075.tiff===

oints to the variant ai- in the gloss, which may imply a substrate origin (comparing ἄητος, which may have a variant αἴητος).

XXXXXἀήσυρος [adj.] probably 'light, agile', said of ants (A.).

    *VAR Cf. ἀήσυρον: τὸ λέπτον, TO μετέωρον καὶ κοῦφον παρά TO ἀέρι σύρεσθαι ἐπὶ  ὀρνέων 'delicate, elevated, light, after being dragged through the air by birds' (Suda).

    *ETYM Connection with ▶︎ ἄημι is improbable; rather a substrate word (where the  suffix -vp- is not infrequent).

XXXXXἄητος [adj.] in θάρσος ἄητον (Φ 395), mg. uncertain.

    *VAR Cf. also θάρσος datov (Q. S. 1, 217). Also ἄητοι' ἀκόρεστοι, ἄπληστοι  'insatiable, greedy'; ἀήτους: μεγάλας, Αἰσχύλος Ἀθάμαντι 'great (Aesch.)' (H.),  ἄητος: ὁ ἀκατάπαυστος 'incessant' (Hdn. Gr. 1, 220).

    *ETYM The first explanation connects the word with ἄμεναι, ▶︎ σαι 'to satiate', but  this would mean that it differs from datoc, τος by its long vowel, which is  improbable. Perhaps it is the same word as ▶︎ aintog (in πέλωρ αἴητον Σ 410, said of  Hephaistos). If so, the variation a/ at might point to a substrate word; metrical  lengthening is improbable, and a < a impossible. See Fur. 293, though his  connection with ▶︎ ἀήσυλος remains uncertain. Palmer 1963: 339 connects the epithet  of Hephaistos with Myc. a-ja-me-no as 'artist'; this is improbable. Not related to  Gnu. See Sabbadini Riv. studi class. 15 (1967): 78-84.

XXXXXἀθάρη [f.] 'gruel, porridge' (Ar.). <?>

    *VAR Also ἀθήρη, -a [f.] (Hell.); influence of ▶︎ aOrp?

    *DER ἀθαρώδης (Ruf. Med.) and ἀθήρωμα 'kind of ulcer' (Gal.).

    *ETYM Unexplained; an Egyptian word according to Pliny (N. H. 22, 121). The final -ἢ  in Attic, which is confirmed by Moeris, would lead us to suppose a pre-form  *a8apra. Connection with ἀθήρ is neither formally nor semantically plausible. Not  related to Lat. ador (Hamp TPS (1968): 106), as this belongs to Go. atisk and Iran. adu 'grain' (Szemerényi 1969: 968f.).

XXXXXἀθελβ- = ἀθέλγειν.

XXXXXἀθέλγειν [v.] - ἀμέλγειν 'to milk' (H., EM), (ἐξλαθέλγεται (Hp.), explained as παρίεται, διεκλύεται 'lets go, releases' by Galen. Also ἀθέλγηται: θηλάζεται ἢ θλίβηται 'is suckled, compressed' (H.), cf. ἀθέλγηται: Βακχεῖός φησι θηλάζεται ἢ ἐπισπᾶται, καὶ ἐκθλίβηται ὡς καὶ Νίκανδρος 'is suckled, drawn after one; is squeezed (out), crowded' (Erotian. 20, 1; see Hp. De med. off. 11).

    *VAR Cf. ἀθέλβεται: διηθεῖται 'is strained through' (AB); ἀθελβεῖ: ἕλκει 'draws' (H.)  and ἀθελβάζειν- διηθεῖν 'to strain through' (H.); further 40éAdetat- διηθεῖται 'id?  (Diocl. Com. fr. 7 Kock, An. Bekk. 350).

    *ETYM These verbs, meaning 'to press, draw away, filter', have no etymology. The  variation B/ 5/ y should not be explained from an IE labiovelar (as per Solmsen 1909:  9°), as contamination leading to three different forms is improbable. Since Pre-Greek  also had labiovelars (cf. βασιλεύς, Myc. ga-si-re-u), substrate origin is most probably  the source of the alternations. See Beekes Glotta 73 (1995-1996): 12f., and cf. γέφυρα  beside Séqupa, see Fur.: 388, 390.

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ΧΧΧΧΧἀθελδ- - ἀθέλγειν.

XXXXXἀθερίζω [v.] 'to disparage, neglect' (Il.). Originally always with negation. <?>

    *DER ἀθέριστος: ἀφρόντιστος (Zonar., A. Fr. 128), cod. -itov.

    *ETYM Unknown. The glosses ἀθερές: ἀνόητον, ἀνόσιον, ἀκριβές 'stupid, not in  order, precise' (H.) and ἀθερής: ὁ σίδηρος ἀτειρὴς ὅταν θερίζῃ, etc. 'indestructible  iron when it is heated' (H.) seem unrelated in view of their meaning. An older  proposal derives it from *&8epoc, connecting it with Skt. ddhara- '(be)low' (see  Bechtel 1914). Another proposal (DELG) derives it from ▶︎ ἀθήρ, as flocci facio. Neither is convincing.

XXXXXἈθήνη [f.] the goddess (Il), a common Greek goddess dating from Minoan times, protecting the palace, and depicted with a snake.

    *DIAL Myc. a-ta-na-po-ti-ni-ja [dat.sg.]? (see Aura Jorro 1985-1993: 112). Dor. (etc.)  Ἀθάνα.

    *DER The town Ἀθῆναι (Dor. Ἀθᾶναι) contains the same onomastic element; for the  suffix cf. Μυκῆναι. Thence Ἀθηναῖος 'Athenian' (Il.), whence fem. AOnvaia, -n,  which is also used as the name of the goddess (88 times im Hom.). This form gave  *A@Onvaa (Acol. 'A@avaa with short va), which was contracted to Att. Ἀθηνᾶ.

    *ETYM Like the goddess itself, the name is pre-Greek. Note the suffix *-an-. See  ▶︎ Ἀττικός.

XXXXXἀθήρ, -έρος [m.] 'awn', plur. 'chaff, barb of a weapon, spine or prickle of ἃ fish', also 'edge of a weapon' (Hes.).

    *VAR  With a nasal ἀνθέριξ, -ἰκος, etc; with suffix -ewv: ἀνθερεών, -ὥνος (see below).

    *COMP ἀθηρηλοιγός 'winnowing-fan', from 'consumer of chaff (Od. A 128 = ὃ 275),  but the two 1/s are surprising.

    *DER ἀθερίνη f., -ἶνος m. 'kind of smelt, Atherina hepsetus' (Arist.), cf. Chantraine  1933: 204, Thompson 1947 s.v. Also ἀθερηΐς, -ίδος [f] 'prickly (Nic.), ἀθερώδης  (Thphr.). Variants with nasal: ἀνθέριξ, -ἰκος [m.] = ἀθήρ, also 'ear' (1].), ἀνθέρικος [m.] 'stalk  of an asphodel, asphodel plant' (Hp.), ἀνθερικώδης (Thphr.). With the suffix of  place -ewv: dvOepewv, -ὥνος [m.] 'chin' (IL).

    *ETYM No etymology. IE ablaut *h,end*- : *h,nd"- is impossible, as both forms would  give Gr. ἀνθ- acc. to Rix's Law. The nasalized forms could be due to folk etymology,  but rather point to Pre-Greek prenasalization. Fur.: 296 further adduces ἀνθερίσκος  = ἀνθερικ- with the interchange ox/ «; perhaps also ▶︎ ἄνθρυσκον / é- 'chervil'. Not  related to Lat. ador, both because of the meaning, and because this is kindred with  Iran. ddu, Go. atisk; see Szemerényi 1969a: 958f. The word has nothing to do with  names of the wasp or forest bee (» ἀνθρήνη, ▶︎ ἀνθρηδών), nor with ▶︎ ἄνθρωπος.

XXXXXἀθραγένη [f.] a plant, 'Clematis vitalba' (Thphr.).

    *ETYM Frisk compares ▶︎ ἄθρας 'chariot', which he thinks would fit a climbing plant  well, but I don't see what a car has to do with a plant. See Stromberg 1940: 108. Fur.:  288 compares ἀνδράχνη and concludes to a substrate origin (prenasalization), which  is probable anyhow.

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XXXXXἄθρας [m., f.] - ἅρμα, Ῥόδιοι 'chariot (Rhodian)' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unexplained. Formerly compared with Skt. vandhura- [m.] 'wagon-seat',  taken as a wicker basket tied upon the wagon, and connected with MoHG winden,  etc. (Pok.: 1148) as IE *uend*-: und"- >(>) Gr. *pa@-. As the formation of the Sanskrit  word is unclear, and the root is hardly attested outside Germanic, the connection  must be false. Banateanu REIE 3 (1943): 149 calls the word Anatolian. Connection  with κάνναθρον is improbable.

XXXXXἀθρέω [v.] 'to gaze at, observe' (IL). <?>

    *DER ἀθρήματα: δῶρα πεμπόμενα παρὰ τῶν συγγενῶν ταῖς γαμουμέναις παρθέναις  παρὰ Λεσβίοις 'gifts having been sent by kinsfolk to maidens being given in marriage  (Lesbian)' (H.) (Snell Glotta 37 (1959): 282-287, cf. Renehan Glotta 49 (1971): 66).

    *ETYM No etymology. One compares ἐνθρεῖν' φυλάσσειν 'to guard' (H.) and Oprickw:  νοῶ 'to perceive' (H.), θρησκεύω 'to observe' etc., but this leaves the ἀ- unexplained. It cannot be the zero grade of év-, since a zero grade *h,n- would still yield év-. The  derivation by Hoffmann 1921: 78f. from a noun *aQpoc 'directed at a goal', from IE  *d'er- 'to hold' and copulative a- (cf. ▶︎ ἀθρόος), is most improbable. On the use of  ἀθρέω, see Prévot RPA. 61 (1935): 246f.

XXXXXἀθρόος [adj.] 'in crowds, gathered together' (I1.). <?>

    *DIAL Att. ἁθρόος (spiritus asper perhaps restored after ἅπας, dua).

    *DER ἀθροίζω (c-) 'to gather together' (Archil.).

    *ETYM Compared with Skt. sadhry-afic- 'united' (Brugmann 1894: 14ff.), which was  formerly analyzed as containing the root *d"er- 'to hold', but this is no longer  maintained by EWAia. It does not belong to ▶︎ ἀθρέω, nor to ▶︎ θρόνος. It is probable  that ἁ- is from *sm-, but the further analysis is uncertain. Risch 1937: 179 compares  ἀλλό-θροος 'speaking a foreign language', in which case it would mean 'calling  together'(?).

XXXXXἀθύρω [v.] 'to play, sport' (I].). «(Ὁ

    *VAR  Only present.

    *DER ἄθυρμα 'plaything, toy' (IL), plur. also 'adornments', diminutive ἀθυρμάτιον. Deverbative ἀθυρεύεσθαι:' παίζειν, μιγνύειν, σκιρτᾶν 'to play, intermingle, leap' (H.).

    *ETYM From *&Ovp-yw. Compared with Lith. padurmai 'impetuous', Ru. dur'  'foolishness', from PIE *d*uer(H)- 'to whirl, rush'. However, &- cannot be the zero  grade of *h,en- 'in' (which would not really make sense semantically anyway), and an  initial laryngeal gives the improbable root structure *h,d"uerH-.

XXXXXαἴ exclamation of surprise, pain, or sorrow.

    *VAR Also αἰαῖ.

    *ETYM Elementary formation, found in many languages.

XXXXXαἰ 'if. =el.

XXXXXαἶα x [f.] 'earth' (Il.). 42>

    *ETYM By some considered identical with ▶︎ ata 2 (Brugmann IF 15 (1903-1904): o4ff.,  Brugmann IF 29 (1911-1912): 206ff.), in which case it would originally mean 'mother'.

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ΧΧΧΧΧThe relation with γαῖα and μαῖα is uncertain; cf. Güntert 1914: 126[., Brandenstein 1954b: 80. Van Windekens assumed as-ya from h,s- 'dry' (but this root perhaps did not exist; see ▶︎ ἄζω). Woodhouse KZ 107 (1994): 99f.) assumes *sausia, but cf. ▶︎ αὖος.

XXXXXαἶα 2 [f.] 'mother, grandmother' (IL, poet.). <2

    *VAR Cf. aia: ὑπὸ Κυρηναίων τηθίς καὶ μαῖα καὶ ἀδελφὴ Kprytne. καὶ φυτόν τι. ἔτι δὲ  ὁ κάρπος αὐτῳ ὁμώνυμος (ΕΜ 27, 24).

    *ETYM Compared with Lat. avia 'grandmother'; uncertain. Elementary word? See  »αἷα 1.

XXXXXαἰᾱνής [adj.] 'horrible' (Archil.); the mg. 'eternal' (A.) through association with ▶︎ αἰεί. <?>

    *VAR Jon. αἰηνής.

    *ETYM There is a speculative hypothesis by Wackernagel 1897: 7, who assumed the  reconstruction *calp-avij¢ 'with terrifying face' (whence Lat. saevus, the word for  'face' seen in ▶︎ ἀπηνής, etc.). See Degani Helikon 2 (1962): 37-56.

XXXXXαἰβοῖ exclamation of disgust (Ar.).

    *VAR Also αἰβοιβοῖ, of laughter.

    *ETYM Onomatopoeic, elementary formation. See Schwyzer: 600.

XXXXXαἰγανέη [f.] 'hunting spear, javelin' (Il.). <?>

    *ETYM For the suffix, cf. the names of trees and animal skins in -ἔη, -€a: μηλέη,  πτελέη, κυνέη etc. (see Chantraine 1933: 91f.). If named after the material, one  compares the word for 'oak' in PGm. *aik-, which is also supposed in ▶︎ αἰγίλωψ and  Lat. aesculus. Triimpy 1950: 52, 57 explains that the aiyavén was thrown by a strap. Laser Gymnasium 60 (1953): 115-121 connected it with PIE *h,eig- 'to stir, set in  movement', in Skt. ati, to which αἶγες: κύματα (see ▶︎ αἴξ) is compared. This is  semantically improbable, and if Skt. ej- belongs to ivg- (see Mayrhofer EWAia 1:  264), then the root contained a labiovelar, which would make the connection  impossible. To ▶︎ αἰχμή, acc. to Bechtel 1914.

XXXXXαἴγειρος [f.] 'black poplar' (11...

    *VAR  alyepoc (Com. Adesp. 1276, Kock).

    *DER αἰγειρών 'poplar grove', aiyeipivac, aiyeipitng 'of the poplar' (all Hell. and late).

    *ETYM The connection with maiyiAwy, ▶︎ alyavén is uncertain. Sommer IF 55 (1937):  260 pointed to numerous non-IE words like αἴγιθος and names in Αἰγ- (Afyiva,  Αἰγαί, etc.), suggesting a Pre-Greek origin. This would be confirmed by the form  with -e-.

XXXXXαἰγιαλός [adj.] 'sea-shore, beach'; also TN, e.g. the coast of Achaea (1].). «Ὁ

    *DIAL Myc. a;-ki-a,-ri-jo probably /aigihalia-/, see Aura Jorro 1985-1993: 134.

    *DER αἰγιάλειος, αἰγιαλεύς, αἰγιαλικός, -λίτης, -λώδης all are late derivations. Also  Αἰγιαλεῖς name of the inhabitants of the coast of Achaea Hdt.).

    *ETYM The Myc. form seems to confirm that the second element is derived from  ▶︎ GAc. For the first member, cf. αἶγες: τὰ κύματα. Δωριεῖς 'waves (Dor.) (H.) and  Artem. 2, 12 kai γὰρ τὰ μεγάλα κύματα αἶγας ἐν τῇ συνηθείᾳ λέγομεν 'we usually call

===Pag_079: Beekes_Página_0079.tiff===

large waves atyac'. This in turn is comparable with Skt. ej- 'to storm', but see ▶︎ αἰγανέη. It is highly improbable that αἶγες in the sense of κύματα is a metaphorical use of αἴξ 'goat' (as per Heubeck IF 68 (1963): 13-21). The word is Pre-Greek acc. to Chantraine 1933: 248, which cannot be excluded, though Chantraine now calls it 'all too easy' in DELGs.v.

XXXXXαἴγιθος [m.] 'titmouse (Parus)y (Ar.). 4PG(S,V)>

    *VAR αἴγινθος (Dionys. Av. 1, 12); αἴγινθος μικρός 'parra modica' (gloss.), not  mentioned by Frisk or DELG; αἰγίοθος (Arist. v.1.), for *allyroBoc?  'ὈΕᾺ αἰγίθαλλος, -θᾶλος (Ar.).

    *ETYM A typical substrate word, discernible from its prenasalization and the suffix  ἀλλ Ὁ with variation A/ AX. See Fur.: 267, 288, 254% 304, 387, with further literature.

XXXXXαἰγίλιψ [adj.] 'sheer, steep' (IL), also as a TN. <?>

    *VAR αἰγίλιψ- ὑψηλὴ πέτρα καὶ πόλις Kai ἰτέα ὑπὸ Θούριων 'high rock, citadel,  willow (Thourian)' (H.).

    *ETYM The Ancients explained it as 'abandoned even by goats', which is clearly a folk  etymology. In modern times, it is connected with Lith. lipti 'to clamber' (see Solmsen  1901: 73') as 'what can be climbed only by goats', which is also highly doubtful. The  meaning 'clamber' for the root */eip- is secondary to 'stick, cleave', and it is far from  certain that Greek underwent the same development as Lithuanian. The formation  in alyt- is unexplained as well (see ▶︎ αἴξ). Cf. also »dAty - πέτρα 'rock' (HL), the  explanation of which from 'what cannot be climbed' is doubtful too; the gloss Aiy-  πέτρα ἀφ᾽ ἧς ὕδωρ στάζει 'rock from which water drips' may be due to later  interpretation (Solmsen, cf. Persson 1912(1): 152*); Marzullo 1969: ioif thinks it is a  mistake for αἰἰγίἠλιψ.

XXXXXαἰγίλωψ, -ωπος [m.] 'kind of oak' (Thphr.), also 'oat-grass' (Thphr.); 'ulcer in the eye, lacrymal fistula', for which see ▶︎ ἀγχίλωψ. On the mg. see Stromberg 1940: 87. <?>

    *ETYM As the name of a kind of oak, aiyiAwy has been connected with the Gm. word  for 'oak', PGm. *aik- (Pok.: 13). Kretschmer Glotta 3 (1910-1912): 335 connected -Awy  with λώπη 'cork' (cf. Aww: χλαμύς 'cloak, mantle' H.), adduced from Pliny (H. N. 16,  6, 13): aegilops fert pannos arentes ... non in cortice modo, verum et e ramis  dependentes, Within Greek, it is doubtful whether one can connect it with ▶︎ aiyavéy  and »αἴγειρος. Stromberg 1940: 137 derives αἰγίλωψ in the second meaning from  atythog 'havergrass' (Theoc.), which is certainly correct.

XXXXXαἰγίς [f.] 'goatskin' (E. Cyc., Hdt. 4, 189), a mantle protecting Zeus and Athena (1].); later also 'storm wind' (A.); further 'heart-wood of the Corsican pine or the silver fir in Arcadia' (Thphr). Also 'speck in the eye' (Hp.), on which see ▶︎ ἀγλίη. < GRE

    *DER αἰγίοχος epithet of Zeus (I1.), cf. γαιάροχος. With the last mg. ἐπ- αιγίζω 'rush  upon' (from a storm wind) (Hom),

    *ETYM Probably a goatskin in origin (thus Hdt. 4, 189); formation like νεβρίς 'fawn-  skin' (see ▶︎ νεβρός), etc. In Homer, gods and men are frightened when it is shaken. For the meaning 'storm wind', see Heubeck IF 68 (1963): 13-21. Kretschmer Glotta 27

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XXXXXἀΐδηλος 33

(1939): 28, connected it with αἴγλη and αἶγες: τὰ κύματα 'waves' (H.); one might think of Skt. éjati 'to move, set in motion'.

XXXXX*αἰγλίς, -ίδος 'speck in the eye' (Gall). <?>

    *ETYM The form is reconstructed in order to account for αἰγίς and ayAin(c); ef. also  αἰγιαλίδες (H.). See RPh. 73 (1999) 81f. s.v. αἰγίς (derived from αἴγλη). Or should we  reconstruct *dyAic?

ΧΧΧΧΧαἴγλη 1 [f.] 'light (of sun or moon), gleam, radiance' (IL). <?>

    *DER aiyAnetc 'gleaming' (11), αἰγλάτας, -ἤτης epithet of Apollo (inscr. Anaphe,  Thera; A. R.); αἰγλάζω 'to shine, gleam' (Man.).

    *ETYM The connection with Skt. éati 'to move, tremble' (cf. ▶︎ aiyavén) is rightly  rejected by DELG. The epithets Ἀπόλλων ▶︎ Ἀσγελάτας (Anaphe) and Ἀπόλλων  AlyAdtac (Anaphe, Thera) are often compared. In view of the variation aiyA- /  aoy(e)A-, the epithets must be Pre-Greek. The noun may be of Pre-Greek origin too  (it has no etymology), but it does not necessarily have the same origin as the  epithets; it is methodically incorrect to clarify the formation of the appellative by that  ofa name.

XXXXXαἴγλη 2 [f.] 'ring' (deduced from glosses). <?>

    *ETYM Lewy KZ 59 (1932) derived it from αἴγλας: ἀμφιδέας kai ψέλια 'iron rings,  anklets'. τὰ περὶ τὴν ὕνιν τοῦ ἀρότρου 'things around the plowshare' (H.), from  aiy<i>Ata: δακτυλίδια 'small rings' (H.), and other words attested in lexicons. He  explained it as a loan from Hebr. 'agi '(ear-)ring', which remains hypothetical. As  Frisk remarks, metonymic use of ▶︎ αἴγλη 1 'gleam, splendor' is well possible.

XXXXXαἰγυπιός [m.] 'vulture' (IL).

    *VAR αἰγίποψ' ἀετός ὑπὸ Μακεδόνων 'eagle (Maced.)' (EM 28, 19).

    *ETYM The comparison with Skt. rji-pyd-, epithet of the bird syend- 'eagle, falcon',  Av. arazi-fiia- is formally difficult, since we expect *apC-; influence by αἴξ and yoy  'vulture' has been assumed, but this seems unlikely. Fur. 364 compares the gloss  aiyinow, which is evidently a variant of the same word. Variation between i and u is  well-attested in substrate words (cf. ▶︎ μάρσιππος μάρσυππος), and -ort-is a Pre-  Greek suffix. ▶︎ yoy itself is no doubt a substrate word as well; it may be a variant of  *(a)g'up-, which also gives αἰγυπ-, with prothetic vowel and palatalized /g'/, No  conclusion is reached by Meier-Briigger KZ 108 (1995): 50-55.

XXXXXαἰγωλιός [m.] a kind of owl, 'Stix flammea' (Arist.). <?>

    *VAR Also αἰγώλιος.

    *ETYM The reading aitwAtog (Arist. HA 563° 31) is wrong, as evidenced by forms  from modern southern Italy (agoléo etc.); see Rohlfs ByzZ 37 (1937): 55. Etymology  unknown.

XXXXXἀΐδηλος [adj.] mg. not quite clear: 'hated; annihilating, destructive; invisible, unseen' (1). See the discussion in DELG. ΕΝ

    *ETYM It is difficult to decide what the primary meaning is, but it is rather clear that  the word contains a privative a with a form of ἰδεῖν. Ivanov 1999: 283-292 compares

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Ru. nevidal' for the semantics and assumes the development 'invisible' > 'strange, dangerous'.

XXXXXἈΐδης, -αο [m.] Hades (Il.)

    *VAR With metathesis of quantity gen. -ew; also gen. 'Aiddc, dat. -i. Att. Aide, -ov;  Aidng is found in later Ionic poetry (Semon., Herodas), the Doric form Ἀΐδας, gen. -a in tragedy. An inscription from Thessaly (SEG 16, 380) gives Afidav.

    *DER Aidwvetic (1].). see Risch 1937: 158.

    *ETYM Thieme proposed (Thieme 1952: 35-55) that the word derives from *si uid-  (Skt. sdm vid-) as 'das Sichzusammenfinden [gathering of the family in the  underworld]'. To my mind, this is not correct, as then Ἀπδ- should denote the  Underworld, not the God of the Underworld. In Homer, it rather seems to denote  the God, e.g. in formulaic δόμον Ἄιδος εἴσω. The aspiration in Attic is secondary  and arose by contraction from ὁ Ἀΐδης (Kamerbeek apud Ruijgh Lingua 25 (1970):  307). The other explanation, as *n-uid-, 'the Unseen', seems the correct one. In Beekes  1998: 17-19, I pointed out that the replacement of a root noun, first in the nominative  (here as the final element of a compound), is parallel to the case of φυγή : φύγαδε. The initial A- is sometimes lengthened for metrical reasons: it is not lengthened  when it is not necessary or impossible, like in Ἄιδόσδε.

XXXXXαἴδομαι [v.] 'to hold back, be ashamed; to honor, respect' (II.). <1E? *h,eis-d- 'honor'>

    *VAR aldeo, aiddpevoc, αἴδετο, see Chantraine 1942: 310f.; more frequent is  denominative αἰδέομαι (from *aides-je/o-).

    *DER αἰδώς [f.] 'shame, reverence' (II.), whence 1. αἰδοῖος < *-os-jo- 'inspiring αἰδώς'  (IL, epic poet.) substantivized ntr. τὸ αἰδοῖον, usually plur. ta αἰδοῖα 'private parts'  (I.), whence aidowédng and αἰδοϊκός; 2. compound ἀν-αιδής 'shameless' (1].),  ἀναίδεια, etc; 3. αἰδέομαι « *aides-je/o- 'to hold back, revere', as a legal term also 'to  be reconciled' (Hom., IA), fut. αἰδέσομαι. Thence αἴδεσις 'mercy, pardon' (D.,  Arist.), αἰδεστός 'honorable' (Plu.), αἰδεστικός (sch.); αἰδήμων 'modest' (X., Arist.),  αἰδημονικός and -μοσύνη (late and rare). αἰδέσιμος (post-class. prose) 'object of  αἰδώς, also αἰδήσιμος (Orph.), whence αἰδεσιμότης (pap.). 4. αἰδοσύνη =  αἰδημοσύνη (AB, Phot.).

    *ETYM It is formally uncertain that a PIE root *h,eisd-, from which Go. aistan 'to  hold back, respect' and Skt. idé < Pllr. *Hizd- 'to praise, honor' derive, would give  Gr. aid-; we would expect *h,eisd- to appear as Gr. αἰζ- (cf. iw < *si-sd-). Of course,  the connection is semantically very tempting. Without final *-d, the root *h,eis- is  found in MoHG Ehre 'honor', ON eir, etc., and in Osc. aisusis [abl.pl.] 'sacrificiis',  and perhaps originally in the verb *h,is-ske/o- 'to demand' > Skt. icchdti 'search for',  OCS iskati 'to search', etc.

XXXXXἀΐδυλος [adj.] - θρασύς 'bold, rash' (H., EM). <?>

    *ETYM A mistake for ἀΐδηλος (E 897)? Leumann Glotta 32 (1953): 218* differs. Fur. 2621. compares αἴσυλος.

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XXXXXαἴδωσσα [f.] (cod. αἰδῶσσα): τῆς αὐλῆς τὰ τειχία 'the walls of the court or hall' (H.).

    *ETYM von Blumenthal 1930: 5f. suggested that the word is Ilyrian for αἴθουσα. Latte  thinks it is a corruption (but on three points?). Fur. 197 considers it a a substrate  word, taking ▶︎ αἴθουσα as a variant form, and comparing Κήλωσσα / Κηλοῦσα, a  mountain in Sicyon.

XXXXXαἰεί [adv.] 'always' (IL) «1Ὲ *h,ei-u- 'time of living, well-being'>

    *VAR  αἰῶ (A. Ch. 350, AB 363), see below.

    *DIAL αἰρεί (Cypr., Locr., Phoc.), ἀεί (Att.), αἰες (Dor.); ain (Tarent.).

    *DER ἀΐδιος 'eternal' (Hes., IA), whence ἀϊδιότης 'eternity' (Arist., Hell.).

    *ETYM From *aiwes-i, the old locative of an s-stem, which is found without ending in  Dor. aiéc, and also in the accus. αἰῶ < *aiwos-m. Beside the s-stem, Greek had an n-  stem in ▶︎ αἰών, from which αἰέν derives. The Tarentine form would be an old  instrumental *h,eiu-eh,, but this is unclear. On the accentuation of the Greek forms  see Hamp Glotta 67 (1989): 41. The s- and n-stems derive from the old PIE u-stem *h,oi-u- > Av. diiu- 'life, time of  life', gen. *h,i-eu-s > OAV. yaos, thematicized *h,ei-u-o- > Lat. aevum, which in Greek  may be found in Aeol. ait(v), di(v) < *aiw-i(n). As Weiss MSS 55 (1994): 15af. suggested, the zero grade *h,iu- is perhaps found as the first member of Cypr. u-wa-  i-se forever' < *h,iu(u)-h.ei-s- (but see ▶︎ Vv) and of ▶︎ ὑγιής. Both the s-stem and the n-  stem extensions seem to be found in Sanskrit: dyu-n-i (loc.], and ayu-s- [n.].

XXXXXαἰέλουρος [m., f.] probably (wild) cat' (Hdt., Ar.); domestic cats were not found in the Greek world. <?>

    *VAR Also αἴλουρος (Arist).

    *ETYM The explanation as a compound of αἰόλος (< "αἰελος) and οὐρά 'with moving  tail' (cf. EM 34, 8: αἴλουρος παρὰ τὸ αἰόλλειν καὶ ἀνάγειν τὴν οὐρὰν καὶ κινεῖν) still  seems possible, although the -e- is problematic. The connection with Lat. viverra  'ferret' and Lith. vaiveris 'male of the polecat / pitchew', starting from *Faifépovpoc  (Ehrlich 1912: 128ff.), should be abandoned. Note that the word may well have been  adapted by folk etymology, and that from aie- we expect an Attic development to  de-, not the loss of -e-.

XXXXXαἰέν [adv.] 'always' (epic poet.). = αἰών.

XXXXXαἰές = αἰεί.

XXXXXαἰετός [m.] 'eagle' (II), also metaph. 'tympanum, pediment'.

    *VAR Att. ἀετός; αἰβετός: ἀετός, Περγαῖοι (H.), with B = Ε; αἰητός (Arat. 522), which  is artificial (DELG).

    *DER ἀετιδεύς [m.] 'young eagle' (Ael., Aesop.), ἀετίτηςς (λίθος) (Ael.), ἀετώδης  (Philostr.), αἰετόεις (Opp.); aietiaiog 'ptng. to the tympanum' (inscr.); ἀέτωμα  'tympanumy (Hp., Att. inscr.), détwotc 'arched roof of a xeAwvr).(Ath. Mech.).

    *ETYM From *aipetoc < *awjetd-, cf. Lat. avis. For the suffix -eto-, cf. νιφετός,    πυρετός. The artificial form αἰητός does not allow us to conclude that it isa substrate  word, as per Fur.: 115*. Not a Semitic word (Astour JAOS 86 (1966): 2788).

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XXXXXαἰζηός [44}.] unknown; 'strong'? (Il.). <?>

    *VAR Also αἰζήϊος; αἰζήεις (Theopomp. Col.), αἰζᾶεν: εὐτραφὲς βλάστημα 'well-fed  offspring' (H.).

    *ETYM Danielsson 1892 gives no definitive answer. The gloss suggested a connection  with ἀεί and ζῆν, which may be folk-etymological (DELG). Fur. 234, who connects it  with Αἴσηπος, is incorrect.

XXXXXαἴητος = ἄητος.

XXXXXαἰθάλη [f.] 'soot' (Ηρ...

    *VAR αἴθαλος [m.] (Hp., E.), also as an adj. = αἰθαλόεις (Nic. Th. 659).

    *DER αἰθαλόεις (1]., poet.) 'smoky, dark brown', also of the sheet of lightning (E. Ph. 183 [lyr.]), perhaps 'fiery, burning'; αἰθαλέος 'id' (A. R., Nic.); αἰθαλίων, -iwvoc  (Theoc. 7, 138), epithet of the τέττιγες, probably a color term with verse-final  metrical lengthening); αἰθραλώδης 'id' (Arist. Gal.). Unclear αἰθαλίδας: τὰ ἐν τῶ  σίτῳ γινόμενα, ἢ τοὺς ἐν τῷ ὕδατι σταλαγμοὺς τοῦ ἐλαίου 'what is in the food, or  drops of olive oil in the water (H.). Denominative verb αἰθαλόω 'to make sooty',  med. -dopat 'to soot up' (E., Lyc.); αἰθαλώσεις 'clouds of sooty smoke' (Max. Tyr. 41,  4), perhaps directly from αἴθαλος.

    *ETYM See > αἴθω.

XXXXXαἰθήρ, -έρος [f., m.] 'clear sky, heaven' (II.).

    *COMP On αἰθήρ and αἴθρη as a second member (e.g, in ὑπαίθριος, ὕπαιθρος) see  Sommer 1948: 151.

    *DER αἴθρη, -a 'id.' (Il.); αἰθρίη, -ia 'clear sky, nice weather'; αἴθριος, -ov [adj.] 'of the  sky, bright' (IA); the ntr. αἴθριον, diminutive αἰθρίδιον was used in imperial times as  a folk-etymological adaptation of Lat. atrium. αἶθρος 'fresh, cold air' (ξ 318 αἴθρῳ καὶ καμάτῳ δεδμημένονλ. Cf. αἰθρεῖ' χειμάζει 'to  expose to or pass the winter' (H.), αἰθρινόν: mpwivov 'early' (Η.); improbable  Bouquiaus-Simon Ant. class. 31 (1962): 25}. With full-grade of the suffix αἰθέριος 'in the air, heavenly' (trag.), beside which rare  and late αἰθερώδης, αἰθεριώδης, αἰθερίτης, αἰθερόομαι. ἰθαρός 'cheerful, bright' (Alc.) may contain an old ablauting form of the root. The  verb i8aivetv (A. D., H.) could point to an r/n-stem.

    *ETYM Generally derived from > αἴθω; perhaps the formation was influenced by ἀήρ.

XXXXXΑἰθίοπες [m.p].] ethnonym, 'Ethiopians'(?).

    *DIAL Myc. PN a-i-ti-jo-go /Ait*iok"s/ (or /-6-/); for the u-stem in Me-to-ge-u, Wo-  no-qe-we (/Woinok'éwei/) cf. Αἰθιοπῆες (Hom.).

    *ETYM Since antiquity explained as (people) with burnt faces'. In Beekes Glotta 73  (1995-1996): 12-34, I objected that αἰθ- always means 'burning' in the sense of  'brilliant, emitting light (cf. aifow), and never 'burnt'. Also, the -- is unexplained,  and -ort- is a typical substrate suffix (as opposed to 'face' = -wm-). Therefore, the  word must be compared with ethnonyms like Δρύοπες, Δόλοπες and is of Pre-Greek  origin.

XXXXXαἴθουσα [f.] 'portico' (1].); also a plant, cf. ▶︎ αἴθω.

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XXXXXαἰκάλλω 37

    *VAR αἴθουσσα (Hdn. Gr. 2, 919).

    *ETYM Generally explained as ἃ ptc. of ▶︎ αἴθω meaning 'glowing, place where the sun  burns' or 'place where fire can be kindled', which is hardly convincing. A better  explanation is that of Fur.: 19754, who deems it a substrate word, as a technical term  of building, because of the form with -σσ-. The form ▶︎ αἰδῶσσα confirms this; it can  hardly be a mistake for αἴθουσα (which would imply three mistakes), and it has -σσ-. Ofcourse, a folk-etymological connection with ▶︎ ai@w is likely.

XXXXXαἴθω [v.] 'to kindle', intr. med. 'burn (with light) (Il.). «15 *h,eid'- 'kindle'>

    *VAR  Only present.

    *COMP Cf. ▶︎ Αἰθίοπες. On κακ-ιθής see on KEYKEL S.V. ▶︎ κάγκανος.

    *DER αἶθος [m.] 'burning heat' (E.) = Skt. édha- [m.] 'firewood', OHG eit [m.], OE ad  'blaze, pyre'; αἰθός 'sparkling, glowing', also 'dark-colored'; also αἴθων, -wvog (Il.)  and αἶθοψ (on the mgs. see Beekes Glotta 73 (1995-1996): 15-17). αἶθος [n.] 'fire' (A. R.); αἰθήεις 'sooty' (Nic.), also αἰθής 'burning' (Cratin. 88), if this  does not stand for αἰθῆς from αἰθήεις; αἴθινος (Η., EM). Perhaps related is αἰθόλικες 'pustule, pimple' (Hp., Gal.), cf. πομφόλυξ 'bubble' for  the formation. αἰθύσσω 'to stir violently' (Sapph., Pi.), also prefixed with ἀν-, dt-, κατ-, map-, is  usually considered cognate, but the development of meaning is strange. The verbal  noun αἴθυγμα 'spark, glow' (Plb.) did not undergo the metaphorical development of  αἰθύσσω, as opposed to αἰθυκτήρ 'stirring violently' (Opp.). But note that these are  late derivations. Also καταῖθυξ ὄμβρος: ὁ καταιθύσσων 'which is floating down' (H.);  diff. Pisani Paideia 15 (1960): 245f. αἴθυια [f.] name of a bird (see Thompson 1895 s.v.), also epithet of Athena, see Kock  Arch. f. Religionswiss. 18 (1915): 127ff. but also Kretschmer Glotta 9 (1918): 229f.,  mostly explained as a color term, but rather a substrate word (Szemerényi 1964: 207,  Beekes 1998: 25 on the suffix -via.). On αἴθουσα 'hemlock, Conium maculatum' (Ps.-  Dsc.) see CEG 4 (from 'black'). Cf. also ▶︎ αἰθήρ, ▶︎ αἰθάλη, ▶︎ αἴθουσα.

    *ETYM Old PIE verbal root, of which the zero grade *h,id'- probably appears in  ἰθαρός, ἰθαίνω. Sanskrit has the root form idh-, with a nasal present i-n-ddhé 'to  kindle'. Thematic αἶθος can be of PIE date, cf. Skt. édha- [m.] 'firewood', OHG eit  [m.], OE dd 'glow, funeral pyre'. αἶθος [n.] 'fire' (A. R.) and Skt. édhas- [n.]  'firewood' are independent formations, since the Greek word is late. Remarkable  forms in other languages include Av. aésma- [m.] 'firewood', Lith. fesmé 'id', Lat. aedés 'dwelling place, temple', aestds 'summer', aestus 'heat', and several Germanic  forms, e.g. OHG eit (see above) and ON eisa [f.] 'burning coals'.

XXXXXαἰκάζει [v.] - καλεῖ 'calls' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Pisani IF 58 (1942): 243 compared it to Osc. aikdafed, which he interpreted as  'proclamavit'; this is highly dubious. The connection with Latv. aicindt 'to call is  doubted by Pok.: 15. Is it a mistake for ▶︎ aikadAw?

XXXXXαἰκάλλω [v.] 'to flatter, fondle' (trag.), especially said of animals. <?>

    *VAR Only present.

===Pag_085: Beekes_Página_0085.tiff===

    *DER αἴκαλος- κόλαξ 'flatterer' (H.); αἰκάλη: ἀπάτη 'deceit' (Zonar.).

    *ETYM Looks like a denominative of the forms given in the glosses (unless these are  based on the verb). Etymology unknown.

XXXXXἀϊκής [adj.] 'improper, unseemly'.

    *VAR Att. αἰκής < *d-FiK-fc, next to ἀεικής (Ion. poet.).

    *DER ἀεικείη, αἰκεία, αἰκία 'unseemly treatment, disrespect'; ἀεικίζω, αἰκίζω, -opat 'to  maltreat', whence αἴκισμα (trag. Lys.), αἰκισμός (D., LXX). ἀεικέλιος, αἰκέλιος  (Hom., poet.) contain an enlargement of synonymous ἀεικής, αἰκής.

    *ETYM Privative verbal adjective to ἔοικα, du. ἔϊκτον < *we-w(o)ik-. In ἀεικής, -el- is  probably secondary after εἰκάζω, εἰκών, etc. See ▶︎ εἰκάζω, ▶︎ ἔοικα.

XXXXXαἶκλοι - αἱ γωνίαι τοῦ βέλους 'the angles of the missile' (H.). = αἰχμή.

XXXXXαἶκλον [n.] 'evening meal at Sparta' (Epich.). < PG(v)>

    *VAR ἄϊκλον; «συν»αιγλία = συναικλία; λυκαιχλίας: ὁ λυκόβρωτος 'eaten by wolves'  ( βροτος codd.).

    *DER ἀναίκλεια- ἄδειπνα 'supperless' (H.). Also αἶκνον- δεῖπνον 'meal' (H., Suid.);  ἐπάϊκλα (PL).

    *ETYM Fur. 139 points to εἶκλον: δεῖπνον and εἰκλεῖ: δειπνεῖ (H.), and compares  ἰκνείαν: τροφεῖα 'nourishment' and ixvetoc: τροφεύς. Ῥόδιοι 'feeder (Rhod.)' (H.);  he correctly concludes that it is a substrate word. This may be reconstructed as  *(a)wikl/n-: for the prothetic vowel, cf. ἀέροπ- / μέροπ-; the interchange between i  and v may be secondary. A comparison with αἰκάζει: καλεῖ 'calls' CH.) or ▶︎ αἰκάλλω  is completely uncertain.

XXXXXαἴλινος [m.] 'song of mourning' (trag.), sometimes as an adj. 'plaintive' (E. Hel. 171). «ἢ

    *VAR αἴλινα [adv.] (Call.).

    *ETYM Etymology unknown. Boisacq's postulation of a Phrygian origin lacks support  (cf. ▶︎ EXeyoc). It appears to be derived from the interjection ▶︎ ai and ▶︎ λίνος.

XXXXXαἴλιοι = ἀέλιοι.

XXXXXαἷμα [π.] 'blood' (IL). «Ὁ

    *COMP αἱμακουρίαι 'offerings of blood' to the dead (Pi.); αἱμάλωψ 'mass of blood'  (Hp.), see CEG 6.

    *DER αἷμάς 'flow of blood' (S.); diminutive αἱμάτιον, also name of a dish (Arr., M. Ant. inscr. Cos, Miletus, etc.), αἱματία 'Spartan blood soop' (Poll.). Derived  adjectives: αἱματόεις 'bloody' (epic, poet.); aipatnpd¢ (poet.), αἱμηρός (Man.);  αἱματώδης (Ηρ., Th. Arist. Hell.), αἱμώδης (Luc.), see on »αἱμωδέω; αἱματικός  (Arist.), αἱμάτινος (Arist.); αἱμαλέος (AP, Nonnos); αἵμων (E.), αἱμώνιος 'red as  blood' (Ath.); αἱματίτης 'like blood' (Hp., Thphr.); αἱματωπός (E.), αἱμωπός (Ph.). In  a similar meaning compounds like évaipoc, ὕφαιμος. Denominative verbs: 1. αἱμάσσω, -άττω 'to make or be bloody' (A.), whence late nouns αἱμαγμός, αἵμαξις,  and adjectives αἱμακτός, αἱμακτικός; 2. aipatow (1A), αἱμάτωσις (Gal.); 3. αἱματίζω  (A., Arist.).

===Pag_086: Beekes_Página_0086.tiff===

    *ETYM αἷμα replaces the old IE word for blood ἔαρ < *h,esh,-r. It has no established  etymology. The connection with OHG seim 'virgin honey', W hufen from the  uncertain PIE root *sei- 'to drip' (Pok. 889) is accepted by Weiss HSPA. 98 (1998): 31-  61, but cannot explain the Greek vocalism. Acc. to Sommer 1905: 20ff., it is related to  Skt. is- 'refreshment'. See Szemerényi Gnomon 43 (1971): 651; cf. also ▶︎ aiovaw,  ▶︎ ἰχώρ.

XXXXXαἱμασιά [f.] 'wall around a terrain', of stone (thus Hdt. 2, 138) or thorns (Od.). <?>

    *VAR Cf. aipoi- δρυμοί. Αἰσχύλος Αἰτναίαις 'copses, thickets (A. Aitnaiai) (H.).

    *ETYM Comparable with Lat. sae pés 'hedge, fence', which has p for γι. Fur.: 223 finds  the variation in other non-IE loans, eg. Tevéotat / Mevéotat (Schwyzer: 333),  γέφυρα / Arm. kamurj. On the accentuation, see Scheller 1951: 87f.; on the meaning,  Picard Rev. arch. (1946): 68f.

XXXXXαἱμύλος [adj.] conventionally translated as 'flattering', mostly said of words (Hes.); acc. to Giintert 1921: 103, it means 'wily'; Weiss HSPh. 98 (1998): 31-61 points to the semantics of spellbinding, e.g. in αἱμυλίοισι λόγοισι // θέλγει. <?>

    *VAR Also αἱμύλιος (Od.).

    *ETYM The suffix is also found in στωμύλος 'talkative'. A direct connection with  OHG seim 'virgin honey' is impossible (see on ▶︎ αἷμα), as this etymon originally  denoted a 'thick liquid'. Acc. to Giintert (ibid.), αἱμύλος derives from ▶︎ αἵμων in the  same way as ἀγκών relates to ἀγκύλος, This idea is integrated by Weiss HSPh. 98  (1998): 31-61 in his account of »ἵμερος and ▶︎ αἵμων.

XXXXXαἱμωδέω [v.] 'to be set on edge', of the teeth, as caused by sour stuff (Hp.). <?>

    *DER αἱμωδία (Hp. Arist. Dsc.); whence αἱμωδιάω 'to have aipwéia' (Hp., Arist.),  whence αἱμωδιασμός (H.). αἱμώδης is a back-formation in the sense of 'having  αἱμωδία᾽ (Gal.). Further αἱμώδης 'bloody', to ▶︎ αἷμα.

    *ETYM The second element can hardly be separated from ὀδών 'tooth' (Szemerényi  1964: 81). It is difficult to assume that the first part is from ▶︎ αἷμα, as we would expect  to see a trace of the suffix -at-. Solmsen 1909: 25ff. connected the first member with  Gm. *sai-ra- in Go. sair, OHG sér 'pain', ON sdr 'wound', positing *ai-oc for Greek.

XXXXXαἵμων, -ονος [adj.] only in Σκαμάνδριον αἵμονα θήρης (E 49), mg. sometimes glossed as 'skillful', but rather 'eager' (see below). <1E *seh,i-mon- ''bond'>

    *ETYM The word is found in the Thessalian names 'Innaipwv, Αἵμονος (see Bechtel  1921, 1: 203). Weiss HSPh. 98 (1998): 31-61 assumes a pre-form *seh,i-mon-, from the  root *sh,i- 'to bind' which he also assumes to be present in ▶︎ ἵμερος 'longing, love'  and in »αἱμύλος. The fact that the meaning 'eager' fits so well in this passage  confirms Weiss's proposal.

XXXXXαἶνος [m.] 'meaningful words, praise' (I].), also 'decision' (inscr.). <?>

    *VAR  αἴνη (Hdt.). Cf. the primary formation in ἀναίνομαι 'to deny, refuse' (IL), from  Ἰἀνα-αίνομαι (cf. dva-vebw), acc. to Bechtel 1914.

    *DER αἰνέω [v.] 'to approve, praise', also 'to decide' (Il., mainly epic Ion. poet.), fut. τήσω, secondarily -éow, etc. (see Wackernagel 1916: 180f.); Att. has ἐπαινέω, Aeol. (Hes.) αἴνημι. From αἰνέω: αἴνεσις 'praise' (LXX, NT), atvnotc (Ph.). Rare is

===Pag_087: Beekes_Página_0087.tiff===

αἰνίζομαι [v.] 'to praise' (Hom.); usually αἰνίσσομαι (-tt-) (IA) 'to speak in riddles', from 'to speak words full of content, i.e. difficult to understand'; thence with αἴνιγμα 'dark saying, riddle' (Pi.); thence αἰνιγματώδης, αἰνιγματιστής, aivypatiac, αἰνιγματικός; also αἰνιγμός 'id' (Att); αἴνιξις 'id' (Plot.). αἰνικτήρ 'who speaks in riddles' (S.), αἰνικτής (Timo), αἰνικτηρίως (A.).

    *ETYM Etymology unknown. Compared by Pok. 11 with Germanic words for 'oath'  (Go. aips, OHG eid), which is mostly rejected.

XXXXXαἰνός [adj.] 'terrible' (11. <?>

    *VAR On ἐπαινή see Leumann 1950: 258f.

    *COMP Common as the first member of poetic compounds, but no derivatives.

    *ETYM No etymology. Connected with Skt. énas 'crime' by Pok. 10. On the  expression αἰνόθεν αἰνῶς, see Leumann Lc. See also LfgrE.

XXXXXαἴνυμαι [v.] 'to take, seize' (Il.). «1Ὲ *h,ei- 'give'>

    *VAR Only present.

    *DIAL Myc. PN a,-nu-me-no /Ainumenos/.

    *COMP Often with ἐξ-, also in the verbal noun ἔξ-αιτος 'selected' (1].).

    *ETYM The verbal noun *aitoc is at the base of ▶︎ aitéw. The same root is found in  ToB ai-, ToA e- 'to give (act.), take (med.), and it was previously thought to be  reflected in Hitt. pai-' 'to give', which was analyzed as *pe-ai-. Recently, however,  Kloekhorst 2008 has given a convincing alternative: an i-present to the root *h,p- 'to  seize'. Thus, the present root is eliminated as an example for PIE *a. In nominal  form the root is found in Oscan aeteis [gen.sg.) 'part (of a possession). YAv. aétahmdiius does not contain a noun aéta- 'punishment', but rather the pronoun  aéta- 'that'; cf. Fischer and Ritter MSS 52 (1991): 9-13. See ▶︎ aloa, ▶︎ αἰτία, ▶︎ δίαιτα.

XXXXXαἵνω [v.] 'winnow' (Pherecr., Hp.), but see the glosses. <?>

    *VAR Aor. ἦναι; pres. also avéw (Ar. Fr. 694 (uncertain), Ath.), apavéw (Ar. Eq. 394  v.L), ἄφηνα: ἔκοψα 'struck', ἀφῆναι- τὸ τὰς ἐπτισμένας κριθὰς χερσὶ τρῖψαι 'rubbing  by hand of the winnowed barley-corns' (H.); further aivwv πτίσσων 'winnowing',  ἥνας: κόψας 'having struck' and yavai (= Favat) περιπτίσαι 'strip off the husk or  skin' (cod. -πτύσαι); see Solmsen 1901: 280.

    *DER Bechtel KZ 46 (1914): 374 compares the name of a phratry favidat (Argos).

    *ETYM Comparable with Lat. vannus 'winnowing-basket', OHG winton 'to fan', Go. dis-winpjan 'Aucpav, to winnow'. The Germanic words seem to derive from the word  for 'wind' (cf. Lat. ventilare 'to fan'), but aivw has no trace of the -t-. Derivation of  the Greek word from *h,ueh, seems to be excluded by yavat, which has no vowel  before the fF. ἀνέω has been explained from *&-fav-éw (Solmsen 1901: 272), which  beside yavat would imply a non-IE word. Note that the exact meaning of the word is  unclear.

XXXXXαἴξ, αἰγός [f.] 'goat', rarely msc. (11... Also a water bird (Janzén 1937: 17, a meteor (Arist.) and a star (Aratos).

    <IE? *h,eig- 'goat'>



    *DIAL Myc. a,-ki-pa-ta /aigi-pa(s)tas/ (?) 'goatherd'; a,-ki-po-de, interpretation  uncertain.

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    *COMP αἰπόλος 'goatherd' < "αἰγ-πολος, see ▶︎ πέλω and ▶︎ βουκόλος (cf. Meier-  Briigger 1992a: 92); thence αἰπολέω [v.] 'to herd goats' (A., Lys., Theoc.), only  present; αἰπόλια (n.pl.] 'herds of goats' (Il.), also -ἰον [sg.]; αἰπολικός (Theoc.). Further αἰγί-βοτος 'browsed by goats' (Od.); unclear the gloss αἰπόλος: κάπηλος  παρὰ Κυπρίοις 'peddiar (Cypr.) (H.), see Leumann 1950: 271ff; to be rejected is  Latte's correction ἀί- = ἀεί.

    *DER See > αἰγίς 'goatskin'. Diminutive of αἴξ: aiyiétov (Pherecr., Antiph.). On αἶγες'  τὰ κύματα 'waves'. Δωριεῖς (H.), see on ▶︎ αἰγιαλός. Connection with toponyms like  Aiyai, Aiyatoc, Αἴγινα, etc., is at best folk-etymological.

    *ETYM The compounds in -- are unexplained (Heubeck IF 69 (1964): 13-21 is  unclear); the type αἰπόλος is old in any case. αἴξ is cognate with Arm. ayc 'goat' (i-  stem), which is reconstructed as *h,eig-ih, (Clackson 1994: 88-90 after Meillet). The  zero grade is often supposed in Av. izaéna- 'of leather', but we do not know if the  word referred to the skin of a goat. If the connection is correct, the word could be IE. However, Skt. ajd- 'goat' looks similar, but is formally deviant. This could suggest  that Avestan, Greek and Armenian borrowed the word from a common source,  perhaps Anatolian. On the distribution, see Mallory & Adams 1997 s.v. Connection  with *h,eig- as 'jumper' (Thieme 1953: 571) is rejected by Mayrhofer EW Aia 1: 264,  since Skt. éjati did not have a palatovelar, nor does it mean 'to jump'. Cf. ▶︎ αἴγιλος,  ▶︎ αἰγίλωψ, ▶︎ dia.

XXXXXαἰόλος [adj.] 'agile, glittering, variegated' (1. «Ὁ

    *DIAL Myc. a,-wo-ro /Aiwolos/ name of a cow.

    *COMP As a second member, e.g. Κορυθαίολος 'with glittering (colorful) helmet'.

    *DER Denominaitve αἰόλλω [v.] 'to move quickly to and fro' (υ 27), (med.) 'to change  color' (Hes. Sc. 399), 'to make colorful (Nic. Th. 155); αἰολέω = ποικίλλω (PI. Cra. 409a), αἰόλησις 'rapid movement' (sch. Pi. P. 4, 412); αἰολίζω 'to trick with words' (δ. fr. 912), αἰόλισμα 'varied tones' (5. Ichn. 319); αἰολάομαι 'to be restless' (Hp. Mul. 2,  174b, uncertain). αἰολίας [m.] fish name (cf. Strémberg 1943: 23, Thompson 1947  s.v.), αἰόλειος (EM), aiohidac: ποικίλους, ταχεῖς 'variegated, quick' (H.). PN Αἴολος,  EN Αἰολεῖς.

    *ETYM Etymology unknown. Benveniste BSL 38 (1937): 107 connected αἰών, Skt. ayu-  'vital force' (formally improbable); Risch Mus. Helv. 29 (1972): 97 argued that the  original meaning was a color. On ▶︎ αἰέλουρος, see s.v. For the type *Cai-CoR-., cf. > αἰώρα, ▶︎ aiovaw.

XXXXXαἰονάω [v.] 'to moisten, bathe (a wound)' (Hp.). <?>

    *DER Verbal nouns αἰόνησις and αἰόνημα.

    *ETYM Etymology unknown.

XXXXXαἰπόλος = αἴξ.

XXXXXαἰπύς [adj.] 'steep, sheer' (I, mostly epic and poet.) «ΡΟ(ν)Ρ»

    *VAR A different stem in ainda (αἰπὰ ῥέεθρα © 369) and αἰπήν (πόλιν ... αἰπήν γ 130,  etc.), maybe a metrical device.

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    *DER αἰπήεις (Hom.), is an enlargement of αἰπύς, see Schwyzer: 527. Further αἷπος  [n.] 'steepness, precipice' (E.), whence αἰπεινός < *ainea-vdc 'steep'.

    *ETYM ▶︎ αἶψα probably belongs here, too. Furthermore, Fur.: 158 connects it with  ἐξαίφνης and ▶︎ ἐξαπίνης, as well ἃ5.» ἄφνω and ▶︎ ἄφαρ, which is highly convincing. Variations shown here include n/g, labial / y (cf. ▶︎ dépw / Séyw and βίττακος /  ψιττακός), and anticipation of a palatalized consonant *ap' as ai-.

XXXXXαἶρα 1 [f.] 'sledgehammer' (Call. fr. 115, 12), = σφῦρα, ἀξίνη 'hammer, axe-head' (H.), σφῦρα (Et. Gen.). «ἢ

    *ETYM Unknown. Acc. to Schwyzer: 474, it is from ▶︎ αἴρω (improbable).

XXXXXαἶρα 2 [f.] 'rye-grass, darnel, Lolium temulentum' (Thphr.). <?>

    *VAR Often plur. aipau.

    *DER aipivoc 'of rye-grass' (Dsc.), αἰρώδης 'mixed with rye-grass' (Thphr.). Denominative ἐξ-αιρόομαι [v.] 'to change into rye-grass' (Thphr.).

    *ETYM Specht KZ 66 (1939): 12 connected it with Skt. eraka- [f.] a kind of grass,  assuming that both languages borrowed the word from an Oriental language; this is  rejected by Thieme 1953: 586. Berger WZKSS 3 (1959): 48 thinks that the Sanskrit  word is of Austro-Asiatic origin. On erakd-, see now Klaus MSS 57 (1997): 49-64; see  ▶︎ αἰρόπινον.

XXXXXαἱρέω [v.] 'to take, grasp, seize', med. 'to take for oneself, choose' (1].). <?>

    *VAR  Except for late forms like ἀν-ήρησα (Q. S.), ▶︎ ἐλεῖν is used as a suppletive  aorist.

    *DIAL Cret. aidéw is a contamination of aipéw and ἐλεῖν; Pamphyl. ἀγλέσθω from  ἀγρέω and ἑλεῖν; for other such forms see Vendryes 1938: 331}.

    *DER αἵρεσις 'capture, choice, party, philosophical school (whence heresy)' (IA),  αἱρέσιμος 'pregnable' (X.); aipetdc 'what can be taken or chosen' (IA), αἱρετικός 'to  be chosen, causing schisms' (late); aipetric 'who chooses' (Vett. Val.), καθαιρέτης  'destroyer' (Th.), αἱρετίς [f.] 'who chooses' (LXX), back-formation to αἱρετίζω [v.] 'to  elect' (Hell.), which is a denominative to αἱρετός, From alpeti{w also aipetiotric  'adherent' (PIb., D. L.).

    *ETYM No etymology.

XXXXXαἰρόπινον [n.] 'sieve' (Ar. fr. 480). 4 GR?>

    *VAR Cf. αἰρόπινον- σκοτεινόν, καὶ κόσκινον ἐν ᾧ πυροὶ σήθονται 'dark, also a sieve  through which wheat is sieved'; An. Bk. 359, 24 continues with ὑπὲρ τοῦ τὰς aipac  διελθεῖν 'because it passes through the rye-grass'; also αἰρόπινον: τὸ ἀραιὸν  KGOKLVOV παρὰ τὸ τὰς αἷρας ποιεῖν ἀπεῖναι καὶ χωρίζειν ἢ διὰ τὸ αἴρειν τὸν πίνον 6  ἐστι τὸν ῥύπον 'a porous sieve, after its making the rye-grass go apart; or after its  removing the nivov, ie. the dirt' (EM 38, 42), the first part of which is clearly folk-  etymological.

    *ETYM DELG thinks that it consists of αἴρω 'to remove' and nivog 'filth', like the  latter part of the final gloss; for the type of compound, see Schwyzer: 442. Alternatively, it may be a Pre-Greek word reshaped by folk etymology.

XXXXXαἴρω = ἀείρω 1.

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XXXXXἀΐσθων 43

XXXXXαἶσα [f.] 'share, destiny, decree' (IL, epic and lyr.).

    *DIAL Myc. a;-sa /aisa/; also found in Arc.-Cypr.

    *DER αἴσιος 'auspicious, opportune'; also with év-, ἐξ-, κατ-, παρ-, whence αἰσιόομαι  [v.] 'to take as a good omen' (Plu, App.); αἴσιμος 'destined, fitting' (Hom.),  ἐναίσιμος, ἀναίσιμος (Emp.). Thence prefixed denominative ἀν-αισιμόω [v.] 'to consume (the apportioned share)'  (Ion.), whence ἀναισιμώματα 'expenses' (Hdt.); καταισιμόω [v.] 'to consume  entirely' (com.). Adjectival abstract αἰσιμίαι πλούτου 'the due apportionment of  wealth' (A. Eu. 996). See on ▶︎ αἰσιμνάω, ▶︎ αἰσυμνάω, ▶︎ αἰσυμνήτης. Some PNs: Αἴσων, Aloiac, ete.

    *ETYM aioa is from the root seen in αἴνυμαι, derived with -1a from a form in -t-  found in Osc. aeteis [gen.sg.] 'part', Gr. *aitoc (see maitéw), αἴτιος. An ablauting  root shape could be found in »ἴσσασθαι - κληροῦσθαι. Λέσβιοι (HL).

XXXXXαἴσακος [?] - ὁ τῆς δάφνης κλάδος, ὅν κατέχοντες ὕμνουν τοὺς θεούς 'the branch of the sweet bay; while grasping these, the gods were praised' (H.). Cf. Plu. Mor. 615b. Acc. to EM 38, 49 it indicates the bird ἐρίθακος.

    *ETYM Etymology unknown. The word is Pre-Greek (or Anatolian), acc. to Nehring  Glotta 14 (1925): 183 and Krause KZ 67 (1942): 214'. Note the initial ai-, intervocalic  -o-, and the suffix -ax-. See ▶︎ αἰσάλων.

XXXXXαἰσάλων [m.] kind of falcon (Arist.); see Thompson 1895.

    *VAR Cf. αἰσάρων: εἶδος ἱέρακος 'id.' (H.).

    *ETYM Fur.: 387 gives it as Pre-Greek form with the variation p/ A, of which he has  more than 30 examples.

XXXXXΑἴσηπος [m.] HN in Mysia (11); also PN (IL). <« PG>

    *ETYM Fur. 234 compares αἰζηός. No doubt a Pre-Greek name.

XXXXXαἰσθάνομαι [v.] 'to perceive, apprehend, note' (IA).

    *VAR Incidentally pres. αἴσθομαι (Th.); aor. αἰσθέσθαι, fut. αἰσθήσεσθαι (TA).

    *DER αἴσθησις 'perception, knowledge' (Hp. PL, etc.), both the act and the object of  perception (cf. E. JA 1243, Arist.); αἰσθησίη (Aret.) = αἴσθησις; αἰσθητός 'perceptible'  and αἰσθητικός 'able to perceive', both mainly philosophical terms; αἰσθητήριον 'one  of the senses' (Arist.), αἰσθητής [m.] 'who perceives' (P1.).

    *ETYM Interpreted as PGr. *awis-¢"-, and connected with ▶︎ diw 'to perceive, hear' <  *awis-je/o-. A similar pre-form is found in Lat. audi6 'to hear' < *h,eui-d'h,-ie/o- (see  De Vaan 2008 s.v.), oboedi6é 'to obey'. It is probable that the Greek suffix -θ-, which  builds resultative verbal forms, is from *d*h,- 'to do, etc.' as well. Further related to  Skt. avis, Av. duuig 'manifestly', OCS (/)avé 'evidently', which are adverbial forms in  -is.

XXXXXἀΐσθων [ptc.] 'to breathe out, exhale' (11). <?>

    *VAR Or rather *dio8wv (IT 468), ἄϊσθε (Y 403), of θυμόν.

    *ETYM We can connect it with diov (= τὸ ἀπέπνεον Eust.) in ἐπεὶ φίλον ἄϊον ἦτορ (O  252), but much remains uncertain. See Bechtel 1914 and DELG.

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XXXXXἀΐσσω [v.] 'to move quickly, dart, rush (upon)' (IL). <?>

    *VAR Pres. doow (Pi.), dttw (Att.), fut. ἀΐξω, The ἀ- is always long in Hom., except in  ὑπαΐξει (Φ 126), see Chantraine 1942: 110, and in ἀΐξῃ (A. R. 3, 1302); elsewhere it is  mostly short.

    *COMP As a second member in πολυ-άϊξ, κορυθ-ἀϊξ; also in ▶︎ tpiydikec?

    *DER ἀϊκή 'rush' (Ὁ 709); root noun dif in ἀνέμων ἄικας (A. R. 4, 820), or dixac?  Both a and tare long.

    *ETYM Unexplained. Comparison with Skt. vevijydte 'to raise, flee, move quickly' is  formally impossible (no trace of a F in Homer, and the long i remains unexplained). Danielsson IF 14 (1903): 386ff. reconstructs *aif-ix- and compares ▶︎ aidAoc.

XXXXXαἴσυλος [adj.] 'unseemly, evil' (Hom.), in αἴσυλα ῥέζειν, εἰδέναι, μυθήσασθαι (opposed to αἴσιμα).

    *COMP αἰσυλο-εργός (Max. Astrol.) after αἴσυλα ῥέζειν (Hom.).

    *ETYM The overall appearance is Pre-Greek: initial ai-, intervocalic -o-, suffix -υλ-. Cf. ▶︎ ἀήσυλος.

XXXXXαἰσυμνάω [v.] 'to be ruler (Hom.).

    *VAR αἰσυμνήτηρ (Q 347) has a variant αἰσυ(ι)δήτηρ, now preferred by West Glotta 77  (2999): 119[. Also PNs Αἴσυμνος, Αἰσυήτης (Hom.).

    *DIAL Meg. αἰσιμνάω.

    *DER αἰσυμνητήρ (Q 347 ν.1.), αἰσυμνήτης (aicyivatac) title of a high magistrate in  several towns (inscr., Arist.), in Homer 6 258 a referee of games; fem. αἰσυμνῆτις  (Suid.); aiovpwyteia 'office of αἰσυμνήτης᾽ (Arist.), Verbal noun αἰσυμνητύς  (Miletus). Further αἰσύμνιον = βουλευτήριον in Megara (Paus.), from the verb or  from *alovpvoc.

    *ETYM Previously derived from ▶︎ aica, αἴσιμος, ᾿αἴσιμνος by Solmsen 1909: 36ff. and  Fraenkel 1910: 172f. However, Chantraine 1933: 216 and von Blumenthal 1930: 33  assume a Pre-Greek origin, which must be correct: it explains the interchanges p/ F  (cf. Fur: 244) and v/ τ. The word and its derivations are reminiscent of ▶︎ κυβερνάω. Further details are in the LfgrE. Deroy Ant. class. 26 (1958): 404-410 compares Lat. aerumna 'task, distress'.

XXXXXαἰσύφιος = ἀσύφηλος.

XXXXXαἶσχος [n.] 'shame, ugliness', plur. 'disgraceful deeds' (II.). <?>

    *VAR Comp. αἰσχίων, superl. αἴσχιστος.

    *DER αἰσχρός 'dishonoring, ugly', denominative αἰσχύνω 'to dishonor', med. 'to be  ashamed' (IL), back-formation αἰσχύνη 'shame' (IA). PN Αἰσχύλος, perhaps an  enlargement of an old u-stem. Further derivatives: 1. from αἰσχρός: αἰσχρότης  'ugliness' (Pl. Gorg. 525a, Ep. Eph. 5, 4), αἰσχροσύνη (Tz.). 2. from αἰσχύνω:  αἰσχυντήρ 'violator' (A. Ch. 998), αἰσχυντηλός 'timid, shy', also 'disgraceful' (Pl.,  Arist.), αἰσχυντηλία (Plu.); it has -t- from the opposite dv-aicyvvtos (Alc. Att.),  whence ἀναισχυντία, -téw, -τημα; secondary αἰσχυντός (Ps. Phoc.). Rare  αἰσχυντηρός and αἰσχυντικός.

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    *ETYM The older comparison with Go. aiwiski [n.] ᾿αἰσχύνιγ᾽ is generally abandoned  in view of obvious formal difficulties. De Lamberterie 1990: 835-840 plausibly  compares ▶︎ αἴδομαι, positing *aid-sk- for Greek next to *aid-st- in Go. aistan.

XXXXXἀΐτᾱς [m.] 'eromenos' (Ar.), also a fish (pap. Tebt. 701, 44). <?>

    *VAR Fem. ditic (Hdn. Gr., Alcm. 34 Page). Also ἀείταν: τὸν ἑταῖρον 'companion'. Ἀριστοφάνης δὲ tov ἐρώμενον 'eromenos' (Ar. fr. 738; also Theocr. 12, 14, where it is  called Thessalian).

    *DIAL A Doric or Thessalian word.

    *ETYM Uncertain. From ▶︎ diw 'to hear' acc. to Diels Herm. 31 (1896): 372 and Bechtel  1921, 1: 201; see also Arena Riv. fil. class. 96 (1968): 257f.

XXXXXαἰτέω [v.] 'to ask, request, beg' (I].).

    *COMP Often prefixed with ἀπ-, ἐξ-, map-, etc.

    *DER 1. αἴτησις 'demand, request' (IA), αἰτήσιμος; 2. αἴτημα 'demand, claim' (Pl,  Arist.), αἰτηματικός and αἰτηματώδης; 3. αἰτητής 'requestor' (pap., D. C.); αἰτητικός  (Arist., Ὁ. L.), 4. αἰτίζω = aitéw (epic since Od.).

    *ETYM A denominative of *aitog; see ▶︎ aivupat, ▶︎ αἶσα and ▶︎ αἴτιος.

XXXXXαἴτιος [adj.] 'guilty, responsible' (IL). <«GR>

    *DER Thence (or directly from *aitoc): αἰτία [f.] 'responsibility, guilt, cause;  accusation', also 'disease'; thence denominative αἰτιάομαι 'to accuse, charge with',  secondary αἰτιάζομαι (X., Ὁ. C.). To αἰτιάομαι: αἰτίασις (Antipho, Arist.) and aitiapa (A., Th.) 'accusation, charge';  αἰτιατός (Arist., Plot.) 'having a cause' (τὸ αἰτιατόν 'effect' as opposed to τὸ αἴτιον  'cause') is rather directly from αἰτία because of the meaning; from τὸ αἰτιατόν, the  grammarians created ἡ αἰτιατικὴ πτῶσις 'accusative case', so properly 'case of what is  effectuated' (Wackernagel 1920-1924(1): 19). From αἰτία (or τὸ αἴτιον): αἰτιώδης 'causal', philosophical term (Hell. and late),  likewise αἰτίωμα (pap., Act. Ap.) = αἰτίαμα, and with the same vocalism aitiwotc  (Eust.) = αἰτίασις.

    *ETYM αἴτιος, αἰτία and aitéw were derived from *aitog 'share' (see ν αἴνυμαι,  ▶︎ aitéw), which is semantically understandable. The suffix -tog may have been added  to ait- after the change of *ti > σι.

XXXXXαἴφνης [adv.) 'suddenly' (E. IA 1581, Hp. Int. 39).

    *DER More common as well as more archaic is ἐξαίφνης (Hom., Pi, trag. etc.). The  adjective αἰφνίδιος (A., Th. Arist.), on the other hand, is more common and more  archaic than ἐξαιφνίδιος (PL, Gal.). Adverbial forms aigvndic, -δόν (Hdn.).

    *ETYM Related to ▶︎ αἶψα, s.v., and also to ▶︎ ἄφνω, ▶︎ ἄφαρ, ▶︎ ἐξαπίνης, etc.

XXXXXαἰχμή [f.] 'point οἵ ἃ spear, spear' (Il.). On its use in Homer, see Triimpy 1950: 52ff. <1£ *h,eik-(s)m- 'spear'>

    *DIAL Myc. a,-ka-sa-ma /aiksmans/.

    *COMP αἰχμ-άλωτος 'prisoner of war' (Pi), whence fem. αἰχμαλωτίς, adj. αἰχμαλωτικός, abstract αἰχμαλωσία. Thence denominative verbs αἰχμαλωτίζω and

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αἰχμαλωτεύω (Hell. and late); from αἰχμαλωτίζω: αἰχμαλωτιστής and αἰχμαλωτισμός,

    *DER αἰχμήεις 'armed with a spear' (A., Opp.); αἰχμητής 'spearman, warrior' (IL),  αἰχμητᾶ (E 197), fem. αἴχμητις (EM); with secondary suffix αἰχμητήρ (Opp. Q. S.,  Nonn.); αἰχμητήριος 'armed with a spear, war-like' (Lyc. 454 verse-final). Denominative αἰχμάζω [v.] 'to throw the spear, to arm with a spear' (IL).

    *ETYM The Mycenaean form proves PGr. *aiksma. The word is connected with  αἴκλοι: ai γωνίαι tod βέλους 'points of the arrow' (H.) and with Lith. iésmas, OPr. aysmis 'spit' which may derive from *h,eik-(s)m-. The original meaning must have  been 'point'. Within Greek, we further find Cypr. ἰκμαμένος 'wounded' (Ruijgh 1957:  136), iktéa: ἀκόντιον 'javelin' (H.), and perhaps »tktap 'near'. Uncertain is the  appurtenance oftyéic [f.] (Sol.), ἴγδη (Hp.) 'mortar', but cf. Fur.: 321.

XXXXXαἶψα [adv.] 'quickly, suddenly' (IL, poet.)

    *DER αἰψηρός 'quick' (IL, Pi.).

    *ETYM Sommer IF 11 (1900): 243 connected the word with ▶︎ αἰπύς 'steep' as *ain-o-a;  the forms can also be understood in substrate terms (with Fur.: 158) as alternation of  a labial with w. Furnée further connects it with ἐξαίφνης, ▶︎ ἐξαπίνης, ▶︎ ἄφαρ, ▶︎ ἄφνω,  etc.

XXXXXἀΐω [v.] 'perceive, hear' (IL). «1Ὲ *h,euis- 'perceive'>

    *VAR  Ipf. diov (see below); verbal adj. ἐπ- ἀϊστος 'perceived, detected' (Hdt.) to  ἐπαΐω, ἐπάω (Att. prose), whence aor. ἐπῇσα (ἐπήϊσα).

    *DIAL Cypr. fut. awiyésomai.

    *ETYM The ipf. diov was considered by Schulze KZ 29 (1888): asiff. to be an original  aorist, from which a present ἀΐω was formed secondarily. Schulze found traces of an  original pres. *deiw in ἄει: ἀκούει, dete ἀκούσατε (H.), and in ἐπ-άειν (E. HF 773),  but this is difficult to fit in with the etymology prevailing today: diov < *awis-e/o- is  generally connected with Skt. avis [adv.] 'evidently, manifestly' and OCS (Javé 'id',  so the Greek verb is probably a denominative from this adverb. As Kloekhorst  recently showed, the Hitt. verb au-'/ u- 'to see' (see Kloekhorst 2008 s.v.) can also be  connected with it, since in o-grade forms *h,ou-, the laryngeal would regularly be  lost. Noteworthy, though improbable, is the connection by Szemerényi Glotta 38  (1960): 243 with the word for 'ear'. Within Greek, compare aor. ἠσθόμην, pres. ▶︎ αἰσθάνομαι, with -0- indicating the completion of a process.

XXXXXαἰῶ = αἰεί.

XXXXXαἰών, -ῶνος [m., f.] '(life)time, long period of time, eternity' (IL).

    *VAR αἰέν [adv.] 'always'.

    *DER αἰώνιος 'enduring, eternal' (Pl. Hell, NT), αἰωνιότης 'perpetuitas' (gloss.);    aiwvitew 'to make or be eternal' (Dam., Phot., Suid.), αἰώνισμα 'perpetuation,  monument' (Ostr.).

    *ETYM From *aifwv, an n-stem also found in the old locative ▶︎ αἰέν 'always', which  coexisted with the s-stem in aid, aiéc, ▶︎ αἰεί 'id'. See also ▶︎ ob. On the meaning, see

===Pag_094: Beekes_Página_0094.tiff===

XXXXXἀκακαλίς, -ίδος 47 Stadtmiiller Saeculum 2 (1951): 315ff. A neuter u-stem is found in Skt. ayu-, Av. diiu '(life)time', OAv. gen. yaos, dat. yauudi < h,oi-u, h,i-eu-s, h,i-eu-ei. Latin has thematicized aevus < h,ei-u-o-; Gothic has an i-stem aiwins [acc.pl.]. An old derivation is Lat. iuvenis, Skt. ywvan- 'young man' from h,iu-Hen- with the Hoffmann suffix (having vital strength'). Derived from this are Lith. jdunas, OCS jund 'young' and Go. jund 'youth' < h,iu-Hr-ti-.

XXXXXαἰώρα [f.] 'swing, hammock, noose, halter' (PI.). <?>

    *DER αἰωρέω 'to raise, hang' (Pi. 1A), also -gopat 'to hand, hover', also prefixed with  ovv-, ὑπερ-. Thence αἰώρησις (mainly medic.), ovv- (PL), ὑπερ- (Hp.); αἰώρημα (E. [lyr.], Lyc.).

    *ETYM Previously, an intensive (iterative) verb *fat-Fwp-éw was reconstructed, from  which *faifwpa > αἰώρα was a derivation. This type is not accepted anymore. Taillardat RPh. 57 (1983): 21-25 assumes *h,udr-eje- > *apwpéw (formation as in  πωλέω, etc. to the root of deipw 'to hang'); reduplication would then have resulted in  *apapwp-, which would have given *afawp- > aiwp- (like *afaipw > αἴρω). The  reduplication with af-af- seems uncertain to me, just like the development to *afaj-  and its continuation as (af)-at- before a vowel.

XXXXXἈκάδημος [m.] name of a hero. <?>

    *DER Ἀκαδήμεια the gymnasium in Athens where Plato taught, the Platonic school  (Ar.), βεκαδημειας (Att. inscr., see LSJ Supp.).

    *ETYM Generally identified with the first element of ἑκάεργος (which derives from  *uek-m); and with the PN Boeot. rhexa6apoc, Thess. fexe-; in Attic this form may  have been Ἑκάδημος (D. L., St. Byz.); but see Lejeune 1972: $254°, who objects that  the aspiration was lost. Fur.: 309 separates it from these words and connects the Lydian TN Ἀκαδαμίς and  the Carian PN Ἀκταδημος. Cf. also Ταρκονδημος (Cilicia)? However, the names in  Greece seem to have (had) a F-, of which there is no trace in the Anatolian names. The meaning of -δαμ- is unknown. If the word was Pre-Greek, the varying vocalism  can be better understood (assimilations are rare in Greek).

XXXXXἄκαινα [f.] 'spike, prick, goad' (A. R.), Also 'ten-foot rod' in Thessaly (Bechtel 1921, 1: 116, 204), cf. ἄκαινα δέ ἐστι μέτρον δεκάπουν Θεσσάλων εὔρεμα (sch. A. R. 3, 1323; Call. fr. 24, 6). In Egypt a measure of 100 square ft. (Hero, pap.).

    *ETYM Traditionally derived from the n-stem ▶︎ ἄκων with the suffix -ta. However, it  may also contain the Pre-Greek suffix -atva (see Fur.: 1717) added directly to the  stem ἀκ-. The measure is in origin the same word; for the semantics, DELG  compares κάλαμος, Lat. pertica, MoFr. perche.

XXXXXἀκακαλίς, -ido¢ [f.] name of several plants (Dsc.).

    *VAR  Cf. ἀκακαλλίς: ἄνθος ναρκίσσου. Κρῆτες 'flower of narcissus (Cret.)' (H.). κακαλίς: νάρκισσος (H.), κακκαλία = στρύχνον ὑπνωτικόν 'sleepy nightshade,  Withania somnifera' (Dsc. 4, 72 and 122). Further κάγκανον = κακ(κ)αλία  'Mercurialis tomentosa' (Gal., Paul. Aeg.).

===Pag_095: Beekes_Página_0095.tiff===

    *ETYM Frisk assumes an Oriental origin, possibly Egyptian, but why? Fur. 371, 277  (see also 138) compares κακαλίς and κάγκανον, variants which prove a Pre-Greek  origin. Cf. also ▶︎ ἀκακία.

XXXXXἀκάκητα [adj.] epithet of Hermes (II., Hes.) and Prometheus (Hes.), of unknown mg. <?>

    *DER ἀκακήσιος (Call.).

    *ETYM If the glosses ἀκακίεις: συνίεις and dkaxiei: συνιεῖ are reliable, the word could  mean 'ovvetéc (Hoffmann BB 17 (1891): 328). DELG rejects the glosses without  reason and assumes a meaning 'benevolent'. Risch 1954: 395f. thinks it was built on  ἄκακος, ἀκάκᾶς after μητίετα (which is not easy). See also Fraenkel 1956b: 168, and    LfgrE.

XXXXXἀκακία [f.] name of a tree or plant, 'acacia' or 'Genista acanthoclada' (Dsc.).

    *ETYM Probably a substrate word; cf. ▶︎ ἀκακαλίς. Fur.: 321 compares κάκτος. There is  no reason for an Oriental origin, as DELG assumes. Kramer ZPE 97 (1993): 146  compares Coptic κακε, keke, keket 'dark', the color of the wood of the acacia; the a-  would have been taken from ἄκανθος. This is unconvincing.

XXXXXἀκαλανθίς

    *VAR = ἀκανθίς. = ἄκανθα.

XXXXXἀκαλαρρείτης [adj] only in ἐξ ἀκαλαρρείταο βαθυρρόου Ὠκεανοῖο (H 422, τ 434). <GRP

    *COMP Similar ἀκαλάρροος (Orph.).

    *DER The adverbial first member is only sparsely attested (Hes., Sapph.), and in  glosses like ἀκαλόν' ἥσυχον, πρᾶον, μαλακόν 'quiet, mild, soft' (H.), ἀκαλῶς [adv]  (Eust.).

    *ETYM From ἀκαλα-ρρερέ-τιης, a compound of ἀκαλά and ▶︎ péw with suffixal -της. Meier-Briigger Glotta 73 (1995): 9-11, derives the first member from the root *kelh,-,  seen in κέλαδος as 'rauschend dahineilen', and interprets ἀ-καλαρρείτης as 'kein  rauschendes Fliessen habend, still fliessend'. See ▶︎ ἀκή 2.

XXXXXἀκαλήφη [f] 'stinging nettle, sea anemone' (Eup.). < PG?(v)>

    *VAR Thphr. (HP 7, 7, 2) has ἀκαλύφῃ.

    *ETYM Unknown; cf. Thompson 1947 s.v. There is no reason to suppose the influence  of ἄκανθα, etc. (Frisk). Semitic etymology in Lewy 1895: 50. Suffixal -b'- is quite  common in names of trees and plants. The variation v/ ἡ could point to a Pre-Greek  word, although there are no clear parallels to it.

XXXXXἄκανθα [f.] 'thorn, thistle', name of different thorny plants (Strémberg 1940: 17), also 'backbone, spine' of fish, snake, or man (Od.).

    *VAR  Note ἄκανθος [m.] 'acanthus' (Acanthus mollis).

    *DER Many derived adjektives: ἀκάνθινος, ἀκανθώδης, ἀκανθικός, ἀκανθηρός,  ἀκανθήεις 'provided with thorns, etc.'. Further diminutive ἀκάνθιον; ἀκανθίας kind  of shark or grasshopper (cf. Stromberg 1943: 47, Stromberg 1944: 17); ἀκανθίς name  of a bird ('goldfinch' or 'linnet', cf. Thompson 1895 s.v.), also a plant name;  ἀκανθυλλίς bird name (Thompson sv.), ἀκανθίων 'hedgehog', ἀκανθέα a plant,

===Pag_096: Beekes_Página_0096.tiff===

ἀκανθεών and -θών 'thorny break, spinetum' ἀκανθηλή mg. unknown. Denominative verb ἀκανθόομαι 'to be thorny' (Thphr.).

    *ETYM The basic meaning is 'thorn', whence 'backbone, spine'. Usually, ἄκανος  'pine-thistle' is considered basic, but a connection with ἄνθος (as *akan-ant"o-; see  Frisk) is improbable. Analysis as a compound *d&x-av@a 'sharp flower' (Kretschmer  1896: 403 A. 1) is a type of etymology of the past. Belardi Rend. Acc. Linc. 10 (1955):  309-331 assumes an Indo-Mediterranean substrate word, connecting Skt. kant(h)a-,  but such combinations with Sanskrit are mostly incorrect, and the Indo-  Mediterranean hypothesis is quite doubtful. Most probable is a Pre-Greek substrate  element, though in this case there is no positive indication except for the ending in  short -a (see Pre-Greek); in this respect, there is no reason to assume a secondary  Greek formation (as per DELG). Niedermann Glotta 19 (1931): 8ff. connected it with  ἀκαλανθίς = ἀκανθίς (Ar.), by metathesis of "ἀκανθαλίς.

XXXXXἄκανος [m.] a thistle, 'Atractylis gummifera', 'dorniger Fruchtkopf (Thphr.).

    *VAR Also ἄκαν, -νος (LXX).

    *DER ἀκανικός, ἀκανώδης, ἀκανίζω (all Thphr.), ἀκάνιον (H.).

    *ETYM For the formation, cf. πλάτανος, ῥάφανος, πύανος, etc; the word is mostly  derived from the root ἀκ- 'sharp', but the suffix -avoc rather points to a non-IE word  (words like ἄκων, ἀκόνη confirm that the -a- is foreign).

XXXXXἀκαρής, -ἐς [adj.] 'small, tiny' (Ar.). <?>

    *VAR  Mostly in fixed expressions, e.g. ἐν ἀκαρεῖ (χρόνου), ἀκαρῆ 'a moment', of time  (Ar.); also κατέπεσον ἀκαρὴς τῷ δέει 'it was ἃ hair-breadth escape'; οὐκ ἀκαρῆ 'not  at all'. A form ἄκαρ is attributed to Antiphon (Taillardat 1962: $248).

    *DER ἀκαριαῖος id. (D.), cf. Chantraine 1933: 49.

    *ETYM Traditionally derived from κείρω, ἐκάρην 'to cut' as 'too short to cut': τὸ  βραχύ, 6 οὐδὲ κεῖραι οἷόν te (H.); this is doubtful. Perhaps '(not even a) louse'? See  > ἀκαρί.

XXXXXἀκαρί [n.] 'mite' (Arist.).

    *ETYM Fur.: 371 connects it with kapvoc = φθείρ 'louse' (H.), which is quite attractive. It is usually connected with ▶︎ ἀκαρής, s.v. DELG suggests a contamination of ἀκαρής  with κόρις 'bug'. I would rather think that κόρις is cognate, as a substrate word, with  prothetic vowel and a/o interchange.

XXXXXἄκαρνα [f.] - δάφνη 'sweet bay' (H.).

    *ETYM The word has been connected with ▶︎ ἄκαστος 'maple' (and further with OHG  ahorn), but this must be explained differently. ἄκαρνα is most probably a substrate  word (note the sequence -pv-).

XXXXXἀκάρναν = ἀχαρνώς.

XXXXXἄκαρον = ἄγχραν.

XXXXXἀκαρός [m.]? - σημαίνει τὸν ἐγκέφαλον ἢ τὴν κεφαλήν 'brain, head' (EM 45, 13). «ἢ»

===Pag_097: Beekes_Página_0097.tiff===

    *ETYM Cf. ἔγκαρος and ἴγκρος, with the same mg., which point to ἐν and κάρι  'head'. It would be the only relatively certain instance of *h,nC- yielding ἀ-, but  Nussbaum 1986: 72f. remains sceptical, as one would expect *axpoc instead of  ἀκαρός if the form is old.

XXXXXἄκασκα = ἀκή 2.

XXXXXἄκαστος [m.] - ἡ σφένδαμνος 'maple' (H.). «PG(V)>

    *ETYM We may posit *&xap-otoc and assume that the word is cognate with Lat. acer,  -ris 'maple', OHG ahorn (which is sometimes connected with ▶︎ ἄκαρνα - δάφνη H.,  s.v.), and Gallo-Rom. *akar(n)os 'id.' (Hubschmied Rev. celt. 50 (1933): 263f.); see  Pok. 20. For the formation, we may compare πλατάνιστος, but the derivation from  *-id-to- (cf. Chantraine 1933: 302) may well be wrong. Since plant names are often  borrowed, and the formation is unclear, we may envisage a substrate origin. Fur.: 371  compares κάστον- ξύλον. Ἀθαμᾶνες 'wood' (H.), and for the meaning σφένδαμνον:  ξύλον (H.), oc. 164. A further comparison with κόστον 'wooden parts of a wagon'  (0.c. 343) is less certain.

XXXXXἄκατος [f., m.] 'light vessel' (Thgn.), 'boat-shaped cup' (com.). <?>

    *DER Diminutives ἀκάτιον, which also denotes a kind of women's shoe (Ar.), and  ἀκατηνάριον (Olsson AfP 11 (1935): 219); further ἀκάτειος, τὰ ἀκάτεια (sc. ἱστία)  'small sails' (X.); ἀκατίς [f.] 'millipede' (Steph. Med.), see Stromberg 1944: 11.

    *ETYM Probably a technical loanword. Often connected with ἀκ- 'sharp' (see ▶︎ ἀκή),  but without any obvious reason. Winter 1950: 12 connected it with κητήνιγ πλοῖον  μέγα ὡς κῆτος (H.), which could perhaps belong with ▶︎ κῆτος instead.

XXXXXἀκαχίζω = ἄχομαι.

XXXXXἀκαχμένος [perf.ptc.] 'sharpened' (11... «Ἰεῦ *h,ek- 'sharp'>

    *ETYM From the root *h,ek- 'sharp'; a reduplicated formation *dx-ax-o-pévoc has  been suggested, which remains speculative.

XXXXXἀκέᾱνος [m.] a kind of leguminous vegetable (Pherecr.). <?>

    *ETYM Unexplained. For the overall structure, cf. Ὥκεανός,

XXXXXἀκεύει > ἀκούω.

XXXXXἀκέων

    *VAR Also -ἔουσα, -ἔοντε, = ἀκή 2.

XXXXXἀκή 1 [f.] - ἀκμὴ σιδήρου 'point of an iron tool' (Suid, H.), cod. αἰχμή.

    *VAR A parallel formation is ἀκίς, -ίδος [f.] 'needle, arrow, barb' (Hp.).

    *COMP On τ-ἤήκης see ▶︎ ἠκή,

    *DER From axic: ἀκίδιον 'small barb' (BCH 29, 572), ἀκιδώδης 'pointed' (Thphr.),  ἀκιδωτός 'id' (Paul. Aeg.), also plant names like ἀκιδωτόν (Dsc.), passive verbal adj. ἠκιδωμένος (IG 2, 807), also compounded in ἀκιδοειδής (Procl.). ἀκίσκλων [gen.pl.]  (BGU 1028, 12; 16 [IIP]), mg. uncertain, was borrowed from Lat. acisculum 'small  pointed hammer of a stonemason', cf. Schubart's comment ad loc. Reduplicated  form in ▶︎ ἀκωκή 'point (of a lance, sword, εἴς.) (Hom., Theoc., Opp.), cf. ἀγωγή.

===Pag_098: Beekes_Página_0098.tiff===

    *ETYM Probably from a root noun; see Schwyzer: 465. Derived from a root ἀκ-  'sharp', seen in several other etyma. Not related to ▶︎ ἄκαινα, ▶︎ ἄκανος. See ▶︎ ἄκων,  ▶︎ ἀκμή, ▶︎ ἀκόνιη, ▶︎ ἄκρος, ▶︎ ἄκων.

XXXXXἀκή 2 [[.] 'silence, quiet' (IL). «?»

    *VAR  Beside the instr. ἀκᾶ, aka (Pi) only acc. ἀκήν; in Hom. adverbial in ἀκὴν  ἐγένοντο σιώπῃ, which shows that the original mg. was 'quiet, calm'; cf. ἀκὴν ἦγες:  ἡσυχίαν ἦγες 'were bringing quiet or calm' (H.).

    *DER ἀκέων, -Eovte, -Eovoa is a ptc; the form in τῶν became indeclinable (A 422). The optative ἀκέοις (A. R. 1, 765) is a late creation. ἀκήνιον: ἥσυχον 'quiet? (EM 48, 1); ἄκασκα = ἡσυχῶς 'quietly' (Η., Crat. 126),  ἀκασκᾷ (Pi. fr. 28), formation unexplained; ἀκαλά [n.pl., adv.) (Hes. fr. 218, Sappho  43 LP); ἀκαλαν (Sappho 68, 86 LP); ἀκαλόν' ἥσυχον, πρᾷον, μαλακόν 'quiet, mild,  soft' (H.); this adverb also in dxaAappeitao < dxada-pefe- (1].).

    *ETYM It may be connected with ▶︎ ἧκα, assuming ablaut.

XXXXXἀκήρατος [adj.] 'undamaged, intact' (IL). <?>

    *VAR ἀκέραιος '4, (Hdt.).

    *DER ἀκηράσιος 'pure' (Od.), 'untouched' (h. Merc. AP). Similar formations are  ἀκήριος 'undamaged (by the κῆρες} (Od., epic), ἀκέραιος 'unharmed, undamaged'  (IA). From ἀκέραιος: ἀκεραιότης (P1b.), ἀκεραιοσύνη (Suid.), ἀκεραιόομαι (Eust.).

    *ETYM An epic and poetic word. It is unnecessary to assume a second, independent  word meaning 'pure' (Od.), as Frisk does. DELG pleads for a unified meaning  'intact, pure'. Perhaps, ἀκήρατος (not from knpaivw, A. Supp. 999) was metrically  lengthened from *dxépatos, from the stem of κερα-ίζω 'to destroy', but influence of  κήρ is improbable. In some cases, the meaning may have been influenced by  ▶︎ κεράννυμι 'to mix'. Lee Glotta 39 (1961): 191-205 connects it with ▶︎ keipw, but this  leaves the formation unexplained.

XXXXXἀκιδνός [adj.] 'weak, small' (Od.). < PG?>

    *VAR ἀκιδρός (Cyr).

    *DER ἀκιδρωπάζω: ἀμβλυωπῶ 'to be dim-sighted' (H.).

    *ETYM Unexplained. The element -5v- may point to a substrate word. In view of the  variant with -p-, Fur. 388 assumes a substrate word with v/ p, though the  interchange is rare (cf. πρόκνις). At 360, he compares σκιδαρόν- ἀραιόν 'thin,  slender' (H.), which cannot be considered certain. Frisk also compares ἀκιρός 'weak'  (Theoc.); cf. ἀκιρῆ: ἀσθενῆ, οὐκ ἐπιτεταμένα 'weak, not stretched' (H.) and ἀκιρῶς:  εὐλαβῶς, ἀτρέμας 'discreet, quiet' (H.); but ἀκιρός: βορρᾶς 'the north wind' (H.)  cannot belong here. For the interchange δ p, Fur.: 388 gives only σίβδα, where it is  probably conditioned by the preceding 6.

XXXXXἀκῑνάκης [m.] 'short sword of Persians and Scythians' (Hdt.).

    *VAR κινάκης (5. fr. 1061); thet was long in Hor. Od. 1, 27, 5.

    *ETYM Perhaps an Iranian loan: Benveniste 1940b: 202 compares kyn'k, see further  Bailey TPS 1955: 69. However, κινάκης in Sophocles (Belardi 1969: 202) could suggest  that the word is Pre-Greek rather than Iranian. It is supposed that ἀκίναγμα=

===Pag_099: Beekes_Página_0099.tiff===

τίναγμα (Lyr. Adesp. 30 B) and ἀκιναγμός' τιναγμός, κίνησις 'stirring, movement' (H.) arose under influence of ἀκινάκης (Mansion 1904: 64).

XXXXXἀκιρίς [?] - λύχνος 'lamp' (H.).

    *VAR Cf. κίρρις (Lacon.) for λύχνος (EM 515, 17), also κίρις (H.).

    *ETYM Unknown, but it may well be Pre-Greek in view of the variations.

XXXXXἄκινος [m.] 'wild basil, Calamintha graveolens' (Dsc. 3, 43).

    *VAR Also ἄκονος (ibid.).

    *ETYM The vowel interchange, though rare, may point to a substrate word. See Fur.:  191.

XXXXXἀκιρός = ἀκιδνός.

XXXXXἀκκώ, -οῦς [f.] 'bogey' (Plu. 2, 1040b), acc. to others (Zen. 1, 53) 'vain woman'.

    *DER Also as a PN (Plu.); ἀκκίζομαι [v.] 'to adorn oneself (P1.).

    *ETYM A 'Lallwort or nursery word; cf. Lat. Acca (Larentia) and Skt. akka (gramm.). Cf. also ἀκκώ- γυνὴ ἐπὶ μωρίᾳ διαβαλλομένη, ἥ φασιν ἐνοπτριζομένην τῇ ἰδίᾳ εἰκόνι  ὡς ἑτέρᾳ διαλέγεσθαι 'woman slandered to be crazy, etc.' (Suda 1, 87).

XXXXXἀκμή [f.] 'point, edge; culminating point, prime, zenith' (Il.). <1E *h,ek- 'point, sharp'>

    *VAR The acc. ἀκμήν is used adverbially in the sense 'as yet, still'.

    *DER ἀκμαῖος 'in full bloom, timely' (A.), ἀκμηνός 'full-grown' (y 191). Denominative  verb ἀκμάζω [v.] 'to be in one's prime' (IA); thence: 1. ἀκμαστής = ἀκμαῖος (Hdn.),  oi ἀκμασταί name of a gymnastic club in Thyatira (inscr.); 2. ἀκμαστικός = ἀκμαῖος  (Hp., Gal.).

    *ETYM Derivative in -μή of the root in ▶︎ ἀκή, ▶︎ ἄκρος, etc.

XXXXXἄκμηνος [adj.] fasting (from food) (IL, only in T). <1E *kemh,- 'get tired'>

    *ETYM A scholion on T 163 derives it from Aeol. ἄκμα, which Hesychius explains as  νηστεία, ἔνδεια 'fasting, need'. Bechtel 1914 compares κομῶσα' γέμουσα 'filling' (H.),  which would point to privative ἀ- and a zero grade -κμη- 'to fill'; this is highly  uncertain. Fur.: 369 compares Old Georg. si-qmili 'hunger', etc., which is very  uncertain too. Blanc 1999: 317-338 proposes a derivation from *kemh,- (κάμνω) in the  sense 'to care (for), which yields 'not properly cared for, neglected' (see also DELG  Supp.). This seems attractive (cf. πολύκμητος).

XXXXXἄκμων, -ονος [m.) 'anvil (Il), also 'meteoric stone' (Hes. Th. 722), = οὐρανός ἢ σίδηρον 'heaven, iron' (H.), = ἀλετρίβανος, Κύπριοι 'pestle (Cypr.) (H.). «1ὲ *h,ek- mon- 'stone, heaven'>

    *COMP ἀκμός-θετον [n.] (Hom.) 'base of an anvil', with the root of ▶︎ τίθημι.

    *DER Diminutive ἀκμόνιον (Aisop.).

    *ETYM Old word for 'stone', found in several languages: Skt. dfman- [m.] 'stone,  heaven', cf. the glosses meaning of ἄκμων as 'heaven'; Av. asman- 'stone, heaven',  OP asman- 'heaven'; Lith. akmu6, -efis 'stone' (with regular depalatalization before  m; @Smens 'sharp side, edge' with as- from other positions). The relation of these  words to OCS kamy, -ene 'stone' and the Germanic group ON hamarr 'hammer

===Pag_100: Beekes_Página_0100.tiff===

(originally made of stone) is much discussed. One supposes the root ak- 'sharp' in ▶︎ ἀκή, etc. On these questions see the litt. in Mayrhofer EWAia 1: 137, e.g. Maher JIES 1 (1973): 441ff. and Mallory & Adams 1997: 547.>

XXXXXἄκνηστις [f.] 'backbone' (A. R. 4, 1403: ἐπ᾽ ἄκνηστιν); name of a plant (Nic. Th. 52).

    *ETYM It is supposed that κατ᾽ ἄκνηστιν stands for older κατὰ κνῆστιν 'rasp' (Κ 161),  (Wackernagel Glotta 2 (1910): 1, Fraenkel Glotta 4 (1913): 42, Leumann 1950: 49); on  κνῆστις see ▶︎ -Kvaiw.

XXXXXἄκοιτης, -ov [m.] 'bedfellow, husband' (II). «1Ὲ *kei- 'lie, be situated'>

    *COMP παράκοιτις (II.).

    *ETYM Secondarily built on ἄκοιτις [f.], on which see Chantraine REGr. 59-60 (1946-  1947): 225f.: the idea that the woman is the one sharing the bed of the man is more  natural than the other way around; also, the feminine is more frequent. With  copulative ἀ- and κοίτη or κοῖτος 'bed' (Chantraine 1933: 26ff. and 113f.). The psilosis  may be analogical after ἄλοχος or dialectal (Lesbian, Ionic). See ▶︎ κεῖμαι.

XXXXXἄκολος [m.]} 'bit, morsel' (p 222.). < PG?>

    *VAR Boeot.acc. to Stratt. 47, 7.

    *ETYM Possibly of foreign origin; cf. Phrygian βεκος ἀκκαλος (Haas 1966: 84). A  connection with Skt. agndati 'to eat? does not explain the formation. A suggestion by  Fur.: 371 is to connect it to κόλον, a type of food preserved in pots (pap. III*); Ath. 6,  262a and Eust. explain it as ἡ τροφή. Nothing suggests an identity with ἄκυλος  acorn'.

XXXXXἀκόλουθος [adj.] 'following; corresponding' (Att., com.)..

    *VAR  Often substantivized [m., f.] 'follower, companion'.

    *DER Diminutive ἀκολουθίσκος (Ptol. Euerg.), abstract ἀκολουθία 'retinue,  attendants; sequence, succession, consequence' (S., Pl.), mostly as a philosophical  term. Denominative ἀκολουθέω [v.] 'to follow' (Ar.), whence ἀκολούθησις (Arist.)  and ἀκολουθητικός [adj.] (Arist.).

    *ETYM Derived from ▶︎ κέλευθος 'path' with copulative a-. The double ablaut seems  surprising, but there are parallels (see Van Beek fthc.b); it does not point to vowel  assimilation.

XXXXXἀκόνη [f.] 'whetstone' (Pi.). «15 *h,ek- 'sharp, point'>

    *DER axovaw [v.] 'to whet' (IA), nominal derivations ἀκόνησις (H., Suid.), ἀκονητής  (Ed. Diocl., Hdn.); further ἀκόνιον name of a medicine for the eye (Dsc.), axoviac  fish name (Numen. apud Ath. 17, 326a).

    *ETYM Formation in -6vn like περόνη, βελόνη, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 207), with ax-  as in ▶︎ ἀκή, ▶︎ ἀκμή, etc. For the suffix -n-, cf. »ἄκων.

XXXXXἀκόνῑτον [n.] the poisonous plant 'Aconitum' (Thphr.), but also other plants, see André 1956.

    *DER ἀκονιτικός (X.).

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    *ETYM Derived by the ancients from ἀκονιτί 'without dust', ie. without struggle /  fight (ἀκόνιτος: Q. S.), therefore 'invincible', because of its deadly effect. Semantically, this is hardly possible. Cf. Jiithner Glotta 29 (1942): 73ff., Stromberg  1940: 150 A. 1. Fur: 121 connects it with κονή, κῶνος. A substrate word is in any case  probable.

XXXXXἄκορνα [f.] 'fish thistle, Cnicus Acarna' (Thphr.).

    *VAR (a)dpvos, see below.

    *ETYM On the final short -a, see Chantraine 1933: 100ff. Stromberg 1944: 17 compares  κόρνος: κεντρομυρσίνη, Σικελοί 'butcher's broom (plant name)' (H.) and σκόρνος:  κόρνος, μυρσίνη τὸ φυτόν 'myrtle'. It seems possible that ἀκορνός (ὀκορνός)  'grasshopper' derives from ἄκορνα (Stromberg), cf. ἀκανθίας 'grasshopper' beside  ἄκανθα 'thorn, thistle'. The ἀ- is a Pre-Greek prothetic vowel, and did not arise by  connection with ἀκ- 'sharp'. The variation a-/ o-/ zero, the cluster -pv- and the short  -a all point to a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXἄκορον [n.] 'yellow flag, Iris Pseudacorus' (Dsc., Gal.). <?>

    *ETYM The ancients derived the word from κόρη 'pupil of the eye'; it would be used  to care for the pupil. See Stromberg 1940: 98. Fur.: 359 compares κύρα, which would  be the Libyan form (Ps.-Dsc. 2, 169).

XXXXXἄκος (n.) 'cure, medicine' (IL). <?>

    *DIAL Myc. a,-ke-te-re /*akestéres/, ja-ke-te-re /jakestéres/.

    *COMP ἀφ-, ἐφ-ακέομαι (Delph.).

    *DER Denominative verb ἀκέομαι 'to cure; repair' (1].). Thence 1. axéopata 'remedy'  (IL, Pi, A, inscr.); ἀκεσμός 'healing' (Call.), ἀκέσμιον' ἰάσιμον 'healing' (HL); 2. ἄκεσις 'healing' (Hdt., inscr.); ἀκέσιμος 14. (Plu.) and ἀκέσιος epithet of Apollo  (Paus.), ἀκεσίας: ἰατρός 'healer' (Phot.). 3. dxéotwp epithet of Apollo (E. Andr. 900),  fem. axeotopic (Hp.), abstract ἀκεστορία 'art of healing' (A. R.). 4. ἀκεστήρ  'tranquilizing' (χαλινός, S. OC 714 [lyr.]), ἀκεστήριος 'healing' (App.) and  ἀκεστήριον 'tailor's shop' (Lib.); Ἀκεστηρίδης PN (tyra). Feminines ἀκεστρίς  'midwife' (Hp.) and ἀκέστρια 'tailor woman' (Antiph., Luc.). 5. ἀκεστής [m.]  'patcher, tailor' (X., Lyc.), fem. ἀκεστίδες 'bars in furnaces' (Dsc. 5, 74). Instrument  nouns: 6. ἀκέστρα [f.] 'darning needle' (Luc., pap.), 7. ἄκεστρον [π.] 'medicine' (S.). Adjectives: ἀκεστός 'curable' (N 115, Hp., Antipho), originally from ἄκος, but  interpreted as derived from ἀκέομαι; ἀκεστικὴ τέχνη 'tailor's trade' (Democr., Pl.). Also ἀκή 'healing' (Hp.), probably from ἀκέομαι. From ἀκή perhaps "ἄκιμος (Cic. Att. 10, 12a, 4), see Arbenz 1933: 93, Thomas 1912: 125ff. Also νήκεστος (Hes.), which  (beside ἀνάκεστος, ἀνήκεστος) seems to be from *n-h,k-, but could be analogical in  view of the Myc. form with j-. ΡΝ Ἐξηκίας (Attica; Pailler Lettre de Pallas 4 (1996):  8).

    *ETYM Etymology unknown. The compounds with ἀφ- and ég-, as well as the Myc. form with j-, seem to point to original yod. DELG's reconstruction *iék-/iak- is  impossible, as *eh,/ h, would have resulted in *éx-. An original root *Hieh.k- seems  possible. It is quite thinkable that the psilotic forms are epicisms or Ionic forms. A

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connection with Olr. hicc 'healing' has been suggested, but its relation to MW iach 'healthy' is uncertain (Schrijver 1995: 103).

XXXXXἀκοστή [f.] 'barley' (Nic. Al. 106). <?>

    *VAR  ἀγοσταί, -ἔω (AB 213 [gramm.])).

    *DER Denominative verb in the ptc. ἀκοστήσας (Z 506, O 263) 'well-fed', of ἵππος. Unclear is ἀκόστιλα' ἐλάχιστα 'slightest, not at all' (H.). κοσταί = ἀκοστή (H.) may  have lost its vowel, see Kuiper 1956: 221.

    *ETYM Hesychius calls the word Cyprian; the scholion on Z 506, Thessalian, as a  word for food in general (cf. Bechtel 1921, 1: 204). It is compared with Lat. acus -eris  [n.] 'chaff, Go. ahs and OHG ahir [n.] 'ear (of corny (see Frisk), but the analysis, in  which a suffix -t with substantivizing function is added to *akos- (comparing Lat. onus-tus, venus-tus and perhaps /ocus-ta), is rather weak; an e-grade *akes- would be  expected. Szemerényi Gnomon 43 (1961): 652 proposes *ako(n)sta < *akont-ta  'barbed', from the word for 'javelin', ▶︎ ἄκων. However, the forms with -y- and  κοσταί, if these are old, rather point to foreign origin. See ▶︎ ἄχνη.

XXXXXἀκούω [v.] 'to hear', also 'to obey, be called' (II.). «1ὲ *h.keus- 'hear'>

    *VAR Perf. ἀκήκοα. ἀκεύει' τηρεῖ, Κύπριοι 'watches (over), observes (Ουρι. (H.).

    *COMP νηκουστέω < *y-h,k-. Often prefixed: ὑπακούω 'to be obedient', ὑπήκοος,  ἐπακούω, ἐπήκοος, KATAKOVW, κατήκοος, etc.

    *DER ἀκονή (IL), ἀκοή 'hearing, tiding; ear' (with shortening in hiatus) « *akod <  akoha < *akowha < *akowsdé. Diminutive ἀκοΐδιον (gloss.), denominative verb  ἀκοάζῃ: ἀκούεις (H.), cf. the discussion on ἀκουάζομαι below, whence ἀκοαστῆρες:  ἀρχή τις παρὰ Μεταποντίοις 'kind of magistrature (Metap.) (H.). 2. ἄκουσις  'hearing', plur. 'sounds' (Arist.),.axotoyog 'fit for hearing' (S.). 3. ἄκουσμα 'sound,  rumor, (oral) teachings' (5. OC 518 [lyr.], X., Arist.). Diminutive ἀκουσμάτιον (Ps.-  Luc. Philopatr.), ἀκουσματικός (Iamb.). 4. ἀκουστής 'listener, pupil (Men., Ὁ. H.,  Phid.), ἀκουστήριον 'lecture hall, audience' (Gal, Them., Porph.). 5. ἀκουστός  'audible' (h. Merc, IA), ἀκουστίζω 'to make hear' (LXX); dxovotixds 'ptng. to  hearing' (Arist., Epic.). Deverbative ἀκουάζομαι [v.] 'to hear, listen' (Hom., Hp.),  rarely act. -άζω; formally, this could also derive from ἀκουή. Desiderative ἀκουσείω  ὁ. H.).

    *ETYM Related to Go. hausjan 'to hear' as *h,kous-ie/o-. ἀκούω is from ᾿ἀκουσ-γω; cf. ἀκουστός, ἤκονσμαι. The primary verb may be found in the gloss ἀκεύει. The word  has often been explained as a compound from ἀκ- 'sharp' and οὖς, but this is not  certain. In support of such a compound, wt-axovotéw 'to eavesdrop' may be  compared within Greek. See ▶︎ koéw.

XXXXXἀκρᾶής, -E¢ = ἄκρος.

XXXXXἀκραιφνής, -ές [adj.] 'unmixed, pure, sheer; untouched, inviolate' (E.).

    *ETYM Fur.: 159 compares ἀκραπνής (mss. Lysipp. fr. 9 apud EM 531, 56 = Et. Gud. 338, 15). If this is reliable, it is a substrate word (n/ @, αὐ at).

XXXXXἀκραμύλα = ἀχραδαμύλα.͵

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ἀκρατίζομαι > κεράννυμι.

XXXXXἀκρᾶχολος [adj.] 'raging passionately' (Ar.).

    *DER Abstract ἀκρᾶχολία, Ion. ἀκρηχολίη (Hp.); denominative ἀκρᾶχολέω [v.] (Ρ].).

    *ETYM Literally 'with unmixed bile', from "ἀκρᾶτ-χολος, with *axpac = ἄκρᾶτος, cf. ἀκρητό-χολος (Hp.) and εὐκρᾶς = εὔκρᾶτος 'well-mixed'. Later, it was changed to  ἀκρόχολος (Arist.). Brugmann IF 17 (1904-1905): 174ff. assumes the same first  member occurs in ἀκρήπεδος: ἡ ἀγαθή (scil. γῆ) (H.). See ▶︎ κεράννυμι.

XXXXXἀκρεμών, -όνος [m.] 'bough, branch' (Simon.); on the mg. see Stromberg 1937: 141f., 54f.

    *VAR Accentuation after Hdn. Gr. 1, 33; the mss. mostly have -ἔέμων.

    *ETYM The old etymology with ἄκρος is improbable, as the formation is unclear (see  Chantraine 1933: 172f.). It is most improbable that κρεμών (Eratosth.) is due to  ▶︎ κρεμάννυμι. Like the etymology, it is a desperate attempt to reduce the word to  known elements. Fur.: 115 adduces dypep@v- κάμαξ, λαμπάς, δόρυ 'pole, torch, shaft'  (H.), which shows that it is a substrate word.

XXXXXἀκρίβής, -ἐς [adj.] 'exact, precise' (Hp.).

    *COMP ἀκριβο-λογία (Arist.).

    *DER ἀκρίβεια 'precision' (IA); denominatives: 1. ἀκριβόω [v.] 'to investigate  accurately, etc' (Att.), also intr. 'to be exact' (Arist.). Thence ἀκρίβωσις 'exact  observance' (J.) and ἀκρίβωμα 'precise account, exact knowledge' (Phid., Epicur.). 2.

XXXXXἀκριβεύω [v.] 'to use accurately, give precise instructions' (5. E, Did., pap.). 3.

XXXXXἀκριβάζω [v.] 'to investigate accurately, etc.', also pass. 'to be proud' (LXX, Aq., Thd.), whence ἀκριβασμός, -ασμα 'precise investigation', also 'law, legislation', -αστής 'investigator', also 'legislator'.

    *ETYM The explanation by Schwyzer Glotta 12 (1923): 12ff., that the word is from  ἄκρος and εἴβω with early itacism, is hardly acceptable. Tichy MSS 36 (1977): 151-172  explains the word from ἄκρις 'mountain top', in the dative-locative in -i, and βῆναι  'to go'.

XXXXXἀκρίς, -ίδος [f.] 'grasshopper' (Il.).

    *ETYM Hardly related to κρίζω 'creak' (Stromberg 1944: 15ff), which leaves the a-  unexplained. Winter 1950: 15 connects it to κέρκα' ἀκρίς (H.); Fur. 127 accepts this,  comparing yéAyic next to ἄγλις for the variation. Of course, a substrate word for a  grasshopper is not unexpected. However, Furnée's further comparison with ἄχηρον-  ἀκρίδα (H.) (< 'ἀχερδον [Bechtel 1921, 2: 671]) is less convincing.

XXXXXἄκριστιν - κλέπτριαν, ἀλετρίδα, Φρύγιοι 'female thief, female slave who grinds corn (Phrygian)' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. Kretschmer Glotta 22 (1934): 205f. suggested that the suffix -(@stis  is Phrygian; a suffix -st- could be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXἀκροάομαι [v.] 'to hearken, obey' (X.), ὁ ἀκροώμενος may secondarily mean 'reader' (Philostr.).

===Pag_104: Beekes_Página_0104.tiff===

    *DER ἀκρόασις 'hearing, obeying', also 'lecture (hall)' (1A). ἀκρόαμα 'what is heard',  e.g. 'rumor, lecture, song' (X., Arist. Plb.), plur. also personified as 'lecturer, singer'  (Plb.); thence ἀκροαματικός 'fit (only) for hearing' (Plu.); ἀκροατής 'listener, pupil',  also 'reader' (Att. Hell.), whence ἀκροατικός; ἀκροατήριον 'lecture hall, audience'  (Act. Ap. Ph, Plu.); ἀκροάζομαι (Epich.).

    *ETYM Commonly derived from a univerbation of ▶︎ ἄκρος and ▶︎ οὖς that denoted  the top of the ear, whence 'to prick the ears, be keen to hear' (Frisk GHA 56 : 3  (1950): 21); however, cf. Szemerényi SMEA 3 (1967): 6o0ff. The derivation is  straightforward semantically, but some formal difficulties remain.

XXXXXἀκροβυστία = πόσθη.

XXXXXἄκρος, -α, -ον [44].] 'at the farthest point, topmost, outermost' (Il.). 41 *h,ek- 'sharp, point'>

    *VAR  Old substantivized forms ἄκρα [f.], ἄκρον [n.] 'highest or farthest point,  headland, cape', Hom. κατ᾽ ἄκρης (πόλιος) 'from the highest point down', hence  'completely, utterly', also kat' ἄκρηθεν (which became κατὰ κρῆθεν by association  with κάρα); see Leumann 1950: 56ff.

    *COMP ἀκρόπολις (Od.), the Iliad still has ἄκρη πόλις, see Risch IF 59 (1949): 20;  ἀκραής epithet of the wind (β 421, ξ 253, Hes. Op. 594) is often interpreted as  'blowing vehemently', but probably originally 'blowing on/ from the heights'; also  adverbial ἀκραεὶ πλεῖν (Arr.).

    *DER ἄκρις, -toc [f.] 'hill-top, mountain peak' (Od.), always plur., see on ▶︎ ὄκρις; sing. only Epigr. Gr. 1035, 8. ἀκραῖος 'dwelling on heights', epithet of several gods, also =  ἄκρος (Opp.). ἀκρία: ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ ἐν Ἄργει (H.), also name of other goddesses, ἀκρίαι:  τὰ ἄκρα τῶν ὀρέων 'mountain-tops' (H.). Substantives: ἀκρότης 'highest point,  completion, perfection' (Hp. Arist., Phld.). ἄκρων, -ωνος [m.] 'extremity' (Hippiatr. 7), diminutive ἀκρωνάριον (ibid.), abstract daxpwvia (A. Eu. 188), probably  'mutilation' (cf. the discussion on ἀκρωτηριασμός below). ἀκρωτήριον 'projecting  part, e.g. promontory, sternpost of a ship, etc.', plur. also 'extremities of the body'  (IA), probably directly from ἄκρος, cf. δεσμός: δεσμωτήριον. From ἀκρωτήριον:  ἀκρωτηριάζω 'to remove the stern, mutilate, amputate' (IA), cf. ἀκρωτερῆσαι: κόψαι  ἢ ἀχρειῶσαι 'to beat, render useless' (H.), also 'to jut out like a promontory' (Plb.,  Str.). Verbal nouns ἀκρωτηριασμός (Dsc.), ἀκρωτηρίασις (gloss.). Denominative  verbs to ἄκρος: ἀκρίζω 'to go on tiptoe' (E.), τὰ ἄκρα ἐσθίειν᾽ (sch. Φ 12); on  ἀκρώσσει: ἀκροᾶται, ἑκὼν οὐχ ὑπακούει, προσποιεῖται (H.) see Frisk GHA 56 : 3  (1950): 22.

    *ETYM The root *h,ek- is widespread in IE, and several r-derivatives from it are  found: Skt. asri- [f.] 'corner, sharp side', catur-asra- 'quadrangular', Lat. dcer, -ris, -re  (with unexplained length), Gaul. Ayrotalus PN 'with high forehead', Olr. ér 'high',  OLith. astras, OCS ostro 'sharp'. Hitt. hekur 'rock sanctuary' is unrelated; cf. Puhvel  HED sv. See further ▶︎ ἀκή, ▶︎ ἀκμή, and ▶︎ ὄκρις. A connection with the root *h,ek-  has been assumed unjustly for many words, e.g. ▶︎ ἀκαλήφη, ▶︎ ἀκόστη, and ▶︎ ἄκορνα.

XXXXXἀκταίνω [v.] 'to erect' (A.), of στάσιν, βάσιν. <?>

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    *VAR Aor. ἀκταινῶσαι (Anacr.), see Immisch PhW 48 (1928): 908. Unclear are  ἀκταίζων: ἀκτᾳζων, προθυμούμενος, ἢ ὁρμῆς πληρῶν, ἢ μετεωρίζων 'willing, full of  impulse, or lifting (the spirit) (H.), ἀκταίνειν: μετεωρίζειν 'to lift (the spirit)' (H.);  ὑποακταίνοντο: ἔτρεμον 'were trembling' (H.), as a ν.]. for baepixtaivovto (Ψ 3), of  πόδες. Also dnaxtaivwv- ὁ κινεῖσθαι μὴ δυνάμενος 'unable to move' (H.).

    *ETYM The only suggestion is that it derives from ἄγω through *axtdw or *&Ktw (cf. Schwyzer: 705f., Schwyzer 1937: 70), but this is doubted by DELG. Cf. Bechtel 1914.

XXXXXἀκτέα [f.] 'elder-tree, Sambucus nigra' (Emp.). <?>

    *VAR  Contracted ἀκτῆ; also ἀκτέος [m.].

    *DER ἄκτινος (Thphr.).

    *ETYM On the suffix -éa, which forms tree names, see Chantraine 1933: 92 (ἰτέα,  nteAéa). Witczak Linguistica Baltica 1 (1992): 201-211) connects it with Arm. haci  'ash', which he disassociates from ▶︎ ὀξύα. Borrowed from Greek are Lat. acte (Plin.)  and OHG atuh, at(t)ah.

XXXXXἀκτή 1 [f.] 'promontory, rocky coast, rough shore, edge' (I].).

    *DER ἀκταῖος, -a, -ov 'located at or belonging to the coast' (Th., Hp., Call.); the fem. axtaia is also the name of ἃ plant (Plin.); see Stromberg 1940: 115 (also on ἄκτιον and  ἀκτίνη). ἄκτιος epithet of Pan (Theoc.) and Apollo (A. R.), dxtiov = ἀκτή (Ael.).

XXXXXἀκτίτης [m.] 'who lives on the coast' (A. P.), ἀκτίτης λίθος 'stone from Piraeus or Argolis' (IG, S.). ἀκτάζω [v.] 'to banquet' (which would derive from *'to banquet on the shore', Plu. 2, 6680) is rather from ▶︎ ἀκτή 2.

    *ETYM Derivation from ἀκ- 'sharp' is possible acc. to Frisk and DELG, but if Fur.: 127  is right in comparing ὄχθη, -ος 'shore, bank' (which seems quite convincing), it  could be a substrate word (variations αἱ 0, κτί x8). Cf. ▶︎ ἀκτή 2.

XXXXXἀκτή 2 [f.] 'corn' (Il.), often Δημήτερος or ἀλφίτου ἀκτή, for which reason it cannot mean 'flour', as DELG rightly points out. Cf. ἀκτή' τροφή 'nourishment' (H.).

    *ETYM There is no trace of initial digamma. Fur.: 127 compares *6x8n in ▶︎ εὔοχθος;  see also ibid. 320 on ὀχή. This evidence cannot be ignored, and ἀκτή 'corn' is a  substrate word. Skoda 1993: 275-283 thinks that the word means 'ear (of corny and  therefore belongs to ἀκ- 'sharp'.

XXXXXἀκτηρίς, -ίδος [f.] 'staff (Achae. 21), 'bar of wood supporting a chariot-pole' (Poll. 10, 157). 42>

    *ETYM Unknown. The explanation as a univerbation of axtaivw (daxtéw) and  épeidw (Frisk) seems most improbable.

XXXXXἀκτίς, -ivog [f.] 'ray, beam of light' (IL), also 'spoke of a wheel' (AP). <?>

    *COMP Frequent as a first member.

    *DER ἀκτινωτός 'provided with axtivec' (inscr. Delos IV* Michel 815, Ph.), ἀκτινώδης  [adj.] 'like beams' (Philostr.), ἀκτινηδόν [adv.] 4. (Luc.).

    *ETYM ἀκτίς is built like δελφίς, yAwxic, and wéic, and probably derived from a noun. It resembles Skt. aktu-, but the meaning of the latter is very difficult (see Renou 1937:  6; Kuiper Vak 2 (1953): 81f., 89f.); one meaning seems to be 'night', another has been

===Pag_106: Beekes_Página_0106.tiff===

derived from afij- 'to smear', but Kuiper thinks it means 'ray, light'. This has been connected with no/ek"t- 'night', the zero grade of which is also found in Go. uhtwo [ἢ] < PGm. uyytwon- < gkt-u-n-) 'dawn' (Lith. anksti 'early' requires an initia] laryngeal, which excludes derivation from 'night', as Gr. νύξ shows that there was no laryngeal.) Relation of ἀκτίς to the word for 'night' is excluded, however, as it shows no trace of a labiovelar. Thus it remains without an etymology.

XXXXXἄκυλος [m., f.] the edible acorn of the Quercus Ilex (x 242).

    *ETYM Connection with Skt. asndati 'eat' or with ▶︎ ἄκολος is improbable. It is rather a  substrate word (Fur.: 255') because of ἀκυλαῖον, since -vA- is a frequent Pre-Greek  suffix.

XXXXXἀκωκή [f.] 'point of a lance or sword, etc.' (Il., Theoc., Opp.). «1ὲ *h,ek- 'sharp, point'>

    *ETYM Reduplicated formation of unknown structure: *h,(e)k-h,ok- or (hardly  feasible) *h.k-o-h.k-, from the root *h,ek- 'sharp' (see ▶︎ ἀκή). ἄκων, -οντος [m.] 'javelin, dart' (11... <IE? *h,ek- 'sharp, point'>

    *DER Diminutive ἀκόντιον (ἢ. Merc. 460, Hdt., Pl.), ἀκοντίας [m.] 'kind of snake',  also 'meteor', because of its speed (Nic.), ἀκοντίλος [m.] = ἀκοντίας 'id.' (H.). Verb ἀκοντίζω [v.] 'to throw a javelin' (Il.), verbal nouns 1. ἀκοντιστύς 'game of the dart'  (1.); 2. ἀκόντισις 'throwing the javelin' (X.); 3. dxovtiopdc 'id., shooting (of stars)'  (X,, Str, Arr.); 4. ἀκόντισμα 'distance of a dart's throw' (X.), 'javelin' (Str. Plu.); 5.

XXXXXἀκοντισία = ἀκόντισις (SIG 1060, 1062), cf. Chantraine 1933: 86. Agent nouns:

XXXXXἀκοντιστής [m.] (1].), cf. Schwyzer: 500a; more recent ἀκοντιστήρ 'id.' (E.); also used as an adjective in Opp. and Nonn.; ἀκοντιστήρ also as 'spring, fountain', see Zingerle Glotta 19 (1931): 72f. Further ἀκοντιστήριον 'ballista' (Agath.); ἀκοντιστικός 'ptng. to throwing the dart' (PL, X.).

    *ETYM ἄκων is considered to be a derivative -n- of the root in ▶︎ ἀκή, etc. But there is  no proof for this, as »dkatva need not be a derivation of the stem of ἄκων, so  perhaps the -vt-suffix is original. From other languages, we can compare Skt. aSdni-  'point of an arrow', Lat. agna 'ear (of corny (which could be a substrate word, cf. De  Vaan 2008 s.v.), Gm., e.g. Go. ahana 'chaff, and ON ogzn, pl. agnar 'id'.

XXXXXἀλάβα - μέλαν ᾧ γράφομεν 'black [stuff] with which we write' (H.); ἀλάβη: λιγνύς, σποδός, καρκίνος 'soot, embers, crab', ὑπὸ δὲ Κυπρίων μαρίλη 'coal-dust (Cypr.)' (Η.); ἀλάβη: ἄνθρακες 'coals' (Η.).

    *ETYM See Petersson IF 34 (1914/1915): 241. Because of its structure, it is probably a  Pre-Greek word (note -aB-).

XXXXXἀλάβαστος [m.] 'vase without handles for storing perfumes', often made of alabaster (Hdt.).

    *VAR Later ἀλαβάστρος [m.], -tpov [n.].

    *DER Diminutive ἀλαβάστιον (Eub.); further ἀλαβάστριον [n.} and ἀλαβαστρίνη  (scil. λιθοτομία) 'alabaster quarry' (pap.); ἀλαβαστρίτης (λίθος) [m.] 'alabaster',  ἀλαβαστῖτις πέτρα (Callix.); ἀλαβάστρινος (pap.); ἀλαβαστρών [m.] 'alabaster  quarry', ἀλαβαστρωνίτης 'worker in an alabaster quarry' (pap.).

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XXXXXόο ἀλάβης

    *ETYM Sethe Berl. Ak.Sb. 1933: 888f. explained the form as Egyptian: *'a-la-baste 'vase  of the goddess .Ebaste' (= Bubastis); this is doubtful. Fur.: 329% uses the -p- as  evidence for a substrate word, but it could be analogical. The sequence -st- could be  Pre-Greek.

XXXXXἀλάβης = ἀλλάβης.

XXXXXἀλαζών, -όνος [π|., f.] 'charlatan, quack, braggart, boaster' (Arist.). <?>

    *VAR Also as a adjective.

    *DER ἀλαζονικός 'boastful' (Hp. X., Arist.), ἀλαζονίας = ἀλαζών (Hdn.), ἀλαζοσύνη  'bragging' (Aq.).

    *ETYM ἀλαζών is identical with the Thracian EN Ἀλαζών. Perhaps it simply became  an appellative, just like vandal (though with a different meaning). See Burkert RiM  105 (1962): sof. Of course, this interpretation remains uncertain. Implausible is the  connection with Hitt. halzai-' 'to cry, invoke' by Van Windekens KZ 100 (1987):  307f., which Kloekhorst 2008: 276f. analyses as *h,It-(o)i-.

XXXXXἀλαιθερές [adj.] - χλιαρόν, ἡλιοθερές 'warm, warmed in the sun' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXἀλαλά interjection (Pi.), also personified Ἀλαλά.

    *VAR Also ἀλαλαί (Ar.), also as a plur. substantive 'war cry, exultation' (Pi.).

    *DER ἀλαλητός [m.] 'cry of war, of fear, of victory' (Il.); improbable Leumann 1950:  211 (connecting ἀλάλημαι 'to wander'), Denominative verb ἀλαλάζω 'to call ἀλαλά᾽  (mainly poetic), whence ἀλαλαγμός (Hdt., E. Arr.), ἀλάλαγμα (Call, Plu.), ἀλαλαγή

    *ETYM An elementary cry, like Skt. alala-bhdvant- (RV, 'making cheerful', of water). See Theander Eranos 15 (1915): 98ff. and Kretschmer Glotta 9 (1918): 228ff. Cf. ▶︎ ἐλελεῦ, ▶︎ ὀλολύζω.

XXXXXἀλάλυγξ, -υγγος [f.] 'gulping, choking' (Nic. Al. 18).

    *ETYM One suggests contamination of λύγξ 'hiccup' and another word, like ▶︎ dA vw  or »ἀλάομαι; this is not very convincing. Does it contain GAaAd? It is rather a  primary onomatopoeic formation (with the Pre-Greek element -v[y]y-).

XXXXXἀλάομαι [v.] 'to wander, roam; to be banished' (IL).

    <IE *h.elh,- 'wander, roam  about'>

    *VAR Aor. ἀλήθην (Hom.), perf. ἀλάλησθαι, ἀλαλήμενος (Hom.) with present mg. (cf. the accent, see Wackernagel Gott. Nachr. 1914: 117f., Chantraine 1942: 190). Late  ἀλαίνω (see Schwyzer: 733).

    *DER Deverbal GAn (Od., Hp. trag.), whence ἀλεία (AB, H.); ἀλήτης [m.], also [adj.]  'wanderer, rover; vagrant' (Od.), Dor. ἀλάτας, also a PN; ἀλῆτις, -ίδος [f.] 'beggar,  refugee; roaming about' (Od. Hdt., trag.), ἀλητικός (Ὁ. Chr.). To ἀλήτης  denominative ἀλητεύω [v.] 'to roam about (as a beggar or refugee)', thence ἀλητεία,  ἀλατεία (A., E. [lyr.]). Rare ἀλητήρ name of a dance (Aristox.), adrtwp: ἱερεύς  'priest' (H.), perhaps originally 'beggar priest', on which see Masson RPh. 89 (1963):  214-218.

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Further ἀλήμων 'roving' (Od.), ἀλημοσύνη (Man.). Action nouns: ἀλητύς 'roving' (Call., Man.), ἄλημα: ὁδοιπορία 'journey' (H.). ἀλάλαγξ': ἡ πλάνη 'wandering' (H.) has a strange formation; acc. to Leumann 1950: 211 also ἀλαλητῷ (II 78), but cf. on ▶︎ ἀλαλά.

    *ETYM ἀλάομαι is an old intensive verb in -άομιαι, which can be compared with Latv. aluét 'id' and Plt. *ala- in Lat. ambul6 'to walk', U amb-oltu 'must go around'. LIV'  reconstructs a root *h,elh,- for PIE. See ▶︎ ἀλέομαι, ▶︎ ἅλιος, ▶︎ ἀλύω, ▶︎ ἠλάσκω.

XXXXXἀλαός [adj.] 'blind' (IL, trag. [lyr.], A. R.). <?>

    *VAR Cf. κ 493 = μ 267 μάντιος (-ηοςξ) ἀλαοῦ, which provides a metrical problem.

    *DER Denominative verb ἀλαόω (Od., AP), cf. Wackernagel 1916: 127. Thence  ἀλαωτύς (1 503) 'blinding, blindness'.

    *ETYM No etymology. The explanation from ▶︎ Adw 'see' is problematic, as a privative  formation should have barytone accentuation. A. B. 1095 says that the word was  Cypriot, which may mean that it belongs to the Achaean layer in Homer (Ruijgh  1957: 160). The usual word for 'blind' is ▶︎ τυφλός.

XXXXXἀλαπάζω [v.] 'to drain, plunder, destroy' (Hom.).

    *VAR Aor. ἀλάπαξα, fut. ἀλαπάξω. The future λαπάξειν is found twice in A. (Th. 47,  531; doubtful in Ag. 130); pres. λαπάσσω 'to empty' is used as a medical term. A. Eu. 562 probably has λαπαδνόν (cod. λέπ-) = ἀλαπαδνόν. Cf. further λαπάζειν'  ἐκκενοῦν, ἀφ᾽ οὗ kai τὸ ὄρυγμα 'to empty out, whence also digging' (H.).

    *DER ἀλαπαδνός 'exhausted, feeble' (Hom.), often with negation, and with analogical  -6- (Schwyzer: 489); ἀλαπαδνοσύνη (Q. S.).

    *ETYM A connection with Skt. dlpa- 'small' and Lith. alpsti 'to faint' is formally  impossible. The interchange of the prothetic vowel points to a substrate word. Fur.:  371 compares λαπαρός (like ἀκιδνός : ἀκιρός), which is not evident semantically. The  original meaning seems to have been 'to empty'; cf. the compounds with ἐξ-. The  word has been compared (but hardly correctly) with λάπαθος, λαπάρη by DELG and  Fur.: 371.

XXXXXἄλαρα - τὸ τοῦ δόρατος εἰς TOV αὐλὸν τῆς ἐπιδορατίδος ἐμπῖπτον. ἢ κάρυα Ποντικά. «καὶ δένδρα ἀλαρίαι» ag' ὧν γίνεται τὰ δόρατα (H.), cf. EM 57, 53.

    *VAR ἐλάραι: τὰ ἐν τῷ αὐλῷ τῶν δοράτων ἁρμοζόμενα (H.).

    *ETYM The interchange αἱ ε clearly points to ἃ substrate word. See Fur.: 347.

XXXXXἄλαστος [adj.] uncertain mg. (also of related words), see DELG. Perhaps 'insufferable', as an epithet of πένθος and Gyoc? Perhaps 'accursed' as a vocative (GAaote, e.g. X 261)? «1»

    *DER Original noun ἀλάστωρ 'avenging spirit' or 'he who does deeds which merit  vengeance', either from ἀλαστέω or directly from ἄλαστος; attributively of gods, but  also of men; a PN in Hom. Also ἀλάστορος (A., S.); derivative ἀλαστορία (J.). Denominative verb ἀλαστέω (Hom., Call.), ἐπαλαστήσας (a 252), denoting an  emotion, perhaps 'full of wrath', or 'distraught'? Also ἀλασταίνω- δυσπαθέω 'to  suffer a hard fate' (H.).

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    *ETYM Uncertain. One connects ▶︎ λανθάνω, assuming an original meaning 'one who  cannot forget or be forgotten'. Frisk correctly considers it formally impeccable, but  hypothetical with regard to the meaning. DELG accepts it. Muller's explanation  (Muller in Teeuwen 1929: 649ff., Muller Mnem. 57 (1929): 116ff.), that it is from  > Adw 'to see' with a- from *y-, zero grade of ἐν ('invisus, invisor, qui invidendo  nocet'), is artificial and formally problematic (*h,n- giving év-).

XXXXXἄλγος [n.] 'pain, grief (Il). «Ὁ

    *DER ἀλγεινός 'painful, grievous' (A.) < "ἀλγεσ-νός, ἀλεγεινός (epic), see ▶︎ ἀλέγω;  ἀλγινόεις 'id' (poet.), metrical device, see Chantraine 1933: 2714; ἀλγηρός 14. (LXX)  belongs to ἀλγέω (see below); ἀργαλέος 'id' (Hom.), dissimilated from ᾿ἀλγαλέος;  thence ἀργαλεότης (Ph. Eust.). Denominative verbs: 1. dA yéw 'to suffer, be worried'  (IA), fut. -ήσω. Thence GAynotc 'suffering' (S., Ar.) and ἄλγημα 'pain' (Hp. 5. E.,  Men.), further ἀλγηδών 'pain' (Ion. poet., Pl.); on ἀλγηρός see above. 2. ἀλγύνω 'to  cause pain', , -ομαι 'to suffer pain' (trag.). Thence ἄλγυνσις (Phlp., Olymp.) and  ἀλγυντήρ (Zos.). Primary grades of comparison ἀλγίων and ἄλγιστος (Hom., trag.).

    *ETYM The words is often connected with ▶︎ ἀλέγω. Although this has a different  meaning 'to take care, mind, heed', a development to 'worry, grief is conceivable (cf. MoDu. zorgen 'to take care' beside MoE sorrow). Cf. Seiler 1950: 85, Seiler Word τι  (1955): 288, and Szemerényi 1964: 148ff, who defends the identity.

XXXXXἀλδαίνω [v.] 'to make grow, strengthen' (A.). 4 IE *h,el- 'feed, rear'>

    *VAR ἤλδανε (σ 70 = ὦ 368), rather impf. of ἀλδάνω.

    *COMP As a second member -αλδής, in ἀναλδής 'infertile' (Hp. Ar., Arat.), νεαλδής  (Opp.) and νεοαλδής (H.) 'newly grown', all direct derivations from the verb.

    *DER ἀλδήσκω intr. 'grow' (¥ 599), also trans. (Theoc.), ἀλδισκάνω (Hdn. Gr. 2, 716). Iterative preterite ἀλδήσασκε (Orph. L. 370). Deverbal ἄλδη 'growth' (Hdn. Gr. 1,  311); ἀλδήεις 'growing' (Max.), ἀλδήμιος 'causing growth' (Method. apud EM).

    *ETYM ἀλδαίνω, ἤλδανε, and ἀλδήσκω replace an unattested root verb, an extension  in -6- from the root of ▶︎ ἄναλτος and ▶︎ νεᾶλής; cf. ▶︎ ἀλθαίνω. The root *h,el- is  found in Lat. αἰ 'to feed' and Go. alan 'to grow up'.

XXXXXἀλέα: [Ε] 'warmth', specifically of the sun (Hom.).

    <IE *suelH- 'singe, burn'>

    *VAR Ion. ἀλέη. Perhaps also ἁλέα, cf. on ἀλεαίνειν below.

    *COMP See ▶︎ ἐπᾶλής.

    *DER ἀλεεινός 'exposed to the sun, hot' (Jon., X., Arist.), after φαεινός etc. (Chantraine 1933: 196); ἀλυκρός 'lukewarm' (Nic.), after θαλυκρός or from false split  οὔθ᾽ ἀλυκρόςξ Cf. dAuKtpév- evdtvov 'splendid (of weather) (H.); ἀλεόν: θερμὸν ἢ  χλιαρόν 'hot, warm' (H.); ἀλεής (5. Ph. 859), not ἀδεής as per Reiske. Denominative  verb: ἀλεαίνω 'to warm (oneself) (Hp., Archil., Ar., etc.), aspirated ἀλ- in Attic acc. to Eust. 1636. Thence ἀλεαντικός 'fit for warming' (5. E.). 2. ἀλεάζω 'to be warm,  warm up' (Arist. Gal. H.).

    *ETYM Derived from the verb seen in Germanic and Baltic (OE swelan 'to burn  slowly', MoHG schwelen, Lith. svilti intr. 'to singe'), with a suffix -éa (Chantraine  1933: 91). For *hpad-, this implies a reconstruction *sylH-e-, see ▶︎ εἵλη. The  etymology was rejected by Szemerényi Gnomon 43 (1971): 653, who connects it with

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MIr. allas 'sweat', Hitt. allaniia-*' 'to sweat, perspire', as well as Lat. adole6 'to burn (as an offering)'.

XXXXXἀλέα 2 = ἀλέομαι.

XXXXXἀλέγω [v.] 'to care for, mind, heed' (1].), mostly with negation.

    *VAR Only pres.

    *COMP δυσ-ηλεγής originally 'who does not care, pitiless', secondarily associated  with ἄλγος (Hom.); ἀν-ηλεγής 'id' (Q. S.), to be read for Hom. τανηλεγής (Bechtel  Herm. 39 (1904): 155f., Leumann 1950: 45; cf. avnAeyéc: ἀφρόντιστον 'unmindful,  probably for older *vnAeyns < *y-hileg-.

    *DER Enlargements ἀλεγίζω and ἀλεγύνω, both only pres. and impf.

    *ETYM Although there is no etymology, the structure of the word suggests an IE  origin. An identity with ἄλγος is semantically improbable. De Lamberterie RPh. 71  (1997): 150 defends the connection with λέγω, which is unacceptable from the  perspective of laryngeal theory.

XXXXXἄλεισον [n.] 'drinking cup with two handles' (1].). also 'hip socket' (Marsyas apud Ath. 4790). <?>

    *VAR ἄλεισος [m.] (Ar.).

    *ETYM No etymology; probably a loan.

XXXXXἀλείτης [m.] 'offender, criminal' (1].).

    *COMP From the stem of the aorist ἀλιτό-ξενος 'offending against a friend' (Pi.), with  metrical lengthening, e.g. ἠλιτό-μηνος 'missing the right month', i.e. 'born untimely'  (1... νηλείτιδες (Od.) to be read "νηλείτεες (Beekes 1969: 108f., 289), cf. νηλείτης  Antim. 177W; νηλείτης: ἀναμάρτητος 'blameless' LSJ Supp, νηλιτέες: ἀναμάρτητοι,  ἀναίτιοι, [ἄχρηστοι] 'blameless, guiltless, [useless]' (H.) with vn- < *y-h,leit-.

    *DER ἀλειτεία: ἡ ἁμαρτία 'fault' (Suid.); ablauting ἀλοίτης 'avenger' (Emp.), Ἀλοῖτις  epithet of Athena (Lyc. 936); ἀλοιτός 'criminal' (Lyk 136); ἀλοιταί' κοιναί,  ἀμαρτωλαί, ποιναί 'common, faults, requitals' (H.); ἀλοιτήεσσαν' κοινήν, ἄνανδρον  'common, husbandless' (EM). Zero grade aor. ἤλιτον, secondary pres. ἀλιταίνω 'to offend against, transgress'  (Hom.). From dAtteiv: ἀλιτήμων 'criminal' but also 'cursed' (Il), ἀλιτημοσύνη  'crime' (Opp.), ἀίτημα 'id' (AP). Also ἀλιτήριος 'breaking the law' (Att.); "ἀλιτήρ is  unattested, but is also suggested by ἀλίτρια- ἡ ἁμαρτωλός 'transgressing woman' (Et. Gud. 2) and ἀλιτρός (below); ἀλιτηρός 'id.' (S. OC 371), if not a mistake for -ἤριος in  ἀλιτηριώδης 'cursed' (Pl, D. C.). From ἀλιταίνω further ἀλιτρός [m.] 'criminal,  rogue', also [adj.] (Hom.). Thence ἀλιτραίνω = ἀλιταίνω (epic poet.), also ἀλιτρέω  (A. Eu. 316: ἀλιτρῶν codd. but ἀλιτών Dorat). Abstracts ἀλιτρία (S. Ar.),  ἀλιτροσύνῃ (A. R., AP).

    *ETYM On the relation of the Greek forms, see Tichy Glotta 55 (1977): 160ff. The  ablaut suggests an old IE form. The only cognate proposed is PGm. *laipa- in OHG  leid 'harm' and ON leidr 'offensive'. On ἀλιτήμων, Keany Glotta 59 (1981): 76-69 is of  doubtful value.

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XXXXXἀλείφω [v.] 'to anoint with oil' (Il). «Ἰεῦ h,leib- 'ointment', PG?>

    *DIAL Myc. e-na-ri-po-to /en-aliptos/; a-re-pa-te /aleip"atei/; a-re-pa-zo-o /aleip*a-  zohos/ 'boiler (Céw) of unguent'.

    *DER 1. ἄλειφαρ, -ατος [n.] 'unguent, anointing oil' (Il) and ἄλειφα [n.] ( Lat. adeps), with -a perhaps from *-gt, Szemerényi SMEA 2 (1967): 2355. Thence  ἀλειφατίτης (ἄρτος) 'bread baked with oil' (Epich.). 2. ἀλοιφή 'anointing, ointment,  grease' (IA), ἀλοιφαῖος [adj.] (Lyc. 579), also ἀλοιφεῖον 'Salbungszimmer' (Eust.), see  Chantraine 1933: 6of., and ἀλοιφάω [v.] 'to smear with pitch' (Aq.). 3. ἄλειψις  'anointing' (Ion. Hell.). 4. ἄλειμμα 'ointment, unguent' (IA), ἀλειμμάτιον (Diog. apud D. 1.) and ἀλειμματώδης (Hp.); Aeol. ἄλιππα (EM 64, 40). 5. ἀλειφάς [f.]  'spreading [of ointment], shaving' (pap.). 6. ἀλείφιον: @ χρῶνται οἱ ἀλεῖπται 'which  is used by anointers' (H.). Agent nouns: ἀλείπτης 'anointer, trainer of athletes'  (Arist, Hell.), ἀλειπτικός (Plu.); ἀλειπτήρ 'id.' (Man.), fem. ἀλείττρια (Lys., com.). Thence, or directly from ἀλείφω, ἀλειπτήριον (Alex. Com.). ἀλειφεύς Cinscr. Priene).

    *ETYM Generally connected with ▶︎ λίπος 'fat', but this is impossible because of the  *_p- and the 'prothetic' ἀ-. A connection with ▶︎ ἀλίνω is formally (*h.lei(b")-) and  semantically easier. The suggestions by Szemerényi Gnomon 42 (1971): 653 are  improbable. Semantically close is Skt. lim pdti 'smear, stick, adhere' (cf. Mayrhofer  EWAia sv. rep-), but Gr. -p- makes the comparison impossible (see ▶︎ λίπος);  perhaps it is rather related to Go. bileiban 'to stick', etc.? Cf. Pok. 670 (*leip-). In  principle, the interchanges observed could also point to substrate origin.

XXXXXἀλεκτρυών, -όνος [m., f.] 'cock' (Thgn.). «GR?>

    *DIAL Myc. PN a-re-ku-tu-ru-wo /Alektrudn/.

    *ETYM The word seems to be built on ἀλέκτωρ, -ορος [m.] 'cock' (Pi.), with the suffix  τυων, as in ▶︎ ἀλκυών 'kingfisher'; however, note that the suffix is rare. ἀλέκτωρ itself  is an agent noun from ▶︎ ἀλέξω 'to ward off.

XXXXXἀλέξω [v.] 'to ward off, defend' (IL).

    *VAR ἀλεξήσω, -noa (Hom.); without -ἡ- med. aor. ἀλέξασθαι (Hom.), fut. ἀλέξομαι  (S.).

    *DIAL Myc. A-re-ke-se-u /Alekseus/; a-re-ko-to-re /Alektorei/.

    *COMP As a first member ἀλεξίι-), e.g. in ἀλεξί-κακος (Hom.); also Ἀλέξανδρος,  from which comes the Hittite rendering AlakSandus. Sommer's view that it is  Anatolian in origin (Sommer IF 55 (1937): 187ff., Sommer 1948: 186ff.) is now  abandoned.

    *DER ἀλέξιον 'medicine' (Nik.), ἄλεξις 'Hilfe, Abwehr' (Aristid.,, EM). On ἀλέκτωρ,  from which ▶︎ ἀλεκτρυών is derived. From the stem with -n- (cf. ἀλεξήσω): ἀλέξησις 'defense, help' (Ion.), ἀλέξημα  'defense, medicine' (Ion. poet.); ἀλεξητήρ 'defender' (Hom.), fem. ἀλεξήτειρα (AP,  Nonn.), derivations ἀλεξητήριος 'helping out', ἀλεξητήριον 'medicine' (Hp.,  Thphr.); ἀλεξήτωρ (S.); ἀλεξητικός (Alex. Aphr.).

    *ETYM ἀλέξ- corresponds exactly with Skt. rdksati 'to protect'. Besides ἀλεξ-, a stem  ἀλκ- exists in Greek; see ▶︎ ἀλκή, These continue *h,(e)ik-: *h.lek-s-, with a different

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full-grade slot as in h,eug-: h,ueg-s-. A connection with Lat. ulciscor 'to avenge' presupposes h,/- > ol- (LIV? s.v. *h,elk-), and is not likely from the semantic side.

XXXXXἀλέομαι [v.] 'to avoid, shun, flee' (IL).

    *VAR Also ἀλεύεται (Hom.); aor. ἠλεύατο (Hom.); act. ἀλεύω (trag. [lyr.]).

    *COMP νηλεής (Hom.) 'inescapable' < *y-hJeu-.

    *DER Verbal noun ἀλέα 'avoiding, escape, shelter'; - ἀλεωρή 'escape, shelter' (11),  dissimilated from *&Aef-wAn (Chantraine 1933: 243). Denominative verb ἀλεείνω =  ἀλέομαι, from a noun *ddef-ev-, perhaps an 7/n-stem (cf. ἄλεαρ' ἀλεωρίαν ἢ  πολυωρίαν 'a. or consideration' H.), for which one expects *h,leu-r, gen. *h,lu-en-s. ἀλεάζειν: κρύπτειν ἢ προβάλλειν, Kal εἴργειν, ἀφανίζειν 'hide, ward off, make  invisible' (H.) either denominative to ἀλέα or deverbative to ἀλέομαι. A zero grade  of the root in ἀλύσκω (epic, trag.) 'to avoid, flee', fut. ἀλύξω with analogical ἕξ. Enlargements to this are ἀλυσκάζω and ἀλυσκάνω (epic).

    *ETYM A connection with ▶︎ ἀλύω is very doubtful because of its deviant mg. 'to be  distraught, beside oneself. LIV? s.v. *h.lew- 'fernhalten' follows Hackstein 1995:  214-216, who connects it with ToB dlyintrd [subj.] 'they shall keep away'.

XXXXXἀλέω [v.] 'to grind' (Od., with kat-).

    *VAR  Aor. ἤλεσα (1A), epic ἄλεσσα, perf. ἀλήλεκα, -e(o ual.

    *DER 1. ἀλέατα 'wheat-groats' (inscr. Milete [VI*]) < *aAgpata, also ἀλείατα (Hom.)  with metrical lengthening, cf. Schulze 1892: 226 and Hdn. 2, 472, 12, who explains  ἄλειαρ from GAeap. Thematicized in GAevp-ov, mostly plur. ἄλευρα 'flour' (Hdt.). Thence ἀλεύρινος and ἀλευρώδης (medic.), ἀλευρίτης (ἄρτος). 2. ἄλητον, -ta 'flour'  (Hp. Sophr.) with ἡ after ἄμητος or as the result of contraction of ἀλεατ-. Thence  ἀλήσιον: πᾶν τὸ ἀληλεσμένον 'anything ground' (H.), Lacon. aAnhwov (with ἢ < *s <  *t before i). 3. ἀλετός [m.] (Plu.) and ἀλητός (Babr.) 'mealing'. 4. ἄλεσις and ἄλησις  'id' (Gp.). 5. ἀλεσμός 'id' (J.) and ἄλεσμα (EM), with secondary -o-. 6. ἄλημα [n.]  'flour' (S.). Agent nouns: ὄνος ἀλέτης 'grinder (upper millstone)' (Gortyn, X.), also ὄνος ἀλετών  (Alexis). 2. ἀλετρίς 'woman who grinds corn' (Hom.), ἀλετρεύω 'to mill' (ep.). Instrument noun: ἄλεστρον 'fee for milling' (pap.); adj. ἀλετικός 'of milling' (pap.). On ἀλετρίβανος [m.] 'pestle' (Ar.) cf. Schwyzer: 263, 438. Lengthened verbal stem ἀλήθω (Hp., Thphr.). Unclear ἀλίνω = λεπτύνω 'to crush,  pound' (Phot. ex 5.); cf. ἀλιν[ν]όν: ἀμυδρόν 'dim' (H.), see Giintert IF 45 (1927): 345.

    *ETYM GAéw is probably an athematic present *aXe- < *h.elh,- The formation of *tAe-  fap may be compared with Arm. aliwr 'flour' < *hleh,uy. The verb is Arm. atam. Further cognates are-found in Indo-Iranian, e.g. MInd. dtd 'flour' (+ Hindi, Bengali),  MoP ard 'id', Av. aga- 'ground' < *arta-. Cf. the PIE root *melH-, with the same  meaning, and ▶︎ μάλευρον.

XXXXXἀληθής [adj.J 'true, real' (Il.). «1B leh,d- 'be hidden'>

    *DIAL Dor. ἀλᾶθής.

    *DER ἀληθείη, -εἰᾷ 'truth, reality'; younger is ἀλήθειά, Schwyzer: 469. Denominative  verb ἀληθεύω 'to speak the truth' (S.), ἀληθίζομαι 'id' (Hdt.); ἀληθίζω (PHolm.) in  the technical meaning 'to dye with genuine purple'. Late derivatives: ἀλήθευσις

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'Wahrhaftigkeit' (S. E.) and ἀληθευτής 'who always speaks the truth' (Max. Tyr.); adj. ἀληθευτικός 'truthful, who loves the truth' (Arist.). Enlarged ἀληθινός (IA) and ἀληθικός (Ps.-Callisth.).

    *ETYM ἀληθής is a compound with privative a-; the second member is either from  ἔλῆθος (Dor. λᾶθος) or λήθη (Hom.), or from the verb λήθω, λαθ- 'to be hidden, be  unknown'. Cf. Luther 1935.

XXXXXἁλής [adj.] 'thronged, crowded' (Hdt.). 418 *uel- 'press'>

    *VAR Or ἀλής: the spiritus asper is uncertain. It is regular in ἁλής, but not for Dor. aria.

    *DER ἁλίζω 'to gather' (Ion. poet.); abstract ἁλίη '(public) assembly' (Dor. adja). From it Dor. ἀλιαία 'id', Att. ἡλιαία 'tribunal', where the ἡ- must be a false Ionicism  of a Doric LW, see Meyer Phil. 48 (1889): 187. Thence ἡλιάζομαι [v.] 'to be seated in  the ἡλιαία᾽ (Ar.) with ἡλιαστής (Dor. ἀλ-) 'member of the 1', which may also be  derived directly from the noun after δικαστής; δίκη, etc; adj. ἡλιαστικός. Action  nouns: ἡλίασις 'being a member of the ἡ. (Att.), ἁλίασσις (Tegea) 'meeting'; ἁλίασμα  unclear mg. (Gela). ἁλιακτήρ: τόπος ἐν © ἁθροίζονται οἱ Σικελοί 'place where  Sicilians convene' (H.). Cf. the month name Ἀλιαῖος (Dreros), to ἁλία.

    *ETYM Aecol. ▶︎ ἀολλής has the same meaning as ἁλής. If the formations are identical,  both may go back to *d-fadviis or "ἀ-ξολνής, with copulative ἁ-, ἀ- < *sm- and  *wa/oln- < QIE *-uj-n-. We may suppose a noun *féh-vos 'crowd, throng', suffixed  like ἔθνος, σμῆνος (Chantraine 1933: 420), which would belong to »εἴλω. The  expected full grade may be found in the hapax ἀελλής (Γ 13). Finally, ἀλανέως'  ὁλοσχερῶς, Ταραντῖνοι 'completely (Tarant.' (H.) and apAavews (meaning  uncertain, Elis) might also be the same word. Cf. ▶︎ ἅλις,» ἀολλής.

XXXXXἀλθαίνω, -ομαι [v.] 'to cure', med. 'to become whole and sound' (Hp.). ΔΑΒ ἄλθετο (IL). Fut. ἀλθήσομαι, -ow (IL). The fut. ἀλθέξομαι (Aret.) was perhaps formed after its opposite πυρέξομαι of πυρέσσω (but DELG comments: 'lhypothése reste en l'air'); cf. also ἄλθεξις 'healing' (Hp.). On these forms see van Brock 1961: 198-207 ('capricieuses formations', all late). Note ἀλθεῖν: ὑγιάζειν 'to make sound' (Hp. apud Gal. 19, 76); further presents ἀλθήσκω and ἀλθίσκω (Hp.).

    *DER Glosses: ἄλθα: θερμασία ἢ θεραπεία 'warmth or heat, service' (H.); ἄλθος:  φάρμακον 'drug' (EM); ἀλθεύς: ἰατρός 'physician' (H.); ἀλθαίνει' αὔξει, θεραπεύει,  ὑγιαίνει: φάρμακον γὰρ ἄλθος 'increases, attends to, for ἄλθος means 'drug' (H.). ἀλθήεις 'curing' (Nic.) was formed directly to the verb. Probably the mythical name  Ἀλθαία, also a plant name, a kind of mallow (Thphr.), cf. Stromberg 1940: 81 (partly  incorrect); ἀλθίσκος (Ps.-Dsc.), cf. synonymous ἰβίσκος. ἀλθεστήρια 'medicine'  (Nic.), cf. χαριστήρια, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 63f.). On the PN Ἄλθιγτος, also Ἄλθηφος, see Bechtel Herm. 56 (1921): 228 and the  mythical name Ἀλθαία, see below.

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    *ETYM Ἀλθαίνω has often been connected to the root of ▶︎ ἄναλτος (Schwyzer: 703 6),  *h,el-, seen in Lat. ald 'to rear', Go. alands 'growing up', etc. (see LIV* s.v. and also on  ▶︎ ἀλδαίνω). However, DELG remarks that the word was originally used for the growth of scar  tissue, translating ἄλθετο χείρ with 'le bras se guérit'. The meaning 'to heal' is not  evidently connected with ἀλ- 'grow, feed'; the glosses systematically give the  meaning 'to heal' etc. θεραπεία may mean 'medical or surgical treatment' θερμασία  is less clear (is it a false reading?), and αὔξει also deviates semantically (is it for  ▶︎ dAdalvw?). The name 'AAOnn/poc is clearly Pre-Greek (cf. the river Αἴσηπος), and perhaps the  mythical name Ἀλθαία as well (the suffix -aia, -εἰα is also known in Pre-Greek  words); at any rate, we cannot be sure that the names belong to the verb. An alternative etymology connects it with Skt. rdhndti 'to succeed, accomplish,  thrive' (Rix MSS 27 (1970): 88 and Mayrhofer EWAia 1: 118 [taken up in LIV' as  *h,eld*-]).

XXXXXἀλίβας, -αντος [m.] 'corpse, dead person' (Pl. Resp. 387c, H.), also of the Styx (S. Fr. 790) and metaph. of wine-vinegar (Hippon.).

    *VAR ἀλίβας: νεκρός ἡ βροῦχος ἦ ποταμός fh ὄξος 'corpse, βροῦχος, river, vinegar'  (H.}; for other glosses see Peiffer ad Call. fr. 216 (ν... ἁ-: perhaps the vowel is long).

    *ETYM The ancient explanation as 'sapless', with privative a- and λιβάς, is based on  popular etymology. The conjecture of Immisch Arch. f Religionswiss. 14 (1911): 4491)  is incorrect. Kretschmer Glotta 28 (1940): 269 connected it with Etr. lupu 'he died'  and Lat. Libitina, which is possible but uncertain. The deviant shape of the word, as  well as forms like ὀκρίβας, κιλλίβας, λυκάβας and Κορύβαντες (which does not  belong to ▶︎ Baivw), clearly point to a substrate origin.

XXXXXἁλιβδύω [v.] 'to sink, submerge into the sea; to hide' (Lyc.).

    *VAR Tzetzes ad Lyc. 351 gives ἁλυβδῆσαι.

    *ETYM The ancients connected the word with GAc and *Bdbw, which is allegedly  Aeolic for δύω, but this must be a popular etymology. The strange structure of the  word and the group -βδ- make substrate origin almost certain. The elements ἁλι-  and -δύω may have been influenced by the Greek words.

XXXXXἀλίγκιος [adj.] 'like, resembling' (I1.). <?> ΑΚ More frequent is ἐναλίγκιος.

    *ETYM Unexplained. The comparison with OCS lice 'face, cheek' etc. is uncertain. The ἀ- has been interpreted as the zero grade of év-, but this is not likely. See Beekes  1969: 25ff. contra Seiler KZ 75 (1957): 11-16. Note that an IE root cannot have the  structure *lein(k)-.

XXXXXἄλιζα [f.] - ἡ λεύκη τὸ δένδρον (τῶν -@v ms.), Μακεδόνες 'Populus alba, abele (Maced.)' (H.).

    *ETYM Kretschmer (Kretschmer Glotta 15 (1927): 305f., Kretschmer Glotta 22 (1934):  104f.) compared OHG elira, Go. *alisa in Span. alisa and Ru. ol'xa 'alder', as well as  old Germanic TNs and HNs, e.g. Alisa (Krahe Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 3 (1951-1952):

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165ff.); we may also compare the Thessalian place name Ὀλιζών. Hatzidakis Glotta 23 (1935): 268ff. assumes a loan in Macedonian from a northern language, supposing that the suffix is the same as in ῥίζα, φύζα, κόνυζα. The word seems non-Indo- European. For European substrate words in Greek, see Beekes 2000: 21} ἀλίη - κάπρος, Μακεδόνες 'boar (Maced.)' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unexplained. E. Maaf''s suggestion (Maaf§ RhM 74 (1925): 472) that it  originally means ἀσθενής, ἀδύνατος 'weak', and belongs to ▶︎ dA (= ἠλίθιον,  μάταιον, κενόν, ἐλαφρόν [H.], sv.) makes no sense.

XXXXXἁλικάκκαβος [?] plant name, 'Physalis Alkekeng? (Dsc., BGU 1 120, 37).

    *VAR Also -κάκαβος, -KakaBov? Cf. ἁλικάκκαβα: ὁ τοῦ λωτοῦ καρπός. Kal πόας  εἶδος 'fruit of various plants; kind of grass' (Η.λ

    *ETYM Plant of which the fruit resembles a κάκκαβος; ἁλι- would mean 'salt', thus  'salt-cellar'? See Amigues Journal des Savants 1984: 151-154.

XXXXXἁλικύρκης - φύλλα μήκωνος μετὰ ὄξους λειανθέντα. ἢ ὑπότριμμα ἐκ πλειόνων κρεῶν 'leaves of the poppy pounded with vinegar, dish consisting of various kinds of meat' (HL). <?>

    *ETYM There is no support for Latte's proposal to read -κύκην, which would  resemble kukewv. DELG suggests a connection with κυρκανᾶν 'to mix', which is  quite probable.

XXXXXἄλιν [adj.] - ἠλίθιον. μάταιον. κενόν. ἐλαφρόν 'vain, empty, idle, light' (H.). <?>

    *VAR Or is it an adverb?

    *ETYM Fur. 391 compares forms with 6-: δαλός = μωρός (Cyr.), as well as δαλής (H.,  Cyr. acc. to Wendeland Latte), δαλίς (codd.); cf. δαλεῖς = of ἀμαθεῖς (sch. Theocr. 9,  336). See ▶︎ ἀλίη.

XXXXXἀλινδέω [v.] 'to roll, med. 'ἴο ΓΟ]] in the dust; roam' (Ar.).

    *VAR  Also ἀλίνδω; aor. ἤλισα.

    *DER ἄλινδον: δρόμον ἁρμάτων 'race of chariots' (EM, H.), ἀλίνδησις 'rolling' (in the  dust, of athletes; Hp.), ἀλινδήθρα 'place for rolling' (Ar. Phryn.).

    *ETYM Formation like ▶︎ κυλίνδω, κυλινδέω, which are close in meaning, but the  nature of their relationship with ἀλινδέω is uncertain. One connects the latter with  ▶︎ εἰλέω, ▶︎ Ἄλω, etc., comparing FoAN (cod. ὑάλη): σκώληξ 'worm, larva' (H.). DELG  assumes the root *uel- which, lengthened with -d-, is seen in OS wealtan, OHG  walzan (Pok. 1140). Taillardat REA 58 (1956): 1913 reconstructs a present *ul-n-ed-mi  with anaptyictic -i-. The i-epenthesis is without parallel, and an old nasal present is  improbable. The suffix -ind- is rather non-Indo-European; even in this case,  however, the root could still be Indo-European. Yet Fur.: 130° compares καλινδέομαι  'id' as a variant with initial k-; several words with variation k/ zero exist among the  substrate words.

XXXXXἀλίνειν [v.] (cod. -veiv)- ἀλείφειν 'to anoint the skin with oil (H.). ἀλῖναι: ἐπαλεῖψαι 'to smear over' (H.). iv-aAaAtopéva 'engraved' (Cyprus). καταλῖναι: καταλεῖψαι 'to

===Pag_116: Beekes_Página_0116.tiff===

pour down' (H.) is now confirmed by an inscr. from Selinous, see RPh. 69 (1995) 128, 1.16. «1Ὲὲ *h,lei(H)- 'smear'>

    *DER Verbal noun ἄλινσις τοῦ ἐργαστηρίου (Epid.).

    *ETYM ἀλίνω, which probably derives from < *dAlv-1w, is cognate with Lat. lind 'to  smear, rub', which is originally an n-present; the root is *h,li- > ἀλι-. One would like  to reconstruct *h,li-n-H-, but Lat. litus has short i (cf. the discussion in De Vaan  2008, as well as LIV' s.v. *h,leiH-, with more forms). Probably the same root as in  > ἀλείφω.

XXXXXἀλινον [adj.] - ἀμυδρόν, Κρῆτες 'weak, faint' (Cret.)' (H.). <?>

    *VAR Cf. ἀλινεῖν = Aemttbvw 'to crush' (δ. fr. 995).

    *ETYM See Giintert IF 45 (1927): 345. DELG mentions the word s.v. ▶︎ ἀλέω.

XXXXXἄλιξ, -κος [m.] 'groats of rice-wheat' (Chrysipp. Tyan. apud Ath.), also a fish sauce, called halléc in Latin (Dsc 4, 148). 4LW?>

    *ETYM Walde i910: 25 derived the word from ▶︎ ἀλέω; this is unconvincing. The  formation is like ἕλιξ, χόλιξ (Chantraine 1933: 382f.). The nature of the connection  with Lat. alica is unknown. A loanword from an unknown language.

XXXXXἅλιος, -a, -ov [adj.] fruitless, idle' (Hom.). <?>

    *VAR Also [adv] 'in vain'.

    *DER ἁλιόω 'to prevent' (epic, S.).

    *ETYM An old term, which was gradually replaced by μάταιος. The connection with  ▶︎ ἠλίθιος, ▶︎ ἠλάσκω, and further to ▶︎ GAdopat is correctly rejected by DELG; it does  not explain the spiritus asper. There are no traces of F-; cf. Sommer 1905: 98. Schwyzer: 461 points to the expression εἰς ὕδωρ γράφειν, suggesting the word  belongs to ἅλς 'sea'. DELG supports this by remarking that the word is often used of  βέλος, indicating an arrow that misses its target and falls into the sea - but why  would it fall into the sea?

XXXXXἅλις [adv.] 'in crowds, enough' (II.).

    *VAR  The form γάλι: ἱκανόν 'sufficient' (H.) shows initial f-.

    *ETYM Connected with peidw 'to press', »ἁλής, ▶︎ ἀολλής. It could be an old  nominative, but the form γάλι rather suggests that the -s is an adverbial marker like  in duc, χωρίς (cf. Skt. bahih).

XXXXXἀλίσβη [f.] - ἀπάτη 'deceit' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. The sequence -of- is hardly Indo-European.

XXXXXἀλισγέω [v.] 'to pollute' (LXX). <?>

    *ETYM Ritual term of unknown origin. Fur.: 298 compares λιγνύς 'smoke, soot',  which supposes a prothetic vowel and interchange o/zero before velar (highly  uncertain). Still, the group -oy- often occurs in substrate words, see Pre-Greek 2a, 17.

XXXXXἁλίσκομαι [v.] 'to be caught' (II.).

    *VAR Homer only has the aor. ἁλῶναι; further fut. ἁλώσομαι, aor. &aAwv < "ἠ-ξαλω-  (IA).

    *DIAL Thess. καλισσκέται and Arc. ραλόντοις prove the initial F-.

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ἄλισμα

    *DER ἅλωσις 'capture' (Pi.), ἀλώσιμος 'seizable, εἰς.; ἅλωμα = ἀνάλωμα 'expenses'  (Boeot. inscr.), of. ἀναλίσκω. The gloss ἀλωνάκιγ ἀνάλωμα. Χαλκιδεῖς (H.) is  probably corrupt.

    *ETYM The initial aspiration may have been taken from αἱρεῖν, ἑλεῖν. The aor. &4Awv  is from *}-Fadwv. ἁλίσκομαι has the suffix -ἰσκ-. A root *uelh,- explains all the  forms: the zero grade *ulh,- gives *FAw- before a consonant (eg. 1/apl. aor.) and  *rah- before a vowel (e.g. 3pl. aor.); contamination then gives *fadw-. Perhaps it is  better to assume a passive aorist with -1-: *ulh,-eh,- > *pahw- like *g'ih,-eh,- > Biw-  (defended by Normier KZ 92 (1978): 132ff; cf. Hardarson 1993a: 208); an objection  could be that this form must be terribly old. Cognates are Lat. vellé 'to pluck, tear  out', Hitt. ualh-* 'to strike', ToA wailldstdr [3sg-pres.] 'to die' (see LIV' sv. *uelh,-),  and perhaps also Go. wilwan 'to rob, plunder', Arm. golanam 'to steal'. Cf. ▶︎ ἀναλίσκω and ▶︎ εἵλωτες.

XXXXXἄλισμα [π.] 'water-plantain, Alisma Plantago' (Dsc. 3, 152). <?>

    *ETYM The word does not contain ▶︎ ἅλς. See Strémberg 1940: 115.

XXXXXἀλίφαλος [?] - γένος δρυός 'species of tree' (H.). 4?>

    *ETYM Cf. ▶︎ ἀλίφλοιος. However, it seems less probable that ἀλίφαλος would be just  a corruption of that word (Latte); rather, the word in -φλοιος is a secondary  formation.

XXXXXἀλίφλοιος [m., f.] 'sea-bark oak, Quercus pseudosuber' (Thphr. HP 3, 8, 2). 42>

    *ETYM Belongs with φλοιός 'bark', but hardly with ἅλις, as suggested by DELG. A  different name for ▶︎ εὐθύφλοιος. See ▶︎ ἀλίφαλος,

XXXXXἄλιψ [adj.] - πέτρα 'rock' (H.).

    *ETYM Beside λίψ': πέτρα (H.), Fur: 372, 378 also compares ἠλίβατος, which in  Homer is always said of πέτρη. Quite possible, but not certain. If ▶︎ αἰγίλιψ also  belongs here, its second element is certainly non-Indo-European, whereas its first  part probably is.

XXXXXἀλκή 1 [f.] 'defense, help' (I1.).

    <IE *h,elk-, *h,lek-s- 'ward off, defend'>

    *VAR Aor. ἀλαλκεῖν (Hom.), late epic forms: fut. ἀλαλκήσω (A. R.), present ἀλάλκω  (Q. S.).

    *COMP As a second member, after the s-stems, in ἑτερ-αλκής 'helping one side' (epic  poet.), etc. Old i-stem in ἄν-αλκις (epic), with avadkein (epic) after other nouns in  -ein.

    *DER TN Ἀλαλκομεναί (Boeotia), or is the resemblance fortuitous? Thence  Ahadkopevnic epithet of Athena 'from A.' (Il; the interpretation 'protectress' is  probably secondary). A root noun only in ἄλκ-ι [dat.sg.] (Hom.). Thence ἀλκήεις 'brave' (ἢ. Hom., Pi.), Dor. ἀλκᾶς, enlarged ἀλκηστής (Opp.) after  ἀλφηστής, ὠμηστής; ἀλκαῖος (E. Hel. 1152 [lyr.]). The basis of ἄλκιμος (poet. since Hom.) is unclear (see Arbenz 1933: 13 and 31. The  gloss ἀλκμαῖος: νεανίσκος 'boy' (H.) is probably a mistake for or a contamination  with ἀκμαῖος 'in one's prime'.

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XXXXXἀλλάσσω, -άττω 7ι

XXXXXἄλκαρ [n.] 'defense' (epic, lyr.). Agent noun: ἀλκτήρ, -ἦρος 'warden, protector' (Hom., Pi.), ἀλκτήριος 'curing' (Nonn.) and ἀλκτήριον [n.] 'medicine' (Nic.). Also from ἀλκ-: ἀλκάθω [v.] 'to assist' (A., 5. [acc. to gramm.]), cf. ἀμυνάθω; further ἀλκάζω [v.] 'to show strength' (EM), ἠλκάζοντο: ἠμύνοντο 'they warded off (H.); thence ἀλκάσματα (S.). PNs: Ἀλκμάν, -μέων (-μαίων, cf. Bjérck 1950: 111), -μήνη, etc.

    *ETYM From the same root as ▶︎ ἀλέξω, with *h.(e)lk- beside *h,lek-s-.

XXXXXἄλκη 2 [f.] 'elk' (Paus.). «IE? *h,el- 'red, brown'>

    *ETYM Like Lat. alcés, alcé (Caesar), ἄλκη is a loan from Germanic: ON elgr < PGm. *alzi-, besides which a form PGm. *dly- with initial stress is supposed, from which  alcés and ἄλκη could be traced. West Germanic forms like OHG elahho, OE eolh  presuppose the stem PGm. *élya(n)-, which arose secondarily. Slavic forms like Ru. los' 'elk' presuppose PIE *olki-, and are compared with ON elgr. The root is  connected with a great number of words for animals, e.g. ▶︎ ἔλαφος (8.ν.; see Pok. 302), and it is assumed that the root indicated a color. I think that an IE word or root  must be doubted; it may well be a loan from a non-Indo-European language.

XXXXXἀλκυών, -όνος [f.] 'kingfisher, Alcedo ispida' (II.).

    *VAR Also ἀλκνών (after GAc).

    *DER Thence ἀλκυονίς 'id. (A. R.), ἀλκνονίδες (ἡμέραι) 'period of the wintersolstice,  when the kingfisher nests' (Ar.), also called ἀλκυόνειοι (Arist.). ἀλκυδών (Hdn. Gr. 2, 285) is after other bird names in -δων (thence Lat. alcédo).

    *ETYM See Thompson 1895 sv. Origin unknown; probably a loan from a non-IE  language (cf. Fur.: 303? on substrate words in -wv.) For the suffix, cf. ▶︎ ἀλεκτρυών  (Ruijgh Minos 9 (1968): 152f.).

XXXXXἀλλά [adv.] 'but, however' (1].λ.

    *DIAL Cypr. aida.

    *ETYM The acc.pl. of ἄλλος, used as an adverb. Cf. MoHG iibrigens, Lat. ceterum, etc.

XXXXXἀλλάβης [f.] 'Nile fish, Labeo Niloticus' (Str.). «ΡΟ»

    *VAR Also ἀλάβης.

    *ETYM From Eg. repi or lepi (Thompson 1947 s.v.). Fur. 145 etc. connects ▶︎ ἔλλοψ  (with *a realized as e before *P) and ἀλλοπίης, and concludes that it is a substrate  word. The ἀλλάβιης must not be an Egyptian fish.

XXXXXἀλλᾶς, -ἄντος [m.] 'sausage, black pudding' (Hippon.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. Kretschmer Glotta 1 (1909): 323 compared GAAny- λάχανον. Ἰταλοί,  καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀρτυνθέντος περικόμματος, ἐξ οὗ ἀλλαντοπώλης (H.), and assumes  "ἀλλᾶ-ρξεντ-. This would contain an Oscan word; cf. Lat. dlium 'garlic'. But  Szemerényi Gnomon 43 (1971): 653 notes that origin in southern Italy is implausible  for a word from Hipponax.

XXXXXἀλλάσσω, -άττω [v.] 'to change, alter' (Hom.).

    *VAR Aor. ἀλλάξαι.

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    *DER ἀλλαγή (cf. ἀλλαγῆναι) '(ex)change' (Att.); ἄλλαγμα 'exchange, price' (Hp.,  LXX), ἀλλαγμός. 'id' (Man.). ἄλλαξις 'exchange, trade' (Arist.), ἀλλάξιμα (pap.,  gloss.), scil. ἱμάτια, 'changes of raiment'. ἀλλακτικός 'pertaining to exchange' (Pl,  Arist.), ἀλλάγδην 'alternating' (Hdn.). Note ἀλλάξ' ἐνηλλαγμένως 'exchanged' (H.),  ém-, map-, ἀμφ-αλλάξ (Hp. Th. S., X.).

    *ETYM ἀλλάσσω is derived from ἄλλος, either through a stem in a velar (for which,  compare ἀλλάξ and ἀλλαχοῦ, -χῆ [though direct connection is improbable]) or with  a suffix -άσσω.

XXXXXἀλλήλους, -wv, -οις [adj.] 'each other' (I].). «1Ὲ *h,el-io- 'other'>

    *ETYM From repeated ἄλλος, ie. "᾿αλλο-αλλο-, in which the color of the second  initial vowel was restored. Cf. Lat. alius alium, Skt. anyo'nyam. On the single second  -λ- see Schwyzer: 260.

XXXXXἄλλιξ, -ἴκος [f.] 'men's upper garment' (Euph.), = χλαμύς 'a short mantle', also = ἐμπόρπημα 'garment secured by a brooch' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM For the glosses (EM, Suid.), see DELG. Origin unknown. The word is  supposed to be Thessalian. Lat. alicula also belongs here.

XXXXXἀλλοδαπός [adj.] 'from another land, foreign' (IL). <?>

    *ETYM Derived from ἄλλος; for the formation, see τηλεδαπός, παντοδαπός,  ποδαπός, ἡμεδαπός. It has been explained as ἀλλοδ-απός, preserving the old neuter  pronominal marker *-d (Lat. aliud); the latter part would be the same as Lat. -inquus  < PIE *-nk'o- in longinquus, etc. Meillet BSL 28 (1927-1928): 42ff. expresses doubt:  -δαπός is an unknown suffix. Moreover, suffixes are not added to case forms like the  neutral -d.

XXXXXἅλλομαι [v.] 'to jump, leap' (II).

    *VAR Hom. has an aor. ἀλτο, of unknown quantity, which could be an unaugmented  Aeolic form (Schwyzer: 751').

    *COMP προαλής (Hom.) 'sloping, rushing forward'

    *DER ἄλμα 'jump' (Hom.), ἅλσις jumping' (Hp., Arist.); ἁλτήρ (Crates Com.), in  sports, 'weights kept in the hands while jumping'.

    *ETYM From *hal-je/o-. A yod-present is probably also found in Lat. salié, which  could perhaps derive from *s{-ie/o- (LIV?, who reconstruct a root *sel-). A root *sal-  is impossible, as PIE had no phoneme a, but De Vaan suggests a root *sh,/- in order  to account for the Italo-Celtic reflexes like Olr. saltraid 'to trample' < *sal-tro-. Also  related to Skt. dsarat [3sg.aor.] 'to run, rush' (Narten MSS 26 (1969): 77ff.), ToB salte [med-pret.] 'jumped'; further forms in LIV' s.v. 1. *sel-. See ▶︎ πάλλομαι.
    *ETYM From *hal-je/o-. A yod-present is probably also found in Lat. salié, which  could perhaps derive from *s{-ie/o- (LIV?, who reconstruct a root *sel-). A root *sal-  is impossible, as PIE had no phoneme a, but De Vaan suggests a root *sh,/- in order  to account for the Italo-Celtic reflexes like Olr. saltraid 'to trample' < *sal-tro-. Also  related to Skt. dsarat [3sg.aor.] 'to run, rush' (Narten MSS 26 (1969): 77ff.), ToB salāte [med-pret.] 'jumped'; further forms in LIV' s.v. 1. *sel-. See ▶︎ πάλλομαι.

XXXXXἄλλος [adj.] 'other' (IL). «1Ὲ *h,el-io- 'other'>

    *DIAL Cypr. αἷλος.

    *COMP ἀλλοπρόσαλλος 'unreliable, fickle' from ἄλλο πρὸς ἄλλον λέγων, Bechtel  1914; ἀλλοφρονέω 'to give no heed, be senseless' with a special development of ἄλλο-  (improbable Aeol. ἀλλος = ἠλεός, Bechtel 1914); ἀλλοφάσσω 'to be delirious' (Hp.)  with an unclear second element. Cf. s.v. ▶︎ ἠλάσκω.

===Pag_120: Beekes_Página_0120.tiff===

XXXXXἄλοξ, -κος 73

    *DER Abstract ἀλλότης [f.] (comm. Arist.); ἀλλοῖος 'of another kind, different'  (Hom., IA), an adjectival formation in -otoc¢ after τοῖος, ποῖος, οἷος; thence  ἀλλοιότης 'being different' (Hp. Pl.) and ἀλλοιώδης 'of strange appearance' (Aret.,  Vett. Val.). Denominative verb ἀλλοιόω 'to change' (IA), ἀλλοίωσις 'change,  difference' (Pl, Arist.), dAAoiwpa 'id' (Damox.) and ἀλλοιωτικός (Arist. Gal.). On  »ἀλλάσσω, see 5.ν. Several adverbs: ἄλλοθεν, ἀλλαχῇ, etc. On ▶︎ ἀλλοδαπός and ▶︎ ἀλλήλους, see sv. From an adverb with -tp- (cf. Skt. anyd-tra 'elsewhere') comes ἀλλότριος 'alien,  strange, belonging to someone else' (Il). Thence ἀλλοτριότης (PL, Arist),

XXXXXἀλλοτριόω [v.] (IA), whence ἀλλοτρίωσις (Th. Hell.).

    *ETYM ἄλλος < *h,el-io- 'other', like in Lat. alius, Go. aljis, Olr. aile, ToB alyek, ToA  lak (depalatalized) < *h,el-io-k-, Arm. ayl. Beside *h,el-io-, a similar adjective is  reconstructed for Ilr. *Hania- > Skt. anyd- 'other', etc., but this form is most  probably due to contamination of *h.elio- with the comparative *h,entero-.

XXXXXἄλμα [n.] '(sacred) grove' (Lyc. 319). «ἵν

    *ETYM The word has the same meaning as ▶︎ ἄλσος. Is it from the root ἀλ- 'to feed' in  > ἀλδαίνω, etc.?    ἀλοάω 'to thresh'. = ἀλωή.

XXXXXἀλόη [f.] 'bitter aloe, Aloe vera' (Dsc.). «τὰν Or.

    *ETYM As for ▶︎ &yaAoxov, an Oriental loanword is suspected (Lewy 1895: 36).

XXXXXἄλοξ, -κος [f.] 'furrow' (trag., com.). «ΡΟ»

    *VAR Also αὖλαξ (Hes.), ὦλκα [acc.sg.], -ας [acc.pl.] (Hom.), Dor. ὦλαξ (EM 625,  37), also in ὁμ-ώλακες (A. R. 2, 396). Further evAdka 'plough', with Lacon. εὐλαξεῖν  [inf-fut.] (Orac. apud Th. 5, 16); abAdya: ἡ ὕννις 'plowshare' (H.) and "ὄλοκες (cod. ddokevc): αὔλακες 'furrows' (H.).

    *DER ἀλοκίζω [v.] 'to draw furrows, plough' (Ar., Lyc.); αὐλακίζω 'id' (pap.), verbal  noun αὐλακισμός (pap.). Rare and late αὐλακόεις (Max.), αὐλακώδης (Eust.),  diminutive αὐλάκιον (schol.).

    *ETYM The exact relation between this cluster of forms has always been unclear. Solmsen 1901: 258ff. explained @Aka as from "ἄρολκα (κατὰ ὦλκα N 707 for original  *kat' ἄρολκα), but it is strange that there are no further traces of this form. The zero  grade of "ἀρολκ- would then give *dapAak-, seen in avAak. In laryngealistic terms, a  root *h,uelk- has been supposed in Lith. velkt, OCS vlékg, Av. varak- 'to draw'. This  is tempting, but cannot be correct. If the Balto-Slavic words are isolated (there is  further only Av. varac-), the verb may be non-IE. Moreover, for Balto-Slavic and  Iranian we would rather reconstruct *uelk'- with a labiovelar, which is impossible  for Greek. Furthermore, there is no trace of the verbal root in Greek, which has ἔλκω  'to draw' < *selk-. Pisani IF 53 (1935): 29 derived avAak from αὐλός and separated it from ἄλοξ, etc.,  which is improbable. The variants are strongly reminiscent of substrate words, as  Beekes 1969: 40 maintained (withdrawn ibid. 275-7). Variation of prothetic e/ a/ o/  αὖ ev, and also that of Κ and yx (avAdxa), are what one often finds in substrate

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words, so Pre-Greek origin is most probable. The Homeric form is the only one without a vowel between λ and k, and therefore it is suspect. If we assume labialized phonemes like /I/ for Pre-Greek, a reconstruction al'ak- can explain all the different variants: αὐλαξ (by anticipation of the labial feature), which gives ὦλαξ by contraction; ἄλοξ (coloring of the second vowel by the labialized liquid), ὀλοκ- (influence on both vowels; I see no reason not to take the gloss seriously). Cf. ▶︎ ἀρασχάδες, etc. The interchange of initial a/ ε (which gave εὐλακ-) is difficult to understand phonetically, but it may be related to plain αὐ ε.

XXXXXἁλοσύδνη [adj.] epithet of Thetis (¥ 207), of the Nereids (A. R. 4, 1599), name of a sea goddess (δ 404). Mg. unknown. IE? selt,-I- 'salt', ud-n- 'water', PG?>

    *DIAL Myc. a.-rof Ju-do-pi has been interpreted as /halos hudo(t)p'i/.

    *ETYM Connected with ▶︎ ἅἄλς and ▶︎ ὕδωρ as 'wave of the sea'. The glosses ὕδναι'  ἔγγονοι, σύντροφοι 'born inside, raised together with (?) and ὕδνης: εἰδώς, ἔμπειρος  'knowing, experienced' (H.) may have been extracted from ἁλοσύδνῃ. The relevance  of the Myc. words is unclear; cf. DELG. Since the meaning is not very clear, and the  structure aCVC-udn- is typically Pre-Greek, we may doubt the traditional  interpretation. Chantraine's Καλυδών, -ύδνα (which is typically Pre-Greek) is an  example; cf. Καλυκαδνος. Schwyzer: 475, 5 wonders if the nom. was -vdéva, in which  case Pre-Greek origin would be even more probable.

XXXXXἄλοχος = λέχεται.

XXXXXἄλπνιστος [adj.] see below (Pi. ᾿ 5 (4), 12). <?>

    *VAR ἔπαλπνος 'amiable' (Pi. P. 8, 84) = ἡδύς, προσηνής 'sweet, gentle' (sch.);  ἀλπαλέον' ἀγαπητόν 'amiable' (H.), from which perhaps ἁρπαλέος, by influence of  ἁρπάζω; the gloss ἁπάλιμα: ἁρπακτά, προσφιλῆ 'robbed, beloved' shows the double  mg; cf. also ἁρπαλίζομαι: ἀσμένως δέχομαι 'to accept gladly' (H.). Here also the PN  Ἀλπονίδης (inscr. Karthaia), see Bechtel 1917a: 5f., from Ἄλπων,

    *DIAL Uncertain ἄλπαρ (inser. Crete).

    *ETYM Wackernagel KZ 43 (1910): 377 reads "ἄλπιστος for ἄλπνιστος: a primary  superlative formation, which could be attested as a PN in A. Pers. 982 (but the text is  uncertain). The assumption of an old r/n-stem, to which the Cretan form would  point, is unnecessary. It is doubtful to interpret ἀλπ- as *fadn-, a zero grade of  *peAm- in ▶︎ ἔλπομαι, ▶︎ ἐλπίς (for wouldn't one expect *fAan-?).

XXXXXἅλς, ἁλός [m.] 'salt' (IL), very often plur. 418 *seh,-/- 'salt'>

    *VAR As fem. (only sg.) a poetical word for the sea (after θάλασσα, or as a  collective?). Since Arist. also ἅλας, -atoc [n.] from the acc.pl, see Leumann 1950:  160f.

    *DIAL Myc. o-pi-a.-ra /opi-hala/ 'coastal regions' cf. »ἔφαλος; a-pi-a.-ro  'Amp*ihalos/, a,-ri-e perhaps /halién/, see Perpillou 1973: 617, 161.

    *COMP ἁλί-πλοος, -πόρφυρος (for GA- after the i-stems, not locatival with Schwyzer:  476 : 5, 1. On ἁλι-μυρήεις see μύρομαι. On ἁλουργός 'who exploits a salt mine' see  DELG Supp.

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    *DER 1. ἅλμη 'seawater, brine' (Od.), whence ἁλμαία 'id. (Ar. Nic.), ἁλμάς (ἐλαία)  'pickled olive' (com.), ἁλμυρός 'salty, bitter' (Od.), which would stand for "ἁλυρός  (Schwyzer: 482: 6); thence ἀλμυρώδης, ἀλμυρότης and verbs ἀλμυρίζω, ἁλμυρόω,  further ἁλμυρίς [1] 'brackish soil, salty liquid', cf. πλημυρίς and ἁλιμυρήεις (see  »μύρομαι»); from ἅλμη also ἀλμήεις (A.) and ἀλμεύω 'to pickle' (Dsc.), whence  ἅλμευσις, ἁλμευτής. 2. ἅλιος, (-a), -ov 'of the sea' (epic poet.), ἁλιάς [f.] 'fishing boat' (Arist. D. 5.). 3.

XXXXXἁλία [f] 'salt tub' (com., Hell.). 4. ἅλινος 'consisting of salt' (Hdt. Str.). 5. ἅλιμος 'of the sea' (Trag. Adesp., LXX), GAlov plant name, cf. Stromberg 1940: 97, 114. 6. ἁλίτης 'salty, of the sea'. 7. ἁλίζω 'to salt' (Arist.), ἁλισμός (Sor.), but not ἄλισμα 'Alisma plantago' (Dsc.), see Strémberg 1940: 115, which is unexplained. 8. After ἅλιος, ἅλινος and ἁλι- as a first member for ἁλ-: ἁλιεύς 'fisherman' (Od.), ἁλιεύω [v.] 'to fish' (LXX, NT, Plu.), -evopa (also com.), ἁλιευτικός 'belonging to fish(ermeny (PL, X., Hell.); from ἁλιεύω: ἁλιευτής 'fisherman' (Cerc.), from ἁλιεύς or ἁλιεύω: ἁλιεία 'fishery' (Arist. Str.), from ἁλιεύω: ἀλίευμα 'id.' (Str.). 9. ἁλι-άδης 'sailor' (S. [lyr.]). 10. ἁλιαρός 'salty' (Eust.). 11. ἁλυκός 'salty (Hp. Arist.), ἁλυκότης (Arist.), ἁλυκίς [f.] 'salt mine' (Str.), ἁλυκώδης (Hp; also in Thphr. HP 9, 11, 2 instead of codd. ἁλικώδης), ἀλυκεία 'pickling' (Ptol.). 12. From the neuter τὸ ἅλας, late formations like ἁλάτιον (diminutive), ἁλάτινος, ἀλατίζω and ἀλατικόν 'salarium' (gloss.) are derived.

    *ETYM Old word found in most IE languages: Lat. sal, Olr. salann, Arm. al, Latv. sdls,  OCS solp 'salt', as well as OCS slane 'salted' < *soint), ToB salyiye, ToA sdle. An  enlargement in -d is found in Germanic (Go. salt), Arm. ait, and Balto-Slavic, eg. Lith. sald-tis 'sweet', OCS slada-ka 'id.' Lith. sélymas is an important form, since it  points to *seh,/-, while other languages require *sh,-el. This points to an original  paradigm of nom. *seh,-(6)l, acc. sh,-el-m, gen. *sh,-l-os. On possible Sanskrit  cognates, see Thieme ZDMG 111 (1961): 94ff. ▶︎ ἁλοσύδνηῃ.

XXXXXἄλσος [n.] 'sacred grove' (IL).

    *DER ἀλσώδης 'belonging to the grove' (E. [lyr.], Thphr.), ἀλσηΐδες νύμφαι (A. R.),  after Νηρηΐδες, etc; ἄλσωμα and ἀλσών = ἄλσος (Aq.). Further ἀλσίνη a plant  (Dsc.), see André 1985, and cf. CEG 6.

    *ETYM Ἄλτις [f.], the name of the temple domain in Olympia, would be identical  with ἄλσος (see Paus. 5, 10, 1); on this basis one reconstructs ἄλσος as *altios. Fur.:  249, 253 accepts the equation, but interprets it in the context of other instances of an  interchange of dental and sibilant in substrate words (ἄννηθον, ἄνησον). Van  Windekens KZ 100 (1987): 308f. connects it with Hitt. als- 'owe fealty, give  allegiance', which is hardly convincing. See ▶︎ ἄλμα.

XXXXXἄλυζα [f.] " ἄλυπον 'herb terrible, Globularia alypum' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM The hypothesis of von Blumenthal 1930: 34 (from *a-Avy-1a to λυγρός,  Aevyahéos) is doubtful.

XXXXXἀλυκ(ρ)όν = θαλυκρός.

XXXXXἀλυκτοπέδη [f.] 'bond' (Hes., A. R, etc.) <?>

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    *ETYM Designation of a shackle. For the formation, we may compare ἱστοπέδη (Od.);  see Risch IF 59 (1949): 26. Schulze KZ 28 (1887): 280 connects the first element with  Skt. ruj 'to break', which Risch doubts. The latter assumes the contamination of  ἄλυτος and ἄρρηκτος (πέδας ... ἀρρήκτους ἀλύτους N 36f.) under the influence of  ἀλύσκω (see on ▶︎ dAbw). All of this remains highly uncertain.

XXXXXἅλυσις [f.] 'chain', also as a woman's ornament (Hdt.).

    *DER Thence Hell. diminutives ἁλύσιον and ἁλυσίδιον, further ἁλυσιδωτός  'consisting of chains' (Plb., D. S.), ἁλυσηδόν 'in chains' (Man.).

    *ETYM Originally 'winding', derived from *faAv-tic, belonging to *FéAvtpov,  ▶︎ εἰλύω, etc; see Frisk Eranos 43 (1945): 225ff. However, the a-vocalism remains  unexplained, as the root contained no final laryngeal. For the aspiration, cf.» ἕλιξ,

XXXXXἄλυσσον [n.] name of a plant (Dsc.). «GR?>

    *ETYM With privative a from λύσσα 'rage', because of the curing effect of the seeds  (Dsc. 3, 91). Cf. Stromberg 1940: 91.

XXXXXἀλύτας [m.] = ῥαβδοφόρος ἢ μαστιγοφόρος (EM 72, 15), policemen in Elis (inscr.). «ΕΚ»

    *COMP ἀλυτάρχης 'commander of the ἀλύται᾽ (inscr., Luc.).

    *DER Denominative ἀλυτᾶται (cod. dAvtatat) παρατηρεῖ 'observes' (H.).

    *ETYM Explained as "ξαλυ-τᾶς 'staff-bearer' with Go. walus 'staff, ON volr 'id'; see  Bechtel 1921, 2: 863. The Greek word is hardly inherited, in which case it would have  to be from *u/Hu-. A direct loan from Germanic is improbable, so there may have  been a third intermediary source. Krahe Glotta 22 (1954): 123f. supposed an Illyrian  origin, but the word may also be non-IE (words with this meaning are very  frequently borrowed).

XXXXXἀλύω [v.] 'to be distraught, be beside oneself, from pain, anguish, etc. (IL). <?>

    *VAR  only present, except ἀλαλύσθαι: φοβεῖσθαι, ἀλύειν 'put to flight, scare; be  excited' (H.).

    *DER Medical terms ἀλυσμός, whence ἀλυσμώδης, ἄλυσις, ἀλύκη 'fear, agitation', see  ▶︎ ἀλάλυγξ. Backformation ἄλυς 'id' (Hp.); with -x-: ἀλύκη 'distress, anguish'; see  also ▶︎ ἀλάλυγξ. Verbs: ἀχύσκω (on ἀλυσκάζω and ἀλυσκάνω see ▶︎ ἀλέα 2), ἀλύσσω, fut. ἀλύξω =  ἀλύω (Hom.), perhaps all from an enlarged stem ἀλυκ-, which is also found in  ἀλυκτέω, perf. ἀλαλύκτημαι 'to be afraid' (Hom.), ἀλυκτάζω 'to be afraid, wander'  (B., Hadt.), cf. Bechtel 1914 s.v. ἀλύω. Further ἀλυστάζω, ἀλυσταίνω (H., EM), cf. perhaps ἀλυσθένεια: ἀσθένεια (EM 70, 45); also ἀλυσθμαίνω 'to be weak' (Call.),  ἀλυδμαίνειν: ἀλύειν, ἀπορεῖν 'to be beside oneself (H.).

    *ETYM ἀλύω is considered to be a derivation in -u- from the root ἀλ- in ▶︎ ἀλάομαι,  and / or from ἀλέομαι. This remains just a guess. Puhvel's connection with Hitt. alyanz- 'bewitched' is doubtful (see Kloekhorst 2008 s.v.).

XXXXXἄλφα [n.] name of the first letter of the alphabet (P1.).

    *COMP Collocation ἀλφάβητος [m., f.]; also [n.pl.]? (Irenaeus of Lyon), see Schwyzer  KZ58 (1931): 199ff.

===Pag_124: Beekes_Página_0124.tiff=== XXXXXἀλφός 77

    *ETYM From Hebr. 'aleph (see Schwyzer: 140 y and Schwyzer KZ 58 (1931): 177-183). For the final vowel, cf. βῆτα, from Hebr. béth. See Einarson Class. Phil.62 (1967): 1-24  and 262f.

XXXXXἀλφάνω [v.] 'to earn, gain' (E.). 'ΑΚ aAgaivw (H., EM); Aor. ἀλφεῖν (Hom.).

    *COMP ἀλφεσίβοιος of girls, 'bringing in (many) oxen'; type τερψίμβροτος, with  shortening for *aAgnot- as in ἑλκεσίπεπλος.

    *DER ἀλφή 'produce, gain' (Lyc.).

    *ETYM A counterpart to the thematic aorist ἀλφεῖν is found in the Indo-Iranian  present Skt. drhati 'to earn', YAv. arajaiti 'is worth' < *h,elg*"-. Further, ἀλφή  formally corresponds with Lith. alga 'wages', but they are probably independent  formations. From Hittite, one adduces halkuéssar 'supplies for a festival'. The Greek  aor. is from the zero grade *h,l/g'"- with Rix's Law. On ἀλφαίνω = ἀμείβω in Aetius,  see Benveniste L'année sociologique 5 (1951): 19-20.

XXXXXἀλφηστής, -ov [m.] 'grain-eating', in the epic expression ἀνέρες ἀλφησταί (Od.). <GRP

    *DIAL Also a fish name in Dor. ἀλφηστᾶς 'Labrus cinaedus' (Epich.); also called  κίναιδος, cf. Stromberg 1943: 56; also Thompson 1947.

    *ETYM Clearly from ἄλφι, in opposition to ὠμηστής, plus *hed- 'eat', in the  expression ἀνέρες ἀλφησταί. In antiquity, the word was strangely enough not  understood; cf. the strange gloss ἀλφηστῇσι- τοῖς εὑρετικοῖς καὶ ovvetoic 'intelligent'  (H.). The -t- was lost for metrical reasons; see Fraenkel 1910: 38.

XXXXXἄλφι [n.] 'barley-groats' (h. Cer. 208).

    *VAR Plur. ἄλφιτα (IL), from which the sing. ἄλφιτον, in Hom. only in ἀλφίτου ἀκτή.

    *DER ἀλφιτηρός (Antiph., Herod.), ἀλφιτεύς 'miller' (Hyp.), ἀλφιτεύω 'to grind  barley' (Hippon.), ἀλφιτεία (Hyp., Poll.) and ᾿ἀλφιτεῖον (Poll, AB). Further  ἀλφιτισμός 'mixing with barley groats' (inscr. Delos) as if from *aAgiti€ety;  ἀλφιτηδόν (Dsc.).

    *ETYM One previously assumed an i/n-stem ἄλφι, plur. "ἰἄλφατα, as in Skt. dsthi, gen. asthnds 'bone', on the basis of dAigata: ἄλφιτα ἢ ἄλευρα (H.). But i/n-stems are  doubtful, and ἀλίφατα has been read as ᾿ἀληφατα (Latte); cof. DELG, which  compares ἀλήφατον ἄνθος ἐλαίης (Peek 1897); the form would have been derived  from ἀλέω 'to grind'. ἄλφι may be identical with Alb. εἰν, -i 'barley' from *alb"i; see Demiraj 1997. Further  origin is uncertain; perhaps the word is from PIE *h,(e)lb'-i. Also related is Turc. arpa 'barley', which is perhaps from an Iranian form *arbi; see Vasmer 1921: 16ff. See  Mallory & Adams 1997: 51 for Iranian forms. On the meaning, see Moritz Class. Quart. 43 (1949): 113ff., who connected ἄλφι with  ἀλφάνω, but this is judged improbable by DELG. Connection with ▶︎ ἀλφός 'leprosy'  and Lat. albus 'white' (cf. λεύκ᾽ ἄλφιτα Σ 560) is rejected by Demiraj 1997.

XXXXXἀλφός [m.] 'dull-white leprosy' (Hes.). <1E *h.elb"o- 'white'>

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    *DER ἀλφώδης 'leprous' (Gal.). As an adjective ἀλφούς: λευκούς 'white' (H.),  ἀλωφούς: λευκούς 'id.' (see below). Thence ἀλφινία: ἡ λεύκη. Περραιβοί (H.).

    *ETYM Identical with Lat. albus and U alfu 'alba'. Extended forms with PIE *d may be  found in the word for 'swan', eg. OHG albiz, OCS lebed», but this could also be a  European substrate word. The main comparanda are geographical names, especially  river-names like Ἀλφειός, Lat. Albula; Lat. Albis = MoHG Elbe; also ON elfr 'river'. On the river names, see Krahe Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 4 (1953): 4off. Most of these  names, however, are probably of non-IE origin. The word plays ἃ role in discussions about the existence of PIE *a, since Hittite has  alpa- 'cloud'. However, if this is related, it could easily represent thematic *h,olb*o-. IE *b" is frequent in color terms (e.g. dpyv@oc). The form ἀλωφός (H.) was compared with Arm. alawni 'pigeon' < IE *alH-b'-n-, but  now there is a different explanation of the word: *plh,-b'-ni- (see Klingenschmitt  1982: 68"). The relation between ἀλφός and ἀλωφός cannot be explained in Indo-  European terms; perhaps ἀλωφός is a simple mistake due to misreading of @ as w?

XXXXXἀλωή [f.] 'threshing floor, garden' (II.), also 'halo' (around sun and moon) (Arat.); also 'disk' of the sun or moon, or of a shield. <?>

    *VAR Also ἅλως, gen. -w, -woc or -wvog; recent ἄλων.

    *DIAL Cypr. ἄλουα' κῆποι 'gardens' (H.), probably ntr. plur; Cypr. gen. alawo, =  ἀλεωξ Dor. αλος in Sicily is probably from *alwo-.

    *COMP μητρ-αλοίᾶς 'matricide' (A.); Schwyzer 451: 4.

    *DER ἁλωεύς 'farmer' (A. R., Arat.), also PN in Hom, ἁλωεινός (AP) and ἁλώϊος  (Nic.) 'of the threshing floor', Ἀλωιάς epithet of Anw (Nonn.). ἁλωνία '(grain on the)  threshing floor' (pap., Ath.), diminutive ἁλώνιον (Gp., Hdn.); ἁλωνικός (pap., Ed. Diocl.). Denominative verbs ἁλωνεύομαι (App.), ἁλωνίζω (H.) 'to work at the  threshing floor'; further GAodw, ἀλοιάω (1].) 'to thresh, crush', epic -ot- stands for  original length; as a second member in natp-adoiac etc. (Att. and late), see  Schwyzer: 451: 4. Thence ἀλοησμός 'threshing', ἀλοητής 'thresher', ἀλόητρα [pl.]  'wages for threshing', all known from papyri. Auch ἀλοιητήρ 'thresher' (Nonnos,  AP), ἀλο(ύῦησις (EM, gloss.).

    *ETYM Perhaps from earlier *dAwpn. ἅλως and the Cypr. forms might derive from a  hysterodynamic noun of the type πάτρως, with nom. *-du-s, acc. -ou-141, gen. -u-os;  see Beekes Mnem. 24 (1972): 350-2. If MoSw. ἰδ 'threshing floor' is cognate, we might  also reconstruct a root *h,(e)l-. The explanation by Schwyzer: 479: 7 (from PIE  yel(u)- 'to wind', original meaning 'round') must be rejected, as it does not explain  the Cyprian forms without initial w-, nor the meaning 'garden'. Semantically, we  probably have to think of a small piece of land near the farm, used for growing fruits  and vegetables (garden) and for threshing. From threshing-floor, we can understand  the development to 'disk' and then to 'halo'; see Ure Class. Quart. 49 (1955): 225-230. The conjecture of Van Windekens KZ 100 (1987): 309f. is to be rejected.

XXXXXἀλώπηξ, -exos [f.] fox' (Archil.). <1 *h,Jop- 'fox'>

    *VAR  On the gender see DELG. A shortened form is ἀλωπά (Alc.), ἀλωπός (Hdn.);  on its origin see Sommer 1948: 5. Denominative dAwnever ἀνιχνεύει 'tracks' (H.).

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    *DER Diminutive ἀλωπέκιον (Ar.); ἀλωπεκέη, -ἢ 'fox-skin' (Η41.5) ἀλωπεκία a  disease of the skin (Arist.); also ἀλωπεκίασις (Gal.) in the same meaning; ἀλωπεκίας  [m.] 'branded with a fox' (Luc.); ἀλωπεκίς f. = κυναλώπηξ (X.), also 'head-gear of  fox-skin' (X.) and 'kind of vine' (Plin.), see details in Strémberg 1940: 139;

XXXXXἀλωπεκιδεύς [m.] 'young fox' (Ar.); ἀλωπέκειος [adj.] (Gal.), ἀλωπεκώδης (H., EM). Denominative ἀλωπεκίζω [v.] 'to behave like a fox', ie. 'to be cunning'.

    *ETYM ἀλώπηξ may correspond to Arm. atués, gen. -esu 'fox'. Cf. further Lith. lapé  and Latv. lapsa. Schrijver JIES 26 (1998): 421-434 connects it with the Celtic words  like W Hywarn, etc. which he derives from *lop-erno-, and reconstructs *h,lop-. The  Greek long 6 is explained from an old nom. *hJ6p-s. (Skt. lopasd- 'jackal' and MP  répas 'fox' have an original diphthong in the root and cannot be connected; Lat. vol pes 'fox', Lith. vilpisjs 'wild cat' should also be kept apart; Schrijver starts from a  root *ulp-). The inflection ἀλώπηξ, -εκος is unique in Greek. There is no support for the  paradigm -6k-s, -ek-os assumed by Rix 1976: 143. In the Armenian form, the é  presents difficulties and is probably secondary, the word rather showing old short e;  see Clackson 1994: 95. De Vaan IJ 43 (2000): 279-293, disassociates the suffix from the Indo-Ir. one (as  above the words were disassociated) and doubts that Skt. -ἄξα- etc. are of IE origin. He follows Chantraine 1933: 376 in assuming that the Greek (and Armenian) suffix  -ek- was taken from a non-IE language; Greek would have lengthened the vowel in  the nominative. But this does not explain the Greek ablaut: one would expect that  the long vowel had been introduced everywhere. Rather, the suffixes are IE, and the  long vowel of Sanskrit and the short one of Armenian confirm the Greek ablaut as  archaic. See also Blazek Linguistica Baltica 7 (1998): 25-31.

XXXXXἅμα [prep., adv.] 'at the same time (with), together (with)' (1].).

    *DIAL Dor. ἁμᾶ, originally instrumental, see Schwyzer: 550. ἀμεῖ [loc.] (Delphi).

XXXXXἁμάκις: ἅπαξ, Κρῆτες 'once (Cret.y (H.); Tarent. ἁμάτις 'together' (H.).

    *COMP ἁμαμηλίς plant growing at the same time as the apple tree, 'medlar', =  ἐπιμηλίς.

    *DER ἄμυδις (Aeol.) 'together'.

    *ETYM Probably the zero grade of the root *sem-, *som- in ▶︎ εἷς,» ὁμός: perhaps from  ἔβη, (see ▶︎ Oudc). For the adverbial ending -a, see Schwyzer: 622 : 8; on κάρτα,  Ruijgh 1980: 189ff. See ▶︎ ἀμάομαι 2, ▶︎ ἅμαξα.

XXXXXἁμάδρυα = μάδρυα.

XXXXXἄμαθος [f.] 'sand' (11... 4EUR>

    *DER ἀμαθῖτις [f.] 'living in the sand' (Epich.), of κόγχος; also TN (7); ἀμαθώδης  'sandy' (Str.); TNs Ἠμαθίη (IL), Ἀμαθοῦς (Cyprus) < *-ofevt-, cf. ἠμαθόεις 'sandy'  (Od.). Denominative verb ἀμαθύνω 'to turn into dust, etc.' (epic poet.).

    *ETYM It is mostly assumed that ψάμαθος was created from ἄμαθος on the model of  ψάμμος, and that ἄμμος was secondarily created to ψάμμος. Beekes 2000: 26 finds  these assumptions far from convincing, as they depend on the etymology of ψάμμος. ἄμαθος has been connected with MHG sampt, and a pre-form PIE *samad'o- Was

===Pag_127: Beekes_Página_0127.tiff===

reconstructed. But DELG already warned that the connection does not guarantee IE origin. Kuiper NOWELE 25 (1995): 67 favors European substrate origin because of the a-vocalism and the varying consonantism. On possible Albanian connections, see Cabej 1969: 174f. See ▶︎ ἄμμος, ▶︎ ψάμαθος, ▶︎ ψάμμος, ἀμαιμάκετος, (-n), -ov [adj.] Homeric epithet of unknown mg. (IL). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. Connections with μακρός, μαιμάω, μάχομαι should probably all be  rejected; see discussion in Tichy 1983: 314ff. One might conceive of a Pre-Greek  word, *a-mai-mak-eto- (with prothetic vowel and reduplication).

XXXXXἀμακρῶτις = μόκρων.

XXXXXἀμαλδύνω [v.] 'to destroy, weaker' (1].). <?>

    *ETYM One assumes that the verb is a denominative from an otherwise unknown  pre-form "ἀμαλδύς. The first question is whether the word has the same root as  ▶︎ βλαδεῖς. The ἀ- must then have been added after the privative formations (which  always express some lack), but this is not very probable; influence of ἀμαλός is not  very likely either. Connection with μέλδομαι 'to smelt' is not compelling because of  the meaning. However, it has a variant ἀμέλδειν, which shows the same problem as  in ἀμαλδύνω  βλαδύς, and in this case we are certain of cognate forms with s-, viz. OHG smelzan. Does this point to an old interchange of *h,m-/ sm-? The question has  not yet been solved. μαλθακός, μαλακός, ἀμαλός and ἀμβλύς differ too much to be  useful. βλέννα and μύλη do not belong here.

XXXXXἄμαλλα [f.] 'sheaf (Soph.). < PG?>

    *COMP ἀμαλλοδετήρ 'binder of sheaves' (Il.).

    *DER ἀμαλλεύω 'to bind sheaves' (EM) and ἀμαλλεῖον (ἀμάλλιον) (Call. Com, H.,  Eust.).

    *ETYM Considered to be a derivation in -1a from an older /-stem, eventually from the  verb ▶︎ ἀμάομαι 'to gather'. However, if ἀμάομαι is used primarily for drawing  liquids, it can hardly be connected with ἅμαλλα, One might also think οὗ» ἀμάω 1 'to  reap corn'. Words in -\Aa may well be Pre-Greek. See ▶︎ Gin.

XXXXXἀμαλογία [f.] see below (ν... for ὁμο- Alciphr. 4, 18, 10). <2

    *VAR  = ἀβδηριτισμός 'foolery', garrulitas (gloss.); ἀμαλόγος: φλύαρος 'id', garrulus  (gloss.).

    *ETYM According to Latte Glotta 32 (1953): 37f. it is haplological for "ἀμαλλολογία,  which properly meant 'collecting sheaves, then 'the accompanying song' >  'bragging'. This is rightly called 'sehr hypothetisch' by Frisk. Grodelj Ziva Ant. 7  (1957): 40 assumed ᾿ἀμαλο-λογία.

XXXXXἀμαλός [adj.] 'weak, soft' (epic poet.), said of young animals and men (II.). < PG?>

    *DER Perhaps here ἀμαλί[λ]οῖ': ἀφανίζει 'makes invisible' (H.) and ἀμαλάπτω (S.),  which would equal ἀμαλδύνω 'to soften' (H.), after ▶︎ βλάπτω, ▶︎ δάπτω, see  Debrunner IF 21 (1907): 212.

    *ETYM Uncertain. Mostly connected with ▶︎ ἀμαλδύνω, but this is just a guess. One  further connects ἀμβλύς < "ἀμλύς, but this, too, is doubtful. Fur.: 224 connects it

===Pag_128: Beekes_Página_0128.tiff=== XXXXXἅμαξα 81 with ▶︎ ἁπαλός, with the Pre-Greek interchange labial / p. This is possible, but remains uncertain.

XXXXXἀμάμαξευς, -υος [f.] 'vine trained on two poles' (Epich., Sapph.).

    *VAR Also gen. -υδος (Sapph.). Acc. to H. = ἅμπελος ἢ γένος σταφυλῆς 'grape-vine  or kind of grape-bunch'; σταφυλῆς γένος, οἱ δὲ τὴν ἀναδενδράδα οὕτω καλεῖσθαι  'kind of grape-bunch, thus a vine that grows up trees' (Suid.).

    *ETYM Fur.: 212 compares ἀμαξίς: γένος σταφυλῆς ἀπὸ ἀναδενδράδος (H.), which  must be correct. It is a typical substrate word, showing reduplication. Furnée's  further connection with βῆκα: ἀναδενδράς (H.) is very doubtful; better, though still  doubtful, is the comparison with Hitt. mahla-'grape-vine' (see Kloekhorst 2008 s.v.). Cf. also Kuiper 1956: 215°.

XXXXXἁμαμηλίς, -ίδος [f.] 'a tree or bush with edible fruits', probably 'medlar, Mespilus germanica' (Hp.).

    *ETYM Description in Ath. 14, 650 c-e; the speakers are uncertain about the plant,  and also about the name: we also find ὁμομηλίς 'which resembles the μι.᾽, and  ἐπιμηλίς. It should probably be analyzed as 'which blossoms at the same time as the  apple tree'. See Stromberg 1944: 32.

XXXXXἀμάναν [f.] - ἅμαξαν 'chassis, wagon' (H.).

    *ETYM von Blumenthal 1930: 34 assumes a loan from an unknown IE language, from  *sm-aks-na (cf. ▶︎ ἅμαξα); this is highly uncertain. We may compare ▶︎ ἀπήνη 'id.'  (s.v., cf. also ▶︎ καπάνα), with Kuiper 1956: 213 and Fur.: 224. A variation πί μ is well-  known in substrate words. Latte's suggestion of a corruption is therefore gratuitous.

XXXXXἀμάνδαλον [adj.] = ἀφανές nap' Ἀλκαίῳ 'unseen (Alcaeus) (Hdn,; Et. Gen. A p. 20 Reitzenstein; EM 76, 52). <?>

    *DER ἀμανδαλοῖ: ἀφανίζει, βλάπτει 'makes unseen, damages' (H.).

    *ETYM Acc. to Hdn. it belongs to ἀμιαλδύνω; is it then dissimilated from "ἀμάλδαλος  (Schwyzer: 258)? This is doubtful.

XXXXXἀμᾶνῖται [m.pl.] 'kind of mushroom' (Nic.). <?>

    *ETYM Perhaps derived from a place name, e.g. the mountain 'Ajtavog in Asia Minor,  but it occurs frequently (Koukoules Ep. Et. Byz. 17 (1948): 75; Chantraine RPh. 91  (1965): 201-3). For the suffix, cf. axovitov, βωλίτης. The gloss ἀμάνορες: δοθιῆνες  'small abscess, boil' (H.) may be unrelated.

XXXXXἀμάνορες = ἀμανῖται.

XXXXXἅμαξα [f.] 'framework, chassis of a four-wheeled wagon; wagon' (II.). «Ρα(ν)»

    *COMP ἁμαξιτός 'practicable for a wagon' (ὁδός, Pi.), mostly substantivized [f.]  'carriage-road' (I1.), from ἰέναι 'to go' and a suffix -to-.

    *ETYM Usually derived from ἅμα and ἀξ- (in ▶︎ ἄξων) with a suffix -1a, eg. Adrados  Emerita 17: 146f. However, the interpretation as 'one-axler' (Meringer KZ 40 (1907):  217ff.) does not fit the ἅμαξα; one would rather expect 'two-axler' (cf. ▶︎ δίφρος). It  hardly belongs to ToB amdkspdnta 'wagon-master' (for which, Adams 1999: 19  reconstructs unclear IE *h,em-), unless as a loan from Greek. Also improbable is

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Adams KZ 97 (1984): 230-232 ('containing axles'). Finally, Forssman 1966: 8-11 argues that the aspiration is late, which suggests that the word does not contain ἅμα. Fur.: 221 compares ἀβακλή: ἄμαξα (Cyr.), ie. the interchange ἀμακ-" ἀβακ-, from which we must conclude that the etymon is Pre-Greek. Note that Banateanu REIE 3 (1943): 136f. already assumed an Anatolian origin.

XXXXXἀμάομαι [v.] 'to draw (milk), gather' (Od.). <?>

    *VAR The act. ἀμάω occurs late only.

    *COMP In compounds with én-, κατ, etc.

    *DER Gun 'shovel' (Ar.), 'hod' (inscr.), 'water-bucket, pail' (Plu; Lat. hama, Cato),  'spade' (Gp.); probably derived from the verb, not the other way around; from here  ἁμίς f. 'chamber-pot' (Hp.).

    *ETYM Mostly connected with dun, but even this seems not quite certain (Schulze  1892: 365° and Solmsen 1909: 195 separate them). As the basic meaning of the verb  and of dun are unclear, the etymology is uncertain. It has further been connected  with ▶︎ ἀμνίον and ▶︎ ἄντλος; a relationship with ▶︎ ἄμαλλα has also been suggested; all  are uncertain. Cf. Bechtel 1914 and Solmsen 1909: 18off. Originally, the meaning was  no doubt quite specific, so the verb should not be connected with ▶︎ ἅμα. Connection  with Skt. dmatra- [n.] 'vase' is also quite uncertain (the treatment of Mayrhofer  EWaAia is unsatisfactory; words for vases mostly have no etymology). One has  connected it with Lith. sémti, isg. semiu 'to scoop, ladle', sdmtis 'ladle' < *semH-, to  which perhaps belongs Lat. sentina 'bilge-water' (see ▶︎ dvTAOc). See ▶︎ ἀμάω.

XXXXXἀμάρα [f.] 'trench, channef (I].). 4?>

    *VAR Gu-? (Frisk); Ion. ἀμάρη. Cf. ἀμάρευμα' ἁθροίσματα βορβόρου 'collection of  filth' (H.) and ἡ ἐν τοῖς κήποις ὑδρορόη, παρά τό ἅμα Kal ἴσως Kai ὁμαλῶς ῥεῖν, ἢ  οἷον ἁμαρόη τις οὖσα 'irrigation in gardens (...)' (H.).

    *ETYM The second gloss from Hesychius is a typical example of folk etymology. Formerly connected with δι-, ἐξ-αμᾶν in the meaning 'to dig out', and with dyin  'shovel' (Schulze 1892: 365f., Solmsen 1909: 194ff.), which is improbable. Others  considered a relationship with Hitt. amijar(a)- 'canal': see Puhvel HED s.v. But note  that the words only have initial am- in common. The word could belong to the  Greek-Anatolian substrate. A third option is a connection with Alb. amé 'river-bed,  source' and river names like Amantia, Amana, Amara, etc; see Krahe Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 4 (1953): 52f. and Kuiper NOWELE 25 (1995): 73-5. This comparison is  formally better than that with Hittite. See ▶︎ ἀμαρία.

XXXXXἀμάρᾶκον [n.] 'Origanum Majorana, marjoram' (Pherecr.). «ΡΟ»

    *VAR Also -Gp-, -ος [m.].

    *ETYM The long ἃ in Ionic-Attic points to recent origin; cf. ἀβαρύ: ὀρίγανον «τὸ ἐν»  Μακεδονίᾳ (H.). If this is accepted, the variation 3/1 points to a Pre-Greek substrate  word, which is probable anyhow. Connection with Skt. maruva(ka)- 'id.' must be  wrong. See Fur.: 210f., who further compares Bapoc/v 'a kind of spice'. From Greek  comes Lat. amaracum, -us, MLat. maioracus, maiorana, whence the modern forms.

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XXXXXἀμαρεῖν [v.] - ἀκολουθεῖν, πείθεσθαι, ἁμαρτάνειν 'to follow, believe, miss the mark' (H.). 4GR, IE sm- 'one' and h,er- 'join'>

    *ETYM The last explanation of the gloss can hardly be reconciled with the first, so  they should be separated. One may compare Ἀμάριος, epithet of Zeus and Athena in  Achaia (Aymard 1938: 455-470); the word might mean 'who brings together' (cf. 'Opayvptoc). Further comparison with ▶︎ ἁμαρτῆ, ▶︎ ὁμαρτέω and ▶︎ ὅμηρος.

XXXXXἀμαρία [9] - ὀμοῦ, παραγώγως 'together, by ἃ slight change' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Not understandable. One would think that the meaning belongs to another  gloss, as ἀμαρία can hardly be an adverb.

XXXXXἁμαρτάνω [v.] 'to miss the mark, fail (1].λ. «IE *h.mert- 'miss, fail'>

    *VAR Aor. ἁμαρτεῖν.

    *DIAL Aeol. ἤμβροτον (Hom.).

    *COMP νημερτής, νᾶμ- (Hom.) 'infallible, unmistakable', Dor. νᾶἄμέρτεια (S.). Younger ἀναμάρτητος 'without fault'.

    *DER ἁμαρτία 'fault' (Att.); ἁμάρτιον (A.), ἁμαρτάς (Ion. and late), ἁμάρτημα (Att.,  Hell.), ἁμαρτωλή (Thgn.), apaptwAia (Hp. com.); secondary ἁμαρτωλός 'sinner'  (Arist. Hell.), whence ἁμαρτωλός 'erroneous, erring' (Arist.).

    *ETYM νημερτής presupposes *n-h,mert-, and seems old because of the full grade  root (cf. ἀναμάρτητος). Probably, the -ap- in ἁμαρτάνω replaces -pa- after the full  grade (note that Aeolic has au[]pot-). The aspiration must be analogical. The word  has no known cognates, but the reconstructed root looks perfectly IE. Cf. Ruijgh  Lingua 25 (1970): 308f.

XXXXXἁμαρτή [adv.] 'at the same time, together' (IL).

    *VAR -ἥ in Aristarchus; elsewhere -ἢ, -{j, but probably wrongly.

    *DER ἁμαρτήδην (sch. ® 162, H.), which is also a probable reading of N 584  ὁὀμαρτήδην (Wackernagel 1916: 70).

    *ETYM Old instrumental (in *-eh, > -ἤ, which also explains the accent) of a verbal  adjective "ἅμαρτος 'joined together, meeting' (ἅμα and dpapicxw). Also from here  probably comes ἁμαρτέω 'to meet, get together', which is mostly written ▶︎ ὁμαρτέω  (IL). See also ▶︎ ὅμηρος.

XXXXXἀμαρύσσω [v.] 'to sparkle, twinkle' (of the eye) (h. Merc., Hes.).

    *VAR Only present.

    *DER ἀμαρυγή 'twinkling' (h. Merc.), ἀμάρυγμα 'id' (Hes, Sappho), with ὃ by  metrical lengthening, while Aeolic has -χμα; ἀμάρυγξ 'id? (Hdn.). Perhaps a  nasalized form in Ἀμαρυγκεύς (Ψ' 630) and in ἀμαρυγκυσία- Bootpuyia 'curly things'  (H.) (rather unclear; mistake?). ἀμαρύττα: τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς 'eyes' (H.); taken as a  Cret. dual = ἀμαρύκτα 'the twinkling ones'.

    *ETYM Compare with ▶︎ μαρμαίρω (s.v5 cf. μαρμαρυγήλ. As -ὕσσω is typically Greek  (Schwyzer: 733), a comparison with Lith. mérkti 'to close the eyes, twinkle', etc. is not  admissible. The word may well be of Pre-Greek origin, with 4- interchanging with  reduplication and the suffix -vé/-vy§, which is typical of the substrate language and  shows prenasalization. See Kuiper 1956: 221.

===Pag_131: Beekes_Página_0131.tiff===

XXXXXἀματα [π.Ρ].}} disputed; hapax in SIG 421 A 5 and 26 (115).

    *ETYM Leumann 1950: 276 reinstated the view that this form is simply ἤματα 'days',  which is no doubt correct.

XXXXXἀμαυρός [adj.] 'hardly seen, dim, faint' (Od.); on the mg. see McKinley Ant. class. 26 (1957): 12-39, Neugebauer Ant. class. 27 (1968): 373f. «ΡΟ»

    *VAR Rarely μαῦρος or μαυρός (Hdn., Gal. H.), probably from μαυρόομαι, -dw  (Hes.).

    *DER ἀμαυρότης (Gal.), ἀμαυρία = caligo (gloss.). Denominative verb ἀμαυρόομαι 'to  become dim', rarely ἀμαυρόω 'to make dim' (Ion., poet., Hell.). Thence ἀμαύρωσις  'obfuscation' (Hp., Arist.), ἀμαύρωμα 'id.' (Plu.).

    *ETYM It is assumed that μαυρόομαι arose through loss of the initial vowel (see the  material in Stromberg 1944: 44f.). However, it could also be a case of a prothetic  vowel vs. its absence, and therefore a substrate phenomenon. Substrate origin is  probable anyhow, as the word has no etymology. It is a Scythian loan acc. to Puhvel  1957: 237: from maurva-.

XXXXXἀμάω 1 [v.] 'to reap corn, cut, mow down' (IL). «Ἰεῦ *h.meh,- 'mow'> 'ΑΚ Homer often has long ἀ-, no doubt metrical (Chantraine 1942: 111).

    *COMP Especially in ἀπ-, διαμάω 'to cut off, mow, harvest' (Od.).

    *DER ἄμιηγτος [m.] '(time of) harvest? (Hom.), on the accent see LSJ; ἀμητύς [f.]  (Hymn. Is.); ἀμητήρ 'reaper' (Il.), ἀμήτειρα [f.] (EM), ἀμητρίς [f.] (Poll. 1, 222). Daneben ἀμητής (Porph.). Instrument noun ἀμητήριον 'sickle' (Max. Tyr.),

XXXXXἀμητικός [adj.] 'made for cutting'.

    *ETYM Connected with OHG maen, OE mawan 'to mow', which means we have a  root *h,meh,-; ἄμητος could then be identical with MHG mat, OE med 'reaping'. The Anatolian form Hitt. hamesha(nt)- 'spring, time of harvest' is important, as it  shows that the *h, belonged to the root. ἀμάω probably derives from ἄμη < *hamh,-  eh,-, acc. to Schrijver 1991: 20 (no vowel assimilation from *amé-, as per Peters 1980a:  91'). For ἄμη, Morgenstierne Acta orientalia 7 (1929): 200 connects Pashto yum  'spade' (cf. Pok. 502, but it is doubtful whether a PIE root *ieh.m- is permissible). The verb δι-αμάω is separated from ἀμάω 'to mow' by Irigoin in the LfgrE. On  > ἄμαλλα 'sheaf and ▶︎ ἀμάρα 'canal', see s.vv.

XXXXXἀμάω 2 = ἀμάομαι.

XXXXXἄμβη = ἄμβων.

XXXXXἄμβιξ, -ἴκος [m.] 'spouted vessel' (Ath. 11, 480d), also 'alembic' (Zos. Alch.). <2

    *VAR Also GttBtkog m. (Posid.).

    *ETYM Explained as φοξίχειλος κύλιξ and εἰς ὀξὺ ἀνηγμένη (Ath. 11, 480d); see  Diehl on Semon. fr. 24. Statements about these words in the handbooks are unclear. The suffix is no doubt a substrate element, as it is in κύλιξ, It is often connected with  > ἄμβη, ▶︎ ἄμβων, but correctly so? Chantraine 1933: 376 calls these words Semitic, but  without references. Derivation from ἀναβαίνω seems most improbable.

XXXXXἀμβλακίσκω — ἀμπλακίσκω and ἀμβλίσκω.

===Pag_132: Beekes_Página_0132.tiff===

XXXXXἀμείβω, -ομαι 85

XXXXXἀμβλίσκω [v.] 'to cause to miscarry' (S.).

    <IE? *h.mlh,->

    *VAR Pres. also (ἐξ-)αμβλόομαι, -όω (IA), -ῴω (Max.), -ώσκειν: τὸ ἀτελὲς γεννῆσαι,  τὸ φθεῖραι βρέφος 'uneffected birth, miscarriage of a foetus' (Suid.), -wocetv:  ὠμοτοκεῖν 'to miscarry' (H.); aor. (2&-)apBA@oau.

    *DER From ἀμβλόομαι: ἄμβλωσις 'miscarriage' (Lys., Arist.), ἀμβλώσιμος (Max.),  ἄμβλωμα (Antipho Soph., Aret.), ἀμββλωσμός (Aret.); instrument noun ἀμβλωτήριον  (Orib.), adjective ἀμβλωτικός (Gal.). The formation of ἀμβλωθρίδιον 'abortive child'  (Ph.), 'drug causing abortion' (Poll.), also -ίδιος [adj.] (Aret.), looks strange. A  secondary suffix -iStov was added to -8p0- (Chantraine 1933: 373 and 68ff.).

    *ETYM The connection with μύλη as 'miscarriage' (Hp.), recte 'hard formation in a  woman's womb', should be given up; Chantraine thinks it may be the same word as  'mill', and Frisk, who gives the suggestion under ἀμβλίσκω, does not mention it s.v. μύλη. Rix MSS 27 (1970): 105* considers the root *h.mlh, and a connection with  > ἀμβλύς (but see there).

XXXXXἀμβλύς, -eia, -ὐ [adj.] 'blunt; dim, faint (of sight) (1A). <?>

    *DER ἀμβλύτης 'bluntness, weakness' (Arist. Plu.); denominative verbs: 1. ἀμβλύνω  [v.] 'to make blunt, weaken' (IA); ἄμβλυνσις (comm. Arist.), ἀμβλυντήρ (Poeta de  herb.), ἀμβλυντικός 'causing weakness' (Dsc.). 2. ἀμβλυώσσω (-dttw) [v.] 'to be  short-sighted' (Hp. PL), from *apBAv-wy, cf. ἀμβλυ-ωπός, also ἀμβλωπός, ἀμβλῶψ;  Schwyzer: 733 ¢, Sommer 1948: 3ff.

    *ETYM ἀμβλύς can be from "ἀμλ-ύς. It cannot be from *h,mlh,u-, as per Rix MSS 27  (1970): 90, as this would give "ἀμαλυς. The connection with ἀμαλός is a mere guess  and it explains nothing. Perhaps related to ἀμβλ(ακλσκω; there have also been  attempts to compare it to ἀμαλδύνω, lastly Nikolaev 2005.

XXXXXἀμβρόσιος = βροτός.

XXXXXἄμβων, -ωνος [m.] 'rim or edge of a cup (especially one that curves inwards)' (A.). <?>

    *VAR Attic for Ion. ἄμβη 'raised edge, protuberance' (Gal. 18a 340); ἄμβη: ἡ τῆς ἴτυος  ὀφρῦς τῶν κυλλῶν ἀσπίδων 'rim of a shield (...)' (H.), 'rim of a wheel (Democr.). One comparesalso ἀνάβωνες: βαθμοῦ εἶδος 'kind of step or threshold' (H.).

    *ETYM On the formation, see Chantraine 1933: 162 and Schwyzer: 487; on the  meaning, Ross Glotta 49 (1971): 244-258. Probably a loanword. Connection with Lat. umbé is quite uncertain; Chantraine (and, tentatively, Frisk) connect it with ▶︎ ἄμβιξ.

XXXXXἀμέθυστος, -ov [adj.] 'not drunken, not intoxicating' (Plu., Dsc.); substantivized 'remedy against drunkenness' (Plu.), also as the name of a plant, see Strémberg 1940: 91; 'amethyst' (LXX).

    *ETYM Compound of privative ἀ- and μέθυ. The stone 'amethyst' was named after its  color: the red of wine diluted with water such that it is no longer intoxicating  (Clausing Glotta 20 (1932): 292).

XXXXXἀμείβω, -ομαι [v.] 'to change, exchange', med. also 'to answer, repay' (Il.).

    *VAR ἀμείβοντες 'rafters that meet and cross each other' ( 712).

===Pag_133: Beekes_Página_0133.tiff===

    *DER ἀμοιβή 'change, exchange, requital, recompense, answer, etc.', ἀμοιβαῖος  'abwechselnd' (Pi, Emp. Hdt.), ἀμοιβάδιος 14. (Opp.); ἀμοιβιμαῖον 'payment,  reward' (IGRom., Lydia). ἀμοιβεύς name of Poseidon in Lyc. 617. Adverbs:  ἀμοιβηδίς, (ἐπλαμοιβαδίς (Hom.), cf. Schwyzer 631. Late denominative ἀμοιβάζω [v.]  'to swap' (Men. Prot.). ἄμειψις (Plb., LXX) '(ex)change, etc.', ἀμειπτικός. ἀμοιβός  'one who exchanges' (IL), also adjective 'in requital (S.), frequent as a second  member.

    *ETYM No exact correspondence. It has been compared to Lat. migrare 'to wander' as  if from *migros 'changing (place). The -B- probably goes back to *g', as *b is rare in  PIE. Therefore, the root was *h,meig'-, which may be an extension of *h,mei- 'to  change' (as in Skt. mdyate and Lat. com-minis), but an enlargement -g'- is rare.

XXXXXἀμείνων [adj] 'better, stronger, more advantageous' (II.). <?>

    *ETYM No etymology. Attic proper names with Apetv- are supposed to show that the  -et- is a real diphthong, so it does not derive from "ἀμενιων. DELG therefore  remarks that the word could be an old positive. Seiler 1950: 120 assumed *d-(tetviwv,  from *ptvic with privative d- this is improbable. Note that a root *h.mein- would  violate the IE root structure constraints, so it would have to be from *h,mei-n-.

XXXXXἀμείρω [v.] 'to bereave' (Pi.). <?>

    *COMP ἀπαμείρω (p 322 ν.]., Hes.).

    *ETYM Solmsen KZ 29 (1888): 354 took the verb as an innovation for ἀμέρδω to  ἀμέρσαι, ἀμερθῆναι. Perhaps related to ▶︎ ἀμέρδω. A reconstruction *h,mer-ie/o- is  perfectly possible.

XXXXXἀμέλγω [v.] 'milk (IL). «1Ὲ *h.nelg- 'milk'>

    *COMP ἱππ-ημολγοί 'Mare Milker', name of Scythians and other nomads (N 5, Hes.).

    *DER ἄμελξις 'milking' (Pi, LXX); plant name ἀμελξίνη (Ps.-Dsc.), see Stromberg  1940: 160 (who compares ἀμερσίνη and ἑλξίνη). ἀμελκτῆρα (H.) explaining  ἀρακτῆρα.

XXXXXἀμολγός, ἀμολγή (Hdn.); ἀμολγεύς and ἀμόλγιον 'milking pail' (Theoc.), ἀμολγάδες βόες 'dairy cows' (5. Ichn. 5). On ἀμολγαῖος, ἀμολγάζει see ▶︎ ἀμολγός.

    *ETYM An old verb, also found with full grade root in OHG melchan, OE melcan,  Alb. mjel, ToA malkant [ptc.], Lith. mélZu, with the acute due to the following *¢  (Winter's Law). The zero grade root appears in OCS mlozo, MIr. bligim, Lat. mulgeo. This points to an old ablauting athematic root present sing. *hmélg-ti, plur. *h.mlg-  énti. Not connected with Skt. marjmi, myjanti 'to wipe off (see ▶︎ ὀμόργνυμυ..

XXXXXἄμεναι [v.] 'to satiate, take one's filP. + doa.

XXXXXἀμενηνός [adj.] 'without power' (Il.).

    *DER ἀμενήνωσεν (N 562).

    *ETYM Built on ἀμενής (E.), from μένος, perhaps modelled after ἀκμηνός (Od.).

XXXXXἀμέργω [v.] 'to pluck', of flowers (Sapph.), also of olives = 'squeeze out'? (Com. Adesp. 437); ἀμέργω: τὸ ἐκπιέζω 'to press out' (Hdn.). <1E?, PG?

===Pag_134: Beekes_Página_0134.tiff===

duns, -ητος 87

    *DER ἀμόργη 'watery part which runs out when olives are pressed' (Hp.), borrowed  as Lat. amurca, amurga; also ἀμόργης, ἄμοργος, ἄμοργις. Agent noun ἀμοργοί:  πόλεως ὄλεθροι 'destructions of a city' (Cratin.). ἀμοργεύς 'squeezer of olive oil  (Poll), ἄμοργμα: σύλλεγμα, ἄρτυμα 'collection, condiment' (H.). Unclear ἀμοργίς,  τ-ίδος [f.] 'stalks of mallow, Malva silvestris' (Ar.); perhaps named after the island  Amorgos (Taillardat RPh. 33 (1959): 66; cf. also Taillardat REGr. 64 (1951): uff.). Adjective ἀμόργινος epithet of χιτών and other garments (com., Aeschin.), cf. ἀμόργεια: χρώματος εἶδος, ἀπὸ νήσου Ἀμοργοῦντος 'kind of color, from the island  of Amorgos' (Suid.).

    *ETYM Lat. mergae 'pitchfork' could be related. It seems that the Greek root is related  to Skt. marj- (see ▶︎ ὀμόργνυμι), but it is unclear how the initial vocalism could be  explained. Although a PIE root *h,merg- is perfectly possible, the word may also be a  technical term borrowed from the substrate language.

XXXXXἀμέρδω [v.] 'to deprive of (IL).

    *VAR μέρδει: κωλύει, βλάπτει 'hinders, disables' (H.); μερθεῖσα: στερηθεῖσα  'deprived' (H.).

    *ETYM If the form without the initial vowel is secondary, the root may have been  *hmerd-, which is cognate with Skt. mrdndati, mardati 'zerreiben, zerdriicken' (cf. > μαραίνω), OAv. mdrandat 'destroys', Lat. mordeé 'to dite', OE smeortan 'to cause  pain' (with initial s- of Germanic origin). Perhaps related to > ἀμείρω.

XXXXXἀμέσω - ὠμοπλάται 'shoulder blades' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Compare with ▶︎ ὦμος; if this represents *Hom(e)s-, we could assume *h,mes-,  but then the language can hardly be Greek, given the preserved intervocalic -o-. Is it  then Macedonian? It can hardly be Phrygian, which does not preserve intervocalic  -s- either. The word may have quite a different origin (see Beekes Sprache 18 (1972):    127).

XXXXXἀμεύσασθαι [v.] 'to surpass, go beyond' (Pi., Euph.), also 'to trade, exchange' in Cret., cf. Bechtel 1921, 2: 778. <1E? *h,meu(H)- 'move, push'>

    *VAR Stapievo tac: ἀλαζόνας 'vagrants' (H.); διαμευτής: ψεύστης, ἀπατεών 'liar, cheat'

    *DER ἀμεύσιμος = πορεύσιμος (A. R. 4, 297 after EM 82, 11), cf. ἀμευσίπορος, -επής

    *ETYM The meaning 'trade' could derive from 'to go to the other side'. The  comparison with ἀμύνω 'to push back', further with Lat. moved, Lith. mduti, 158. mduju 'to tear off, Skt. mivati 'move, push' < *miH-(e)u- (the European forms  continuing *mieu-), is rather uncertain. If it is Indo-European, the root may be  *h,meu-, cf. Heubeck Glotta 65 (1987): 37-44 and s.v. ▶︎ ἀμύμων.

XXXXXἄμη = ἀμάομαι.

XXXXXἀμήκωα [46].] - δεινά. Ταραντῖνοι 'fearful (Tarantiany (Η. <?> °

    *ETYM Acc. to von Blumenthal 1930: 14, the word is Messapian. A mere guess.

XXXXXἄμης, -ητος [m.] 'cake' (Ar.). < 2p

===Pag_135: Beekes_Página_0135.tiff===

    *DER Diminutive ἀμητίσκος 'kind of cake' (com.).

    *ETYM Unknown. It has been compared to »ἄμιθα. The latter word has a  reduplicated variant ἀμαμιθάδες, typical of substrate words, but it need not be  cognate with dune.

XXXXXἀμία [f.] 'kind of tunny which swims up rivers', perhaps 'bonito' (Sotad. Com.). <?>

    *VAR Also -iac [m.].

    *ETYM Unknown. Thompson 1947 s.v. supposes an Egyptian origin (mehi, mhit  name of a fish). Cf. Stromberg 1943: 128 and De Saint Denis 1947 s.v.

XXXXXἄμιθα [f.] - ἔδεσμα ποιόν, καὶ ἄρτυμα ὡς Ἀνακρέων 'kind of meat, condiment' (H.); for Anacr. see 467 Page.

    *VAR P. Hamb. 90, 18 has an acc. pl. ἄμιθας. Cf. ἀμαμιθάδες: ἥδυσμά τι σκευαστὸν  διὰ κρεῶν εἰς μικρὰ κεκομμένων δι᾽ ἀρτυμάτων (Photius 86 R.).

    *ETYM The variant with reduplication is typical of substrate words. The word has  been connected with dune, but this is quite uncertain.

XXXXXἅμιλλα [f.] 'contest' (Pi.). < PG(S)>

    *DER Denominative verb ἁμιλλάομαι 'to compete' (1A); ἁμιλλητήρ 'competing' (S.),  ἁμιλλητήριος 'of the competition' (Philostr., Aristid.); ἁμιλλητικός 'id.' (PL);  ἁμίλλημα 'competition' (S. [lyr.], inscr. Cyr.).

    *ETYM Derived from *&p-A-1a by Frisk (comparing θύελλα, GuadAa), but this is  problematic. All words in -tAA(a) look non-IE (i.e. Pre-Greek), so an IE suffix of this  shape is very doubtful (cf. Benveniste 1935: 41). For the form, cf. ἀμίλλακαν: οἶνον  'wine' (H.).

XXXXXἀμίλλακαν [f.]? - οἶνον. Θηβαῖοι 'wine (Theban)' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. See Fur.: 221 (also on ▶︎ GBiAALov). Cf ▶︎ βῆκα.

XXXXXἀμιχθαλόεσσα [adj.] 'rich in almonds', epithet of Lemnos (QO 753). < PG>

    *ETYM Call. fr. 18, 8 has ἀμιχθαλόεσσαν ... ἠέρα, so he connects ὀμίχλη. This must be  a folk etymology, since 6- comes from *h,-. Scholion BT on Q 753 gives = εὐδαίμων,  which is no more than a noncommittal guess (*apixto-Oaroecoa [Lagercrantz IF 50  (1932): 277-80] is a construct that would hardly have been syncopated to our form). The ancient interpretation as ἀπρόσμικτος 'inhospitable' does not explain the form  of the word. The connection with Go. maihstus 'mist' has the objection that the latter  word is not known in Greek. Leumann 1950: 214 and 273), accepts the solution of  Doederlein, who identified the form with ἀμύγδαλον 'almond'. This explanation fits  well and gives no difficulties for the formation. The variation may be confirmed by  ἄμυκτο: γλυκύ: οἱ δὲ ἄμικτον (H.) and ἀμυκλίς: γλυκύς, ἡδύς (H.); for κτ' KA, cf. ἀράκτη / ἄροκλον etc. See Fur.: 140, 388.

XXXXXἀμμά [f.] 'mamma, mother; nurse', τροφός καὶ μήτηρ καθ᾽ ὑποκορισμόν 'rearer and mother (hypocoristicy (EM 84, 22).

    *VAR ἀμμία (Hdt.).

    *ETYM Nursery word. Cf. Lat. amma, and Chantraine REGr. 59-60 (1946-7): 242ff.

===Pag_136: Beekes_Página_0136.tiff===

γἄμμιξ - συγκομιστὸς ἄρτος, Ταραντίνοι 'bread of unbolted meal (Tarantian)' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Gloss 3662 has ἀμικονιστος, 3702 ἀμμισκομιστον; thus "ἀμι(ς)}

XXXXXἄμμος [f.] 'sand' (Ρ].).

    *DER ἀμμώδης (Hp., Arist.), ἄμμινος (Peripl. M. Rubr.), ἀμμίτης [m.] (sc. λίθος), also ἀμμῖτις [f.] 'sandstone' (Plin.).

    *ETYM Considered to be a contamination of »ἄμαθος and ▶︎ ψάμμος, but this  assumed starting point fails to appreciate that the word is non-Indo-European and,  as such, may not have followed the sound laws of IE words. On Ἀμμίτης as a river  name, see Redard 1949: 130 etc.

XXXXXἄμνᾶμος [m., f.] 'grandchild' (Call.). «Gre

    *VAR Also ἄμναμμος; plur. ἀμνάμονες (Poll. 3, 19). Cf. the gloss cited by DELG.

    *DIAL Oros in Reitzenstein 1897: 5: ἄμναμοι: οἱ ἀπόγονοι: κυρίως παρὰ τὴν τῶν  Κυρηναίων διάλεκτον οἱ τῶν ἀμνῶν ἀμνοί ἄμναμοι λέγονται: τουτέστιν τῶν ἀρνῶν  ἄρνες: (...).

    *ETYM Probably a reduplicated form of ἀμνός; cf. παιδόπαις (DELG). See Dobias-  Lalou REGr. 111 (1998): 403-417.

XXXXXἀμνίον [n.] 'patera, vase to receive the blood of a sacrifice' (y 444); see Brommer Herm. 77 (1942): 357 and 364. <?>

    *ETYM Connection with ἀμάομαι is no more than a guess.

XXXXXἀμνός [m., f.] 'lamb' (S.). 4 JE h.eg'-n-, h,og'-n- 'lamb'>

    *VAR ἀμνόα' πρόβατον, oi δὲ ἀμνός 'cattle, lamb' (H.), unreliable.

    *COMP ἀμνοκῶν 'stupid like a sheep' (from κοέω, Taillardat 1962: § 453) ἀμνοκόμος  (Latte for -κόπος). ποιμήν 'herdsman' (H.).

    *DER Special feminine forms: ἀμνή, -ά (Cos, Gortyn, etc.), ἀμνάς (LXX), ἀμνίς  (Theoc.). Adjectives: ἀμνεῖος (Theoc.), ἀμναῖος (pap.) 'made of lambskin'; thence  ἀμνεῖον, ἀμνίον, also ἀμνειός, ἄμνιος 'inner membrane surrounding the foetus'  (Emp.), also -ός.

    *ETYM Identical with Lat. agnus < *h,eg*-no-, Olr. tan < *h,og'-no-, OCS agne <  *h,eg'-n-ent- (with long vowel and acute from Winter's Law). OE éanian, E yean,  Du. oonen < PGm. *awndén seem to presuppose -g'"-, but see Schrijver 1991: 39, 438.

XXXXXἁμο- 'some, someone, somebody', indefinite pronominal stem in οὐδαμός, etc.

    <IE  *smH-o- 'some'>

    *VAR Also in ἁμοῦ, ἁμῆ, ἁμοῖ, ἁμωσ-γέ-πως; also μηδαμό-. ΕΤΥΜ Identical with Skt. sama- 'someone' and Go. sums 'id'. The Greek and  Germanic forms require *s#H-o-, and the Skt. form may also go back to this. A  similar form is at the basis of Olr. samail and Lat. similis like' < *semh,-l-, see on  > ὁμαλός. The forms seem to be an enlargement of *sem- 'one' (see ▶︎ εἷς), but the  exact relation is unclear.

XXXXXἄμοινα [?] unknown (only IG 5(2), 4: 22). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

===Pag_137: Beekes_Página_0137.tiff===

XXXXXἄμοιος [adj.] - κακός. Σικελοί 'bad (Sicilian) (H.).

    *VAR  μοῖος: σκυθρωπός 'sullen, sad' (H.), see on »σμοιός = σκυθρωπός (Hdn. Gr. 1,  109), σμοῖος (Theognost.), σμυός (H.).

    *ETYM Given the plausible connection with ▶︎ σμοιός (see above and s.v.), the initial  displays a number of variations, which are typical for Pre-Greek (Fur.: 368). Not  related to ▶︎ μοῖτος (s.v. pace von Blumenthal 1930: 15f.).

XXXXXἀμολγός [m.] 'darkness'. Only (ἐν) νυκτὸς ἀμολγῷ (A 173, O 324, X 28 and 317, 6 841). <?>

    *VAR ὀμολγῷ: ζόφῳ 'in darkness' (H.), where the ms. has ὁμολογῶ. As an adjective  (which is probably a secondary, learned development) in E. fr. 104: ἀμολγὸν νύκτα'  Εὐριπίδης Ἀλκμήνῃ Copepav καὶ σκοτεινήν 'dark'. of δὲ μέρος τῆς νυκτὸς καθ᾽ ὅ  ἀμέλγουσιν 'part of the night during which they milk' (H.).

    *DER ἀμολγαῖος in μάζα ἀμολγαίη 'barley-cake made with milk' (Hes. Op. 590), see  below; ἀμολγαῖον μαστὸν ἀνασχόμενος 'who held up a breast full of milk' (AP7, 657,  Leon.). ἀμολγάζει: μεσημβρίζει 'passes the noon' (H.).

    *ETYM The meaning had already been lost in antiquity. If a verbal noun of ἀμέλγω,  ἀμολγός, it means 'the milking' (and the oxytonesis has to be secondary). The  expression μάζα ἀμολγαίη in Hesiod is interpreted by Proclus and in EM s.v. μάζα as  ἀκμαία 'at its height, in full bloom': τὸ yap ἀμολγὸν ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀκμαίου τίθεται. Thus  also Eustathius on O 324: Ἀχαιοὶ δὲ κατὰ τοὺς γλωσσογράφους ἀμολγὸν τὴν ἀκμήν  φασι. However, this meaning may have been derived from the text (see Leumann  1950: 274). Nilsson 1920: 35f. took it as the time of milking at the beginning of the  night. DELG judges this interpretation to be more probable than that of 'fullness',  Older literature is mentioned in DELG and Frisk; see also Bolling AmJPh. 78 (1958):  165-172; Szemerényi Gnomon 43 (1971): 654. Parvulescu Glotta 63 (1985): 152-158  argues that νυκτὸς ἀμολγῷ indicates the evening twilight, and adduces parallels  from other languages for an original meaning 'night milking'. Still, if ὁμολογῶ  points to "ὀμολγός, the alternation a-/d- could point to a substrate word.

XXXXXἀμόρα [f.] 'sweet cake' (Philet.). <?>

    *VAR ἀμόρα' σεμίδαλις ἑφθὴ σὺν μέλιτι 'fine wheat flour boiled with honey' (H.).

    *DER ἀμορίτης ἄρτος (LXX), also written ἀμορβίτης (Ath.) and ἀμοργίτας:  πλακοῦντας 'flat cakes' (H.), both = ἀμορρίτης, with a suffix -ἴτης.

    *ETYM From original "ἀμόρρα. Etymology unknown; perhaps Pre-Greek *(a)mar*-a?

XXXXXἀμορβός [m., f.] follower, shepherd' (Call.). <?>

    *DER Adjective ἀμορβαῖος, said of χαράδραι 'gravel' (Nic. Th. 28, 489), mg. unclear;  scholiasts render it with ποιμενικαί 'of herdsmen' or σκοτεινώδεις 'dark' (which may  be mere guesses); cf. EM 85, 20: ἀμορβὴς καὶ ἀμορβές: σημαίνει τὸ μεσονύκτιον παρὰ  τὴν ὄρφνην ... σημαίνει καὶ τὸν ἀκόλουθον 'the time of midnight; companion'. Denominative verbs ἀμορβέω (Antim.) and ἀμορβεύω (Nic.) 'to accompany'.

XXXXXἀμορβίτης belongs to ▶︎ ἀμόρα.

    *ETYM Unknown. Improbable analysis by Pisani RILomb. 77 (1943-44): 541.

XXXXXἀμόργη = apépyw.

===Pag_138: Beekes_Página_0138.tiff===

XXXXXἀμοργίς [f.] kind of dress (Cratin. fr. 96).

    *VAR λαμπτῆρες ἀμοργούς (Emp. fr. 84), perhaps lanterns clothed in muslin (cf. Lat. lintea lanterna, P\. Bacch. 446).

    *DER Unclear dpopyic, -ίδος [f.] 'stalks of mallow, Malva silvestris' (Ar.); perhaps  named after the island Amorgos (Taillardat RPh. 33 (1959): 66; cf. also Taillardat  REGr. 64 (1951): 11ff.). Adjective ἀμόργινος epithet of χιτών and other garments  (com., Aeschin.), cf. ἀμόργεια' χρώματος εἶδος, ἀπὸ νήσου Ἀμοργοῦντος 'kind of  color, after the ishand of Amorgos' (Suid.).

    *ETYM The name of the island may have been used to designate clothes, cf. MoE  jersey, jeans, etc. Cf. Taillardat 1962: section 262.

XXXXXἄμοτον [adv.] 'incessantly, without pause' (Il.), especially in the phrase ἄμοτον μεμαώς. «1Ὲ *meh,- 'get tired'> ΑΚ Thence the adj. ἄμοτος (Theoc.).

    *ETYM Uncertain, as the exact meaning is unknown. Seiler KZ 75 (1957): 17-20  assumes zero grade of ἐν + zero grade of pev-, like in ἐμμεμαώς; yet a zero grade of  ἐν is uncertain. Forssman 1986: 329-339 explains it as *y-my-tom memnyos as  'Unerstrebtes/-bares erstrebend', with Greek and Sanskrit parallels. This is tempting,  but for the oldest formula with Eris (twice at verse end), the proposed meaning does  not fit. There, it clearly means 'incessantly, indefatigable', which rather suggests a  connection with *meh,-, as seen in ▶︎ μῶλος, OHG muojan 'to tire', muodi 'tired', Go. af-mauips 'id' < *m6-etos), Ru. mdjat', sg. mdju 'to wear out' (LIV's.v. *meh,-).

XXXXXἄμπελος [f.] 'grape-vine, Vitis vinifera' (Il.).

    *DER Diminutives: ἀμπέλιον (Ar., Hp.), ἀμπελίς (Ar.), also a bird name = ἀμπελίων,  see below. Adjectives: ἀμπελόεις 'rich in vines' (Il); ἀμπέλινος 'of the vine' (Hdt, Arist, Plb.),  ἀμπελικός '4. (Hell.), ἀμπέλιος 'id' (Ph, Ach. Tat.), ἀμπελώδιηγχ 'rich in vines'  (Poll, H.). ἀμπελῖτις (γῆ, χέρσος) 'viniculture' (pap.), ἀμπελιτικός (pap.).

XXXXXἀμπελών [m.] 'vineyard' (Aeschin. 2, 156 [v.l.], Hell.); ἀμπελεών (Theoc. AP), diminutive ἀμπελωνίδιον (pap.); ἀμπελεία 'id' (inscr. Cherson.), after φυτεία.

XXXXXἀμπελίων [m.] name of an unknown bird (Dionys. Av.), see Thompson 1895 s.v.

    *ETYM Cannot be explained in IE terms, and generally considered to be a substrate  word (although there are no further indications for this).

XXXXXἀμπλακίσκω [v.] 'to miss, fail; to be bereft of; to transgress' (Archil.). < PG(v)>

    *VAR Also ἀμβλακίσκω; late and rare present to the aor. ἤμπλακον (also ἤμβ-), pass. perf. ἠμπλάκημαι. Note ἀπλακών (E. Alc. 242, 1A 124) and ἀναπλάκητος (5. OT 472).

    *DIAL Does not occur in Attic.

    *DER ἀμπλακία 'fault? (Hp.) with ἀμπλακιῶτις f. = ἱερὰ νόσος (Poet. de herb.). Purther ἀμπλάκιον (Pi. P. 1, 26) and ἀμπλάκημα (poet. late prose).

    *ETYM Compared with ▶︎ ἀμβλίσκω, which DELG rejects for both formal and  semantic reasons. are typical for substrate words (see Fur.: 281f.). Blanc 1994: 79-85  connects it with ▶︎ πλάζομαι. As Van Beek suggests to me (p.c.), this is quite  attractive, provided that πλάζομαι (which has no convincing etymology) is a  substrate word. The group would then display a prothetic vowel (which is otherwise

===Pag_139: Beekes_Página_0139.tiff===

rare in verbal forms!), prenasalization, and interchange B/ π (if we include ἀμβλίσκω), and we could reconstruct a Pre-Greek verbal root *(a)"pla"k-.

XXXXXἀμπρόν [n.] 'rope for drawing loads' (inscr. V-IV*). <?>

    *VAR  Accentuation after Et. Gen., H.

    *DER ἀμπρεύω [v.] 'to draw along, drag' (E. apud Phot. Call.); ἐξ-αμπρεύω (Ar. Lys. 289), whence a retrograde derivative ἔξαμπρον 'team of oxen' (gloss.); συν-αμπρεύω  (Arist.). ἀμπρευτὴς ὄνος (5. apud Phot.).

    *ETYM Technical term of unknown origin.

XXXXXἄμπυξ, -vKoc [f, m.] 'women's diadem; horse's bit; rim of a wheel' (II.).

    *DIAL Myc. a-pu-ke /ampukei/ in a context of horses' harnesses, a-na-pu-ke /an-  ampukes/ of ἡνίαι, a-pu-ko-wo-ko /ampuk(o)-worgos/.

    *COMP χρυσ-άμπυξ 'with a golden bit' (11).

    *DER ἀμπυκτῆρες (A.), ἀμπυκτήρια and ἀμπυκώματα (S.) are poetic enlargements. Denominative ἀμπυκάζω [v.] 'to tie up with a headband' (AP, EM).

    *ETYM Formerly considered to be a root noun πὺξ prefixed with ἀμ- = dva-,  belonging to πύκα 'solidly', πυκνός, etc., and cognate with Av. pusd 'diadem' < IE  *pukeh.- (Lidén 1932: 148ff.); this is seconded by Benveniste BSL 34 (1933): 41, who  adduced further forms and borrowings from Iranian. However, Szemerényi Gnomon  43 (1971): 655 points out that dva- would not fit the meaning, as "ἀμφι-πυκ- would be  expected. As this form could hardly give ἀμπυκ-, the etymology is doubtful. The  notion 'thick, solid' does not seem to fit the objects in question. Szemerényi also  doubts the connection with Iranian. A word for such objects is easily borrowed. If we analyze the word as *amp-uk-, it  contains a typical substrate suffix (Beekes 2003: 12-15).

XXXXXἄμπωτις [f.] 'ebb' (Hp.). «GRE

    *DER ἀμπωτίζω 'to ebb' (Ph., Eust.).

    *ETYM Variant of ἀνάπωτις (Pi.), a fem. agent noun of ἀναπίνω; ἄμπωτις (θάλασσα)  = resorbens unda (Hor.). See Schulze KZ 56 (1929): 287, Schulze KZ 57 (1930): 275, as  well as Fraenkel 1910: 116; but see also the critical notes in DELG.

XXXXXἀμυγδάλη [f.] 'almond' (Hp.).

    *VAR ἀμύγδαλον [n.], ἀμύγδαλος [f.] CLuc.). Also ἀμυσγέλα, -vAa (Cyrene).

    *DER ἀμυγδαλίς [f.] = ἀμυγδάλη (Philox., Plu.), diminutive ἀμυγδάλιον (Hp.). Adjectives: ἀμυγδάλινος 'made of almond' (X., Thphr.), ἀμυγδάλιος 'almond-  shaped' (pap.), ἀμυγδαλόεις 'id' (Nic.), ἀμυγδαλώδης 'id' (Thphr.). ἀμυγδαλέα, -ἢ  'almond tree' (Eup., Hp., Arist. Thphr.), ἀμυγδαλίτης 'spurge' (Dsc., Plin.).

    *ETYM A typical substrate word (note -y6-, which interchanges with--oy-), which is  confirmed by the identification with ▶︎ ἀμιχθαλόεσσα; on the variation see Pre-Greek. Fur.: 140 further compares »μύκηρος and Hitt. mitgaimi- 'sweet bread', Luw. mitgaimi- 'sweet(ened)'. Borrowed into Lat. as amygdala; also amiddula, amyndala,  amandula, whence OHG mandala.

XXXXXἀμυδρός [adj.] 'dim, faint, obscure' (Archil.). «?»

    *VAR ἀμυδᾶναι- κρύψαι 'hide, cover' (H.).

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XXXXXἀμύς, -ὕδος 93 ὍΌΕᾺΚ ἀμυδρήεις 'id.' (Nic.); ἀμυδρότης 'darkness, weakness, etc.' (Ph., Gal. Plot.). Denominative ἀμυδρόομαι 'become dark', -όω 'to make dark' (Ph, comm. Arist.); thence ἀμύδρωσις (comm. Arist.).

    *ETYM Unknown. ἀμαυρός is close in meaning and form, but the two cannot be  combined in Indo-European terms. Influence of φαιδρός has been proposed, but  such contaminations are often rather gratuitous. In principle, ἀμυδ- may continue a  root *h,mud-. The Slavic root *mod- 'weakness etc.' cannot continue *mud- in view  of Winter's Law (so it is from *mud"-).

XXXXXἀμύκαρις = μύκη.

XXXXXἄμυλος [m.] 'cake of fine meal' (Ar.).

    *VAR  ἄμυλον [n.] 'starch' (Dsc.).

    *DER Diminutive ἀμύλιον 1 [n.] 'cake' (Plu.), whence ἀμυλᾶτον 'id.' (sch. Ar. Pax  1195); ἀμύλιον 2 'starch' (Hp., Arist.), whence ἀμυλιδωτόν 'kind of (starched) chiton'  (Hermipp.). For the formation cf. ἁλυσιδωτός, χειριδωτός (Chantraine 1933: 305).

    *ETYM Starch is made from unground grain, which suggests that ἄμυλος derives  from μύλη (cf. ἄμυλον' oteppdv, ἄκλαστον 'firm, unbroken' EM) with privative a-. However, given the form, we expect a basic meaning 'having no mill, not  'unground', which casts some doubts on the etymology. Lat. LW amulum > MoFr. amidon.

XXXXXἀμύμων [adj] 'noble, excellent' (Il.), never of gods.

    *VAR ἄμυμος. ἀγαθός, ἀμώμητος, ἄμεμπτος καὶ ἀμύμων 'good, blameless' (H.).

    *ETYM Traditionally connected with μῦμαρ' αἶσχος, φόβος, ψόγος 'shame, fear,  blame' (H.) and μυμαρίζει: γελοιάζει 'jests', which is taken to be Aeolic for μῶμαρ,  ▶︎ μῶμος 'blame'. ἀμύμων would then originally mean 'without blame', and relate to  μῦμαρ as ἀπείρων to meipap. However, Heubeck Glotta 65 (1987): 37-44 proposed a  derivation from ἀμυ- < *h,mu- in ἀμεύσασθαι 'to surpass', ie. 'who surpasses others'  (with metrically lengthened v in the sequence of three shorts). This seems to be an  improvement. The root (Pok. 743) would mean 'to bend the motion, (re)move',  found in Lat. moveé and in ἀμύνω 'to ward off, but this is not entirely convincing.

XXXXXἀμύνω [v.] 'to ward off, defend, help' (I1.). <?>

    *VAR Pret. ἠμύναθον (impf. or aor.? See Schwyzer: 703).

    *DER ἀμύντωρ 'warden, defender' (11), also as a PN; ἀμυντῆρες 'brow tines of a stag's  antlers' (Arist.); ἀμυντήριος 'fit for warding off (Pl. Hell.), ἀμυντήριον (Pl. Hell.);  ἀμυντικός 'id' (PL, Arist.). ἀμυντρόν (A. apud Phot.), not glossed. ἀμύντης  'defender' (Phot., Hdn.), also PN, cf. κηρ-αμύντης (Lyc.); ἀμυνίας 'id.' (Ar. Eq. 570). ἄμυνα 'defense, revenge', etc. (Theopomp. Com.); retrograde formation, see  Schwyzer: 475, Chantraine 1933: 101. χειμ-άμυνα = χλαῖνα παχεῖα (A. fr. and 5. fr.).

    *ETYM If the nasal is originally a present marker, as in Κλίνω, πλύνω, we have a root  ἀμυ-, which may be found in ▶︎ ἀμεύσασθαι 'to excel, transcend', but the semantics  are not quite clear. So a thematicized nasal present *dpv-vf-w? |    ἀμύς, -ὕδος [f.] 'freshwater turtle', χελώνη λιμναία (Archig. apud Gal.). <PG(v)>

    *VAR Also ἐμύς (Arist. HA 588a 8, H.).

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    *ETYM Considered to be a contamination of ἐμύς 'id? and ἀμία 'tunny' by Stromberg  1943: 81, but this is improbable. The form with é- rather shows a substrate origin; see  Fur. 347. Perhaps found in ▶︎ πήλαμυςξ

XXXXXἀμύσσω [v.] 'to scratch, tear, lacerate' (Il.).

    *VAR ἀμύσχεσθαι. τό ξέειν τὰς σάρκας τοῖς ὄνυξιν 'the laceration of the flesh with  claws' (H.), ἀμυχή 'rent, wound'.

    *DER 1. ἀμυχή 'rent, wound' (Hp.), ἀμυχιαῖος mg. uncertain (Pl. Ax. 366a) and  ἀμυχώδης 'cracked' (Hp. Thphr.), ἀμυχηδόν 'superficially, lightly' (EM); 2. ἀμυχμός  4. (Theoc.), ἀμυγμός (conj. in A. Ch. 24); 3. ἄμυγμα 'rending' (S., E.); 4. ἄμυξις  'scratching' (Orph., Ach. Tat.). Adverb ἀμύξ (ἐμφῦσα Nic.) = μόλις (Euph.);  adjective ἀμυκτικός 'scratching, irritating' (Plu., medic.). Also ἀμυκάλαι- ai ἀκίδες  τῶν βελῶν 'the barbs of arrows' (H., EM), cf. Chantraine 1933: 245ff., Schwyzer: 483. Cf. ἀμύσχεσθαι. τό ξέειν τὰς σάρκας τοῖς ὄνυξιν 'laceration of flesh with claws' (H.).

    *ETYM A root *dpux/x- is assumed, which would continue IE *h,muk/g'-; this is then  compared with Lat. micré 'sharp point, sword' (cf. De Vaan 2008 s.v.). Further  comparanda include Lith. musti 'to beat' and OE gemyscan 'to afflict, tease'  (Holthausen IF 48 (1930): 266). This seems a rather smal] basis for reconstructing an  IE root. Fur.: 347 accepts the comparison with Latin, but as a substrate word (though  his assimilation rule a- > e- before v/ t [34633] seems doubtful to me). The form  ἀμυσχ- shows a typical Pre-Greek variation (insertion of -o- before stop).

XXXXXἀμυστί = pdw.

XXXXXἀμυσχρός [adj.] 'immaculate, pure' (Parth.).

    *VAR Also ἀμυχρός (5. apud Phot., Suid.) and ἀμυχνός, ἀμυγνός, ἀμύσκαρος (Suid.);  ἄμουχα- καθαρεύουσα. Λάκωνες 'clean or pure (Lacon.) (H.). ἀμυσχῆναι:' καθᾶραι,  ἁγνίσαι 'to cleanse' (H.).

    *ETYM The variations κ΄ γί x and o/ zero suggest a Pre-Greek origin (Fur: 299);  perhaps also ox/ ξ, if Furnée is right in connecting ἀμύξανος: ἀνόσιος 'impure' (H.),  with privative a- (cf. Fur.: 393). Also related is μύσκος: μίασμα, κῆδος 'defilement,  care' (H.). Not related to ἀπομύσσω (see > μύσσομαι and μύξα). See ▶︎ μύσος.

XXXXXἀμύω 'οἠμύω.

XXXXXἀμφασίη [f.] 'speechlessness' (P 695 = ὃ 704), of ἐπέων.

    *ETYM Equivalent of ἀφασίη (E.) from ἄφατος (» φημί), with ἀμ- indicating a long  syllable, acc. to Chantraine 1942: 99. Perhaps modelled after ἀμβροσίη.

XXXXXἄμφην, -ενος -οαὐχήν.

XXXXXἀμφί [adv, prep.) 'around, on both sides' (11... «1ὸὲ *h,nt-b"i 'on both sides, around'>

    *VAR Also ἀμφίς [adv.] 'id., apart', more rare as a prep. 'around, outside of (epic).

    *DIAL Myc. a-pi, eg. in a-pi-qo-ro-i /amp*i-k'oloi*i/ 'servants' [dat.pl.]. Also in PNs,  e.g. a-pi-a,-ro /Amp*ihalos/.

    *ETYM This old adverb is originally a case form of the word for 'face', as is clearly  shown by the cognate ToB dntpi, antapi 'both' < *h,ent-b'o(i)-; cf. Jasanoff BSL 71  (1976): 123-131 (see ▶︎ ἄμφω). Greek ἀμφί and Lat. amb(i)-, am-, an-, continue the

===Pag_142: Beekes_Página_0142.tiff===

instrumental h,nt-b"i. Further forms: Alb. mbi 'at', W ambi-, Olr. imb-, OHG umbi 'around', Skt. abhi, OAv. aibi 'towards'. Grassmann's dissimilation law gave ἀμπ- in ἀμπ-έχω etc. The word is important in historical phonology, because it shows that a zero grade h,n- (cf. the OHG and Ilr. forms) gives av- in Greek (so-called Lex Rix).

XXXXXἀμφιάζω [v.] 'to clothe, put on' (Alciphr.).

    *ETYM Hellenistic innovation for ἀμφιέννυμι beside ἀμφιέζω, which was built on the  aor. ἀμφι-έσαι.

XXXXXἀμφιᾶς, -ov [m.] name of a mediocre Sicilian wine (com.); cf. Ath. 316, Suid.

    *VAR Cf. ἀμφής: οἴνου ἄνθος: οἱ δὲ μέλανα οἶνον 'the flower of the vine; red wine'

    *ETYM -tag is a suffix used in names of wines. See Baunack Phil. 70 (1911): 356; is  there a connection with ἀμφί, -w? Fur.: 341 connects the gloss with ἀμφιάς, and also  > ὄμφαξ 'unripe grape', which is quite possible.

XXXXXἀμφίγυος -»γύης.

XXXXXἀμφιέζω -οἀμφιάζω.

XXXXXἀμφικέλεμνον [m., n] - ἀμφιβαρές: οἱ δὲ τὸν βασταζόμενον ὑπὸ δύο ἀνθρώπων δίφρον, ἄλλοι δὲ ἀμφίκοιλον ξύλον 'chariot-board borne by two men; wood hollowed on both sides' (H.). <?>

    *VAR ἀμφικελεμνίς: Kat' ὀβελῶν περικρέμασις ἰσορρόπως 'hanging down from a bar  in equipoise' (H.).

    *DIAL Myc. o-pi-ke-re-mi-ni-ja-pi /opi-kelemniap*i/ [ins.pl.] part of a chair  (connection with κρεμάννυμι, supposing /-krémn-/, is impossible; see ▶︎ κρημνός).

    *ETYM Connected with ▶︎ κελέοντες by Fur.: 245. This seems quite possible, but he  assumes a variation p/ Ε, which is unlikely. One might rather assume a suffix -μν-  beside another formation.

XXXXXἀμφιλαφής = Ad@upa.

XXXXXἀμφίον [n.] 'garment' (S.).

    *VAR Or ἄμφιον (sch. Ὁ. T. 196).

    *ETYM Shortened form of ἀμφίεσμα. See Grégoire Byzantion 13 (1938): 396ff.

XXXXXἀμφίπολος [f., m.] 'servant, handmaid' (IL), also 'priest(ess) (Pi.), ie. 'one who takes care of the gods'. <1E *h,mb'i-k'ol(h,)-o- 'servant'>

    *DIAL Myc. a-pi-go-ro /amp*i-k"olos/.

    *DER ἀμφιπολεῖον 'servant dwelling' (IG 4, 39 [Aigina V*}), ἀμφιπολία 'servanthood'  (Ὁ. S.). Denominatives ἀμφιπολεύω [v.] 'to work as a servant, ply, take care of (epic,  Hdt.), ἀμφιπολέω 'id.' (Pi., B.).

    *ETYM From *h.mbi-k'ol(h,)-o-, identical in origin with Lat. anculus 'servant' and  Skt. abhicdrd- 'witchcraft (AV+) cf. Lat. anc(ujlare 'to serve the gods' and Ved. pari-card- 'servant'. See ▶︎ πέλομαι ἀη4 ▶︎ βουκόλος.

XXXXXἀμφισβητέω [v.] 'to go asunder, disagree, dispute' (Att., Hdt.).

    *VAR Also -Baitéw (Ion., perhaps also Lesb., Rhod.?).

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    *DER ἀμφισβήτησις 'dispute, controversy, claim', juridical term (Αἰ),  ἀμφισβητήσιμος 'controversial'; ἀμφισβητητικός 'belonging to the dispute' (PI.). ἀμφισβήτημα 'dispute' (PL, Arist.), ἀμφισβητηματικός (Aps.). From ἀμφισβατέω:  ἀμφισβασίη (Hdt.).

    *ETYM Compounded from ἀμφίς and βαίνειν (βῆναι) 'to go apart', as if from  *auioBrytnys or Γἀμφισβάτης 'who goes apart' (cf. ἐμπυριβήτης, παραι-βάτης).

XXXXXἈμφιτρύων [m.] name of a king of Tiryns, later Thebes (1].). <?>

    *ETYM Neumann 1983: 334 rejects the connection with tptw, and starts from  *Amphi-tor, with a suffix -u6n like in ▶︎ ἀλεκτρύων.

XXXXXἀμφορεύς [m.] 'jar with two handles', also a measure (Ar., Hdt.).

    *VAR Also ἀμφιφορεύς (11...

    *DIAL Myc. (KN) a-pi-po-re-we /amp*i-poréwes/, a-po-re-we /amp"oréwe/ [du.].

    *DER ἀμφορίδιον (Ar.), or -eidiov, see Schwyzer 471; ἀμφορίσκος [m.] (D., inscr.);  ἀμφόριον (gloss.); unclear ἀμφορείῳ: poptiw 'load' (H.). ἀμφορίτης as an adjective,  of ἀγών, 'contest with an 4. as a prize', Call. fr. 80); as a substantive of uncertain mg. (PSI 5, 535, 31, see Redard 1949: 106f; ἀμφορικός (sch.); ἀμφορίξ [adv.] (Eust.),  whence a verb ἀμφορίζω was derived (Eust.).

    *ETYM From ἀμφι-φορεύς, i.e. 'born on two sides', but with -evc from the instrument  nouns. Borrowed as Lat. amphora, diminutive ampulla.

XXXXXἀμφουδίς [adv.] hapax of uncertain mg. (p 237): ἀμφουδὶς ἀείρας. <?>

    *ETYM Interpreted as if ἀμφωδίς, from Γἀμφωραδίς 'by both ears'. Cf. ἐξωβάδια-  ἐνώτια, Λάκωνες 'earrings (Lacon.)' (H.). See Bechtel 1914 s.v. and DELG.

XXXXXἄμφω [pron.] 'both' (IL). «1ὲ *h,(e)nt-b'oh>

    *VAR  Later replaced by ἀμφότερος.

    *ETYM Identical with Lat. ambd. The original form of the anlaut is found in ToA  dm pi (ToB antapi, antpi; see ▶︎ ἀμφί). Other languages have forms without the nasal:  Skt. ubhdu, Av. uua; OCS oba, Lith. abv. Germanic has no initial vowel, e.g. Go. bai. There is no overall explanation for the forms, but connection with ἀμφί seems clear.

XXXXXἄμωμον [n.] an Indian spice-plant, 'Amomum subulatum' (Hp.).

    *DER ἀμωμίς [f.] 'false Amomuny (Dsc.), from Armenia; ἀμωμίτης λίβανος (Dsc.).

    *ETYM An Oriental loanword; cf. ▶︎ κιννάμωμον. See André 1956 s.v. amomum and E. Masson 1967: 503.

XXXXXἀμώσας [v.] - κρεμάσας, Ταραντῖνοι 'hung up (Tarantian)' (H.).

    *ETYM Immisch Leipz. Stud. 8 (1885): 276 thinks this is an allegro-form of dvepmoac. Latte suggests ἅμμωσας from ἁμμόω, which would be a denominative from ἅμμα  'something tied'. Possible, but hypothetical.

XXXXXἁμωσγέπως 'in some way'.

    *ETYM From ἅμως γέ πως. See ▶︎ ἁμό-.

XXXXX᾿

XXXXXἄμωτον = καστάνειον. Ξ-μότα. uy

XXXXXἄν [pcl.] modal particle (IA, Arc.). «Ὧν

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    *ETYM The identification with the questioning particle Lat. an, Go. an (see Lee  Am/JPh. 88 (1967): 45ff.) becomes superfluous because of the ingenious connection  with κείν), which derives from *ken. We have to assume that "οὐ kav < *Hoiu ky was  analyzed as οὐκ av; see Forbes Glotta 37 (1958): 179-182.

XXXXXἀνά [prep.] 'up along' (1].). <1£ *h2en- 'up, on high'>

    *VAR With elision and apocope ἄν, ἀν; adverbial ἄνα.

    *DIAL Myc. a-na-ke-e /an-age'en/ [inf.]; perhaps /an6-/, in a-no-qa-si-a /and-g*asia/  'expedition (?), etc. Lesb.,, Thess., Arc. and Cypr. have ov, giving bv- in Arc. and  Cypr., cf. Ruijgh Lingua 25 (1970): 309.

    *DER Adverb ἄνω, whence ἄνωθεν, ἀνωτέρω, ἀνωτάτω; on -w see Schwyzer: 550.

    *ETYM On the use of ἀνά, see DELG. It is an old adverb, also found in Iranian and  Germanic: Av. ana, OP ana 'upwards, along'; Go. ana, OHG an(a), OE on 'on, at'. Perhaps also in Lat. an-hélare, an-testari , Arm. am-bafnam 'to raise', etc. It is  doubtful that Skt. dnu 'along' derives from *h,enu.

XXXXXἀναγαλλίς, -ίδος >ayadiic.

XXXXXἀνάγκη [f.] 'force, necessity' (IL). <?>

    *VAR ἀναγκαίη CI.) cf. Schwyzer: 469

    *DER ἀναγκαῖος 'constrained, forced', also 'related by kinship' (since II.), whence ἀναγκαιότης [f.] 'kinship' (Att, Hell.), also 'necessity (S. E.); ἀναγκαιώδης  'indispensable' (ἀναγκαιωδέστερα sch.). Denominative verb: ἀναγκάζω [v.] 'to force,  compel' (IA, not in Hom.), whence ἀνάγκασμα 'means of coercion' (J.); ἀναγκαστήρ  'coercer' (Amorgos), ἀναγκαστήριος 'compelling' (Ὁ. H.); ἀναγκαστικός 'id' (PL,  Arist.). κατανάγκη kind of vetch, 'Ornithopus compressus', used in making philtres.

    *ETYM The word has been compared with Celtic words for 'necessity, fate' (Olr. écen,  W angen), which may go back to *ank- < *h,enk-, and also the Germanic group of  OHG ahta, MoHG Acht 'outlawry'. However, Matasovié 2008 s.v. *anku-  reconstructs the Celtic group as belonging to *neku- 'violent death'. NPhr. avaveat  has an uncertain meaning and possibly a Greek loanword. Oettinger 1979: 175f. argued for the connection with Hitt. henkan- 'death' (with he- < *h,é- by Eichner's  Law), but acc. to Kloekhorst 2008 s.v. hai(n)k-", the -e- must go back to a  diphthong. It is not excluded that ἀνάγκη is a substrate word; for the field of meaning, cf. ▶︎ ὕβρις, which has no good etymology either.

XXXXXἀνάγυρος [m.] 'stinking bean-trefoil, Anagyris foetida' (Ar.) <?>

    *VAR -ἰς [m.], also ὀνόγυρος (Nic.), where folk etymology after ὄνος (Stromberg  1940: 155) is improbable, as ἀνα- is very common in Greek.

    *DER Thence the Attic deme Avayupoic (Ar., Pl.).

    *ETYM Unknown. The form with ὀνο- might point to a substrate word, as αἱ o is  frequent in such words. Amigues RPh. 73 (1999): 147-154 starts from MLat. faba  inversa 'inverted bean' and connects it with γυρός (CEG 6). ᾿    ἀναίνομαι --αἶνος.

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ἀναισιμόω --αἷσα, ἀνακάρδιον --κάρδαμον.

XXXXXἀνακῶς [4ἀν.] 'attentively, heedfully' (Hdt.). « GR>

    *VAR  Only in ἀνακῶς ἔχειν τινός 'to pay attention to sth'.

    *ETYM From *dvakdwe, adverb of *ava-Kdoc, which is a verbal adjective from *ava-  κοέω 'to look after'; see ▶︎ κοέω. Cf. ἀμνο-κῶν 'simpleton', literally 'sheep-minded'  (Ar.) < Γἀμνο-κόων.

XXXXXἀνακωχή --'ἀνοκωχή.

XXXXXἀναλεῖ [v.] - σχολάζει, Ταραντῖνοι 'is at leisure (Tarantian)' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. Latte corrects it to ἀναλεαίνει 'to brush, crush' (highly uncertain,  see DELG).

XXXXXἀνάλίσκω [v.] 'to use up, spend, consume' (A.). <GRF

    *VAR Fut. dvaAwow, aor. ἀνήλωσα, new present ἀνάλόω.

    *DER ἀνάλωσις 'expenditure, consumption' (Thgn.), ἀνάλωμα 'id' (Att), ἀνήλωμα  (pap., inscr.); secondary simplex ἄλωμα (Boeot.), see Fraenkel 1910: 119; diminutive  ἀναλωμάτιον (Ph., pap.). ἀναλωτής 'squanderer' (Pl.), whence ἀναλωτικός (PI, Ph.).

    *ETYM From *dva-fakiokw, originally 'to tear up'; cf. HG verzehren 'to consume'. See  ▶︎ ἁλίσκομαι.

XXXXXἄναλτος [adj.] 'insatiable' (Od.).

    *VAR Cf. ἄλτρον' μισθός 'reward' (H.); from 'what guarantees food' (DELG)?

    *ETYM Negative verbal adjective of the root seen in Lat. ald, Olr. alim, ON ala 'to  feed' and Go. alands τρεφόμενος, nourished', which in Greek only exists as a verbal  root in enlarged form: ▶︎ ἀλδαίνω, perhaps ▶︎ ἀλθαίνω. Perhaps ▶︎ νεᾶλής 'fresh, not  tired' is from the same root as well.

XXXXXἄναξ, -κτος [m.] 'lord, ruler' (IL). «Pcp

    *VAR  Voc. ἄνα (IL); plur. (ξ)άνακες name of the Dioskouroi (Hom.); fem. (F)dvacoa  < *wanak(t)-ia 'mistress' (IL).

    *DIAL Myc. wa-na-ka /wanaks/; wa-na-ka-te /wanaktei/; wa-na-ka-te-ro =  ξανάκτερος, -ov, with -tepoc indicating opposition like in ἀγρότερος, ὀρέστερος. wa-na-so-i /wanassoiin/ [dat.du.], also wa-na-se-wi-jo fwanass-éwios/, -e-wi-ja ἰ-  éwia/, of vases.

    *COMP Ἀναξαγόρας, εἰς, Ἱπτῶναξ, etc.

    *DER ἀναξία 'command, rule' (Pi, A.), which may also derive from ἀνάσσω; adjective  ἀνάξιος 'royal' (sch.). From (ξ)άνακες derives (F)avakeiov 'temple of the  Dioskouro? (Att, NWGr.), Ἀνάκεια [pl.] festival for the Dioskouroi (Lys.),

XXXXXἀνακώσιος [adj.] (Rhegion). Denominative ἀνάσσω [v.] 'to be lord, rule' (IL).

    *ETYM No IE etymology, and probably a substrate word. Are OPhr. vanaktei, NPhr. ovavaktav loans from Greek? The word is important for the interpretation of the  Myc. signs of the z- and s-series: is wa-na-s° derived from the stem in -kt-, or from  the stem in -k-? See Crespo Minos 19 (1985): 91-104, and Viredaz 1993. It is probable

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that the forms without -t- are younger, but see e.g. Ruijgh 1957: 112 and Ruijgh Lingua 25 (1970): 309ff.

XXXXXἀναξυρίδες [f.] 'long, wide trousers', worn by the Persians and other eastern peoples (Hdt.).

    *ETYM Persian loanword. Cf. R. Schmitt Glotia 49 (1971): 96.

XXXXXἀναξυρίς = ὀξαλὶς 'sour wine' (Dsc.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXἀναρίτης ⟹ νηρίτης.

XXXXXἀναρριχάομαι [v.] 'to climb with hands and feet' (Ar.). «ἡ

    *VAR Also ἀρριχάομαι (Hippon.); called obsolete by Lucian; perhaps shortened from  a&vapp-.

    *ETYM Unknown. See Solmsen I F 13 (1902/03): 132ff. and Ehrlich 1912: 53.

XXXXXἀνάρσιος [adj., m.] 'incongruous', hence 'strange, hostile' (IL.); equivalent of δυσμενής. < GRE

    *DER Cf. ἄρσιον' δίκαιον 'just, lawful' (H.), which is explained as a back-formation to  ἀνάρσιος (see Frisk 1941: 7).

    *ETYM Generally assumed to be a derivative of ▶︎ ἀραρίσκω 'not fitting'.

XXXXXἀνασταλύζω [v.] 'to burst into tears' (Anacr. 43, 4).

    *VAR ἀστυλάζει' λυπεῖ μετὰ κλαυθμοῦ 'grieves with weeping' (H.) probably stands  for "ἀσταλύζει.

    *ETYM Cf. ἀσταλύχειν (read -ὑζειν): ἀνα[β]λύζειν, κλαίειν 'weep' (H.), νεόσταλυξ:-  νεοδάκρυτος 'who just cried' (H.); cf. also στάλυξ, to be read for στάληξ in Zonar., =  σταλαγμός 'drop'. Cf. ▶︎ σταλάσσω, -άζω 'to drip, drop'. The suffix is also in other  words for 'crying εἴς; γρύζω, ἰύζω, dAoA Ku, ὀτοτύζω. The prothetic a- of ἀσταλυγ-  beside otdAvE could be a prothetic vowel; if so, this points to substrate origin.

XXXXXἀναστίδωνος [adj.] -ἀνατεταμιένος 'lifted up' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXἀνασυρτόλις = ovpw.

XXXXXἄνατεί = adw.

XXXXXἄναυρος [m.] 'torrent' (Mosch.); also a river name in Thessaly (Hes. Sc. 477) and Acarnania.

    *ETYM Kretschmer Glotta 10 (1920): 51ff. interpreted the word as 'waterless', from  the dried up river-bed in summer, comparing ἄναυρος; ὁ ἐξ ὑετῶν συνιστάμιενος  ποταμός 'iver arising out of heavy showers' (EM); see discussion on χαράδρα s.v. ▶︎ xepadoc. It was therefore analyzed as a privative dv- and a word for 'water', which  is not attested but supposed in ▶︎ A'yAaupoc (but see there), and further in θησαυρός  and Kévtavpoc (Kretschmer l.c.). The source name Atpa (Nonnos) was also  compared, and Krahe IF 48 (1930): 216 connected it with Italic (Illyrian?) HNs like  Metaurus, Pisaurus, as well as HNs like Avara, Avantia (Krahe Beitr. z. Namenforsch.

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4 (1953): 49 and 115). Having thus been etymologized, the second element was further compared with Skt. var(i) and the Gm. group of ON aurr [m.] 'whet, water' (Pok. 8of.), but since that root contains no initial laryngeal, it could never yield Gr. av-. No doubt, the word is non-Greek, and probably non-lE (if the connection with Krahe's river names is correct). The assumption of a privative ἀν- is highly improbable; such assumptions are due to the desire to interpret everything as Greek and as Indo- European as possible, even when all facts point in a different direction. The further comparison with HNs without -r- in Fur.: 230 is doubtful.

XXXXXἁνδάνω [v.] 'to please' (1].); used in a political context as 'it pleased the people (to decide), hence 'to decide'. <1E *sueh,d->

    *VAR Aor. ἁδεῖν (Aeol. εὔαδον in Hom.), perf. ada. Present also Att. ▶︎ ἥδομαι.

    *DIAL Dor. ἀδάνω should perhaps be assumed on the basis of ἀδάνοντα' ἀρέσκοντα  'pleasing' (H.); Baunack Phil. 70 (1911): 353; cf. ληθάνω.

    *COMP αὐθάδης (see s.v.).

    *DER ἅδος 'decision, resolution' (Halic., Thasos), ἅδημα: ψήφισμα 'decree, law' (H.);  also μάδιξις in γάδιξις: ὁμολογία and ἄδιξις: ὁμολογία napa Ταραντίνοις 'agreement  (Tarantian)' (H.) (to "ξαδίζομαιλ

    *ETYM The initial f- is seen in Aeol. evade, Cret. fade < PGr. *e-swad-e and in Locr. Εεραδηφότα. The root is that of ▶︎ ἥδομαι, ▶︎ ἡδύς; see also ▶︎ αὐθάδης. Sanskrit has  svddati 'to make savory', which derives from *suh,-y-d- acc. to LIV, but is rather  from *sueh,d-e- with loss of laryngeal per Lubotsky's Law (Lubotsky MSS 40 (1981):  133). The factitive in Lat. sudade6 'to advise, recommend' is reminiscent of the Greek  meaning 'to decide'.

XXXXXἄνδηρα [n.pl.] 'raised bank of a river or ditch; dike, border of the sea, seed-bed' (Hyp.).

    *VAR Rarely sing. ἄνδηρον.

    *DER ἀνδηρευτής 'workman employed on dikes' (pap.).

    *ETYM Neumann 1961: 91 points to the fact that many words connected with  irrigation look non-Indo-European: beside ἄνδηρα, he mentions ἄρδω 'to irrigate'  and γοργύρα 'underground drain'. Fur. 204" thinks that -npov is a non-IE suffix. Ibid. 347, he compares the Thracian place name "Evénpov, but there is little support  for this.

XXXXXἄνδινος [m.]? + περίπατος (cod. περὶ παντός) 'walking about' (H.); acc. to Hemsterhuis, «παρὰ Ταραντίνοις» from the following line belongs in this gloss too. <?>

    *DER ἀνδινίω (cod. avadiviw) περιπατῶ 'to walk up and down' (H.) is Doric.

    *ETYM Uncertain. On Illyrian and Messapian hypotheses, see Frisk s.v. Alternatively,  is it from δινέω (s.v. ▶︎ δίνη)ξ See Forssman 1966: 6if.

XXXXXἀνδράποδον [n.] 'prisoner of war sold as a slave, slave' (Il.); on the spread of the word see Kretschmer Glotta 18 (1930): 76.

    *DER Diminutive ἀνδραπόδιον (Hyp., Diph., pap.). Adjective ἀνδραποδώδης 'slave-  like' (PL, Arist.), whence ἀνδραποδωδία 'servile attitude' (Arist. Plu.). Denominative

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verb ἀνδραποδίζω, -opat [v.] 'to enslave, sell as slaves' (IA); thence ἀνδραπόδισις 'enslavement' (Xen.), -ἰσμός 'id? (Att.). ἀνδραποδιστής 'slave trader' (Att.); ἀνδραποδιστικός 'ptng. to slave trade' (PI, Eup.); ἀνδραποδιστήριος 'id' (Tz.).

    *ETYM The plural ἀνδράποδα 'of whom only the feet are human' is original; this  form was modelled after τετράποδα 'quadruped' and is originally a consonant stem  (cf. [dat.pl] ἀνδραπόδεσσι [H 475]). From ἀνδράποδα, the thematic sing. ἀνδράποδον was derived. See Wackernagel KZ 30 (1890): 298 and Leumann 1950:  157f. On the -a-, see Bader RPh. 43 (1969): 31.

XXXXXἀνδράχνη [f.] plant name 'Portulaca oleracea', also 'Sedum stellatum' (Thphr.).

    *VAR  With dissimilation ἀνδράχλη (Thphr.); also ἄνδραχνος [f.] (Paus.).

    *ETYM Fur: 288 compares ἀθραγένη, which is formally quite acceptable, ice. *(ay"trak(V)n/I-, with metathesis of aspiration (1977, 393), variation n/ I (388), the  common phenomenon of prenasalization, and anaptyxis of ε. Substrate origin is  probable anyhow.

XXXXXἀνδρεϊφόντῃ [adj.] in Ἐνυαλίῳ ἀ. (B 651). 41E *h,nr-g'on-teh,- 'man-slayer'>

    *ETYM The epithet was changed after ▶︎ ἀργεϊφόντης: it should be read as ἀνγφοντ-  'slaying men', with an extremely old zero grade of *h,nr-. Cf. ▶︎ ἀνδροτής, and see R. Schmitt 1967: 124f.

XXXXXἀνδριάς -οἀνήρ.

XXXXXἈνδρομάχη [f.] the wife of Hektor (1].λ.

    *ETYM Called this way because her husband is a famous warrior. Likewise, Hektor's    son has the name Ἀστυάναξ ('ruler, protector of the city'), after his father's deeds. See Kretschmer Glotta 12 (1923): 103.

XXXXXἀνδρόμητον - συσπαστόν ἐγχειρίδιον τραγικόν 'stage-dagger (in tragedy)' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM A Tarentine gloss; see Latte. DELG derives the word from ἀνά and δρόμος,  which seems doubtful;the structure remains unclear.

XXXXXἀνδροτής [m.] 'manhood, strength' (IT 857, etc.).

    <IE *h,ner- 'man'>

    *ETYM ἀνδροτήτα only fits the hexameter if it is read *anytata, with old vocalic *-y. Arguments in favor of the antiquity of this epithet are found in Ruijgh 1995: 85-91. Arguments against this interpretation were developed by Berg following Tichy  Glotta 59 (1981): 55.

XXXXXἄνεμος [m.] 'wind' (IL). <1E *h,enh,-mo- 'wind'>

    *DIAL Myc. (KN) a-ne-mo (i-je-re-ja) /anem6n (Miereia)/.

    *COMP νηνεμίη 'calm' < *y-h,n-, see on ▶︎ νήνεμος.

    *DER ἠνεμόεις 'windy' (epic poet.), metrically lengthened; ἀνεμώλιος 'idle, useless'  (1).), after ἀποφώλιος (Bechtel 1914, Chantraine 1933: 43; Risch 1937: 122 reminds of  ἀπατήλιος); see on μεταμώνιος. Further ἀνεμώδης 'windy' (Hp., Arist. Hell.);  ἀνεμιαῖος 'windy, vain' (Pl, com. Alciphr.), after adjectives of measure in -1aioc?  ἀνεμώτας: ὄνος ἄφετος, ἱερός, τοῖς ἀνέμοις θυόμενος ἐν Ταραντίνοις 'a donkey let  loose, sacred, being offered to the winds (Tarent.)' (H.); ἀνεμῶτις epithet of Athena

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(who calms the wind; Paus.). ἀνεμία 'flatulence' (Hp.); on ν ἀνεμώνη sv. Denominative verbs: ἀνεμόομαι 'to be(come) inflated' (Hp., Pl.); ἀνεμίζομαι 'to be driven with the wind' (Ep. Jak.).

    *ETYM Gr. ἄνεμος agrees with Lat. animus < *anamo-; Skt. dnila- [m.] 'wind, air' has  -lo-. Further, Arm. hotm 'wind' arose by dissimilation of n--m and has o-vocalism. This may point to an original m-stem nom. *h,onh,-m, obl. *h.nh,-em-. The verbal  root *h,enh,- is present in Skt. dniti 'breathes', Olr. anaid, -ana 'to wait, remain' and  in Go. us-anan 'to exhale' a different present formation is in PTo. *anask- < QIE  *h,enh,-ske/o-. See ▶︎ ἄσθμα, ▶︎ ἄνται.

XXXXXἀνεμώνη [f.] the plant 'anemone' (Cratin.).

    *DER ἀνεμωνίς [f.] = ἀνεμώνη ἥμερος (Nic.).

    *ETYM Derivation from ἄνεμος is supported by Strémberg 1940: 77. An improbable  Semitic etymology was proposed by Lewy 1895: 49. It is more likely a loanword,  perhaps from the substrate.

XXXXXἀνενετεῖ [v.] - ἀρνεῖται 'denies' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Acc. to von Blumenthal 1930: 34, we should read "ἀναινετεῖ (cf. ἀναίνομαι); or  is it rather misspelled for ἀναίνεταιξ

XXXXXἄνευ [adv.] 'far from, without' (IL).

    *DIAL ἄνευν (Epidauros), ἄνευς (Olympia), dwc (Megara apud Ar.); cf. χωρίς.

    *DER dvevOe(v) (IL) and ἀπάνευθεν.

    *ETYM No exact correspondence exists. ἄνευ looks like the old locative of a u-stem. The comparison with Germanic forms like Go. inu 'without' < *enu and OHG anu  'id' « *énu cannot explain the Greek ἀ- (the suggestion that the Germanic forms  contain a lengthened grade *h,én(e)u- (Nikolaev 2007: 165) is morphologically  unwarranted, and Eichner's Law that long vowels are not colored by an adjacent  laryngeal is unacceptable). A better comparison is with Skt. sanutdr 'away, off, aside' < *sen(H)u-ter (or *snHu-  2), Lat. sine 'without' < *seni < *snH-i, and ToA sne, ToB snai < *snH-i. Thus, the  Greek form could be from *snh,-eu > *saneu. In this case, ἄνευ must be a psilotic  form. Within Greek, ▶︎ ἄτερ may be cognate, but it would exclude a root-final  laryngeal. I have no solution for this problem.

XXXXXἀνεψιός [m.] 'cousin' (IL).

    <IE *(h, )nepot- 'grandson'>

    *DER Secondary fem. ἀνεψιά 'id' (Isoc., X.). Further ἀνεψιαδοῦς [m.] 'cousin's son'  (com., D.), cf. ἀδελφιδοῦς; also ἀνεψιάδης (Pachnemunis, Iamb.), to which ἀνεψιαδῆ  'cousin's daughter' (Ar.). aveytdtng, -ητος [f.] 'cousinhood' (P1.).

    *ETYM Corresponds with Av. naptiia- 'descendant' and OCS netii 'nephew', derived  from the word for 'grandson, nephew' seen in Skt. ndpat, Lat. nepds, etc. The ἀ- can  be *h,, but possibly represents *sm-, expressing the reciprocity of the relation  (Benveniste 1969(1): 234). Not related to ▶︎ νέποδες.

XXXXXἄνεῳ, ἄνεω [adv] 'silent(ly) (IL), a predicate of plural subjects except in w 93 dvew ἧστο. «σῇ»

    *VAR Recent ἄνεως: ἄφωνος 'mute' (Gal. Lex. Hp.).

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    *COMP ἀνεοστασίη: θάμβος 'amazement' (H.).

    *ETYM Eust. ad Ψ 93 takes the form as an adverb (perhaps Aristarchus as well, see  Buttmann 1825(2): 2); the notation with - was supposed to be due to the  interpretation as an adjective with plural subjects. Acc. to traditional interpretation  (see Chantraine 1942: 249), it is an old instrumental in -w. However, Peters 1993b:  8sff. asserts that it is an occidental Ionic form continuing *an-dwo- 'without voice'  (with quantitative metathesis), for which he compares the gloss ἄβα- βοή. The form  ἄνεῳ is the original nom.pl., while dvew arose by reanalysis as an adverb.

XXXXXἄνηθον [n.] 'dill, Anethum Graveolens' (Aeol., Att.).

    *VAR Also ἄννηθον (Ar.); ἄνητον (Alc.), ἄννητον (Thphr.).

    *DER ἀνήθινος 'made of dilP (Theoc., Dsc.), ἀνηθίτης οἶνος (Gp.).

    *ETYM Cf. λάπαθον and other plant names in -θον (-80c¢) (Chantraine 1933: 368). The  word is Egyptian, acc. to Hemmerdinger Glotta 46 (1968): 240. Fur. 254 compares  ▶︎ ἄννησον; for the equation, cf. the gloss s.v. ▶︎ ἄνθρυσκον. On the gemination, see  ibid. 387; for variation 0/o, see ibid. 253ff.

XXXXXἀνήνοθεν [v.] 'gushed forth, mounted up' (A 266, p 270). <?>

    *ETYM The relation of this form to ἐπ-εν-ήνοθε and παρ-εν-ήνοθε is unclear, and  therefore the etymology uncertain. See ▶︎ ἐνθεῖν; not related to ▶︎ ἄνθος. Nikolaev  2007: 1655 assumes a root *h,ned*- 'to move/stick out' [not in LIV'], but the  Schwebeablaut makes connection with ἄνθος improbable.

XXXXXἀνηπελίη -ονηπελέω.

XXXXXἀνήρ [m.] 'man' (11...

    *VAR Gen. ἀνδρός, acc. ἄνδρα (analogical; Hom. has the old form ἀνέρα < *h.ner-m,  whence gen. ἀνέρος, etc.).

    *DIAL Myc. a-di-ri-ja-te /andriantei/, a-di-ri-ja-pi /andrian(t)p*i/, A-ta-no (see below  on compounds).

    *COMP As a first member dvdpo-: -κμητος, -Ktacia; on ▶︎ ἀνδράποδον s.v. As a  second member -ἥνωρ, eg. ῥηξ-, φθεισ- (Hom.); in PNs Ἀγ-ήνωρ, Myc. A-ta-no  /Antanor/; fem. ἀντι-άνειρα, κυδι-άνειρα; as a second member -ἀνδρος in ἄν-  avdpoc, \-avdpoc; PNs especially in Asia Minor and Cyprus: Ἡγήσ-ανδρος, Tépn-;  Hom. Ἀλέξ-,

    *DER Diminutive ἀνδρίον (com.), whence (with an unclear suffix -nt-) ἀνδριάς,  -dvtog 'statue' (Pi. IA). avdpic [f.] 'woman' (Sm.); avdp(e)wv [m.] 'men's room'  (Hdt.), ἀνδρώνιον (Delos) and ἀνδρωνῖτις 'id.' (Lys., X.). Abstracts: ἀνδρεία (-nin, -ia) 'manliness, courage' (A.); ἀνδροτής, -τῆτος 'id.' (Π 857,  Q 6), on which see Ruijgh 1995: 88ff.; ἠνορέη 'id.' (Hom.) for Aeolic ἀνορέα < *-pia,  perhaps from a compound, cf. ebavopia (Pi.). Thence ἀνόρεος (S.). Adjectives: ἀνδρεῖος (Ion. avdpriioc, cf. Chantraine 1933: 52, Schwyzer: 468 : 3)  'manly, courageous', whence ἀνδρειόω [v.] 'to make courageous' (LXX); ἀνδρικός 'of  the man, manly' (Att.), ἀνδρόμεος 'human' (II.), with -μεος = Skt. -maya- (Ὁ);  ἀνδρώδης 'manly' (Emp.).

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Denominative verbs: ἀνδρόομαι [v.] 'to become a man' (Hdt., Ηρ., E.), -όω 'to turn into a man (trans.)' (Lyc.); ἀνδρύνομαι [v.] 'to become a man' (Ps. Callisth.);

XXXXXἀνδρίζομαι [v.] 'to become a man, represent a man' (Att.), -i{w 'to turn into a man (trans.y (X.).

    *ETYM ἀνήρ is identical with Arm. ayr, gen. afn 'man', Skt. nd, obl. ndr-, NPhr. avap,  Italic ner- in Osc. nerum 'virorum', Lat. Neré (Sabellic), W ner 'chief, and Alb. njeri  'human being, person'. The gloss ▶︎ vwpei does not belong here.

XXXXXἄνθεμον ~dv8oc.

XXXXXἀνθερεών

    *VAR ἀνθέριξ. = ἀθήρ.

XXXXXἀνθίας, -ου [π1.] a fish, 'Labrus anthias' (Anan.). <?>

    *ETYM Connected with ἄνθος 'flower' by Strémberg 1943: 26 because of its color;  Thompson 1947 s.v. differs on this.

XXXXXἄνθος [n.] 'flower' (IL). <1£? *h,end"- 'sprout'>

    *DER 1. Substantives. Diminutives ἀνθύλλιον (M. Ant. Dsc.), also a plant, like  ἀνθυλλίς (Dsc.) and ἄνθυλλον (Ps.-Dsc.); ἀνθήλιον v.1. for ἀνθύλλιον (Dsc. 3, 156; 4,  121), also = κανθήλιον (Charax); ἀνθάλιον a plant, cf. Chantraine 1933: 74; avOdpiov-  ἐρύθημα 'redness, blush' (H.). Further ἀνθήλη 'a crown of flowers' (Thphr.), or from ἀνθέωξ Thence ἀνθηλᾶς [m.]  'flower trader' vel sim.; ἀνθεών [m.] 'flowerbed' (Amasia), ἀνθών (gloss.).

XXXXXἀνθηδών [f.] 'bee' (cf. ἀνθρηδών and Chantraine 1933: 361), also a plant. ἀνθοσύνη 'Bliite' (AP). On ▶︎ ἀνθίας see there. Ἀνθεστήρια [n.pl.) 'spring festival' (IA), see Chantraine 1933: 63, Schwyzer: 470), month name Ἀνθεστηριών. Independent formation ἄνθεμον [n.] 'flower, rosette' (Sappho); acc. to Frisk, it cannot be a recent back-formation (as per Leumann 1950: 249ff.), as there are many derivatives; for the formation cf. ἄργεμον and Chantraine 1933: 132, Ruijgh 1957: 1oaf. Thence ἀνθεμώδης 'rich in flowers' (poet. since Sappho), ἀνθεμωτός 'id.' (Attica), ἀνθεμίς plant name, also 'little flower' (Nic.), ἀνθεμίσιον plant name (Alex. Trall.), ἀνθέμιον 'blossom' (X., Thphr.); Hom. PNs AvOepiwv and Ἀνθεμίδης (acc. to Leumann lc.), TN Ἀνθεμοῦς (Macedonia). Derived poetic verbs ἀνθεμίζομαι and ἐπανθεμίζω (A, 5. [lyr.]). 2. Adjectives: ἄνθινος 'made of flowers, variegated' (1 84, Hp., Arist.); ἀνθηρός 'rich in flowers, metaph. 'fresh, lush' (S., E., Ar. etc.) is rather from av0éw (Chantraine 1933: 232). Other adjectives are isolated and late (see Frisk). 3. Verb ἀνθέω 'to bloom, blossom' (Od., IA), often metaph, thence ἄνθησις 'blossom' (Thphr., Plu.), 2&-avOéw, ἐξάνθησις (Hp. Th.) and ἐξάνθημα (Hp. Arist.). Backformation ἄνθη 'flowering' (PI, Nic. Ael.); verbal adj. ἀνθητικός = ἀνθικός (Thphr.). ἀνθίζω 'to cover with flowers, decorate', with several preverbs (Hdt,, S., E., Arist.).

    *ETYM ἄνθος has been equated with Skt. dndhas- [n.] 'sprout of the soma plant', but  see the objections by Burrow Archiv. Linguist. 6 (1954): 61 and Chantraine. Uncertain  is the appurtenance of Alb. endé 'flour'; see Meyer 1891: 5. The word is perhaps also  related to Arm. and 'field'. The comparison with EFris. dndul 'marsh grass' and its

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XXXXXἀνθρηδών, -όνος 105 Germanic cognates does not inspire confidence. A connection with ▶︎ ἀνήνοθεν (Schwebeablaut *h,end"- : h,nod"-) is improbable.

XXXXXἄνθραξ, -ἄκος [m.] 'charcoal' (Ar.), metaph. 'carbuncle' (Arist.). 'ΑΒ Mostly plur. ἄνθρακες.

    *DER Many derivatives: diminutive ἀνθράκιον (Thphr.), ἀνθρακιά 'heap of coals' (I  213); ἀνθρακίας 'coal-man' (Luc.); ἀνθρακίτης [m.] name of a gem (Plin.), -ἴτις [f.]  'kind of coal' (Plin.); ἀνθρακών [m.] 'heap of coals' (Hdn.), ἀνθράκωμα 'id' (Dsc.);  ἀνθρακάριος: carbonarius (gloss.). Adjectives: ἀνθρακώδης 'like charcoal' (Hp.,  Arist.), ἀνθρακηρός 'of charcoal' (Alex., Delos), ἀνθράκινος 'of carbuncle' (LXX,  pap.). Denominative verbs: 1. ἀνθρακόομαι 'to be burnt to coals' (A. E., Thphr.), 'to  develop an ulcer' (Aét.); thence ἀνθράκωσις 'carbonization' (Dsc.), also 'ulcer' (Paul. Aeg, Gal). 2. ἀνθρακεύω 'to burn charcoal, carbonize' (Ar, Thphr.); deverbal  ἀνθρακεύς 'charcoal burner' (App., Aesop., Them.; φιλανθρακεύς already in Ar.);  ἀνθρακευτής 'id. (And, Ael.), avOpakeia 'carbonization' (Thphr.). 3. ἀνθρακίζω 'to  roast on charcoal' (Ar., pap.); back-formation ἀνθρακίδες 'small fish for roasting'  (Philyll.); cf. ἐπανθρακίδες 'id' (Ar.) to ἐπανθρακίζω.

    *ETYM One compares Arm. ant'el 'charcoal', and further Georg. *nt' in v-a-nt"ab 'to  kindle' (Vogt NTS 9 (1962/63): 333), but the formations are different. Fur.: 197, 393  compares avépayAn 'warming-pan, brazier' (Eust.) (cf. ἀνθράκιον 'brazier'), and  furter (391) κάνδαρος' ἄνθραξ (H.), with the interchange k/ zero. Also note the suffix  -ak- (see Pre-Greek). Therefore, a substrate origin is clear; a comparison with Hitt. aant- 'warm is useless, as it does not explain the formation of the Greek word.

XXXXXἀνθρηδών, -όνος [f] 'hornet' (Ὁ. S.).

    *DER ἀνθρήνη [f.] 'bee, wasp' (Ar., Arist.); thence ἀνθρήνιον [n.] 'wasps' nest' (Ar.),  ἀνθρηνιώδηης 'built like a wasps' nest' (Plu.).

XXXXXἀνθηδών [f.] 'bee' Damocr. apud Gal.). Further > τενθρηδών [f.] (Arist., Dsc.), ▶︎ πεμφρηδών [f.] 'kind of wasp' (Nic.).

    *ETYM No doubt a substrate word. Beside ἀνθρηδών, ἀνθρήνη, we find τενθρηδών  (Arist.), τενθρήνη (Nic.); τενθρήνιον (Arist.). There are several forms which lack the  first nasal: τεθρηνιώδης (Hp.), ἀθρήνη (Suidas, etc.), and forms without  reduplication or initial a-, eg. θρήνη (Eust.) and θρηνώδης (Democr. apud Ael.). Cf. further θρῶναξ' κηφήν. Λάκωνες 'drone (Lacon.) (H.), though I know of no other  cases with the interchange 1)/ w. Further note πεμφρηδών [f.] a wasp (Nic.). In sum, we have a root 8pn/wv- with a prothetic vowel or reduplication (cf. κεκρύφαλος, Σίσυφος) and prenasalization; see Kuiper 1956: 221f. We may  reconstruct PG *(a)Ntran-, *ta-Ntran-. For the interchange v/ δ, we may perhaps  compare φληναφάω : φληδῶντα. Πεμφρηδών could show that the word had a  labiovelar (see Beekes Glotta 73 (1995-1996): 12f.). There is no ground to assume that  τενθρήνιη, τενθρηδών are dissimilated from ἔτερθρ-; relation to ἀθήρ, ἀνθέριξ is  improbable. Needless to say, the connection with ▶︎ θρέομαι, ▶︎ θόρυβος (Frisk)  makes no sense. τεθρηδών' πρωρεύς 'officer in command at the bow' (H.) is a joking

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formation from the language of sailors, modelled after animal names in -ηδών (see Chantraine 1933: 360f.). A difficult problem is the relation to Germanic and Balto-Slavic words for 'drone': OS dren, drano, MoHG Drohne, Lith. tra@nas; on this, see Kuiper 1956: 222.

XXXXXἄνθρυσκον [n.] 'chervil, Scandix australis' (Sapph.).

    *VAR  Also ἔνθρυσκον (Pherecr.).

    *DER ἀνθρίσκος [m.] (Pollux 6, 106); ἀνθρίσκιον: λάχανον ἔχον ἄνθος, ὡς ἄνηθον, ἢ  τὸ ἄννησον 'garden herbs, such as dill (H.).

    *ETYM No etymology. Connected with ἀθήρ, ἀνθέριξ because of the prickly fruits  (Frisk). Fur: 364 points to the interchange ι΄ v; for εἴ a, he considers the assimilation  a > € before / v, which is doubtful. He rejects θρύσκα' ἄγρια λάχανα 'wild herbs'    (H.) as a mistake for ἄνθρυσκα. Because of the variations, a substrate origin seems  certain.

XXXXXἄνθρωπος [m.] 'man' (II.). < PG(s)>

    *DIAL Myc. a-to-ro-go /ant"rdk'os/.

    *DER Diminutives, usually depreciatory: ἀνθρώπιον (E., com.), ἀνθρωπίσκος (E., Ar.,  Pl.), ἀνθρωπάριον (com.). Further derivatives: ἀνθρωπώ- ἡ γυνὴ παρὰ Λάκωσιν 'woman (Lacon.) (H.);  ἀνθρωπέη, -πῆ [f.] 'human skin' (Hdt, Poll.); ἀνθρωπότης [f.] 'humanity' (Ph., S. E.). Adjectives: ἀνθρώπειος 'human' (Ion. etc. -ἤϊος), ἀνθρώπινος 'id.' (IA),  ἀνθρωπικός 'id' (Pl, Arist.). Denominative verbs: 1. ἀνθρωπίζομαι 'to behave like a  man' (Ar., Luc.); thence ἀνθρωπισμός 'humankind' (Aristipp.); 2. ἀνθρωπεύομαι [v.]  'to behave like a man' (Arist.); 3. ἀνθρωπόομαι 'to be human' (Plu.).

    *ETYM ἄνθρωπος resembles Hitt. antuuahhas- / antuhs- 'man', but it has nothing to  do with it, as the latter derives from a compound *h,en-d"u(e)h,-s- 'having  breath/spirit inside' (cf. θυμός < *d'uh,-mé-). As no IE explanation has been found,  the word is probably of substrate origin. The occurrence of -ο4- in Mycenaean does  not prove Indo-European origin, as the substrate language also had labiovelars (e.g. βασιλεύς, Myc. qa-si-re-u). Kuiper had already given a substrate interpretation on  the basis of dowy (Kuiper 1956: 211 and Kuiper Lingua 21 (1968): 275f., defended by  Beekes Glotta 73 (1995-1996): 13-15). Rosén KZ 99 (1986): 243f,, incorrectly assumes  that the laryngeals had an aspirating effect. Improbable suggestions are offered by  Ruijgh Lingua 25 (1970): 312 and Szemerényi Gnomon 43 (1971): 655f.

XXXXXἀνία [f.] 'grief, distress' (Od.). <?>

    *VAR  Att. either i or i; Hom. always -ἴη. ἄνια [n.pl.] 'id? (A. Pers. [lyr.]) is taken to be  a back-formation after e.g. φιλία: φίλιος.

    *DIAL Aeol. ὀνία (Sappho 1, 3).

    *DER ἀνιαρός, -ηρός (Od., IA) 'uncomfortable, grievous'. Denominative verbs: dviaw  'to grieve, distress' (Od., IA); also ἀνιάζω (epic since I].).

    *ETYM The connection with Skt dmiva [f.] 'disease, pain' requires an unwarranted  dissimilation m - y > n -- u, and should be rejected. Kuiper AION 1 (1959): 157ff. assumes a pre-from *an-is-ya < *y-is-io-, from the root of Skt. is- 'to desire',  comparing Skt. an-ista- 'unwished for'.

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As remarked by Nikolaev 2006, derivation from h,eis- 'to search' is semantically not very convincing. He proposes instead to connect the root h,eis(h,)- 'to refresh, εἰς. reconstructing y-(h,jis(h,)-iio- (sic!). The suffix -ijo- is assumed to explain the length of i, but a collective #-His-ih, > PGr. *anihja would do better both formally and semantically (the transition to a feminine is trivial). The reflex of the vocalized nasal in Aeolic is debated: see the discussion by Nikolaev (ibid.: fn. 21), who adduces a suggestion by Bechtel that the PNs Παυσανίας and Λυσανίας contain the genuine Aeolic variant.

XXXXXἀνιγρός [adj.] 'unpleasant' (Nic.). <?>

    *VAR  ἀνιγρόν: ἀκάθαρτον, φαῦλον, κακόν, δυσῶδες, ἀσεβές 'foul, mean, bad,  malodorous, impure' (H.).

    *ETYM Unexplained. Connection with ▶︎ vitw is improbable, as this had a labiovelar    + ge ,

XXXXXἄννησον [n.] 'anise, Pimpinella Anisum' (Hp.).

    *VAR ἄνησον (ν... in codd.); ἄνησσον (Dsc.); ἄννησσον (inscr. Delos 115).

    *ETYM Probably the same word as ▶︎ ἄνηθον. The variation v/vv (perhaps also σ᾽σσ)  and the intervocalic -σ- demonstrate substrate origin.

XXXXXἀννίς [f.] - μητρὸς ἢ πατρὸς μήτηρ 'mother of one's mother or father' (H5 also IG 7, 3380 [Boeotia]).

    <IE *h,en- 'grandmother'>

    *VAR  ἀνώ in acc. dvwv (IG 9(2), 877 [Larisa]).

    *ETYM Perhaps an elementary formation, like Hitt. anna- 'mother'. However, Hitt. hanna- and Lyc. yfina- 'grandmother' have an initial laryngeal, like Arm. han  'grandmother', Lat. anna 'foster-mother' and OHG ana 'grandmother, ancestor'.

XXXXXἀνόκαιον - ὑπερῷον 'upper part of a house'. γράφεται kai ἀνώγειον (H.). = ἀνώγαιον.

XXXXXἀνοκωχή [f.] 'cessation', especially 'cessation of arms, truce' (Th.).

    *VAR Also ἀνακωχή.

    *DER Denominative ἀνοκωχεύω [v.] 'to hold back, hinder' (Hdt, S., etc.), also dvax-;  ἀνακωχέω (Hp.).

    *ETYM Reduplicated derivative of avéyw, like διοκωχή from διέχω; cf. ▶︎ ἀκώκη. The  form with dva- was introduced after the formation had become opaque. The  formation is clearly recent, as there is no trace of the initial aspiration (root *hek"-). See ▶︎ ἔχω.

XXXXXἀνόπαια [adv.]? hapax of uncertain mg. (a 320); also the mountain (in the Oeta) and the pass through which the Persians circumvented the pass of Thermopylae (Hdt. 7, 216). «ΟΕ»

    *VAR ἀνοπαῖα Hdn. 2, 133; ἀνόπαιος epithet of fire (Emp. 51), perhaps 'up by the hole  in the roof(?).

    *ETYM Already unclear in antiquity (see DELG). Bechtel 1914 thinks that it is a  hypostasis of ἀνὰ τῇ ὀπῇ 'on high through the hole of the roof; Chantraine thinks it  must be an adverb (ntr.plur.) because of the short -a.

XXXXXἄντα [adv.] 'over against, face to face' (II.). <1E *h.ent- 'face'>

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    *VAR Also ἄντην.

    *DER ἀντἄάεις 'hostile' (Pi.). Denominative verb ἀντάω 'to come towards, meet with'  (1).); ἀπ-αντάω 'to meet' (IA), ἀπάντησις 'encounter' (S., Arist.) and ἀπάντημα 'id?  (E., LXX).

    *ETYM The root noun *dvt- gave rise to a derivative dvtopat 'to meet, implore' (Il.). ἄντα is the accusative of this noun; the locative is ▶︎ ἀντί, and the old instrumental  *h.nt-b'i is continued in ▶︎ ἀμφί; see there for further etymology. ἄντην was perhaps  formed after δήν, πλήν, etc; the case form is still apparent in €vavta = ἐν ἄντα, etc. For the meaning, we may compare especially Go. and(a)- 'against', Lith. afit and  OLith. anta 'towards'.

XXXXXἄνται [f.pl.] - ἄνεμοι 'winds' (H.). IE? *h,ueh,- 'blow'> 'ΝΑΙ ἀντάς: πνοάς 'breezes, breaths' (H.).

    *ETYM To be corrected to ἀῆται, ἀήτας Derivation from *h,enh,- 'breathe' (see  > ἄνεμος) is impossible, as this would give *avetat < *h,enh,-t- or "ἄται < *hagh,t-). See discussion on ἀήτης s.v. ▶︎ ἄημι.

XXXXXἀντακαῖος [m.] a kind of sturgeon (Hdt.).

    *VAR Also adjectival (Antiph.).

    *ETYM Unknown. Probably an adapted foreign word; cf. Hdt. 4, 53: κήτεά te μεγάλα  ἀνάκανθα, τὰ ἀντακαίους καλέουσι (the fish is found in the Borysthenes = Dniepr).

XXXXXἄνταρ [n.] - ἀετὸς ὑπο Τυρρηνῶν 'eagle (Etruscan). Εὐφορίων δὲ δίασμα 'warp' (H.) <Etr., GR?

    *ETYM These are clearly two glosses. The first is Etruscan; for the second, cf. ἀντίον  '(part of the) loom', so it probably derives from avt- in ἀντί etc., with the inanimate  suffix -ap (or from ▶︎ dpapioxw?).

XXXXXἀντάτας m. 'surety, guarantor (Cretan)'.

    *ETYM Lit. 'who pays (gets the damage, ἄτη) for another'; see Kretschmer Glotta 18  (1930): 91.

XXXXXἀντήρης [adj.] 'set over against, opposite' (S.).

    *ETYM From ἀνταείρω 'to raise against', thus "ἀντ("-ἀρέρ-ης (cf. "ἥξελιος > ἤλιος),  acc. to Blanc RPh. 66 (1992): 247-254.

XXXXXἀντηρίς, -ίδος [f.] 'prop, support' (E.).

    *VAR  ἀντήριος: στήμων, καὶ κανὼν ὁ προσκείμενος τῇ θύρᾳ 'warp; bar placed on a  door' (H.).

    *ETYM Backformation from dvtepeidw 'to lean against', with lengthening of the  initial root vowel, and reshaping of -ρειδ- after the suffix -15- (as in ἐγκρίς); cf. ἐγκλίς  to ἐγκλίνω, ἐμπίς to gunivw. For the formation in -ἰος, cf. παγίς : πάγιος, βωμίς :  βώμιος.

XXXXXἄντηστις [3] 'confronting', only in κατ᾽ ἄντηστιν θεμένη περικαλλέα δίφρον (υ 387). < GRE

    *ETYM From ἄντην ἵστασθαι, with ἄντη- as a first member. The second member is  the zero grade -ot- with suffixal -1-, cf. ἔξαστις < *€E-av-ot-ic¢. See Bechtel 1914 s.v.

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XXXXXἀντί [prep.] 'opposite, over against; instead of (II.). «18 *h,ent- 'front, face'>

    *DIAL Myc. a-ti-pa-mo /Antip*amos/, etc.

    *COMP ἔναντι, ἀπέναντι, κατέναντι (Dor., Hell.); ἀνάντης 'uphill, steep' (Hdt.); see  also ▶︎ dvtidveipa.

    *DER ἀντίος 'opposite, opposed to' (Il; Att. prose has ἐναντίος), thence ἀντιάδες  [f.pl.] 'tonsils' (medic.). Denominative ἀντιόομαι [v.] 'to oppose' (Hdt.). ἀντιάω 'to  come towards, participate, etc.' (epic Ion. poet.) was derived from the ntr.plur. ἀντία  [adv.] 'opposite'; post-Homeric is ἀντιάζω.

    *ETYM Identical with Skt. dnti 'facing', Lat. ante 'before', and Hitt. hanti 'opposite,  separate'. It is the old locative of a root noun preserved in Hitt. hant- 'front,  forehead'. Another case form of the same noun is ▶︎ ἄντα.

XXXXXἀντιάνειρα [f.] epithet of the Amazons (IL); further only in Pi. Ol. 12, 16, στάσις ἀντιάνειρα '(faction) in which man is set against man'.

    *ETYM Cf. κυδι-άνειρα and βωτι-άνειρα. The words is a compound from ἀντί and  ἀνήρ, with the original meaning 'a match for men' (cf. ἀντίθεος 'godlike'), but often  taken as 'hostile to men'.

XXXXXἀντικρύ [adv.] 'right opposite' (II).

    *VAR Att. ἄντικρυς, καταντικρύ (with stress after i802).

    *DIAL Att. kat-, an-avtpokv (IG 2, 1672: 25 and 1668: 88) perhaps from *avta-Kpv  (see Beekes and Cuypers below).

    *ETYM Assuming a compound with dvti- does not help much (the connection with  ἀντικρούω 'to come into collision' by Kretschmer Glotta 4 (1913): 356 is improbable,  as are other attempts). Beekes and Cuypers Mnem. 56 (2003) argue that the -v is  short, but metrically lengthened in Homer. The Attic form may have developed from avta-xpv with anticipation of the p and  assimilation a > o.

XXXXXἄντλος [m.] 'bilge-water' (Od.). <?>

    *DIAL Myc. a-ta-ra, a vase, has been interpreted as /antla/, but this may be doubted.

    *DER ἀντλία 'bilge-water, hold of a ship' (S. Ar.), 'container' (pap.), ἀντλίον 'id.'  (Ar.). Denominative verb ἀντλέω 'to bale out bilge-water, pump' (Hdt.); late verbal  nouns ἄντλησις, ἀντλησμός; ἄντλημα 'bucket'.

    *ETYM Connection with Lat. sentina 'bilge-water' (Solmsen 1909: 189; Chantraine  1933: 375), for which preforms "ἅντλος (psilosis) < *ép-OAo- are assumed, is  impossible in Indo-European terms, as *sm- would give ἁ-, not dv-. If reliable, the  Myc. form would exclude an original *s-. Quite convincing is the proposal by  Benveniste BSL 50 (1954): 39 to compare Hitt. han-' 'to draw water', although it  requires an unusual suffix -τλος (cf. DELG). This is accepted by both Puhvel HED  and Kloekhorst 2008 s.v. The comparsion with Lat. sentina remains tempting, but in  this case the word cannot be Indo-European, which seems quite well possible for a  technical term.

XXXXXἄντομαι -ο'ἄντα.

XXXXXἄντομος [π|.] 'country road? (Tab. Heracl. 1, 12), probably not 'palisade'. <?>

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    *VAR ἀντόμους' σκόλοπας. Σικελοί 'anything pointed (Siciliany (H.).

    *ETYM Explained as *avatopoc to ἀνατέμνω 'to cut open', but the semantics are not    very convincing. Hardly related to Lat. antemna 'yard' (as per von Blumenthal 1930:  16).

XXXXXἄντρον [n.] 'cave' (Od.).

    *DER ἀντρώδης 'with many caves' (X., Arist.), ἀντραῖος 'living in caves' (E.),

XXXXXἀντριάδες [f.pl] 'cave nymphs' (AP, Phryn.), cf. κρηνιάδες, ὀρεστιάδες, ἀντρηΐς [f.] 'living in caves' (Antip. Sid.).

    *ETYM Derivation of ἄντρον and Arm. ayr 'grotto' from a pre-form *antér (De  Lamberterie BSL 73 (1978): 243f.) is impossible, as was shown by Clackson 1994: 98. Connection with ἄνεμος (Schwyzer: 532) is formally impossible since the root is  dissyllabic *h,enh,-. Giannakis Glotta 76 (2000): 192-198 incorrectly explains the  form as from *anti-trh,-om, with the root *terh,- 'to cross'. The disappearance of *-ti-  and the loss of the laryngeal are both improbable. Lat. antrum is a loan from Greek. It is best to return to Chantraine 1933: 331 and assume a substrate word.

XXXXXἄντυξ, -γος [f.] 'edge, rim of anything round; rail of a chariot' (I1.), cf. Delebecque 1951: 177f. <?>

    *ETYM Previously explained as ἀνά plus a root noun -τυξ as belonging to τεύχω,  tetuketv. However, since these have -χ- or -«-, the etymology is highly questionable. The word resembles ▶︎ ἄμπυξ (gen. -koc), which has no etymology either; see also on  > καταῖτυξ, which is unclear as well.

XXXXXἄνυμι [v.] 'to effect, accomplish' (1].).

    *VAR  Thematic ἀνύω, aviw; "ἄνρω > ἄνω; enlarged with dental ἀνύτω, Att. ἀνύτω  (see Schwyzer: 704: 1), aor. ἤνυσα (secondary, see below), ἤνεσα (Strunk, below). Glosses kacdveic ἀνύεις, Λάκωνες (H.) < ἔκαθανεις; ἀανές: οὐ τελεσθησόμενον 'not  about to be fulfilled' (H.).

    *DIAL Myc. a-nu-to /Anutos/; a,-nu-me-no /"anumenos/.

    *DER ἄνυσις 'success, accomplishment' (epic poet., late prose), whence ἀνύσιμος  'successful (X. PL); ἄνυσμα 'id'? (sch.). ἀν-ἠνυ(σ)τος 'unfeasible, without end'  (Od.); from this ἀνυστός (av-) 'feasible' (E., X.), ἀνυ(σ)τικός 'effective' (X., Arist.).

XXXXXἀνυτής = Lat. exactor (Just.).

    *ETYM ἄνυμι is related to Skt. sandti 'to win, obtain' < *sy-n-eu-. Acc. to Strunk 1967:  116, the aorist ἤνεσα < *senh,-s- is old and corresponds to Skt. asanisam. If this is  correct, Hitt. Sa(n)h-' 'to search, try, mean' < *senh,- cannot be related. Cf. also the  group of OHG sinnan 'to strive for'. See ▶︎ αὐθέντης.

XXXXXἄνωγα [v.] 'to command, order' (1].), perf. with present mg.

    *VAR Plpf. ἠνώγεα; secondary pres. ἀνώγω, aor. -Ea (Schwyzer: 767).

    *DIAL An Achaean word, see Ruijgh 1957: 128ff.

    *ETYM Originally, a compound ἄν-ωγα 'to proclaim loudly' < *-h,e-h,og-, ablauting  with ἡ 'he said' < *h,e-h,eg-t. Related to Lat. aid < *aig-io-H (probably from *h,g-, but  the development remains difficult; see Schrijver 1991: 485; adagid 'proverb' is  probably unrelated; see De Vaan 2008 s.v. aid). Also related to Arm. aac

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'proverbium', pres. asem 'say' (5 « g); Arm. a- < h,- before consonant would be regular. Hackstein 1995: 332-4 assumes initial h,- because of ToB aksdm, but his connection with Gr. ▶︎ ἄζω is improbable; this is followed by LIV' s.v. h,eg- 'sagen'. Cf. > ἡμί.

XXXXXἀνώγαιον [n.} 'anything raised from the ground' (X.), 'prison'.

    *VAR Also ἀνάγαιον and ▶︎ ἀνόκαιον.

    *ETYM Clearly a compound of γῆ with ἄνω. See ▶︎ γῆ.

XXXXXἀξίνη [f.] 'axe' (11... δίστομος πέλεκυς 'two-edged axe' (H.).

    *ETYM Compared with Lat. ascia 'axe' and Germanic words for 'axe', Go. aqizi, etc.,  but this does not lead to an IE reconstruction. Ruijgh BiOrbis 54 (1997): 540' notes  that -in- is a typical substrate suffix, and that the sign for a in Linear B is a double  axe. Szemerényi Gnomon 43 (1971): 656 remarks that Akk hassinu and Aram. hassind are so close that they must be the same word. I propose that the Semitic and  Greek words are loans from an Anatolian language.

XXXXXἄξιος [adj.] 'worth' (IL). <1E? *h.eg- 'carry'>

    *DER Abstract ἀξία 'value, wages' (IA). Denominative ἀξιόω, -όομαι [v.] 'to deem  worthy, esteem; require' (S., IA); thence ἀξίωμα 'estimation, requirement, decree,  etc. (Att, Hell.), diminutive ἀξιωμάτιον (Arr.), adjective ἀξιωματικός 'high in rank'  (Hell.); ἀξίωσις 'valuation, assessment, opinion' (Hdt,, ΤΉ. E.).

    *ETYM Generally assumed to be derived from ἄγω in the sense of 'to weigh' (cf. Lat. agina), perhaps first from "ἄξις 'weight'. Some doubts remain, as no such derivative  in -ti- is known from ἄγω, and the semantics are not really strong.

XXXXXἀξουγγία -οὀξύγγιον.

XXXXXἄξων, -ονος [m.] 'axle, axis' (1].). <IE *heks-»

    *DIAL Myc. a-ko-so-ne /aksones/.

    *ETYM Old noun, also found in Skt. dksa- [m.], Lat. axis, Lith. asis, OCS osv; OHG ahsa [f.], all 'axle, axis'. Derivatives in -ἰ- are found in ON gxull [m.], W echel [f.],  Lat. dla 'arm-pit, wing' < *aks-la (cf. axilla). The word has been connected with ἄγω  (Benveniste 1935: 7, 24, 121), but this is uncertain. It is improbable that ἄξων is  contained in ▶︎ ἅμαξα.

XXXXXἄοζος [m.] 'servant (of a gady (A. Ag. 231 [lyr.], Call. fr. 353, IG 9(3), 976 [Corcyra, metr. inscr.]).

    *VAR dolor ὑπηρέται, θεράποντες, ἀκόλουθοι 'servants, attendants, followers' (H.);  ἄζος = θεράπων or θεράπαινα (Seleucus, gloss. apud Ath. 6, 267c = Eust. 1024, 44  and 1090, 56).

    *DIAL Myc. a-o-ze-jo probably does not belong here.

    *DER dotia 'service of a god' (epigr.); denominative ἀοζέω [v.] 'to serve' (A. fr. 54,

    *ETYM In the same sense as ὄζος in epic ὄζος Ἄρηος, if this means θεράπων; cf. dteia  (cod. ὀζειέα): θεραπεία (H.). This ὄζος has been considered identical with ▶︎ ὄζος  'branch' from antiquity onwards: ὁ κλάδος τοῦ πολέμου 'the branch of war' (H.).

===Pag_159: Beekes_Página_0159.tiff===

Modern scholars have taken it as 'sprout', but DELG notes that ὄζος does not have this meaning. Although DELG accepts the connection with ὄζος < o-sd-o- (prefix o- and zero grade of sed- 'sit down'), but it is not very convincing semantically. Brugmann IF 19 (1906): 379 argues against Schulze 1892: 498, who explained ἄοζος from a-c06-10-c¢ (to ὁδός), but Frisk and DELG do not reject this. Fur. 341 cites the form ἄζος, and concludes from the interchange αἱ o that the word is Pre-Greek. He assumes (374, following Frisk) that ἄοζος has a secondary copulative a- under influence of ▶︎ ἀοσσέω 'to accompany', but this must remain uncertain, as it could also be a real Pre-Greek prothetic vowel.

XXXXXἀολλής, -ες [adj-] 'all together, in throngs' (II.).

    *DER ἀολλίζω [v.] 'to press together, assemble' (epic poet.) and ἀολλεῖ' συνάγει  'brings together' (H.), whence ἀόλλησις (EM). Adverb ἀολλήδην 'together' (Mosch.,  Opp.).

    *ETYM ἀολλής < "ἀ-ρβολνής is probably the Aeol. form of *4-favrjc; see ▶︎ ἀλής.

XXXXXἄορ, -ορος [n.] 'sword' (II.).

    <IE? *ys- 'sword'>

    *VAR  For ἄορας [acc.pl.] p 222 read dopa γ᾽. See Trimpy 1950: 6off.

    *DIAL Note the tribe of the Aopeic in Corinth and the Afopoi on Corcyra.

    *COMP xpvodopoc, also χρυσάορ-α, -ἰ (Il.), epithet of gods and godesses, also of  Orpheus, 'with golden sword', but others take it as 'with golden pendant' (below);  also PN Xpvodwp (Hes.).

    *ETYM Gop was taken as a root noun related to ἀείρω with the original meaning 'what  hangs'; this would fit χρυσάορος well. Ruijgh Lingua 25 (1970): 312f. rejected this,  assuming *ys-r, with the o-grade from an Aeolic (or Achaean) zero grade. This  would be cognate with Lat. énsis 'sword' and Skt. asi- (both from *ys-i-), though the  Skt. word means 'butcher's knife'. Scholars have also pointed to Pal. haSira- 'dagger',  but *h,ns- would have given Gr. *av-. All in all, the etymology remains a bit  uncertain.

XXXXXἄορον [m.] - μοχλόν, πυλῶνα, θυρωρόν. Κύπριοι 'bar or bolt, gateway, porter (Cypr.y (H.). «ΕΞ *h,uer- 'shut, cover'>

    *ETYM Comparable forms are OCS za-vore 'poxAdc, Ru. za-vor 'passage blocked  with bars', related to OCS za-vréti 'to shut' < earlier *ver-ti, and Lith. su-vérti 'id',  Skt. api-vrnoti 'to lock', and Lat. operié 'id'. Previously, an action noun *sn-yoro-  'locking' was assumed for the Greek word, but the meaning of *s- would be  unclear. Therefore, a root *h,uer- is preferable, which nicely confirms Lubotsky's  analysis of Skt. vrndti 'to shut' as *Huer- in view of forms like ἄναγ, dpavrta-,  apivrta-, see Lubotsky 20004: 315-325. The acute in the Balto-Slavic forms is probably  secondary.

XXXXXἀορτή

    *VAR ἀορτήρ. = ἀείρω 2.

XXXXXἀοσσέω [v.] 'to help, support'. <1E *sek'- 'follow'>

    *VAR Only aor. ἀοσσῆσαι (Mosch. 4, 110).

===Pag_160: Beekes_Página_0160.tiff===

    *DER ἀοσσητήρ [m.] 'helper, protector' (1].); cf. ὀσσητῆρα: βοηθόν 'assistant' and  ἐοσσητήρ' ἐπίκουρος, τιμωρός, ἀντὶ τοῦ ἀοσσητήρ 'ally, avenger (instead of a.) (HL),  but the forms are unexplained.

    *ETYM ἀοσσέω is an iterative deverbative or denominative from *toococ < *sm-sok'-  io- (an old formation, cf. Lat. socius) from the root of ▶︎ ἔπομαι, Lat. sequor. On  account of the aspiration in Skt. sdkhi- 'ally, associate', one often finds the  reconstruction *sok'h,-i-. Pinault therefore adduced this word as an example for his  rule that a laryngeal was lost between consonant and yod in PIE (Pinault 1982: 265-  272), but the so-called Lex Pinault is still under debate. See on ▶︎ ἔπομαι, ▶︎ ὀπάων,  and Myc. e-ge-ta.

XXXXXἁπαλός [adj.] 'tender, weak' (I1.). <?>

    *DER ἁπαλία 'tenderness' (Gp.) and ἁπαλίας 'sucking-pig' (Ὁ. L. 8, 20; uncertain);  ἁπάλιον: θῦμα, δελφάκιον 'victim; sucking-pig' (H.) (but the text is doubtful). Denominative verb ἁπαλύνω 'to soften' (X., Hp. usw.), ἁπαλυσμός (Hp.), ἀπαλυντής  (Zonar.).

    *ETYM Unknown. The formation may be compared with ὀμαλός, ἀταλός, see  Chantraine 1933: 245. Fur.: 224 compares ἀμαλός, assuming variation πί μ; this is  possible, but uncertain.

XXXXXἀπαντάω --ἄντα.

XXXXXἄπαξ [adv] 'once' (Od.).

    *ETYM From ἀ- < *smm- 'one' (cf. ▶︎ εἷς) and -nak, related to ▶︎ πήγνυμι 'to fix,  coagulate', with adverbial -c.

XXXXXἀπαργία [f.] a plant which has its leaves on the ground (Thphr. HP 7, 8, 3). <?>

    *ETYM Stromberg 1944: 30f. thinks it comes from ἀργός 'brilliant, white' (cf. ▶︎ ἄργεμον, ▶︎ ἀργεμώνη) because of the color; unfortunately, we know nothing about  the latter.

XXXXXἀπαρίνη [f.] the plant 'cleavers, Gallium aparine' (Thphr.).

    *ETYM André Latomus 15 (1956): 295 connects it with ἀρήν (2). However, note the  suffix -tv-, which is typical of the substrate language.

XXXXXἄπας [adj.] 'all, whole' (II.).

    *ETYM From ἀ- (cf. gic) and ▶︎ πᾶς, s.v.

XXXXXἀπάτη [f.] 'fraud, deceit' (II.); on the mg. see Luther 1935: 97ff. < PG(S,v)>

    *DER ἀπατηλός 'fraudulent, deceitful' (Il, IA), perhaps from ἀπατάω (Chantraine  1933: 241f.), with the metrical variant ἀπατήλιος (Od.); ἀπατεών, -@voc [m.]  'deceiver' (Hp., Democr., Pl.); ἀπάτυλλα (Cerc., POxy. 1082 fr. 39) is found in  ἐξαπατύλλω (Ar.), cf. Leumann Glotta 32 (1953): 219. Denominative ἀπατάω [v.] 'to deceive' (I.). Thence ἀπάτησις 'deception' (LXX,  Phld.), ἀπάτημα 'deceit' (Gorg.), ἀπατήμων 'deceitful' (Orac. apud Zos.), ἀπατητικός  'id' (PL, Arist.), ἀπατητής 'fraud' (gloss.); ἀπατεύω = ἀπατάω (Xenoph. 11).

    *ETYM Kuiper Glotta 21 (1933): 283 connected ἠπεροπεύς, explaining ἀπάτη as *any-    τᾷ from an r/n-stem *t&inap, *anvdc. This is morphologically unconvincing.

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Connection with πόντος, πάτος and Go. finban as per Pedersen 1926: 65 is improbable. Pur: 234f. connected ἄτι < *afa-11, with the substrate variation πὶ Ff, which is possible but not compelling either. His comparison with ἀπαφεῖν is attractive (for which the variant ἀποφεῖν shows substrate origin, see ▶︎ ἀπαφίσκω), as this has the same meaning. If ἠπερ-οπ-εύω is cognate, note the suffix -on-, which is also a substrate element (Beekes Glotta 73 (1995-1996): 18-25).

XXXXXἈπατούρια [n.pl.] the festival 'Apatouria'.

    *DER As a name of Aphrodite Anatovpia, Ἀπατουριάς, also the back-formation  Ἀπατούρη (Troezen, Pantikapaion, Phanagoria); further Ἀπάτουρον 'td τῆς  Ἀφροδίτης ἱερόν᾽ (Str. 11, 2, 10). Month name Ἀπατουριών, -ewv, also Ἀπατοριών  (Amorgos).

    *ETYM Old celebration of the Ionians, on the occasion of which new members were  accepted to the phratries. It derives from an intermediary adjective *a4ndatoupos (eg. Kretschmer Glotta 4 (1913): 336) < *amatopfoc, which consists of copulative a- and  the o-grade of πατήρ, so *sm-ph.tor-u- 'of the same father'. The -F- is compared with  Skt. pitrvya- 'father's brother', Lat. patruus 'id', etc. (see on ▶︎ μητρυιά). Differently  Szemerényi Gnomon 43 (1971): 656.

XXXXXἀπαφίνιον [n.] - Λάκωνες κάρδοπον λιθίνην (...) 'stone kneading-trough (Lacon.y (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. DELG compares ἀφινιάζει, of which the explanation is lost.

XXXXXἀπαφίσκω [v.] 'to deceive' (Od.).

    *VAR Aor. ἀπαφεῖν, also ἀπαφῆσαι (h. Ap.); ἀποφεῖν: ἀπατῆσαι 'to deceive' (H.).

    *ETYM The present was probably built on the aorist. Van Windekens connects it with  μέμφομαι, but reduplication of ἀφ- < *mb*- is highly improbable. The form anogeiv,  if it was not influenced by ἀπό, suggests substrate origin, as assumed by Fur: 341; he  also connects it with ἀπάτη (234). Perhaps here ▶︎ ἀποφώλιος.

XXXXXἄπαφος [m.] - ἔποψ τὸ ὄρνεον 'hoopoe, Upupa epops' (H.).

    *ETYM Onomatopoeic, with the suffix -agoc frequent in animal names (see  Chantraine 1933: 263). The variation with ἔποψ, -ποὸς suggests a substrate word. Cf. Lat. upupa.

XXXXXἀπαφουλίστωρ [?] - σταφυλῖνος Λάκωνες 'carrot (Lacon.)' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Latte comments: 'ἀφ-υλίστωρ cum ul. ἀπ-᾿, but the meaning of ἀφυλίζειν 'to  strain, filter' does not fit semantically. Could it stand for *otagovA-?

XXXXXἀπειλή [f.] 'threat', also 'promise' (II.).

    *DER ἀπειλέω [v.] 'to promise, threaten' (I]., IA). ἀπειλητήρ [m.] 'threatener, boaster'  (1, poet.), fem. ἀπειλήτειρα (Nonn.); ἀπειλητής 'id' (Ὁ. 5. J.). Adjectives:  ἀπειλητήριος 'threatening' (Hdt.) and ἀπειλητικός 'id. (Pl, X.); agent nouns:  ἀπειλήματα 'threats' (S.), ἀπείλησις 'threat' (Phid.).

    *ΕΤΥΜ If related to Latv. pelt 'to revile', the root would be *h,pel(H)-. Assuming s-  mobile, ἀπειλή has further been compared with the Germanic group of Go. spill [n.]

===Pag_162: Beekes_Página_0162.tiff=== XXXXXἀπεράω 115 fable', and also with Arm. ara-spel 'legend, proverb', in which case the s- would pose difficulties as Armenian also vocalizes the initial laryngeal. LIV assumes a nasal present (s)pelnH- with secondary full grade and copulative a-, and compares ToA pallantdr, ToB pdillatdr 'to praise'. In view of the many additional hypotheses required, this seems rather far-fetched.

XXXXXἀπειρέσιος [adv.] 'endless, immense' (Il.).

    *VAR ἀπερείσιος; also ἀπείριτος (Od.).

    *ETYM For ᾿ἀπερέσιος, a derivation in -ἰο- from *d-mep-etoc, a privative verbal  adjective to ▶︎ πείρω, with metrical lengthening (Chantraine 1942: 101). ἀπείριτος (x  195, Hes. Th. 109, etc.), with unclear -t-, has the same meaning. As Vine 1998: 26ff. remarks, the e-grade root is remarkable in a formation in *-eté-.

XXXXXἀπέλλαι [f.pl.] (people's) assembly' (IG 5(2), 1144: 21, 1146: 41 [Gytheion I*]). «?»

    *VAR = σηκοί, ἐκκλησίαι, ἀρχαιρεσίαι 'precincts, assemblies, elections of magistrates'

    *DIAL Doric.

    *DER Ἀπελλαῖος, -aiwv Doric month name (Delphi, Epidauros; Tenos); τἀ ἀπελλαῖα  'sacrifice at the apellai' (Delphi); ἀπελλακάς: ἱερῶν κοινωνούς (H.). Denominative  ἀπελλάζω, Laconian for ἐκκλησιάζω (Plu, H.).

    *ETYM Formally, a connection with IE *h,pel- would be the most easy solution, but  there are no obvious cognates for such a root. In Greek, we find a gloss améA)etv-  ἀποκλείειν, and this may well provide us with the original meaning of ἀπέλλαι,  enclosed space, meeting place'. Note that onxoi in the gloss cited above means 'pen,  fold', and compare σάκωσε: ἀπέκλεισεν. I have argued that the name of Apollo (see on ▶︎ Ἀπόλλων) has nothing to do with  the ἀπέλλαι (Beekes JANER 3 (2003): 1-21).

XXXXXἀπελλόν [n.] - αἴγειρος 'black poplar' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM The word has been connected with Lat. pépulus. Although IE origin is  improbable, a reconstruction *h, pel- > ἀπελ- is possible in principle, with po-h,pel-o-  > *pdpelo- > Lat. pépulus. Does HG Vielbaum also belong here (Kluge and Seebold  1989 s.v. Pappel)?

XXXXXἄπελος [n.] 'wound' (Call. fr. 343). 42>

    *ETYM Unknown. A derivation from πέλας 'skin' with privative ἀ-, or from the root  of Lat. pellé 'to push', is improbable. Van Windekens Orbis 15 (1966): 256 compared  ToB pile, ToA pal 'wound', on which see Adams 1999; highly uncertain.

XXXXXἀπεράω [v.] 'to pour out' (A.).

    *DER ἀπέρασις (Thphr.). Beside it ἐξ-εράω 'pour out, vomit' (Hp.), ἐξέραμα 'spittle,  vomit' (NT), ἐξέρασις 'dye extract' (PHolm. 15, 39). Also δι-, κατ-, κατεξ-, μετ-, συν-  ἐράω (Hell).

    *ETYM Acc. to Debrunner IF 48 (1930): 282, the word is a denominative of Epa 'earth'  (cf. ▶︎ pate), cf. the scholion to Ar. Vesp. 993: ἐξεράσω' εἰς τὴν γῆν μεταβαλῶ: Epa  γάρ ἡ γῆ. In this case, ἐξερᾶν originally meant 'to pour out on the earth', which is  possible. On MoGr. Eepva, ἐξέρασα, see Grégoire Byzantion 13 (1938): 399f.

===Pag_163: Beekes_Página_0163.tiff===

ἀπερείσιος --ἀπειρέσιος.

XXXXXἀπήνῃ [[1] 'four-wheeled wagon' (IL), synonymous with ἅμαξα, see Delebecque 1951: 1741.

    *VAR πήνα: ἀπήνη 'four-wheeled wagon' (H.). Myc. a-pe-ne-wo /apénéwon/ [gen.pl.]  wouldbe an attribute of drawing animals, but ἀπήνη probably had -ava (see below).

    *ETYM The gloss πήνα: ἁπήνη (H.) suggests that the d- is a real prothetic vowel and  that the word is Pre-Greek. This excludes a morphological analysis ἀπήνη. Further,  there is the synonym kamava (Xenarch. 11, Thess.), with interchange x-/ zero. Fur.:  224°° compares γάπος: ὄχημα. Tuppnvoi 'wagon (Etr.)' (H.), also adducing (285)  λαμπήνη 'id', which has a variant Aanivn without prenasalization; on variation A/  zero see Fur.: 392. Further, one has compared ἀμανάν' ἅμαξαν (H.). Bandteanu REIE 3 (1943): 141 thought the word is Anatolian (which amounts to  saying that it is a substrate word); Szemerényi JHS 94 (2947): 149f. thought it could  be Semitic. The comparison with kandva is the most convincing and shows foreign (substrate)  origin, because of the variation «-/ zero, see Fur: 391f. This means that some of the  other variants adduced by Furnée must be left aside.

XXXXXἀπηνής, -6 [adj.] 'unfriendly, harsh' (IL). «18? *h,en-os- 'face'>

    *DER ἀπήνεια [f.] 'harshness' (Thphr., A. R.).

    *ETYM Formation like πρᾶνής (πρηνής) and προσηνής (προσᾶνής), from ἀπό (πρό,  πρός) with a second element for which *t)vog [n.] 'face' is traditionally assumed. A  problem with this analysis is that Skt. *anas- does not exist, and that a@nana- (n.]  'mouth' is of uncertain interpretation. Blanc CEG 1 connects ▶︎ ἀναίνομαι, which is  doubtful. So there is no clear etymology.

XXXXXἀπηύρων --ἀπούρας.

XXXXXἀπινυόσσω -"πέπνυμαι.

XXXXXἄπιον [n.] 'pear' (Ρ].). «1»

    *VAR ἄπιος [f.] 'pear tree' (Thphr.), but these are not always distinguished, cf. Wackernagel 1920-1924(2): 17.

    *ETYM Related to Lat. pirum, pirus. Generally considered to be a Mediterranian LW. See Hubschmid 1963: 121. Berger MSS 9 (1956): 151 compares Burushaski pheso,  which is improbable. Steinbauer 1989: 68 argues that the word could be from IE  *h.pis-o-, which seems even less likely.

XXXXXἄπιος [adj.] 'distant, far away' (Il.).

    *ETYM From ἀπό; for the formation, cf. ἀντίος. The word appears in the formula  (τηλόθεν) ἐξ ἀπίης γαίης, In 5. OC 1685 it has a long ἀ-, probably under influence of  Anta 'Peloponnese'; see ▶︎ Aric. See ▶︎ ἀπό.

XXXXXἀπλετος [adj.] 'boundless, immense' (Emp., S., IA prose), said of the sky, height, time, gold. <?>

    *ETYM Privative ἀ- plus an unknown second member; not related to ▶︎ πλέθρον, as  per DELG,

===Pag_164: Beekes_Página_0164.tiff=== XXXXXἀπόκυνον 117

XXXXXἁπλόος [adj.] 'single, simple' (A.). <?> ΝΑΙ Contracted ἁπλοῦς; hapax ἁπλός (An. Ox. 2, 231).

    *COMP διπλόος, διπλοῦς 'twofold, double, twice' (since IL.), also διπλός (Opp.).

    *DER ἁπλοῖς [f.] (IL), of χλαῖνα. Diminutive ἁπλοΐδιον (pap.); ἁπλοῖκός 'simple,  plain' (Hell). ἁπλότης [{ 'simplicity, plainness' (X., Arist.). Denominative verbs: 1.

XXXXXἁπλόω [v.] 'to develop, unfold', whence ἅπλωσις and ἅπλωμα, ἁπλωτικός (all late); 2. ἁπλοΐζομαι 'to act modestly' (X., Ὁ. C.).

    *ETYM ἁπλόος is the opposite of διπλόος, διπλοῦς 'twofold, double' (11) and late  διπλός (Opp.). Direct connection of ἁπλός with Lat. sim plus, duplus, and Gm. forms  like Go. tweifl [acc.] 'doubt' (assuming a root *pel- 'to fold') is problematic, as Gr. -πλοὸς is late and rare compared to -πλόος. Kretschmer Glotta 12 (1923): 218  considered secondary influence of -πλόρος 'sailing', related to ▶︎ πλέω. Cf. ▶︎ διπλάσιος.

XXXXXἀπό [prep.] 'far away, away from' (IL)

    *VAR ἄπο [adv.].

    *DIAL Arc.-Cypr., Aeol. dmb. Note Myc. a-pu-do-ke, a-pe-do-ke /apu-doke/, /ap-  edoke/.

    *DER Beside ἄπο-θεν also ἄπωθεν 'from afar, far from' (Schwyzer: 628, Lejeune 1939:  332).

    *ETYM Old adverb and preverb, identical with Skt. ἄρα 'away from', Lat. ab, and Go. af 'down'; probably also to Hitt. appa 'after' (see Kloekhorst 2008 s.v.). From PIE  h,épo, which has a variant *h.pd- > OCS po, >> PGm. fana that would also have  given ἀπό. See ▶︎ ἄπιος.

XXXXXἀποδιδράσκω --διδρᾶσκω.

XXXXXἀπόερσε [v.] 'swept away' (IL). «εξ *uer- 'tear'>

    *VAR Only this form occurs.

    *ETYM Formerly interpreted as the s-aorist from a root *uer- or *uers- (Gil Emerita 32  (1964): 181), which was also supposed in ▶︎ ἀπούρας, but this probably has a root *ur-  eh,-. Forssman 1980: 192 more convincingly reconstructs ἀπόερσε as *uert-s- from  the root for 'turn', also seen in ▶︎ Eppw < *uert-ie/o-.

XXXXXἀπόθεστος [adj.] 'despised, uncared for', said of Odysseus's dog (p 296). < GRE

    *ETYM The opposite πολύ-θεστος 'much desired' (Call) and PNs such as Ἔρμό-  θεστος, Boeot. Θιό-φειστος, and ἄ-θεστος (of Ἐρινύς, H.) show that the word  belongs to »θέσσασθαι, root *g'*ed"-. Incorrect hypothesis (ἀ-πόθεστος) by  Leumann 1950: 64f.

XXXXXἄποινα [n.pl.} 'ransom, fine' (Il.).

    *VAR Sing. ἄποινον (IG 14, 1389: 1; 10).

    *ETYM Formerly analyzed as *andémoivoc with haplology, so derived from ἀποτίνω 'to  pay, atone', modelled after ποινή : tivw. Rather, it is simply from *sm- in the sense of  'equalizing payment, atonement', see West Glotta 77 (1999): 121.

XXXXXἀπόκυνον [n.] plant name 'Cynanchum erectum' or 'Marsdenia erecta' (Dsc.). < GRE

===Pag_165: Beekes_Página_0165.tiff===

    *VAR = μάζα μεμιγμένη φαρμάκῳ πρὸς ἀναίρεσιν κυνῶν 'cake mixed with a drug  against the killing of dogs' (H.).

    *ETYM Substantivized from an adjective "ἀπόκυνος 'hostile to dogs', acc. to  Stromberg 1944: 26.

XXXXXἀπολάντιον [n.] probably a herb, in σπάρτα ἀπολαντίου (PMag. Lond. 1, 121, 209 (IIT?]).

    *VAR παλλάντιον (Hippiatr. 66).

    *ETYM The proposal of Stromberg 1944: 27 to connect A€vtiov 'linen cloth' is  improbable. Fur.: 344 compares παλλάντιον, a kind of grass, which suggests that the  words are Pre-Greek.

XXXXXἀπολαύω [v.] 'to enjoy' (Ar.), 'von Haus aus kein feines Wort' (Wackernagel 1916: 229). 4IE? *leh,u- 'seize, capture'>

    *DER Verbal nouns ἀπόλαυσις (Att.), ἀπόλαυσμα (late) 'enjoyment', adjective  ἀπολαυστικός 'producing enjoyment' (Arist., Plb.).

    *ETYM Mostly connected with λεία 'booty', Dor. λᾶίᾷ (< "λᾶρ-(ἃ) 'booty', for which  an IE root *leh,u- could be assumed. This root is also assumed in Lat. lucrum 'gain',  which could be from *luklo- < *Ih,u-tlé- (Schrijver 1991: 240), and in Go. laun [π.]  'reward' < *leh,u-no-. However, the appurtenance of OCS love 'catch, chase', loviti  'to catch, chase' would require */h,eu-, which is an improbable formation. Unrelated  is Skt. lotra-, lota- 'booty' (lex.), which is from MlInd. loptra-, see Wackernagel 1896:  91. The appurtenance of »λᾶρός 'delicious' is uncertain. It is best to assume that anteconsonantal *leh,u-C- (eg. in the s-aorist) yielded  *\avC-, which was generalized to the other tense forms. See > dela. anoAziv[a] [1] - ἀποστρέφειν. Λάκωνες 'turn away (Lacon.)' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM From ἀπο-πολεῖν (Thurneysen Glotta 12 (1922): 145). Cf. ▶︎ ἀπυλιῶναι.

XXXXXἈπόλλων, -ωνος [m.] theonym (IL).

    *VAR Voc. Ἄπολλον.

    *DIAL Ἀπέλλων (Dor.), Ἀπείλων (Cypr.), Ἄπλουν (Thess.). Perhaps in Myc. ]pe-rjo|  /Alpeljo[n-/, see Ruijgh 1967a: 56.

    *ETYM Schmidt KZ 32 (1893): 327ff. assumed that the vocative Ἄπολλον was  assimilated from Ἄπελλον with unaccented ε, and that the other cases (with accented  £) introduced the o analogically. However, such vowel assimilations cannot be  assumed so easily in Greek (cf. Van Beek fthe.b). The e-vocalism is found in the PNs  Ἀπελλίων, Ἀπελλῆς, etc. Moreover, Cypr. Ἀπείλων points to a pre-form "Ἀπέλιων  for Dor. Ἀπέλλων; Thess. Ἄπλουν perhaps derives from Pre-Greek *Apel'6n with  syncope and -ovv from *-dn (Ruijgh apud Beekes JANER 3 (2003), see below). In spite of repeated attempts, there is no IE etymology. As Apollo was assumed to  come from Asia Minor, one looked there for a connection. But Lyd. PAdans Artimuk  (see on ▶︎ Ἄρτεμις) had initial q-. Burkert's idea that the name was derived from  ἀπέλλαι is impossible (see detailed argumentation in Beekes JANER 3 (2003)). The  name is probably Pre-Greek, and Hitt. "%°"lAppaliunas, mentioned in a treaty

===Pag_166: Beekes_Página_0166.tiff=== XXXXXἄπριγδα 119 between Alaksandus of Wilusa and the Hittite king, may well be the Pre-Greek proto-form Apal'un. The Hittite rendering shows that the oldest Pre-Greek form had *a. This became e before the palatal Ἢ)», The e was then assimilated (in Pre- Greek) to o by the following -on.

XXXXXἀπόμελι [n.] kind of mead, made from the water used to wash honeycombs (Dsc.). <GRP

    *ETYM Derived from μέλι; the prefix has a pejorative meaning (Strémberg 1944: 29f.).

XXXXXἀπομύσσω --μύσσομαι.

XXXXXἀπούρᾶς [aor.ptc.] 'taking away, depriving' (il.). «IE? *ureh,- 'draw, tear' (2)> «ΝΑΙ Ind. root aorist 2sg. ἀπηυρᾶς, 38g. -G, sg. των (after the type ἐτίμα : ἐτίμων; fut. ἀπουρήσουσι or -ρισσουσι (X 489); see Strunk Glotta 37 (1958): 118-127. Ptc. med. ἀπουρᾶμενος (Hes. Sc. 173), which is analogical since a zero grade -urh,- would have yielded -Fpa-.

    *ETYM For *am0-Fpac (see Lejeune 1972: 181 and 228), as if from a root *ureh,-, which  is not known from other languages. The 359. ἀπ-ηύρᾷ is supposed to stand for *an-n-  Fea with long augment. The barytonesis is Aeolic (Wackernagel Gott. Nachr. 1914:  119). See further on ▶︎ andepoe, which is unrelated.

XXXXXἀποφράς, -άδος [adj.] 'unlucky, wicked' (PL.). «ΑΚ Mostly fem. (of ἡμέρα), but also msc. (Eup. 309).

    *ETYM From φράζω, φραδή, φράδμων, with -φράς after the nouns in -άς (Chantraine  1933: 351, Schwyzer: 507).

XXXXXἀποφράση [f.] term for δούλη (Seleuc. apud Ath. 6, 267e). <?>

    *VAR -φράτη in Eust. 1090, 57.

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXἀποφώλιος [adj.] 'worthless (?)' (Od.). «GR?

    *ETYM Glossed as ἀνεμώλιος, μάταιος 'futile, idle'. Not related to ὄφελος 'use'. Probably connected to ἀποφεῖν: ἀπατῆσαι 'to deceive' (H.), in which case the word  originally meant 'deceiving'. For the formation cf. ἁμαρτωλός, see Chantraine 1933:  43. Derivation from *&no-pafo-Atog (as per Neitzel Glotta 57 (1979): 1-20), like in  παυο-φόροι' Αἰολεῖς ἱέρειαι 'priestesses' (H.), is doubtful. See ▶︎ ἀπαφίσκω.

XXXXXἀποχειροβίοτος [adj.] 'living from his hands' < 'who obtains his livelihood by his hands' (Hdt.).

    *VAR Also ἀποχειρόβιος (Poll.), not -Biwtoc; see Wackernagel Glotta 14 (1925): 55.

    *ETYM Compounded of βίοτος and ἀπὸ χειρῶν.

XXXXXἄππα [m.] 'father' (Call.). ΦΟΝΟΜ»

    *DER ἄππας title of a priest (Magnesia, Lydia); Christian priest; also = τροφεύς 'foster  father' (H.). ;

    *ETYM Acc. to EM 167, 32, the word is Macedonian, but this is doubtful. An  elementary word, cf. πάππα, ἄττα, ἄπφα, and ToB appa-kke 'father'.

XXXXXἄπριγδα [adv] 'fast, tight; continously' (A. Pers. [lyr.]). <?>

===Pag_167: Beekes_Página_0167.tiff===

    *VAR ἀπρίξ 'id' (S., PL.).

    *DIALEM 132, 53 also γένος τι ἀκάνθης (Κύπριοι); see ἄρπιξ.

    *DER ἀπριγδόπληκτος (also -t6-) 'struck unceasingly' (A.).

    *ETYM For adverbs in -(γ)δα, -ξ, see Schwyzer: 620, 626. Frisk analyzed it as  containing intensive a- and ▶︎ mpiw 'to saw', assuming an original mg. 'as tight as the  teeth of a saw'; this is rather dubious, both formally (mpty- is attested only late, cf. DELG) and semantically. anpotic, -ίδος [f.] name of a shrub, 'Dictamnus albus' (Pythag. apud Plin. HN 24, 158). <?>

    *ETYM Unexplained.

XXXXXἀπτερέως [adv.] 'promptly, as quick as lightning' (Hes., Parm.).

    *DER ἀπτερύσσομαι [v.] 'to flap the wings' (Archil.), cf. πτερύσσομαι to πτέρυξ;  ἀπτερύομαι (Arat.) after ἀφύω : ἀφύσσω, etc.

    *ETYM From ἄπτερος 'winged, quick' (Trag. Adesp., H.), which is built on copulative  a- and πτερόν. The ending -ἕως is metrically conditioned. Cf. ▶︎ πτερόν.

XXXXXἀπτοεπής [adj.] said of Hera (© 209), exact mg. unknown.

    <IE? *seng''- 'sing'>

    *ETYM Analyzed by Wackernagel BB 4 (1878): 283f. as "ἀ-επτο-επής 'who speaks  words that should not be spoken' (*y-uek'to-uek'-es-), which is not really  convincing. Meier-Briigger MSS 50 (1989): 91-96 suggests that it contains *y-sng'"  to- 'what cannot be sung', from the root *seng'"- in E sing; *n-sng'*-to- would also  occur in ▶︎ ἄαπτος, Neither hypothesis is really evident.

XXXXXἅπτω [v.] 'to join, attach, grasp; kindle' (1].). <1 *h,ep- 'join, fit'>

    *VAR Mostly med.

    *DER ἁφή 'kindling, touching, grip, etc. (Hdt., Pl. etc.); thence ἀφάω 'to handle,  treat' (IL), only pres; further agdcow 'id' (Ion. Hell.) and ἀφάζει: ἀναδέχεται  'undertake, give security, etc.' (H.). ἄψις 'handling' (Hp., Pl. Arist.); ἄψος [π.] 'connection', plur. 'joints' (Od.), see  Chantraine 1933: 421; ἄμμα 'noose, cord' (Hp., Hdt., et al), whence late ἁἀμματίζω,  ἁμματισμός, diminutive ἁμμάτιον (Gal.). ἁψίς, -ἶδος [f.] 'mesh, rim, etc.', lengthened  from ἄψις 'connection'. Perhaps ▶︎ αὐαψή and χορδαψός (s.v. ▶︎ χορδή) contain a derivative of dntw, but this  may be doubted.

    *ETYM Fur.: 324, 353 took ἀφάω as evidence for Pre-Greek origin, but it is rather a  denominative to ἀφή, which has analogical aspiration. As will be argued in Van Beek  fthe.a, ἄπτω derives from the root *h,ep- seen in Hitt. happ-' 'to join' and Lat. aptus  'fit, apt'. The initial aspiration is secondary after verbs like ἕπω 'to take care of <  *sep-, and the root-final aspirate -φ- can be explained by analogy with tag-, σκαφ-,  etc. The same proposal was done already by Kretschmer Glotta 7 (1916): 352, but it  was neglected e.g. by Frisk. On the relation between ἄψος 'joint' and other Indo-European forms, see Clackson  1994: 98ff. Szemerényi Gnomon 43 (1971): 656 separated two meanings: he connected  'to fasten' with Lat. apio and 'to kindle' with Gm. sengen 'to singe', OCS pré-sociti 'to

===Pag_168: Beekes_Página_0168.tiff=== XXXXXἄραβος 121 dry « senk'-. This is now abandoned, as its root is reconstructed as sek- 'to dry up', with a pure velar (see LIV' s.v.).

XXXXXἀπυλιῶναι [v.] uncertain (1G 5(2) p. xxxvi D1, 20 [Tegea IV*]).

    *ETYM Thurneysen Glotta 12 (1922): 145 supposed haplology from ᾿ἀπυ-πολιῶναι 'to  give back'; cf. ▶︎ ἀπολεῖν[α]. A better hypothesis is that of Buck 1955: $162, 10, who  understands it as 'to regulate, cancel' and connects it with ἀπο-λειόω 'to erase' (see  > λεῖος), with iotacism and the ending -wvat of the infinitive.

XXXXXἅπφα [m.] endearing address between brothers and sisters or beloved ones (Eust.).

    *DER ἀπφίον (Eust.), ἀπφάριον (Xenarch., Smyrna), ἀπφίδιον (sch.); ania (Poll,  H.), ἀπφῦς [m.] 'papa' (Theoc.), expressive but unexplained.

    *ETYM An elementary form of address; cf. unaspirated ἄππα, etc. See Chantraine  REGr. 59-60 (1946-1947): 245 and Kretschmer Glotta 16 (1928): 184.

XXXXXἄρα [adv.] 'of course, then, so' (IL). 41E *h,(e)r 'thus, 50»

    *VAR Also ἄρ, enclitic pa, with elision ῥ᾽.

    *DIAL Cypr. ép(a) (H.), against Latte; see Ruijgh 1971: 433'°.

    *ETYM On final -a, see Schwyzer: 622f. Related to Lith. i7, Latv. ir 'and, also; even' and  (with full grade) the question particle Lith. a7, Latv. ar. Connection with the root of  > ἀραρίσκω, ▶︎ ἄρτι is possible, assuming an original sense 'accordingly' vel sim., and  would require *h.r. However, Cypr. ép(a) (if trustworthy) would point to *h,er, but  this is impossible since *h,r would have given *épa, not apa.

XXXXXἀρά [f.] 'prayer, curse' (Il.). <1E? *h,eru- 'prostrate'>

    *DIAL Ion. apr, Arc. Katapfoc 'cursed'; the interpretation of Myc. ka-ta-wo is  doubtful.

    *COMP πολυαᾶρητος (Od.) 'much prayed for'.

    *DER ἀραῖος 'belonging to a.' (trag.); ἀρᾶτός (-17-) 'prayed for, accursed' (Il., poet.). Denominative ἀράομαι [v.] 'id, (IL), which often occurs with preverbs, e.g. ἐπ-, Kat-  αράομαι (IA). Thence ἀρητήρ [m.] 'who prays, priest' (Il.), fem. ἀρήτειρα (Call, A. R.), ἀρητήριον 'place for praying, etc.' (Plu.).

    *ETYM Arcadian shows a pre-form *apfa, which neatly explains the difference in  quantity of ἀ- in Ionic and Attic. The final -a in Attic ἀρά poses problems, however,  since we expect -1 after *f. Perhaps it is from (-)apdaopat or from the frequent plural  ἀραί (cf. Schwyzer: 1887). Meillet BSL 26 (1925): 19f. compared ἀρύει 'cry'. Not connected to Arm. uranam 'to  deny' < *6r- (see Clackson 1994: 102f.). The connection with Hitt. aruyae-' 'to  prostrate, bow', is revived by Kloekhorst 2008 s.v. who proposed that the Hittite verb    derives from thematic *h,oruo-. If related, Greek would presuppose a noun *h,(e)ru-  eh,-.

XXXXXἄραβος [m.] 'rattle, ring', of armor or teeth (1].).

    *DER Denominative verb ἀραβέω 'to rattle, ring' (11.

    *ETYM The same suffix is found in θόρυβος, κόναβος, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 260). For the stem cf. »dpadoc, ▶︎ ἀράζω. Perhaps the word is onomatopoeic, see Giintert

===Pag_169: Beekes_Página_0169.tiff===

1914: 1451. Fur: 142 compares ἀροπῆσαι: πατῆσαι 'to tread' (H.), which points to substrate origin (with interchange a/ 0). As Furnée remarks, a word can be both onomatopoeic and a substrate word. ἀράγδην

    *VAR ἄραγμα, ἀραγμός. > ἀράσσω.

XXXXXἄραδος [m.] 'disturbance, palpitation' (Hp.). «ΟΝῸΜ»

    *DER dpad<ro>er θορυβήσει, ταράξει 'make noise, agitate' and apadntal- κεκόνηται  (Ὁ), συγκέχυται 'has caused to hasten, is confounded' (H.); also apatovaiv-  ἐρεθίζουσιν 'provoke' (H.).

    *ETYM Cf. κέλαδος, ὅμαδος, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 359). Perhaps onomatopoeic (but  is it primarily used of sounds?). Cf. ▶︎ ἄραβος.

XXXXXἀράζω [v.] 'to snarl, growl', of dogs (Ὁ. H.).

    *VAR Also ἀρράζω; patw (Cratin.); also ῥύζω (Hermipp.).

    *DER ἀρρίζω (AB), reduplicated ἀραρίζω (Ammon.).

    *ETYM On the anlaut, see Schwyzer: 310. Is it onomatopoieic and/or Pre-Greek? Cf.> ἄραβος and ▶︎ ἄραδος.

XXXXXἀραιός [adj.] 'thin, slender, with open spaces' (IL.). <?>

    *VAR &p- (Hdn. (τ΄, also in mss.).

    *DER ἀραιότης 'looseness' (Hp., Arist.), opposed to πυκνότης; ἀραιώδης 'porous'  (Gal.). ἀραιόω [v.] 'to rarify' (Hp., Arist.), whence ἀραίωμα, ἀραίωσις.

    *ETYM The word probably had f- (Sommer 1905: 114), but there is no further  explanation. Fur.: 339 etc. compares ἀρβός: Sieo tds, dpaidc, ἐλαφρός (H.) if this  gloss stands for (or derives from) "άραβος, but this is highly uncertain.

XXXXXἄρακις [f.] 'bowl, pan' (Ath. 11, 502b: Αἰολεῖς τὴν φιάλην ἄρακιν καλοῦσινλ

    *VAR  ἄρακις (cod. ἀράςκρη«ν»)-: φιάλην καὶ ἀράκτην 'bowl or pan' (Η.); ἐξ  ἀρ(ολκίδων (cod. ἄρκιαων): ἐκ φιαλῶν 'of bowls' (H.).

    *DER Gpaktipa- ἀμελκτῆρα 'milking-pail' (H.), derived from ἀράκτην.

    *ETYM The form with -xt- proves substrate origin (see Fur.: index). Given this, it is  unnecessary to assume -a- in ἀρκίδων. Fur: 308, 319 further compares ἄροκλον =  φιάλη (Nic. fr. 129) with xt > «A, for which he gives parallels. The interchange αὐ Ο is  well-known in substrate words.

XXXXXἄρακος [m.] wild chickling, 'Lathyrus annuus' (Ar.). Cf. ἄρακοι': ὄσπριόν τι, τὸ δὲ αὐτὸ kai λάθυρον 'a pulse, the same as A.' (H.).

    *VAR Also [n.]; also a consonant stem ἄραξ [m.] (pap.). Variant ἄραχος (Gal.).

    *DIAL Myc. PN a-ra-ko?

    *DER Diminutive dpaxic, ἀρακίσκος (Gal.). Further ἀράχιδνα (Thphr.); ἀραχνοῦς. εἶδος ὀσπρίου 'kind of pulse' (H.); ἀράχνη a plant, 'Heracleum sphondylium' (Ps.-  Dsc. 3, 76).

    *ETYM The interchange κί x and the suffix -\6va- clearly prove substrate origin (Fur. 127f.). Unrelated is Lat. arinca 'kind of spelt'.

XXXXXἄραξα [?] mythical plant growing near the Araxes (Ps. Plu., Fluv. 23,2). «ἢ

    *ETYM Unknown.

===Pag_170: Beekes_Página_0170.tiff=== XXXXXἀράχνη 123

XXXXXἀραρίσκω [v.] 'to fit together, construct, equip, etc.' (Il.+). 4«1ῈῸ *h,er- 'fit'>

    *VAR Them. aor. dpapetv, s-aor. ἄρσαι, perf. Gpapa (intr.); pass. aor. ἤρθην; ἄρμενος  'fitting, equipped' is an isolated med. root pte. (1].), with substantivized ntr.plur.

» ἄρμενα.

    *DIAL Myc. a-ra-ro-wo-a /ararwo'a/ [n.pL]; a-ra-ru-ja /araruia(i)/; ka-ka-re-a {ΚΡ 1Κ-  areha/ 'equipped with bronze'.

    *DER Many etyma derive from the same root, eg. »ἄρμα, ἀρμός, ▶︎ dppovia,  > ἀρμόζω, ▶︎ ἀρτύς, ▶︎ ἄρθρον. From the perfect &papa derives ἀραρότως 'well-fitted'  (A, E., Ρ].} Further ἀρθμός 'tie, friendship' (h. Merc. 524), ἄρθμιος 'allied' (epic Ion.)  and ἀρθμέω [v.] 'to unite' (IL, A. R.). ἀρμή junction' (Hp.), ἄρμᾶ f. 'union,  intercourse' (Delph., Plu., H.). ἄρσιον- δίκαιον 'just' (H.) probably arose from av-  ἄρσιος by decomposition. See also ▶︎ ἀριθμός, ▶︎ ἀρείων, ▶︎ ἀρέσκω, ▶︎ ἀρετή, ▶︎ ἄρτι,  ▶︎ dap.

    *ETYM The present is based on the aor. apapeiv; there is also an old perfect dpapa. The nearest cognate is the Arm. arari 'I made', pres. a?nem, which also has a  reduplicated aorist. The root is found in other languages too, e.g. Av. aram 'fitting'  and Skt. rfd- 'order' (see LIV' s.v.). Hitt. ἄγα- 'proper', Hitt. ard- 'friend' and Lyc. ara- 'rite', Lyc. erawazije 'monument'  are connected by Kloekhorst 2008 under the assumption of an o-grade *h,or-o-  (etc.), with neutralization of the laryngeals before *o.

XXXXXἀράσσω [v.] 'to beat, strike', of rattling, clashing (I].). <?>

    *VAR Aor. ἀράξαι.

    *DER ἀραγμός 'clashing, rattling' (A.).

    *ETYM Unknown. Is the word onomatopoeic? Cf. ▶︎ ἄραβος. On possible connection  with ▶︎ ῥάσσω, ῥήσσω 'to beat' see there.

XXXXXἀρασχάδες [m./fpl.] - τὰ πτερυσινὰ κλήματα 'last year's vinetwigs' (H.). ΔΨ ΑΚ Cf. ἀρέσχαι: κλήματα, βότρυες 'vinetwigs, bunches of grapes' (H.) and ὀρεσχάς: τὸ σὺν τοῖς βότρυσιν ἀφαιρεθὲν κλῆμα 'twig with bunches of grapes taken off (H.). Clearly related αὐροσχάς = τὸ κατὰ βότρυν κλῆμα (Eratosth. 37), also name of a wine (Parth.). DELG s.v. ὄσχη gives ὀρεσχάδα, 'dit de branches d'ormaux', from Harp. (as in Nic. Al. 109 [not in LSJ]), and further to ὄλοσχος 'pedicle of the pomegranate' (Nic. Th. 870).

    *ETYM ὄλοσχος may have A for p. I am convinced that the four forms of the word  (apa-, αρε-, ope-, avpo-) are not old compounds (certainly not if we connect  ὄλοσχος). It is rather a vocalic variation in an evident substrate word (Fur. 302, 342,  348). In Pre-Greek, I reconstruct ar'-ask-at-, which explains interchange a-/av-/o-  and -pa-/-po-.

XXXXXἀράχιδνα -''ἄρακος.

XXXXXἀράχνη [f.] 'spider's web, spider' (Hp.). «τὖν Medit.>

    *VAR ἀράχνης [m.] 'spider' (Hes.), ἄραχνος [m.] (A.).

    *DER ἀράχνιον 'spider's web' (Od, com., Arist.), also diminutive (Arist.),  ἀραχνιώδης 'like a spider's web' (Hp., Afist., Dsc.) denominative ἀραχνιόομαι [v.] 'to

===Pag_171: Beekes_Página_0171.tiff===

be covered with spider's webs' (Arist. Nonn.). Adjectives ἀραχνώδης (Arist., Ael.), ἀραχνήεις (Nic.) and dpayvaioc (AP), denominative ἀραχνάομαι 'to weave a web' (Eust.). ἀράχνηκες: ἀράχναι (H.) is reshaped after σφῆκες, μύρμηκες, σκώληκες, etc.

    *ETYM ἀράχνη can be from *araksnd-, like Lat. ardneus [m.] 'spider', ardnea [f.]  'spider's web'. As the word looks non-IE and since it is limited to these two  languages, it is probably a borrowing. Connection with ἄρκυς is impossible in IE  terms, and for a substrate element it is difficult, too. See Gil Fernandez 1959: 24f.

XXXXXἄραχος —dpaxos.

XXXXXἀρβάλη [f.] - τήγανον ὀστράκινον. Ταραντῖνοι 'earthenware frying-pan (Tarent.)' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXἄρβηλος [m.] 'semicircular knife', used by cobblers (Nic. Th. 423). Also metaph. of a geometrical figure (Papp.), see Mugler 1958-1959 s.v. < PG>

    *VAR Cf. also ἀνάρβηλα:' τὰ μὴ ἐξεσμένα, ἀρβήλοις yap ta δέρματα <Eéavat> (H.).

    *ETYMA substrate word, see Fur.: 115° on the suffix.

XXXXXἀρβίννη [f.] - κρέας. Σικελοί 'flesh, meat (Sicilian) (H.).

    *ETYM Connected to Lat. arvina 'fat, especially around the intestines', from which it  is a loan (Campanile 1969: 318f). Acc. to von Blumenthal 1930: 16, the word is  Messapian and cognate with arvina.

XXXXXἀρβύλη [f.] 'shoe that covers the whole foot up to the ankle' (Hp.).

    *VAR  ἀρβύκη (read ἀρβύλης» τοῦ ὑποδήματος 'sandal (H.). Also ἀράβυλας:  ὑποδήματος εἴδη φορτικὰ καὶ βαρβαρικὰ 'kinds of coarse, non-Greek sandals' (H.). And ἄρμυλα' ὑποδήματα. Κύπριοι 'sandals (Cypr.)' (H.).

    *DER κατάρβυλος 'reaching down to theshoes' (S.); cf. καθάρβυλος χλανίς.

    *ETYM Clearly a substrate word, as evidenced by the suffix -vA- (Fur.: 2015) and  variations B/t, ap/apa, and κατικαθ-άρβυλος (Banadteanu REIE 3 (1943): 145;  Knauer Glotta 33 (1954): 114').

XXXXXἀργαλέος -'ἄλγος.

XXXXXἈργεϊφόντης epithet of Hermes (IL.). <?>

    *ETYM Since Kretschmer, assumed to be a metrical reshaping of "Ἀργοφόντης  (Kretschmer Glotta 10 (1920): 45ff., Kretschmer Glotta 24 (1936): 236f., Kretschmer  Glotta 27 (1939): 33): 'killer of Argos', the many-eyed primordial Giant. Ruijgh 1995:  87°° takes the form at face value (ie. *argehi-k'"on-ta-) and assumes that it originally  means 'who kills by his flash', from the s-stem *dpyoc seen in ἐναργής and ἀργεννός. The connection of the second member with εὐθένεια by Heubeck Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 5 (1954): 19ff., assuming a sense 'shining in splendour', is  unconvincing. Chantraine 1935: 69ff., thinks of a Pre-Greek word, which seems quite  possible. Further literature: Chittenden AJA 52 (1948): 24-33 ('dog-killer'); West 1978: 368;  Koller Glotta 54 (1976): 211-215 (unconvincing).

===Pag_172: Beekes_Página_0172.tiff=== XXXXXἀργιλιπής 125

XXXXXἄργελλα [f.]? - οἴκημα Μακεδονικόν, ὅπερ θερμαίνοντες λούονται 'Macedonian dwelling-place, where [men] bathe while warming up' (Suid.). < PG(V)>

    *VAR ἄργιλλα, ἄργῖλα [f.] 'subterranean house' (Magna Graecia, Strabo V 244 =  Ephor. [fr. 45], cf. Eust. ad D. P. 1166).

    *ETYM From this word comes Alb. γαράϊ᾽ 'cottage' (Jokl IF 44 (1927): 13ff.). See also  Pagliaro Ric. ling. 1 (1950): 145f. and Hubschmid 1963: 81. The interchanges e/. and  NAA clearly point to a substrate word. Related to ἄργιλλος 'white clay'? See Kalléris  1954: 104.

XXXXXἀργέλοφοι [m.pl.] 'legs and feet of a sheepskin, offal' (Ar. V. 672 only).

    *VAR Cf. dpyiAogot λαπάραι κωδίων [read: kwdiwv] 'the flanks of sheepskins' - οἱ δὲ  πρωκτόν. καὶ μηλωταί 'anus; sheepskin' (H.).

    *DIAL Acc. to the sch. and AB 8, the word is Attic for ποδεῶνες 'ragged ends of the  skins of animals'.

    *ETYM Derivation from ἀργός (in which case the -e- is unexplicable) or from λόφος  'kann jedenfalls unméglich richtig sein' (Frisk). One is inclined to consider it as a  momentary creation of Aristophanes, but how could his audience have understood  him? It is rather a word that we simply do not know. Fur. 358 adduces the gloss with  -t-, which probably demonstrates substrate origin, e.g. *arg-al'-ap-. The word clearly  denotes the useless parts of a sheep(skin), cf. the meanings 'anus' or 'membrum  virile' (attested for ποδεών).

XXXXXἄργεμον [n.] 'white spot in the eye, albugo' (Hp.), also plant name (Plin.).

    *VAR Also -ος [m.].

    *DER ἀργεμώνη 'Papaver Argemone' (Crateuas), a remedy against ἄργεμιος, cf. Chantraine 1933: 208. Not from Hebr. 'argdman 'red purple' (Lagarde Gétt. Abh. 35  (1888): 205, cf. Lewy 1895: 4of.), because of the mg.

    *ETYM Connected to *dipyoc in ἀργεστής, ἀργεννός, like ἄνθεμον to ▶︎ ἄνθος, yet the  latter derivation is difficult; cf. Chantraine 1933: 132. Further connected to ▶︎ ἀργός 1. dpyevvdc

    *VAR ἀργεστής. = ἀργός.

XXXXXἀργής, -ῆτος [adj.] 'brilliant white, gleaming' (II.).

    <IE *h,erg- 'brilliant, white'>

    *VAR Also -ἔτι, -éta (IL).

    *DER Poetical enlargement ἀργησ-τής 'id' (B.), after ὡμηστήςξ (Schwyzer: 500°). ἄργήεις (Dor. -detc, contr. ἀργᾶς) (Pi.).

    *ETYM Formation like γυμνής, etc. (see Chantraine 1933: 267) from »dpydc. The  ablaut -nt-/-et- is of IE origin.

XXXXXἀργιλιπής [adj.] context and mg. unclear (Archil. 160). <?>

    *VAR ἀργίλιπες [pl.] (Nic. Th. 213), of ἔχιδναι, acc. to the scholia = ἔκλευκοι 'very  white', but see Frisk III s.v. on the mg.

    *ETYM Connected with ἀργι- in apyt-Képavvos, etc. (see ▶︎ ἀργός). DELG relates the  second member to λιπ- 'fat', comparing it with ἀργέτι δημῷ 'with a white greasy  shine'.

===Pag_173: Beekes_Página_0173.tiff===

ἄργιλλα ''ἄργελλα.

XXXXXἄργιλλος [f.] 'white clay' (Arist.).

    *VAR ἄργιλλα [f.] 'id.' (Gal.).

    *DIALGpyiXoc (inscr. Acarnan.).

    *ETYM Generally derived from ▶︎ ἀργός 1, but the suffix (Chantraine 1933: 249,  Schwyzer: 483) could be non-IE (cf. ▶︎ ἄμιλλα); note the interchanges λίλλ and -oc/-  4. Given the meaning, a substrate word is quite possible, and connection with ἀργός,  which means 'brilliant white', is semantically not evident. Lat. argilla is a loan from  Greek.

XXXXXἀργός 1 [adj.] 'shining white, brilliant', also 'quick, agile' (Il.). <1E *h.rg- 'white'>

    *DIAL Myc. po-da-ko /podargos/ name of a cow; to-ma-ko /stomargos/ (?, see  ▶︎ στόμα); tu-ma-ko /tumargos/?

    *COMP As a first member dpyi- in dpyi-novc, ἀργι-κέραυνος, apyt-ddwv, etc. It is  also found in epic ἀργι-όεις (B 647, 656), with a v.l. ἀργινόεις, for which cf. Ἀργινοῦσσαι. See also ▶︎ ἀργιλίπης. For ἀργιόπους: ἀετός, Μακεδόνες read apyinouc. As ἃ second member in πόδαργος 'with quick feet'.

    *DER Denominative ἀργαίνω [v.] 'to be white' (E., Opp., Nonn.), dpyitic (Verg.,  Plin.), of ἄμπελος. apyac, -ἃ [m.] (Achae.), ἀργόλας [m.] (Suid.), types of snake (named after their  agility). As a PN, with regular shift of accent, Ἄργος [m.] (Od.), 'the nimble one', of  the dog of Odysseus, and Ἀργώ [f:], name of a mythical ship (Od.). A neuter s-stem in ἐν-αργής and in: 1. ἀργεσ-τής [m.] 'clear', epithet of the south  wind νότος (IL) and the west wind Ζέφυρος (Hes.), also substantivized Ἀργέστης  (Arist.) the wind itself, with regular shift of accent; in Nic. Th. 592 it is an  enlargement of ἀργής; 2. ἀργεννός < *apyed-voc 'shining white' (II.), an Aeolic form. ἀργήεις (Dor. ἀργάεις, contracted ἀργᾶς -avtoc) 'shining white' (A. [lyr], Pi. Orph.) is just an enlargement of the t-stem ▶︎ ἀργής.

    *ETYM Wackernagel already pointed to the similarity of Gr. ἀργός, ἀργι- with Skt. rjrd-, in compounds rji-, which suggests that *h.rg-rdé- > *apypdc dissimilated to  ἀργός. The root *h,(e)rg- is found in several formations in various languages: Lat. argentum 'silver' (further cognates see ▶︎ ἄργυρος), Skt. drjuna- 'white, light', ToA  arki, ToB arkwi 'white', Hitt. harki- 'white, bright'. The meanings 'white' and 'quick,  nimble' are both found in Skt. as well, and must have developed via 'brilliant,  sparkling'. See ▶︎ dpyepov.

XXXXXἀργός 2 [adj.] 'idle, lazy' (Hdt.). «GR>

    *ETYM Contracted from 4-(f epydc (IL), with privative a- and (F)épyov.

XXXXXἄργυρος [m.] 'silver' (11). <1£ *h,erg- 'brilliant white'>

    *DIAL Myc. a-ku-ro /arguros/.

    *COMP Frequent as a first member eg. ἀργυρό-πεζα (Il) 'with a foot of silver',  epithet of Thetis.

    *DER ἀργύρεος > ἀργυροῦς 'of silver' (Il.+), apybpetoc 'id, (Att.), ἀργυρώδης 'rich in  silver' (X.). ἀργύριον 'silver coin, money' (IA), ἀργυρικός 'concerning money'

===Pag_174: Beekes_Página_0174.tiff=== XXXXXἄρδω 127 (Hell.); diminutive ἀργυρίδιον (com , Isoc.). ἀργυρίς 'silver vessel' (Pi. Pherecr.), ἀργυρίτης, fem. -ittc 'containing silver', also as a plant name (Stromberg 1940: 26), also 'concerning money' (X., Plb.), ἀργύριος [m.] plant name (H.), = ἀργύρεος (Alcm.), ἀργυρωταί [pl.] name of a government authority in Sillyon (Fraenkel 1910- 1912(1): 170. Denominative verbs: 1. ἀργυρόομαι [v.] 'to be covered with silver', -6w 'to cover with silver' (Pi. Dialex.), verbal noun ἀργύρωμα 'silver plate' (Lys., Antiph.), diminutive ἀργυρωμάτιον (Arr.), adjective ἀργυρωματικός (Ephesus). 2.

XXXXXἀργυρίζομαι [v.] 'to squeeze money from' (Din., J.), ἀργυρισμός (Str., Ph.). 3.

XXXXXἀργυρεύω [v.] 'to dig for silver (Ὁ. S., Str.); independent of this is ἀργυρευτική [f.] (scil. τέχνη) 'art of the silversmith' (Eustr.).

    *ETYM ἄργυρος derives from a w-stem also seen in ▶︎ ἄργυφος and in Skt. drju-na-  'white, bright', ToB arkwi 'white', Lat. argué 'to make clear', Hitt. arkuuae-*' 'to make  a plea', etc. Other languages have a thematicized nt-stem in the word for 'silver': Lat. argentum, Olr. argat, Av. arazata-, Skt. rajatd- (n.], all < *h.rg-nt-o-. On the realia see  Mallory & Adams 1997 sv. Silver.

XXXXXἄργυφος [adj.] 'gleaming white' (1].). <1 *h,erg- 'white'>

    *VAR Also ἀργύφεος.

    *ETYM From the w-stem also continued in ▶︎ ἄργυρος, with the suffix -go- (on which  see Chantraine 1933: 263).

XXXXXἄρδα [f.] 'dirt' (Pherecr. 53). < PG?>

    *DER ἄρδαλος 'id. (Erot.), acc. to Erot. also ᾿ἄνθρωπος ὁ μὴ καθαρῶς Cav'; cf. αἴθαλος, πτύαλον for the suffix (Chantraine 1933: 245). Denominative verb ἀρδαλόω  [v.] 'to defile' (Hp., LXX).

    *ETYM Connection with ἄρδω 'to irrigate' is impossible because ἄρδα has short 4-. Fur.: 391f compares δάρδα' μόλυσμα 'filth' and dapdaivetr- μολύνει 'defiles' (H.). These glosses cannot be ignored. Is it simply loss of δ- through dissimilation, or does  the interchange &/zero point to a substrate word? The ending has been explained  from *-rdid > *-rzdd > -ρδᾶ, but the short -ἅ may also point to substrate origin.

XXXXXἄρδις, -ἰος [f.] 'point of an arrow' (Hdt, A. Pr. 880 [lyr.]). IE? *h,erd- 'point'>

    *DER ἀρδικός: φαρέτρα 'quiver' (H.).

    *ETYM Probably related to Olr. aird < *ardi- 'point, direction'; ON erta < *artjan- 'to  spur, incite' (but its connection with Skt. drdati 'to be scattered' is semantically  unconvincing).

XXXXXἄρδω [v.] 'to irrigate, water' (Pi.). <? PG?>

    *VAR Long ἄ- acc. to Hdn. Gr. 2, 109.

    *COMP νεο-αρδής 'recently watered' (D 346).

    *DER ἀρδμός 'watering place' (IL), enlarged ἀρδηθμός (Lyc., Nic.); ἀρδάλια-: τοὺς  πυθμένας τῶν κεραμίδων, οὕς ἔνιοι γοργύρας καλοῦσιν 'the bottoms of tiles, which  some call y.' (H.). Purely formal enlargement in ἀρδεύω (A. Pr. 852, Arist.), whence  ἀρδεία 'irrigation' (Str, Plu.), ἄρδευσις 'id' (PIb.), dpSevoytoc (H.); ἀρδευτής [m.]  'irrigator' (Man.).

===Pag_175: Beekes_Página_0175.tiff===

    *ETYM The connection with ἐρράδαται < *rerpddatat is most probably wrong,  because the 6 in ἐρράδαται (which belongs to ▶︎ paivw) is secondary (thus already  Frisk). Fur.: 241 compares παρδακός 'humid' (highly doubtful) and ἄρσεα' λειμῶνες 'humid  meadows' (H.) (254). The latter proposal is attractive, as -σος is a pre-Greek suffix. Furnée also follows the proposal by Kretschmer Glotta 3 (1910-1912): 294f. that a- is  due to a pre-form *apapSw (comparing νεοαρδής), the prothetic vowel of which he  explains as a substrate element. Neumann 1961: 91 noted that several technical terms  for irrigation are pre-Greek (» yopybpa, ▶︎ ἄνδηρα).

XXXXXἀρειή [f.] 'threat(s)' (IL). «ἦν

    *COMP See ▶︎ ἐπήρεια.

    *DER Denominative ἀρειάω [v.] 'to threaten' (Hippon.).

    *ETYM Formerly connected with Skt. irasya 'malevolence', irasydti 'to be angry, be  envious', under the assumption of *h,rh,es- (see Peters Sprache 32 (1986): 37:f.). However, the meaning is different, cf. ▶︎ apr). Relationship with ἐπήρεια depends on  the question if this contains PGr. *é. A further comparison is with dpoc ... Kai  βλάβος ἀκούσιον (H.); yet, damage is not the same as menace, notes DELG.

XXXXXἀρείων [adj.] 'better, stronger, nobler' (11... «Ὁ

    *DIAL Myc. a-rjo-a, farjoha/.

    *ETYM A primary comparative, beside which stands a superlative ▶︎ ἄριστος. Acc. to  Giintert IF 27 (4910): 67, ἀρείων (like Awiwv) was not a primary comparative, but  rather formed from an old positive. Seiler 1950: 116ff. finds this positive in dpetoc,  seen in τεῖχος ἄρειον (IL), and connects it with Gpoc: ὄφελος 'benefit' (H.). The Myc. comparative is formed differently and suggests derivation from the root *h.,er-, if it  does not stand for *h,erh,-ios- (with the Lex Pinault, loss of laryngeal before yod).

XXXXXἀρέσκω [v.] 'to please, satisfy' (Il.). <1E? *h.erh,- 'please, satisfy' (?)>

    *VAR Aor. ἀρέσαι.

    *DER ἄρεσις 'grace' (Priene II*). ἀρεστός 'pleasing' (Hdt.), ἀρεστήρ [m.]  'reconciliator', name of a sacrificial cake for appeasing a deity (inscr., Ael. Dion.),  whence ἀρεστήριος 'expiatory' (Ὁ. H.), ἀρεστηρία (θυσία) and dpeotripiov (inscr.);  Apéotwp PN (Hes., etc.) and ἀρέσμιον 'fee' (Stiris). From the present ἄρεσκος 'pleasant, flattering' (Arist, Thphr.), ἀρεσκεία 'flattering  person' (Arist, Hell.). Backformation from ἀρεσκεία: ἀρεσκεύομαι [v.] 'to flatter'  (Clearch, Plu.), ἀρέσκευμα (Plu., Epicur.) and ἀρεσκευτικός (M. Ant.).

    *ETYM The word seems to have a disyllabic root *h,erh,, but connection with ἀρείων,  ἀρετή is semantically not compelling. The connection with *h,er- in ▶︎ ἀραρίσκω is  formally unclear (origin of the -e-?).

XXXXXἀρετή [f.] 'excellence' (IL). «Ἰεῦ *h.erh,->

    *COMP aivapétn [voc.] 'terribly brave' (IL).

    *DER Denominative ἀρετάω [v.] 'to prosper, thrive' (Od.).

    *ETYM Not directly related to ▶︎ ἀρέσκω for semantic reasons. Connection with  ▶︎ ἀρείων is semantically attractive, but formally not clear. Vine 1998: 61f. suggests an

===Pag_176: Beekes_Página_0176.tiff===

analysis h.(e)r-etéh.- to the root of ▶︎ ἀραρίσκω, which would be formally excellent and for which he adduces semantic arguments. Nikolaev 2005 wants to reconstruct h.nr-eteh,- from the word for 'man, hero', and tries to reformulate Rix's Law.

XXXXXἀρή [f.] 'bane, ruin' (IL). <?>

    *ETYM Probably related to the ptc. ἀρημένος βεβλαμμένος, damaged' (II.), but the  long a&- poses difficulties. Further connected with ἄρος: (...) βλάβος ἀκούσιον  'involuntary damage' (H., see ▶︎ Gpoc), and anapéc: ὑγιές 'healthy' (H.); perhaps also  with ▶︎ ἀρειή. Finally, one may consider a connection with ▶︎ Ἄρης. For Ion. ἀρή  'prayer', see Papa.

XXXXXἀρήγω [v.] 'to help, support (against)' (I1.). «18 *h.rehg- 'help, support'>

    *DER ἀρηγών, -όνος m. f. 'helper' (Il.). With old ablaut ἀρωγή 'help, support' and  ἀρωγός, -6v 'helper' (IL).

    *ETYM The forms require *h,re/oh,g-, unless *h,rég-, *h.rog- were root nouns, for  which there is no indication. Possibly comparable with Germanic forms such as  OHG geruohhen, OS rokjan, ON rékja, etc. 'to care for' and MoDu. reekeloos  'without care' (with old 0); if so, not related to Lat. regd, Gr. opé yw, with which Skt. raja 'king' seems to be connected (on which, see Gonda KZ 73 (1956): 1siff.).

XXXXXἀρήν, ἀρνός [m., f.] 'sheep, lamb' (IL). 418 *urh,-en- 'lamb'>

    *VAR Nom. ῥήν (A. R. 4, 1497), taken from compounded forms.

    *DIAL Myc. we-re-ne-ja /wréneja/ in a list of leather goods; wa-ni-ko /warniskos/,  found as a PN in the class. language; wo-ro-ne-ja /wroneja/ may perhaps also  represent /wolneja/ 'woollen'; The Ε- is found in ξαρήν (Gortyn) and βάννεια: τὰ  ἄρνεια, καὶ τὰ βάννιμα τὸ αὐτὸ (HL); ῥᾶνα: ἄρνα 'sheep, lamb' is probably Elean,  with n > a.

    *COMP πολύ-ρρην < "πολύ-Ερην < *urh,-n-.

    *DER ἄρνειος 'of a sheep or lamb' (Hdt.), like atystoc, βόειος (Chantraine 1933: 5of.);  apvéa [f.] 'sheepskin' (Hdn.), also 'sheep-breeding' (POxy. 2, 297, 8) like aiyéa etc. (Chantraine 91); ἀρνακίς 'sheepskin' (Ar.), haplological fem. from *dpvd-vaKoc?  Uncertain is the appurtenance of ▶︎ ἀρνειός and ▶︎ ἀρνευτήρ. Also apveiov 'butcher's  shop' (Didym.); diminutive ἀρνίον 'little lamb', also 'sheepskin' (Lys.). Popular ἄριχα (acc.)- ἄρρεν πρόβατον 'male cattle' (H.), βάριχοι (= F-): ἄρνες 'sheep'  (H.) (Chantraine 1933: 403), but the absence of the nasal is unexplained. It is  confirmed by the PN ξαριχος (Tarente).

    *ETYM ἀρήν < fapriy < *urh,-én matches Arm. gan, -in 'lamb'. Skt. drana- [m.] 'id'  is a thematization of *urh,-en-, οἷ. MP varak 'ram'. The original inflection was nom. *urh,-én, acc. *urh,-en-m, gen. *urh,-n-os > *fapiyy, *Fapeva, ἔξρηνος. This means  that the oblique stem fap-v- is due to a reshaping. Unrelated is ▶︎ eipog 'wool', which  derives from *féproc. Cf. Meier-Briigger KZ 103 (1990): 26-29.

XXXXXἌρης, Ἄρεως [m.] the god of war; also god of vengeance and oaths (Arcadia, Athens, etc. see Kretschmer Glotta 11 (1921): 195ff.); metonym. for 'war' (Triimpy 1950: 152f.).

    *VAR  On the inflexion see Schwyzer: 576.

===Pag_177: Beekes_Página_0177.tiff===

    *DIAL Myc. dat. a-re, adj. a-re-(i-)jo; PN a-re-(i-)me-ne. Boeot. Lesb. Ἄρευς.

    *DER Fem. Ἄρεια in Arc. τὰν Ἀθάναν τὰν Ἄρειαν; adj. Ἄρειος, Ion. Ἀρήϊος, Lesb. Ἀρεύϊος (Ζεὺς Ἄρειος Epirus, Ἄρειος πάγος Athens, whence Ἀρεοπαγίτης). PN  Ἀρητάδης (Bechtel 19178: 11).

    *ETYM The ancient grammarians and lexicographers (e.g. EM 140) connected ἀρή  'Schaden, Unheil, Verderben', cf. ἄρος: βλάβος ἀκούσιον (H.). The connection is  improbable: IE origin of such a name is not to be expected. On the flection Schulze  1892: 454ff., Bechtel (above) and Kretschmer Glotta 15 (1927): 197.

XXXXXἀρθμός = dpapioxw.

XXXXXἄρθρον [f.] 'joint, articulation' (Hdt., Hp., S., E.), also 'article' as a grammatical term (Arist.).

    *DER ἀρθρῖτις (νόσος) 'gout' (Hp.), ἀρθριτικός (Hp., Gal.); ἀρθρικός 'of the joint or  article' (Gal, gramm.); ἀρθρώδης 'provided with joints' (X., Arist., Gal.), ἀρθρωδία  (Gal.). Denominative verb ἀρθρόομαι 'to be articulated', -dw 'to articulate' (Hp.,  Hermipp., X.), ἄρθρωσις 'articulation' (Phid., Str...

    *ETYM From '*h,er-d'ro-, derived from *h,er- 'to fit' with the instrument suffix. See  ▶︎ ἀραρίσκω.

XXXXXἀρι- 'good, very' (Il.), as ἃ first member in compounds.

    *COMP In ἀρί-γνωτος, -δείκετος, -πρεπής, etc.

    *ETYM Willi KZ 112 (1999): 86-100 convincingly disassociates ἀρι- from épi- and  maintains the widely accepted connection with ἄριστος, He concludes that the forms  with épt- are mainly bahuvrihis (possessive compounds), while those with dpi- are  verbal governing compounds. Willi accepts Heubeck's connection of ἐρι- as *ser-i,  related to Hitt. sér 'above, up', with psilosis (95ff.), see ▶︎ ἐρι-. This is better than the  analysis by Fur.: 348, who thinks the element is Pre-Greek because of the variation é-  ά-.

XXXXXἀρία [f.] Doric for φελλόδρυς 'holm-oak' (Thphr.). <?>

    *DER ἀρείνος 'of oak' (IG 11(2), 161: A 70, Delos).

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXἈριάδνη [{1 daughter of Minos, abducted by Theseus (IL).

    *VAR Ἀριάγνη on a vase; Ἀριήδη acc. to Zenodotos at Σ 592, Call. cf. 67.13 The form  is confirmed by Ἀριήδαν: τὴν Ἀριάδνην. Κρῆτες (H.).

    *ETYM The gloss ἀδνόν: ἀγνόν. Κρῆτες 'pure (Cret.)' (H.) is artificial, as yv > dv is  not a Cretan development (Brown 1985: 25). This means that the word probably does  not contain ἀγνός. An IE etymology is improbable for a Cretan goddess, and the  group -δν- is found in other Pre-Greek words.

XXXXXἀριδείκετος [adj.] 'most famous' (II.).

    *ETYM A compound from »&pt- and a second member which was formerly  connected with ▶︎ δηδέχαται, under the assumption of metrical lengthening for *dpt-  δέκετος (Schulze 1892: 242). Nowadays, the form is read δειδέχαται and is

===Pag_178: Beekes_Página_0178.tiff=== XXXXXἄριστον 131 considered to be related to ▶︎ δείκνυμι, which means that ἀρι-δείκετος also derives from this root (which seemed obvious anyhow).

XXXXXἀρίζηλος [adj 'clear, easily recognizable' (IL), equivalent of ἀρίδιγλος.

    <IE *h,eri-  dieh,-lo->

    *ETYM Explained as *-djeh,-lo- to ▶︎ δέατο by Schulze 1892: 244 (in pre-laryngealist  terms: ἔ-διηλος). Others want to read -(- as -66-, cf. Shipp 1967: 5off.; Chantraine  1942: 169.

XXXXXἀριθμός [m.] 'number; payment' (Od.).

    *VAR  Through metathesis ἀμιθρός (Schwyzer: 268).

    *DER Denominative verb ἀριθμέω 'count' (Il), whence ἀρίθμημα (A. Secund.),  ἀρίθμησις (Ion. Hell.) 'count, payment', with ἀριθμητικός 'of counting',  'arithmetical (PL, etc.); agent noun ἀριθμητής ([Ρ].] Just. 3730). Perhaps in the PNs'Enrpttoc, Arc. Πεδάριτος and the Arc. appellative Ἐπάριτοι 'the  chosen ones', see Wackernagel 1916: 250 and Wackernagel Phil. 86 (1931): 133ff.

    *ETYM A derivation in -θμο- from the root of ▶︎ νήριτος 'countless'. Outside Greek,  there are comparable words in Germanic: ON rim [n.] 'account', OHG rim [m.]  'row, number', and in Celtic: Olr. rim 'number'. Probably, Lat. ritus 'religious  observance, rite' is related too (< *h,rei-ti-).

XXXXXἄριλλα [f.] unknown (only IG Rom. 4, 1349). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXἀρίς 1, -ίδος [f.] 'bow-drill (Hp.). <?>

    *ETYM Technical term of unknown origin. For the formation, cf. ἀκίς, Soxic, cavic  (Chantraine 1933: 337). Grogelj Ziva Ant. 7 (1957): 41 connects ἐριώλ!η.

XXXXXἀρίς 2, -ίδος [f.] plant name, 'Arisarum vulgare', also 'Spaxovtia μικρά᾽ (Ps.-Dsc.). <?>

    *ETYM Diminutive of dpov? Cf. also ▶︎ ἀρίσαρον.

XXXXXἀρίσαρον [n.] a plant, 'Arisarum vulgare' (Dsc.). <?>

    *ETYM See ▶︎ ἄρον and ▶︎ ἄσαρον (Stromberg 1940: 157f.).

XXXXXἀριστερός [adj.] 'left' (IL).

    *DER the plant name dptotepewv (Plin.) = περιστερεών ''dovecoat' was perhaps  reshaped after the latter form; see Stromberg 1940: 153,251f. Or is it unrelated to 'left'?

    *ETYM Formed with the contrast-marking suffix -tepo-; connection with ἄρισ-τος is  mostly assumed. A problem is that omens coming from the left side were considered  unfavorable in Greece. It is thought that the left side was considered favorable in  earlier times, judging by parallels like Lat. sinister (but see the doubts in De Vaan  2008 s.v.), OHG winister, Av. vairiia.stara- 'left, more favorable' (or are these old  euphemisms?).

XXXXXἄριστον [π.] 'breakfast' (II.), taken in the afternoon in classical times (see Athen. ub ff.).

    <IE *h,eier- 'day, morning', *h,ed- 'eat'>

===Pag_179: Beekes_Página_0179.tiff===

    *DER Denominative ἀριστάω [v.] 'to have breakfast' (IA), ἀριστητής 'who eats twice a  day' (Hp.). ἀριστητικός 'who loves breakfast' (Eup.), ἀριστητήριον 'refectory' (BCH  15, 184). 2. ἀριστίζω 'to give breakfast' (Ar.), τίζομαι 'to have breakfast' (Hp.).

    *ETYM An old compound meaning 'eaten in the morning', a contraction of a  locative pt (< *alep-t) and the zero grade of ἐδ- 'eat' (see ▶︎ éo8iw) + to-suffix:  *h,eieri-h,d-to-; see Bechtel 1914. Note, however, that ▶︎ ἦρι 'early' is now derived  from *h,eus-er-i.

XXXXXἄριστος [adj.] 'the best, first, noblest' (IL). <?>

    *DER ἀριστίνδην [adv.] 'according to birth or merit' (Att.), whence substantivized aptotivdac [m.] (Sparta). aptotetc (mostly plur. ἀριστῆες) 'they who excel, chiefs' (1].); ἀριστεύω [v.] 'to be the  best, excel' (Il.), ἀριστεία [f.] 'deed of valor' (Gorg., S.). ἀριστεύς could be a back-  formation from ἀριστεύω, if the latter was derived directly from ἄριστος. Also  ἀριστεῖα, Ion. ἀριστήϊα [n.pl.] 'meed of valor' (Hdt., S.), but ἀριστεῖος 'belonging to  the ἄριστοι᾽ (Ὁ. Η., Plu.) directly from ἄριστος. Further numerous PNs, like  Ἀρίστων, Aptotiwv, etc.

    *ETYM A primary superlative to the comparative »dpeiwv. It is sometimes  considered to contain the prefix dpt-, but this seems improbable to me. Perhaps it is  related to ▶︎ ἀραρίσκω, as 'the fittest'.

XXXXXἄριχα = ἀρήν.

XXXXXἀριχάομαι --ἀναρριχάομαι.

XXXXXἀρκάνη [{1] - τὸ ῥάμμα ᾧ τὸν στήμονα ἐγκαταπλέκουσι διαζόμεναι 'thread with which the warp is intertwined, when they are setting it up in the loom' (H.). «Ρο»

    *ETYM The connection with ▶︎ ἄρκυς is doubtful. The suffix is also seen in Spendvn,    καπάνη, θηγάνη, etc; see Chantraine 1933: 198f. Probably a loanword, perhaps Pre-  Greek.

XXXXXἄρκευθος [f.] 'juniper, Juniperus macrocarpa' (Hp.).

    *VAR Gpyetoc: ἡ ἄρκευθος. Κρῆτες (H.).

    *DER ἀρκευθίς, -ίδος [f.] 'juniper-berry' (Hp.), ἀρκευθιδίτης (οἶνος) 'wine from or  perfumed with juniper-berries' (Dsc. 5, 46 ed. Sprengel).

    *ETYM Within Greek, the gloss ἄργετος is certainly cognate, cf. Brown 1985: 25. In  view of this, ἄρκευθος is clearly a substrate word. On the suffix see Fur.: 115°, on the  material cf. Beekes 2000: 27. The word has always been connected with the Slavic  group of Ru. rakita 'willow, Salix fragilis' < *arkiata, these can be combined if we  assume ἃ loan from the European substrate. The comparison with ἄρκυς 'net' is  improbable. ᾿

XXXXXἀρκέω [v.] 'to ward off, defend; suffice' (Il.). <1£ *h,erk- 'hold, contain'>

    *COMP Often -αρκης: eg. αὐτάρκης 'self-sufficient'; γυιάρκης 'strengthening the  limbs' (Pi.), etc. Perhaps ▶︎ ποδάρκης.

    *DER Verbal noun ἄρκεσις 'help' (S., inscr. Thera); also ἄρκος [n.] 'defense' (Alc.),  which is rather deverbative to ἀρκέω because of its limited distribution. Further

===Pag_180: Beekes_Página_0180.tiff=== XXXXXἅρμα 1 133 ἄρκιος (IL, epic) 'to be relied on, sure, certain, sufficient' (the development of the mg. is difficult). Perhaps here ἄρκιον 'burdock, Arctium Lappa' (Dsc.).

    *ETYM Related to Lat. arceé 'to hold off, contain, etc. and Hitt. hark-* 'to hold, have',  and perhaps also to the noun Arm. argel 'hindrance'.

XXXXXἄρκηλος [m.] 'young panther, kind of panther' (Callix.).

    *VAR Perhaps ἄρκηλα- ... Κρῆτες τὴν ὕστριχα = 'hedgehog, porcupine (Cret.)' (H.),  if it is itacistic for ἀρκύλα 'bear'.

    *ETYM Unknown. On the suffix (as a substrate element) see Fur.: 119°. It is not clear  whether the gloss belongs here.

XXXXXἄρκτος [f., m.?] 'bear' (11); also name of a constellation: 'Ursa Major' (Scherer 1953: 131ff.), 'the north'; also a crustacean, 'Arctos Ursus' = τέττιξ (Arist.), see Thompson 1947: 17.

    *VAR  Younger form ἄρκος [m., f.] (LXX); the form appears at an early date in names,  see Dobias-Lalou 2000: 6. Late ἄρξ (OGI 201, 15).

    *COMP Ἀρκτοῦρος (Hes.), with -ορος 'surveyor'; see ▶︎ φρουρός.

    *DER Diminutives ἀρκτύλος (Poll.), ἄρκυλλος (sch. Opp.), ἄρκιλος (Eust.). ἀρκτικός 'northern' (Arist.), ἀρκτῷος 'id' (Luc.), after ἑῷος 'eastern' from ἕως;  apk(t)etog 'belonging to a bear' (Dsc.), after αἴγειος, βόειος, etc; ἀρκτῆ < -én [f.]  'skin of a bear' (Anaxandr.). ἄρκτιος [adj.] 'northern' (Nonn.), dpxtiov [n.] plant  name, Tnula candida' (Dsc.), Stromberg 1940: 118. Denominative verb ἀρκτεύω,  -εύομαι 'to serve Artemis as a female bear' (Lys., sch. Ar. Lys. 645). It is uncertain whether the ethonym Ἀρκάδες belongs here; see Sommer 1934: 63f.

    *ETYM Old name of the bear found in Skt. fksa-, Av. arsa-, Arm. arj, Lat. ursus, Celtic  forms like MIr. art, and Hitt. hartagga- 'some wild animal'. These (especially the  latter) lead to a reconstruction *h,rtko-. The late Greek form with single -x- is  confirmed by the derivations. It is probably just a simplification of the cluster; or is it  from before the metathesis?    The old etymology as 'destroyer' (Skt. rdksas-, Av. ras- 'damage') has become  untenable with the laryngeal theory.

XXXXXἄρκυς, -vos [f.] 'net' (A.).

    *VAR  Mostly plur.

    *DER ἄρκυον 'id.' (EM), after δίκτυον; also dpxvAov: δίκτυον 'net' (H.).

    *ETYM Unknown. Acc. to Lidén IF 18 (1905-1906): 507f., in the sense of 'twined,  woven', related to ἄρκευθος and ἀρκάνη and the Slavic words for 'willow'. This is  improbable, as one expects a derivative suffix. A technical term which may well be a  substrate word; for the u-stem, cf. μίμαρκυς, ῥάπυς / pause, etc.

XXXXXἅρμα τ (n.) 'wagon, car', especially 'war chariot' (Il.); on the use in Homer see Delebecque 1951: 170f.

    *VAR Often plur.

    *DIAL Myc. a-mo farm™o/, dat. a-mo-te-i, plur. a-mo-ta, but it means 'wheel'. Further a-mo-te-jo-na-de /armoteiGna-de/ 'to the wheel-maker's shop'. On traces of  the mg. 'wheel' in Homer, see Panag] 1992: 137-44.

===Pag_181: Beekes_Página_0181.tiff===

    *COMP  ἀρματο-πηγός (Il.) 'wheel-maker', etc. ἀρμάμαξα contains ἄμαξα (Ar.), unless  it is an adapted Persian word. On ▶︎ βητάρμων, see s.v.

    *DER ἀρμάτειος 'of the chariot' (E., X.), ἀρματόεις 'id. (Critias), ἀρματίτης 'using  chariots' (Philostr., pap.), diminutive ἀρμάτιον (gloss.). Denominative ἀρματεύω [v.]  'to drive a wagon' (E. Or. 994).

    *ETYM Derived from the root ἀρ- 'to fit' in ▶︎ dpapicxw. It is assumed that the rough  breathing (also in ▶︎ ἀρμόζω, ▶︎ ἀρμονία, etc.) is due to an original suffix -sm-. This  presupposes that thematic ▶︎ ἀρμός is the older form, since only a thematic suffix  -smo- is known. However, note that the Mycenaean form has no initial aspiration. Outside Greek, several forms have a suffix -m-, eg. Lat. arma [pl.] 'weapons', Arm. y-armar 'fitting'. Unrelated is the word for 'arm' in Lat. arma [m.] 'arm', Go. arms  'id', because of Sktirmd- 'id' < *h,rH-mo- with root-final laryngeal.

XXXXXἄρμα 2 [π.] 'food' (Hp. acc. to Hellad. apud Phot. [p. 533 B]; also v.l. for ἅρμενα Hes. Th. 639). «ἵν

    *ETYM Connection with αἴρομαι 'to take for oneself, or with ▶︎ dpapicxw has been  suggested (cf. ▶︎ ἄρμενα in the meaning 'food'). Furthermore, it is mentioned in the  gloss νωγαλεύματα ἢ νωγαλίσματα: τὰ κατὰ λεπτὸν ἐδέσματα. οἱ SE τὰ μὴ εἰς  χορτασίαν, ἀλλὰ τρυφερὰ ἄρματα (H.).

XXXXXἁρμαλά [3] a plant, 'rue' = πήγανον ἄγριον (Dsc.). «1τὴν Sem.?>

    *VAR Syrian for πήγανον κηπαῖον (Ps.-Dsc. 3, 45). Also ἀρμαρά (pap.).

    *ETYM Cf. Arab. harmal 'rue'. Is ἀρμαλά from Semitic, or the other way round?

XXXXXἁρμαλιά [f.] 'ration, food' (Hes.). <?>

    *VAR  Also ἀρμολια, -εα (pap.) and ἄρμωλα' ἀρτύματα. Ἀρκάδες 'condiments (Arc.)'  (H.). Other glosses may contain mistakes: ἀρμόγαλα' Ta ἀρτύματα. Ταραντῖνοι  'condiments (Tarantine)' (alphabetically wrong) and ἀρμώμαλα (read -pata?). Cf. further ἡρμαλώσατο: συνέλαβεν 'collected' (H.).

    *ETYM On the suffix, see Chantraine 1933: 82. The variation -αλ-, -oA-, -ωλ- suggests  a loanword; connection with ▶︎ ἄρμενα 'food' or ▶︎ ἄρμα 2 'id' is hardly feasible.

XXXXXἄρμενα [π.Ρ}.] 'sail, tackle; instruments; food' (Hes., epic Ion.).

    <IE *h,er- 'fit'>

    *VAR Rarely sing.

    *DER ἀρμενίζω 'to sail' (gloss.), MoGr. also 'to deliver, lead' (see Browning Class. Rev. N.S. 19 (1969): 68.).

    *ETYM Literally 'what has been fitted out', 'equipment', a substantivization of  ἄρμενος from ▶︎ ἀραρίσκω.

XXXXXἁρμόζω [v.] 'to join, fit together, connect' (Il.) <IE *h.er- 'fit'

    *VAR Aor. ἀρμόσαι.

    *DIAL Att. -dttw; Dor. aor. ἀομόξαι.

    *DER ἀρμοστής (Dor. -τήρ)) [m.] title of an official, especially of the Spartan governor  in dependent cities (inscr., Th.), ἀρμόστωρ (A.) 'commander', action nouns  ἅρμοσμα 'joined work' (E. Hel. 411), ἅρμοσις 'tuning of an instrument' (Phryn.,  Theol. Ar.), ἀρμοστικός (Theol. Ar.). With -y-: ἀρμογή 'fitting together' (Eup.), cf. Dor. ἅρμοξα, ἅρμοκται.

===Pag_182: Beekes_Página_0182.tiff=== XXXXXἀρνευτήρ, -ἦρος 135

    *ETYM Denominative verb from ἀρμότᾶς acc. to Ruijgh 1967a: 48', which itself  derives from ▶︎ ἀρμός 'joint' (S.).

XXXXXἁρμονία [f.] 'means of joining; frame; covenant, agreement, etc.' (Il.).

    *ETYM Derived from an adjective only known as a PN: Ἄρμων, for which cf. Ἁρμονίδης (11). Also found in ▶︎ βητάρμων. Like ▶︎ ἅρμα 1, this adjective derives from  ap- 'to fit' with a suffix -men-. See ▶︎ ἀραρίσκω.

XXXXXἁρμός [m.] 'joint' (S., E,, inscr.).

    *DER Hence the old locative ἀρμοῖ [adv.] 'just, lately' (A.). ἀρμόδιος 'fitting, etc.'  (Thgn.) seems to be a back-formation to > ἀρμόζω.

    *ETYM See > ἀρμόζω.

XXXXXἄρμυλα = apBvan.

XXXXXἄρμωλα -'ἀρμαλιά.

XXXXXἀρνακίς --ἀρήν.

XXXXXἀρνειός [m.] 'ram' (I].). «1Ἰεῦ *h,ers-n-i- 'ram'>

    *VAR Cf. ἀρνειός: ὁ τριετὴς κριός 'three-year-old ram' (H.). Also in Pausanias 159  Erbse, who cites Istros ἄρνα, εἶτα ἀμνόν, εἶτα ἀρνειόν, εἶτα λιπογνώμονα. For  ἀρνηός, see below.

    *DIAL Att. ἀρνεώς [m.].

    *DER ἀρνηάδες, -άδων [fem.p].] (Aeol., Del? 644, 15).

    *ETYM As the glosses indicate, the word was a designation for a ram of a certain age  (Benveniste BSL 45 (1949): 103). Att. ἀρνεώς shows that the original form was  Ἰάρνηός, which is confirmed by Aeol. ἀρνηάδες. The form with εἰ in Homer may  have arisen by reinterpretation of spelled E. We thus have to reconstruct *ar(s)néios  or *ar(s)néyos. The old connection with (Ε)ἀρήν was rightfully rejected by Meillet IF  5 (1895): 328f., both because of the meaning and because the word had no digamma. ἴάρνηός therefore appears to belong to ▶︎ ἄρσην 'male animal' (see there on the  absence of an initial digamma). The same formation, but from a different root, is  found in Skt. vrsni-, Av. varsni-, also meaning 'ram'. An alternative, but less    convincing etymology derives the word from the verb dpveuw (s.v. ▶︎ ἀρνευτήρ); see  Bechtel 1914.

XXXXXἀρνέομαι [v.] 'to deny, refuse, decline' (IL). <1E *h.res- 'refuse, deny'>

    *VAR Aor. ἀρνήσασθαι.

    *DER ἄρνησις 'denial' (trag., Pl, D.), ἀρνήσιμος (S.), perhaps after ἀμφισβητήσιμος;  ἀρνητικός 'negative' (Chrysipp., Numen.). Probably deverbal: ἄπ-αρνος and ἔξ-  apvoc (TA).

    *ETYM Mayrhofer KZ 71 (1953): 75ff. connected the word with Av. rah- 'to be disloyal,  unfaithful (gpl. intens. rarasiieinti, caus. rayhaiian), assuming a nasal present *h,r-n-  es- for Greek. This etymology fits both form and meaning very- well, cf. also Beekes  MSS 38 (1979): 10-11. Unrelated is Arm. uranam 'to deny', see Clackson 1994: 102f.

XXXXXἀρνευτήρ, -ῆρος [m.] 'jumper, acrobat', also a bird (Il., Hdt., Arat.).

===Pag_183: Beekes_Página_0183.tiff===

    *VAR Acc. to sch. AT on M 385, the ἀρνευτὴρ is ὁ κυβιστήρ, παρὰ τοὺς ἄρνας. οὗτοι  yap κυβιστῶσιν ὥσπερ τὸν ἀέρα Kupittovtes 'tumbler; ram (for they tumble while  butting with the horns)', but this may be a folk-etymological interpretation after  ἀρνειός 'ram'. Also ἀρνευτής [m.] epithet of a fish (Numen. apud Ath.); cf. Stromberg 1943: 50.

    *DER ἀρνευτήρια [n.pl.] 'diving tricks' (Arat.), ἀρνένω [v.) 'to dive' (Lyc.).

    *ETYM The connection with »dpvetdc 'ram' is uncertain. See Fur.: 235 on Gpvamov-  τὸν ἄρνα (H.) (Latte reads apvapiov); he prefers a separate root for 'jump'.

XXXXXἄρνυμαι [v.] 'to win, gain, acquire' (II.). <1E *h.er- 'take, acquire'>

    *VAR Aor. ἀρέσθαι.

    *COMP Starting from the expression μισθὸν ἄρνυσθαι, the verb μισθαρνέω 'to work,  serve for hire' (Hp.) was formed.

    *DER ἄρος [n.) 'benefit' (A. Supp. 885 [uncertain reading], H., Eust.).

    *ETYM An old nasal present dpvupat < *h.r-nu-, seen in Arm. a7num 'to take', aor. avi, and in Av. aranuuainti 'they grant'. Hitt. arnu-*' 'to transport, deport' is related  to ▶︎ ὄρνυμι.

XXXXXἄροκλον -''ἄρακιν.

XXXXXἄρον [n.] a plant, 'Arum italicum' etc., cuckoo-pint (Thphr.); see LSJ.

    *ETYM Hemmerdinger Glotta 46 (1968): 244 and Hemmerdinger Glotta 48 (1970): 54  derived it from Eg. r 'reed, cane'; cf. Plin. Hist. Nat. 19, 5, 30, 95: est inter genera et  quod in Aegypto aron vocant. Perhaps, it is also contained in ▶︎ ἀρίς and ▶︎ dpicapov. Comparison with Lat. (h)arundo 'cane' is less probable.

XXXXXἄρος [n.] = ὄφελος 'advantage' (H.). <2

    *VAR  ἄρος: ὄφελος καὶ «πέτρας» κοιλάς, ἐν αἷς ὕδωρ ἀθροίζεται ὄμβριον, καὶ βλάβος  ἀκούσιον 'advantage; hollows of rocks in which rain water is collected; also  involuntary damage' (H.).

    *ETYM In the first sense, usually compared with ▶︎ ἄρνυμαι. For the second, Defner  1923: 47 compares Laconian ἀρέ: λάκκος 'cistern'. For the third, see on ▶︎ ἀρή.

XXXXXἀρόω [v.] 'to plow, plant' (Il.). <1E *h.erh,- Ῥίον»

    *VAR Aor. ἀρόσαι.

    *DIAL Myc. a-ro-u-ra /aroura/.

    *DER ἀροτήρ [m.] 'plowman' (il.), secondarily ἀρότης [m.) (1A, poet.); ἄροτος [m.]  'plowing, (plowed) land, etc.' (Il); thence ἀροτήσιος ὥρη (Arat. 1053), after  adjectives of time in -ήσιος; ἀροτικός 'fit for plowing' (Gal.), perhaps directly from  ἀρόω; 2. ἄροσις 'plowing, etc. (Arist. Arat, Ael.), 'farmland' (Hom.), whence  ἀρόσιμος 'arable' (Thphr., Str.); sometimes with secondary length dpwotc (pap.) and  ἀρώσιμος (S. Ant. 569), metrically conditioned (Arbenz 1933: 48); 3. ἄρωμα  farmland' (S., com.); 4. ἀροσμός 'plowing' (pap.); 5. Doric ᾿ἀρατύς (on -a- see  below) is perhaps contained in the month name Apatvoc. ἄροτρον 'plow' (IL); thence denominative verbs: 1. apotpetw [v.] 'to plow'  (Pherecyd., Lyc., Nic., Babr.), ἀροτρεύς 'plowman' (Theoc., Bion, Arat.), ἀροτρευτήρ  'id. (AP), ἀρότρευμα 'plowing' (Poet. apud Stob.); 2. ἀροτριάω = ἀρόω (Call.

===Pag_184: Beekes_Página_0184.tiff=== XXXXXἁρπάζω 137 Thphr.), ἀροτρίασις (LXX) and ἀροτρίαμα 'plowed land' (sch. Ar.); 3. ἀροτριόω = daw (LXX); 4. ἀροτριάζω 'to plow' (pap.), ἀροτριαστής (EM) and ἀροτριασμός (sch. Opp.). ἄρουρα 'arable land' (I1.), already Myc. a-ro-u-ra. Thence ἀρουραῖος 'rural' (1A), ἀρουρίτης 'id' (Babr.), diminutives ἀρούριον (AP) and ἀρουρίδιον (pap.); from Egyptian papyri: ἀρουρηδόν [n.] 'surface measured by ἄρουραι᾽ (substantivized adverb), ἀρουρισμός 'measuring in dpovpar'.

    *ETYM An old yod-present derived from the dissyllabic root *h,erh,-. The reflex of  -h,- is seen in the aorist, and perhaps also in the present if this directly continues  *h,erh,-ie/o- (this is one of the very few counterexamples against Pinault's Law in  Greek). The -a- in the Doric forms (4patpov, Ἀράτυος, fut. ἀράσαντι (Tab. Heracl.);  Ther. Rhod. évdpatov) is probably due to influence of the verb apaw, which must be  analogical (though it is hard to indicate a precise model). Cognate yod-presents are  Lat. ardre, Mir. airim, Go. arjan, Lith. drti, sg. ariti, OCS orati, 156. orjo. The formation of ἄροτρον is matched by Arm. arawr, Lat. ardtrum (with secondary  length), Mir. arathar, and ON arér; all from an instrument noun *h,erh,-tro- 'plow';  the same formation is continued by Lith. drti, OCS ralo < PBSL. *arH-tlo- or -d'lo-. It  is possible that Hitt. harra-' 'to grind, crush' is cognate, in which case 'to plow' was  originally called 'to break the soil'. ἄρουρα is a derivation in -ἰὰ from a verbal noun *dpo-Fap 'plowing'; on the details  see Peters 1980a: 143ff. This old r/n-stem *h,erh,-ur, gen. *h.rh,-uen-s is continued in  Mlr. arbor < *arur, gen. Olr. arbe < *aryens 'corn', Skt. urvdra- 'arable land'; a  similar formation is found in Lat. arvum < *h,erh,-uo-.

XXXXXἁρπάζω [v.] 'to snatch away' (1].). < PG?(s), IE? *serp- 'prune'>

    *VAR Aor. ἀρπάξαι (II), ἀρπάσαι (Hom.).

    *DER From ἀρπαγ-: ἄριταξ [f.] 'plundering' (Hes.), [m.] 'robber' (Ar.); ἀρπαγή  'robbery (Sol.), ἀρπάγη 'hook, rake' (E.); ἄρπαγος [m.] 'hook' (A., 5.); ἀρπαγεύς  'robber' (Them.) was probably taken from ἀρπαγή; ᾿ἀρπαγών is found in the Latin  borrowing harpago 'grappling-hook' (Plaut.). Deverbal from ἀρπάζω: ἀρπακτήρ [m.] 'robber' (IL), ἀρπακτής (Call.); action nouns  ἀρπαγμός 'robbery, booty' (Plu., Vett. Val.), ἅρπαγμα 'id.' (Lyc., LXX), ἀρπακτύς [f.]  'robbery' (Call.); ἀρπάγιον 'vessel like the κλεψύδρα᾽ (Alex. Aphr.). Adjectives: ἀρπάγιμος 'robbed, stolen' (Call, AP), lengthened ἀρπαγιμαῖος 'id'  (Orph.); ἀρπακτικός 'rapacious' (Luc.), ἀρπακτήριος 'id.' (Lyc.). Adverb ἀρπάγδην  'snatching' (A. R., Opp. Aret.). Forms deriving from the aorist ἀρπάσαι are less frequent: ἅρπασμα (Pl, Men.),  ἀρπασμός (Plu.), ἄρπασις (Phryn.), ἀρπαστικός (Arist., Phid.), ἄρπασος name of a  predatory bird (Ant. Lib.).

    *ETYM ἀρπάζω seems to be a denominative verb from a stem ἀρπαγ-. This may be  related within Greek to ἄρπ- (from which ἀρπάζω may have been derived directly),  as found in dprn 'sickle', also a bird of prey. Less probable is connection with  > ἄρπυς and ▶︎ ἄρπυια; as DELG remarks, this may be based on folk etymology. The word for 'sickle' is derived from a root *serp-. If ἀρπάζω is derived from this,  too, it would originally mean 'to snatch'. However, the etymology is far from certain,

===Pag_185: Beekes_Página_0185.tiff===

as ἃ suffix -ay- cannot be explained in IE terms, and forms which contain it seem to be substrate words (Chantraine 1933: 397). Nor can ἀρπ- be easily explained as an IE form, since the zero grade *srp- would be expected to yield part-.

XXXXXἁρπαλέος [adj.] 'devouring, greedy, consuming'; thence 'with pleasure, attractive, alluring' (Od.).

    *DER Denominative ἀρπαλίζω [v.] 'to be eager to receive; to exact greedily' (A.),  ἀρπαλίζομαι: ἀσμένως δέχομαι 'to receive gladly' (H.).

    *ETYM Dissimilated from ἀλπαλέος, which belongs to ▶︎ ἄλπνιστος. The original  form is recorded by Hesychius: ἀλπαλαῖον (leg. -ἔον): ἀγαπητόν 'amiable'. The  secondary connection with ἀρπάζω explains the spiritus asper and the development  of the meaning.

XXXXXἁρπεδής [adj.] 'flat' (Nic. Th. 420).

    *VAR Sometimes with rough breathing ap-. Cf. ἐρπεδόεσσα (-δοσσα ms.) ἐπίπεδος  'level, flat' (H.).

    *DER ἀρπεδόεις (Antim. Col.). Denominative verb ἀρπεδίσαι: ὁμαλίσαι, ἐδαφίσαι 'to  make even or level, beat level and firm' (H.).

    *ETYM Connection with πέδον (for which one compares ἄπεδος 'flat') leads nowhere. Since antiquity, the word has been derived from ἀρι-πεδής (Did., Hdn.), but this is  rightly rejected by Frisk. If the gloss with é- is reliable, it is a substrate word (Frisk  refers to ἔρθυρις = ἐρίθυρις for ép- from épt-).

XXXXXἁρπεδόνη [f.] 'cord, yarn', used to ensnare game, etc. (Hdt.). <?>

    *VAR Also -εδών [f.] (AP).

    *DER ἀρπεδονίζειν: λωποδυτεῖν. καὶ διὰ σπάρτου θηρᾶν 'to steal clothes; hunt by  rope' (H.).

    *ETYM Unknown; cf. the names of instruments in -6wv, -δόνῃη (Schwyzer: 529f., 490,  Chantraine 1933: 361f., 207). Connection with ▶︎ ἁρπάζω is improbable for a word for  'cord'. Grogelj Ziva Ant. 7 (1957): 225f. connects the word with Lith. vefpti 'to spin',  but then the -ap- must be analogical after -ep-.

XXXXXἄρπεζα [f.] 'hedge' (Nic.), cf. ἀρπέζας: τοὺς αἱμασιώδεις τόπους. οἱ δὲ τείχη καὶ περιβόλους. οἱ δὲ τὰ κλιμακώδη χωρία 'places that are hedged in; walls and enclosures; terraced places' (H.). < PG(V)>

    *VAR Also ἄρπεζος [f.] 'id' (Mylasa). Cf. further ἄρπισαι: aipactai. ἢ τάφρους 'walls;  ditches' and ἄρπιξ- εἶδος ἀκάνθης, Κύπριοι 'kind of thorny plant (Cypr.) (H.). Also  apndvat- μάνδραι βοσκήματων 'cattle folds'.

    *ETYM Connection with dpi, ἀρπεδόνη, ἀρπάζω is not convincing. Chantraine's  suggestion that the basic meaning is 'limit of a terrain', and so perhaps connected  with ἀρπεδόνη 'cord', is improbable: the dpzteCa is clearly something in the terrain,  functioning as a boundary (aijtacid). The variation -eta/-toa (in dpmicat) is typical  for substrate words.

XXXXXἅρπη [f.] 'sickle' (Il), also a bird of prey (after its claws, see Bechtel 1914 and Thompson 1895). <1E?, ? *ser(p)- 'sickle'>

===Pag_186: Beekes_Página_0186.tiff=== XXXXXἀρραβών 1, -ῶνος 139

    *VAR ἄρπης: εἶδος ὀρνέου 'kind of bird' (H.) and ἀρπετόν- ἀκόμιστον ἢ ἰκτῖνος. Κρῆτες 'untended; ἃ kite (Cretan)' (H.).

    *DER Acc. to Leumann 1950: 294, the bird comes from the interpretation of Homer;  not convincing.

    *ETYM dpm agrees with OCS srops, Latv. sirpe 'sickle'. Furthermore, one compares  Lat. sarpid and sar po, sarpere 'trim, prune (vine), but the vocalism is difficult to  accout for (see Schrijver 1991: 493: from sarrié). If we suppose an IE origin, 'ἄρπη a  un vocalisme ambigu', say E-M, by which they must mean that it is difficult to  explain. I agree with E-M and am inclined to assume a non-JE word (for the concept  of European substrate words, see Beekes 2000). The appurtenance of Olr. serr is also  doubtful; see Vendryes. For a hypothesis of an Oriental origin, see Grimme Glotta 14  (1925): 17. It is improbable to take ἅρπη as the basis of ἄρπαξ, ἀρπάγη, ἀρτπιάζω, as  Szemerényi 1964: 205, 213 does.

XXXXXἄρπιξ [f.]? - εἶδος ἀκάνθης 'kind of thorny plant' (H.). «PG»

    *VAR Also ἄπριξ; and ἄπριγδα: εἶδος ἀκανθης 'id. (Cypr. EM 132, 53).

    *ETYM Unknown. The variation with -ySa and the form itself suggest substrate  origin.

XXXXXἀρπίς, -ῖδος [f.] 'kind of shoe' (Call.), = κρηπίς 'man's high boot' (EM 148, 36). <?>

    *VAR ἀρπίδες: μαλακαὶ κρηπῖδες ἢ ὑποδήματα 'soft boots or sandals' (H.). partic =  κριγπίς (Η., EM).

    *ETYM The word is Laconian, acc. to Hesychius. A formal variant is ▶︎ partic, so the  word must be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXἌἍρπνια [f.] usually plur. 'the Harpies', demons (I1.). ΑΚ Old dual Apervia (Aigina); the same form (but with -viat) is also found in EM 138, 21.

    *ETYM The expression Ἄρπυιαι ἀνηρέψαντο (ξ 371 = α 241) was once suggestive of  etymological connection with ▶︎ ἐρέπτομαι 'to feed on', but this is impossible in view  of the é. Moreover, apart from οἶδα, perfect forms without reduplication do not  exist. The suffix -va is typical for substrate words, cf. ἄγυια, αἴθυια, etc., and the  variation e/ zero is also a substrate characteristic. It must be concluded that the name  is a substrate element, like eg. Εἰλείθυια. See Szemerényi 1964: 203-213 and Beekes  1998: 24f. The aspiration may have been taken from ἅρπάζω by folk etymology.

XXXXXἅρπυς [f.] 'Jove' (Parth.). <?>

    *VAR  ἄρπυν: ἔρωτα. Αἰολεῖς 'love (Aeol.)' (H.).

    *ETYM Unknown. Fur:: 327f. connects the word with Apztuta.

XXXXXἁρράβη [f.] - θύρα. οἷον yép

ov 'door, such as of wickerwork' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. Not related to Hebr. 'arab 'twist', as per Lewy 1895: 130, though  Hesychius's gloss may indicate that the door was twisted or twined.

XXXXXἁρραβών 1, -ῶνος [m.] 'caution money' (Antiph.).

    *VAR  Also ἀραβών

    *DER ἀρραβωνίζεται: ἀρραβῶνι δίδοται 'is presented with caution money' (H.).

===Pag_187: Beekes_Página_0187.tiff===

    *ETYM A Semitic loan acc. to Lewy 1895: 120, followed by Schwyzer: 153, 316, who  compare Hebr. 'érabon '14... But the Semitic character of the word is not certain;  perhaps the word is a loan from elsewhere (Cohen GLECS 8 (1957): 13). Egyptian has  'rb. Cf. E. Masson 1967: 30ff. Cf. Lat. arrabd, arra.

XXXXXἀρραβών 2 [m.]? - ἄγκιστρον 'fish-hook' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. An attempt at an explanation in Lewy 1895: 130.

XXXXXἄρρατος [adj.] = σκληρὸς, ἀμετάστροφος 'hard, unalterable' (Pl. Cra. 407d, Resp. 535¢, Ax. 3658). 42>

    *VAR  In Euph. 24 the -a- is long.

    *ETYM Uncertain. Does it derive from *4-fpat-oc, from PIE *uert- 'to twist'? If this is    correct, the length of the -a- would be spurious. An analysis -Fpd-toc is more  obvious.

XXXXXἀρρηνής [adj.] 'growling', only in ζάκοτόν te καὶ ἀρρηνές (Theac. 25, 83), scil. θηρίον, said of adog; acc. to H. = ἄγριον, δυσχερές 'wild, intractable'. <?>

    *DER ἀρρηνεῖν: λοιδορεῖν. καὶ «ἐπὶ» γυναικὶ: πρὸς ἄνδρα διαφέρεσθαι 'to slander,  abuse; of a woman, to quarrel with a man' (H.).

    *ETYM Unknown. Is it from ἀρ(ρ)άζω 'to bark, howl', remodelled after στριγνής or  ἀπηνήςξ See ▶︎ ἀράζω.

XXXXXἀρρηφόρος [f.] name of the Athenian girls who carried the symbols of Athena in procession (Paus.). <?>

    *VAR ἐρρηφόρος, -éw (inscr.); and ἐρσηφόρος, -ia; also époe-, ἐρσο- (inscr., sch. Ar.).

    *DER ἀρρηφορία 'procession of ἀρρηφόροι᾽ (Lys.), denominative ἀρρηφορέω [v.]  (Αγ, Din.), Ta ἀρρηφόρια (sch. Ar. EM).

    *ETYM Unexplained. In antiquity, the word was derived from dppiytoc 'unsaid,  mysterious' (with an inexplicable loss of -to-), or from &pon 'dew', also the name of a  daughter of Kekrops. See Adrados Emerita 19: 117-133 and Burkert Herm. 94 (1966):  uff.

XXXXXἀρριχάομαι Ξἀναρριχάομαι.

XXXXXἄρριχος [f., m.] 'basket' (Ar.).

    *VAR ἀρίσκος: κόφινος ἢ ἀγγεῖον λύγινον 'basket or vessel of chaste-tree wood' (H.).

    *DER ἄρσιχος (D. S.), diminutive ἀρριχίς [f.] (Ath.).

    *ETYM Unknown. The development -po- > -pp- is normal in Attic (Forbes Glotta 36  (1958): 265); the same suffix occurs in the synonym σύριχος (Schwyzer: 498,  Chantraine 1933: 402). Fur. 348 hesitantly compares dpvooc/ ἔρυσος 'basket'. Probably a substrate word; it does not belong to ἀερσι- (deipw), as DELG suggested.

XXXXXἀρρωδέω ⟹ ὀρρωδέω.

XXXXXἄρσεα [n.pl.) - λειμῶνες 'meadows' (H.). <?>

    *VAR Delph. ἄρσια (F. Delph. 3, 4, 42, 13)?

    *ETYM Unknown. Schwyzer suggested a relation with ἄρδω 'to irrigate', with a suffix  -00¢ like in ἄλσος etc. (Schwyzer: 513, cf. Forbes Glotta 36 (1958): 254). The suffix

===Pag_188: Beekes_Página_0188.tiff=== XXXXXἄρταμος 141 -σος, however, may be a substrate element (Fur.: 2547). Gusmani 1969: 512 compares Hitt. arsi- 'plantation'.

XXXXXἀρσενικόν [n.] 'arsenic' (Arist.).

    *VAR  Also ἀρρενικόν, fem. ἀρρενική (Gal.).

    *ETYM Word of oriental origin, ultimately from MP *zarnik 'gold-colored' (cf. MoP  zarnix, zarniq 'id' and see ▶︎ yAdn, ▶︎ xAwpdc), probably via a Semitic intermediary  (Syr. zarnika) and reshaped after ἀρσενικός, dppewkdc 'male'. See Schrader-Nehring  1917 5.5. ἄρσην, -ενος [adj.] 'male' (Il.). <IE *uers-n- 'male'>

    *DIAL Att. ἄρρην; Ion., Lesb., Cret. ἔρσην, Lacon. ἄρσης.

    *DER cippévtepoc 'male' (Arc.) and époevaitepoc (El.) are probably secondary after  θηλύτερος. ἀρσενικός (Att. -pp-) 'male' (Hell.), ἐρσενικός (pap.), ἀρσένιος (Teuthis); ἀρσένιον  [n.] 'male child' (pap.). Adverb ἀρρενωδῶς 'male' (LXX); abstracts: ἀρρενότης [f.]  'masculinity, masculine gender' (Stoic.), ἀρσένωμα 'masculine seed' (sch. Opp.). Denominative verb ἀρρενόομαι 'to become man, behave like a man' (Luc., Ph.).

    *ETYM ἄρσην and ἔρσην reflect IE *u(e)rsén 'male animal', the zero grade ἄρσην  corresponding to Skt. (v)rsa-bhd- 'bull', Arm. a7n 'ram', and full grade ἔρσην to OP  arsan- 'man, male', Lat. verrés 'ram', Lith. versis 'bull calf. The Gr. forms show no  trace of ἃ digamma, cf. especially Gortyn epoev-. Pronk fthc.b has argued that initial  *u- was lost in Greek, Armenian and in part of the Indo-Iranian cognates in the  compound *g'eh,u-ursén 'bull', attested in ToA kayurs, ToB kaurse 'bull and ON  kursi 'bull calf (a brilliant find by Kroonen, p.c.). For the former, textbook view see  the discussion in Peters 1993a. Cf. ▶︎ ἀρνειός, ▶︎ ἀρνευτήρ. ἄρσιον -οἀνάρσιος.

XXXXXἀρσώμιδες - ὑπόδημα γυναικεῖον 'women's sandal' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXἀρτάβη [f.] a Persian and Egyptian measure (Hdt.). «τὴν Iran>

    *VAR Also ἀρτέβιη.

    *DER In papyri: ἀρτάβιος 'measuring an a.', ἀρταβιαῖος 'id', ἀρταβίειος (or -tetoc)  'id.'; cf. κοτυλίειος (and -teioc) from κοτύλη (Mayser 1906-1938, I: 3: 95); abstract  ἀρταβιεία (also -Beia, -Bia) 'tax for one a.'.

    *ETYM The word is of Iranian (Old Persian) origin, acc. to R. Schmitt Glotta 49  (1971): 100-102.

XXXXXἄρταμος [m.] 'butcher, cook' (S.). < ?>

    *DIAL Perhaps Myc. a-to-mo.

    *ETYM Eustathios 577, 45 explains it as ὁ εἰς ἄρτια τέμνων, in which case it would be  haplological for *apti-tapocg or *aptd-tapog 'artful cutting'. DELG objects that we  should expect -τομος; to my mind, the whole etymology is most improbable. Fur:  345 thinks it is a substrate word; although there is no further evidence, this is a priori  the most likely solution.

===Pag_189: Beekes_Página_0189.tiff===

XXXXXἀρτάω [v.] 'to bind to, hang upon, attach to' (Hdt.). «GR>

    *DER Verbal nouns: ἄρτημα designation of several objects, such as 'ear-pendant'  (Hdt.), 'weight' (Arist.), etc; ἄρτησις 'hanging' (Papp.), ἀνάρτησις 14. (Thphr.),  ἀρτησμός 'id.' (AB). Further ἀρτάνη 'rope, noose' (A.), after πλεκτάνη, etc.

    *ETYM ἀρτάω is reconstructed as *dpeptdw, from deipw 'to bind, hang', but the  derivation is unusual (Schwyzer: 7os5f.). Cf. ▶︎ ἀρτήρ and ▶︎ ἀρτηρία.

XXXXXἀρτεμής [adj.] 'fresh, healthy' (1].). <?>

    *DER ἀρτεμέω [v.] 'to be healthy' (Nonn.), aptepia 'health' (Max. AP, Procl.).

    *ETYM Unknown. The word has been explained as a haplology, either from *dpti-  δεμής (to δέμας), or as a compound from dp- = ἀρι- (but see on »ἀρπεδής) and  "τέμος (to ▶︎ τημελέω), Fick & Bechtel 1894: 439. Both are unconvincing.

XXXXXἌρτεμις, -ίδος [f.] name of the goddess (Il.).

    *VAR Gen. also -ttoc.

    *DIAL Myc. a-te-mi-to /Artemitos/ [gen.]; a-ti-mi-te /Artimitei/ [dat.]. Dor. Ἄρταμις,  τιτος; Boeot. Ἄρταμις, -ίδος; Delphi Ἄρτεμις, -ἰτος (SIG 671, etc.).

    *DER Ἀρτεμίσιος, Aptapitiog [m.], also the month name Ἀρτεμισιών (Th.);

XXXXXἈρτεμίσιον [n.] 'temple of A' (Hdt.). Aptapita [n.pl.] 'festival of A' (Delphi).

XXXXXἀρτεμιδήϊον [n.], ἀρτεμισία [f.] plant name, see Stromberg 1940: 100. Ἀρτεμισιασταί [m.pl.] worhsippers of A. (Athens), as if from "ἀρτεμισιάζω; cf. Ἀπολλωνιαοταί (Chantraine 1933: 316).

    *ETYM The forms show an interchange e/i, which may point to Pre-Greek origin. We  further find e/a (see Fur.: 185), which is rather an old phenomenon than a recent  assimilation. The variation t/d is due to a recent replacement of the suffix: Myc. has  -t-, and the forms in -σιον- presuppose a -t- too. The name is found in Lydian inscriptions (Artimus, Artimu-), and Lycian has ertemi,  but this does not prove that the name comes from Lydia or Asia Minor. Improbable  is Illyrian origin (Ruipérez Emerita 15 (1947): iff. and Ruipérez Zephyrus 2 (1951):  8off., who assumed Illyr. *artos 'bear'). Against the interpretation as 'bear-godess'  and connection with ἄρκτος see Kretschmer Glotta 27 (1939): 34, who connects  ἄρταμος 'butcher', which seems very improbable. The Indo-European interpretation  by Peters 1989: 214ff. involves many difficulties and should be rejected.

XXXXXἀρτέμων, -ονος [m.] 'foresail' (Act. Ap. 27, 40); mg. uncertain in Lyd. Mens. 2, 12. <?%

    *ETYM A technical word, for which a precise explanation of meaning and history is  lacking. Connection with ▶︎ ἀρτέομαι or ▶︎ ἀρτάω with a suffix -μων (Chantraine 1933:  172, Schwyzer: 522) does not explain the meaning. Borrowed as Lat. artemo(n) name  of a sail (since Lucil.); it also means 'principal pulley' (Vitr. 10, 2, 9). Cf. Vart 1887:  101-106 and Rougé 1966: 58f.

XXXXXἀρτέομαι [v.] 'to prepare, make ready' (Hdt.).

    *COMP Prefixed ἀν-, map-aptéopat (Hdt., Arr.).

    *DER ἄρτησις (Hdt.), with a vl. dptiotc, from ἀρτίζω; ἀρτίζω 'to prepare, equip'  (Theoc.), καταρτίζω (Hdt.), cf. the pair aitéw : αἰτίζω. The s-stem in ἐπαρτής 'ready'  (Od.) does not presuppose an s-stem noun.

===Pag_190: Beekes_Página_0190.tiff=== XXXXXἄρτος 143

    *ETYM Derived from the root ἀρ- in ▶︎ ἀραρίσκω, via an intermediary noun in -τ-: not  directly from ▶︎ ἄρτι.

XXXXXἀρτήρ [m.] 1. that by which anything is carried (LXX Ne. 4, 17 [11]); 2. kind of shoe (Pherecr. 38, H.).

    *ETYM 1. derives from Ἰἀρερ-τήρ, from ▶︎ ἀείρω 1 'to raise'; 2. could be analyzed as  'what is bound to', from ▶︎ ἀείρω 2 'to bind', or from ἀρτάω with haplology for  Ἰἀρτη-τήρ.

XXXXXἀρτηρία [f.] 'artery', 'windpipe' (ΗΡ.,Ρ]., Arist.); see Strémberg 1944: 60.

    *DER ἀρτηριακός (medic.) and ἀρτηριώδης (Gal.); ἀρτηρίασις 'bronchitis' (Isid. Etym. 4,7, 14), as if from a verb of disease *aptinpiau, cf. ψωρίασις, ἐρυθρίασις.

    *ETYM Like the semantically comparable ἀορτή (see ▶︎ ἀείρω 2), it probably derives  from deipw 'to bind, hang up'. On the formation, see Chantraine 1933: 81 and  Scheller 1951: 59.

XXXXXἄρτι [adv] 'just, just now, recently' (A.); in Homer only in compounds and derivatives).

    <IE *h,er- 'fit'>

    *COMP Frequent as a first member, first meaning 'right, fitting': ἀρτι-επής 'who  knows well how to use the word', dpti-gpwv,'sensible, intelligent'; ἀρτί-πος (all  Hom.), ἀρτί-χειρ, ἀρτι-μελής (Ρ].). In later compounds, it means 'recently'.

    *DER ἄρτιος (Il.) 'right, fitting', also 'even' (of numbers), ἀρτιότης [f.] CArist.),

XXXXXἀρτιάκις [adv.] 'an even number of times' (P1.), ἀρτιάζω [v.] 'to play at odd and ever' (Ar); ἀρτιαομός (Arist.). Perhaps ἀρτίζω 'to order, equip, etc, if not from ▶︎ ἀρτέομαι; usually an-, ἐξ-, καταρτίζω, with a number of derivatives; from the simplex ἀρτιστῆρες [Ρ].] title of an officer in Elatea.

    *ETYM Probably a locative of the t-stem *h,er-t- 'order', from the root of ▶︎ ἀραρίσκω. The word neatly corresponds with Arm. ard 'just now', cf. ard-a-cin 'just born, apti-  γενής᾽, and with Lith. arti 'close by'. Lat. ars, artis reminds of ἀρτίφρων and ἀρτίχειρ,  where the first element may mean 'skillful'. See ▶︎ ἀνάρσιος.

XXXXXἀρτίαλα [n.pl.] 'decoration of the ear' (Poll. 5, 97). <?>

    *DIAL Doric.

    *ETYM Unexplained. Connection with ἄρτιος, with a suffix -αλο- (Schwyzer: 483f.,  Chantraine 1933: 245f.), has been suggested.

XXXXXἄρτος [m.] 'bread' (Od.). «τ»

    *DIAL On Myc. a-to-po-qgo /arto-pok"oas/ 'baker', see ▶︎ πέσσω.

    *COMP Frequent as a first member, note ἀρτο-κόπος 'baker' (Hdt.) with metathesis  (cf. Lith. ke pit beside OCS peko); further ἀρτοποιός 'id. (X.), ete.

    *DER Diminutive ἀρτίσκος [m.] (Hp., Dsc., Gal.) and aptioxiov (Damocr.).

    *ETYM Unknown; connection with dp- 'fit' is improbable. Pisani Ric. ling. 1 (1950):  141 derives it from Iranian *arta- 'flour' as a borrowing, which is impossible for a  word already attested in Mycenaean. Hubschmid 1953b: 104 adduces Basque arto  'id', OSpan. artal 'especie de empanada', etc. and considers it to be a substrate word  (or is it a loan from Greek?).

===Pag_191: Beekes_Página_0191.tiff===

XXXXXἀρτύω [v.] 'to arrange, prepare', also of food 'to season' (IL).

    *COMP Frequently prefixed, e.g. ἐξ-, κατ-αρτύω (11...

    *DER 1. ἄρτυμα 'condiment' (Hp. S.), with late derivations ἀρτυμάτιον,  ἀρτυματώδης, ἀρτυματικός; ἀρτυμᾶς and ἀρτυματᾶς [m.] 'spice trader' (pap.). 2. dptvotc 'arrangement, seasoning' (Ph., Ὁ. S:). 3. ἀρτυτήρ name of an official (Thera). 4. ἀρτυτικός [adj.] 'fit for seasoning' (sch.); ἀρτυτικόν [n.] 'herb' (Sammelb. 5224,  50). A variant is ἀρτύνω = ἀρτύω (IL); see Schwyzer: 727f.

    *ETYM The verb is denominative in origin, but the noun is found only in ἀρτύς:  σύνταξις 'ordering', ἀρτύν: φιλίαν καὶ σύμβασιν ἢ κρίσιν 'friendship, coming  together, decision' (H.). It is a derivation in -tu- from h,er- 'to fit' as in ▶︎ ἀραρίσκω,  and may well be old, cf. Skt. rt#- [m.] 'fixed time, order, rule' < *h.rtu-, Arm. ard,  gen. ardu 'order', Lat. artus, gen. -iis [m.] 'joint, limb'.

XXXXXἄρυα [n.pl.] · τὰ Ἡρακλεωτικὰ κάρυα 'Heraclean filberts' (H.).

    *VAR Cf. αὐαρά' τά Ποντικἀ κάρυα 'nuts from the Pontic area' (H.).

    *ETYM dpvov is considered a variant of κάρυον; see Stromberg 1940: 155f thus also  Fur. 391. The variation «/zero points to substrate origin. One would conceive of a  Pre-Greek form *gar-, of which the first phoneme (a uvular) was rendered as k- or  zero in Greek. Alb. arré [f.] 'nut, nut-tree', OCS oréxs 'nut', Lith. rieSas, rieSutas 'nut', Latv. riéksts  'nut, and OPr. buccareisis 'beech-nut' (first element bucus 'beech') are too different  to be compared to the Greek forms: the BS]. forms have *a/or- beside *r-, followed by  -ei-.

XXXXXἀρύβαλλος [m.] 'bag or purse which can be tied together' (Stesich.), 'globular oil flask' (Ar.).

    *DIAL ἀρβυλίδα- λήκυθον. Λάκωνες 'oil flask (Lacon.y (H.). Also ἀρυβάσσαλον:  κοτύλη ἢ PAdoKwv 'small vessel, flagon' (H.).

    *ETYM Hesychius explains it as ἀρύβαλλοι: τὰ μαρσύππια 'pouches'. ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀρύειν  καὶ βάλλειν εἰς αὐτούς 'because sth. is scooped and put into them'. This explanation  (though defended by Chantraine) is folk-etymological and is not worth discussion. It  is not even certain that the meaning 'flask' is primary. Most probably Pre-Greek  (note the suffix -αλλος), cf. ▶︎ βαλλάντιον.

XXXXXἀρύω 1 [v.] 'to draw water' (Hes.). <?>

    *VAR Aor. dptoat.

    *DIAL With an enlargement -t- (Schwyzer: 704): Att. ἀρύτω, Lesb. ἀρυτήμενοι (Alc.).

    *COMP As a second member in ἐτν-ήρυσις 'soup ladle', ζωμήρυσις, οἰνήρυσις etc. (com.).

    *DER ἀρυστήρ, -fipos [m.] 'spoon' (Alc, Semon., Hdt.), ἀρυτήρ (Dsc., pap.); fem. apvotp-tc, -ίδος (AP), more common ἀρύταινα 'id. (Ar., Antiph., Thphr., pap.),  after dpvtw, see Chantraine 1933: 109; diminutive dputaiwov (Lebena [II*]).

XXXXXἄρυστις [f.] 'ladle' (S.), diminutive ἀρύστιχος [m.] (com., Aegina); ἀρυσάνη 'id,' (Timo), cf. names for utensils like λεκάνη; ἀρυσᾶς (Delos) probably denotes the profession 'water drawer'; for ἄρυσος [m.] 'wicker basket' (Hdn.), cf. τάμισος,

===Pag_192: Beekes_Página_0192.tiff=== XXXXXἄρχω 145 πέτασος, etc.; ἀρυτήσιμος and ἀρύσιμος 'potable' (sch.); ἀρυστικός 'fit for scooping' (Ael.).

    *ETYM Unknown. Frisk Eranos 50 (1952): 1-8 takes it as *fapbw (comparing  [ε]Ἰαρυσσάμενος Hes. Op. 550), and connects it with Arm. gerem 'to take prisoner',  εὑρίσκω 'to find', assuming a root *ver-; but the Greek -a- creates difficulties for this  etymology. It could be from a u-present *urh,-u-, but there is no further support. For  other doubtful attempts see DELG.

XXXXXἀρύω 2 [v.] 'to speak, cry', only in glosses: ἀρύει' ἀντὶ «τοῦ» λέγει, βοᾷ 'shouts, instead of speaks'; ἀρύουσαι: λέγουσαι, κελεύουσαι 'who are speaking, urging'; ἀρύσασθαι' ἐπικαλέσασθαι 'to summon' (H.). <?>

    *DIAL It is Syracusan acc. to EM 134, 12.

    *ETYM Unknown. Not related to ▶︎ ἀρνέομαι 'to refuse, deny', as per Meillet BSL 26  (1925): 19f. Latte corrects it to ἀπύει = ἠπύει.

XXXXXἀρχή [f.] 1. 'begin, origin' (I1.); 2. 'reign' (Pi.).

    *DER From 1: ἀρχαῖος 'original, ancient, old' (Pi.), ἀρχαιότης [f.] 'antiquity' (PL, Ὁ. H.); late denominatives ἀρχαΐζω [v.] 'to be old-fashioned', of style (Ὁ. H., Plu.),  apxaiopdc 'old-fashionedness, etc.' (Men., Ὁ. H.); ἀρχαιωθείς (χρόνος) 'aged' (pap. VIP), Also ἀρχαϊκός 'old-fashioned' (Ar., Antiph.). From 2: ἀρχικός 'ptng. to power, etc. (A., Th., Pl.), later also taken to 1. (Phld.);  diminutive (scornful) ἀρχίδιον (Ar. D.), ἀρχήϊον, ἀρχεῖον 'government building',  ἀρχειώτης (Dig.) and ἀρχειωτικός (Lyd.); Dorianized apyétac [m.] 'ruler' (E.), which  could derive from ἄρχω directly; apyitic (Thasos), ἀρχίνι (Syros), both incorrectly  written with -et-, and ἀρχηΐς (Amyklai) are names of priestesses.

    *ETYM ἀρχή is a verbal noun of ▶︎ dpyw.

XXXXXἀρχός 1 =dpyo.

XXXXXἀρχός 2 [m.] 'rectum, anus' (Hp.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. Frisk asks if it could be a joking formation for ▶︎ ἀρχός 1.

XXXXXἄρχω [v.] 'to be the first', thence 1. 'to begin' (Il.); 2. 'to rule' (II.). 18? *h,r-ske/o- 'start, rule'>

    *VAR Aor. ἄρξαι.

    *DIAL Uncertain is the interpretation of Myc. a-ke- in PNs: /ark®e-/ or /age-/?  Uncertain too is Myc. o-ka, see Aura Jorro 1985-1993.

    *COMP ἀρχέκακος 'who initiated the evil' (Il); ἀρχιτέκτων (Hdt.) after  τερπικέραυνος (?); ἀρχι- is never found in poetry.

    *DER ἀρχός [m.] 'leader' (IL, poet.); ἀρχεύω [v.] 'to be the first, command' (epic since  IL), which is also used as an official term (Paphos, Cos) could be denominative to  ἀρχός or be an enlargement of ἄρχω after βασιλεύω, ἀριστεύω. The usual term is  ἄρχων, -ovtog [m.] 'commander', name of the highest official in Athens, fem. apyovtic (Cat. Cod. Astr.), short form ἀρχίς (Tenos). Late derivations: ἀρχοντικός  'ptng. to the a.' (AP, pap.), ἀρχοντεύω [v.] 'to be a.' (Olbia), ἀρχοντιάω [v.] 'to wish  to command' (sch., Lyd). ἄργματα [n.pl.] 'first fruits' (ξ 446), ἀπάργματα (Ar.),  ἀπαρχαί; also ἄρχματα (H.) with restored -χ-. On ▶︎ ἀρχή, see s.v.

===Pag_193: Beekes_Página_0193.tiff===

    *ETYM Klingenschmitt 1974: 274° suggested to derive ἄρχω from a present *h,y-ske/o-  '(der Reihenfolge und dem Range nach) der erste sein'. The reconstruction was  pleaded for more recently by Matzinger KZ 113 (2000): 287-2887, who also derives  Arm. ark'ay 'king' from the same root. Frisk and Chantraine only mention the  connection with ▶︎ ὄρχαμος 'commander' (II.). The variation a-/ o- between these  words has been taken to point to substrate origin by Fur.: 342, but this proposal does  not seem compelling, since the morphological analysis of ὄρχαμος is unclear. LIV? s.v. *reg'- follows Tichy, who reconstructed *(h,)rg"-ske/o- to a root found in  MHG ragen, regen 'to rise, stir' and Lith. regéti 'to watch'. This seems possible only if  we assume a root *h.rg"., because a PIE root could not start in *r- (cf. Beekes 1995:  148), but also because of the Greek imperfect ἥρχε. The present dpxw may have  specialized its meaning from 'start to join' to 'undertake'.

XXXXXἄρωμα (n.] 'condiment, aromatic plant' (Hp.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. See Schmeja 1968: 133. For the suffix -wpa, see Chantraine 1933:  184 ff.

XXXXXἦσαι [v.aor.inf.] 'to satiate, take one's fil? (IL)

    *VAR Inf.pres. ἄμεναι, subj. ἔωμεν < ᾿ἥτ-ο-μεν; fut. ἄσειν; them. pres. ἄεται (Hes. Sc. 1o1 cod. Laur; the other mss. have data, which may be athem. or stand for  contracted *&tau; cf. ἀται: πληροῦται 'is filled' [H.]). See Solmsen 1901: 936.

    *DIAL Myc. a-se-so-si /asésonsi/ [fut.].

    *DER d-atoc > τος 'insatiable'.

    *ETYM Derivatives from this old athematic root aorist are ▶︎ ἅδην and ▶︎ don. PIE  *seh,-/sh, is found as a verbal root in Hitt. $a 'to clog, to stuff, and further in  isolated nominal derivations: Lith. sotds 'satiated', Lat. satis 'enough', Olr. sdith  'fullness', and Lith. sétis 'satiety' (all < *s(e)h,-ti-); Go. gasopjan 'to satiate'  (denominative) etc. On "εά(ζχυ 'to satiate' see Peters 1993b: Soff.

XXXXXἀσαλής [adj.] = ἄφροντις, ἀμέριμνος 'careless, thoughtless', attribute of μανία (EM 151, 49 =A. fr. 319). <?>

    *DER ἀσάλεια (cod. ἀσαλέα) = ἀμεριμνία καὶ ἀλογιστία 'freedom from care,  thoughtlessness', EM = Sophron (113).

    *ETYM Acc. to EM, the word derives from σάλη in the sense of φροντίς 'thought,  care'. Modern scholars derive it from σάλος (with regular transition to an s-stem),  which is glossed by Hesychius as φροντίς, ταραχή 'agitation', and is identified with  ▶︎ σάλος 'turbulent movement'. σάλη (also σάλα H.) would be a back-formation of  ἀσαλής and ἀσαλεῖν (cod. ἀσάλειν): ἀφροντισθῆναι. It is uncertain, however, if we  are dealing with one and the same word.

XXXXXἀσάμινθος [f.] 'bathtub' (Il.).

    *DIAL Myc. a-sa-mi-to /asamint*os/.

    *ETYM A clear substrate word because of the suffix in -νθ-, like in the TNs Κόρινθος,  Ὄλυνθος, etc. Gaerte Ph W 1922: 888 and von Blumenthal I F 48 (1930): 50 pointed to  Sum. asam, Akk. assammu(m), ansammum 'earthenware water-vessel'. Improbable  speculations by Szemerényi Gnomon 43 (1971): 657.

===Pag_194: Beekes_Página_0194.tiff=== XXXXXἀσελγής 147

XXXXXἄσαρον [n.] 'hazelwort, Asarum europaeum' (Crateuas).

    *VAR  Short, unadapted form ἄσαρ (Aét.), whence ἀσαρίτης (Dsc.), of οἶνος.

    *ETYM Unknown. Lewy 1895: 47 thinks it is Semitic. A priori, a Pre-Greek word is  most probable. Cf. perhaps ▶︎ ἀρίσαρον, and Stromberg 1940: 158.

XXXXXἄσβεστος [adj.] 'unquenchable, unextinguishable', also 'unslaked' (I1.).

    *ETYM Verbal adjective of ▶︎ σβέννυμι. As a substantive, it indicates either unslaked  lime (τίτανος) or an unknown combustible mineral. It never means 'asbestos'  (ἀμίαντος), see Diels KZ 47 (1916): 2036.

XXXXXἄσβολος [f., m.] 'soot' (Hippon.).

    *VAR Also ἀσβόλη [f.] (Semon.). In the gloss doBoAdev- μέγα, ὑψηλόν, μέλαν 'big,  high, dark' (H.), Latte reads the second as woAdev: for μέγα, we may also posit μέλαν,  but its final v was read as v. This led to the interpretation of vyoAoev as ὑψηλόν.

    *DER ἀσβολώδης 'sooty' (Dsc.), denominative verb ἀσβολόομαι in ἠσβολωμένος  (Macho), also ἀσβολάω (Aesop.), ἀσβολαίνεται- fuscatur (gloss.).

    *ETYM Pur.: 154f. posits substrate origin, which must be correct in view of the rare  cluster -σβ- and the variant σποδός 'soot', which was hitherto unexplained. This  means that ἄσβολος has a Pre-Greek prothetic vowel. Furnée further points to  σποδίτης (ἄρτος) 'bread baked in hot ashes', which is also called σπολεύς (Philet. apud Ath. 3, 114e); note that the latter is unnecessarily corrected to *o1todetc by  Frisk! For the interchange δίλ, cf. »λαβύρινθος beside Myc. da-pu.-ri-to-. Finally,  Pur.: 393' asks whether the group is identical with ψόλος 'soot' (A.), which seems  most probable to me (but identification with ἱψψόθος 'dirt' is less obvious). On  variation o7/y in Pre-Greek words, see Fur.: 393. The analysis as a compound ἄσ-βολος, with elements derived from *h,eh,s- 'to dry'  and βάλλω, must be abandoned; it was semantically unlikely anyway.

XXXXXἈσγελάτας [m.] epithet of Ἀπόλλων on Anaphe. «ΑΚ Ἀπόλλων AiyAdtac (Anaphe, Thera).

    *ETYM The explanation in Greek terms by Schwyzer: 27 (who assumes a development  ao > atfa]) is rightly criticized by Chantraine s.v. αἴγλη; part of Schwyzer's evidence  is itself Pre-Greek. The variation in these epithets is typical of Pre-Greek words, as  can clearly be seen in the name ▶︎ Ἀσκληπιός: aC-/aiC- and asC-/aisC-. In the present  case, we only have aiC- and asC-, but the principle remains the same (Fur. 293, 295;  see also Pre-Greek). Furnée's (ibid.: 234, 335) further connection with ayAa(F)éc and  ἄγλαυρος deserves consideration. The resemblance of Akkadian azugallatu 'great  physician' (Burkert 1992: 78) is remarkable. Thus, the word is probably a loan via  (Pre-)Anatolian and Pre-Greek. A connection with »aiyAy cannot be proven.

XXXXXἀσελγής [adj.] 'elated, wanton, unconstrained' (Lys.). <?>

    *VAR Unclear ἀσάλγαν: ὕβριν, ἀμέλειαν 'insolence, indifference' and ἀσαλγάνας:  φοβερός, εἴρηκε δὲ οὕτως παραβαρβαρίζων 'fearful' (H.); as the final remark says,  this may be just a vulgar or 'barbarian' pronunciation. ΄

    *DER ἀσέλγεια 'licentiousness' (Ρ].). Denominative ἀσελγαίνω 'to be elated' (D.);  sporadically ἀσελγέω (sch.); ἀσέλγημα (PIb., pap.).

===Pag_195: Beekes_Página_0195.tiff===

    *ETYM The interchange a/e is frequent in Pre-Greek words, but it is unclear if the  glosses belong here: ἀσάλγα could perhaps be a Pre-Greek formation meaning  ἀσελγεία, but the formation of the second gloss and its semantic relation to our word  are unexplained. I am not sure whether the conclusion of a substrate origin is  admissible. Havers IF 28 (1911): 194ff., stated that the word is Boeotian for *a8eAyrjc,  but this is semantically difficult.

XXXXXἄση [f] 'disgust, loathing, dissatisfaction' (Hp.).

    *DIAL Aeol. doa.

    *DER ἀσηρός (-a-) 'causing discomfort, feeling disgust' (Aeol, Ion.), ἀσώδης 'id'  (Ηρ... ἀσάομαι [v.] 'to feel nausea' (Aeol., Ion., Arist.), probably denominative.

    *ETYM If the word originally meant 'surfeit', then don is from ▶︎ σαι, but the  formation poses difficulties. Unlikely is the suggestion by Solmsen 1909: 242ff., who  assumed an analogically preserved suffix -σᾶ- from the zero grade root ἀ- < PIE  *sh,-, rejecting a pre-form *sh,-ti-eh,-. It would be better to posit *(h)ad-s-a, an old  collective from the s-stem in ἅδος 'satiation' (Il.); problematic, however, is the failure  of a geminate -co- (only in docapotépac Sapph. 77) to appear in Aeolic. The  simplification to -σ- would be due to epic influence acc. to Schwyzer: 321, but all in  all, the explanation is not entirely convincing. See ▶︎ ἄδην, ▶︎ ἀδμολίη.

XXXXXἄσθμα [n.] 'short-drawn breath, panting', as a medical term 'asthma' (IL). <?>

    *DER Medical term ἀσθματικός [adj.], also ἀσθματίας, ἀσθματώδης; denominative ἀσθμαίνω [v.] 'to pant, breathe with difficulty' (11); late ἀσθμάζω (AB); uncertain  ἀσθμάομαι (pap.), ἄσθμησις (gloss.).

    *ETYM Unclear. -θμα is known as a suffix (cf. ἴθμα), but derivation from *h,enh,- 'to  breathe' (in ▶︎ ἄνεμος) seems impossible: it would have to yield dve-, even as the  result of a zero grade *h,nh,-. The -o- is also found in ἰ-σθμός. Chantraine offers an  unclear comment: 'dans le cas de ἄσθμα, le o donne une certaine valeur d'harmonie  imitative.' If he means that it is onomatopoeic, the same could be supposed for the  word itself.

XXXXXἀσιδα [f.] 'stork' (LXX). «τὴν Sem.>

    *VAR  Cf. ἀσίδα (-ov cod.)- ἐρωδιόν 'heron' (H.).

    *ETYMA loanword from Semitic, cf. Hebr. h'sidhah.

XXXXXἀσίαρος [adj.] - ἐπισκάζων. ἢ ἀσίδαρος 'limping upon' (H.).

    *ETYM Fur: 391% takes it as Pre-Greek (adducing other cases of variation  dental/zero).

XXXXXἄσιλλα [f.] 'yoke for carrying baskets, etc.' (Simon.).

    *ETYM An improbable Semitic etymology is offered by Lewy 1895: 110. Most  probably, ἄσιλλα is a substrate word in view of the suffix -\Xa, cf. ▶︎ ἅμιλλα.

XXXXXἀσίρακος [m.] 'locust' without wings (Dsc.). <?%

    *ETYM Considered to be an Egyptian loanword (Stromberg 1944: 16, Gil Fernandez  1959: 238), but no argument is given. A substrate word is more probable.

XXXXXἄσις, -ἰος [f.] 'slime, mud' (Il. Φ 321). <?>

===Pag_196: Beekes_Página_0196.tiff=== XXXXXἀσκάντης 149

    *DER ἀσώδης (A. Supp. 31), perhaps for "ἀσιώδης after the homonym that belongs to  don? Ancient commentators derived the reading Ἀσίω (instead of Aoiq) in B 461  from this word (Eust.), instead of from Ἀσία.

    *ETYM The comparison with Skt. dsita- 'dark, black' (for -ta-, compare Skt. hdri-  'yellow' beside hdri-ta- 'id.') presupposes that the s in ἄσις was preserved after *-n-. Nikolaev 2005: sof. pleads for a reconstruction *h,nsi- for these words, arguing  against the Lex Rix, but there is no compelling evidence for *h,-: Cop compared Hitt. banzana- 'black', but see the critical remarks in Kloekhorst 2008 s.v. The etymology  must be regarded as uncertain. Fur: 80% compares da: σύστημα ὕδατος (H.), but variation o/zero is further  unknown in Pre-Greek words.

XXXXXἀσκάλαβος [m.] 'lizard, gecko' (SGDI 3123 [Corinth], Nic.).

    *VAR Also ἀσκαλαβώτης (Ar.), σκαλαβώτης (Orac. apud Eus. PE 5, 12), καλαβώτης  (LXX), cf. γαλεώτης to γαλεός; further Argive καλαβύστης (H.) and ἀσκόλαχα (read  ᾿ἀσκάλαβαξϑ), cf. Chantraine 1933: 403; κωλώτης (Arist.; see κῶλον; καλαβάς:  καλαβώτης (H.).

    *ETYM Clearly a substrate word. The ending -βος is often found in animal names, see  Chantraine 1933: 266ff. Several variations are typical for substrate words: prothetic  vowel, o-mobile, etc. On the suffix -wt-, see Fur.: 283f. Less probable is a connection  with ▶︎ σκάλοψ 'mole' (Fur.: 154).

XXXXXἀσκάλαφος [m.] name of an unknown bird, perhaps an owl (Arist.), see Thompson 1895 s.v. Also a PN (Il.).

    *VAR  Also κάλαφος: ἀσκάλαφος. Μάγνητες (H.).

    *ETYM The suffix -~og in animal names is well known. Clearly a substrate word, like  ▶︎ ἀσκάλαβος.

XXXXXἀσκαλώνιον [n.] of Κρόμυον, 'onion from Askalon', in Palestine (Diocl.).

    *ETYM Cf. Stromberg 1940: 125 and André 1956 s.v. Ascalonia. Lat. ascalonia, whence  Mofr. échalotte > MoHG Schalotte and MoE scallion, was borrowed from Greek.

XXXXXἀσκαλώπας [m.] 'woodcock, Scolopax rusticola' (Arist.).

    *VAR Ending with long ἃ (DELG)?

    *ETYM Probably identical with ▶︎ σκολόπαξ, A substrate word with typical variations.

XXXXXἀσκάνδης [m.] ἄγγελος, ἡμεροδρόμος 'messenger, courier' (Plu.). «τὴν Iran.>

    *VAR Also ἀσγάνδης, ἀστάνδης.

    *ETYM An Iranian word, cf. Buddhist Sogdian zy'nt, 'st'nyk 'messenger', as well as  Bab. asgandu (Happ Glotta 40 (1962): 198ff., Schmid Glotta 40 (1962): 321). Cf. Arm. astandel 'waner'.

XXXXXἀσκάντης [m.] 'pallet, bier' (Ar.). < PG(v)>

    *DIAL ἀκχάνθαρ (codd. ἀκχαλίβαρ): κράββατος. Λάκωνες 'couch (Laconian)' (H.);  oxavOav: κράββατον 'id.' (H.).

    *ETYM The variations are due to substrate, rather than 'vulgar' or 'popular' origin  (which solves nothing).

===Pag_197: Beekes_Página_0197.tiff===

ἀσκαρίζω ~oKaipw.

XXXXXἀσκαρίς, -ίδος [f.] 'worm in the intestines, larva of the gnat' (Hp.).

    *VAR Also oxapidec: εἶδος ἑλμίνθων 'kind of worm' (H.).

    *ETYM Generally taken to be from ἀσκαρίζω 'to jump', 6.8. in Strémberg 1944: 24;  Frisk thinks this is semantically not strong. German Springwurm is a calque from  Greek. In view of the prothetic vowel, it is rather a substrate word.

XXXXXἄσκαρος [m.] 1. a kind of shoe, cf. doxapor γένος ὑποδημάτων ἢ σανδαλίων (H.); also 2. a musical instrument, cf. Poll. 4, 60: ἔνιοι δὲ τὴν ψιθύραν τὴν αὐτὴν εἶναι τῷ ἀσκάρῳ ὀνομαζομένῳ νομίζουσιν. <?>

    *ETYM The musical instrument was a square with strings, so it probably has nothing  to do with the shoe. Fur. analyses the shoe as a suffix -αρος added to ἀσκός 'skin, bag  made of a skin'. The gloss dcxapopdpov: poptnyov 'carrier of cargo' (H.) is unclear;  does it imply that ἄσκαρος means 'bag, pack, load'? Cf. ▶︎ ἀσκέρα and ▶︎ ἀσκηρά.

XXXXXἀσκελής [adj.] 'obstinate', also 'weak, soft'? (IL).

    *DER Adverb ἀσκελές, -ἐως. Note the gloss ἀσκαλεῶς: ἄγαν σκληρῶς 'very hard'  (H.), wrong for ἀσκελέωςξ

    *ETYM Mostly derived from ▶︎ σκέλλω 'to dry up', either with privative ἀ- in the sense  of 'not withered, soft' (cf. περι-σκελής 'completely dried up, hard'), or with  copulative ἀ- in the sense 'dried up, hard' (note the contradiction). The latter  meaning fits ἀσκελὲς αἰεί, with the notion 'obstinately', but not « 463, where it seems  to mean 'weak'.

XXXXXἀσκέρα [f.] 'winter shoe with fur lining' (Hippon.). < PG?(v)>

    *DIAL Jon. -n, Also in Attic inscr., SEG 13, 13: 148.

    *DER Diminutive ἀσκερίσκος [m.] (Hippon.).

    *ETYM A loanword, but is it from Lydian (see Kretschmer Glotta 27 (1939): 37, O. Masson 1962: 125) or a substrate word (it is also attested in Attic inscr.)? Fur.: 348  compares > ἄσκαροι.

XXXXXἀσκέω [v.] 'to process raw materials, shape by art' (11), 'to exercise, train' (Hdt.). <?>

    *VAR Aor. ἀσκῆσαι.

    *DIAL Myc. a-ke-ti-ri-ja /askétriai/, also a-ke-ti-ra,, 'workers', of textile or wool?

    *DER ἄσκησις [f.] (gymnastic) exercise' (Hp.), 'ascetism, way of life' (Luc.); ἄσκημα  [n.] 'exercise' (Hp., X.); doxeta (H.); deverbal ἄσκη [f.] = ἄσκησις (Pl. Com.). Agent  nouns: ἀσκητής [m.] 'skilled worker', 'athlete' (Att.), 'hermit' (Ph.); ἀσκητήρ (Poet. apud Gal. Protr. 13), fem. ἀσκήτρια 'nun' (Cat. Cod. Astr.); ἀσκητικός [adj.]  'industrious' (Pl. Lg. 806a), 'of an athlete' (Ar.), 'ascetic' (from ἀσκητής or from  ἄσκησις, or even directly from ἀσκέω).

    *ETYM The oldest meaning may be 'to fashion material, embellish or refine it'. As  DELG remarks, it could be a denominative of ἀσκός, implying an original meaning  'to prepare a skin', but this remains uncertain.

XXXXXἀσκηθής [adj.] 'unhurt, unscathed' (IL). <?>

===Pag_198: Beekes_Página_0198.tiff=== XXXXXἄσκρα 151

    *VAR ἀσκηθέες = -θεῖς (ξ 255), not ἀσκεθέες as per Eustathius (see Leumann 1950:  263).

    *ETYM Presupposes a noun ᾿σκῆθος [n.] 'damage', which has been connected with a  Germano-Celtic group: eg. Go. skapis [n.] 'damage'. However, the comparison is  impossible, as 0 does not match Gothic p.

XXXXXἀσκηρά [f.] - εἶδός τι τῶν καστανίων 'kind of chestnut' (H.).

    *ETYM Fur.: 131° compares Arm. kask 'chestnut'; for alternation «/zero, cf. ▶︎ ἄδδιξ,  See ▶︎ KdoTava.

XXXXXἈσκληπιός [m.] hero, later god of medicine (Il.). < PG(V)>

    *VAR Dor. -ἄπιός.

    *DIAL Αἰσκλαπιός (Epid., Troiz.), Ἀσχλαπιός (Boeot.), Αἰσχλαπιός, Ἀσκαλαπιός  (Thess.), Ἀσκαλπιός (Gort.), Αἰσχλαβιός (on a bronze figure from Bologna with  Corinthian letters; see Kretschmer Glotta 30 (1943): 116), Ἀγλαπιός (Lac.),  Αἰγλαπιός. ΦΌΕΚ ἀσκληπιάς [f.]) name of a plant (Dsc); see Stroémberg 1940: 99. Patronymic Ἀσκληπιάδης [m.] (Il), Ἀσκληπιάδειος name of a metre (Heph.); Ἀσκληπίεια  (ἰδεια) [n.pl.] 'festival for A. (PL); Ἀσκληπιεῖον [n.] 'temple for A' (Plb., Str.);  Ἀσκληπιακός (Aristid, Dam.); AoxAnmaotat (-an-) [m.pl.] name of worshippers of  A. (Rhodos), cf. on Ἀρτεμισιασταί s.v. Ἄρτεμις). ἀσκληπιάς [f.] plant name (Dsc.,  Gal.), cf. Strémberg 1940: 99.

    *ETYM Szemerényi's etymology (Szemerényi JHS 94 (1947): 155) from Hitt. asSula-  'well-being' and pai-/pi- 'to give cannot be correct, as it does not explain the velar. The name is typical for Pre-Greek words: apart from minor variations (B/ 1, ad(a)/  λα, κί x/ y), we find αὐ at (a well-known variation, see Fur.: 335-339) followed by  -yAam- or -oxAan-/ -oxAan/B-. To my mind, this goes back on a voiced velar without  -σ-, or a voiceless velar with -o-. The -o- was probably palatalized and we must  reconstruct *(a)-s'klap-. As the group -cy- is rare in Greek, especially before another  consonant, the loss of -o- can be understood. The palatal character was sometimes  expressed as a preceding or following (see on ▶︎ ἐξαίφνης, ▶︎ ἐξαπίνης and ▶︎ πινυτός  beside ▶︎ πνυτός). Fur. 233f., 296 attempts to connect αἰγλή and ἀγλαός as found in the epithets of  Apollo Αἰγλητης, Ἀσγελᾶτᾶς 'the shining one'. However, this must be rejected, as  here there are no variants with aio- < as' as in Asklepios.

XXXXXἀσκός [m.] 'animal skin, hide', mostly 'bag made of it' (IL). <?>

    *DIAL ἀκκόρ- ἀσκός. Λάκωνες (H.).

    *DER Diminutives ἀσκίον (Hp., Crates Com.), ἀσκίδιον (Ar., Posidon.). ἀσκίτης (sc. bdpwy) [m.] 'dropsy, patient with this illness' (Epicur.); ἄσκωμα 'leather padding', of  the hole which served for the rowlock (Ar.). Denominative verb doxwoato- ἠχθέσθη  'was vexed' (H.). See ▶︎ doxwAta.

    *ETYM Unknown. Boeot. furnishes a PN faoxwvdac, but there is no trace of F- in  Homer. Not related to. φάσκωλος, as per Fur.: 241.

XXXXXἄσκρα [f.]? - δρῦς ἄκαρπος 'tree without fruits' (H.).

===Pag_199: Beekes_Página_0199.tiff===

    *DER Note the place name Ἄσκρα in Boeotia.

    *ETYM Hubschmid 1953b: 83f. compares Basque azkdar 'kind of oak' and Lat. aesculus  'id', which suggests that it is a Mediterranean. word.

XXXXXἄσκυρον [n., m.] 'St. John's wort, Hypericum perforatum' (Dsc.), also = ἄλισμα (Ps.- Dsc.). See André 1956 s.v. ascyron.

    *VAR  σκύρον (Nic. Th. 74).

    *DER σκυράω [v.] 'to go mad', from eating a. (Nic.).

    *ETYM The prothetic vowel points to a substrate word (Fur.: 373).

XXXXXἀσκώλια [n.pl.] festival for Dionysus (sch. Ar. Pl. 1129). <?>

    *DER ἀσκωλιάζω [v.] (Ar. Pi. 1129), which acc. to the sch. means 'to hop on greased  wine-skins at the 4, whence ἀσκωλιασμός (Poll. 9, 121); elsewhere it means 'to hop  on one leg; jump up and down with the legs held together' (Arist.).

    *ETYM Chantraine 1933: 243f. derived ἀσκώλ- from ἀσκός 'hide, bag, etc' with a  suffix -(6)lo-, but given the different meaning, the connection with ἀσκός must be  secondary. Better seems the comparison by Schulze 1892: 1417 with oxwAofatiCw 'to  walk upon stilts' (Epich.), ἀγκωλιάδεν- ἅλλεσθαι. Κρῆτες 'to jump (Cret.)' (AB 1, 327,  5), and ἀγκωλιάζων: ἁλλόμενος τῷ ἑτέρῳ ποδί (H.). Schulze assumed that *4cxwAoc  derives from "ἄν-σκωλος; likewise, DELG derived the forms in ἀγκωλ- from ἀνα-  and ▶︎ κῶλον 'member'. However, it seems clear that the ἀ- is a prothetic vowel.

XXXXXσκωλοβατίζω itself is clearly derived from ▶︎ σκῶλος 'pole'.

XXXXXἄσμενος [adj.] 'well-pleased, glad' (I].). <?>

    *DER ἀσμενίζω [v.] 'to receive with joy, to be content' (Plb.), ἀσμενισμός 'satisfaction'  (Ph.); ἀσμενέω [v.] (Din.).

    *ETYM An isolated participle, which has been interpreted as a sigmatic aorist *Fa5-o-  μενος from the root of »ἀνδάνω, ▶︎ ἥδομαι, but note that the form has no aspiration. Wackernagel 1897: 6 proposed connection with ▶︎ νέομαι 'to return' as *ys-s-menos,  assuming an original meaning 'safe' (see DELG). Not compelling.

XXXXXἀσπάζομαι [v.] 'to welcome kindly, greet' (Il.). «Ὁ

    *VAR Aor. ἀσπάσασθαι.

    *DIAL Myc. PN a- pa-si-jo-jo, perhaps /Aspasioio/.

    *DER Verbal nouns ἀσπασμός (Thgn.), ἄσπασμα (E., Ph.), ἀσπαστύς [f.] (Call.)  'greeting, caress. An old adjective is ἀσπάσιος 'welcome, cheerful' (Il), after other  adjectives in -σιος (Schwyzer: 466, Chantraine 1933: 41), cf. θαυμάσιος. Verbal adjective ἀσπαστός 'welcome' (Od.), ἀσπαστικός 'cheerful, friendly' (Plb.). On ἀσπακάζομαι (Com. Adesp.), ἀσπακῶς: φιλοφρόνως 'friendly' (H.) see Frisk 1934:  62ff.

    *ETYM No etymology. Connection with ▶︎ σπάω in the sense of 'to draw to onself' has  been proposed, but then the ἀ- would have to be the Pre-Greek prothetic vowel. Kretschmer Glotta 12 (1923): 189f. derives it from "ἀν-σπάζομαι.

XXXXXἀσπαίρω [v.] 'to pant, struggle, resist' (Il.). <1£ *h.sperH- 'kick with the foot'>

    *VAR  Only pres.; also onaipw (Arist.).

    *DER ἀσπαρίζω (Arist.), cf. doxapiw to ▶︎ σκαίρω.

===Pag_200: Beekes_Página_0200.tiff=== XXXXXἄσπετος 153

    *ETYM The conviction that ἀ- in ἀσπαίρω is secondary (Frisk) has no basis; it does  not derive from ἀνα- (Kretschmer KZ 33 (1895): 566, etc.). Rather, the form without  ἀ- will be secondary (perhaps after the pair ἀσκαρίζω : oxaipw?). ᾿  Related forms are Lith. spiriv 'to kick with the foot', Skt. sphurdti 'id.', Lat. sperno 'to  despise', ON sperna, among others. Lubotsky 2006 reconstructs the verb as * TsperH-  'to kick with the heel' in view of the irregular correspondences in the anlaut. The  words may be old compounds of *pd- 'foot' and *per(H)- 'to beat, kick'.

XXXXXἀσπάλαθος [f., m.] name of several types of thorn-bush (Thgn.), see Dawkins JHS 56 (1936): 7.

    *ETYM Solmsen 1909: 21 connected σπαλύσσεται: σπαράσσεται, ταράσσεται 'to rip,  agitate' (H.), σφαλάσσειν' τέμνειν, kevteiv 'to cut, sting' (H.), etc. (see ἀσπάλαξ), but  this is semantically unconvincing. It is rather a loanword (substrate?); the suffix -θος  often occurs in plant names, see André 1956: 234. Alessio compares Lat. palla 'genesta alba' (Alessio RILomb. 74 (1940-1941): 737ff.,  Alessio Studi etruschi 15 (1941): 219. See also Fournier RPh. 1950: 172-176.

XXXXXἀσπάλαξ, -ακος [m.] 'mole, Sphalax typhus' (Arist.), see Thompson Class. Rev. 32 (1918): off. < PG(V)>

    *VAR Also σπάλαξ [m., f.] (Arist.), ἀσφάλαξ [m.] (Babr.) and σφάλαξ (Paus.).

    *ETYM The suffix -αξ in animal names is well known, e.g. κόραξ, σκύλαξ (Chantraine  1933: 378). The connection with a root *sp(h)el- 'to split, tear off (Pok. 985) is hardly  credible. The variations (prothetic vowel, 1/@) in combination with the suffix -ax-  virtually ascertain substrate origin. The synonym σκάλοψ may be a variant, or a  recent metathesis. ▶︎ σπάλαθρον 'poker' does not belong here.

XXXXXἀσπάλιεύς [m.] 'fisher' (Nic.).

    *VAR ἀσπάλους: τοὺς ἰχθύας. Ἀθαμᾶνες 'fish (Athamanian) (H.). Cf. donadov:  σκύτος 'skin, hide' (H.) (unrelated?).

    *DER ἀσπαλία' τοῦ ἁλιέως ἐργασία 'trade of the fisherman' (H.) for "ἀσπαλιείαξ Cf. ἀσπαλίσαι- ἁλιεῦσαι, caynvedoat 'fish, catch as in a net' (AB 183).

    *ETYM Cf. ἁλιεύς. The etymology is unknown; the old comparison with Lat. squalus  name of a big fish, ON hvair 'whale' must be forgotten. Rather a susbtrate word, with  Huber 1921: 21. DELG strangely doubts the connection of ἀσπαλιεύς and ἄσπαλος.

XXXXXἄσπαλον -οσπολάς.

XXXXXἀσπάραγος Ξοἀσφάραγος.

XXXXXἀσπάσιος --ἀσπάζομαι.

XXXXXἀσπερχές [adv.] 'unceasingly' (Il.). <1£ *sperg'- 'hurry'>

    *ETYM Derived from σπέρχω 'to (be in a) hurry', with copulative (intensive) a-; see  Chantraine 1933: 427.

XXXXXἄσπετος [adj.] 'endless, immense' (Il.). <1E *sek'- 'say'>

===Pag_201: Beekes_Página_0201.tiff===

    *ETYM From *n-sk'-eto-, literally 'unspeakable', a negative verbal adjective to ἐννέπω  < PGr. *en-hek'-. The omission of *k'e > te in this word, which is probably due to  the preceding o-, has given rise to the name donetoc-rule.

XXXXXἀσπιδής

    *ETYM A hapax in δι᾽ ἀσπιδέος πεδίοιο, which some read instead of διὰ  omédéoc πεδίοιο. Doubtful; further details s.v. ▶︎ σπίδιος.

XXXXXἄσπιλος Ξ-σπιλάς 1.

XXXXXἀσπίς 1, -ίδος [f.] 'shield' (1].). a round shield, as opposed to ▶︎ σάκος, see Triimpy 1950: 2off. and LfgrE s.v. <IE *h,esp- 'cut'?

    *DER Diminutive ἀσπίδιον (Hermipp.), also as a plant (Dsc.), see Stromberg 1940: 55;  ἀσπιδίσκη and -ίσκος (LXX, inscr.), ἀσπιδίσκιον (inscr.), ἀσπιδισκάριον (Lyd.);  ἀσπιστής 'warrior with shield' (IL), secondary ἀσπιστήρ (S. E.) and dontotwp (A. Ag. 404 [lyr.]), see Chantraine 1933: 327 and 325ΐ.; ἀσπιστικός (Ὁ. H.). Further  ἀσπιδίτης (5. Fr.), probably after ὀπλίτης; more common ἀσπιδιώτης (IL, Theocr.,  etc.), metrically conditioned in origin; ἀσπιδόεις 'consisting of shields' (Opp.). ἀσπιδεῖον mg. uncertain (inscr., pap.); cf. forms in -etov in Mayser 1906-1938, I: 3:  12ff; note the gloss ἀσπιδεῖα: τὰς πτύχας τῶν ἀσπίδων καὶ μέρος τῆς νεὼς πρὸς τῇ  πρύμνᾳ 'plates of shields, also a part of the ship near the stern' (H.). Denominative  ἀσπίζω 'to shield, protect' (Lydia, H., Suid.).

    *ETYM No remotely convincing suggestions have been made (see older litt. in Frisk)  until Melchert 2007: 253-8, who finds the root of CLuw., Hitt. hasp- in Lat. asper  'rough, harsh' and also in Gr. ἀσπίς, starting from an i-stem *h,esp-i-, with meaning  specialized to 'skin, leather', thence 'shield'.

XXXXXἀσπίς 2, -ίδος [f.] name of the Egyptian cobra, 'Coluber haie' (Hdt.).

    *ETYM Perhaps identical with ▶︎ ἀσπίς 1, after the shield formed by the snake's neck  when it attacks. Rather not a loanword.

XXXXXἄσπληνον [n.] a plant (Dsc.).

    *VAR Also -ος [m.].

    *ETYM Perhaps from privative ἀ- and σπλήν: the plant would cure anthrax. Rather  not a loanword.

XXXXXἄσπρις [f.] kind of oak, 'Quercus Cerris' (Thphr.). <?>

    *ETYM No etymology. It is not related to OHG aspa 'asp', as this originally had -ps-,  and the Greek -r- would remain unexplained. Hubschmid 1953b: 98 compares Basque tsapay 'oak', but this does not fit well.

XXXXXἄσσα [n.pl.) indefinite pronoun, = τινά.

    *VAR Att. ἄττα; ἅσσα, Att. ἅττα = ativa. = τίς.

XXXXXἄσπρος [adj.] 'rough' (Ael.). «τῶν Lat.>

    *ETYM A loan from Lat. asper. For the later history of the word, see DELG.

XXXXXἀστακός [m.] 1. 'the smooth lobster' (Philyll.), 2. 'hollow of the ear' (Poll).

    *VAR  ὀστακός (Aristom.), Attic acc. to Ath. 3, 105b.

===Pag_202: Beekes_Página_0202.tiff=== XXXXXἀστεμφής 155

    *ETYM Often analyzed as ἃ k-derivation of the word for 'bone' (Gr. ὀστέον, Skt. dsthi,  obl. asth(d)n-); so *h,esth,-y-k6-. However, this etymology dates from a time when  every Greek word had to be given an IE origin. The formation is unparallelled in  Greek, and the assimilation ἀστα- < ὀστα- is highly improbable. The comparison  with Skt. an-dstha-ka- 'without bones' (Frisk) is irrelevant: it is formed with a suffix  productive in that language; neither does MInd. atthi-taco 'lobster' < *asthi-tvacas-  'with bony skin' prove anything for Greek. Rather, we are dealing with a substrate word, with variation a-/ 6-. See Fur. 137. See  ▶︎ ἀστράγαλος, ▶︎ ὀστέον, ▶︎ ὄστρακον.

XXXXXἀστάλη [f.] : πολύπους ὁ ἐν τῇ μυκτῆρι 'excrescence in the nostril' (1.), ἔνιοι σκώληκα οὐρὰν ἔχοντα 'worm with ἃ tail' (2.) (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Fur. 379 compares (1.) with ἄστλιγξ and ὄστλιγξ 'anything curled', which is  also used for the arms of the cuttle-fish. This cannot be substantiated. The etymology  of (2.) is completely unknown. Chantraine adduces ἀσταλύζειν, but this must be a  mistake; see ▶︎ ἀνασταλύζω.

XXXXXἀστάνδης -οἀσκάνδης.

XXXXXἀσταφίς, -ίδος [f.] 'dried grapes, raisins' (Hdt., IA, inscr. Tegea [Ν]); σταφὶς ἀγρία 'stavesacre, Delphinium Staphisagria' (Hp.), see André 1956 s.v. pedicularia herba.

    *VAR  Also dotagic (Cratin.), σταφίς (Hp.).

    *DER σταφίδιος (Hp.) and σταφιδίτης (Orib.), of οἶνος, Also σταφιδευταῖος (Hp.), as  if from *otagidevtis or *otagidedw. Denominative verb σταφιδόω [v.] 'to dry  grapes, produce raisins' (Dsc., Gp.).

    *ETYM The formation reminds of xedpic, κεφαλίς and other parts or products of  plants; the stem recalls ▶︎ σταφυλή 'grapes'. A typical substrate word, with prothetic  vowel and variation a/o-.

XXXXXἄσταχυς [m.] 'ear of corn' (I1.), 'bandage' (Gal.).

    *VAR  στάχυς (Il.+), -ῦς (E.); see ▶︎ στάχυς.

    *ETYM Previously connected with OHG stanga, stengil, etc. Undoubtedly a substrate  word in view of the prothetic vowel.

XXXXXἀστέλεφος [m.]? - τὸ περὶ τὴν κιθάραν δέρμα 'the skin around the thorax' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. Fur. 373 compares ▶︎ στέρφος 'skin, etc.', with variation p/A and  prothetic vowel. However, substrate origin is unlikely for the latter word, as it has a  decent Indo-European etymology.

XXXXXἀστεμφής [adj.] 'firm, stiff (IL). <?>

    *VAR ἀστεμφέως [adv.] (Od.).

    *ETYM Unclear. The ἀ- is assumed to be either copulative ('stamped tight') or  privative ('unmoved, unshaken', which is the meaning given by LSJ). This  presupposes a noun *otéy@os or a verb ᾿"στέμφω 'to press, stamp', but these are not  known in Greek (only ▶︎ στόμφος and ▶︎ στέμβω, with the wrong stop). Unrelated is

===Pag_203: Beekes_Página_0203.tiff===

▶︎ στέμφυλα. Appurtenance to the PIE roots in Pok. (steb'- 1012, stem- 1021) is difficult.

XXXXXἀστεροπή [f] 'lightning' (Il.).

    *VAR More common is στεροπή (Il); ἀστραπή (Hdt.); στροπά: ἀστραπή. Πάφιοι  'lightning (Paphian)' and στορπάν (cod. -tlav): τὴν ἀστραπήν 'id.' (H.); Στορπᾶος  epithet of Zeus (Tegea). Note στροφαί. ἀστραπαί (H.).

    *DER ἀστεροπητής, -οὔ [m.] epithet of Zeus (Il.), ἀστεροπῆτα κεραυνόν (IG 14, 641)  after ἀργῆτα κεραυνόν (Hom.); ἀστεροπαῖος (Corn.). From ἀστραπή: ἀστραπαῖος (Arist. and ἀστράπιος (Orph); ἀστραπηδόν  (Aristobul.). Denominative ἀστράπτω [v.] 'to thunder' (Il), aor. ἀστράψαι; late  ἄστραψις (Suid.) and ἀστραπτικός (sch.). A variant which occurs in poetry is στράπτω (S., A. R.), whence the back-formation  otpann (EM).

    *ETYM Mostly analyzed as a compound from ἀστήρ 'star' and ὀπ- 'eye', meaning  'star-eye'. For the semantics of the formation, Arm. p 'ayl-akn 'lightning' is compared  (p'ayl 'glow, splendour' and akn 'eye'), as well as Arm. areg-akn 'sun' (arew 'sun' and  akn). However, 'glow, splendour' is not the same as 'star' and, more importantly, the  variants στεροπή and ἀστραπὴ cannot be explained in this way (also note n/g in  στροφή). Also, if ἀστράπτω is not a very recent formation, one would expect  *zotpaoow from the IE pre-form, as DELG points out. The word must therefore  belong to the substrate layer, as Kuiper and Furnée already saw. See Beekes MSS 48  (1987): 15-20.

XXXXXἄστηνος [adj.] 'miserable' (Call), acc. to EM 159, 11 παρὰ τὸ μὴ στάσιν μιηδ᾽ οἴκησιν ἔχειν. AGREE

    *VAR Remarkable is the athematic plural in ἀστῆνες: ταλαίπωροι, δυστυχεῖς  'distressed, unfortunate' (H.).

    *DER Denominative ἀστηνεῖ: ἀδυνατεῖ 'is unable' (H.).

    *ETYM The gloss of EM is clearly a guess. Possibly from privative a- and the second  member of ▶︎ δύστηνος,    ἀστήρ, -έρος [m.] 'star' (1].). <1E *h,ster- 'star'>

    *VAR Plur. mostly ἄστρα, whence secondary sg. ἄστρον.

    *DER Diminutives: ἀστερίσκος (Call, Thphr.), ἀστερίσκιον (Apollon.); aotnpidiov  'star-like ornament' (pap.). Adjectives: ἀστερόεις 'starry' (Il.); ἀστερωτός 'id.' (inser. III*); ἀστέριος 'star-like'  (Arat., Call.), ntr. ἀστέριον, which is also found as a plant name (Crateuas); see  Strémberg 1940: 48, 50; ἀστεριαῖος 'like a star' (Cleom.); ἀστερικός 'belonging to the  stars' (Theol. Ar.), ἀστερώδης (sch.). Substantives: ἀστερίας fish and bird name (Philyll., Arist.), cf. Stromberg 1943: 28,  Thompson 1895: 57; ἀστερίτης, of λίθος, name of a mythical stone (Ptol. Heph.), fem. ἀστερῖτις plant name (Ps.-Apul.). From the zero grade in ἄστρα (ἄστρον): datpiov 'star-like ornament' (inscr.),  ἀστρῷος 'starred, of the stars' (AP, Phlp.); ἀστρικός 'belonging to the stars'  (Philostr.); ἀστραῖος 'starred' (Nonn.).

===Pag_204: Beekes_Página_0204.tiff=== XXXXXἀστράγαλος 157 Rare denominatives: ἀστερίζω [v.] 'to arrange in constellations' (Hipparch.);

XXXXXἀστερόω [v.] 'to change into stars, provide with stars' (Placit., sch.).

    *ETYM The reconstruction of the word for 'star' is straightforward: hysterodynamic  nom. *h,stér, acc. *h,ster-m, gen. *h,str-os, seen in Hitt. hasterza /hstert'/, Arm. astt,  Olr. ser « *h,ster-h,, Go. stairno << *h,ster-no-, ToB Scir ye, Av. stdr-am [acc.sg.], Skt. tarah (nom.pl.] (the absence of the s- is unexplained), stf-bhih [instr.pl.]; Lat. stella <  *stér-la or rather *stél-nd. ▶︎ ἀστεροπή, etc. do not belong here. The connection with PIE *h,eh,s- 'to burn'  seems quite probable; Sumerian-Babylonian origin (Star 'Venus'), on the other  hand, is highly improbable in view of the initial laryngeal. On the internal derivation  of the word, see rhost recently Pinault 2007: 271-279.

XXXXXἄστλιγξ >dotAryE.

XXXXXἀστός 'ἄστυ.

XXXXXἀστραβδα [adv.]? mg. unknown; used with δορκάσιν παίζειν (Hdt. 3, 64). «ἢ» ΝΑΙ Accent unknown.

    *ETYM Formation like κρύβδα, κύβδα, piySa (Schwyzer: 626), of unknown  etymology.

XXXXXἀστράβη [f.] 'comfortable saddle for an ass or a mule' (Lys.), see RE 4, 1792. ΑΚ On ἀστράπην (Anon. in Rh. 8, 668) see below. Note Lat. astrama = oavic, ὑποπόδιον (gloss. II 22, 15, see RE), where the -m- for -b- may point to (Pre-Greek) substrate origin.

    *ETYM Connection with ▶︎ ἀστραβής 'steadfast' (as per DELG) is improbable. Neumann Iuc. ling. 1 (1974): 103-8 connects Hitt. aSatar 'seat' (from aé- 'to sit'), but  -ba- is rare in Hittite. Fur: 143 mentions ἀστράπην (-απήν trad.), referring to  Sturtevant Class. Phil. 6 (1911): 208. Variation aB/am is well-known in substrate  words (Fur. 107), so it may well be a Pre-Greek word. This analysis is rejected  without good reason by Neumann (who points to other words in -Ba/oc, but these  are probably loanwords too). ἀστραβής, -ἐς [adj.] 'straight, steadfast, rigid' (Pi, Hp. Pl.). <GR>

    *DER ἀστραβαλίζειν: ὁμαλίζειν, εὐθύνειν 'to make even or level, direct' (H). ἀστραβιστήρ. ὄργανόν τι ὡς Siontpov 'an instrument, as that for seeing through'  (H.).

    *ETYM Commonly assumed to belong to ▶︎ στραβός 'squinting', ▶︎ στρεβλός 'twisted,  crooked', etc., with privative ἀ-.

XXXXXἀστράγαλος [m.] 'one of the neck vertebrae; anklebone; knuckle-bones (used as dice); dice' (Il.). Also a plant, see DELG Supp.

    *VAR  ἀστραγάλη [f.] 'id' (Anacr.), στράγαλος (Vita Aesop. (G) 69, see LSJ Supp.).

    *DER ἀστραγαλωτός (μάστιξ) 'Cwhip) made from 4.' (Crates Com.), ἀστραγαλωτή a  plant (Philum.); see Schwyzer: 503, Chantraine 1933: 306.

XXXXXἀστραγάλειος 'covering the ankles, talaris' (Aq.), ἀστραγαλῖτις 'kind of iris' (Gal.), ἀστραγαλῖνος 'bull finch' (Dionys.). Denominative ἀστραγαλίζω [v.] 'to play with ἀν

===Pag_205: Beekes_Página_0205.tiff===

(com. Pl), whence ἀστραγάλισις 'dicing' (Arist.), ἀστραγαλιστής 'dice player (com.), ἀστραγαλιστικός [adj.] (Eust.). Hypocoristic ἄστρις [f.] = ἀστράγαλος (Call.); with the hypocoristic suffix -x- also ἄστριχος [m.] (Antiph.), see Schwyzer: 498.

    *ETYM Generally considered to be a derivation in -A- (Chantraine 1933: 247) of the  inherited word for 'bone' (see ▶︎ ὀστέονλ The same etymology is often assumed for  ▶︎ ἀστακός and ▶︎ ὄστρακον, ▶︎ ὄστρειον, but this cannot be correct. There is no good  explanation for the -y-. Therefore, it is probably a substrate word (Beekes 1969: 51).

XXXXXἀστραλός [m.] - ὁ ψαρὸς ὑπὸ Θετταλῶν 'starling (Thess.)' (H.).

    *ETYM Closely resembles words for 'tern' and 'starling', like Lat. sturnus, OHG stara  [f.], etc. However, the reconstruction *actpyAdc, assumed by Schwyzer (see Frisk), is  improbable. A much simpler solution is to assume independent suffixes -no- and  -lo-. Although we may mechanically reconstruct *h,str-lo- for Greek and *h,stor-no-  for the European branches, it is more likely that the word is non-IE. See Thompson  1895 S.V.

XXXXXἀστραπή >doteponn.

XXXXXἈτρεύς [m.] father of Agamemnon, son of Pelops, etc. (I].).

    *ETYM West Glotta 77 (1999): 262-266 remarks that the form in -etc is extremely rare  (the nom. in Homer only in B 106, while ᾿Ατρέος υἱός occurs 11 times). The name  was interpreted as dtpeotoc 'undaunted'. West supposes that the name may have  had Atpe(h)- followed by -iag (there is a variant Atpéac) or by -iwv (Atpeiwv occurs  as a patronymic). This possible form explains the Hittite name Attar()ssiia-,  mentioned as a man from Ahhijaya- = Achaea. This name may represent *Atepo.ac  or *Atpeotac: a man with the same or a related name. ἄστρις

    *VAR ἄστριχος. + ἀστράγαλος.

XXXXXἄστυ [n.] 'town' (Il.)

    *VAR Att. -εως, Ion. -e0c.

    *DIAL Myc. wa-tu /wastu/, Boeot. ξαστιος [gen.]; Myc. wa-tu-o-ko /wastuok"os/, Arc. Facotvox6 [gen.].

    *DER ἀστικός 'of a town' (A, etc.), which could also be derived from ἀστός (see  below); sometimes ἀστυκός after ἄστυ; ἀστεῖος 'id.', also 'fine, polite' (Att., Arist.),  whence ἀστειότης (Vett. Val.), ἀστειοσύνη (Lib.), denominative ἀστεΐζομαι [v.] (Str. J.), ἀστεῖσμός (Demetr. Eloc., Ὁ. H.), ἀστέϊσμα (Tz.); further ἀστεϊεύομαι (sch.). Curious formation in dotupov '(small) town' (Call., Nic.). ἀστός [m.] 'citizen' (IL) <  *aotpéc, Thess. ραστρος; thence ἄστιος = ἀστικός (inscr. Crete, Stymphalos, Delos). ἀστίτης ([m.] 'fellow citizen' (S.) after πολίτης.

    *ETYM ἄστυ < ρβάστυ resembles Skt. vastu [π.] 'residence, abode' (younger vastu [n.]  'place, thing'), Messap. vastei [dat.] and ToA wast, ToB ost 'house'. Together with  gotv, this requires ablauting *ueh,stu-, *uh,steu, the latter form being generalized in  ἀστυ (see Beekes IF 93 (1988): 24). The root shape implies that the word cannot  belong to Skt. vdsati 'to dwell, live', Gr. aor. ▶︎ ἄεσα 'to spend the night', Hitt. huis-7  'to live'. Recently, some scholars have therefore assumed metathesis of *h,us- to

===Pag_206: Beekes_Página_0206.tiff=== XXXXXἀσφάραγος 2 159 uh,s-, either restricted to Greek or in PIE (see litt. in Balles 2007: 17, especially Neri KZ 118 (2005 [2006]): 208), but this does not convince. It is not probable either that the group of ἄστυ is related to Lat. vastus 'desolate', OHG wuosti 'barren', Olr. fds 'empty', which rather belong to the root h,uweh,- 'to lack, disappear'.

XXXXXἀστυλάζει -᾿ἀνασταλύζω.

XXXXXἀσυρής [adj.] 'lewd, filthy' (Hdt. 4, 51). «GR?

    *ETYM Uncertain. Perhaps copulative a- and *otpoc, which would be an old verbal    noun to ▶︎ σύρω 'to drag, sweep', with the same semantic shift as in σύρμα, συρφετός  'refuse, litter'.

XXXXXἀσύφη [f.] kind of κασία 'cinnamon (Peripl. M. Rubr. 12, Dsc. 1, 13).

    *VAR  ἀσυφήμων (ν.1.).

    *ETYM Unknown loanword, see André 1956 s.v. asufi.

XXXXXἀσύφηλος [adj.] uncertain, 'headstrong, insulting' or 'foolish' (Il.)?

    *ETYM The scholion on Ven. A and Bechtel 1914 connect σοφός, with privative ἀ-. For the vocalism, Σίσυφος and σέσυφος: πανοῦργος (H.) are compared. Fur.: 337  further compares the gloss αἰσύφιος: δεινός, ψευδής, ἀπατεών 'awesome, deceptive,  treacherous' (H.), -o¢ (Cyr.), which seems to fit well. In view of the interchange at-/  a-, substrate origin is more probable than the traditional etymology.

XXXXXἄσφαλτος [f.,m.] 'asphalt, bitumen' (Hdt.).

    *VAR Also -ov [n.].

    *DER ἀσφάλτιον 'treacle clover, Psoralea bituminosa' (Dsc.), named after the smell  (see Strémberg 1940: 62); ἀσφαλτῖτις 'bituminous' (Str.), of βῶλος, etc; ἀσφαλτώδης  'like a.' (Arist., Str.), whence ἀσφαλτωδεύομαι [v.] 'to cover with a.',  Denominative verb ἀσφαλτόω 'to smear with a.' (LXX), whence ἀσφάλτωσις (Suid.);

XXXXXἀσφαλτίζω [v.] 'to smell like a.' (Dsc.).

    *ETYM Generally taken as a negated verbal adjective of σφάλλεσθαι, under the  assumption that it denoted the material that protects walls from tumbling down  (σφάλλεσθαι). For the 'causative' meaning of the verbal adjective one compares  ἀμέθυστος; still, this semantic point makes the etymology weak. It is rather a  substrate word. Diels KZ 47 (1916): 207ff. noted that sources occur everywhere in the  Greek world, e.g. on Zakynthos and near Dyrrhachium.

XXXXXἀσφάραγος 1 [m.] 'throat, gullet' (X 328, Plu.).

    *VAR σφάραγγος (σφάραγος Latte} βρόγχος, τράχηλος, λαιμός, ψόφος 'windpipe,  neck, throat, noise' (H.); = φάρυγξ (Apion apud Phot.).

    *ETYM Fur.: 227 connects φάραγξ, -yyoc 'gorge' and compares σφάραγγες (codd. -éc)  sine expl. (H.). The combination of the variations and the suffix -ay-/-ayy-  (prenasalization) proves substrate origin. He further compares μάραγοι: oi  ἀπόκρημνοι τόποι 'overhanging places' (H.), which seems improbable to me. ἀσφάραγος 2 [m.] 'asparagus, young shoots' (Cratin.). < PG(v)>

    *VAR Also ἀσπάραγος (com., Thphr,, Plb,, etc. [not given separately by LSJ]).

===Pag_207: Beekes_Página_0207.tiff===

    *DER ἀσφαραγία 'rootstock of the asparagus' (Thphr.) and ἀσφαραγωνία 'wreath of  asparagus (Plu.), cf. βρυωνία, podwvia.

    *ETYM The word has been compared with ▶︎ σφαραγέομαι 'to burst with a noise,  teem', but it is rather a substrate word, as is made probable by the variation πίφ.

XXXXXἀσφόδελος [m.] 'asphodel, Asphodelus ramosa' (Hes.).

    *VAR Also σφόδελος (H.), σφοδελός (Ar.); σποδελός (v.ll. acc. to Hdn. Gr. 2, 152).

    *DER ἀσφοδελός 'grown with αὐ (Od.), on the accent see Schwyzer: 420;  ἀσφοδελώδης 'like a.' (Thphr.), ἀσφοδέλινος 'made of a.' (Luc.).

    *ETYM A substrate word, as is shown by the variants. Fur.: 288 further compares  σφονδύλ(εγιον, σπονδύλιον 'Heracleum sphondylium', which would show  prenasalization. A speculative attempt by Biraud 1993: 35-46, who finds the same  suffix in στυφελός, ζάφελος, ῥάκελος, etc.

XXXXXἀσχαλάω [v.] 'to be distressed, grieved' (Il, Archil, E.). <?>

    *VAR  ἀσχάλλω (Od., IA) is more usual; fut. ἀσχαλεῖ (A. Prom. 764).

    *ETYM Commonly derived from *&oyakoc 'who cannot hold himself, with privative  a- and the root of σχεῖν, to which a suffix -αλο- would have been added. Highly  doubtful.

XXXXX᾿ἀσχέδιον - τραχύ, Κρῆτες 'rough (Cretan) (H.). -᾿ἀσχέλιον.

XXXXXἀσχέδωρος [π|.] 'wild boar' in Magna Graecia (A. Fr. 191). <?>

    *ETYM Kretschmer KZ 36 (1900): 267f. proposed a Doric form *av-cye-dopF-oc 'who  resists the lance', which would originally be an epithet. Comparable formations are  μεν-ἔέγχης, μεν-αίχμης. Possible at best.

XXXXXἀσχέλιον ▶︎ τραχύ, Κρῆτες 'rough (Cretan)' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Latte notes: 'non coharens ideoque asperum', and corrects to ἀσχέδιον. DELG connects the corrected form with cyed-6v and ἔχω (which may be what Latte  meant). However, Latte's correction is too uncertain to be printed in the edition of  Hesychius.

XXXXXἀσχίον [n.] 'puffball, Lycoperdon giganteum' (Thphr.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. Semitic etymology in Lewy 1895: 31.

XXXXXἄσχυ [n.] 'inspissated juice of the fruit of the bird cherry (Prunus Padus)', used by the Scythians (Hdt. 4, 23). «τὴν Iran.>

    *ETYM See the note ad loc. in the edition of Legrand.

XXXXXἄσωτος

    *VAR ἀσωτία. = σωός.

XXXXXἆτα ⟹ οὖς.

XXXXXἀταβυρίτης [adj.] scil. ἄρτος, a kind of bread from Rhodes (Sopat.).

    *ETYM Cf. AtaBupia: ἡ Ρόδος πάλαι (H.) and the mountain ᾿Ατἄβύριον. The suffix  -it1)¢ is common for kinds of bread, cf. Redard 1949: 88.

XXXXXἀτάλαντος Ξ-τάλαντον.

===Pag_208: Beekes_Página_0208.tiff=== XXXXXἀτειρής 161

XXXXXἀταλός [adj.] 'tender, delicate' (Il.).

    *DER Denominative verb ἀτάλλω (pres. only) 'to skip in childish glee', trans. 'to  bring up (a child) (IL); ἀτάλματα: παίγνια 'toys' (H.). With internal reduplication  (Schwyzer: 648) ἀτιτάλλω 'to rear, tend' (11), aor. ἀτίτηλα; ἀτιτάλτας 'foster father'  (Gortyn).

    *ETYM Extensive discussion in DELG. Leumann Glotta 15 (1927): 153ff. (also  Leumann 1950: 139ff.) derives ἀταλός from the expression ἀταλὰ φρονέων, which  arose by reanalysis of ἀταλαφρονέων. This is based on ἀταλάφρων, and this again is  the negation of ταλάφρων. Although it explains the compositional vowel a, the  whole analysis is too complicated. Derivation from ἄττα (Benveniste 1969(2): 85ff.)  seems improbable too. What remains is an adjective ἀταλός of unknown origin, with  a verb that means 'to treat tenderly'. Fur.: 262 compares ἀζαλαί' νέαι καὶ ἁπαλαί and  concludes that it is a substrate word. This is quite probable.

XXXXXἀτάλυμνος [f.] = κοκκυμηλέα, 'plum tree' (Nic.).

    *ETYM Unknown, but no doubt a substrate word (suffix -ujtvoc).

XXXXXἀτάρ [adv.]? 'nevertheless, but' (II.).

    *ETYM A combination of *h,et = Lat. at 'but' (also in Go. appan but') and ν dp (s.v. ▶︎ ἄρα). Cf. ▶︎ αὐτάρ and Ruijgh 1957: 4aff.

XXXXXἀτάρβακτος [adj.] 'fearless' (Pi, B.). <PG?, τ»

    *ETYM A privative verbal adjective, which presupposes an unattested *taphdacow or  *tapBatw that would belong to τάρβος, ▶︎ tapBéw, see Fur.: 219. Cf. ἀτάρμυκτος  (Euph., Nic.) to ▶︎ ταρμύσσω 'to scare' (Lyc.). See ▶︎ τάρβος.

XXXXXἀταρπιτός

    *VAR ἀταρπός. = ἀτραπός, ἀτραπιτός.

XXXXXἀταρτηρός [adj.] 'mischievous, baneful' (Il.). mg. not quite certain. <?>

    *DER ἀταρτᾶται' βλάπτει, πονεῖ, λυπεῖ 'hinders, labors, grieves' (H.).

    *ETYM Unknown. Stiirmer IF 47 (1929): 299 assumes a pre-form *dtaptoc  'unfatiguing', comparing ▶︎ ἀτέραμνος and ▶︎ teipw. This is impossible because the  roots concerned are dissyllabic (*terh, 'to pierce', *terh,- 'to overcome').

XXXXXἀτάσθαλος [adj.] 'reckless, wicked' (Il, Aeol.). <?>

    *DER ἀτασθαλίαι (always plur. in Hom.), sing. -in, 4a (Hes., Hdt, Pi.); ἀτασθάλλων  [pres.ptc.] (Od.).

    *ETYM Unexplained. As DELG remarks, connection with ἄτη is impossible as the  latter has long ἀ-. The gloss from Hesychius ἀπὸ tod ταῖς ἄταις θάλλειν is clearly a  folk etymology. The proposal by Frisk Eranos 31 (1933): 21ff. to posit *4-Oapotoc =  Skt. d-dhysta- 'irresistable', to θάρσος, is a desparate attempt. See also Fur.: 379.

XXXXXἀτειρής [adj.] 'indestructible, stubborn, hard' (11.λ <?>

    *ETYM Mostly connected with ▶︎ teipw 'to tire', Lat. teré 'to rub', in which case the  proposal by Bechtel 1914 s.v. to posit "ἀτερρ-ής (with the *-u- of tépv) makes some  sense. Improbable is the proposal by Wackernagel 1897: 14ff., who assumed *dtepo-  Hic to ▶︎ τέρσομαι and an original meaning 'not dried up, fresh'.

===Pag_209: Beekes_Página_0209.tiff===

XXXXXἀτέμβω [v.] 'to maltreat', med. 'to be bereft of (IL), also 'to revile' (A. R.) by a false interpretation of @ 312, acc. to Leumann 1950: 33. 4»

    *VAR Only pres.

    *DER ἀτέμβιος: μεμψίμοιρος 'criticizing' (EM).

    *ETYM Unknown. Traditionally connected with Skt. dabhnoti 'to damage' < *d'eb'.,  but aspiration is not lost after nasal in Greek (Schwyzer: 333).

XXXXXἀτενής, -ἕς [adj.] 'tense, fixed, attentive' (Hes.).

    <IE? *ten- 'draw, stretch'>

    *DER ἀτενίζω [v.] 'to stare' (Hp.), ἀτενισμός (Thphr.) and atéwoic (Paul. Aeg.).

    *ETYM Perhaps 'with tension', if derived from a substantive *tévoc [n.] = Lat. tenus  [n.] 'cord' with copulative a- (and Ionic psilosis), from the root of ▶︎ teivu.

XXXXXἄτερ [prep.] 'without, far from' (Il.).

    <IE *sn-ter, *snHu, *snHi 'without'>

    *DER ἄτερθε(ν), Aeol. ἄτερθα 'id' (Pi, A. and 5. [lyr.]); ἀπάτερθεν, also as adv. (Il.).

    *ETYM A psilotic form (perhaps Aeolic) from *atép, identical with OHG suntar  'separated, but' < PIE *sy-tér. There was also a form *snH(e)u giving Greek mdavev  and remade in Skt. sanu-tdr 'separate from, far away' (cf. Av. hanara). Again  differently formed are ToA sne, ToB snai 'without', Lat. sine 'id' < *seni, Olr. sain  'particular, different. However, these words require a laryngeal (*snH-), which is  impossible for ἄτερ. This is problematic, but remains unsolved to date (in spite of  Meier-Briigger Glotta 66 (1988): 137-141). The suggestion by Nikolaev 2007: 165 that  ἄτερ continues *h,n-ter is unacceptable, in view of the problems this creates for  ▶︎ ἄνευ (which he derives from *h,n-eu). The fact that the word is psilotic shows that  it is a poetic (epic and Ionic) word.

XXXXXἀτέραμνος [adj.] 'hard, stubborn, merciless' (Od.). <1E? *terh.- 'overcome'>

    *VAR  Athematic ἀτεράμων 'id. (Ar.).

    *DER atepap via (Hp.), ἀτεραμνότης (Thphr.), ἀτεραμνώδης (Gal.).

    *ETYM Analyzed as a privative formation to a noun *tépapia, from the root of  ▶︎ teipw, ▶︎ τέρην, which implies an original meaning 'without weakness'. This is  semantically a bit strained, and worse, there is no evidence for *h, in this root  (*terh,-). It seems more natural to connect *terh,- 'to overcome', as found in Hitt. tarra-"© 'to be able', Skt. tirdte 'to overcome'. There is also an adjective ▶︎ τεράμων,  but Frisk and Chantraine think that it may be secondarily derived from ἀτέραμνος.

XXXXXἅτερος ''ἔτερος.

XXXXXἀτέων [ρῖς.) unknown, 'mad' vel sim. (Il.) «ἡ

    *VAR ἀτέει (Call. fr. 633).

    *ETYM Connection with ἄτη (Bechtel 1914) seems impossible because there the ἀ- is  long. It has therefore been proposed to read Y 332 as ἀτέοντα with synizesis, or even  as &(F)atéovta.

XXXXXἄτη [f.] 'damage, guilt, blindness, dazzlement' (11), 'penalty, fine' (Gortyn). <?>

    *COMP dv-atoc, ἄπ-ατος (Gortyn).

===Pag_210: Beekes_Página_0210.tiff=== XXXXXἀτμήν, -ένος 163

    *DER ἀτηρός 'blinded, bringing disaster' (Thgn., A.), atypia (Pl. Com., X.); ἀτάομαι  (ἀρατάομαι; see below) 'to suffer or sustain damage' (S., E.), 'to lose a suit, be fined'  (Gortyn, Gytheion).

    *ETYM As appears from αὐάτα (Alc.) and denominative ἀρατᾶται (Gytheion), ἄτη  derives from *dfatn. Note ἀγατᾶσθαι (= ἀρα-)" βλάπτεσθαι 'to be damaged' (H.). The ἀ- is long except in Archil. 73 (where it is possible to read dyn, see Page  Entretiens Hardt 10 (1964): 10), and in A. Ag. 131 (where Hermann reads dya). Ἰἀράτη is a verbal noun to "ἀρά-σαι (see ▶︎ daw), which could mechanically derive  from PIE *h,ueh,-. Fur. 234 compares ἀρατὴ with ἀπάτη (interchange f/m). Cf. DELG Supp. s.v. »ddw on the parallellism with Hitt. wastul 'fault', which is  semantically very neat - but this does not prove that there is an etymological relation  with ἄτη.

XXXXXἀτημελής -'τημελέω.

XXXXXἀτίζω [v.] 'not to heed, to despise' (Il.).

    *VAR Aor. ἀτίσ(σλαι.

    *ETYM Formation in -(ύζω to the stem of ▶︎ tiw; cf. the synonym οὐκ ἀλεγίζω.

XXXXXἀτιτάλλω -οἀταλός.

XXXXXἀτίω [v.] 'to dishonor (Thgn. 621, Orph. L. 62).

    *ETYM Incidental formation, antithetic to ▶︎ tiw after the pattern of τιμάω : ἀτιμάω  (which derives from ἄτιμος, but has been reshaped after τιμάωλ. Cf. the older form  ▶︎ ἀτίζω.

XXXXXἌτλας, -avtog [π|.] 'Atlas' (Od.), name of the god who carries the pillars of heaven. «ΡΟ»

    *DER Ἀτλαντίς [f.] (Hes.), among other things the name of ἃ mythical island,  plausibly interpreted as Minoan Crete (Castleden 1998); thence Ἀτλαντικός (E.) and  Ἀτλάντειος (Critias).

    *ETYM Originally the name of an Arcadian mountain god; the name was transferred  to the mountain chain in Western Africa, see Solmsen 1909: 24. The old interpretation is that the word is built from copulative a- and the root *telh,-  of τλῆναι, and that it was later reshaped to an nt-stem (cf. AtAd@yevéwv Hes. Op. 383). The name of the African mountain is also compared with Berber ddrar  'mountain' (Steinhauser Glotta 25 (1936): 220ff.). Brandenstein Arch. Orbis 172  (1949): 6off. plausibly suggested folk-etymological reshaping of Berb. ddrar. The assumption of initial *sy- is clearly a desperate guess. It cannot to be expected  that this ancient Titan carries an Indo-European name; moreover, Pre-Greek words  often end in -ant-. See Beekes Glotta 73 (1995-1996): 12'.

XXXXXἀτμήν, -Evog [m.] 'servant, slave' (Call.).

    *VAR  ἄτμενος [m.] (Archil., POxu. 8, 1087 column 2, 38, Call. fr. 538), also as an  adjective = δουλικός (H.).

===Pag_211: Beekes_Página_0211.tiff===

    *DER ἀτμενίς 'female servant' (EM); also ἀδμενίδες (EM), after δμώςξ ἀτμενία  'slavery' (Man., AP), ἀτμένιος 'laborious' (Nic.); denominative ἀτμεύω (Nic.), for  Ἰἀτμενεύω.

    *ETYM The variation 1/5 points to a substrate word. Fur.: 179 (also 95) adduces  λατμενεία- δουλεία (H.); other instances of A-/zero are found ibid: 392.

XXXXXἀτμός [m.] 'steam, vapor, odor' (A.). <?>

    *VAR ἀτμή [f.] 'id' (Hes.).

    *DER ἀτμίς [f.] 'steam' (Hdt., PL, Arist.), whence ἀτμιδώδης (Arist.) and ἀτμιδόομαι  [v.] 'to be changed into steam' (Arist.). Also ἀτμώδης (Arist. Thphr.), ἀτμίζω [v.] 'to  steam, evaporate' (S., X., Arist.), which may also derive from ἀτμίς.

    *ETYM Contracted from ἀετμός, cf. the glosses ἀετμόν: TO πνεῦμα 'wind', ἄετμα:  φλόξ 'flame' (H.)? Compared with ▶︎ ἄημι, and further with ▶︎ ἀύτμή, but the vocalism  is unexplained. DELG points to the difference in meaning with du (see Solmsen  1901: 271f.). Not to Skt. dtmdn- 'soul', OHG atum 'breath' < *h,eh,t-m-.

XXXXXἆτος ⟹ ἄατος.

XXXXXἀτρακίς ⟹ ἄτρακτος.

XXXXXἄτρακτος [m., f.] 'spindle' (Hdt.), also 'arrow' (S., A. fr. 139); Laconian acc. to Th. 4, 40. 4PG(V)>

    *VAR ἄδρακτος (H., gloss.), see LSJ Supp.

    *DER Diminutive ἀτράκτιον (Epic. anon. in Arch. Pap. 7, 9, fr. 10; POxy. 14, 1740, 2). atpaxtvr(A)ic, -ίδος 'spindle-thistle, Carthamus lanatus' (Arist, Thphr., Theoc.),  atpaxic kind of thistle (Gal.), see Stroémberg 1940: 105.

    *ETYM The connection with Lat. torqued, tpémw and Myc. to-ro-qe-jo-me-no  /trok*'eiomenos/, etc. is impossible in view of the -x-; moreover, the ἀ- would remain  unexplained. It is rather a loan from the substrate; this may find support in ἄδρακτος and atpaxic,  if the variation «/«t is old and not due to simplification. Skt. tarku- has formerly  been compared, but it derives from tark- 'to turn' and is unrelated.

XXXXXἀτραπός [f.] '(foot)path' (Hdt.).

    *VAR ἀταρπός (IL), ἀταρπιτός (Il.), ἀτραπιτός (Od.) after ἁμαξιτός (s.v. ▶︎ ἁμάξα);  ἀτραπητός (ΑΒ 460).

    *ETYM Often taken as copulative a- and the verbal root τραπ- seen in ▶︎ τραπέω 'to  tread (grapes), the o-grade of which is seen in tponéovto: ἐπάτουν 'were treading'  (H.). Possible, though the formation is strange (cf. the doubts in DELG). It is rather  a substrate word, of which the interchange ap/pa could also be an indication. In IE  words with this variation, one of the variants is analogical, but this seems impossible  here: the root has a full grade II tpen-, so we cannot understand the vocalization  -ap-. Ru. tropa 'id' (Fraenkel 1956a: 104) could point to a European substrate word  (cf. Beekes 2000).

XXXXXἀτράφαξευς, -υος [f.] 'orach, Atriplex rosea' (Hp.). 4 PG(V)>

===Pag_212: Beekes_Página_0212.tiff=== XXXXXἀτταγᾶς, -ἃ 165

    *VAR ἀδράφαξυς (ἀδρ-), ἀνδράφαξυς, ἀτράφαξις, cf. Hdn. Gr. 1, 539; 2, 49; 467 and  Stromberg 1940: 160.

    *ETYM Clearly a substrate word, as is shown by the variants 6/1, the prenasalization  and perhaps the interchange v/t. Folk etymology (after adpéc, ἀνήρ) does not  explain all the variants. See Fur.: 179, etc. Lat. dtriplex is a loan from Greek (Frisk)  rather than a parallel borrowing (as suggested by André 1956 s.v.).

XXXXXἀτρεκής [adj.] 'exact, precise' (1].); see Luther 1935: 43ff.; Leumann 1950: 304f. <?>

    *VAR Homer has only adverbial atpexéc and ἀτρεκέως.

    *DER ἀτρέκεια 'what exactly happened, truth' (Hdt., Pi.), Ion. also -ein (-in);  ἀτρεκότης 'id.' (sch.). Denominative verb atpexéw [v.] 'to be sure, etc.' (E. fr. 315).

    *ETYM Unknown. The analysis as a compound of privative a- and an s-stem *tpékoc,  in the sense 'undistorted', finds no further support: connection with the root of Lat. torqueé is impossible, because a reflex of the labiovelar would be lacking.

XXXXXἀτρέμα

    *VAR ἀτρέμας. = τρέμω.

XXXXXατροπανπαις [adj.] uncertain (IG 5(a), 278 [Lacon. I?]).

    *DER Also πρατοπανπαις.

    *ETYM Kretschmer Glotta 3 (1911): 260f. (also Kretschmer Glotta 18 (1930): 211) reads  ἁδροπάμπαις = 'the ripe πάμπαις᾽, Szemerényi Gnomon 43 (1971): 658 objects that a  boy cannot be ἀδρός if he is in his 5th year (LSJ Supp.) of state education (at the age  of 12). He convincingly interprets the first element as 'second' (dtepoc), see  Szemerényi 1964: 271.

XXXXXἀτρύγετος [adj.] uncertain (Il.), epithet of the sea and the aether. <1E? *trug- 'dry'>

    *ETYM In antiquity connected with ▶︎ tpvydw and interpreted as 'unfruitful', but this  is formally not easy. Vine 1998: 62-64 proposes *y-trug-eto- 'un-dry-able', cf. Etpvyev: ἐξηράνθη and τρυγητός = ξηρασία. This is quite possible. Leukart 1986  analyzed it as intensive ἀ- and τρύζω, assuming the sense 'strongly murmuring'; this  is less probable.

XXXXXἄττα 1 [m.voc.] 'father' (IL). <1E atta father'>

    *VAR ἄττειν [acc.] 'grandfather' (Thespiae).

    *DIAL, Thess. acc. to Eust. 777, 54, used to address one's foster father.

    *ETYM A nursery word which is found in several IE languages, and may be inherited:  Lat. atta inflected Hitt. atta-, Go. atta, gen. -ins, etc; suffixed OCS otec». See also  > ἄππα.

XXXXXἄττα 2 -- τινὰ.

    *VAR ἄττα = ativa. = τίς.

XXXXXἀτταβυγάς -οἀτταγᾶς.

XXXXXἀτταγᾶς, -ἃ [m.] kind of partridge, 'francolin, Tetrao francolinus' (Ar.). See Thompson 1895 s.v. 4 PG2(S)>

    *VAR  ἀτταγήν, -ῆνος (Arist.), which is the scientific form; also ἀτταγῆς, -έος (Opp.);  without a-: ταγήν = ἀτταγήν (Suid.).

===Pag_213: Beekes_Página_0213.tiff===

    *DER Diminutive ἀτταγηνάριον (gramm.), ταγηνάριον (Suid.). Fish name ἀτταγῖνος  (Dorio apud Ath, ms. -εινός), perhaps after the color (Stromberg 1943: 120), but see  Lacroix Ant. class. 6 (1937): 295.

    *ETYM On the formation see Chantraine 1933: 31 and 167, Bjérck 1950: 63 and 272,  Stromberg 1944: 45, also Hubschmid 1963: 119. Unexplained; it is called  onomatopoeic (after the cry) by Ael. N. A. 4, 42. It could be a substrate word (note  the suffix -nv, for which see Fur.: 172"*). On the variant without prothetic vowel, see  Fur.: 374.

XXXXXἀττάκης, -ov [m.] 'kind of locust' (LXX). «τὰν»

    *VAR Also ἀττακύς (LXX), ἄττακος [m.] (Aristeas, Ph.).

    *ETYM Probably a loanword, but from the orient, or from the substrate? See Gil  Fernandez 1959: 238. Cf. ▶︎ ἀττέλαβος.

XXXXXἀτταλίζομαι [v.] "πλανῶμαι. Σικελοί 'to cause to wander (Sicilian) (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Acc. to Lobeck 1843: 147 it is a denominative of ἀταλός; this remains  hypothetical.

XXXXXἄττανα (n.pl.) - τήγανα. καὶ πλακοῦς ὁ EW αὐτῶν σκευαζόμενος frying-pan; flat cake which is prepared on it' (Η.). «τὰν

    *DER Diminutive attavidec: πλακοῦντες, ἔνθρυπτοι 'flat cakes, sops' (H.). Further  attavitng 'a cake', beside τηγανίτης (Hippon.) and ταγηνίτης (Ath.), see Redard  1949: 87f.

    *ETYM Unknown. Because of the form in Hippon., Kretschmer Glotta 11 (1921): 282f. supposed that the word was Anatolian, see O. Masson 1962: 119. Ernout 1946: 28 =  Ernout BSL 30 (1930): 92 compares Lat. atena, adtanus, atanuuium, atanulus, cups  for religious service, which he considers to be Etruscan (but the Greek words are not  cups).

XXXXXἀττάραγος [m.] 'crumb, morsel of bread' (Ath., Call.), τὸ ἐλάχιστον. οἱ δὲ τὰς ἐπὶ τῶν ἄρτων φλυκταίνας. οἱ δὲ τὰς καλουμένας ψίχας 'blisters on cakes or loafs of wheat- bread; morsels' (H.).

    *ETYM Certainly a loanword, possibly Pre-Greek.

XXXXXἀττάρυμα [n.]? + πόμα, σόφισμα Κρητικόν 'drink, Cretan device' (H.).

    *ETYM Brown 1985: 35 thinks σόφισμα should be understood in the sense 'invention,  specialty'. He derives ἀττάρυμα from the place name Ἄπταρα (with Cretan  assimilation). Like Latte, he considers a mistake for "ἀτταρικά.

XXXXXἀττέλαβος [m.] an edible locust (Hdt.).

    *VAR ἀττέλεβος (LXX), cf. ἀττελεβόφθαλμος (Eub.); also Thess. PN Αττελεβει[ος)],  ἀτ(τ)ελεβαία Masson Mus. Helv. 43 (1986): 486. Also ἀττελάβη: ἀκρίδας 'locusts'  (H.).

    *ETYM Clearly a substrate word (note -Boc). Semitic etymology by Lewy 1895: 17";  Strémberg 1944: 16 reckoned with Egyptian origin.

XXXXXἀττηγός [m.] 'male goat' (Magnesia Mae. [II*]; Eust. ad 1 222). <Lw Anat

===Pag_214: Beekes_Página_0214.tiff===

    *ETYM Acc. to Eust., ἀττηγός was used by certain Ionians; Arnobius 5, 6 calls the  word attagus 'hircus' Phrygian. So probably an Anatolian loan.

XXXXXἈττικός, Ἀτθίς [adj.] 'Attic'.

    *VAR Also AtOixdg (IG 47(1), 104), ᾿Αθικός (IG 47(1), 102). Fem. Ar@ic 'Attic',  especially the land 'Attica'.

    *ETYM Derived from the same source as the name of Athens, displaying 0, geminated  18, and unaspirated tt, which are typical Pre-Greek variants. See ▶︎ Ἀθῆναι.

XXXXXἄττομαι [v.] 'to set the warp in the loom, ie. start the web' (Hermipp. 2).

    *DER ἄσμα 'warp' (AB), cf. δίασμα (Call. etc.) from διάζομαι = &ttopat (Nicophon),  see below. Cf. ἄττεσθαι' διάζεσθαι στήμονα (H.).

    *ETYM ἄττομαι derives from "ἄτ-ιομαι; δι-άζομαι must be analogal after verbs in -ζω. Bechtel 1914: 130f. connected ▶︎ ἤτριον. The connection with Alb. end, ind 'to set the  warp in the loom' (for which Klingenschmitt 1982: 113° reconstructs *h,nt-ie-) is  impossible, as *h,nt- gave Greek *avt- (in spite of Nikolaev's recent attempt,  Nikolaev 2005). Van Beek (p.c.) proposes to connect Hitt. hatt-) 'to pierce, prick' and reconstruct  *h,et-ie/o- for ἄττομαι. In Greek, the verb was restricted in its meaning to weaving;  cf. also ▶︎ ἔξαστις, which may derive from *-h,et-ti-. The development of meaning is  trivial; compare MoE stitch beside stick (into), and MoDu. insteken 'to insert' (in  knitting).>

XXXXXἀτύζομαι [v.] 'to be frightened, amazed, terrified' (I].). < PIE *h,tug- 'be terrified'>

    *VAR Aor. pass. ἀτυχθείς, later ἀτύζω, aor. ἀτύξαι.

    *DER ἀτυζηλός 'terrible' (A. R.).

    *ETYM The comparison wirh Hitt. hatuki- 'terrible' and Skt. tujydte 'to be seized by  panic' (the usual mg. of Skt. tuj- is 'to push, set in motion') convinces both formally  and semantically.

XXXXXαὖ [adv.] 'again, on the other hand, on the contrary' (Il.).

    <IE *h,eu 'away, again'>

    *DER As a prefix in ▶︎ αὐχάττειν.

    *ETYM To Lat. au- in au-fugid, etc. Lith. au-, OCS u- 'away from', further to Skt. dva  'down'. It is frequently found in adverbs and particles, e.g. αὖτε (αὐτάρ), αὖτις, αὖτιν  (αὐτίκα), αὖθι, αὖθις, αὖθε, and in the pronoun ▶︎ αὐτός. Cf. Osc. auti = Lat. aut, and  Lat. autem.

XXXXXαὐαίνω

    *VAR αὐαλέος. = αὖος.

XXXXXαὐαψή [f.] = αὐαντή, 'ξεραντικὴ νόσος, atrophy' (Hp. gloss. XIX 86, 18 K) [not in LSJ].

    *ETYM Concatenation of αὖος 'dry' (avaivw, αὐαντή), and a second element, cf. χορδαιμός 'disease in the great guts'. Connection with ἅπτω 'to fasten' may be  doubted. '

XXXXXαὐγή [f.] 'light, glow, ray of light', e.g. of the sun (Il). <ΙΕ? *h,eug- 'shine'>

    *COMP On μελαναυγής, etc., see DELG.

===Pag_215: Beekes_Página_0215.tiff===

    *DER αὐγήεις 'clear-sighted' (Nic.), αὐγίτης (λίθος) name of a precious stone (Plin.);  abyitic plant name = ἀναγαλλὶς ἢ Φοινικῆ (Ps.-Dsc.), see Redard 1949: 67, 70 and  Stromberg 1940: 25). Denominative verbs: 1. αὐγάζομαι (-άζω) 'to see clearly, lighten, shine upon' (Il,  poet., LXX), verbal nouns αὔγασμα (LXX) and αὐγασμός (Placit.); αὐγάστειρα  'lightening' (Orph.). 2. avyéw [v.] 'to illuminate' (LXX). Note αὖγος (H.) as an explanation of ἠώς; Αὐγώ [f.] name of a bitch (X.) is probably  a term of endearment.

    *ETYM Probably an old verbal noun, cf. Alb. ag 'dawn' < *h,eug-, see Demiraj 1997. Perhaps further to OCS jugs 'South, south wind'. Connection with the root *h.eug-  'to increase, grow strong' seems plausible, in view of the limited distribution of the  words meaning 'light'.

XXXXXαὐδή [f.] 'Chuman) voice, sound, speech' (Il.). «IE *h,ued- 'speak'> ΝΑΙ "οὐδήεσσα is a suggestion of Aristotle for αὐδήεσσα, meant as ᾿ἐπίγειος᾽; on this see Beekes Sprache 18 (1972): 127f.

    *DER αὐδήεις 'with (human) voice' (Il); denominative verb αὐδάω, aor. αὐδῆσαι  'talk, speak, speak to' (Il). (Chantraine's opposition of a god(dess) with a human  voice, language as opposed to the language of the gods is wrong. It means 'having a voice [to speak with]', which may be 'human' or 'beautiful' as the context requires;  see Beekes, Lc. 128 n.3.)

    *ETYM Mostly derived from a root *h.ued- that is assumed for ▶︎ ἀείδω, and with  lengthened grade for &(f)n5-wv. An o-grade *h,uod- is assumed for the name 'Hot-  (F)od0¢ and in Fodév (written yoSdv)- γόητα 'sorcerer', Fodav (written y-): κλαίειν  'to weep' (H.), but DELG considers the glosses unreliable. Note that this would  presuppose the Saussure Effect (loss of the initial laryngeal before o-grade of the  root), which is not certain (see Van Beek 2009). The problem with this whole  account is that an alternation *h,u-ed- beside *h,u-ei-d is suspicious, and that a long  vowel in *h,u-éd- is not very probable either. There has also been discussion whether *h.ud- gave ὑδ- (Beekes) or αὐδ- (Peters  1980a: 65ff., 72). The zero grade is seen in ▶︎ ὑδέω, cf. ἰθαρός < *h,id*-. Outside Greek,  a root *(h,)ued(G)- is found in Skt. vadati 'speak', ptc. uditd- and in OCS vaditi. A  root-final laryngeal is improbable, as we would then expect aspiration of the stop in  Sanskrit. Hitt. uttar 'word, thing, story, reason, etc.' is probably unrelated, while Lith. isg. vadint 'to call, name' points to *-d"- on account of Winter's Law. See ▶︎ ἀηδών,  ▶︎ οὐδήεσσα.

XXXXXαὐερύω ~épvu.

XXXXXαὐθάδης, -ες [adj.] 'conceited, presumptuous, arrogant' (Hdt.).

    *DER Thence αὐθάδεια 'conceit, presumption' (Att., Hell.), also -ia; αὐθαδικός (Ar.). Denominative αὐθαδίζομαι [v.] 'to be presumptuous, etc.' (Pl, Them.), αὐθάδισμα  (A.); also αὐθαδιάζομαι (J.) 'id'.

    *ETYM From *avto-Fadng, a compound of abtéc and the root of ἁδεῖν < *swad- with  crasis. A contracted Ionic form αὐτώδης is given by A. Ὁ Pron. 74, 9 and H. See  ▶︎ ἁνδάνω.

===Pag_216: Beekes_Página_0216.tiff===

2, αὐλή 169 αὐθέντης, -ov [m.] 'author, perpetrator', also 'murderer' (Hdt.). 418 *senH- 'win, accomplish'>

    *DER Only late, eg. fem. αὐθέντρια = κυρία (Lydia); αὐθεντία 'dictatorship' (LXX,  pap.); αὐθεντικός 'authentic, correct, etc.' (pap.), etc.

    *ETYM The forms αὐτο-έντης (S.) and συνέντης: συνεργός 'working together' (H.)  point to earlier *évtn¢, the full grade of the root of avbw 'to accomplish', combined  with αὐτός. The root is anit from forms where the laryngeal was lost before vowel,  acc. to Rikov Orpheus 4 (1994): 63-66. On the later history of the word see DELG.

XXXXXαὖθι [adv.] 'right here, there, immediately' (1].); later contaminated with αὖθις 'again' (Call).

    *ETYM Probably, αὖθι arose from αὐτόθι by haplology (Meillet MSL 20 (1920): 106f.). Att. αὖθις and Rhegin. αὖθιν seem to be conflations of αὖθι and αὖτις; abti (see  Schwyzer: 629); on -ς and -v see Schwyzer: 619f.

XXXXXαὐίαχοι in N 41-2 φλογὶ ἴσοι ἀολλέες ἠὲ θυέλλῃ || ἄβρομοι aviayor «3»

    *ETYM Acc. to Frisk, Aeolic for *a-fifayot (Schwyzer: 224) which would belong to  ἰαχή < *Fipaxt Acc. to Aristarchus, ἀ- is copulative or intensive: 'shouting intensely';  acc. to Apion and Hesychius it contains privative 4-, meaning 'without a sound'; less  probable. The application of βρόμος to fire, wind, etc. is found more often. See  ▶︎ ἰάχω.

XXXXXἀυίδετος [adj.] 'invisible', in ἀυϊδέτου: ἀφανοῦς, ἀοράτου (H.). 418 *uid- 'see'>

    *ETYM Probably from *y-uid-eto-, where *-etd- has potential value. Vine 1998: 33-35  argues for the interpretation of Myc. o-wi-de-ta-i as a dat.pl. /owideta"i/ 'to the  invisible deities (of the nether world?)' < *g-uid-eto-.

XXXXXαὖλαξ 'ἄλοξ.

XXXXXαὐλή [f.] 'open court, courtyard' (since 1].). 418 *h,eus-leh,>

    *VAR Another formation in αὖλις, acc. -tv, gen. -ίδος [f.] 'night camp (in open airy  (IL).

    *COMP ἄγραυλος 'who passes the night outside' (Il.); ἔπαυλος (Od.).

    *DER αὔλειος 'of the courtyard' (Od.), after ἕρκειος; abAaiog (LXX) is rare and late,  substantivized as αὐλαία [f.] 'curtain' (Hyp., Thphr.), also αὐλεία (Andania), αὕλιον  [n.] 'cottage, fold, cave' (h. Merc.); αὕλιος [adj.] 'belonging to the αὐλή or αὔλιον᾽ (A. R.); αὐλία' ἔπαυλις ἢ ἡ μικρὰ αὐλή (ΑΒ 463); αὐλικός 'of the court' (Plb., Phid.). Diminutive αὐλίδιον (Thphr.). αὐλίτης (αὐλήτης H.) 'farm servant' (5., A. R.). αὐλιάδες (APL), of νύμφαι, cf. κρηνιάδες. Denominative verb αὐλίζομαι [v.] 'to lie in the courtyard, camp (in the open), pass  the night' (IA), late verbal nouns αὔλισις (Ael.), αὐλισμός (Sm., H.), αὔλισμα (sch.);  αὐλιστήριον (Herm., Aq.).

    *ETYM αὐλή, αὖλις are derivations of the root of ▶︎ iabw, ▶︎ deca 'to spend the night',  which is also seen in Arm. aw-t' 'place to spend the night' and aganim 'to spend the  night'. The formation in -} has also been supposed in ToB aulare, ToA olar  'companion', if from *h,eu-l(e)h,- + -ro-.

===Pag_217: Beekes_Página_0217.tiff===

As remarked by Clackson 1994: 104ff. (already Peters 1980a: 39[.), all Greek forms may derive from h,eus-l-. Clackson sees no reason to assume a separate root h,eu- just for Armenian, and assumes old Schwebeablaut h,eus- ~ h,ues-.

XXXXXαὔληρα ~ebAnpa.

XXXXXαὖλις -οαὐλή.

XXXXXαὐλός [m.] 'hollow tube, pipe, flute' (I].); also 'cow-bane, Cicuta virosa' (Ps.-Plu.).

    *DER Diminutive αὐλίσκος (Thgn., Hp. S. Arist.), αὐλίδιον (Alex. Trall.). αὐλών [m., f.] 'defile, glen, etc.' (Hdt.); on -wv, see Chantraine 1933164; diminutive αὐλωνίσκος [m.] (Thphr.), αὐλωνιάδες (Opp.), of νύμφαι, cf. αὐλιάδες to ▶︎ αὐλή),  Αὐλωνεύς epithet of Dionysus (Attica), αὐλωνίζω (H.). αὐλωτός 'provided with  pipes' (A.). Denominative verb αὐλέω [v.] 'to blow (a flute)' (Alcm.), atAnatg 'flute-playing' (PL,  Arist.), αὔλημα 'piece of music for the flute' (PL, Ar.); αὐλητής 'flutist' (IA) and  αὐλητήρ (Ion.) 'flute-player', fem. αὐλητρίς (IA), whence diminutive αὐλητρίδιον  (Theopomp. Hist.), also αὐλήτρια (D. L.); αὐλητικός [adj.] 'concerning the flute or  flutist' (PL. Arist.), from αὐλητής or from αὐλέω, αὐλός. TN αὐλητήριον (H.) and  abAntnpia: αὐλῶν θήκη 'place for storing flutes' (H.). αὖλιξ (cod. addik) φλέψ 'blood-vessel' (H.), cf. χόλιξ 'guts, bowels'. On the mg. of  αὐλῶπις, epithet of the helmet (IL.), see Triimpy 1950: 44. Also abAwniac a kind of  tunny(?), perhaps = ἀνθίας (Thompson 1947: 20)?

    *ETYM Several cognates with a suffix -I- are found, e.g. Lith. σἤ ας [m.] 'leg of a boot',  MoNw. (dial.) aul 'hollow stalk of Angelica', Lat. alvus 'belly, cavity, etc.' (with  metathesis). Hitt. auli- [c.] 'tube-shaped organ in the neck' < *h,ouli-, OPr. aulis  'shir. The words adduced all denote hollow or tube-like objects. The  correspondences αὐλός : Lith. aiilas, καυλός : Lith. kdulas < *keh,u-ld- are  noteworthy, see Giintert 1914: 154. See ▶︎ Evavioc.

XXXXXαὖνος -'βαῦνος.

XXXXXαὔξω [v.] 'to increase, strengthen, magnify; grow' (1].). <IE h,eug-, h,ueg-s- ὍΤΟΥ»

    *VAR ἀέξω (IL), αὐξάνω (on-Att.), αὐξύνω (Aesop.), aor. αὐξῆσαι, late ἀεξῆσαι  (Nonnos). It is unfortunate that αὔξω and αὐξάνω are not treated separately in LSJ.

    *DER Action nouns αὔξησις (IA), αὐξησία (Hdt.), αὔξημα (Hp., E.), αὔξη (PL), αὔξις  (H., vl. in Pl. Phib. 42d) 'increase, growth'. Agent noun αὐξητής [m.] 'booster,  promotor' (Orph.), Αὐξώ name of a goddess of growth (Paus., Poll.). αὐξίς, -iSo¢ [f.] 'young of the tunny' (Phryn. Com., Arist., Nic.), see Stromberg 1943:  127, either from αὔξω or αὔξη. Adjectives: αὐξητικός 'increasing, furthering' (Hp., Arist.), αὔξιμος 'id' (Hp., A.),  uncertain αὐξηρός (Nic.).

    *ETYM Derived from the PIE root *h,wegs-, where the -s- is probably presentic in  origin. *h,ueg- is found in Gm. (e.g. Go. wahsjan), Skt. vaksdyati 'to make grow', Av. vaxs- 'id.'

===Pag_218: Beekes_Página_0218.tiff=== XXXXXαὔρα 171 A root h,eug-, without -s-, is found in Lat. augeé 'to increase ({1.}᾽, Go. aukan, Lith. dugti 'to grow'; the zero grade in Skt. ugrd- [adj.] 'big, strong'. An s-stem is found in Lat. augur 'prophet', Skt. djas- [n.] 'strength', enlarged in Lat. augustus 'venerable'. With -s-, h,eugs- is found in ToB auks- 'to grow (intr.)'. Zero grade ug-s- is found in Skt. pres. ptc. uksant-, med. uksdmdna-, and Av. pres. uxsiieiti 'grows'. The conclusion to be drawn from all these forms is that h,eug- and h,ueg-s- are old, where the full grade slot changed in the latter because of the root structure. The same phenomenon is found in ἀλκή < h,elk- beside ἀλέξω < *h,lek-s-.

XXXXXαὖος [adj.] 'dry (IL). 418 *h,s-us- 'dry'>

    *DIAL Att. aboc.

    *DER Abstract αὐότης [f.] 'drought' (Arist.); αὐονή (Archil., A. [lyr.], Herod.), cf. καλλονή, ἡδονή (Chantraine 1933: 207). αὐαλέος 'dry (Hes., poet.) like ἀζαλέος etc.; αὐηρός (AP), cf. αὐστηρός; also αὐσόν'  ξηρόν 'dry' (H.) with a suffix -s- like in ῥυσός, γαυσός, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 454). On αὐσταλέος, αὐστηρός, see below. Denominative verb αὐαίνω [v.] 'to dry', also abaivw (compounded with ἀπ-, ἀφ-,  Kat-, ka8-avaivw); thence αὔανσις 'drying, dehydration' (Arist.), αὐασμός 'id'  (Hp.); αὐαντή name of a disease 'dehydration' (Hp.). A primary verb seems to be implied by the gloss αὕω: Enpaivw 'dry up' (Hdn.),  which finds support in ἀφαύει (Ar. Eq. 394), unnecessarily corrected in ἀφᾶνεῖ by  Solmsen 1901: 277, and perhaps in προσαύσῃ (5. Ant. 619). It may be denominative,  however (Schwyzer: 723). Thence αὖσις (EM). Two adjectives with related mg.: αὐσταλέος 'dried up' (Od.), cf. αὐαλέος; and  αὐστηρός 'harsh' (Hp.) presuppose a verbal adj. *avotoc; but cf. the synonym  καύστειρα.

    *ETYM αὖος, αὖος is cognate with Lith. saiisas, OCS suxe, OE séar all 'dry'. Skt. Sosa-  [m.] 'drying', assimilated from *sosa-, is secondary. Uncertain is the appurtenance of  Alb. than 'dry', see Demiraj 1997 s.v. Forms pointing to *sus- are Skt. stiska- = Av. huska-, OP uska- 'dry', perhaps also Lat. siédus 'dry, bright' < *suzd- (but see De  Vaan 2008 s.v.). From *sus-, verbs like Skt. stisyati, Latv. sust 'to become dry' are  derived. Lubotsky KZ 98 (1985): 1-10 argues that the Greek form goes back on *h,sus-. This  root shape is found in ἀυσταλέος, which has five syllables. Lubotsky further analyzes  αὖος as a perfect ptc. of *h,es- 'to be dry' (not 'to burn, glow'), as seen in ἄζω and in  Lat. dred. The reconstruction of the root has altered slightly: Lat. is from *h,eh,s-, and  Gr. ἄζω < *h,ed-ie/o-, but this does not affect the analysis, as a zero grade *h,h,s- is  simplified to *h,s-. Balto-Slavic and Germanic are derived from *h,sous- with  secondary o-grade. In this way, the awkward reconstruction *saus- with PIE *a can  be avoided. Doubtful criticism on Lubotsky by Berg and Lindeman Glotta 70 (1992): 181-196,  based on the reconstruction of a proto-hexameter; they end with assuming IE ἴα,  anda prothetic vowel of non-laryngeal origin, etc. See ▶︎ αὐχμός.

XXXXXαὔρα [f.] usually 'breeze, fresh air' (e 469, etc., poet.), but see below.

===Pag_219: Beekes_Página_0219.tiff===

    *ETYM Kiparsky Lang. 43 (1967): 619, 626 connects ▶︎ ἀήρ « *h,eus-ér, showing that  αὔρα still clearly means 'morning mist' in ε 469.

XXXXXαὖρι [adj.] - ταχέως 'quickly' (AB 464). <?>

    *COMP αὐρι-βάτᾶς 'walking quickly' (A. fr. 280), in the gloss αὐριβάτας: Αἰσχύλος τὸ  αὐρὶ (ms. αὔριον) ἐπὶ τοῦ ταχέως τίθησι, Kal ὁ αὐτὸς Ψυχοστασίᾳ οὕτως φιησὶ τὸ  ὄνομα (fr. 207 M) ταχυβήμων (H.).

    *ETYM αὐριβάτᾶς derives from αὖρι βαίνειν (βῆναι), with the suffix -τῆς. Etymology  unknown. Perhaps the compound contained αὖρι 'early in the morning' (see  ▶︎ αὔριον) and was later misunderstood. Cf. ▶︎ adpoi.

XXXXXαὔριον [adv.] 'tomorrow' (IL).

    <IE *h,eus-r- 'dawn'>

    *DER αὐρίζειν: ῥιγοῦν καὶ τὸ εἰς αὔριον ὑπερτίθεσθαι 'be cold or shiver; defer until  tomorrow' (H.).

    *ETYM Derived from *avp1, the old locative of an r-stem also found in Lith. ausra  'dawn', Skt. usra- [f.] 'morning', and, within Greek, in ▶︎ ἀήρ (see on ▶︎ ἕως) and ▶︎ ἦρι. The same stem is also found in &yy-avpoc (νύξ) 'near the morning' (A. R. 4, 111),  perhaps for earlier *4yxabpioc, which itself would derive from the expression ἄγχι  τῆς αὔριον.

XXXXXαὐροί [?] - λαγοὶ [ἴσαυροι] 'hares' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Perhaps related to abpi- ταχέως (H.). Acc. to Keil Herm. 23 (1888): 317 and  Latte Glotta 32 (1953): 4if. we should read abpot (= ἀβροῦ: Ady<v>oi. Doubtful.

XXXXXαὐροσχάς, -άδος -᾿ἀρασχάδες.

XXXXXαὔσιος Ξ-οαὐτός.

XXXXXαὐσταλέος

    *VAR αὐστηρός. -- αὖος.

XXXXXαὐτάρ --ἀτάρ, αὖ.

XXXXXἀϋτέω

    *VAR ἀϋτή. ⟹ αὔω 1.

XXXXXαὐτίκα [adv.] 'immediately' (IL). «GR>

    *ETYM For the ending cf. τηνίκα, ἡνίκα, néxa, ὅκα, etc; for the first element see αὖ,    abtiv, and especially αὐτός. Cf. ἐξαυτῆς 'id' (Thgn.) from ἐξ αὐτῆς τῆς ὁδοῦ  (Wackernagel 1916: 41*). See Monteil 1963: 296.

XXXXXἀντμή [f.] 'breath; scent' (1].). 418 *h,seut- 'seethe'>

    *COMP νήνυτμος < *y-hsut-mo-.

    *DER Also ἀὐτμήν, -Evoc [m.] Ο 765, y 289).

    *ETYM Fritz KZ 106 (1993): 288-299 solved the problem by connecting OHG siodan  'sieden', reconstructing *h,seut-. Greek ἀῦτ- is from *h,sut-; the o-grade *h,sout- is  found in Go. saups 'sacrifice'; Fritz also gives a discussion of the semantics. Not to  &etua φλόξ or ἀετμόν' τὸ πνεῦμα (H.), nor to ▶︎ ἀτμός 'steam, vapor'.

XXXXXαὐτόδιον [adv.] probably 'immediately' (only @ 449).

===Pag_220: Beekes_Página_0220.tiff=== XXXXXαὐχέω 173

    *ETYM In antiquity, interpreted as ἐξ αὐτῆς τῆς ὁδοῦ ἐλθόντα. Schulze ΚΖ 29 (1888):  258 supposed ᾿αὐτό-διξον, derived from the root *dieu- (Lat. diés, ▶︎ Ζεύς),  comparing αὐτ-ῆμαρ 'on the same day', and Skt. sa-divah 'at once'. Quite possible.

XXXXXαὐτοκάβδαλος [adj.] 'improvised, extempore' (Arist.); also subst. plur. 'buffoons, improvisers' (Eup.). < PG(V)>

    *ETYM Fur.: 316 compares καυαλός: μωρολόγος (not to Lyd. καύης 'priest', as per  Latte), with interchange B5/ β΄ E. The group -βδ- is almost certainly of substrate  origin. To my mind, the word is cognate with κόβᾶλος, etc. (see Kuiper 1956: 215),  Fur.: 237. αὐτοκράτωρ, -opos [m., f.] 'one's own master, independent', = Lat. imperator (Th.).

< GRE

    *ETYM For older *abtoxpatis after the agent nouns in -twp.

XXXXXαὐτόματος, (-1}), -ov [adj.] 'spontaneous, automatic, of one's own accord' (1].).

    <IE  *mn-to- 'thought'>

    *ETYM Formed of αὐτός and the zero grade of the root of »μέμονα, μέμαμεν,  »μένος. The second member -uwatoc agrees with the second element of Lat. commentus and with Skt. matd-, Lith. mifitas 'thought', etc. Cf. Chantraine 1933:  303f., Schwyzer: σοζί.

XXXXXαὐτός [pron.] 'self (IL), ὁ αὐτός 'the same'; in the oblique cases also as an anaphorical pronoun of the ard person. 418 h,eu 'again' + to- 'that'>

    *COMP Very many compounds; cf. Sommer 1948: 83ff., 153 and DELG s.v. See  ▶︎ κασίγνητος, ▶︎ αὐτόδιον, ▶︎ αὐτόματος.

    *DER αὐτίτης (sc. οἶνος) 'local wine(?)', see Redard 1949: 96; also 'all alone' (Arist.,  hapax); αὐτότης [f.] 'identity' (S. E.), ταὐτότης [f.] 14. (Arist.). Denominative verbs:  ταὐτόομαι 'to become identified' (Dam., Procl.), tadtiw [v.] 'to use as a synonym'  (Procl., Eust.).

XXXXXαὕτως [adv.] 'just like, like it was, merely, etc.' (for the accent see Schwyzer: 384); αὔσιος 'idle, in vain' (Ibykos) reminds of αὐτόματος. See further ▶︎ αὐτόθι,» αὐτίκα.

    *ETYM Risch 1937: 312 derives it from *ab τόν. On Go. aups, aupeis, MoHG dde, etc. see Mezger KZ 82 (1968): 288ff.

XXXXXαὐχάττειν [v.] - ἀναχωρεῖν καὶ τὸ ἐμμένειν ἐγχάττειν 'to go back' (H.).

    *DIAL Doric

    *ETYM The forms are Cretan, with -χάττειν standing for χάζειν (Buck 1955: 71). It is  supposed that ab-, as a prefix, corresponds with Lat. au- (e.g. aufero), Lith. au-, Slav. u-, See ▶︎ αὖ.

XXXXXαὐχέω [v.] 'to boast' (Hdt.). <?>

    *COMP κενε-αυχής 'idle boasting' (11.

    *DER αὔχημα 'boasting' (Pi, 8., Th.), whence αὐχηματίας 'boaster' (sch., Eust.) and  αὐχηματικός (Eust.); αὔχησις 'id.' (Th., Ag.); back-formation abyn 'boasting, pride'  (Pi.), αὐχάν: καύχησιν 'boasting' (H.), wrong Giintert 1914: 1531; αὐχήεις (Opp. AP);

===Pag_221: Beekes_Página_0221.tiff===

αὖχος 'id' (sch.). αὐχαλέος [adj.] 'boasting, proud' (Xenoph., Η.), cf. θαρσαλέος to θάρσος, θαρσεῖν); αὐχητής [m.] 'boaster' (Poll.), αὐχητικός 'boasting' (sch.).

    *ETYM Unrelated to ▶︎ εὔχομαι, which goes back on a root *h,ueg''-. Adontz 1937: 10  derived the word from νι αὐχήν, assuming an original sense 'to keep one's neck  proudly'; unconvincing formally as well as semantically. On Oettinger's connection  with Hitt. buek-* / huk- 'to conjure, treat by incantation' is followed with due  hesitation by Kloekhorst 2008 s.v., as formal (*h,ug'- > Gr. by-) as well as semantic  objections can be made against it. Discussion in Peters 1980a: 18ff. Fur.: 391 considers non-IE origin, connecting ▶︎ καυχάομαι with interchange k-/zero. Probably from a Pre-Greek uvular, see Pre-Greek.

XXXXXαὐχήν, -ένος [m.] 'neck, throat; isthmus' (II.). <1£? *h.emg"-u- 'narrowness' > 'ΝΑΙ Aeol. acc. ἄμφενα (Theoc. 30. 28), αὔφῃην in Jo. Gramm. Comp. 3, 16 is very doubtful, cf. Solmsen 1909: 118'. Further ἄμφην- αὐχήν, τράχηλος 'neck, throat' (H.); also dugryv: αὐλήν 'id.' (H.).

    *DER abyéviog 'of the neck' (Od.), diminutive avyéviov (An. Ox., Eust.), abyeviac  [m.] 'provided with bull's necks' (gloss.). Denominative verb abyeviw [v.] 'to cut the  throat' (S.), 'to bind by the throat' (Ph, Hippiatr.), whence avyewotip [m.] (Lyc.,  Hippiatr.).

    *ETYM The variants ἄμφην and αὐχήν are generally assumed to reflect *amg'"-én  with assimilatory loss of nasality in αὐχήν (Pisani Ric. ling. 1 (1950): 182f., most  recently Pronk fthc.a). The Greek words are then derived from the IE u-stem  adjective reflected in Skt. amhu-, OCS gzoke, Go. aggwus 'narrow', which derive  from the root *h,emé'-, see ▶︎ ἄγχω. One further connects Arm. awji-k' [pl.] 'neck',  with a similar assimilation of the nasal to the following labiovelar, which is a  controversial development (see Clackson 1994: 107ff.). Alternatively, the variants may show that the word is Pre-Greek. Variation  labial/velar, however, is rare (Fur.: 388, φἠχωριαμός, but cf. γέφυρα) Pépupa); also  a/av is rare; u/f occurs mostly before 7 or intervocalically (Fur: 242-247). Therefore, I think we must compare the type δάφνη / Savyva-, which Fur.: 229-233  explains as showing variation labial/r. In my opinion, these forms had a labiovelar  *g" which either gave ῳ (in Aeolic) or -vy- with anticipation of the labial element  (see Pre-Greek). So we have *ag-nv beside αὐ-χήν; ἄμφ-ην then shows the well-  known prenasalization. The Armenian form does not prove IE origin, as it can be a loan from an Anatolian  language, cf. γέφυρα - kamurj (Beekes Glotta 78 (2004)).

XXXXXαὐχμός [m.] 'drought; squalor' (Hp.).

    *DER αὐχμηρός 'dry, dirty' (Hp; Chantraine 1933: 232f.), whence rare abstracts  αὐχμηρότης, αὐχμηρία, αὐχμηρώδης; αὐχμώδης 'id.' (Hdt, E, Arist.). Hapax  αὐχμήεις (h. Hom. 19, 6); αὐχμαλέος (Choeril., Amynt.), after ἀζαλέος etc. Denominative abypéw [v.] 'to be dry, dirty' (Od., IA), also αὐχμάω. αὔχμωσις 'dirt'  (Gal. 16, 88) is probably an enlargement of αὐχμός. Late by-form αὐχμή [f.] (Ὁ. S.,  Phryn.).

===Pag_222: Beekes_Página_0222.tiff=== XXXXXἀφαμιῶται 175

    *ETYM A compound of ▶︎ αὖος 'dry' and -χμ- from the word for earth (see ▶︎ χθών),  see Pronk fthc.a. A similar formation may be preserved in νεο-χμ-ός 'new', see  Wackernagel KZ 33 (1895): 1f.

XXXXXαὔω 1 [v.] 'to cry aloud, call' (IL). <?>

    *VAR The v is long everywhere. Ipf. ave (dissyllabic), mostly aor. ἀῦσαι, fut. ἀὕσω.

    *DER ἀτή (battle) cry' (cf. Triimpy 1950: 153ff.), Corcyr. afuta, with aitéw = abw  (IL), only pres. except for late ἠύτησα (Nonn., Epigr. Gr. aibtéw can either be  denominative from ait or deverbative from αὔω (Schwyzer: 7o5f.). Also αὐονή  'shouting' (Semon. 7, 20).

    *ETYM The word may be onomatopoeic, but nothing more can be said. Specht KZ 59  (1932): 121 mentioned ἄβα- τροχὸς ἢ βοή CH.).

XXXXXαὔω 2 [v.] 'to get a light, light a fire' (ε 490). On the mg. Borthwick Class. Quart. 63 (1969): 296.

    <IE *h,eus- 'scoop, take'.>



    *DIAL Myc. pu-ra-u-to-ro /puraustr6/ [du.], Evavov- ἔνθες, Κύπριοι 'put in(to) [ipv.]'

    *COMP ἐναύω 'to kindle' (Hdt.), med. 'to scoop fire' (1A); ἔναυσμα 'spark, etc.' (Hell.)  and ἔναυσις (Plu. Cim. 10), also of drawing water; ἐξαῦσαι: ἐξελεῖν 'to take out' (H.,  Pl. Com.), whence éavotnp 'fire-tongs, kpedypa' (A. inscr.); καταῦσαι:  καταντλῆσαι (cod. καταυλῆσαι), καταδῦσαι 'to pour down, go down' (H.); also  καθαῦσαι: ἀφανίσαι 'to hide' (H.). Uncertain are καταύσεις (Alcm. 95) and προσαύσῃ (S. Ant. 619 [lyr.]). Further πυραύστης [m.] 'moth that gets singed ina candle' (A.), πυραύστρα [f.] 'pair  of fire-tongs', πύραυστρον [n.] 'id' (Herod.), cod. τιύραστρον; all from πῦρ ateiv  (see the Myc. form above). With analogical loss of σ: γοιναῦτις: οἰνοχόη 'vessel (for  pouring wine) (H.).

    *ETYM αὔω may be from *h,eus-e/o- or from *h,eus-ie/o-; most Greek forms show  psilosis. IE cognates are ON ausa 'to scoop' < *ausanan and Lat. hauri6 'to scoop'  (with hypercorrect h-). The predominant connection with fire seems to be a  secondary development of Greek. See ▶︎ ἀφύσσω.

XXXXXαὔω 3 ⟹ ἰαύω.

XXXXXαὔω 4 ⟹ αὖος.

XXXXXἀφαδία [f.] 'enmity' (Eup. 34).

    *DER ἄφαδος 'displeasing, odious' (EM) and ἀφάδιος 'id' (Hdn.).

    *ETYM Derivations from ἀφανδάνω, ἀφαδεῖν (Od.); see ▶︎ ἀνδάνω.

XXXXXἀφάκη [f.] 'vetch, Vicia angustifolia' (Pherecr.).

    *VAR  ἄφακος (Schwyzer 1950: 30).

    *ETYM Dsc. and Galen think it comes from φακός 'lentil'. The suggestion by Fur.: 373  is attractive: he takes ἀ- as a prothetic vowel and considers the word to be a substrate  word (note the change of inflection -ος : -ηλ Likewise Pisani Paideia 11 (1956): 296.

XXXXXἀφαμιῶται [m.pl.] slaves in Crete (Str.). Also ἀφαμιῶται: οἰκέται ἀγροῖκοι 'rural household slaves' (H.).

===Pag_223: Beekes_Página_0223.tiff===

    *ETYM Literally, 'those in a state of ἀφαμία (= ἀφημία)᾽ who have no φήμη. Cf. ἀφημοῦντας: ἀγροίκους (H.).

XXXXXἄφαρ [adv.] 'forthwith, immediately' (Il.)

    *VAR ἀφνός: ἐξαίφνης 'suddenly' (H.).

    *DER ἀφάρτερος (Ὁ 311) 'quicker'; ἀφαρεί (ἀφάρει DELG) ταχέως καὶ ἀκόπως  'quickly and indefatigably' (EM, H., Suid.).

    *ETYM One connects ἄφνω, assuming a neuter r/n-stem. Van Windekens 1941: 28  connects Go. abrs 'strong', comparing for the meaning MoE fast. Fur. (see index)  brilliantly connected ἐξαίφνης and ▶︎ ἐξαπίνης, and further ▶︎ αἶψα, -npdc, assuming a  substrate element with variation αἱ at, πί φ. He also connected ▶︎ αἰπύς etc., which is  quite possible (cf. MoHG jah, both 'steep' and 'immediate').

XXXXXἀφαρεύς [m.] 'belly-fin of the female tunny' (Arist. HA 543a, uncertain), τοῦ θήλεος θύννου τὸ ὑπὸ τῇ γαστρὶ πτερύγιον 'id.' (H.). «ρα: (Ν)»

    *ETYM Fur.: 174 compares ἀβαρταί': πτηναί, Κύπριοι 'flying, wings' for -toc¢ in  substrate words see ἄτρακτος, ἄσφαλτος. The suggestion in DELG that it could  belong with ἄφαρ is ununderstandable.

XXXXXἀφάρκη [f.] name of an evergreen tree, 'Arbutus hybrida' (Thphr.).

    *ETYM Improbable theory by Strémberg 1944: 27ff. (compound from ἀπο- and  ἄρκυς), see Frisk. Unclear is ἀφαρκίδευτον: ἀγρευτόν, ἀθυσίαστον 'caught,  unsacrificed' (H.), see DELG. Fur.: 175 refers to Schwyzer: 530, comparing Thess. Φαρκαδών, which would point to a prothetic vowel. A substrate word is probable  anyhow.

XXXXXἀφάσσω

    *VAR ἀφάω. = ἄπτω.

XXXXXἀφατεῖν [3] uncertain (1G 5(1), 209: 34); not an infinitive, see Bourguet 1927: 110, 4 and 124, 1. <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXἀφαυρός [adj.] 'weak' (I].).

    *DER ἀφαυρότης [f.] (Anaxag.). Denominative verb ἀφαυροῦται (Erot., v.l. ἀμαυροῦται), as an explanation of ἀμαλδύνεται 'becomes weak'.

    *ETYM Unknown. These words are often explained as contaminations (see Frisk), but  there is no reason to assume such processes; it only testifies to our ignorance. Much  more probably, Fur.: 330 compares φαῦρος: κοῦφος 'light' (H.), φλαῦρος 'indifferent,  bad' (with inserted ?) and φαῦλος 'insignificant'. I would suggest that ἀμαυρός /  μαυρός is also cognate (with interchange μή labial stop, cf. e.g. λαφύσσω λαμυρός,  etc., see Fur.: 224ff.). Note the v.l. of the verb cited above, and note that -avpoc can  hardly represent something IE (*-eh,u-ro-?).

XXXXXἀφελής, -ἔς [adj.] 'plain, simple' (IA).

    *DER ἀφέλεια, -ein [f.] (Hp.), late ἀφελότης [[ (Act. Ap. Vett. Val.); Chantraine  1933: 298.

    *ETYM Highly improbable is the proposal by Persson 1912(2): 7973, who connects  φελλεύς 'stony terrain' and analyzes it as 'without a stone, even'. This etymology is

===Pag_224: Beekes_Página_0224.tiff=== XXXXXἄφθα 177 even given by LSJ as the meaning of the word! Chantraine points to the geminate in φελλεύς. New analysis by Taillardat RPh. 71 (1997): 153f., see DELG Supp.: the word means 'without quality', be it positive or negative, and is derived from ἀφελεῖν 'to take away, deprive'.

XXXXXἄφενος [n.] 'wealth' (IL). «Ἰεῦ h,ben- 'rich'>

    *VAR Also msc., after πλοῦτος, acc. to Fehrle PhW 46 (1926): 7oof.

    *COMP εὐηφενής (Il.); the better attested v.l. εὐηγενής can hardly be correct, see  Bechtel 1914. As a second member in the PNs At-, Κλε-, Τιμ-αφένης.

    *DER With loss of vowel and remarkable final accent: ἀφνειός (Il.), also ἀφνεός 'rich'  (11. Thence back-formation ἄφνος [n.] (Pi. fr. 219). Lengthened ἀφνήμων (Antim.),  after πολυκτήμων, etc. Denominative verb ἀφνύει, ἀφνύνει: ὀλβίζει 'is blissed' (H.); ῥυδὸν ἀφνύνονται:  πλουτοῦσιν 'are wealthy' (Suid.).

    *ETYM The old connection with Skt. dpnas- [n.] 'possessions, riches' is now generally  rejected. ἄφενος was one of the corner stones of the Pelasgian theory, which must  now be abandoned (see my Introduction). The agreement with Hitt. happina(nt)- 'rich' is remarkable, but cannot be correct in  view of the more likely comparison with Lat. ops 'power', opulentus 'wealthy' (which  is probably not directly related to the Hitt. word, see De Vaan 2008 s.v. ops). Balles KZ 110 (1997) starts from *g-g'"n-o-, parallel to a formation in -io- in Skt. aghnya- '(the valuable animal which is) not to be killed'. She explains the adjective  with final accent from *gg'"n-es-d- > apved-, with metrical lengthening in Homer. However, the explanation of the full grade as analogical after σθένος is improbable;  the whole construction is not convincing. The Greek word looks IE (ablaut; cf. also archaic εὐηφενής). For Greek a root  *h,b'en- is the obvious reconstruction. The accent and the form ἀφνεός may be  explained following Balles: *h,b'nes-6-, with ablaut as in ἄλγος / ἀλεγεινός (metrical  lengthening in Homer is probable as *agveoto is impossible in the hexameter and  *apveos, -ν, etc. are difficult). The recent attempt to connect ἄφενος with IE *h,eb'-  'stream' by Willi 2004 does not convince. It cannot be connected with the Hittite word (reading *hpina- is doubtful). A loan  from Anatolian would probably have κ-, and the φ, the s-stem, and the adjective  would be unclear.

XXXXXἀφήτωρ, -opos [m.] epithet of Apollo (I 404).

    *VAR ἀφητορεία- μαντεία 'power of divination' (H.). σαφήτωρ: μάντις ἀληθής,  μηνύτης, ἐρμηνεύς 'true diviner, informer, interpreter' (H.).

    *ETYM Eustathios and the scholia explained it, among other things, as 'prophet'  (Eust. ὁμοφήτωρ), ie. from copulative a- and φημί. This cannot be correct. It rather  derives from ἀφίημι, in the sense 'who sends off. This could well mean 'archer' ('to  discharge'). Kraus Wien. Ak. Anz. 87: 516ff. suggests 'who sends off people on a  journey'. '

XXXXXἄφθα [f.] a pedriatic illness, 'thrush' (Hp.).

    *VAR Mostly plur. ἄφθαι. ᾿

===Pag_225: Beekes_Página_0225.tiff===

    *DER ἀφθώδης, ἀφθάω (Hp.).

    *ETYM Hardly related to ἅπτω. Fur.: 3185 thinks it is a substrate word because of the  group -φθ- (but I see no reason to follow him in supposing that the dental is  secondary).

XXXXXἀφία [f.] 'lesser celandine, Ranunculus ficaria' (Thphr. HP 7, 7, 3).

    *ETYM The connection with ἀφιέναι (τὸ ἄνθος) in Thphr. is untenable. The word is  rather a loan. Krahe 1955: 44 connected Lat. apium 'parsley' (further to *ap- 'water'). Fur: 167 objects that these are quite different plants. Himself, he proposes to  compare ἄφρισσα 'id' (Apul. Herb. 15), see ibid.: 330, with parallels for the insertion  of -p-.

XXXXXἀφίας [7] - βωμός 'step, altar' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown; Maafs Arch. f. Religionswiss. 23 (1925): 228 can be forgotten.

XXXXXἄφλαστον [n.] 'curved poop of a ship, with its ornaments' (O 717, Hdt.).

    *ETYM Bechtel 1921(3): 285 posited 'that which prevents destruction', from privative  ἀ- and »φλάω; improbable. Rather Pre-Greek, thus already Hermann Gétt. Nachr. (1943): 1f. For a PG suffix -to- cf. ▶︎ ἄτρακτος, Borrowed from Greek: Lat. aplustr(@)a,  -6rum.

XXXXXἀφλετῆρες '-φλέω.

XXXXXἀφλοισμός [m.] 'foaming at the mouth' (O 607). <?>

    *ETYM Possibly a verbal noun in -σμός to ἔφλιδεν: διέρρεεν 'flowed out'; cf. διαπέφλοιδεν: διακέχυται 'has been poured out'; πεφλοιδέναι: φλυκταινοῦσθαι 'to  have blisters' (H.), etc., see ▶︎ φλιδάω. Is the ἀ- copulative, or after ▶︎ ἀφρός 'ἃ.

XXXXXἄφνω [adv.] 'suddenly' (A.).

    *VAR Late ἄφνως (Epigr. Gr. 468; Schwyzer: 405, 624°).

    *ETYM Related to ▶︎ ἄφαρ; often interpreted as a frozen case form of a heteroclitic  stem (Schwyzer: 520). More probable is Furnée's brilliant proposal to connect  ἐξαίφνης and ▶︎ ἐξαπίνης, etc. By-forms are ἀφνός: ἐξαίφνης (Schwyzer: 624) and  ἀφνίδια: ἀφνίδαν, ἄφνω (both H.); on αἰφνίδιος cf. ▶︎ αἴφνης.

XXXXXἀφόρδιον [n.] 'excrement' (γαστρός, Nic.). <?>

    *ETYM Frisk suggests that it is from Ἰἀφόδιον (ἄφοδος 'excrements'), reshaped  euphemistically (after φόρος) or drastically (after πορδή)! Not entirely convincing.

XXXXXἄφρα ([f.] 'kind of plaster' (Aét. 15, 14).

    *ETYM Perhaps a shortening of Ἀφροδίτη in the same sense (Aetius).

XXXXXἀφρατίας [m.] - ἰσχυρός. Κρῆτες 'strong (Cretan) (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Latte corrects to dgpattiac, a development of *dgpaxtiac, from ἄφρακτος. Uncertain.

XXXXXἀφρίους [acc.pl.m.] - ἀθέρας 'chaff (H.). «Ἰεῦ *He/ob'ri- 'awn'>

===Pag_226: Beekes_Página_0226.tiff=== XXXXXἀφρός 179

    *ETYM Hoffmann BB 18 (1892): 287 compared Skt. dbhri- 'hoe, pickaxe', which  Wackernagel accepts, see Latte's edition of Hesychius. However, Szemerényi  Gnomon 43 (1971): 658 rightly asks whether the meanings are compatible.

XXXXXἄφρις ' μύρτον (H.), ie. pudendum muliebre.

    *ETYM Hypocoristicon of Aphrodite (DELG).

XXXXXἄφρισσα [[1] a plant = ἀσκληπιάς (Apul. Herb. 15).

    *ETYM Fur.: 330 connects ▶︎ agia. The suffix -ἰσσ- suggests a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXἈφροδίτη [f.] goddess of love (IL).

    *DIAL Cypr. Agopodita, Cret. Agopdita.

    *DER Agpoditdptov an eyesalve (Gal.), Ἀφροδιταρίδιον 'darling' (Pl. Com.); adj. Ἀφροδίσιος 'belonging to A.' (IA), substantivized Agpodiciov 'temple of A.'

XXXXXἀφροδίσια [n.pl.] 'sexual intercourse', ἀφροδισιακός; denominative ἀφροδισιάζω [v.] 'to have intercourse' (IA), whence ἀφροδισιασμός, ἀφροδισιαστής 'lecher', ἀφροδισιαστικός. For Ἀφροδισιασταί 'worshippers of A.' (Rhodos), cf. Ἀπολλωνιασται.

    *ETYM The connection with ἀφρός (Kretschmer KZ 33 (1895): 267) and other older  explanations (e.g. MaafS N. 70. Ε ἃ klass. Altertum 27 (1924): 457ff.) are now  abandoned. A recent Indo-European attempt was made by Witczak 1993: 115-123. As the goddess seems to be of oriental origin (see Burkert 1985: 152ff.), the name  probably comes from the East too. A possibility is the Semitic name of the goddess  AStoret, Astarte; cf. Burkert op. cit. 248%. It may have entered Greek via another  language. Less probable is the connection with Pre-Greek πρύτανις, Etr. (e)prOni as  'lady, mistress' by Hammarstrém Glotta τι (1921): 215f. West Glotta 76 (1998): 134-138 rejects the idea that the name renders AStart (Ugaritic  'Attartu), but he thinks it may well be of Semitic origin. It is not easy either to  connect the root prd, from which a word for 'pigeon' was formed. West ends with  the suggestion that the name may have rendered a title 'She of the villages', but this  seems not very adequate. Still, it seems possible that the name came from the one  languages which on historical grounds we should expect to be relevant: Cypriot  Phoenician.

XXXXXἀφρός [m.] 'foam, slaver' (IL). <?>

    *DER ἀφρώδης 'foaming' (Hp.), ἀφριόεις 'id' (Nic; metri causa, see Chantraine 1933:  272). ἀφρῖτις, -ίδος f. 'kind of ἀφύη᾽ (Arist.), see Redard 1949: 81. Denominatives dgpéw [v.] 'to foam' (IL), ἀφρίζω 'id' (TA), whence ἀφρισμός  (medic.) and ἀφριστής [m.] (AP); ἀφριάω [v.] 'id' (Opp.); ἀφρόομαι [v.] 4. (Theol. Ar.).

    *ETYM Meillet BSL 31 (1931): σι. connected Arm. p'rp'ur 'foam' (which does not  belong to oneipw), but the ἀ- is problematic (*h.- would give a- in Armenian), and  the "δ᾽ presupposed by Greek did not give ρ΄. Not to Skt. abhra- [n.] 'cloud' (because  of the meaning), not to ▶︎ ὄμβρος, because the rule of de-aspiration before resonant is  not valid. Not here ▶︎ ἀφρίους: ἀθέρας (H.).

===Pag_227: Beekes_Página_0227.tiff===

XXXXXἀφύη [f.] 'small fry of various fishes' (Epich., Ar.), only plur. in Att. acc. to H. s.v.

XXXXXἀφύων τιμή. See Thompson 1947: 19f.

    *VAR Mostly plural. Also ἀφύα, cf. ἀφύα: μεμβράς 'sprat' (H.). The gen.pl. is ἀφύων,  not τῶν, which means it is ntr.

    *DIAL Perhaps Myc. a-pu.-we, -de (TNs) /Ap*uwei/, /Ap*iin-de/; see below.

    *DER ἀφύδιον (Ar.), with 0 (see Schwyzer: 199); ἀφυώδης 'whitish' (Ηρ... Denominative ἀφύω [v.] 'to become whitish' (Hp.); see Chantraine 1933: 431.

    *ETYM From privative 4- and pbw (one compares nonnats 'Aphua pellucida' in Nice)  seems folk etymology, but is defended by Meier-Briigger MSS 52 (1991): 123-125: *#-  b'uH-o- 'without growth' (the root is actually *b*h,u-), which is a recent formation  compared with Skt. dbhva- 'monster' < *y-b"h,u-o- (with loss of laryngeal). The  accentuation of the gen. pl. ἀφύων (not -@v, Hdn. Gr. 1. 425, 13) points to an  unextended stem ἀφῦ- (nom. ᾿ἀφῦ-ς), cf. φυγή, pbya-de. DELG also keeps open the  possibility of a substrate word.

XXXXXἀφυσγετός [πλ.] 'mud', carried by a stream (A 495). <?>

    *VAR As an adj. 'filthy' (Nic. Al. 432), but ἀφυσγετόν is better; also 'abundant' (ibid. 584). ἀφύσγετος (Tyrannion).

    *ETYM Unknown. Nicander did not understand the meaning any longer, and  connected it with ▶︎ ἀφύσσω. Formation like συρφετός (Schwyzer: 501, Chantraine  1933: 300).

XXXXXἀφύσσω [v.] 'to draw or scoop liquids' (Il.). <?>

    *VAR Also ἀφύω in ἐξ-αφύοντες (E 95), ἐξαφύουσιν: ἐξαντλήσουσιν 'they will drain'  (H.); aor. apto(o)a, fut. ἀφύξω.

    *DER ἀφυσμός (Suid.) and ἀφύσιμος (sch.), also ἀφύξιμος (Nic.) with transition to  the flexion with velar. ἄφυσσαν: τὴν κοτύλην «παρὰ» Ταραντίνοις 'cup (Tarantine)' (H.). Also ἀφύστα:  κοτύλη, στάμνος 'cup, jar' (Η.) and ἀφυτρίς (cod. ἀφύτρις): ἀρύταινα (cod. ἄρπαινα)  'ladle or cup' (Η... Uncertain κατηνδράφυξας: κατέκτεινας (H.).

    *ETYM Oehler (see Schulze 1892: 311) explained the form as ap + bo- < *h,us-, the  zero grade of αὗσ- found in ▶︎ αὔω 2 'to light a fire' and Lat. haurié < *h,{e)us-, which    is quite possible. The presents ἀφύσσω and ἀφύω are probably derived from the  aorist.

XXXXXἈχαιμένης [m.] Achaimenes, ancestor of the Persian royal house (Hdt.).

    *VAR Gen. -€06, -ους.

    *DER Axautevidat [pl.] descendents of A., a Persian clan to which the Persian kings  belonged (Hadt.); Ἀχαιμένιος 'Persian' (A. Pl); Ἀχαιμενία a part of Persia (St. Byz.);  Ἀχαιμενῖτις (f.] epithet of Babylon (Epiphan.). ἀχαιμενίς, -ίδος [f.] a plant (Ps.-Dsc.);  see Stromberg 1940: 134ff. and André 1956 s.v. achaemenis.

    *ETYM From OP Haxdmanis, which probably means 'having the mind (-man-) of a  friend'. Greek -al- in Ἀχαι-μένης (instead of -d- in Haxd-manis is probably an  adaptation to names like TaAat-péving, Πυλαι-μένης, etc. (Schwyzer: 448). Jacobsohn

===Pag_228: Beekes_Página_0228.tiff===

ΚΖ 54 (1927): 261f. explained -at- from the stem haxai- = Skt. sakhay- 'friend', which is cognate with Lat. socius.

XXXXXἀχαίνει [v.] - σαίνει, παίζει, κολακεύει fawns, plays, flatters' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM No etymology.

XXXXXἀχαίνη [f.] 'kind of bread, made by women for the Thesmophoria' (Semus 13). <?>

    *ETYM No etymology.

XXXXXἀχαΐνης, -ov [m.] 'brocket, two-year-old stag' (Arist.). <?%

    *VAR ἀχαΐνη [f.], also ἀχαιΐνη 'roe' (Arist.).

    *DER ἀχαιινέη [f.] 'deerskin' (A. R.).

    *ETYM The word has been derived from Ayatia, the supposed habitat of the animal;  cf. Keller 1909: 350; Keller 1887: 77, 79, 91. Brands 1935: 81 points to EM, sch. A. R. 4,  175, who derive it from a town Ayauvéa in Crete.

XXXXXἈχαιοί [m.pl.] name of a Greek tribe (II.). < PG?>

    *VARSg. Ἀχαιός 'Achaean', fem. Ayatai, sing. -ά (see Schwyzer: 460).

    *DER Ayatic, -ίδος [f.] (scil. γαῖα) 'the land Achaea' or 'the Achaean woman' (scil. γυνή), also Ἀχαιΐάς [f.] (Il.); Ayatikdc, Att. Ἀχᾶϊκός (cf. Schwyzer: 265f.) 'Achaean';  Axatin, Att. Ἀχᾶϊα [f], the Thessalian and Peloponnesian regions 'Achaea'; also a  town (Rhodos, etc.), perhaps trisyllabic.

    *ETYM The name Ἀχαιοί < Ayatfoi (cf. Lat. Achivi) is known from Egyptian sources    ax?    as 'qjw's, to be read as AqaiwaSa, and also in Hitt. Ahhiia, later Ahhiiaud (eg. Kretschmer Glotta 21 (1933): 227). In spite of strong opposition (e.g. Sommer 1934,  Sommer IF 55 (1937): 169ff.), the equation is now generally accepted, but the Hittite  form has not been satisfactorily explained (why is there no reflex of the second a in  Hittite?). Recenly, Finkelberg Glotta 66 (1988): 127-134 derived the Greek form from  Hitt. Abhiiaya, with -hii- giving x, but this is doubtful. The name is no doubt Pre-    Greek, e.g. /Akay'a-/.

XXXXXἀχάλιον [n.] a plant, = σιδηρῖτις, ἀλθαία (Hippiatr. 11), but these are two different plants; they are both used as medicaments. 4»

    *ETYM No etymology.

XXXXXἀχᾶνη [f.] name of a measure = 45 μέδιμνοι (Ar.); 'chest, box' (Phanod.). <?>

    *ETYM Hemmerdinger Glotta 46 (1968): 54 compares Eg. hn 'chest' (Akk. hannit). Fur.: 138 compared Hitt. (Hurr.) aganni, but this means 'bowl (and is connected  with Akk. agannu 'bowl', Kronasser 1962-1987: 245, and with Eg. 'ikn 'pot'). He also  compares ἀγάννα' ἄμαξα «ἱερὰ» καί ἡ ἐν οὐρανῷ ἄρκτος (H.) (with ἄμαξα taken as  'box'; and the Bear seen as ἃ box?); ibid: 392, he compares λαχάννα (H.). No  solution can be offered.

XXXXXἀχαρνώς, -ὦ [m.] a sea fish, = ὀρφώς, perhaps 'bass' (Callias Com. 3).

    *VAR Also Gyapvoc; ἀχάρνᾶς, with gen. ἀχάρνου (Arist. fr. 566). Comparable forms:  axdpva- εἶδος ἰχθύος 'kind of fish' (H.), ἀχέρνα (cod. -λα): ἰχθὺς ποιός 'id' (H.);  ἀκαρνάν (Ath.), ἀκάρναξ' λάβραξ 'bass' (H.).

===Pag_229: Beekes_Página_0229.tiff===

    *ETYM The variation χίκ and the ending -w(¢) point to Pre-Greek origin; the group  -pv- is also frequent in such words. Cf. Thompson 1947: 6f.

XXXXXἀχᾶτης, -ov [m.] 'agate' (Thphr.).

    *ETYM Borrowing from an unknown source. Semitic etymology in Lewy 1895: 56. The  river Achates on Sicily and the PN Achates are probably called after the stone.

XXXXXἄχερδος [f.] 'wild pear, Pyrus amygdaliformis' (Od.).

    *VAR Also [m.] (Theoc.); ἀγέρδα (cod. -aa) ἄπιος, ὄγχνη 'pear-tree, pear' (H.). ἄχηρον: ἀκρίδα Κρῆτες 'locust (Cretan)' (H.), with Cretan development epd > np;  ἀκρίδα is changed by Latte into ἀχράδα, which is doubtful; cf. ▶︎ ἀκρίς.

    *ETYM Theoretically, ἀγέρδα could be Macedonian, but there are no further  indications. Comprared with Alb. dardhé 'pear' < *g'ord-. In this case, the ἀ- must be a real  prothetic vowel, and the word a non-IE loan word. Connection with ▶︎ ἀχράς is  evident.

XXXXXἀχερωΐς, -ίδος [f.] 'white poplar, Populus alba' (Il.).

    *ETYM Connection of -ωἷς (< *-dsis) with Lith. wosis 'ash' is most improbable. Derivation from Ἀχέρων is a mere formal guess. The stem ayepw- suggests a Pre-  Greek word (type > ἥρως; cf. on ▶︎ ἀχαρνώς). Ἀχέρων, -ovtog [m.] name of several rivers, also the mythical river of the Underworld  (Od.). <?>

    *DER Ayepovotos (A.), fem. -ἰάς (Pl, X.); younger Ἀχερόντίελιος, fem. -ἰάς (E.).

    *ETYM Connected with the Balto-Slavic group of Lith. éZeras, aZeras, OPr. assaran,  OCS jezero 'lake', under the influence of which Ἀχέρων has been interpreted as  'forming lakes'. Acc. to Derksen 2008 s.v., the BS]. group may be related to the group  of Lith. eZia 'boundary(-strip), ΟE. éze 'fish weir', and also with Arm. ezr 'bank,  border' as PIE *h,eg"- (the group of Lith. éZeras then goes back to *h,og"-er-o-). This  reconstruction implies that the Greek name cannot be related, in view of its initial  A-. The gloss ἀχερούσια: ὕδατα ἑλώδη 'marshy waters' may be based on ideas of the  Underworld river, and cannot be used as a testimony for the original meaning of the  name.

XXXXXἀχεύω ⟹ ἄχνυμαι.

XXXXXἀχήν, -ῆνος [m.] 'poor' (Theocr.), a Doric word.

    *VAR ἀεχῆνες: πένητες '(day-)laborers, poor (men)' (H.) must be due to folk  etymology (privative a and ἔχω).

    *DIAL ἠχῆνες: κενοί, πτωχοί 'bereft, beggar(lyy (H.) must be from IA.

    *COMP κτεαν-ήχης: πένης '(day-)laborer, poor (man)' (H.).

    *DER axnvia 'poverty, lack' (A.), with short a- after the negation. Other formation in  ἀχηνεῖς: κενοί (H.); verb ἠχάνω: πτωχεύω 'to beg' (Suid.), perhaps to be read *ixavw,  see below. Also ἀχαιος (IG 3, 1385)?

    *ETYM Connection with tyavdw 'desire' (Hom.) has been proposed (cf. Wackernagel  1897: 11f.), with an alternation i / ἃ. Indo-Iranian forms with a similar alternation

===Pag_230: Beekes_Página_0230.tiff=== XXXXXἈχιλλεύς 183 exist: Skt. thate 'to desire', Av. iziieiti 'to strive, long for' beside Av. dzi- [m.] 'desire', etc. In laryngealistic terms, this alternation would continue h,e-h,g"- beside h.i- hg. But if Av. aézah- 'desire' belongs to this group rather than Av. dzi-, which is far more likely, the root should be reconstructed as *Heig'- (Mayrhofer EWAia 1: 273) and Greek ἀχήν cannot be connected. ToA akal, ToB akalk 'desire' are supposed to be Iranian loans. Szemerényi Gnomon 43 (1971): 659 proposes that ἀχήν is from ἀ-εχ- (doubtful). Not related to ἴχαρ (A.), which has short ι-. Since an IE etymology is unknown, the word might be Pre-Greek (Chantraine 1933: 166: 'vocabulaire technique et populaire'; 'cette fois encore il semble s'étre produit une collision entre un suffixe indo-européen et une finale méditerranéenne'). IE adjectives in -ν, -ηνος are hardly known (cf. Chantraine ibid.), but the suffix is well- known in Pre-Greek, cf. ▶︎ ἀτμήν and see Fur.: 172™.

XXXXXἄχθομαι [v.] 'to be loaded', mostly of mental oppression: 'to be vexed or grieved' (Il.). «1Ὲ *h,ed"g"- 'squeeze, (op)press >

    *VAR Aor. ἀχθεσθῆναι.

    *DER ἄχθος [n.] 'load', also metaph. 'burden, trouble' (IL). Thence ἀχθεινός  'burdensome' (E., X.), and rare forms like ἀχθηρός (Antiph. 94, uncertain), ἀχθήεις  (Marc. Sid. 96), ἀχθήμων (Man. 4, 501). Denominative verb ἀχθίζω 'to load' (Babr.),  perhaps ἀχθήσας (for ἀχθίσαςξ): γομώσας, ἤγουν πληρώσας 'stuffed, filled' (H.). ἀχθηδών, -όνος [f.] 'weight, burden' (A.); cf. ἀλγηδών.

    *ETYM Former comparisons (ἄχθος 'load' with ἄγω 'to carry'; ἄχθομαι 'to be grieved'  with ἄχομαι, ἄχνυμαι 'to be sad' were formally not very convincing (a verbal suffix  -θ- is not well represented). One also compared ▶︎ ὀχθέω, but this is more plausibly  connected with ἔχθομαι 'to be hated',  Risch IF 69 (1964): 78 etymologically connected ἄχθομαι with Hitt. hatk-' 'to shut,  close, make tight', which would mean that we have to reconstruct *h,ed"¢'.. Both  Kloekhorst 2008 s.v. and Puhvel HED sv. accept this etymology, noting that it is  corroborated by the fact that neither the -t- nor the -k- is ever spelled with a  geminate in Hittite. The meaning 'to shut' in Hittite must have developed from 'to  squeeze'.

XXXXXἈχιλλεύς [m.] the son of Peleus and Thetis (I].). < PG>

    *VAR Also Ἀχιλεύς (11...

    *DIALMyc. a-ki-re-u, dat. a-ki-re-we.

    *DER Ἀχιλλήϊος (Hdt.), Att. Ἀχίλλειος (E.); also a plant.

    *ETYM The variation λλ ~ A (like oo ~ o in Odvo(o)evc) is typical of Pre-Greek  words, and probably points to a palatalized phoneme 117. Any metrical explanation  of the origin of this interchange is vicious. I do not believe that the name is  hypocoristic for an older compound, or that it belongs to ▶︎ ἄχος 'pain'. Holland Glotta 71 (1993): 17-27 gives a new proposal for Achilles. He connects it  again with ἄχος, though he admits that it does not mean 'fear' as in Germanic:  although he translates it as 'grief in some passages, in Greek it means 'distress'. He  cites instances where Homer mentions the ἄχος of Achilles, but these can easily be

===Pag_231: Beekes_Página_0231.tiff===

understood as folk-etymological explanations of the name. Holland explains the geminate as hypocoristic, and then assumes an element -ἰλο- for which he cites ὀργίλος 'inclined to anger', but here without any meaning; it contradicts his intepretation of the λ as a remnant of λαός 'army', for which there is no evidence. The most serious mistake is that he does not accept the evidence of Mycenaean, where we find a-ki-re-u = Ἀχιλλεύς. Holland admits (19) that the word enjoyed a certain popularity, and that 'the name was not invented for the Homeric hero'. It shows that the name existed in this form centuries before Homer. The name can easily be understood as Pre-Greek: note the suffix -evc, and the variaton between geminate and simple consonant (Fur.: 387). Holland sweeps this explanation away as 'nebulous pre-Greek' (17), but this is no argument. In doing this, he takes us back to the period before we knew Mycenaean, and his interpretation must be fundamentally rejected. Achilles is clearly a hero taken over from other stories. The meaning of the name remains unknown, but this is unimportant.

XXXXXἀχλῦς, -ύος [f.] 'mist, darkness' (Il.). <1 *h,eg'lu- 'mist, dark weather'>

    *VAR Later -ὕς.

    *DER ἀχλυώδης 'hazy, murky (Hp. Arist., Hell.); ἀχλυόεις 'cloudy, dark' (Epigr. apud Hat. Hell., late epic). Denominative verbs: ἀχλύω [v.] 'to become (make) dark'  (Od., epic), ἄχλυσις 'obfuscation' (Syn. Alch.); ἀχλύνομαι 'to become dark' (Q. S.);  ἀχλυόομαι 'to become dark', -όω 'to get dark' (Thphr.). ἀχλυδιᾶν: θρύπτεσθαι 'to break small' (H.) after the verbs for diseases in -1dw  (Schwyzer: 732), perhaps by contamination with χλιδᾶν (χλιδιᾶν).

    *ETYM Seems identical with OPr. aglo [n.] 'rain' (which need not be a u-stem); Arm. atja-m-ulj-k' [pl.] 'darkness' requires metathesis of -g'l-, and subsequent  palatalization of g' to j. The reduplication is typical of Armenian.

XXXXXἄχνη [f.] 'foam, froth; chaff (IL, poet., Hp.). < PG(v)>

    *ETYM With a different velar, we find Lat. agna 'ear of corn' < *akna, Go. ahana  'chaff, etc., from the root *h,ek- 'sharp'. Connection with this root has been  proposed for ἄχνη too, assuming a suffix -snh.-, but this seems ad hoc: the more  obvious connection with ▶︎ ἄχυρον 'chaff shows that it is a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXἄχνυμαι [v.] 'to grieve, lament for' (II.).

    *VAR  Ptc. also ἀχεύων, ἀχέων (Il; see below); aor. ἀκαχέσθαι, ἀκαχεῖν, ἀκαχῆσαι,  perf. ἀκάχημαι (ἀκηχεμένη metr. cond.?); thence a new pres. ἀκαχίζομαι, -(Cw;  ἄχομαι occurs only twice (Od.). Rare presents are ἀκαχύνω (Antim.), ἀκάχομαι (Q. S.) and ayvaodrpu (Alc. 81), a re-formation in -d(w from "ἄχνημι, "ἄχναμαι.

    *DER An old noun is ἄχος [n.] 'sadness, pain' (Il.); ἀχνύς, -boc [f.] 'id' (Call.) after  ἄχνυμαι.

    *ETYM Although a difference in meaning exists, ἄχος corresponds with the s-stem in  Go. agis [n.], OE ege [m.] 'fear'. Further, Gm. has a preterito-present Go. og 'to fear',  and the Go. ptc. un-agands fearless' is thematic, like Gyopat. Further cognates are  Olr. -dégadar 'id', and Plir. *Hag'a- > Skt. aghd- [adj.] 'evil, bad, dangerous' (RV+),  YAv. aya- [adj.] 'bad, evil'.

===Pag_232: Beekes_Página_0232.tiff=== XXXXXἄχυρα 185 ἀχεύων is tentatively interpreted as a participle built on an athematic present ἄχευμι (DELG) or aorist "ἤχευα (Frisk). For ἀχέων beside ἄχος, one compares κρατέων to κράτος. See Strunk 1967: 105ff,, and cf. West ZPE 67 (1987): 17-19.

XXXXXἀχραδάμυλα [?] - ὁ κοχλίας 'snail' (H.). < PG(S,V)>

    *VAR Cf. ἀκραμύλα:' κοχλίας, Ταραντίνοις (H.); χραμαδοῖλαι- χελῶναι 'tortoises'. Kai  ai νωθρόταται τῶν κυνῶν 'the most hybridized of bitches'. οἱ δὲ τοὺς κοχλίας 'snails'  (H.). Here the last explanation has clearly been added later, as the case forms do not  agree.

    *ETYM As two forms have both ὃ and u, the syllable with 5 was probably lost in  ἀκραμύλα (either in reality or only graphically: in AAA?). Since two forms end in  τ-μυλα, the original form will have been ἀχραδαμυλα. Variation ot/ v is well known in  Pre-Greek words. The analysis will be *(a)krad-am-ul-a, with well-known Pre-Greek  suffixes. The word closely resembles the town Καρδαμύλη (IL.), also on Chios; for the  metathesis see Fur.: 392 (on téppuvOoc/ τρέμιθος).

XXXXXἀχράς, -άδος [f.] 'the wild pear and its fruit, Pyrus amygdaliformis' (com., Arist.).

    *ETYM One connects ▶︎ dxepdoc. Acc. to Frisk and Chantraine, it is possibly a  loanword; to my mind, it is Pre-Greek, with ἀ-χερδ- beside ἀ-χραδ-, with metathesis  and a/e (cf. Fur.: 392 otepyic / otpeyyic). Admittedly, the alternation can also be  understood in IE terms, but such an origin is highly improbable for a word for 'pear'. DELG points out that -dc, -άδος is frequent in plant names.

XXXXXἀχρεῖον [acc.sg.n.] not quite certain: ἀχρεῖον ἰδών (B 269); ἀχρεῖον δ᾽ ἐγέλασσε (σ 163); ἀχρεῖον κλάζειν (Theoc. 25, 72).

    *COMP ἀχρειό-γελως [adj.] (Cratin.); ἀχρείως γελᾶν (API.).

    *ETYM It may be the same word as ἀχρεῖος 'useless, idle' (see ▶︎ χρή).

XXXXXἄχρι, ἄχρις [adv., prep., conj.] 'to the uttermost; as far as, until, as long as' (Il.).

    *DER ἄχροι (Corcyra; after the locatives in -o1).

    *ETYM This is the zero grade of ▶︎ μέχρι. On the variant with -c, see Schwyzer: 404f.,  650.

XXXXXἀχύνωψ -'κύνωψ.

XXXXXἄχυρα [n.pl.] 'chaff (com.).

    *VAR Rarely sing. -ov; collective sing. ἀχυρός or ἄχυρος [m.] 'heap of chaff. Note  axopa: τὰ πίτυρα. ἔνιοι δὲ κρανίον 'chaff, skull; head' (H.).

    *COMP ἀχυροθήκη (X.).

    *DER ἀχυρώδης (Arist.), ἀχύρινος (Plu.), etc; ἀχυρών, -ὥνος [m.] 'storehouse for  chaff (Delos), ἀχύριος [m.] 'heap of chaff (Heraklea). Denominative verb ἀχυρόω  [v.] 'to mix with chaff, etc. (Arist. Thphr.), whence ἀχύρωσις (Arist.). Remarkable is ἀχυρμιαί [fp]. 'heap of chaff (E 502, AP 9, 384, 15), which is a form in  -ά from a noun in -μος. The form in -ai is probably an old locative; see Diirbeck

===Pag_233: Beekes_Página_0233.tiff===

MSS 37 (1978): 39-57. The same formation is found in ἀχύρμιος (Arat. 1097), said of ἄμητος. Doubtful ἀχυρμός (Ar. V. 1310; conj. by Dindorf for ἀχυρός).

    *ETYM The analysis as an old 7/n-stem to ἄχνη is impossible, as the -v- would remain  unexplained. The word is clearly identical with dyopa (see ▶︎ dywp), a gloss not  mentioned in the literature. It shows that the word is Pre-Greek (Fur: 362). This  explains the relation to ἄχνη: Pre-Greek has often a suffix with -v- beside the more  frequent suffixes -VC-; moreover, -vp- is well known.

XXXXXἀχυρμιαί = daxvpa.

XXXXXἄχωρ, -opos [m.] 'scurf, dandruff (Ar. fr. 410, Hdn. Gr. 2, 937).

    *VAR ἀχώρ, -ὥρος (Alex. Tracl.). Cf ἀχῶρα' τὸν ἀχῶρα. εἴρηται δὲ τὸ πιτυρῶδες τῆς  κεφαλῆς 'the scurf of the head' (H.) and ἄχορα' τὰ πίτυρα. ἔνιοι δὲ κρανίον 'chaff,  skull; head' (H.).

    *DER ἀχωρώδης (Aét., v.l. in Hp. Liqu. 6); ἀχωρέω [v.] 'to suffer from ἄχωρ᾽, or -πἰάω  (conj. in Paul. Aeg. 3, 3).

    *ETYM The connection with ▶︎ ἄχυρα 'chaff is proven by the glosses. The vocalic  interchange points to Pre-Greek origin (Fur.: 211, 302, 362). See also Skoda RPh. 60  (1986): 215-222.

XXXXXἄψ [adv.] 'back(wards), again' (Il.).

    <IE *h.ep- 'from, away'>

    *DER dwepov = ὕστερον, πάλιν (Alc., H., Zonar.), after ὕστερον.

    *ETYM Identical with Lat. abs 'away, back'. For the -ς cf. ἐξ and Schwyzer: 620. The  relation to ἄπο, etc. is unclear.

XXXXXἀψίνθιον [n.] 'wormwood, Artemisia Absinthium' (Hp.).

    *VAR Also ἄψινθος [f., m.] and ἁψινθία [f.].

    *DER ἀψινθίτης οἶνος (Dsc.); ἀψινθᾶτον 'drink prepared with a.' (Aét.) and  ἀψινθάτιον (pap.); cf. Lat. absinthiatum (vinum).

    *ETYM The suffix -νθ- proves Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXἀψίς, -ῖδος =ἅπτω.

XXXXXἄψορρος [adj.] 'going backwards' (II.).

    *VAR Also -ov [adv.].

    *ETYM Forssman 1980: 185ff. convincingly derives the second member from the  verbal root fepp- 'to go away', see > Eppw. The problem with the older analysis 'with  the ὄρρος backwards' is that ▶︎ ὄρρος is an Attic word; in the epic language we find  παλίν-ορσος with the expected treatment of -rs-. The form ἀψόρροος in ἀψορρόου  Ὠκεανοῖο (Σ 399, v 65) is either from ἄψ and ῥόος with compositional -o-, or rather  from ἄψορρος reshaped after ῥόος (discussion in Forssman l.c.).

XXXXXἄω 'to eat one's fill'. ⟹ ἆσαι.

XXXXX*ἄω 'to blow'. ⟹ ἄημι.

XXXXXἀών, -όνος 1 [?] a fish (Epich., H.). <?>

    *ETYM Epich. 63 has ἀόνες φάγροι te. No etymology.

===Pag_234: Beekes_Página_0234.tiff=== XXXXXἄωτος 187 ἀών, -όνος 2 [3] Plur., a kind of garment (P. Amh. 2, 3a, II, 21). <Lw ΕB.»

    *VAR ἀϊών (ai) (B. 17, 112, S., H. s.v. ἔλυμα, see LSJ Supp.).

    *ETYM The text in B. (aid6va πορφυρέαν) shows that it was d@v. An Egyptian word,  see Latte Phil. 87 (1932): 271f. and Latte Glotta 34 (1955): 192.

XXXXXἄωροι 1 [adj.] uncertain, epithet of the πόδες of Scylla (μι 89), also in opposition to the ὀπίσθιοι πόδες (Philem. 145). <?>

    *ETYM Acc. to scholia H and Q, it means ἄκωλοι: τοὺς yap Ἴωνας λέγειν φασὶ τὴν  κωλῆν ὥρην καὶ ὡραίαν (sch. μ. 89). In SIG 1037 (Milete IV-III*), ὥρῃ is a part of the  sacrificial animal, but different from κωλῆ. Bechtel 1914 s.v. translates 'Beine, die  keine Waden haben', so 'legs without calfs', but his comparison with Lat. stra seems  impossible. Van Windekens proposes to understand ἄωροι (H.), ie. 'wakeful  (belonging with ὦρος 'sleep'). The meaning in Philem. may be artificial.

XXXXXἄωρος 2 [m.] 'sleep' (Sapph. 57). <?>

    *VAR Call. fr. 177, 28 (Pfeiffer) has wpov.

    *ETYM Acc. to EM 117, 14, it stands for ὦρος: κατὰ πλεονασμὸν τοῦ ἃ μηδὲν πλέον  σημαίνοντος. ὦὧρος yap 6 ὕπνος 'the ἃ does not mean anything, for @poc means  ὕπνος᾽. Cf. ἄωρος (cod. dopoc): ἄυπνος. Μηθυμναῖοι (H.). See ▶︎ dwtéw.

XXXXXἀωτέω [v.] 'to sleep'(?), with ὕπνον as an object (K 159, κ 548). <?>

    *VAR  Only present.

    *ETYM In the same meaning, but without object, in Simon. 37, 5. H. glosses dwteite  (γλυκὺν ὕπνον, κ 548) with ἀπανθίζετε tov ὕπνον 'pick sleep (vel sim.)'. Derived  from ▶︎ ἄωτος; connection with ▶︎ ἄωρος 2 'sleep' seems impossible.

XXXXXἄωτος [m.] 'flock of wool, down; the choicest, the flower of its kind' (Il). Raman Glotta 53 (1975): 195-205 shows that the word means 'nap, tap'. <?>

    *VAR Also -ov [n.].

    *DER ἀωτεύειν: ἀπανθίζεσθαι 'to pluck off flowers' (H.), ὑφαίνειν 'to weave, plan'  (AB).

    *ETYM Considered to be a verbal noun to ▶︎ ἄημι, so *blowing'; this was also argued  by Jacquinod REA 90 (1988): 319-323, assuming *h,yoh,-to-. But semantically, there is  no support for the connection with 'blow; the etymology was merely suggested by  the formal appearance. Rather the word is a technical term, as remarked by DELG; it  remains without etymology.

===Pag_235: Beekes_Página_0235.tiff===

===Pag_236: Beekes_Página_0236.tiff=== XXXXXΒ βᾶ 1 [interj.] imitation of the bleating of a lamb (Hermipp. 19).

    *ETYM Onomatopoeic word. Cf. ▶︎ βῆ.

XXXXXβᾶ 2 Abbreviation of βασιλεῦς 'king' (A. Supp. 892, lyr.).

    *ETYM Cf. Schwyzer: 423 A. 2. However, there is a ν.]. πᾶ, an abbreviation of πατήρ.

XXXXXβαβάζειν [v.] - τὸ «μὴ» διηρθρωμένα λέγειν. ἔνιοι δὲ βοᾶν 'to speak [inJarticulately; to cry (H.).

    *VAR Also βαβίζω, -ύζω (Zenod.).

    *DER βάβαξ [m.] 'chatterer' (Archil.); BaBakot ὑπὸ Ἠλείων τέττιγες 'cicadas', ὑπὸ  Ποντικῶν δὲ βάτραχοι 'frogs'; βάβακα' tov γάλλον 'eunuch' (H.) (see Maas RAM 74  (1925): 469f.).

    *ETYM Onomatopoeic forms like these are frequent: cf. ▶︎ BaBai, ▶︎ βάζω, ▶︎ βαὔζω,  > βαβράζω, and ▶︎ βάβαλον; cf. also ▶︎ βάρβαρος, ▶︎ βαβύρτας, ▶︎ βόμβος, etc.

XXXXXβαβαί [interj.] Exclamation of surprise (E.).

    *VAR Extended βαβαιάξ (Ar.).

    *ETYM Cf. Kretschmer Glotta 22 (1934): 254. Lat. babae is borrowed from Greek. Cf.> βαβάζω and ▶︎ παπαῖ, as well as ▶︎ πόποι.

XXXXXβάβακα -'οβαβάζειν.

XXXXXβαβάκινον, -ος [m.] (or [n.]?) - χύτρας εἶδος 'kind of earthen pot' (H.).

    *VAR Cf. Bakdiov: μέτρον τι 'a measure' (H.).

    *ETYM Latte Glotta 32 (1953): 41 compared éuBakavitnc: τὸ μετὰ τοῦ Tapixous καὶ  στέατος σκευαζόμενον βρῶμα 'food prepared with salted [fish] meat and hard fat'  (H. and Cyrill. mss.) to reconstruct an unreduplicated form *Bdaxktvos (-ov), probably  also found in Lat. bacchinon (Greg. Tur. whence MoFr. bassin). The word is  supposed to be Anatolian or Celtic. Fur: 171 connects the word with gaxtat Anvoi,  σιπύαι, πύελοι (» Pak tov 2) and Myc. pa-ko-to [du.] /p*aktd/. The variation would  then point to a Pre-Greek word, but this is uncertain.

XXXXXβαβάκτης [m.] epithet of Pan (Cratin.), Dionysus (Corn.).

    *VAR ἐκβαβάξαι' ἐκσαλεῦσαι 'shake violently' (H.) = 5. fr. 139. βαβάξαι: ὀρχήσασθαι  'dance' (H.); βαβάκτης' ὀρχηστής, ὑμνῳδός, μανιώδης, κραύγασος, ὅθεν kai Βάκχος  'dancer, singer of hymns, like a madman, shouter, whence also Bacchus' (H.); =  λάλος 'talkative' (EM 183, 45).

===Pag_237: Beekes_Página_0237.tiff===

    *ETYM Onomatopoeic word to express joy; cf. ▶︎ βαβάζω, DELG considers the  connection with Lydian to be an etymological speculation on Bacchus. The terms  with BaBa(«)- may sometimes have included other expressions of joy etc. which  were not limited to one language only.

XXXXXβάβαλον [n.] - κραύγασον. Λάκωνες 'bawler, shouter; Laconians' (H.).

    *ETYM Onomatopoeic word; cf. ▶︎ βαβάζω, ▶︎ βαβάκτης. On the -λ- in the suffix, cf. »λάλος; on bal-, see also Pok. gif. On βάβαλον' αἰδοῖον 'private parts', see  > βάμβαλον.

XXXXXβαβήρ [m.] - ὁ Ἄρης (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXβάβιον [n.) 'baby' (Dam. Isid. 75).

    *DER See L. Robert 1963: 368.

    *ETYM A nursery word used in Syria. See ▶︎ βαβάζω and Pok. 91 (E baby). Also related  is βαβάλια 'cradle' (Oehl IF 57 (1940): 1:ff.).

XXXXXβαβράζω [v.] 'to chirp', of cicadas (Anan., H.).

    *ETYM Onomatopoeic word; cf. ▶︎ βαβάζω.

XXXXXβαβρήν [2] - ὑπόστασις ἐλαίου κατὰ Μακεδόνας 'sediment of olive-oil (Maced.)' (H.).

    *ETYM Hoffmann 1906: 73f. relates it to Bantw, which is doubful. The meaning  suggests a Pre-Greek word: sometimes it is connected with ▶︎ βάβρηξ.

XXXXXβάβρηξ [m./f.] in βάβρηκες: τὰ οὖλα τῶν ὀδόντων, οἱ δὲ σιαγόνας: οἱ δὲ ἐν τοῖς ὀδοῦσιν ἀπὸ τῆς τροφῆς κατεχόμενα 'the gums of the teeth, the jaws; particles of food stuck between the teeth' (H.).

    *VAR βέβρηκες: τὸ ἔνδον τῶν σιαγόνων μέρος 'the part within the jaws'(?) (H.).

    *ETYM Kalléris 1954: 114f. derives the word from a root Bp- in βίβρωσκω, but this root  ends in *h,, and should not be lost in this formation. There seems no apparent  reason to connect this gloss with βαβρήν, as per Kalléris and DELG. Is βάρηκες just a  mistake? The meaning of βέβρηκες unclear: μέρος can hardly mean 'piece of food'. The word is probably Pre-Greek, in view of the variation αἱ ε. See ▶︎ βαβρήν,  > βάρηκες.

XXXXXβαβύας [m./f.]? - βόρβορος, πηλός 'mud, earth' (H.); βαβύιγ χείμαρρος, οἱ δὲ πόλις {read πηλός] 'winter-flowing mud' (Η.); βακίας [read βαβύαςξ]: βόρβορος, πηλός ὑπὸ Ταραντίνων 'mud, earth [Tarent.)' (ΕΜ 186,1).

    *ETYM von Blumenthal 1930: 20 suggests Messapian origin (with the ending -uos). However, the meaning rather suggests a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXβαβύρτας [m.] - 6 παράμωρος 'an almost foolish man' (H.).

    *DER Also a PN (Wilhelm 1909: 321).

    *ETYM Cf. Lat. baburrus 'stultus, ineptus' cf. the type βάρβαρος (?) and E-M sv. babit.

===Pag_238: Beekes_Página_0238.tiff=== XXXXXβαϊβυξ, -υκος 191

XXXXXβαγαῖος [m.] - ὁ μάταιος. ἢ Ζεὺς Φρύγιος. μέγας. πολύς. ταχύς 'foolish/idle; or the Phrygian Zeus; great, many, swift' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM The gloss consists of two or more elements; see Solmsen 1909: 139. One may  think of a connection with OP baga- 'god' (cf. ▶︎ Bayoc). Schmitt Sprache 9 (1963): 38-  47 reads Βαλαῖος, but Heitsch Glotta 46 (1968): 74f. returns to Βαγαῖος.

XXXXXβάγαρον [adj.] - χλιαρόν, Λάκωνες 'warm (Lacon.)' (H.) <?>

    *ETYM No etymology.

XXXXXβάγος [m.]? - κλάσμα ἄρτου «ἢ» μάζης. καὶ βασιλεὺς, καὶ στρατηγός. Λάκωνες 'piece of cake or barley-cake; both a king and general (Lacon.)' (H.).

    *ETYM Probably a contamination of Fayoc (ἄγνυμι) and ἀγός (Latte). Pisani KZ 67  (1940): 111 thinks βασιλεύς = OP baga- 'lord, god' (cf. the people's name Βαγαδάονες  {Kretschmer Glotta 18 (1930): 232]), but see Petersen AmJPh. 56: 64ff. and Belardi  Doxa 3 (1950): 197.

XXXXXβαδᾶς -οβάταλος.

XXXXXβάδην -οβαίνω.

XXXXXβάδιον -οβάτος 2.

XXXXXβάδρυα —pddpva.

XXXXXβάζω [v.] 'to speak, say' often of nonsense (1].).

    *VAR Only present stem, except for BéBaxtat (8 408) and ἔβαξας (H.).

    *DER βάξις 'word, rumour' (Emp.), βάγματα [pl.) (A. Pers. 637 [lyr.]).

    *ETYM Cf. βάσκειν: λέγειν (which Latte deletes), κακολογεῖν (H.) (cf. λάσκειν). Possibly from βάκ-σκειν (Schwyzer: 708; cf. Βάκις). ▶︎ βάσκανος can hardly be  separated from Bdoxetv. See also »ἀβακής. Onomatopoeic; cf. ▶︎ βαβάζω (the  objections of DELG are hardly decisive).

XXXXXβάθρον —Baivo.

XXXXXβαθύς [adj.] 'deep, high', metaph. 'rich', etc. (Il.)

    <IE?>



    *COMP Many compounds with βαθυ-: e.g. -κολπος, -λειμος (Hom.).

    *DER Grades of compar. βαθύτερος, -τατος, rarely βάθιον, βάσσον, βάθιστος (Seiler  1950: 52). Factitive verb βαθύνω (IL), 'go down, sink (intr.)' (Ph.). On Βαθύλος,  τυλλος see Leumann Glotta 32 (1953): 218. Besides βένθος 'depth' (Il.) and βάθος [n.]  'id, (IA, mainly in an ethical sense).

    *ETYM Related to βένθος, but there are no further etymological connections; only an  alternation *-en- : -4- can be reconstructed, which suggests IE origin. βένθος is not  analogical after πένθος (as per Schwyzer RAM 81 (1932): 201, accepted by Pok. 465). Not related to βάπτω (and βόθρος), as per Szemerényi Glotta 38 (1960): 211-216, nor  to ▶︎ βῆσσα, ▶︎ βάσσος, or ▶︎ βυθός.

XXXXXβαΐα [f.] 'grandmother' (Str.).

    *ETYM Nursery word; might be Pre-Greek (Fur.: 217).

XXXXXβαῖβυξ, -υκος [m.] 'pelican' (Hdn. Gr., H. ex Philet., Choerob.). < PG(s)>

===Pag_239: Beekes_Página_0239.

    *VAR βαυβυκᾶνες: πελεκᾶνες (Η.).

    *ETYM For the suffix, cf. ὄρτυξ, ἴβυξ, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 397). βαῖβυξ seems to be a  typical Pre-Greek word (βαυβυκ- by assimilation?).

XXXXXβαίθ- =Batoc.

XXXXXβαίνω [v.] 'to go' (1].).

    *VAR  Only present stem. Other presents: 1. βάσκω, mostly ipv. βάσκε, -te (Il.); 2. βιβάσκω (Il.), mostly causative; 3. βίβημι (βίβᾶμι), -άω (to ἔβην, see below) in βιβάς,  βιβῶν, βιβᾷ 'stride' (Chantraine 1942: 300); 4. causative βιβάζω (post-Hom.); 5. βιβάσθων in μακρὰ β. (Il), metrical lengthening of βιβάς at verse end (Chantraine  1942: 327, Shipp 1967: 39). Suppletive aor. ἔβην, fut. βήσομαι (factitive EBnoa, Brow  after ἔστησα, στήσω), perf. βέβηκα (all 1].).

    *COMP ἀνα-, ἀπο-, ἐκ-, ἐμ-βαίνω, etc.

    *DER 1. βάσις [f.] 'step, base' (Pi., in compounds 11.) = Skt. gati- (see below). 2. βατήρ,  -fipos [m.] 'threshold, basis' (Amips., inscr., etc.). 3. -βάτης, -ov [m.] in compounds  with dava-, ἀπο-, ἐμ-βάτης, etc. (IL), also with nominal first element, e.g. στυλο-βά-  της; 4. -Batog in compounds: ἀνα- (ἀμ-)βατός, etc. (Il); as a simplex, βατός  'accessible' (X.) is very rare; see Chantraine 1933: 302ff. Abstracts in -oia are derived  from -βάτης and -βατος, like ὑπερβασία 'transgression' (Il.); also denominatives in  -ebw and -éw, like ἐμβατεύω, etc. 5. -βάς, -άδος [f.] in ▶︎ ἐμβαδές. Hence the adverb  βάδην 'step by step'. 6. βάθρον 'basis, seat', etc. (IA), βάθρᾶ. 7. βαθμός and βασμός  [m.] 'step, basis', etc. (Hell; Ba®pic [f.] Pi.). Unrelated is ▶︎ βαμβαίνων. From the root βη-: βῆμα, Papa [n.] 'step', etc. (h. Merc., etc.), = Av. gaman- [n.]  'step further, βηλός (βᾶλός) [m.] 'threshold' (I].), BrAd [n.pl.) = πέδιλα (Panyas.);  see Chantraine 1933: 240. Also -βήτης, -ov [m.] in ἐμπυριβή-της (τρίπους) 'standing  over the fire' (Ψ 702); see also ▶︎ διαβήτης 'circle, etc' (ΑΓ) and ▶︎ ἀμφισβητέω.

    *ETYM The verbal root *g'em- has a number of exact matches in other branches. Greek Baivw and βάσκω both go back to the root *g'em-. The first is a yod-present,  from *g'anje/o- < *g'm-ie/o-, identical with Lat. venid; the second is a present in  *ske/o- from *g'm-sk-, seen back in Skt. gdcchati. The full grade is seen in Go. giman  'to come' and Skt. dgamam [aor] 'I went'. Morphologically, βάσις is comparable  with Skt. gati-, Lat. con-ventio, and Go. ga-qumps. Further, -Batog = Skt. (-)gata- and  Lat. -ventus. The non-presentic forms ἔβην, βήσομαι, βέβηκα, etc. are derived from a different  root Bn- (Ba-) < *g'eh.-. For βίβημι, cf. Skt. jigati 'he goes'. The aor. ἔβην agrees  exactly with Skt. dgam 'I went'; the noun βῆμα corresponds to Av. ga-man- [n.] 'step,  pace'. The root pair g'em- :: g'eh, may be compared with *drem- (see ▶︎ δραμεῖν) =:  *dreh, (see ▶︎ didpdoxw). See »BéBaoc, ▶︎ βέβηλος, ▶︎ βωμός, ▶︎ βαστάζω,  > βητάρμων.

XXXXXβαιός [adj.] 'small, slight' (Parm.). <?>

    *VAR Cf. ἠβαιός (11...

    *DER βαιών, -όνος [m.] a small worthless fish = BAévvoc (Epich.), cf. Strémberg 1943:  32, Chantraine 1928: το. On the meaning of μέτρον παρὰ Ἀλεξανδρεῦσι (H.) see    > βαΐς.

===Pag_240: Beekes_Página_0240.tiff===

    *ETYM The word has been compared with ▶︎ ἠβαιός. Fur. 378 takes the ἦ- as  prothetic, allegedly indicative of Pre-Greek origin; in my view, this remains  uncertain.

XXXXXβαΐς [f.] 'palm leaf (LXX, pap.).

    *VAR Acc. -tv. Also βάϊον [n.] 'id, measuring rod' (Ev. Jo., pap.).

    *DER Adj. βαϊνός (Sm.) 'made of palm leaf', βαινή [f.] 'branch of a palm' (LXX).

    *ETYM From Eg. bj, Copt. bai. See Hemmerdinger Glotta 46 (1968): 245f.

XXXXXβαίτη [f.] 'shepherds' or peasants' coat or tent made of skins' (Hdt.), also 'covered hall' (Magnesia, Mantinea; see Gossage Class. Rev.N.S. 9 (1959): 12f.).

    *DER βαίτωνα: τὸν εὐτελῆ ἄνδρα 'shabby man' in opposition to Baitac: εὐτελὴς γυνή  H;; for the gloss Baitiov see ▶︎ βλίτον.

    *ETYM Unknown (see Pisani Sprache 1 (1949): 138). Go. paida 'χιτών᾽ and other Gm. words, like OHG pfeit [f.] 'shirt, coat' etc, are borrowed from βαίτη; from Gm. in  turn is Fi. paita 'shirt'. With a suffix -k-, we can probably connect Alb. petk 'coat'. If  the Albanian continues *paitaka, the word may have been taken over from a  European substrate (Fur. 158 argues for Pre-Greek origin).

XXXXXβαίτιον [n.] - βοτάνη ἐμφερὴς δικτάμνῳ, ἤγουν γλήχωνι 'plant resembling dittany, or rather pennyroyal' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM βαίτιον was supposed to be a mistake for βλίτιον; see ▶︎ βλίτον (not accepted  by DELG).

XXXXXβαίτυλος [m.] kind of (magical) stone (Sotacos of Carystos apud Plin. N. H. 37, 135) which fell from heaven (Dam. Isid. 94, 203). Acc. to Hesychius and others, the stone was given to Kronos instead of Zeus. Also name of a god (Διὶ BetbAw, Dura iii'). BaitvAov ἂν κατέπιες Apostol. 9.24, of a greedy person.

    *VARD (LSJ Supp.).

    *DER BaitvALov (Dam., etc.).

    *ETYM Zuntz Class. et Med. 8 (1966): 169ff., with special attention for the sources,  thought that it was a Mediterranean word, also-seen in Sem. bethel, interpreted as  'House of God'. Unfortunately, Zuntz postulates a pan-Mediterranean substrate as a  common source, which is hardly acceptable. Hemmerdinger Glotta 48 (1970): gof. rather opts for Semitic origin, and likewise Réllig, Dict. Deities Demons (s.v. Bethel). The fact that the word appears very late in Greek, and in the context of northern  Syria, makes this the most probable solution: Bayt-el 'House of El'. An old Pre-Greek  word is therefore improbable (cf. further West 1997: 294f Davidson Herm. 123    (1995): 363-9).

XXXXXβαῖτυξ -οβλέτυες.

XXXXXβάκανον : [η.} 'Althaea cannabina'. <?>

    *VAR Cf. βάκανον- τὸ ἀγριοκάναβον (Lex. Parisinus gr. 2419).

    *DER βακάνιον (ΡΟ εἰ...

    *ETYM For the suffix, cf. λάχανον and see Chantraine 1933: 199. Cf. ▶︎ βάκανον 2 and  DELG Supp. s.v.

===Pag_241: Beekes_Página_0241.tiff===

βάκανον 2 [n.] 'Brassica napus oleifera' (pap. IP-TI?). <Lw ΕB.»

    *ETYM See ▶︎ βάκανον 1.

XXXXXβάκηλος 1 [m.) 'woman-like man' (Antiph.), 'eunuch in service of Cybele' (Luc.). Βάκηλος: ἀπόκοπος, ὁ ὑπ᾽ ἐνίων γάλλος, οἱ δὲ ἀνδρόγυνος, ἄλλοι παρειμένος, γυναικώδης 'a castrated man, a Gallus or hermaphrodite or a weakened man, a woman-like man' (H.) <LW Anat»

    *ETYM Cf. κάβηλος and κάληβος, with comparable meanings, in Hesychius. MaafS  RhM 74 (1925): 472ff. and Nehring Sprache 1 (1949): 165 assume metathesis. Kretschmer Glotta 16 (1928): 192 compares Βάκχος; this is improbable. The word is  probably Anatolian (so perhaps Pre-Greek, [Fur.: 116]?). On the meaning, see Lucas  RAM 88 (1939): 189f. and Masson RPh. 93 (1967): 229.

XXXXXβάκηλος 2 [adj.] - ὁ μέγας 'big or great man' (H.). < PG(S)>

    *ETYM Fur.: 115 compares βάγιον: μέγα (H.). The suffix -ηλο- is well known in Pre-  Greek.

XXXXXβάκκαρις, -ιδος [f.] 'unguent from asarum' (Semon.).

    *VAR Acc. -tv. Also βάκκαρ [n.] = Goapov (Plin.) and βάκχαρι [n.) (Aret.), βάκχαρ  (n.) (Ps.-Dsc.).

    *ETYM The word is Lydian, according to Sch. A. Pers. 42; cf. βάκκαρις: ... ἄλλοι δὲ  μύρον Λυδόν (H.). Whereas Fur.: 128 argues for Pre-Greek origin (words in -ap are  well-represented there), E. Masson 1967: 100f. suggests that it is Anatolian. The word  is not of Gaulish origin (WH 1, 91); Lat. baccar etc. are borrowed from Greek.

XXXXXβακόν [adj.] - πεσόν. Κρῆτες 'falling (Cret.)' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. The word is not to be derived an unknown verb *Baxw, aor. *#Baxov (as per Bechtel 1921, 2: 782), nor is a connection with βάκτρον ('stick', see  ▶︎ βακτηρία) or βάκται- ἰσχυροί 'strong men' (H.) very likely. Cf. ▶︎ ἀβακής.

XXXXXβάκται [m.] - ἰσχυροί 'strong men' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Fur. 311 etc., connects the word with Hitt. yakturi- 'solid, durable' and  Lycaon. Ονανγδαμοης, etc. (with prenasalization), which remains very uncertain.

XXXXXβακτηρία [f.] 'staff, stick, scepter (as a symbol of judges)' (Ar.). < EUR>

    *VAR Also βακτήριον (Ar.), Baxtnpidiov (Η.), βακτηρίς, -ίδος [f.] (Achae. [?]). Cf. βάκτρον [n.] 'stick, cudgel' (A.).

    *DIAL Cypr. pa-ka-ra (LSJ Supp.).

    *DER Also βάκτρον 'id', whence βακτρεύω [v.] 'to prop' (arg. metr. in 5. OC),  βάκτρευμα (E.); βακτηρεύω (Suid.) by influenced of βακτηρία.

    *ETYM βακτηρία looks like an abstract formation from "βακτήρ, with a by-form  βάκτρον, just as ἀροτήρ beside ἄροτρον. It has been compared with ▶︎ βάκται -  ἰσχυροί (H.) (doubtful) and ▶︎ βακόν (improbable). The word is related to Lat. baculum 'staff, stick', which points to *bak-tlo-. From baculum in turn is borrowed  βάκλον 'stick, cudgel' (Aesop.); also Olr. bacc 'hook, crook' etc. Pok. 93 gives other,  quite doubtful, forms. Is it a European loanword, given the a-vocalism?

XXXXXβάκτρον [n.] - κάμηλος 'camel' (H.)

===Pag_242: Beekes_Página_0242.tiff=== XXXXXβαλαύστιον 195

    *ETYM If the gloss is correct, rather 'Bactrian', as Bactrian camels were famous (Arist. HA 498 b 8).

XXXXXβάκχος [3] a fish, kind of κεστρεύς 'mullet' (Hicesios apud Ath. 306 e). <?>

    *ETYM See Thompson 1947, Saint-Denis 1947 and Strémberg 1943: 96.

XXXXXβάκχυλος [m.] = ἄρτος σποδίτης 'bread baked in hot ashes' (Nic. Fr. 121). Elean, acc. to H.

    *ETYM Unexplained. Perhaps PG because of the geminate -κχ- and the suffix -vA-.

XXXXXβάλαγρος [m.] a freshwater fish, kind of carp (Arist.).

    *VAR Also βάλ(λγερος, βαλλιρός, βαλῖνος (Bapivoc) (Arist.).

    *ETYM See Thompson 1947 s.v. amd Stromberg 1943: 39. Fur. 116 compares Bapaxoc:  ἰχθὺς ποιός 'kind of fish' (H.); this is uncertain. Still, the word is certainly Pre-Greek  because of the variants (Fur.: 192).

XXXXXβαλανεῖον [n.] 'warm bath, bathroom' (Ar.).

    *DER βαλανεύς [m.) 'bath-man' (Ar.), as a basis of further derivatives (cf. kvageiov :  κναφεύς, etc.)? Also βαλανίτης (-είτης) 'bather' (Plb.). βαλανάριον [n.) (pap., inscr.)  with the Latin suffix -arium.

    *ETYM DELG attempts to derive the word from βάλανος 'acorn' as 'stopper', but this  is improbable. For a term for bathing in warm water, which is probably an Aegaean  custom, we might expect Pre-Greek origin, like ▶︎ ἀσάμινθος. The structure of the  word is frequent in Pre-Greek: BaA-av- (with B-, -a-, -av-). From βαλανεῖον comes  Lat. bal(i)\neum.

XXXXXβάλανος [f.] 'acorn, fruit like an acorn, date', and objects like an acorn, e.g. 'stopper'; also name of a fish (Od.). <1E *g'th,- 'acorn'>

    *DER βαλάνιον 'acorn-drink' (Nicoch.), 'suppository' (medic.), βαλανίς 'stopper'  (Hp., pap.), βαλανῖτις 'kind of chestnut' (Plin.). βαλανωτός 'fastened with a B.'  (Parm.), βαλανώδης, βαλάνινος 'made of dates' (Thphr.), βαλανηρός 'like a 8.'  (Thphr.). Verbs: 1. Badkavilw 'to shake off acorns' (AP, Zen.), 'to administer a suppository'  (Hp.); 2 βαλανόω 'to fasten with a B.' (Ar.).

    *ETYM Old IE word. The closest kin is Arm. katin, gen. katnoy 'acorn', although a  pre-form *g'Ih,-eno- (> βάλανος) would also have to give Arm. -an- (so the -in- is  probably analogical). Several related forms have a dental suffix: Lat. glans, -andis  (*g"lh,-nd-), CS zelud» (< *zelpdv < *g'elh,-end-), Alb. lend [m.], Tosk léndé [f.]  'acorn'. A different formation is found in Baltic, e.g. Lith. gilé 'acorn'. Not related to  βάλλω, which derives from *g'elh,-.

XXXXXβάλαρις plant name = βρύον 'oyster-green', Avyvic 'rose campion' (Ps.-Dsc.), βοτάνη τρίφυλλος 'three-leaved plant' (H.).

    *VAR Also βάλλαρις.

    *ETYM Unknown. Perhaps Pre-Greek because of -A-/ -λλ-.

XXXXXβαλαύστιον [n.] 'flower of the wild pomegranate' (Dsc., Gal.). < PG>

    *VAR  βαλώστιον (pap. III*).

===Pag_243: Beekes_Página_0243.tiff===

    *COMP βαλαυστιουργός (Alciphr. 1, 2), form and mg. uncertain, 'dyer'?

    *DER βαλαύστῴρλινος (pap.).

    *ETYM The variation av/w is typical of Pre-Greek words. Moreover, the meaning    already suggests substrate origin. Fur: 301 compares ▶︎ βαλλωτή 'Ballota nigra'  (Dsc.).

XXXXXβαλβίς, -ἶδος [f.] 'rope indicating start and finish of the race-course, turning post' (Att.).

    *DER βαλβιδώδης 'provided with cavities' (Hp.), cf. Wendel Herm. 69 (1934): 345.

    *ETYM Formation with -15- like κρηπίς, κνημίς, etc. βαλβίς is a technical term  borrowed from the Pre-Greek (already Groéelj Ziva Ant. 4 (1954): 164ff.).

XXXXXβάλε [interj.) with optative: 'o that!' (Alcm.).

    *VAR Also ἄβάλε, ἄβάλε (= & Pade) with ind. and inf. (Call.).

    *ETYM Probably an aor.ipv. of βάλλω. Older litt. is mentioned by Frisk, who  compares the Lithuanian permissive particle te-gu (quite uncertain).

XXXXXβαλιός [adj.] 'spotted, dappled' (E.), 'swift' (Opp.; after ἀργός). «ἢ

    *VAR  With a different accent (see Schwyzer: 380, 635): Βαλίος, name of a horse of  Achilles (I1.).

    *DER βαλία: ὀφθαλμία 'an eye-disease' (H.)?

    *ETYM Cf. πολιός and other color adjectives in -ἰ(ε)ός (Chantraine 1933: 123). Since  *b- is rare in PIE, it has been considered a loanword from another IE language: eg. Thracian/Phrygian (Solmsen KZ 34 (1897): 72ff.), Illyrian (GroSelj Ziva Ant. 3 (1953):  203), Macedonian (Schwyzer: 68, hesitantly). If so, the genuinely Greek cognate  would have to be ▶︎ φαλιός, Pok: 1:8 posits *b'el-. Athanassakis Glotta 78 (2000): 1-11 demonstrates with an extensive discussion that  the word is of Illyrian origin; cf. Alb. ballé 'horse with a white spot on its forehead'. For the Albanian word, Huld 1984: 40 reconstructs *b'ol-; Demiraj 1997 assumes  Ἐ0}}.1-.

XXXXXβαλίς [f.] = σίκυς ἄγριος 'wild cucumber' (Ps.-Dsc.). <?>

    *DER βαλιδικά (κάρυα 'nut-bearing tree', pap.).

    *ETYM See André Et. class. 24 (1956): 40-2, who connects it with βάλλω, because the  fruit throws out its sap and kernel.

XXXXXβαλλάντιον [n.] 'purse' (com., Thphr.).

    *VAR βαλάντιον (less frequent).

    *ETYM Unknown. Krahe (see Frisk) thought it was a word from the northern  Balkans, related to Lat. follis. However, it is perhaps Pre-Greek because of the  variation -A- ~ -AA-. Cf. ▶︎ βαλλίον.

XXXXXβάλλεκα [Ὁ] - ψῆφον 'pebble' (H.).

    *ETYM The connection with Lat. (Iber.) bai(Duca 'gold-sand, grain of gold' (WH sv. baliix; Belardi Dexa 3 (1950): 198) is improbable, since the gloss does not refer to  gold. Apparently, the word contains a suffix -ex-, which is very rare (compare  ▶︎ ἀλώπηξ); therefore, we opt for Pre-Greek origin.

===Pag_244: Beekes_Página_0244.tiff=== XXXXXβάλλω 197 βαλ(λλήν, -ῆνος [πλ.} 'king' (A.), also name of a mythical stone in Phrygia (Ps.-Plu.).

    *VAR Less certain βαλήν = παλὴν (inscr. [V* Lycia).

    *DER βαλληναῖον (ὄρος) = βασιλικὸν ὄρος.

    *ETYM Unexplained. According to H. and others, the word is Thourian or Phrygian;  at any rate, it is an Anatolian loan (Solmsen 1909: 138f.). The word is not related to  Lat. débilis, nor to Aram. ba'léna 'our Lord'. The ending -nv is a common feature of  Pre-Greek (Fur: 143).

XXXXXβαλλητύς [f.] Festival in Eleusis during which stones were thrown (Ath. 9, 406d ff.; see Deubner 1932: 69). <?>

    *ETYM Because of the incomprehensible formation of the stem (in spite of fut. βαλλή-σω), the word is probably a loanword adapted to βάλλω by folk etymology  (Schwyzer: 291). On the other hand, DELG accepts a morphological analysis βαλλη-  + -TUS,

XXXXXβαλλίζω [v.] = βάλλω 'to throw' (Sophr.), but = κωμάζω, χορεύω 'to celebrate; to dance (Ath., etc.), known from the western colonies (Ath. 8, 3620 f.). 4 GR>

    *DER βαλλισμός 'dance' (Alex.). βαλλιστής (Shipp Glotta 39 (1960): 149-52) from  which Lat. ballista 'catapult' (since Plaut.); βαλλίστρα 'id.' (Procop.); as a  constellation Scherer 1953: 203.

    *ETYM Derived from βάλλω. On the meaning, see Paessens RAM 90 (1941): 146ff.,  Radermacher RhM 91 (3942): s2ff., and DELG. Lat. balldre 'dance' is related to  βαλλίζω, but is not directly borrowed from it.

XXXXXβαλλίον [n.] = φαλλός 'phallus' (Herad.). «τὰν»

    *DER BaAAiwv PN (Axionic.), Lat. Ballio (Pt.); Thracian people's name Tpt-BadAoil?  (but see Detschew 1957: $26).

    *ETYM If cognate with ▶︎ φαλλός, the word might be from another language (Thraco-  Phrygian?). See Haas Wien. Stud. 71 (1958): 161-7. See also Fur. 172, who assumes a  Pre-Greek root *paA/ BaA- 'Hervorspringendes'. Note also ▶︎ βάζμ)βαλον 'aidoiov'.

XXXXXβάλλις, -ews [f.] a medicinal plant (Xanth. 16). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. See L. Robert 1937: 156-8. Cf. ▶︎ βάλ(λαρις, ▶︎ βαλλωτή, and  ▶︎ BaXic.

XXXXXβάλλω [v.] 'to throw, hit' (IL), originally probably 'to reach, hit by throwing'.

    <IE  *p'elh,- 'hit by throwing'>

    *VAR Aor. βαλεῖν (βλείην, ξυμβλήτην, EBAnto), perf. BEBANKa, -μαι, (BeBoAnpiévoc  from *BéBoAa, Chantraine 1942: 235°), fut. βαλῶ, also βαλλήσω (see ▶︎ βαλλητύςλ.

    *DIAL Arc. δέλλω in ἐσ-δέλλω = ἐκ-βάλλω, also ζέλλω, ἔζελεν (EM, see below).

    *COMP ἀνα-, ἀπο-, ἐμ- ἐκ- βάλλω, etc.

    *DER 1. βόλος [m.] 'throwing, net' (A.); in compounds πρόβολος [m.] 'projecting  land', etc. (Od.). 2. βολή [f.] 'throw(ing)' (11... Many derivatives of βόλος, βολή: see  DELG. 3. βέλος [n.] 'throwing weapon' (I].); cf. ▶︎ βελόνη. 4. βέλεμνον 'arrow, javelin'  (IL), see below. 5. -βλής in compounds, eg. προβλής, -ῆτος 'projecting' (11... 6. βλῆμα 'throw, throwing weapon; wound'. 7. -βλησις in compounds, e.g. ἀνάβλησις

===Pag_245: Beekes_Página_0245.tiff===

'delay' (1}.). 8. -βληστρον (on the o see Schwyzer: 706) in ἀμφίβληστρον 'net' (Hes.). See »βαλλητύς, ▶︎ βλῆτρον. Few derived agent nouns; from a simplex only βλήτειρα ὀιστῶν (Alex. Aet.); nouns in -evc were derived from the compounds, eg. -βολεύς (Hell.) in ἀμφιβολεύς, etc. also διαβλήτωρ (Man.) = διάβολος. Formation in -(é)ty¢ in ἑκατηβελέ-της (IL) < *-p"elh,-teh,-, = ἑκατηβόλος. Adjectives: from the compounds we have derivations in -βλητικός and -βλήσιμος, and adverbs in -δην, eg. παραβλήδην (1].). Deverbative βολέω has been assumed for the perfect forms in βεβολήατο, βεβολημένος, etc., but see Chantraine 1942: 435.

    *ETYMIA βάλλω and Arc. ζέλλω, -δέλλω point to original *g'-. The geminate -A)-  derives either from a yod-present PGr. *g'al-ie/o- or from a nasal present PGr. *g'al-  n-e/o-, perhaps for originally athematic *g'/-n(e)h,-. The full-grade in Arc. δέλλω  (Gé\dw) was taken from the aorist ἔζελεν- ἔβαλεν (H.), which represents an old root  aorist *h,e-g'elh,-t (see Hardarson 1993a: 162ff.), while ἔβαλον continues the zero  grade of the same root aorist: 3pl. *g'/h,-o-nt. The old full grade βελε- is also found in  ▶︎ ἑκατηβελέτης and in βέλεμνον (note that Fur. 151 considers the latter to be a  substrate word because of the suffix, and connects πελεμίζω). The form βλη- derives  from the zero grade *g'lh,C-, which is certain for ἔβλητο (see Francis Glotta 52  (1974); 1-30). On the meaning of ἔβλην, see McCullagh KZ 115 (2002): 59-78. Remarkably, this seemingly old verb has no certain cognates. Av. ni-yraire probably  stands for *ni-ynd- (Insler KZ 81 (1967): 259-64), while the appurtenance of ToA kla-  , ToB klay%- 'to fall', Skt. ud-giirna-, and Olr. atbaill 'dies' is highly uncertain  (notwithstanding LIV? s.v. *g'elh,-). Not related to Skt. galati 'to drip', OHG quellan  'to bubble up', etc. (= LIV' s.v. 2.*g'elH-). See ▶︎ βούλομαι, ▶︎ βελόνη.

XXXXXβαλλωτή [f.] a plant, 'Ballota nigra' (Dsc.).

    *ETYM Cf. »βάλαρις, ▶︎ βάλλις, and Strémberg 1940: 151. Fur.: 301 compares  > βαλαύστιον (also -wottov); the interchange av/ w is well-attested in Pre-Greek  words, as is the suffix -wt-.

XXXXXβαλμός [m.] ({n.]?) - στῆθος 'breast' (H.).

    *ETYM Unknown. According to Grogelj Ziva Ant. 3 (1953): 196, the word is Pre-  Greek. For the suffix, cf. ▶︎ λαιμός. Fur.: 172, 178 convincingly compares φαλὸν- τὸ  στερεὸν κύκλωμα τοῦ στέρνου 'the solid circle of the breast' (H.). The variation  bertween βαλμ- and φαλ- points to Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXβάλσαμον [n.) 'balsam', both the shrub and its oil (Arist.); 'Comiphora Opobalsamum'. and 'Chrysanthemum balsamita'.

    *VAR See below.

    *DER βαλσαμίνη ᾿βούφθαλμον᾽ (Ps.-Dsk.), 'onoBdAcauov' (Plin.); cf. Stromberg 1944:  38.

    *ETYM Assumed to be Semitic, cf. Akk. basamu, Hebr. basam, and Arab. basam 'id'  (Lewy 1895: 41). Fur.: 143 etc. argues for Near-Eastern origin on the basis of the -λ-  (and Arm. apr(a)sam and the variants πάλσαμον, βλάσαμον, βάρσαμον). However,  Schrader-Nehring 1917 (s.v. Balsam) state that the plant originated from the far south

===Pag_246: Beekes_Página_0246.tiff=== XXXXXβάναυσος, -ον 199 (Africa) and became known only after Alexander. On plant names in -αμον, -αμος, see Schwyzer: 494 and Chantraine 1933: 133.

XXXXXβαμβαίνω [v.] 'to chatter with the teeth, stammer' (K 375, Bion, AP).

    *ETYM Onomatopoeic verb. Cf. βαμβακύζω (Hippon.), βαμβαλύζω (Phryn., H.);  γογγύζω, etc., as well as βαμβαλεῖν (H.). See Weber RAM 82 (1933): 193'. Not related  to Baivw, as per Schwyzer: 647. Cf. ▶︎ βαβάζειν,» βάβαλον.

XXXXXβαμβακεύτριαι [f.] - μαγγανεύτριαι, οἱ δὲ φαρμάκισσαι, οἱ δὲ AaAovoat 'tricksters, others: women using charms, others: chattering women', also τὸ δὲ βαμβακείας χάριν: φαρμακείας χάριν 'thanks to sorcery' (both H.).

    *VAR βάμβακους τοὺς φάρμακους Κίλικες καλοῦσιν 'the Cilicians call drugs B.' (AB). Also ἀβαμβάκευτος 'not seasoned', of food (Pyrgion apud Ath.), for which there are  no obvious cognates.

    *ETYM A word for medicine or charms; the meaning ᾿λαλοῦσαι᾽ must have arisen  secondarily. The basis is identical with that of the word for 'cotton', ▶︎ βαμβάκιον;  cotton was thought to have a medicinal effect.

XXXXXβαμβάκιον [n.] 'cotton' (Suidas s.v. πάμβαξ).

    *VAR παμβακίς (AP 6,254,6, Myrin.), πάμβαξ (Suid.).

    *DER βαμβακοειδής, ν.1. for βομβυκ- (Dsc. 3,16).

    *ETYM Cotton is first mentioned in an inscription by Sanherib. Hdt. 3,106 describes it  as Indian. Theophrastus says that it was found near the Persian Gulf. We find the  word in MP pambak, whence Arm. bambak, Oss. bembeg. From Greek were  borrowed Lat. bambax, bambagium with Ital. bambagia; through the influence of  βόμβυξ (because of the formal and semantic resemblance?), Ital. bombagio, MoFr. bombasin. Another Gr. designation is ἐριόξυλον; cf. MoHG Baumwolle. Pliny uses  the word gossypium. Unclear is whether »Bvococ in Pausanias also means 'cotton'. For 'cotton', see also ▶︎ κάρπασος. Cf. ▶︎ βαμβακεύτριαι.

XXXXXβάμβαλον - ἱμάτιον: καὶ τὸ αἰδοῖον. Φρύγες 'a garment; genitals (Phrygian)' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Probably two words. See L. Robert 1963: 153 (the treatment of Campanile SSL  3 (1963): 83-85 is incorrect).

XXXXXβαμβραδών, -όνος [f.] kind of sprat (Epich.).

    *VAR βεμβράς (Aristomen.), μεμβράς; βεβράδα- ἀθερίνην 'kind of smelt' (H.).

    *DER μεμβραφύα s.v. ▶︎ ἀφύη.

    *ETYM The word has been derived from βράζω, by comparison with βαμβρασμός:  καχλασμός 'splashing of water' and βαμβράσσει: ὀργίζεται 'is angry' (Cyr.), under  the improbable assumption that the fish was named after the sound it makes (e.g. Stromberg 1943: 63ff.). Given the formal variants, the word is rather Pre-Greek. For  the formation, cf. animal names like »tev@pndwv, τερηδών (Schwyzer: 5209f.,  Chantraine 1933: 360f.).

XXXXXβάναυσος, -ov [adj., m.] 'of an artisan; artisan'; metaph. 'vulgar' (TA). 4 PG(S)>

    *DER βαναυσία.

===Pag_247: Beekes_Página_0247.tiff===

    *ETYM According to EM 187, 40, ἃ haplology from "βαύναυσος, in turn a compound  of »βαῦνος 'furnace' and »αὔω 'scoop, light a fire'. Although this would fit  Hesychius' explanation βαναυσία: πᾶσα τέχνη διὰ πυρός. κυρίως δὲ ἡ περὶ τὰς  καμίνους. καὶ πᾶς τεχνίτης χαλκεὺς ἤ χρυσοχόος βάναυσος 'any art using fire; in  common usage, the art using furnaces; also, any metal worker or goldsmith is a  βάναυσος᾽, we have to disregard that as folk etymology (Kretschmer Glotta 21 (1933):  178). Evidently, it is rather a Pre-Greek word. For the suffix -σος, cf. κόμπασος and  ὄρυξος (see Pre-Greek).

XXXXXβαννάται [f.] - ai λοξοὶ Kai μὴ ἰθυτενεῖς ὁδοὶ παρὰ Ταραντίνοις: τὸ δὲ αὐτὸ καὶ βάννατροι 'slanting and non-straight roads (Tarant.); the same as βάννατροι᾽ (H.). <>

    *ETYM DELG suggests that B- represents F-, and that the gloss contains *fapv-, as in  βάννεια 'piste des moutons'. Uncertain.

XXXXXβανωτός [m.] 'vase used as a measure' (pap. III*, Callix.).

    *ETYM Pre-Greek; for the suffix -wt-, see Pre-Greek (the -w probably goes back to  -au-, which makes comparison with βάναυσος attractive).

XXXXXβάπτω [v.] 'to immerse, so as to temper or color' (Od.). <?>

    *VAR Aor. βάψαι.

    *DER 1. βαφή 'dipping, temper, dye' (IA); 2. βάμμα 'dye' (Ρ].); 3. Bayne 'id' (Antiph.). βαφεύς 'dyer' (Ρ].), βαφεῖον (Str.); verb Bartitw, which appears metathesized in  βιπτάζω (Epich.).

    *ETYM Often considered to be a yod-present comparable to ON kvefja 'to press  down, immerse, choke' and OSw. kvaf [n.] 'depth' (thus Frisk). However, this does  not explain the -a-. The by-form βύπτειν: βαπτίζειν (H.) is perhaps formed  analogically after δύπτειν (see ▶︎ δύω) or κύπτειν; it does not reflect an original zero  grade.

XXXXXβάραθρον [n.] 'cleft, abyss'.

    *VAR βέρεθρον (Hom; Aeol.?, Chantraine 1942: 114), from which (through  "βέρθρον) βέθρον (Euph.), Arc. Cépe8pov (representing 5-; cf. CéAAw = δέλλω s.v. ▶︎ βάλλω).

    *ETYM The connection with ▶︎ βιβρώσκω 'devour' cannot be maintained: *g'erh,- /  *e"rh; would give *Sepo-/ βρω-, *Bap(o)-. In view of the variants, the word is rather  Pre-Greek, like ▶︎ φάραγξ; see Beekes 1969: 193 (on alleged Illyrian cognates, see  Krahe IF 58 (1942): 220).

XXXXXβάρακος [m.] - ἰχθὺς ποιός H., a freshwater fish in a Boeotian inscr. «ΡΟ»

    *VAR Cf. βαρκαῖος (Theognost.).

    *ETYM Cf. Thompson 1947 s.v. and Lacroix 1938: 52. Fur.: 116 compares βάλαγρος().

XXXXXβάραξ, -κος [m.] a kind of cake (Epil.).

    *VAR βήρηξ (Ath; H. also Brpak); πάραξ (Test. Epict.); βάρακες: τὰ προφυράματα  τῆς μάζης 'dough kneaded in advance for a cake' - Ἀττικοί δὲ βήρηκας: δηλοῖ δὲ καὶ  τὴν τολύπην 'it also designates the ball-shaped cake' (H.).

===Pag_248: Beekes_Página_0248.tiff=== XXXXXβάρηκες 201

    *ETYM A foreign word (thus already Bechtel 1921, 2: 368), and typically Pre-Greek  (suffix -ax-, variants B/1). Cf. ▶︎ βάρηκες.

XXXXXβάρβαξ - ἱέραξ παρὰ Λίβυσι 'hawk, falcon (Libyan)' (H.). A PN on Thera, Masson RPh. 93 (1967): 231. <?>

    *ETYM See Fauth Herm. 96 (1968): 257f.

XXXXXβάρβαρος, -ov [m.) 'foreign(er), non-Greek', also adj. 'uncivilized, raw (IA). «ὌΝΟΜ»

    *COMP βαρβαρόφωνος 'of foreign speech' (Il.).

    *DER βαρβαρικός foreign' (Simon., Th., X., Arist., etc.) with βαρβαρίκιον name of a  garment (pap.); βαρβαρώδης (sch., Tz.). Denominative verbs: 1. BapBapi{w 'to behave like a foreigner, to side with the  barbarians = Persians' (Hdt.), whence βαρβαρισμός 'use of foreign language or  customs, language mistakes' (Arist, Hell.), adv. βαρβαριστί 'in a foreign way, in  foreign language' (Ar., Plu. et al.); 2. βαρβαρόομαι 'to become a barbarian, become  uncivilized' (S.).

    *ETYM An onomatopoeic reduplicated formation, which originally referred to the  language of the foreigner. One may compare Skt. (post-Vedic) barbara- 'stammer', a  designation of non-Aryan peoples. In spite of Sumer. barbar 'foreigner' not of  Babylonian or Sumerian origin. From βάρβαρος was borrowed Lat. barbarus. Comparable formations in other IE languages are mentioned in Pok. gif. and  Mayrhofer EW Aia 2: 217 s.v. balbala-.

XXXXXβάρβιτος [f.] or [m.] musical instrument with many strings (Pi.).

    *VAR Later also -ov [n.], also βάρμιτος (EM 188, 21, called Aeolic); also βάρμος  (Phillis apud Ath. 14, 636c) and βάρωμος (Ath.).

    *ETYM Foreign word (Phrygian? See Str. 10, 3, 17). Grogelj Slavisti¢na Revija 4 (1951):  250 connects it with φόρμιγξ, as does Fur.: 173, etc. The word is most probably Pre-  Greek, with a suffix -1t-. Perhaps the strange -w- in the variant βάρωμος can be  explained from *bar'm-? Otherwise, one might consider the possibility that this -w-  is the result of epenthesis.

XXXXXβαρβός [m.] = μύστρον 'spoon' (Ar. fr. 341). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXβαρδῆν [v.] - τὸ βιάζεσθαι γυναῖκας. Ἀμπρακιῶται 'to coerce women (Ambrac.)' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. Not convincing are the solutions by Pisani RhM 97 (1945): 62" (of  Illyrian origin, from *b*er- 'bear', which would also be the source of Lat. forda  'pregnant'), Bechtel 1921, 2: 282 (as original *fapdfjv related to ἄρδαλος 'dirt'), and  Pischel BB 7 (1883): 334 (to Skt. mydnati 'squeezes').

XXXXXβάρηκες [m.]/[f.]? = τὰ οὖλα τῶν ὀδόντων, σιαγόνες, τολύπη 'the gums, cheeks; clew of wool', etc. (EM 188, 37ff.).

    *VAR ▶︎ βάρακες ἱτολύπη᾽ 'ball-shaped cake' (H.).

===Pag_249: Beekes_Página_0249.tiff===

    *ETYM Cf. »βαβρῆκες 'id'. Is the word from Pre-Gr. *barv-ak-? or simply  reduplicated, i.e. *ba-b[a]r-ak-?    βᾶρις 1 [f.] 'Egyptian boat, a kind of raft' (A.). «τὴν Eg.>

    *VAR Gen. -ίδος, -10¢.

    *ETYM The word is of Egyptian origin, cf. Copt. bari 'boat? (Hemmerdinger Glotta 46  (1968): 241). From βᾶρις is borrowed Lat. baris, barca (< *bérica) 'bark'. Fur. 325, on  the other hand, considers all these words to be loans from a Mediterranean  substrate. On the 'strengthened' form βούβαρις (Philist. 56), see Chantraine 1928: 16.

XXXXXβᾶρις 2 [f.] 'large (fortified) house' (LXX). Toponym, see L. Robert 1963: 14-6, 128.

    *VARGen. -1606, -εως.

    *ETYM Probably Illyrian (Krahe 1955: 39, with d from au); cf. »βαυρία - οἰκία EM  (Messapian) and ▶︎ βύριον. Alternatively, we may consider the possibility that the  word derives from a Pre-Greek form *bar'-, which would explain the interchange    Bap- ~ Baup- ~ Bup-.

XXXXXβαρΐτης (m.) name of a bird (Dionys. Av. 3, 2). 42>

    *ETYM Unknown; any connection with ▶︎ βᾶρις 2 is not compelling.

XXXXXβάριχοι : ἄρνες 'lambs, sheep' (H.). =dprv.

XXXXXβαρνάμενος = p dpvapal.

XXXXXβᾶρος [m.) kind of spice (Mnesim. 4, 62). <?>

    *VAR  βάρον [n.].

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXβαρύες [m.]/[f.]? - δένδρα 'trees' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. The word is hardly related to βορέας, as per Osthoff 1901: 48. See  > ἄβλαροι.

XXXXXβάρευρκα : αἰδοῖον παρὰ Ταραντίνοις. καὶ περόνη 'the genitals [Tarant.]; a pin' (H.). 4%

    *ETYM Unknown. Completely uncertain is the idea of von Blumenthal 1930: 10f. that  the word is Illyrian-Messapian, related to Lat. ferid, ford, and to φάρυγξ, etc. Comparison of the suffix (Lat. verritca) is pointless, since the -u- is a conjecture.

XXXXXβαρύς [adj.] 'heavy', of tone 'low, deep' (IL).

    *COMP βαρύ-γδουπος (Pi.), etc.

    *DER βαρύτης, -ητος [f.] (Att.). Denominatives: 1. Baptvw 'weigh down, oppress'  (11); 2. βαρύθω 'be weighed down' (1].); 3. Bapéw see below. Further βάρος [n.]  'heavy weight' (as a simplex Hdt.; in compounds (χαλκο-, οἰνο-βαρής) already 1]. The ptc. βεβαρηώς (οἴνῳ βεβαρηότες, -ότα y 139, τ 122) cf. οἰνοβαρής (A 225;  metrically lengthened οἰνοβαρείων τ 374, « 555), from which oivopapéw (Thgn.);  thence (?) βεβαρημένος (PL); βόρημαι (Sapph. Supp. 25, 17) with Aeol. vocalism;  Bapéw (Hp. Morb.).

===Pag_250: Beekes_Página_0250.tiff=== XXXXXβάσκανος, -ον 203

    *ETYM The word is identical in formation with Skt. gurui- and Go. kaurus 'heavy',  whereas Lat. gravis reflects *graus < *g'reh.us. The full grade is seen in the Skt. compar. gdriydn. Lat. britus 'heavy, brute', which goes back to an extended *g'rH-u-  to-, is originally an Oscan word. Cf. ▶︎ βριαρός, ▶︎ βρίθω.

XXXXXβάρ(ωλ)μος ''βάρβιτος.

XXXXXβασαγίκορος [adj.] - ὁ θᾶσσον συνουσιάζων (Hippon.). <?>

    *ETYM Is this word corrupt? See O. Masson 1962: 173. Shall we compare ἀψίκορος  'quickly satiated' s.v. ▶︎ ἅπτωξ

XXXXXβάσανος [f.] 'touchstone, examination, inquiry (by torture), agony' (Pi.).

    *DER βασανίτης λίθος (H, Ptol.). Denominative Bacavitw 'put to the test, inquire  (by torture)' (IA).

    *ETYM From Eg. bahan, a stone, which was used by the Egyptians as a touchstone of  gold. It came to Greece via Lydia (Λυδία λίθος, B. 22); the o for h is unclear. See  Sethe Berl.Ak.Sb. 1933: 894ff.; Kretschmer Glotta 24 (1936): 90. In Plin. 36, 58,  basaniten became basalten by mistake, which is the origin of basalt. See Niedermann  Mus. Helv. 2 (1945): 127f.

XXXXXβασιλεύς [π|.] 'king (especially the Persian king), prince' (Il.). < PG(S)>

    *DIAL Myc. qa-si-re-u /gasileus/; fem. qa-si-re-i-ja; qa-si-re-wi-jo-te /g'asilewjontes/.

    *DER Feminine forms: βασίλεια (Od.); βασιλίς (S.), βασιληΐς (Man., Epigr. Gr. 989, 3),  βασίλισσα (inscr. Athens 3377, com.; formed to stems in -tx- from words like  Κίλισσα, Φοίνισσα, etc.); βασίλιννα 'wife of the ἄρχων βασιλεύς in Athens' (D.; cf. Κόριννα, Φίλιννα, etc., hypocoristic, Schwyzer 491; differently Chantraine 1933: 205). Diminutive βασιλίσκος, also name of a snake, fish, etc. (Hp.; cf. Str6émberg 1943:  gif.), adjectives βασιλήϊος (Od.), βασίλειος (Att.); fem. also βασιληΐς (1].);  substantivized ntr. βασιλήϊον, βασίλειον, 'king's palace' (IA). Denominative verb:  βασιλεύω (IL).

    *ETYM Beside βασιλεύς, Greek has two other words for 'king', ▶︎ κοίρανος and ▶︎ ἄναξ,  βασιλεύς is the youngest; see Wackernagel 1916: 209ff. The word is no doubt of Pre-  Greek origin (ie. not a loanword from another country); labiovelars are well-known  in this language.

XXXXXβάσκανος, -ov [adj., m.] 'one who bewitches, sorcerer, slanderer' (Att.). < EUR?>

    *DER βασκανία, βασκάνιον 'bewitching, witchcraft'; βασκοσύνη 'id.' (Poet. de herb.,  mag. pap.), for βασκ(αν)οσύνη. Denominative verb Backaivw 'to bewitch'.

    *ETYM Generally connected with βάσκειν: λέγειν, κακολογεῖν, and further with  ▶︎ βάζω. However, βάσκειν in the sense ἱκακολογεῖν᾽ may have been influenced by  βάσκανος itself. Kretschmer 1896: 248* unconvincingly considered the word to be a  borrowing from a Thraco-Illyrian representative of φημί, φάσκω. One has also tried  to connect Lat. fascinum, which cannot be a loanword from Greek; perhaps the Latin  and the Greek have a common origin in a substrate. Cf. further ▶︎ βασκευταί,  > βάσκιοι.

===Pag_251: Beekes_Página_0251.tiff===

XXXXXβασκαρίζειν [v.] - σκαρίζειν, Κρῆτες 'to jump (Cret.)' (H.).

    *ETYM DELG thinks it is derived from βάσκω after the verbs in -apitw, but this  hardly explains the meaning 'jump'.

XXXXXβάσκα '-μακέλη.

XXXXXβασκᾶς [m.] kind of duck (Ar. Av. 88ς,ν.]. Arist. HA 593b 17), 4 PG(V)>

    *VAR Acc. -d. Also βοσκάς, -άδος (Arist. ibid. Alex. Mynd. apud Ath. 9, 395d, and  φασκάς, -άδος [f.] (Alex. Mynd. ibid.); H. gives all forms.

    *ETYMCE. ἀτταγᾶς, ἐλασᾶς, and other bird names; see Chantraine 1933: 31. The o of  the variant βοσκάς can hardly be due to influence of βόσκω; nor is the B- (compared  to the φ- of φασκάς) Thracian or Illyrian. For the gloss βοσκάς: φασκάς. Λίβιοι (H.),  Latte suggests: '<IA>Avptol? (propter B pro ~)'. However, the variation has to be  taken seriously: it clearly points to Pre-Greek origin (Fur. 168; unconvincing,  however, is his link with Bulg. patka, Span. pato, p. 251; Sardian busciu, adduced by  Thompson 1895 s.v. βοσκάς, is nothing better).

XXXXXβασκαύλης [m./f.] an unknown utensil (POxy. 1, 109, 22, III-IV"). «LW Celt.»

    *VAR Perhaps also ▶︎ μασκαυλης.

    *ETYM Grenfell-Hunt adduce Lat. vasculum, but this would hardly yield the Greek  form. WH considered it a loan from Lat. bascauda (also m-) 'metal washing-basin'  (Mart.). Thus Szemerényi Gnomon 43 (1971): 660, but his proposal that the Greek  word is due to a misreading of A for A is improbable; it could well be a phonetic  development. Fur: 212 thinks that the word is Pre-Greek, as shown by b/m and d/l. He further recalls Talmud. maskel 'basin', which would confirm its Mediterranean  origin. However, Martialis 14, 99 appears to prove that the word is Celtic (or perhaps  a European substrate word).

XXXXXβασκευταί [m.)/[f.]? - φασκίδες, ἀγκάλαι fascides; bundles' (H.). 'ΑΚ Cf. βάσκιοι: δεσμαὶ φρυγάνων 'bundles of firewood' (H.).

    *ETYM It has been suggested that the word is Macedonian, cognate with Lat. fascia  'binding'. On the assumption that φασκίδες is the genuinely Greek reflex,  Szemerényi KZ 71 (1954): 212f. proposed that it is Illyrian. However, the word rather  seems to come from a European substrate; see Beekes 2000: 21-31. Not related to  ▶︎ φάσκωλος,    βάσκω ''βάζω and βαίνω.

XXXXXβασσάρα [f.] 'fox' (sch. Lyc. 771), 'dress of a Bacchante' (EM, AB, H.) from the skin of a fox; 'bacchante' (sch. Lyc. 771, EM), 'impudent woman' (Lyc., EM).

    *DER Bacodpiov 'fox' (Hdt. 4, 192; Libyan), βασσαρεύς name of Dionysus (Hor.),  βάσσαρος = βάκχος (Orph.); denominative verb ἀνα-βασσαρέω 'to break forth in  Bacchic frenzy' (Anacr.).

    *ETYM Herodotus calls the word Libyan, which seems to be confirmed by the  etymological connection with Eg. wasar, Copt. basor (Szemerényi Gnomon 43 (1971):  660, without reference). Szemerényi further tries to maintain the connection with

===Pag_252: Beekes_Página_0252.tiff=== XXXXXβατάνη 205 Hitt. yasSuuar 'clothing', rightly rejected by Neumann 1961: 19. Fur.: 257°* notes that βάσσος = βασσάρα (EM), and that -ap(oc) is a frequent Pre-Greek suffix.

XXXXXβάσσος [n.] - οὐδετέρως: ἡ βῆσσα 'a neuter word meaning glen, vale' (H.).

    *ETYM Schwyzer RhM 81 (1932): 1991. (who argues against the accentuation Baoooc)  proposes Ἰβάθ-σος. However, beside βῆσσα, we find Dor. βᾶσσα, so that βάσσος  could be a variant of βῆσσα and βᾶσσα; if so, Pre-Greek origin becomes likely. The  suggestion of Kretschmer Glotta 22 (1934): 298f. that Lat. bassus 'lowly' is borrowed  from this word remains quite uncertain. See ▶︎ βῆσσα, ▶︎ βαθύς.

XXXXXβαστά [n.pl.) - ὑποδήματα. Ἰταλιῶται 'sandals (Ital.)' CH.). <?>

    *ETYM Johansson IF 19 (1906): 121 takes βαστά as Messapian and connects it with  OHG, etc. bast 'bark'. Jacobsohn ZfdA 66 (1952-1953): 238ff. thinks it is an Iranian  (Scythian) Wanderwort, i.e. Av. and OP basta- 'bound' (cf. πεῖσμα, ne vGepdc); this is  uncertain. Not related to Lat. fascis (see ▶︎ βασκευταίλ See Meid IF 69 (1965): 232.

XXXXXβαστάζω [v.] 'to lift up, raise' (Od.). <?>

    *VAR Aor. βαστάσαι, late βαστάξαι.

    *DER βάσταγμα 'load' (E.), βασταγή 'transport' (Lyd.). Here also βάστραχαις: τοὺς  τραχήλους. Βοιωτοί 'necks, throats (Boeot.)' (H.) (EM), from βάστακας (from  Ἰβάσταξ, cf. *udotak and Bechtel 1921, 1: 303) contaminated with τράχηλος; further  βαστραχηλίζει: τραχηλίζει 'twist the neck, overpower' (H.) and βαστραχαλίσαι:  τραχηλιάσαι; from carrying on one's back. Baotépviov from Lat. basterna.

    *ETYM Unknown. Connection with βαίνω (see Schwyzer 1937: 70) is not convincing.

XXXXXβασυνίας [m.] kind of sacrificial cake, from the island Hecate near Delos (Semos 3).

    *DER βασυμνιάτης 'baker of B.' (inscr. Corycos, Lycia).

    *ETYM See von Wilamowitz 1931: 264. Fur: 245 adduces the variant with -μν-, which  proves Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXβάταλος [m.] - καταπύγων Kai ἀνδρόγυνος, κίναιδος, ἔκλυτος 'a lewd man, hermaphrodite, catamite; lascivious' (H.); = πρωκτός 'anus' (Eup. 82 apud Harp.). «ΡΟ»

    *VAR Also βάτταλος; βατᾶς, βαδᾶς and σπάταλος 'wanton, lascivious'; see below.

    *DER βαταλίζομιαι 'to live like a B. (Theano), -ίζω (τὰ ὀπίσθια, of a horse) 'to turn to  and fro' (Hippiatr.). Shortened (cf. Chantraine 1933: 31f.) βατᾶς: ὁ καταφερής. Ταραντῖνοι 'lecherous person (Tarantinian) (H.); βαδᾶς: κίναιδος ὡς Ἀμερίας (H.). Demosthenes was called Bat(t)aXoc in his youth (D. 18, 180; Aeschin. 1, 126; 2,99),  which perhaps referred to a speech-defect, namely pronouncing A for p and thus  βατταλίζειν for βατταρίζειν 'to stammer'; see Holst Symb. Oslo. 4 (1926): uff.

    *ETYM There has been an attempt to connect the word with Batéw 'mount'; however,  that βαδᾶς would be formed after βάδην, βαδίζω is quite improbable. Fur.: 154, etc. convincingly connects it with ▶︎ σπάταλος, which indicates Pre-Greek origin, along  with the interchange tt/ τί δ.

XXXXXβατάνη

    *ETYM See ▶︎ πατάνη.

===Pag_253: Beekes_Página_0253.tiff===

XXXXXβατέω

    *VAR βατεύω ⟹ βαίνω.

XXXXXβατιάκη [f.] a cup (Diph.).

    *ETYM The word is Persian, according to Ath. 784a. Rudgren Glotta 38 (1958): 10-4,  compared MoP bad(i)yah < *batiaka-. Thence the Lat. LW batioca. Fur. 179  compares βάτος, βάδος 'measure for liquids' (LXX), and the suffix -akn (158°), but  see ▶︎ βάτος 2.

XXXXXβατίς [f.] 'skate, ray' (Epich.); also a bird, 'stone chat'? (Arist.); also 'samphire, Crithmum maritimum' (Plin.).

    *ETYM If the word is identical with ▶︎ βότις, the vowel interchange points to Pre-  Greek origin, which is to be expected for a fish name anyhow.

XXXXXβάτος 1. [m.] and [f.] 'bramble, Rubus ulmifolius' (Od.). Also a fish, 'skate' (Epich.), because of its spines (Stromberg 1943: 47).

    *VAR βάτον [n.] 'blackberry' (Ὁ. S.).

    *DER βατία (Patid?) 'thicket' (Pi.); βάτιον 'mulberry on Salamis' (Parth.); Batic  'skate' (Epich.); name of a bird (Arist. HA 592b 17: ὄρνις σκωληκοφάγος); plant  name 'Crithmum maritimuny (Plin.); βατόεις 'thorny (Nic.). Not here Βατίεια =  σῆμα Μυρίνης (B 813) and the PN Bateta (Hellanic.), which are rather Illyrian.

    *ETYM Bertoldi Glotta 21 (1933): 258ff. points to ▶︎ μαντία 'blackberry', identified as  Dacian by Dsc. 4, 37, as well as several other plant names pointing to *ma(n)t-, e.g. Alb. man 'mulberry', Gheg mand; see also Fur: 209, 272. A widespread  Mediterranean word. See also DELG.

XXXXXβάτος 2 [m.] a measure for liquids (LXX). «τὰν Sem.>

    *VAR Also βάδος.

    *ETYM Probably a loan from Semitic (Hebr. bath); see LS] Supp. s.v. βαίθ, βαίθαρα. Cf. »βατιάκη.

XXXXXβάτραχος [m.] 'frog' (Hdt.). Also name of a fish, 'Lophius piscatorius' (Arist.), see Stromberg 1943: 92f.

    *VAR Ion. βάθρακος with displacement of aspiration, a common phenomenon (cf. Lejeune 1972: 59f.); βότραχος (Hp.) and βρόταχος (Xenoph. 40, see Bechtel 1921(3):  109); βρατάχους: βατράχους (H.); further βρούχετος: ... βάτραχον δὲ Κύπριοι (H.),  perhaps after βρυχάομαι; βύρθακος: βάτραχος (H.); βρύτιχοι: βάτραχοι μικροὶ  ἔχοντες οὐράς 'frogs having small tails' (H.) (cf. βρύωξ); βριαγχόνην: βάτραχον. Φωκεῖς (H.), a mistake for *Bp(a)t-ayy-?; βρόγχος: βάτραχος (H.) may also be a  mistake; also βλίκανος, βλίκαρος, BAixa(c) (H. EM, Suid.); βλίταχος (H.). βάβακοι:  ὑπὸ Ἠλείων τέττιγες 'cicalas', ὑπὸ Ποντικῶν δὲ βάτραχοι (H.), see ▶︎ βαβάζω.

    *DER Diminutive βατράχιον (Paus.), also plant name 'Ranunculus' (Hp., Dsc., cf. Stromberg 1940: 119); βατραχίσκοι: μέρος τι τῆς κιθάρας 'a part of the lyre' (H.); on  the suffixes Chantraine 1933: 408. βατραχίτης, -ἴτις (λίθος; because of the color;  Plin.).

    *ETYM Several variants are due to folk etymology or taboo, and also to simple  phonetic variation. A priori, a local (ie. Pre-Greek) form is to be expected for all of  these forms; the variation a/ ο points to this. This holds for βαρδακος as well, if this

===Pag_254: Beekes_Página_0254.tiff=== XXXXXβαυκός 207 is what must be read in H. for βαρακος: βάραχος (Fur: 184"; see Latte). The form may in origin have been onomatopoeic βρατ-αχ- (Grogelj Ziva Ant. 6 (1956): 235), with which compare βρεκεκεξ; or even brt-ak-, from which the forms with -v- may have originated (βύρθακος, βρύτιχος). The hopeless forms Bpiayxovn, βρόγχος (is this form to be read for Bpovbyetoc?) contain a (misread) prenasalized (Bpat)ayyoc, which would also point to Pre-Greek origin. The forms BAtk/y- and βάβακοι are etymologically unrelated. For the meaning 'hearth', Szemerényi Gnomon 43 (1971): 660 refers to Alb. vatér.

XXXXXβατταρίζω [v.] denoting ἃ speech-defect, perhaps 'to stammer' (Hippon.). Cf. Holst Symb. Oslo. 4 (1926): 11. ΑΚ Cf. βατταρισμοῖς: φλυαρίαις 'nonsense' and Βάττος: ...tpvAd@wvoc, ἰσχνόφωνος 'feeble; thin- or weak-voiced' (H.).

    *DER βατταρισμός (Phid.). Cf. Battapog (Herod.).

    *ETYM The word is comparable to BattoAoyéw 'stammer' (Ev. Matt. 6, 7, Simp.)  together with BattoAoyia: ἀργολογία, ἀκαιρολογία 'ill-timed speech' (H.). Cf. the  PN Βάττος (Hdt. 4, 155). See also ▶︎ βάταλος. Is it onomatopoeic? Cf. Lat. butubatta;  on βαττολογέω, see especially Blass and Debrunner 1959: Anh. § 40. See also Pok. 95.

XXXXXβαυβάω [v.] 'to sleep' (E. Fr. 694, etc.), also factitive 'to put to sleep' = κοιμίζω (H.). «ὌΝΟΜ»

    *DER βαυβών [m.] = ὄλισβος (Herod.), also βαυβώ- τιθήνη Δήμητρος 'nurse of D.'. σημαίνει δὲ καὶ κοιλίαν, ὡς παρ᾽ Ἐμπεδοκλεῖ (fr. 153) 'it means the womb/belly too,  like in Emp.' (H.); see Headlam and Knox 1922 to Herod. 6, 19; on the formation  Schwyzer: 478. βαυβαλίζω 'to make sleep' (Alex. 229) see ▶︎ BavkaAdw.

    *ETYM A nursery word.

XXXXXβαυβυκᾶνες -'βαϊβυξ.

XXXXXβαύὔζω [v.] 'to bark; revile, cry, etc. (A.).

    *DIAL Dor. βαὔσδω.

    *DER Also βαυβύζω (pap.).

    *ETYM Onomatopoeic form from βαύ Bab (Com. adespota 1304). Cf. Lat. baubor  'bark', Lith. baubti 'cry', of cows, etc.

XXXXXβαυκαλάω [v.] 'to lull to sleep, nurse' (Crates).

    *DER βαυκάλη 'cradle' (Sor.).

    *ETYM Denominative from βαύκαλος, known only from EM 192, 20: βαύκαλον'  μαλακιζόμενον, τρυφερόν, kai ὡραῖστόν 'softened, effeminate, affected'. This in turn  is aderivation from ▶︎ βαυκός, cf. ▶︎ Bavpaw.

XXXXXβαυκάλιον [n.] vase with a narrow neck (pap.).

    *ETYM One supposes Egyptian origin. See Nencioni Riv. degli stud. or. 19 (1940): 98ff. DELG suggests BavkaAdw, which does not seem probable. On the forms (including  MoFr. bocal) Leroy-Molinghen Byzantion 35 (1965): 214-20. Cf. καυκάλιον (s.v. ▶︎ καῦκος) and ▶︎ Bikoc.

XXXXXβαυκός [adj.] 'affected, prudish' (Arar. 9).

===Pag_255: Beekes_Página_0255.tiff===

    *COMP βαυκοπανοῦργος (Arist. ΕΝ 11270 27).

    *DER βαυκίδες [pl.] 'women's shoes' (Com., Herod.), βαυκίζομαι, -ίζω 'to play the  prude, θρύπτεσθαι᾽ (Alex. Com.}; βαυκισμός 'a dance' (Poll.). PN Βαῦκος. On  > βαυκαλάω, see s.v.

    *ETYM Cf. γλαυκός, σαυκός, and φολκός for the suffix. It is probably a Pre-Greek  adjective (but the comparison in Fur.: 325 with ψαυκρός, μαυκυρός is not evident). It  is uncertain whether the gloss 'women's shoes' belongs to this lemma. For Iranian  comparanda, see Rundgren Orientalia Suecana 6 (1957): 60f.

XXXXXβαῦνος [m.] 'furnace', also = χυτρόπους '(stand for a) pot' (Eratosth., Max. Tyr., etc.). 'ΑΒ Cf. Babviy κάμινος ἢ χωνευτήριον 'furnace' (H.).

    *ETYM Technical term without etymology. Fur.: 236 compares αὗνος' κάμινος.

XXXXXβαυρία -οβύριον, Bapic.

XXXXXβδάλλω [v.] 'to milk (cows) (PL).

    *VAR  Mostly present (rare aorists βδάλας, βδήλαιο). Also βδέλλω (sch. Theocr. 13,  34) (cf. βδέλλα 'leech').

    *DER βδάλσις 'suction' (Gal.). Difficult βδαλοί: ῥαφίδες 'garfish, Belone acus'  θαλάσσιαι. καὶ φλέβες κρισσώδεις 'varicose veins' (H.) (not a mistake for βελόνη;  βελλαι 'id' (H.), misread for βδαλοί, or a variant of "βδελλαιΐ

    *ETYM It is deceptive that βδάλλω looks like a zero grade of B5éAA-(a.). The meaning  'leech' and the group B6- show that it is a Pre-Greek word, as does the geminate -AA-  (perhaps bdal'-, or *b'al'-). If βδαλοί does belong here, it exhibits the Pre-Greek  interchange -AA/A-.

XXXXXβδέλλιον [n.] '(aromatic) gum of the oriental wine palm' (Dsc., Plin.).

    *VAR Also βδέλλα (J.).

    *ETYM An Oriental loan; cf. Hebr. b'ddlah and Akk. budulhu. See Lewy 1895: 45 and  Schrader-Nehring 1917(1): 84f.

XXXXXβδελυρός [adj.] 'disgusting, loathsome' (Ar.). 4PG>

    *DER βδελύσσομαι (-tT-), fut. βδελύξομαι 'feel a loathing' (Hp.), act. -ὕσσω, -ύττω  (LXX) together with βδελυγμία (Cratin.), etc. Verbal adjective βδελυκτός  (βδελύκτροπος from ᾿βδελυκτο-τροπος A.). PN Βδελυ-κλέων (Ar.), βδελυχρός  (Epich.).

    *ETYM βδελυρός is mostly explained as formed from βδέ-ω with a suffix -λυ- (as in  θῆ-λυ-ς), but this is hardly possible. A verb in -ew does not yield a stem in -e to  which suffixes can be added. Moreover, a suffix -Av- probably does not exist: θῆλυς  seems rather to be built on a A-stem (DELG, Frisk), and -\v- was certainly no longer  productive (Chantraine 1933: 121). One scholar assumed a suffix -λ- in BdéAAwv-  τρέμων ἢ βδέων, βδέλεσθαι: κοιλιολυτεῖν (Η:; the forms are doubted) and in βδόλος  'stench' (Com. Adesp. 781; cf. γαλεόβδολον, s.v. ▶︎ γαλέη). However, these forms are  just as difficult: there was no stem βδε- to which a suffix could be added. Moreover,  the derivation of βδελυρός from βδέω is not clear semantically (in H., forms are  often explained with picéw): it is easy to understand that the verb was later

===Pag_256: Beekes_Página_0256.tiff=== XXXXXβειέλοπες 209 influenced by the meaning of βδελυρός. Therefore, the word cannot be explained as an inner-Greek formation. An analysis as βδελ-υρ- then seems more probable, both components of which are probably Pre-Greek: βδ- and the suffix -vp- (see Pre- Greek).

XXXXXβδέω [v.] 'to break wind, fart' (com.). 41Ε *pesd- 'break wind (smoothly)'>

    *VAR Aor. βδέσαι (AP) and βδεῦσαι (Hierocl.).

    *DER βδ-ύλλω 'break wind (for feary (Ar.) and βδέννυμαι' ἐκκενοῦμαι τὴν κοιλίαν  'empty the intestines' Suid. (βδένεσθαι H., correct? Debrunner IF 21 (1907): 97f.) Cf. βδόλος, ▶︎ βδελυρός and ▶︎ βδελύσσομαι.

    *ETYM βδέω goes back to an old PIE verb *pesd- reflected in e.g. Ru. bzdet', Lith. bezdu, bezdéti, Lat. pédé < *pezdé. Thus, βδέω itself must come from ᾿βΖδέω; see  Schwyzer: 326 add. 5. Cf. also ▶︎ πέρδομαι.

XXXXXβέβαιος [adj.] 'firm, steady' (Parm, IA).

    *DER βεβαιότης [f.] 'stability' (Ρ].), denominative βεβαιόω 'establish' (IA).

    *ETYM Generally connected with βῆναι, though the formation is unclear; it is hardly  from *BeBa-vo-toc, as per Wackernagel 1916: 113' (cf. *F15-vo-toc > ἰδυιος).

XXXXXβέβηλος [adj.] 'allowed to be trodden, profane, permitted' (trag.).

    *DIAL Dor. βέβᾶλος, Cyrene βάβαλος.

    *ETYM Like βέβαιος, the word is connected with the perfect BéBy-Ka, but the  formation is not quite clear. Cyren. βάβαλος is also problematic; cf. Kretschmer  Glotta 18 (1930): 235.

XXXXXβεβράδα --βΣαμβραδών.

XXXXXβέβροξ [adj.] 'ἀγαθός, χρηστός, καλός 'good, useful/good, beautiful' (H.).

    *ETYM Acc. to Grogelj Ziva Ant. 3 (1953): 197f., it is a foreign word, related to Lat. for(oytis, etc. (?). For the ending, cf. Bippok s.v. ▶︎ Bippoc. The word is probably Pre-  Greek. See ▶︎ βεβρός, ▶︎ βροκός.

XXXXXβεβρός [adj.] 'stupid' (Hippon. 40 Masson). ψυχρός, τετυφωμένος 'cold/stupid, stupid' (H.).

    *VAR Also βεμιβρός: τετυφωμένος, πάρετος 'stupid, relaxed' (H.).

    *ETYM We may compare βέβροξ, with the semantic development 'good' > 'too good,  stupid'. See Masson ad loc. The prenasalized form indicates Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXβειέλοπες [pl. m./f.] - ἱμάντες οἷς ἀναδοῦσι Λακεδαιμόνιοι τοὺς νικηφόρους 'leather straps with which the Lacedaimonians honored victorious men' (H.).

    *VAR The notation -et- or -- was discussed in antiquity, An. Ox. 2, 289; Bourguet  1927: 97°.

    *ETYM Neither Solmsen 1901: 255 (*FleA- to γίς [= Fic]: ἱμάς, Lat. vied 'bind, plait') nor  Kalén GHA 26:2 (1920): 105ff. (*fetseA-ehortec to Skt. vestate 'wrap round' and  *EXopos 'tie, strap'; cf. ▶︎ ἀργέλοφοι) offer a persuasive hypothesis. The word is  probably non-IE, and must be analyzed as βίελελ-οπ- with the frequent Pre-Greek  suffix -on- (kahabdpow).

===Pag_257: Beekes_Página_0257.tiff===

βεικάδες ▶︎ δέρματα θρεμμάτων νόσῳ θανόντων, Λάκωνες 'skins of animals perished from disease (Lacon.) (H.). «ἢ

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXβείομαι = Bioc.

XXXXXβέκος [m.] 'bread' (Hdt. 2,2).

    *ETYM Identified as Phrygian by Herodotus, which is to be confirmed by its  occurrence in Phrygian inscriptions. Hipponax (fr. 125 Masson) seems to identify it  as Cyprian (which may have borrowed it from Phrygian as well); see O. Masson 1961:  167f. and Solmsen KZ 34 (1897): 70. Fur.: 297 compares Béoxepor- ἄρτοι ὑπο  Λακώνων (H.): 'eine altes vorgriechisches Restwort, das sich in drei entlegenen  Gebieten (Zentral-Kleinasien, Kypros, Peloponnesos) behauptet hat.'    βέλα - ἥλιος 'sun'.

    *ETYM See ▶︎ εἵλη 1.

XXXXXβέλεκκος [m.] - ὄσπριόν τι ἐμφερὲς λαθύρῳ μέγεθος ἐρεβίνθου ἔχον 'pulse resembling a caper spurge (Euphorbia Lathyris) having the size of ἃ chick-pea' (H.); also in Ar. fr. 755. «ΡΟ»

    *VAR Ms. -uc.

    *ETYM Fur.: 150f compares ▶︎ πέλεκυς, πέλεκκον, -ος, just as Kretschmer 1896: 106f. before him.

XXXXXβέλεμνα = BdAdw.

XXXXXβέλλιον [adj.] - ἀτυχές, Κρῆτες 'unfortunate (Cret.)' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Fur. 389 compares yeAcov: ἀτυχές (H.).

XXXXXβελλούνης [adj.] - τριόρχης. Λάκωνες 'buzzard (Lacon.) (H.). <?>

    *ETYM As a hypothesis, Groégelj Ziva Ant. 4 (1954): 166 connects φαλλός, Lat. Ballio. For the formation, cf. ▶︎ ἐριούνης.

XXXXXβελόνη [f.] 'needle' (Arist.). <?>

    *DER Diminutive βελονίς (Hermipp.); both also as fish names, see Strémberg 1943:  361.

    *ETYM Cf. περόνη, etc, on which see Chantraine 1933: 207. Connection with βάλλω  is not semantically evident. Fick 1874-1876(1): 404 therefore connected the word with  Lith. gelit, gélti 'sting'. Is B- for 6- Aeolic?

XXXXXβέλτερος [adj.] 'better, the best' (IL.). <1E? *bel- 'strong'.>

    *VAR βελτίων (post-Hom.); superlative βέλτατος (A.), βέλτιστος (Att.).

    *DIAL Dor. (Theoc.) βέντιστος (AT > vt).

    *DER From βελτίων: βελτιόω (Ph.). On ▶︎ ἀβέλτερος, see s.v.

    *ETYM Mostly connected with Skt. bdla- [n.] 'force', Lat. dé-bilis 'without power',  OCS boljii 'bigger', etc. But the formation is unclear, most notably the -t-. Seiler  1950: 9iff. assumes *BeAtTOc 'desired' > 'better' (it is hardly related to βούλομαι  because of the B-, but cf. Cret. δέλτον: ἀγαθόν [Phot.]). On bdla-, etc, see the  discussion in Mayrhofer EWAia 2: 215.

===Pag_258: Beekes_Página_0258.tiff=== XXXXXβεττονική 211 βέμβιξ, -ixocg --βόμβος.

XXXXXβεμβράς, -άδος κοβαμβραδών.

XXXXXβένετος [adj.] 'blue', in the circus (Lyd.).

    *DER βενετιανός 'partisan of the Blues' (M. Ant. 1,5).

    *ETYM From Lat. venetus; see E-M s.v.and André 1949: 18:f.

XXXXXβένθος —Baddc.

XXXXXβερβέριον [n.) 'kind of headdress' (Anacr. 21, 3; LSJ Supp.). <?>

    *ETYM The word has been compared with Beppdv and βειρόν: δασύ. Older  suggestions which assumed the meaning 'shabby garment' must now be abandoned.

XXXXXβεργαῖος [adj.] 'romantic, invented' (Alex. P. Oxy. 1801, Str. 2, 3, 5).

    *ETYM Alexander (DELG; LSJ: Antiphanes) of Berga in Thrace was famous for his  'tall tales'.

XXXXXβέρεθρον —BapaQpov.

XXXXXβερενίκιον a plant (H.); 'nitre' of good quality (Gal.).

    *DER βερενικάριον νίτρον (Orib.); βερενικὶδες 'women's shoes' (H.).

    *ETYM The word derives from the name of queen Berenike.

XXXXXβερίκοκκον [n.] 'apricot' (Gp.).

    *VAR  BEPLKOKKIOV.

    *ETYM DELG mentions that Latin has the word praecoquum 'precocious' (perhaps it  was considered a precocious variant of the peach), which was transcribed in Greek as  πραικόκκιον (not in LSJ); note Gr. ▶︎ κόκκος 'grain of fruit'. However, it is unclear  how this could have yielded Bepixoxxov. Through Arab. albarqiq and Catal. a(lbercoc, the word reached French as apricot.

XXXXXβέρκιος - ἔλαφος ὑπὸ Λακώνων 'deer (Lacon.) (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. See Bourguet 1927: 635.

XXXXXβερκνίς [m./f.]? - ἀκρίς 'locust' (H.).

    *ETYM Evidently cognate with ▶︎ βροῦκος, etc. Fur.:129°° considers it a different word,  buta suffix -n- (without a preceding vowel) is typical for Pre-Greek (see Pre-Greek).

XXXXXβερνώμεθα [v.] - κληρωσώμεθα. Λάκωνες 'we shall appoint (Lacon.) (H.). <?%

    *VAR Cf. βερρέαι: κληρῶσαι H., which may be corrupt.

    *ETYM Kretschmer KZ 35 (1899): 605 and Fraenkel Glotta 2 (1910): 37 connect the  word with μέρος, μείρομαι with dissimilation from iep-v-. von Blumenthal Glotta 18  (1930): 153f. argues for Illyrian origin (cf. φερνή).

XXXXXβερρός ~Bippok.

XXXXXβέσκεροι —Békoc.

XXXXXβεττονική [f.] 'Paul's betony, Sideritis purpurea' (Paul. Aeg.). «τὰν Lat>

    *ETYM From Lat. uettonica, betonica; see André 1956.

===Pag_259: Beekes_Página_0259.tiff===

XXXXXβεῦδος [π.] 'rich woman's dress' (Sapph.); = ἄγαλμα at Hermione (EM 195, 52).

    *ETYM See Pfeiffer 1949-1953 on Call. fr. 7, τι. βεῦδος is borrowed from Phrygian  beudos, the statue of a goddess, which itself derives from PIE *b*eud"-os- (Lubotsky  JIES 36 (2008): 96-98). The comparison with -γαύδης by Fur.: 116 is improbable.

XXXXXβῆκα [f.]? - ἀναδενδράς 'vine that grows up trees' (H.).

    *ETYM Fur.: 212, etc. compares ἀμαξίς: γένος σταφυλῆς ἀπὸ ἀναδενδράδος (H.); this  is possible, but doubtful (on p. 393, he even adduces a Georgian word).

XXXXXβήλα = οἶνος. -'πηλός.

XXXXXβήλημα - κώλυμα, φράγμα ἐν ποταμῷ. Λάκωνες 'an obstacle, fence in ἃ river (Lacon.y (ἢ...

    *ETYM Related to Messen. ἤλημα. The word is from ᾿ρέλτνημα; see ▶︎ εἵλω and  > ἁλής.

XXXXXβηλός

    *VAR βῆμα. = βαίνω.

XXXXXβήξ [π|., Ε] 'coughing' (Th.). «ΡΟ»

    *VARGen. βηχός, also βηκός, see Schulze 19338: 703.

    *DER Diminutive βηχίον, also a plant 'colt's-foot (Hustenkraut), Tussilago farfara', as  a medicine against coughing (Lehmann KZ 41, 94, Strémberg 1940: 8sf.). Denominative βήσσω, Brew, ἔβηξα.

    *ETYM The root noun βήξ denotes the illness as an agent. Fur.: 128 notes βήκιον and  πήχιον as variants and concludes that it is Pre-Greek. Ultimately, the word might be    of onomatopoeic origin (but certainly not IE, pace Pisani Arch. glott. ital. 53 (1968):  63f.).

XXXXXβηρίχαλκον [n.] - τὸ μάρανθον, Λάκωνες H., perhaps to be corrected in μάραθρον 'fennel' (DELG). <?>

    *ETYM Cf. ἄνθρυσκα- ἄγρια λάχανα παραπλήσια ἀνήθοις, οἷα καὶ τὰ μάρανθα 'wild  herbs close to dill, like the μ᾿ (AB 404, 23). See Hesselman 1932: 94. To be read as  Επρι- (Bechtel 1921, 2: 373).

XXXXXβήρυλλος [f.] a preciousstone, 'beryl' (LXX).

    *VAR βηρύλλιον 'id? (LXX).

    *DER βηρύλλιος a plant (Ps.-Dsc.); βηρυλλίτης (λίθος, Cat. Cod. Astr.).

    *ETYM The stone came from India in Hellenistic times; the name was Prakr. veruliya  < veluriya (Sanskritized vaidirya-). The word is Dravidian, perhaps derived from  Vélur, present-day Bélir, a town in southern India; see Master BSOAS 11 (1943):    304ff. βήρυλλος is a back-formation from βηρύλλιον; see Leumann Glotta 32 (1953):  2156.

XXXXXβήσαλον 'brick' (Moses Alch.). <?>

    *VAR Cf. βίσαλον (Alex. Trall.).

    *ETYM Unknown. The word is no doubt non-IE.

XXXXXβῆσσα [f.] 'wooded combe, glen' (Il.). < PG?>

===Pag_260: Beekes_Página_0260.tiff=== XXXXXβιβρώσκω 213

    *DIAL Dor. βᾶσσα

    *DER βησσήεις (Hes.).

    *ETYM On the assumption that ▶︎ βαθύς reflects a zero grade (*h.), βῆσσα has been  connected with it as an e-grade root variant, i.e. *Ba0-10; this would imply, however,  that βένθος, certainly related to βαθύς, is secondary. I would rather take βένθος and  βαθύς as reflecting old en ~ ἢ ablaut, so that βῆσσα cannot be connected. Alternatively, βῆσσα was thought to be cognate with Av. vi-gad- [f.] 'ravine', Skt. gahate 'plunge' (or gahd-), Olr. bdidim 'sink into the water' (LIV? *g'eh,d'-). Any  relation with ▶︎ βυθός can be excluded, but Fur.: 330 refers to the gloss βρῆσσαι:'  βῆσσαι (H.) and opts for Pre-Greek origin (Βρῆσσα is a town and a promontory in  Lesbos; see Fick 1905: 63).

XXXXXβῆτα 'ἄλφα.

XXXXXβητάρμων [m.] 'dancer' (θ 250, 383, Man.); ἀπὸ τοῦ ἡρμοσμένως βαίνειν 'to walk fitly' (H.).

    *DER Secondary βηταρμός 'dance' (A. R. 1, 1135).

    *ETYM Usually connected with ▶︎ ἀραρίσκω, etc., though there is no other compound  in -appwv governing the first member (as in πολυ-κτήμων; see Sommer 1948: 127,  117). The first member seems to be derived from βῆναι, but there is no clear solution. Pisani RILomb. 73:2 (1939-40): 35 assumes haplology from ᾿βηματ-άρμων, which  seems possible; Brugmann Séchs. Ber. 51 (1899): 199° starts from *Brtoc, ἔβητη or  (with dissimilation) ἐβῆτρον = Skt. gatram 'limb'. Belardi Doxa 3 (1950): 198 assumes  Biy-t- (nom. "βής), like δω-τ- (nom. δώς). Cf. also Bechtel 1914: 81f; Knecht 1946: 34;  Schwyzer: 442.

XXXXXβίᾱ [f.] 'strength, force' (1].λ.

    <IE *g'ei- 'conquer, force'>



    *DIAL Ion. βίη.

    *COMP br épPios (I.), ἀντίβιος (Il.), εἰς.

    *DER βίαιος 'violent' (Od.); Bia tas [m.] 'strong' (Alcm.). Denominative verb βιάομαι,  βιάω (IL), βιάζομαι, βιάζω (I1.). βιασμός (Eup.), βιαστήρ (Gorg.) 'violent man',  βιαστικός 'using violence' (P1.). On ▶︎ Bivéw, see s.v.

    *ETYM Presumably, a derivative of the verbal too *g'ei-, reflected in Skt. jdyati  'conquer'. Conversely, a connection with Skt. j(i)ya- 'robbery' (?) can be excluded,  since its direct cognate Av. ziid- points to *$"- instead (Mayrhofer EWAia 1: 574).

XXXXXβιβάζω -οβαίνω.

XXXXXβίβλος 'βύβλος.

XXXXXβιβρώσκω [v.] 'to devour' (originally non-presentic; for the late present see below).

    <IE *p'erh,- 'devour'>

    *VAR Perf. βέβρωκα (Il.), βεβρώθοις A 35 (see Chantraine 1942: 429), βεβρώσεται  (Od.), βέβρωμαι (A.), aor. EBpwv (h. Ap. 122), pass. ἐβρώθην (Hdt.). Other forms are  late: βρώζω (Herod.), fut. βρώσομαι (Hell.), βιβρώσκω (Babr.), ἀναβρώσκων (H.),  EBpwoa, -Ea (Hell.). Desiderative Bpwoeiw 'desire to eat' (Call.).

===Pag_261: Beekes_Página_0261.tiff===

    *COMP ὡμο-βρώς, -τος 'eating raw meat' (E.), δημο- 'devouring his people', θυμο-  Bdpog (Il.), cf. Lat. carni-vorus, Skt. aja-gard- 'devouring goats', Av. aspd.gara-  'eating horses'.

    *DER Action nouns: βρωτύς (IL) and βρῶσις (11) 'food' (Chantraine BSL 59 (1964):  11-22); also βρώμη (Od.), βρῶμα (IA); βρωτόν (E.); βρώσιμος 'eatable' (A.). Agent  nouns: βρωτήρ (A.), as 'moth' also βρωστήρ (Aq.). βορά 'food (of a predator)'  (possibly cognate to the *g'oreh,- that seems to be set forth by Lat. vordre). On  > βούβρωστις, see s.v.

    *ETYM Derived from IE *g'erh,-, which formed a root aorist (which fits the  semantics; ἐσθίω is to a certain extent used as the corresponding present). The zero  grade is found in the verbal adj. βρωτός, which agrees morphologically with Lith. girtas 'drunk and Skt. girnd- 'devoured'. Greek generalized this zero grade Bow-,  further regular in the plural of the aorist and perfect, as in e.g. ἔβρως [2sg.aor.]. The  aor. is found in Arm. eker [3sg.] (*h,e-g'erh,-et) from the pres. utem and in the Skt. aor. garat, garit. Sanskrit has a perfect jagara for *g'e-g'orh;e and a present girtiti <  *g'rh,-e/o-; the latter agrees with OCS Zorg 'devour'. Lat. vordre may be  denominative. ▶︎ βάραθρον is not related. Cf. ▶︎ δέρῃ.

XXXXXβίδην - εἶδος, κροῦμα, Σοφοκλῆς Axpidio 'ὡς ἐπιψάλλειν βίδην te kai EvvavAiav'.

XXXXXἄλλοι βίθυν (Η.) «Ρα(ν)»

    *VAR Also Bvdoi: οἱ μουσικοί, ἢ κροῦμάτι. σοφώς Κρησίν (H.). Also ψαλεῖ βίδυν LSJ  Supp.

    *ETYM A musical term, the details of which are unknown; even the case form of the  lemmas is unclear. Fur.: 194 correctly concludes that the word is Pre-Greek  (variation / v). Kathakis-Karamanos Glotta 83 (1985): 165, considers βίδυν as the  original form of the word.

XXXXXβιδυζῶοι [m.pl.] 'supervisor', designation of Spartan officials supervising male youths (Laconia, Messenia [II*], Paus.).

    *VAR Also βιδεοι; Pausanias's βιδαιοι is wrong.

    *ETYM Probably from *frdvo-tot, ie. the zero grade of the perf.ptc. εἰδώς, for which  cf. Hom. fem. fidvia (see ▶︎ οἶδα). Cf. the Mycenaean PN wi-do-wo-i-jo. Striano  Glotta 68 (1990): 40-48, tries to explain the two notations βιδυ(ι)οι, βιδεοι as  rendering *wid-wos-ios. Further comparanda are Att. idb(ot- ovviotopec, μάρτυρες  'witnesses' (Solon apud Ar. fr. 222), and idvior ... of τὰς φονικὰς δίκας κρίνοντες  'they who judge in cases of murder' (H.). The form with -e- is not well explained; see  Bechtel 1921, 2: 355ff. On Pi-/ βει- cf. Bourguet 1927: 97. A parallel formation was  considered for ▶︎ βέβαιος, but this is hardly correct.

XXXXXβιζακίων [gen.pl.] - μικρῶν λίθων 'small stones' (Suid.).

    *ETYM Lewy KZ 59 (1932): 190 compares Aram. ῥίζῃ, biz*qd , etc. 'broken piece,  small stone'. However, -ax- could also represent the Pre-Greek suffix.

XXXXXβικία [f.] 'vetch', vicia sativa (Gal.) «τὴν Late

    *VAR βικίον [n.].

    *ETYM From Latin vicia.

===Pag_262: Beekes_Página_0262.tiff=== XXXXXβίρρη 215

XXXXXβῖκος [m.] 'vase with handles', also a measure (Hdt; see Solmsen 1909: 65; also Hippon. fr. 142 Masson).

    *DER Diminutive βικίον (pap.), βικίδιον (Suid.).

    *ETYM Egyptian origin has been considered: cf. Eg. b:k.t 'oil flask, used as a measure'  (Hemmerdinger Glotta 46 (1968): 241). E. Masson 1967: 78ff. considers Semitic  origin. Not related to Lat. fiscus, as per Fur.: 294, nor to ▶︎ βαυκάλιον.

XXXXXβίλλος - τὸ ἀνδρεῖον μόριον τὸ κοινῶς βιλλίν 'the lot of a man, commonly βιλλίν᾽ (Hdn. I, 158).

    *VAR Also βιλλᾶς (ib.).

    *DER PN Βίλλος, -αρος (L. Robert 1963: 16-22).

    *ETYM Fur.: 325 compares ἀβίλλιον' ἀνδρεῖον (H.). The prothetic vowel may point to  Pre-Greek origin, which is expected anyway. βιλλίν is Ephesian if the form is a nom;  cf. the Pre-Greek words in -v (see Pre-Greek).

XXXXXβίμβλις -οβύβλος.

XXXXXβνέω [v.] 'coire, futuere' (Ar.), also τὸ βίᾳ μίγνυσθαι 'to have intercourse by force' (Sol. apud H.). <?>

    *VAR Bevéw (Olympia V*), impf. βινεσκόμην, fut. βινήσω.

    *DER Desiderative βινητιάω (Ar.), as if from ᾿βινητής; cf. ὡνητιάω : [ὠνητής :]  ὠνέομαι.

    *ETYM βινέω is a vulgar word that is often connected with βία 'force', but the  association with 'force' may be secondary. It has also been compared with ζάει: βινεῖ  (H.), but it is unclear how these words should be related. Skt. jindti 'overpower,  suppress' cannot be related in view of Av. zinaiti, which proves *g- (instead of *g'-);  nor can we connect Sivéw, as the meaning is too far off (pace Palmer Minos 5 (1957):  62). Basing himself on the variant Bevéw, De Lamberterie (CEG 1) proposes a  connection with *g'en- 'woman', with i from ktvéu; in that case, however, we would  expect *dev-. See ▶︎ μνάομαι.

XXXXXβίος = Biw-.

XXXXXβιός [m.] 'bow', also 'bowstring' (1].), see Triimpy 1950: 66f. IE *g'ieh,- 'string'>

    *VAR Rare after Homer, replaced by τόξον.

    *ETYM Related to Skt. jyd-, Av. jii@- 'bowstring'. Schindler 1972: 20 assumes a root  noun *g'ieh,-, and derives the Greek word from *g'ih,-o- 'provided with a  bowstring'; this, however, depends on whether the meaning 'bowstring' is found in  Greek. Schwyzer 1950: 324 starts from an original fem. o-stem, which is rather  doubtful. The word is probably further related to Lith. σὰ 'thread', OCS Zi-ca  'string'; yet note the slightly different root *giH- 'string, sinew, etc. in Lat. filum  'thread', etc.

XXXXXβίρρη - πυράγρα, οἱ δὲ δρέπανον 'pair of fire-tongs; pruning-knife' (H.). «ΡΟ»

    *ETYM Fur.: 232, 251 compares Svan berez 'iron'; Akk. parzillu, Hebr. barzel, Ugar. brsl, South Arabic przn 'id'; furthermore, OE bres, OFris. bras(penning), Basque  burdin (cf. Dussaud 1953: 162). Is the word from Asia Minor?

===Pag_263: Beekes_Página_0263.tiff===

XXXXXβίρρος [π|.] 'kind of cloak' (Artem.).

    *VAR  βίρροξ: δασύ, Μακεδόνες 'dense (Maced.) (H.); βερρόν, Beipov- δασύ (H.);  βιρρωθῆναι: ταπεινωθῆναι 'be reduced' (H.).

    *ETYM Cf. Lat. birrus 'id.'; was the word originally Celtic? Cf. MIr. berr, W byrr  'short'. See Friedmann 1937: 92. Is ita European substrate word?

XXXXXβίσβη [f.] βίσβης (-v?) δρέπανον λέγουσι Μεσάπιοι. Kal ἑορτὴν Βισβαια, ἣν ἡμεῖς κλαδευτήρια 'pruning-knife [Με554ρ.]; the festival Βισβαια, a festival at pruning- time' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. Messapian?    βίσταξ ὁ β᾽ «μετὰ» βασιλέα παρὰ Πέρσαις 'the second after the king (Pers.)' (H.).

    *ETYM Certainly a mistake for ἔβιταξ, a borrowing from a Persian word for 'viceroy',  known from MP as bidaxs. The Persian word is discussed by Szemerényi Acta  Tranica 5 (1975): 363ff., but our gloss is not mentioned there, and the article does not  bring us much further. Nyberg Eranos 44 (1946): 237) analyzed the first part as Iran. *bitiya- 'second'. Amm. Marc. 23, 614 has it in the form vitaxa. Later Greek has  βιδαξης, πιτιάξης.

XXXXXβίσων, -ωνος [m.] 'European bison' (Paus.). < EUR>

    *ETYM Cf. OHG wisunt. The Greek form comes from Lat. bisén, and this in turn    from Gm. (thus DELG), of which the ultimate origin remains unknown (Kluge' s.v. Wisent). See Pok. 1134.

XXXXXβίτος [?] 'binding of a wheel (Ed. Diocl.). «τῶν Lat.>

    *ETYM From Lat. uitus.

XXXXXβίττακος ''ψίττακος.

XXXXXβιω- [v.] 'to live' (Il.).

    *VAR Aor. ἐβίων, βιῶναι; s-aor. Biwoa (Hdt.), med. fact. ἐβιώσαο (8 468); fut. βείομαι, βέομαι (I); old subjunctive, cf. ἔδομαι), also βιώσομαι; perf. βεβίωκα. βιόμεσθα (h. Ap. 528 for *Betope8a? DELG); pres. βιόω (Arist.).

    *DER βίος (way of, means of) life', βιοτή [f.] 'id.' (Od.), βίοτος [m.] 'id.' (Il.); also  Cret. βίετος (see below). βιωτός 'worth living' (Att.), βιώσιμος 'to be lived' (Hdt.). With ὃ from *g' Heracl. ἐνδεδιωκότα, if = ἐμβεβιωκότα. In PN Bio-; Bitwv < Bio-.

    *ETYM The root ended in a laryngeal, and the zero grade *g*ih,- is seen in Av. ji-ti-,  OCS 2Zi-te, as well as in Lat. vita, Osc. bfitam [acc.); with a suffix -uo-, it appears in  Skt. jivd-, OCS Zive, Lat. vivus, etc. (all 'alive'), and in the thematic presents derived  from this adjective: Lat.vivé, Skt. jivati, OCS Ζίνρ, ToA sdw-, ToB say- ~ saw- (all  'live'). The forms with short i (e.g. Go. giwa-, MW byw) may be due to pretonic  shortening, i.e. Dybo's Law (Schrijver 1991: 355, 526). Greek does not have forms with  long i, which is understandable since all forms attested have a vowel after the root:  *g"ih,-o- > βίος, *g'ih,-eto- > βίοτος. (For the formation, cf. ▶︎ θάνατος; for the most  recent discussion on this, see Vine 1998.) Cret. βίετος will have restored the suffix  -etoc. One noteworthy form is ▶︎ ὑγιής, which must derive from *h,iu-g'ih,-és, with

===Pag_264: Beekes_Página_0264.tiff=== XXXXXβλαδεῖς 217 analogically restored vocalism of the ending. The aorist ἐβίων has been reconstructed by Francis 1970: 76ff. with the suffix -eh,-, seen in the Greek 'passive' aorist (e.g. ἐμάνην); thus, g'ih,-eh,- yielded Biw-. A full grade I g'eih,- (probably old; cf. Klein 1988: 272) must be assumed for Bé(Hopat. The same full grade is seen in Skt. gdya-, Av. gaiia- 'life' < g'e/oih;-o- and in ORu. goj» 'peace'. A full grade II g"ieh, is seen in Av. jiid-tu- 'life' (Skt. jya-tu- in jivatu-, which must have been reshaped after jivati); Gr. ζωρός is probably from this root form (rather than from the zero grade of the root, as per Klein (1.c.): 257ff.). Since this root form seems to be found in Gr. ζώ-ω, ζῆ-ν as well (see ▶︎ Caw), Schwebeablaut cannot be avoided (pace Anttila 1969: 137). Arm. kea-m 'T live' (see LIV') is difficult to judge. On the basis of BSI. accentual reflexes, Kortlandt reconstructs g'h,(e)i- (e.g. Kortlandt 1992: 2372); for Greek, one would have to assume laryngeal metathesis g'h,i- > g'ih,- (in pre- consonantal position).

XXXXXβλάβη [f.] 'damage' (A.) «Ρα»

    *VAR βλάβος [n.].

    *DIAL Cretan ἀβλοπές: ἀβλαβές H., ἀβλοπία = ἀβλάβεια, καταβλάπεθαι = -εσθαι  (inscr.).

    *COMP ἀβλαβής.

    *DER βλαβερός 'damaging' (Hes.), formed to ἀβλαβής like κρατερός to ἀκρατής  (Schwyzer 482). Verb βλάπτω, βλάψαι, ἐβλάβην, originally 'to hinder, disable' (l.),  also without suffix BAGBetat (T 82, 166 = v 34), probably old (Chantraine 1942: 311).

XXXXXβλάψις (P1.).

    *ETYM On the basis of the Cretan forms, βλαβ- is mostly considered to have resulted  from βλαπ- by assimilation. With βλαπ- as the original form, it is connected with  Skt. mfc-. f., markd- τὰ. 'damage', Av. marancaité 'destroys', which require a  reconstruction *mr/lk'-. However, the development to -Ao- (which is Arc.-Cypr.,  Myc.) is not found in Cretan (although one might consider an Achaean substrate on  Crete). On the other hand, the interchanges a ~ Ο and 6 ~ m are typical for Pre-  Greek; Fur. 144 compares ἀβλαβία - ἀβλοπία with ἀραβῆσαι, Cret. ἀροπῆσαι. A  connection with Lat. mulced 'stroke, caress', mulc6é is doubtful because of the velar  and the meaning; see WH s.vv. Puhvel HED suggested a connection with Hitt. gullakuwan, but this means 'scheusslich' (Tischler 1983ff. s.v.). Cf. ▶︎ βλάσφημος.

XXXXXβλαγίς [3] - κηλίς. Λάκωνες 'stain (Lacon.)' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. von Blumenthal 1930: 23f., suggests connecting the word with  βλαί«ς» βλητή. Λάκωνες 'stuck (Laconian)' (H.).

XXXXXβλαδεῖς [adj.] - ἀδύνατοι ἐξ ἀδυνάτων 'powerless'; βλαδαρόν: ἐκλελυμένον, χαῦνον 'flaccid, porous' and βλαδαρά: ἄωρα, μωρά, ὧμά 'untimely, sluggish' and βλάδαν [3]: νωθρῶς 'slothful', and βλαδόν: ἀδύνατον 'powerless' (H.). <1E? *mld-u->

    *VAR  These words are sometimes identified with βλαδύς Hp. Aér. 20; perhaps  βλαδαρός 'bottle' Gal. 19, 88 is related, too.

    *ETYM In spite of the variation, mostly only βλαδύς is cited, although the  appurtenance of that form is actually doubtful. On that basis, the word is often  equated with Skt. mrdu-, Lat. mollis < *moldui- 'soft', and further connected with

===Pag_265: Beekes_Página_0265.tiff===

▶︎ ἀμαλδύνω. Evidently, the latter connection is impossible in IE terms because of the prothetic vowel; Arm. metk 'weak, soft' shows that this group had no initial laryngeal. Rather, I would take the variation in the suffix and that in the initial (presence vs. absence of a prothetic vowel) as indications of substrate origin, although this cannot be proven independently.

XXXXXβλαί [?] - βληχή [corr. for βλητη], Λάκωνες 'bleating (Lacon.)' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown; see ▶︎ BAayic.

XXXXXβλαισός [adj.] 'bent, distorted' (Hp.).

    *VAR  πλαισός (Phot.).

    *DER βλαισώδης, βλαισότης, βλαισόομαι, βλαίσωσις (all Arist.).

    *ETYM Formation as in γαυσός, γαμψός, λοξός (Chantraine 1933: 434). Lat. blaesus  'lisping, stammering' may eventually be borrowed from Greek? Pre-Greek origin is  probable in view of the variation β ~ π.

XXXXXβλάξ, -κός [m., f.] 'indolent, stolid, stupid' (Ar.), from 'weak'? Also a fish (Erot.), Stromberg 1943: 33f. <1E? *mlh,(e)k- 'weak'>

    *DER βλακικός, βλακώδιης 'id; βλακίας: ἰχθὺς ποιός 'a kind of fish' (H.). Denominative βλακεύω [v.] 'to be slack', whence βλακεία, βλάκευμα.

    *ETYM The word cannot be of IA origin. If it is related to μαλακός, one might posit  *mlh,-k- (which would explain the long ἃ) next to *mlh,-ek-. Without the suffix -k-,  Skt. mla-td- 'soft' and Olr. mldith 'tender, soft' (< *mla-ti-) may be related, but Lat. flaccus should be left out. Perhaps Ru. mol¢dt' 'be silent', which may go back to  *mlh,k-, is related, too. ▶︎ βληχρός is also possibly related (but not ▶︎ μύλη, nor  > ἀμαλδύνω, both of which are outdated comparisons). See ▶︎ μαλακός.

XXXXXβλάπτω --βλάβη.

XXXXXβλαστάνω [v.] 'to bud, sprout, grow (A.). <?>

    *VAR Aor. βλαστεῖν, intr. fut. βλαστήσω (Thphr.), trans. aor. ἐβλάστησα (Emp.),  perf. βεβλάστηκα (Hp.), ἐβλάστηκα (E.); recent formations βλαστέω, βλαστάω.

    *DER βλάστημα 'offshoot' (A.), βλαστικός (Thphr.); deverbal βλαστός 'id' (Hdt.),  βλάστη 'origin' (S.), whence BAaotéw (Thphr.).

    *ETYM The aorist βλαστεῖν is the basis of all the forms. Its analysis is uncertain;  perhaps *BAa8-teiv (or BAad-, BAat-). Connection with ▶︎ βλωθρός 'tall' is impossible  if the words are IE (an ablaut *m[d"., *mldd"- is impossible in an adjective); the same  holds true for ▶︎ μολεύω 'cut off (and transplant) the shoots of trees' (cf. further  ▶︎ βλώσκω). From other languages, OHG blat (etc.) 'leaf is often proposed as a  comparandum.

XXXXXβλασφημέω [v.] 'to speak profanely, slander' (Arist.). <?>

    *DER βλασφημία (Democr.); βλάσφημος 'evil-speaking' is rare and late (D.).

    *ETYM βλασφημέω and βλασφημία seem to be older than βλάσφημος, which is  reminiscent of ἀνδραγαθία (from ἀνὴρ ἀγαθός), etc. The second element seems to  be φήμη, the first is uncertain (βλάβος, μέλεος, etc.). Cf. the synonymous  > κερτομέω, ▶︎ λοιδορέω, which have no etymology. On MoGr. βλαστημῶ, see CEG 5.

===Pag_266: Beekes_Página_0266.tiff=== XXXXXβλέπω 219

XXXXXβλάττα [f.] 'purple' (Ed. Diocl.). «τῶν Lat}

    *ETYM From Lat. blatta, which is itself of unclear origin.

XXXXXβλαττοῖ [v.] - παιδαριεύεται 'behaves childishly' (H.).

    *ETYM Latte ad loc. compares Lat. blatié, blateré 'babble, chatter'. The word is an  onomatopoeic formation; cf. ▶︎ βαβάζω.

XXXXXβλαύτη [f.] 'slipper' (Com.).

    *VAR βλαῦδες: ἐμβάδες, κρηπῖδες, σανδάλια 'slippers, boots, sandals' (H.).

    *DER Verb βλαυτοῦν- ὑποδέειν. ἢ πλήσσειν σανδαλίῳ, οἱ δὲ ὑποδήματι 'to put on  shoes, or: strike with a sandal, or with a shoe' (H.) (from Men.).

    *ETYM Although it is often assumed reshaping that βλαῦδες results from analogical  reshaping of βλαῦται after ἐμβάδες, it is preferable to explain the variation τ ~ ὃ as  Pre-Greek.

XXXXXβλεῖ -οβλέτυες.

XXXXXβλεμεαίνω [v.] 'to boast' (Il; σθένεϊ βλεμεαίνων, -νει © 337, etc.). «1»

    *VAR ἀβλεμές: ἀσθενές, φαῦλον 'weak' and ἀβλεμής: ἄτολμος, ἀτερπής, παρειμένος  'without courage, without joy, slack'.

    *DER ἀβλεμής 'powerless' (Nic.); unclear -ἕως πίνων 'immoderately' (?; Panyas.).

    *ETYM Formation like μενεαίνω. Thus, the word is probably from *BAgpoc in ἀ-  βλεμής (cf. μενεαίνω to μένος). No etymology.

XXXXXβλέννᾶ [f.] 'mucous discharge, μύξα᾽ (Hp.).

    *VAR Also βλέννος [n.] (Arist.); mAEvvat- μύξαι H; βλένα: μύξα. οἱ δὲ δία τοῦ 1 πλένα  καὶ πλέννα τὰ ἀσθενῆ καὶ δυσκίνητα H; πλεννεραί = μυξώδεις (Hp. apud Gal. 19,  131). πληνώδης: ἀσθενὴς (H.) is perhaps to be read mAev(v)-, Fur.: 144.

    *DER βλεννώδης 'slimy, mucous' (Hp.). Also BAev(v)éc 'id., idiot? (Epich.), and (with  regular retraction of the accent) βλέννος [m.] a fish (Sophr., H. as an explanation of  σιαλίς), see Stromberg 1943: 29, Grilli Stud. ital. fil. class. 33 (1961): 201f.

    *ETYM On the assumption that βλέννος goes back to Ἰμλεδ-σ-νος (Lejeune 1972: 124),  it was often connected with Skt. urna-mradas- 'soft as wool' (would be Gr. Ἐ-βλεδής), mrdu- 'soft', and MIr. blind 'slime from the mouth of a dead man' (Pok. 718). Justified criticism can be found in DELG, 'Pour le sens ces rapprochements ne  simposent pas.' and Frisk, 'Der sehr beschrankte Wert dieser Kombinationen liegt  indessen auf der Hand.' As Fur. 144 points out, the variations m ~ B, vv ~ v prove  Pre-Greek origin. If the final -a is short, BAeva cannot be IE, whereas this ending is  frequent in Pre-Greek.

XXXXXβλέπω [v.] 'to see, look, perceive' (Solon).

    *VAR Aor. βλέψαι; other forms (e.g. βέβλεφα, BEBAOGa) are late. Also ποτι-γλέποι  [opt.] (Alcm. 23, 75).

    *COMP Often with prepositions, eg. dva-, ἀντι-, ἀπο-. Also παραβλώψ (Il.),  κυνοβλώψ (H.). Ἷ

===Pag_267: Beekes_Página_0267.tiff===

    *DER βλέψις 'sight' (X.); βλεψίας a fish, κεφαλῖνος (Strémberg 1943: 42); βλέμμα  'glance' (Att.);. rare βλέπος 'id? (Ar.). Expressive deverbative: βλεπάζοντες:  βλέποντες and βλεπετύζει: βλέπει H., perhaps for βλεπετίζει, cf. χρεμετίζει. βλέφαρον 'eyelid' (Il.), mostly plur; thence βλεφαρίδες [f.p].] (rarely sg.) 'eye-lashes',  also 'eyelids' (Ar, X., Arist); βλεφαρίτιδες τρίχες 'eye-lashes' (Paul. Aeg.);  βλεφαρικός 'of the eyelids' (Cael. Aur.); βλεφαρίζω [v.] 'to blink (sch.).

    *ETYM γλέπω exists beside βλέπω just as yAépapov beside βλέφαρον; the variation  was taken to suggest a labiovelar *g'- with irregular development (see Schwyzer:  298f.), but rather points to substrate origin. von Blumenthal 1930: 21 points to  Macedonian yAénov = βλέπω. It is possible that the verb and the noun βλέφαρον are  unrelated; in that case, the latter word may originally have been *yAéqapov and may  have influenced the verb. But it seems more probable that they were cognate, with B/  y and πὶ φ pointing to a Pre-Greek word (Fur.: 389; pace Hamp Glotta 72 (1994): 15),  although / y is rare. Pre-Greek had labiovelars which did not always develop in the  same way as their inherited equivalents.

XXXXXβλέτυγες [m/f.]? - pAvapiat, oi δὲ βλέκυγες 'nonsense, foolery; also B. (H.). 4ONOM, PG?>

    *VAR Cf. *BAatayifovoa [conj. for βλασταρίζουσα]: ἐπικροτοῦσα 'rattling,  applauding' (H.); also ὑπερβλαττύουσαν (DELG s.v. βλαττοῦ).

    *ETYM With βλετ-, βλεκ-, -βλαττ-, βλικ-, we find quite a number of stem variants,  perhaps of onomatopoeic origin, otherwise possibly Pre-Greek (cf. Grogelj Ziva Ant. 7 (1957): 42). See ▶︎ βλίκανον.

XXXXXβλέτυες [pl.] - ai βδέλλαι 'leeches' (H.).

    *VAR *BAitvE (ms. βαιτυξ): βδέλλα H.; the correction by Latte seems evident, but is  not mentioned by DELG.

    *ETYM Analyzed as a derivation in -tv- from a stem βλε- (see Frisk s.v.), seen in  καταβλέθει and καβλέει: καταπίνει (both) 'gulp down' and βλεῖ: βλίσσει, ἀμέλγει,  βλίζει 'collect honey, milk' (H.). Note that βλίζω is further unknown, and that the  semantics are incompatible if βλίσσει stands for βλίττω; therefore, DELG s.v. thinks  that the gloss may be corrupt. However, since a root βλε- is impossible in IE (the  basic shape is *CeC-), the word must be Pre-Greek, which is confirmed by βλίτυξ  (Fur. 395). For -ὖς beside -υξ, cf. Fur. 218 on μῆρυξ. Cf. ▶︎ δέλεαρ.

XXXXXβλέφαρον —Prénw.

XXXXXβλῆρ -'δέλεαρ.

XXXXXβλῆραι [Ἐ] - αἱ κνίδαι. ἄλλοι χόρτον. οἱ δὲ τῶν ὀσπρίων τὴν καλάμην 'nettles; fodder, the stalk of straw of pulse' (H.). «ἢ

    *ETYM The conjecture of Stromberg 1944: 54f. is improbable. Note that the gloss is  corrupt (the case forms do not agree); perhaps one should assume a second gloss    βλῆρ' χόρτον...

XXXXXβληστρίζω --βάλλω.

===Pag_268: Beekes_Página_0268.tiff=== XXXXXβλίζω 221

XXXXXβλῆτρον [n.] 'bolt, plug' (like in MoGr.); only O 678 ξυστὸν κολλητὸν βλήτροισι 'a shaft or lance shod with bands', Scholars in antiquity were uncertain: τῆς ἁμάξης τροχοί. σφῆνες. ἐμβλήματα. οἱ δὲ γόμφους καὶ συμβολὰς ἀξόνων 'wheels of a wagon; wedges; insertions; bolts and the joins of axles' (H.).

    *ETYM The connection with βάλλω remains uncertain. The factitive ptc. BAntpwoac  'providing with β.᾿ is explained by Hesychius as ἐμβαλών.

XXXXXβληχή [f] 'bleating' (μ 266, A.).

    *DIAL Dor. βλᾶχᾶ.

    *DER βληχάομαι 'bleat' (Ar.), perhaps not denominative, but an independent  intensive like βρυχάομαι, μυκάομαι, etc. (see Schwyzer: 683). βληχηθμός (Ael.; cf. μυκηθμός, etc.), βλήχημα H., βληχάς (Opp., cf. μηκάς, Schwyzer: 508). βληχητά [pl.]  'bleating animals' (Eup., cf. ἑρπετά, etc.). βληχώδης 'bleating' (Babr.). βληχάζω  (Autocr.).

    *ETYM An onomatopoeic formation with many parallels, eg. Cz. blekati, MLG  bleken, MoHG bléken; and, without the velar, CS bléjati, Latv. blét, and MHG blejen;  with a dental, there are Gm. words like OE blétan, OHG blazen; all of which point to  original *é. Trag. βλᾶχᾶ must be a hyperdorism; note βληχάομαι in Theoc.

XXXXXβλῆχνον [n.] 'male fern, Aspidium Filix-mas'.

    *VAR Also βλῆχρον (Dsc.), βλήχρα H., also BAG vov (Phan. Hist), βλᾶχρον (H.).

    *ETYM No etymology. See Rohlfs 1958: 124, Rohlfs Sprache 5 (1959): 175', and Rohlfs  Glotta 38 (1959): 103. The variation p/v does not derive from an r/n-stem, but points  to Pre-Greek origin; see Fur.: 388.

XXXXXβληχρός [adj.] 'weak' (Alc.). <?>

    *VAR ἀβληχρός (1: s.v.).

    *DER βλῆχρος a plant, Strémberg 1940: 24.

    *ETYM Connected with ▶︎ BAGE as Ionic; the -χ- would be expressive (thus Chantraine  1933: 225f.; not via *L1AaK-o-pdc). Not related to ▶︎ μαλάχη, as per Bechtel 1914 s.v. ἀβληχρός. Blanc 1999: 317-38 suggests connection of the root *g'elh,- 'sting' (Pok. 470); the ἀ- was either lost in βληχρός (which is an insufficient solution), or added  later to ἀβληχρός.

XXXXXβλήχων, -ωνος [f.] 'pennyroyal', 'Mentha pulegium' (h. Cer.). 'ΑΚ Ion. γλήχων, Dor. γλᾶχων; also βληχώ, -ους (Schwyzer 479); βληχός = βλήχων (Thphr., Dsc.).

    *DIAL Myc. ka-ra-ko /glak*6n/, but the reading is doubtful.

    *DER βληχωνίας 'prepared with B' (Ar.); Chantraine 1933: 94f. γληχωνίτης (οἶνος;  Dsc.).

    *ETYM Unknown. The variation B- ~ y- could be due to dissimilation (Schwyzer:  299); cf. B-/ yAémw. But since the word has no etymology, and since the stem  formation is strange, we are rather dealing with a Pre-Greek word. For a folk-  etymological connection with βληχάομαι, see Stromberg 1940: 155.

XXXXXβλίζω --βλέτυες.

===Pag_269: Beekes_Página_0269.tiff===

βλίκανον -οβλίχας.

XXXXXβλικάς [m.]/[f.]? - σύκου φύλλον 'eave of a fig' (H.). Also EM 201, 41, Choeroeb., An. Ox. 2,184, 9.

    *ETYM Unknown. Most probably a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXβλιμάζω [v.] 'to feel, squeeze' (e.g. woman's breasts, Com., Hp.). Also = BAittw (EM). «ἢ

    *COMP Verbal noun βλίμασις: ἡ τῶν τιτθῶν θλῖψις 'squeezing tits' (H.).

    *DER Cf. βλιμάξαι: βαστάσαι 'lift up' (Latte thinks that this gloss is corrupt), ἀτιμάσαι  'dishonour' (H.); βλίμιη: προπηλακισμός, ὕβρις 'besmearing, offense' (H., EM).

    *ETYM Unexplained.

XXXXXβλίτον [n.] 'blite, Amaranthus Blitum' (Hp.). <?>

    *DER A few denigrating designations of persons: βλιτάς [f] 'old woman', BAtto-  μάμμας mg. uncertain (Ar. Nub. 1003; or to μέλι), βλίτωνας: τοὺς εὐήθεις 'silly' (H.).

    *ETYM Unknown. Not related as *pA-ttov to ▶︎ μύλη, ▶︎ ἀμαλδύνω. LW Lat. blitum  'blite', also bliteus 'tasteless, foolish' (Plaut.).

XXXXXβλίττω [v.] 'to cut out thecomb of bees' (Arist.).

    *VAR Analogical βλίζω (HL), aor. βλίσαι.

    *DER βλιστηρίς [f.], from ᾿βλιστήρ; PN Βλιστίχη.

    *ETYM From *pAtt-Lw, zero grade denominative of μέλι, -ἰτος 'honey'.

XXXXXβλίτυρι *the sound of the chord of a harp'; hence 'sound without mg.' (5. E.)

    *ETYM Probably onomatopoeic.

XXXXXβλίτυρον : ἐστὶ φυτὸν ἢ φάρμακον ἢ χορδῆς μίμημα 'a plant or drug or an imitation of a gut-string' (EM 201, 43). <?>

    *ETYM For the last part, see ▶︎ βλίτυρι.

XXXXXβλιχ(αν)ώδης [adj.] 'clammy'; cf. LSJ Supp. «τ»

    *VAR βλιχώδης (Hp.), βλιχανώδης (Diph.). BAikavoc (which must not be changed to  *BAtxavov): βάτραχον 'frog' kal βλίχαν 'τ᾿ (H.)

    *ETYM Minon RPh. 74 (2000): 263f. compares βλαχάν: βάτραχον and Artemis's  epithet BAayavitic. Grogelj Ziva Ant. 7 (1957): 42, adduces βεβλιχασμένον (ms. βεβλυχ-} μεμολυσμένον 'stained' (H.).

XXXXXβλοσυρός [adj.] uncertain, perhaps 'terrible' (il.). «?»

    *COMP PAooupwnic [f.] (A 36; on the τ see Schwyzer: 463, Chantraine 1942: 208),  -witéc (AP, Ὁ. P.), -ώπεε [du.] (Opp.); βλοσυρόμματος (Cerc.), βλοσυρόφρων (A.).

    *ETYM Uncertain. Leumann 1950: 141ff. derives it from βλοσυρ(ός) 'of a vulture', as if  it were Aeolic from IE *g'/tur(os), related to Lat. voltur(us) 'id'. There is no evidence,  however, that the word is IE.

XXXXXβλύζω [v.] 'to bubble, gush forth' (1].). <?>

    *VAR Aor. βλῦσαι.

    *DER Verbs βλύω (LXX), βλυστάνω (Procop.); βλύσις (AP). Also adj. βλύδιον-  ὑγρόν, ζέον 'humid, seething' (H.).

===Pag_270: Beekes_Página_0270.tiff=== XXXXXβόὰξ 223

    *ETYM Cf. κλύζω, φλύζω; βλύω is probably secondary. Maurice BSL 82 (1987): 216f.,  attempted to connect it with φλύω (οἰνόφλυξ), We may consider onomatopoeic  origin. In any case, not related to Skt. galati 'drip' or OHG quellan.

XXXXXβλωθρός [adj.] (grown) high' (of trees; Il.). «ΡΟ»

    *VAR γλωθρός (H., see LSJ Supp. and Fur.: 389), a form which is often overlooked.

    *ETYM The connection with a word for 'head' (Skt. miirdhdn- [m.], OE molda [m.]  'upper part of the head, crown') as ᾿μλωθρός is obsolete. Nor can it be connected to  ▶︎ μέλαθρον or ▶︎ βλαστάνω, two alternative proposals by Frisk. Further, ▶︎ βλώσκω  'est loin pour le sens' (DELG). In my view, the variant with y- points to Pre-Greek  origin (see Beekes 1969: 215f.).

XXXXXβλωμοί [?] - στραβοί 'squintings' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. See Groégelj Ziva Ant. 3 (1953): 198 (who compares βάλλω).

XXXXXβλωμός [m.] 'piece of bread' (Call.). «?»

    *COMP ὀκτά-βλωμος (Hes. Op. 442), see Hofinger Ant. class. 36 (1967): 457ff.

    *ETYM Not related to βλέει in καβλέει (Η:; see ▶︎ βλέτυες). Cf. ψωμός s.v. ▶︎ ψῆν;  however, the etymology is unknown.

XXXXXβλώσκω [v.] 'to go, come' (IL).

    *VAR Aor. μολεῖν, ἔβλω: ἐφάνη, ὥχετο, ἔστη 'appeared, went, stood up' (H.); fut. μολοῦμαι (βλῶξαι, βλώξω Lyc.), perf. μέμβλωκα (βέβλωκε: ἠρεμεῖ, φύεται 'be at rest,  grow', H.).

    *COMP Also with kata-, mpo-, ἐκ-, etc. αὐτόμολος 'deserter' (Hdt.); ἀγχίμολον (ἦλθε,  11), old absolutive, Wackernagel Mus. Helv. 1 (1944): 226ff; ἀγχιβλώς: ἄρτι παρών  'just arrived' (H.).

    *DER προμολή (mostly plur. -ai) 'approach, vestibule' (Ar.); βλῶσις: παρουσία  'presence' (H.).

    *ETYM The present βλώσκω < *HAW-oKw (cf. WoA-eiv, μέ-μβλω-κα) from *mJh,-sk- is  clear. The aorist stem BAw- then has the same origin, with the zero grade from the  plural. The nominal forms with -μολ- have the o-grade *molh,-, while the aor. stem  woA-e/o- is explained from metathesis in ἔμελο-μ, -¢, -t < *melh,- (after Ruipérez  Emerita 10 (1942): 386-407). Hardarson 1993a: 169f. and 224f., also assumes */h, > oo  under the accent, which is doubtful; a twofold development pAw- (in ἔβλω) beside  μολο- is improbable. I would expect *-jh,-V- to have yielded -aAV-, which was  replaced by -oAV- after the predominant o-vocalism. The metathesis is not an  independent phonetic development, but part of this process of morphological  reorganisation. Outside Greek, the verb may be found in Slavic, e.g. SCr. iz-moliti  *Jet appear', ie. 'show', and SIn. moliti 'pass, hand over'. The connection with ToA  mlusk*- 'escape' (and ToB mlutk*-? Cf. Adams s.v.) is uncertain. Connection with  μέλλω is phonetically improbable (because of the laryngeal), while that with  > μολεύω 'cut off and transplant the shoots of trees' is semantically very difficult.

XXXXXβόᾱξ [m.] a fish, 'Box boops' (Epich.). <?>

    *VAR Ion. βόηξ, later BOE. Ar. Byz. preferred βόωψ (ap. Ath.). Cf. βόα = σάλπη  (Pancrat. apud Ath.).

===Pag_271: Beekes_Página_0271.tiff===

    *ETYM The ancients believed that the fish was called this way because it cried; see  Stromberg 1943: 63-6 and Thompson 1947 s.v. βώξ. Thence the Latin loanword boca;  MoGr. βοῦπα, γοῦπα, yaa. Bodw [v.] 'to cry' (Il.). <ONOM>

    *VAR Aor. βοῆσαι (Ion. also Bacat), βεβωμένος, ἐβώσθην.

    *DER βοή 'cry' (Il.), βοητύς 'id' (a 369), βόᾶμα, βόημα 'id' (A.), βόησις 'id? (Thd.,  Quint.); βοητής (Hp.), fem. βοᾶτις (αὐδάν) 'loud' (A.).

    *ETYM Probably a deverbative like ποτάομαι, with deverbal βοή (Schwyzer: 683);  alternatively, Bodw is denominative from βοή. A connection with Skt. joguve 'to  speak loudly' (intensive) and BSL, e.g. Lith. gaudziu, gaitsti 'to cry, weep' and OCS  govors 'noise' is conceivable, but these may just as well belong to ▶︎ yodw. Bodw is  rather onomatopoeic; cf. bit s.v. ▶︎ βύας, Lat. δοῦ, bodre was borrowed from Greek. The same root is found in ▶︎ βοηθέω, ▶︎ βωστρέω. βοηδρομέω -'βοηθόος. βοηθόος [m.] 'who brings help (in war) (I].). <GR>

    *VAR Dor. βοᾶθόος, Att. and Hdt. βοηθός (see below).

    *DER Hence a denominative Aetol. Boa8oéw (Lesb. Badu), and by hyphairesis  Dor. PoaGéw, Att. and Hdt. βοηθέω 'come to help on a cry, help' (cf. Kretschmer  Glotta 18 (1930): 96f.). From βοαθόος resp. βοηθό(ο)ς: Aetol. βοαθοΐα (< ᾿βοαθορία),  Att. βοήθεια 'help' (rebuilt after the nouns in -eva [Schwyzer: 469]). From βοηθέω as  a back-formation βοηθός (or contracted from βοηθόος, see Schwyzer: 469?);  βοήθησις 'help' (Hp.).

    *ETYM βοηθόος is from an expression like (ἐπὶ) βοὴν θεῖν (see Schulze 1933a: 188). Based on βοηθέω, βοηθός, the synonym βοηδρομέω (Eur.) was created, together  with βοηδρόμια [pl.] name of a festival (D; month name Βοηδρομιών, Βοηδρόμιος),  and βοηδρόμος (E; on the connection, see Kretschmer Glotta 18 (1930): 96ff.).

XXXXXβόθρος [m.] 'hole, trench, pit (dug in the groundy (I]; on the mg. see Hutchinson JHS 55 (1935): 1ff.; also as a sports term, see Jiithner Wiener Stud. 53 (1935): 68ff.).

    *DER Diminutive βοθρίον (Alciphr.), also 'small ulcer' (Hp.). Also βόθῦνος [m.]  (Cratin.; cf. αἰσχρός : αἰσχύνομαι, Chantraine 1933: 208).

    *ETYM βόθρος and βόθυνος have been connected with Lith. bedi 'sting, dig', Lat. fodié 'to dig', fossa 'ditch', and MW bedd 'canal'. In order to explain the discrepancy  between Greek B- and Lat. f, dissimilation of PIE *b'od"- to PGr. *bod"- was  assumed, or influence of βαθύς (but Alciphr. 3, 13 ἐμβαθύνας βόθρια may be a later  association). Equally unsatisfying is the solution of Petersson 1921: 128ff., who  assumed a labiovelar and connected the word with γυθίσσων: διορύσσων 'digging  out' (H.) and further to βαθύς, etc. (see ▶︎ βυθός), Since the IE connection is  impossible, and the formation (nominal -tv-, see Pre-Greek) is also suspect, we  should better derive the word from Pre-Greek; even the meaning suggests such  origin.

XXXXXβόλβιτον [n.] 'cow dung' (see Rohlfs ByzZ 37 (1937): 54f.). «ΡΟ»

===Pag_272: Beekes_Página_0272.tiff=== XXXXXβόλιτον 225

    *VAR Also -ος [m.] (Thphr.), βόλβιθος (PMag. Par.; after σπύραθος, σπέλεθοςξ See  Chantraine 1933: 367); also βόλιτον, -ος (Cratin.); BoAPita: ἀφόδευμα βοός 'cow  dung' (H.) (i.e. BOABic), followed by βόλβυθον: τὸ αὐτό.

    *DER βολίτινος (Ar.); BoAitatva cuttle fish, which smells badly (Arist.), also  βολβίτιον (Gal.) and βολβίς (Epich.).

    *ETYM As an alternative to the unsatsifactory assumption that βόλιτον arose from  βόλβιτον through dissimilation, Frisk implausibly suggested that it is rather  βόλβιτον that is secondary, influenced by βολβός. βόλιτον cannot be derived from  βάλλω, βόλος, and βολεών 'Diingerhaufen' either, because this leaves the formation  unexplained. Much better is it to explain the variation as Pre-Greek, which is further  confirmed by the suffix -1tov (Fur.: 163; further 180, 187); in addition, the alter-  nations tT ~ 9 and 1 ~ v are typical for Pre-Greek. The variation between βὶ and zero,  to which Fur.: devotes an entire chapter, is perhaps best explained from a labialized  lateral, ie. *bal''-it- in this case (cf. ▶︎ αὖλαξ and Pre-Greek). The discussions in Frisk  and DELG are typical examples of the wrong method to explain away the  characteristics of Pre-Greek.

XXXXXβολβός [m.] 'onion; purse-tassels, Muscari comosum' (Att., Arist.).

    *DER βολβίον (Hp.), βολβάριον (Epict.), βολβίσκος (AP) 'small onion'. From βολβός  the plant βολβίνη (Thphr. see Stromberg 1937: 86). On the fishnames βολβίδιον,  βολβίτιον, βολβιτίνη see ▶︎ βόλβιτον; also βολβῖτις, βολβιτίς. See Thompson 1947: 33.

    *ETYM The form of the word is expressive, sound-symbolic, with a kind of  reduplication. There are no direct relatives. It is reminiscent of words for round,  globular objects, like Lat. bulla 'water bubble', BuAAd βεβυσμένα 'stuffed objects'  (H.), Lith. burbulas 'water bubble', etc; cf. βομβυλίς s.v. ▶︎ βόμβος. Further, similar to  Arm. botk 'radish' (less adequate, however, is Skt. bélba-ja- [m.] kind of grass,  'Eleusine indica', originally 'balba-born'); cf. Pok. 103 and WH s.v. bulbus. Lat. bulbus is a loan. Cf. ▶︎ βῶλος.

XXXXXβολέω -'βάλλω.

XXXXXβολεών 'dunghill (Din.).

    *DER βολεός 'heaped' (inscr. II*, LSJ Supp.), οἔλίθοι 'stones' as boundary marks.

    *ETYM Generally derived from βάλλω, but this could be deceptive. The suffix is  obscure; see Chantraine 1933: 164. βολεός may or may not be cognate.

XXXXXβολίζη [f.] 'female slave in Crete' (Seleucus apud Ath. 267c). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXβόλινθος [m.] 'aurochs, the European bison', = βόνασος (Arist.). < PG(S)>

    *ETYM The conclusion, on the basis of βόνασος, that the word derives from  Ἰβόνινθος is most uncertain. The influence of βοῦς is also a mere guess. No  etymology. Probably Pre-Greek; cf. Krahe Die Antike 15 (1939): 180 and Krause 1958:  6:1.

XXXXXβόλιτον = BOABi TOV.

===Pag_273: Beekes_Página_0273.tiff===

XXXXXβομβοία [f.] - ἡ κολυμβὰς ἐλαία παρὰ Κυπρίοις 'olive pickled in brine (Cypr.) (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXβόμβος [m.] 'noise with a low tone' (IA).

    *DER βομβέω 'give a low tone, hum' (1].). βομβάξ interj., as ironic imitation of a  swollen style (Ar. Th. 45), with intensive reduplication βομβαλοβομβάξ (ibid. 48). Related are: βομβυλιός (accent. acc. to Hdn. 1, 116; IA) 'humming insect', also vase  with a small neck (from the sound when emptied), also βομβύλην: λήκυθον 'a vase'  (H.) and βομβυλία: κρήνη ἐν Βοιωτίᾳ 'source in Boeotia' (H.); with different mg.:  βομβυλίδας: πομφόλυγας 'waterbubbles' (H.). βόμβυξ, -ῦκος [m.] 'low sounding  flute, the lowest tone of a flute' (Ar.); also βομβυκίας (of κάλαμος 'reed-pipe';  Thphr.); Βομβύκα [f.] name of a flute player (Theoc.); also 'drone', with βομβύκιον  kind of bee (Arist.). Glosses βομβρύζων: τονθορύζων, βοῶν 'mumbling, shouting'  βομβρυνάζειν: βρενθύεσθαι 'be haughty' (H.). Related is βέμβιξ 'whipping-top;  insect'.

    *ETYM Although πέμφιξ and πομφόλυξ, variants of βέμβιξ, show typical Pre-Greek  charactertistics (e.g. -ῦκ- beside -ix-), the ultimate origin of the word is probably  onomatopoeic. Cf. Lith. birmbalas, Latv. bambals 'beetle', CS bubens 'drum', 3sg. Alb. bubullin 'it thunders, ON bumla [f.] 'drum'. Lat. bombus is a Greek loan. See  > βολβός.

XXXXXβόμβυξ, -υκος [m.] 'silk-worm' (Arist.).

    *VAR The quantity of the v is unknown.

    *DER βομβύκιον 'cocoon of the B.' (Arist.); βομβύκινος (Lib.).

    *ETYM βόμβυξ must be of Anatolian origin, as is also suggested by its structure: it is  now known that silk was also produced in Greece itself (Kos and Asia Minor) before  it was introduced from the east (Hemmerdinger Glotta 48 (1970): 65). We may  compare several words for 'cotton' (see ▶︎ βαμβάκιον), of which Osman. pambuk  'cotton' is the best match. The word may derive from an original *p/bamb-ak- (with  suffix -uk-, probably with long i% cf. also Schrader-Nehring 1917(2): 381ff, DNP:  3470.

XXXXXβόνασ(σλος [π|.] 'aurochs' (Arist.).

    *ETYM Unexplained; generally considered to be a loanword from a European  language. There have been attempts to connect it with ▶︎ βόλινθος, which is quite  uncertain. Fur.; 213 tries to connect it with Paeonian ▶︎ μόναπος, for which there is no  basis.

XXXXXβορά ⟹ βιβρώσκω.

XXXXXβόρασσος [m.] 'growing spadix of the date with immature fruit' (Dsc. 1, 109, 5).

    *ETYM Egyptian word; cf. Arab. bosr 'unripe date'. See Cuny REA 20 (1918): 223f.

XXXXXβόρατον ⟹ βράθυ.

XXXXXβόρβορος [m.] 'mire, filth' (Asios). <?>

===Pag_274: Beekes_Página_0274.tiff===

    *DER Βορβορῖται name of an association in Thera (inscr.) and οὗ ἃ Manichaean-  gnostic sect (Epiph.). Denominatives: βορβορόω, βορβορίζω (Dsc.; = μολύνει H.). See also ▶︎ βοβορύζω.

    *ETYM Expressive reduplicated formation, probably onomatopoeic (cf. the gloss  βορβορίζει s.v. ▶︎ βορβορύζω). A connection with Arm. kork 'dirt', which would  require a reconstruction *g'org'(or)o-, remains very doubtful.

XXXXXβορβορύζω [v.] 'to rumble' (Hippon., see LSJ Supp.). <?>

    *DER βορβορυγή: ποιός τις ἦχος, ὅν Kai κορκορυγὴν καλοῦσιν 'kind of sound, also  called κ᾿ (H.), βορβορυγμός 'id' (Hp.); also βορβόρωσις (Archig. apud Aét.), as if  from βορβορόω (see ▶︎ βόρβορος). βορβορίζει: γογγύζει, μολύνει. Κύπριοι 'grumbles,  stains (Ογρτ.} (H.), βορβορισμός (Cael. Aur.) = βορβορυγμός.

    *ETYM Onomatopoeic reduplicated formation. Connected with ▶︎ βόρβορος, though  partly different in meaning (developments like these are not infrequently found in  onomatopoeic words). In βορβορίζει, the two meanings come together. No  etymology.

XXXXXβορβύλα - πέμμα στρογγύλον διὰ μήκωνος καὶ σησάμης μεγέθους ἄρτου 'round pastry made from poppy and sesame, of the size of a loaf of bread' (H.). «τὴν Anat.

    *ETYM Szemerényi Gnomon 43 (1971): 661 compares Hitt. 'N?Apurpura- 'Klotz' or  'Kugel, Knédel'. Names of pastries are frequently borrowed from Asia Minor.

XXXXXβορέας, -ov [m.] 'north wind, north', also PN (1].); see Nielsen Class. et Med. 7 (1945): iff.

    *DIAL Att. (contracted) βορρᾶς, -ἃ (see Scheller 1952: 114), Ion. βορέης, contracted  βορῆς, -ἕω, Lesb. βορίαις (1 < ε; at for a).

    *DER βόρειος, Ion. βορήιος (Chantraine 1933: 52) 'of the north wind'; fem. also  βορε(ι)άς, βορηιάς (A.). Local adverbs: BopénBev, βορρᾶθεν, βορρόθεν, etc. Denominative: βορεύω 'come from the north' (Thphr.).

    *ETYM Uncertain. Taken as 'wind from the mountains', related to a word for  'mountain' seen in Skt. giré-, Av. gairi-, Lith. giré 'wood', and OCS gora; cf. Illyr. bora  'mountain' in names (Krahe IF 57 (1940): 125ff.), as well as ▶︎ δειράς. So the Ὑπερ-  βόρεοι are properly 'those living beyond the mountains' (Pedersen KZ 36 (1900):  319). The formation, however, is unclear; see Pedersen 1926: 66, Schwyzer: 462. On  wind names in -ἰας, see Chantraine 1933: 95. Is the word an IE formation at all?

XXXXXβόσκω [v.] 'to feed, tend', med. 'to feed oneself (Il.). <18 *g'eh,- 'feed, tend'>

    *VAR Fut. βοσκήσω (Od., but see Chantraine 1942: 446), hapax βώσεσθε (A. R. 1, 685;  see below); ἐβοσκήθην, βεβόσκηκα, ἐβόσκησα are all Hell. and late.

    *DIAL Myc. su-qo-ta-o /su-g'6tadn/, qo-u-qo-ta /g'ou-g'6tai/.

    *COMP In compounds -βώτης and -βότης (συ-βώ-της, ἱππο-βό-της); αἰγίβοτος  'browsed by goats'; πουλυβότειρα. As a first member in βωτι-άνειρα 'feeding men'  (Il.); see Risch 1937: 174.

    *DER βοσκή 'fodder, meadow' (A.); βόσκημα 'id.', also 'cattle tended, herd' (trag.). βοσκός 'shepherd' (Aesop; a back-formation, see Schwyzer 541); fem. βοσκάς  'feeding itself (Nic.). βόσις 'fodder' (T 268); βοτόν 'cattle', especially 'sheep' (11.

===Pag_275: Beekes_Página_0275.tiff===

βοτάνη 'fodder' (Chantraine 1933: 199), βοτέω 'tend' (Nic. Η.} βοτήρ 'shepherd' (ο 215; fem. βότειρα (Eust.); βώτωρ (IL), cf. Benveniste 1948: 29 on the difference between -twp and -τήρ.

    *ETYM Old IE verb. Its nearest relation is Lith. guéotas 'herd' (*g'eh,-to-); cf. Botov  (*g'h;-to-). ▶︎ βοῦς is probably derived from this root.

XXXXXβόσμαρος [m.] 'Indian millet, Ragi, Eleusine coracana' (Str.). «Ὁ

    *VAR Bdopopov (Perip]. M. Rubr.).

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXβόστρυχος [m.] 'curl, lock of hair' (Archil.).

    *VAR Plur. also βόστρυχα (AP).

    *DER βοστρύχιον, also 'vine-tendril (Arist, AP), βοστρύχια: στέμφυλα 'mass of  pressed graped or olives' (H.); cf. βότρυχος s.v. ▶︎ βότρυς; βοστρυχηδόν 'in locks'  (Luc.). βοστρυχίζω, βοστρυχόομαι. On the suffix -x- see Chantraine 1933: 402.

    *ETYM Unknown. The suffix -vy- could well be Pre-Greek (-uC- is frequent), and  such origin is probable for the whole word. On the confusion with ▶︎ βότρυς, see  there.

XXXXXβοτάνη —BdoKw.

XXXXXβότις a fish (Sophr.). 42>

    *VAR βότις: βόλτιον H., considered corrupt by Latte; on sufficient grounds?

    *ETYM Perhaps identical with ▶︎ Batic.

XXXXXβότρυς, -υος [m.] 'bunch of grapes' (I].).

    *VAR Alsoacc. βότρυα (Euph.), LSJ Supp.

    *DER βοτρυηρός 'of the genus grapes' (Thphr., cf. οἰνηρός Chantraine 1933: 233). βοτρυΐτης, -ἴτις (λίθος) kind of pearl, 'Calamine' (Dsc.). Adverb βοτρυδόν (I1.). Isolated βοτρυμός: τρυγητός 'vintage' (H.), as if from *Potpbw; see Schwyzer: 492. After βόστρυχος arose βότρυχος 'lock of hair' (Pherecr; probably E. Or. 1267) and  βοστρύχιον 'vine-tendril and βοστριχίτης, see ▶︎ βόστρυχος.

    *ETYM Like ἄμπελος, the word is probably Pre-Greek. It is hardly Semitic (Hebr. boser 'uvae immaturae acerbae'), as per Szemerényi Gnomon 43 (1971): 661. Fur.: 302  considers it originally to have been identical with Bootpuyoc (interchange ot/ τ); this  is very doubtful.

XXXXXβου- augmentative prefix.

    *ETYM This meaning seems to have developed from the bahuvrihi compounds of the  type 'having X like a B' See βούβρωστις, Povyde, etc. Cf. DELG and further  Richardson BICS 8 (1961): 15-22 and Richardson Hermathena 96 (1962): 92.

XXXXXβοῦα [f.]? - ἀγέλη παίδων. Λάκωνες 'a group of children (Lacon.) (H.). <?>

    *VAR  Wrong accent acc. to DELG. Bovda: ἀγέλη τις 'a herd' (EM; perhaps from  Bovoda, to ceverv? But original co would not have disappeared; Wahrmann Glotta  17 (1929): 242 supposes an hyperarchaism).

    *DER βοναγόρ' ἀγελάρχης, ὁ τῆς ἀγέλης ἄρχων παῖς. Λάκωνες 'slave who watches  over the herd (Lacon.) (H.); also βουαγός, βοαγός (inscr.). Further συμβοῦαι:

===Pag_276: Beekes_Página_0276.tiff=== XXXXXβούβητις, -ἰος 229 συνωμόται 'confederate'. συμβουάδ«δρ»ει- ὑπερμαχεῖ. Λάκωνες 'fight in defense of

    *ETYM According to von Blumenthal 1930: 9, the word is Illyrian for φυή; this is  semantically improbable. See Bechtel 1921, 2: 368f. and Kretschmer Glotta 17 (1929):  242.

XXXXXβουαγετόν [m.]/[n.]? - ὑπὸ βοῶν εἱλκυσμένον ξύλον 'piece of wood drawn by oxen' (H.).

    *ETYM The word is simply from βοῦς and ἄγω.

XXXXXβουάκραι [f] - οἱ φοίνικες ὑπὸ Λακώνων (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. LSJ translates 'palms', but it is impossible to know if this was really  the intended sense.

XXXXXβουβάλιον 1 [n.] 'bracelet' (Com., inscr.).

    *VAR  Mostly plur. -a. Cf. BoundAtva (Delos) and βουπαλίδες: περισκελίδες 'leg-  bands' (H.).

    *ETYM The variation f ~ 1 points to Pre-Greek origin (so not from πάλλω!). For the  suffix -tv-, Fur. 145, 373 refers to γοσσύπινον, ἀπόλινον. The word is hardly  connected with βούβαλις 'antelope' (as per L. Robert 1963: 24-30).

XXXXXβουβάλιον 2 [n.] 'wild cucumber, ἄγριος σικυός᾽ (Ps. Diosc., Hp. apud H.).

    *ETYM Explained from the prefix ▶︎ Bov- and ▶︎ βάλλω, see André Et. class. 24 (1956):  40-2, but this looks like a folk-etymological explanation; the structure of the word is  strange. Asa plant name, the word is rather Pre-Greek.

XXXXXβούβαλις, -t(5)oc [f.] '(African) antilope' (Hdt.); see Schrader-Nehring 1917(1): 52; Schrader-Nehring 1917(2): 263. <?>

    *VAR  Also βούβαλος [m.] (Arist.).

    *ETYM The word seems to contain ▶︎ βοῦς, but this is rather a secondary association,    as the formation is unclear. It was borrowed as Lat. bitbalus, whence later bufalus,  OF r. bufie, E buffalo.

XXXXXβουβάρας - (2) μεγαλοναύτης, παρὰ τὴν βᾶριν 'great sailor [?], after the β. (a flat- bottomed boatY καὶ (2) μέγα βάρος ἔχων 'having heavy weight' kai (3) abynpatiac 'boaster' ἢ (4) ὁ μέγας Kal ἀναίσθητος ἄνθρωπος 'great and unnoticed man' (H.). <GR, ἵν

    *VAR Cod. βοβ-. Cf. βούβαρις: νεὼς ὄνομα 'name of a ship' (H.).

    *ETYM In (3) the ms. has και αὐχηματίας; καυχητίων ex EM Alb. The other  definitions are clear.

XXXXXβούβαστις [f.] 'groin' (Aét.).

    *ETYM Related to »βουβών; further unknown. DELG improbably considers it to    have been coined after the Egyptian goddess Βούβαστις. Note that Pre-Greek has a  suffix -(a)ot-; see Pre-Greek.

XXXXXβούβητις, -tog [f.] 'stream for watering cattle'(?) (Tab. Heracl. 2, 13, 14). <?>

===Pag_277: Beekes_Página_0277.tiff===

    *ETYM Since the word is Doric, it is not related to ἔβην (ἔβαν). The form *-Ba-etic  (Schwyzer: 270) has no basis. The old connection with Lith. gétis 'Viehtrift' seems  impossible, as a labiovelar would yield 5-. Foreign origin (Kretschmer KZ 30 (1890):  579, Fraenkel 1910: 116 A. 1) is always possible, but Bov- suggests a Greek word.

XXXXXβούβρωστις [f.] 'ravenous appetite' (QO. 532), also as a goddess.

    *ETYM The meaning is not quite certain: 'hunger' does not fit well in Homer, and in  antiquity it was interpreted as oictpoc 'gadfly'. The word seems to have an  augmentative ▶︎ Bov- (Schwyzer: 434), like βούλιμος and βούπεινα (which are  possibly synonymous), and a second element as in βιβρώσκω; it is modelled after  νῆστις (Risch 1937: 39), but as an agent noun (like ▶︎ ἄμπωτις).

XXXXXβουβών, -@vog [m.] 'groin' (1].); 'swollen gland' (Ηρ... <?>

    *VAR Late also βομβών (Moeris; after βόμβοςξ).

    *DER βουβωνίσκος 'bandage for the groin' (Heliod. apud Oribs cf. γραφίσκος, etc.,  Chantraine 1933: 408); βουβώνιον the plant 'Aster amellus' (Dsc., Strémberg 1940:  87). Denominative BouBwvidw 'to suffer from swollen glands' (Ar.).

    *ETYM Unknown. Formation like pu@v, σιαγών. Connection with βουνός 'hill is  morphologically impossible. It can hardly be related to Skt. gavini [f.du.] 'part of the  lower body'. If the (late) variant βόμβων is reliable, the word is then be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXβουγάϊε [m.] 'braggart'? (N 824, σ 79). <?>

    *VAR Schol. βουκαίε.

    *ETYM Contains the prefix ▶︎ Bov- as in ▶︎ βούβρωστις, βουκόρυζα, βούπαις, etc; the  second member could be related to the pres. ▶︎ yaiw (cf. κύδεϊ γαίων) The ἃ is  problematic (Zenodotus wrote Bovyrjie; Chantraine 1942: 22). See Latacz 1966: 120f.

XXXXXβουκάτια [n.pl.] a festival in Delphi (inscr.). <1£? *tken- 'slay'>

    *DER Βουκάτιος name of a month.

    *ETYM The analysis as 'killing of cows' (from καίνω) is factually correct. Puhvel KZ  79 (1964-5): 7ff. (after Wackernagel-Debrunner 1930: 372) reads '(festival) of 100  cows' as in Skt. go-Satam. Note that ▶︎ ἑκατόν derives from *dkit-tom > *ekaton, and  that the *d also leaves a trace in the decades in *-dkomth, > -ἤκοντα. This shows that  the *-t- did not cause lengthening.

XXXXXβουκόλος [m., adj.] 'cowherd' (11). «1Ὲ *k'el(H)- 'turn around'>

    *DIAL Myc. go-u-ko-ro /g'ou-kolos/.

    *DER βουκολίαι 'herds of cattle' (ἢ. Merc.), βουκόλια (-tov) 'id? (Hdt.); βουκολεῖον  'office of the ἄρχων βασιλεύς (Arist. Ath. 3, 5; cf. πρυτανεῖον; βουκολίς [f.], also  [adj.] 'pasture' (Ὁ. H.); βουκολίσκος kind of bandage (Gal; cf. βουβωνίσκος s.v.> βουβών); βουκολίνη: κίγκλος τὸ ὄρνεον 'the bird «.' (H.); see Thompson 1895 s.v. βουκολικός 'ptng. to the shepherd', 'bucolic' (Theoc.). Denominative βουκολέω  (Il.), βουκολιάζομαι, -ἰιάζω 'sing shepherd songs' (Theoc.). From βουκόλος, as a short  name, Βοῦκος (Theoc.).

    *ETYM Old compound of βοῦς and néAopat, cognate with Olr. buachaill, MW bugail  'shepherd'. Cf. ▶︎ αἰπόλος and ▶︎ ἀμφίπολος.

===Pag_278: Beekes_Página_0278.tiff=== XXXXXβουνός 231

XXXXXβουκονιστήριον [n.] 'arena for bulls' ([ΟΚοπ. 3, 484, Oenoanda ΠΡ).

    *ETYM For κονιστήριον (Vitr., Pergamon), cf. koviotpa 'arena' (Heberdey and  Kalinka 1897: 2, 70). Acc. to Robert Hellenika 3 (1946): 149f., however, it must be  equated with βυκανιστήριον.

XXXXXβουλιμία [f.] 'hunger like a bull' (Timocl.). «ΘΕ»

    *DER βουλιμιάω [v.] 'to have hunger like a bull (Ar.). βουλιμώττω (Suid.) =  βουλιμιάω.

    *ETYM From βούλιμος, properly an adjective (Alex.), but also = βουλιμία (Plu.) by  association with λιμός; see Risch IF 59 (1949): 59. In contains augmentative ▶︎ Bov-, as  in ▶︎ βούβρωστις, ▶︎ βουγάϊε.

XXXXXβούλομαι [v.] 'want, wish' (I].).

    *VAR  The other tenses are based on the present: βουλήσομαι, ἐβουλήθην,  βεβούλημαι. On βέβουλα (A 113) see below.

    *DIAL Arc.-Cypr. Eretr. (also Hom., see Chantraine 1942: 311) βόλομαι, Lesb. βόλλομαι, Dor. (Cret.) βώλομαι; Thess. βέλλομαι, Boeot. βείλομη, Dor. (Heracl., etc.)  δήλομαι, Locr. Delph. δείλομαι.

    *DER βουλή 'will, decision, council' (I].); Dor. Arc. BwAd, Lesb. BOAAa. Denominative  βουλεύω (BwA-, βολλ-εύω), -opat 'deliberate' (I1.), with many derivatives: βούλευμα,  βουλεία, βουλευτής, βουλευτήριον 'council chamber'.

    *ETYM The verb has been much discussed, yet there is no agreement on its prehistory  (the root must have been *g'el-/g'ol-). We can assume that there was a perfect  Ἰβέβολα with present meaning, a trace of which could be found in προ-βέβουλα (A  113), with ov from βούλομαι. The o-vocalism and the B- may have spread from there. (We cannot exclude influence from BovAn, but this is probably itself to be derived  from the present.) However, it seems doubtful that the perfect alone is the source of  the pervasive o-vocalism. The central problem is the origin of the present, for which  a suffix -m- or -s- has been assumed, although Ruijgh Lingua 25 (1970): 315f. maintains that only -Av- can explain the compensatory lengthening (see also Slings  Mnem. 28 (1975): 1-16). Peters 1986: 311 suggested a root in *-h,, which may help to  explain the o-vocalism: a nasal present *g'l-n-h,- would have yielded *BaAvo- [or  BAavo-?], which was replaced by *BoAv-, and Pamphylian βΟλέμενος would have  βολε- < *BeAo- < *g'elh,-. However, Peters' solution remains problematic because we  have no evidence of BAw-, nor is there a clear basis for the introduction of the o-  vocalism.

XXXXXβουλῦτός [m.] lit. 'unyoking of the oxen', 'evening' (Π 779 = t 58, in βουλυτόν de). < GRP

    *ETYM From ▶︎ βοῦς and ▶︎ λύω with a suffix -to- (Chantraine 1933: 303). The length  in AD- is caused by a laryngeal, also seen in Lat. so-li-tus, Skt. la-na- 'cut off, and in  ToAB ldw*- 'to send'.

XXXXXβουνός [m.] 'hill (Hdt.).

    *VAR βουνός: στιβάς, κύπριοι 'bed of leaves, matress (Cypr.)' (H.).

===Pag_279: Beekes_Página_0279.tiff===

    *DER βοῦνις [f] 'hilly (A; cf. θοῦρις). Plant names βουνιάς 'Brassica napus'  (Agatharch.) and βούνιον 'Bunium ferulaceum' (Dsc.), cf. Strémberg 1940: 117. βουνίτης epithet of Pan, but reinterpreted as containing βοῦς; Dor. βωνίτης.

    *ETYM Acc. to Hdt. 4, 199, the word is Cyrenaean, but it is actually Doric (Solmsen  BPhW 1906: 756f.). It is a dialectal word that spread in Hellenistic times (DELG). Fur. 208, 213 cites μουνιάς, μουνιαδικόν as variants of βουνιάς, which may point to  Pre-Greek origin. He further adduces Basque muno 'hill', and additionally refers to  προύνους: βουνοὺς (H.). Fur.: 213% thinks that βουνός: στιβάς 'bed of straw' derives  from βύνω.

XXXXXβουπαλίδες

    *VAR βουπάλινα. = βουβάλιον.

XXXXXβούπρηστις [adj.] 'poisonous beetle' (Nic.); also a plant, Bunias erucago? (Thphr.). «6»

    *ETYM See Amigues RPh. 64 (1990): 89-97, who interprets it as 'who inflames cattle',  and explains the plant name as secondary to that of the animal.

XXXXXβούπτινον [m.]/[n.]? - βοτάνη, λεγομένη τρίφυλλον 'a plant called clover' (H.).

    *ETYM Fur:: 318 thinks that the word is Pre-Greek because of the group mt, which is  quite possible.

XXXXXβουρδών [m.] 'mule' (Edict. Dioclet.). «τὴν Lat.>

    *ETYM A loanword from Lat. burdé.

XXXXXβοῦς [f., m.] 'cow, bull, ox' (1].).

    *VAR Gen. βοός; acc. βῶν (Dor. and H 238), Dor. nom. βῶς; Att. acc. βοῦν after βοῦς  (see below).

    *DIAL Myc. go-o /g'6ns/? (Ruijgh 1967a: 131).

    *COMP As a first member, Bov-, Bo(F)- (before vowel): βουκόλος, βούβοτος,  ▶︎ βούτυρον, βοηλάτης, ▶︎ βοῶπις. On augmentative ▶︎ βου- s.v. and ▶︎ βούβρωστις,  »βουγάιε, ▶︎ βουλιμία. See also ▶︎ ἑκατόμβη. As a second member also -βοιος, e.g. ἐννεά-βοιος (1].) < "-βοριο- = Skt. gdvya- (see below).

    *DER Diminutives βοΐδιον (Ar.), βούδιον (Hermipp, pap.). Further βούτης  'cowherd', also adj. 'of a cow (A.), with πολυ-βούτης 'rich in cows' βοεύς 'strap of  cow-leather' (β 426), Bowv, -@vog [m.] 'cow-sty' (Heraklea). Adjectives: βόειος, βόεος 'bovine' (II), substantivized fem. Boein, βοέη 'cow-hide'  (1... With a suffix -κ-: βοει-κός (Th. et al.) and βο-ϊκός (Elis, Priene); also βόϊνος  (gloss., Eust.); βοώδης (Adam., Apollon. Lex.). Denominative verb βοόω 'to transform into an ox' (Eust.). On Βοῦκος, βουκαῖος see ▶︎ βουκόλος. See also ▶︎ Bova and ▶︎ βουσός.

    *ETYM βοῦς is cognate of Skt. gduh, acc. gam (= βῶν), Lat. bés (from Osc.-Umbr.),  gen.pl. boum = βοῶν = Skt. gdvam, U acc. bum = βῶν; Arm. kov (u-stem), Or. δό,  OHG chuo, ToA ko, ToB ke,, Latv. guovs all 'cow', OCS gov-edo 'cattle'. Adjective  *g'ou-io- in -Bo(F Log = Skt. gdvya-, Arm. kogi 'butter'. The root was probably *g'eh,-, as seen in ▶︎ βόσκω 'to tend'; the circumflex accent in  the nom.sg. points to a lost laryngeal. The original inflection is still unclear: we  expect *g'eh,-u-s, gen. g'h,-eu-s (proterodynamic); the latter form explains Av. gaos

===Pag_280: Beekes_Página_0280.tiff=== XXXXXβραβεύς 233 and Gr. βορός, but not Skt. gduh, nor the acc. gam, βών, which look like old forms. The Greek nom. could be g'eh,-us > βοῦς; the acc. may have been g'6m < older + ow ΓΟ ΩΝ

XXXXXβουσός [f.] 'path for cows', only dat. βουσοῖ (Orchomenos, Arcadia, Schwyzer: 664, 15; 18). 4GR?>

    *ETYM From ᾿βου-σόρος (Schwyzer: 450); related to »σεύω. Cf. μηλοσόη: ὁδός, δι'  ἧς πρόβατα ἐλαύνεται. Ῥόδιοι 'road on which cattle is driven (Rhod.)' (H.), as well  as ▶︎ Bota. Not related to Ion. βυσσός 'depth, bottom' (as per Fraenkel Glotta 32  (1953): 22).

XXXXXβουτάνη [f.] A: - (1) μέρος τι τῆς μακρᾶς νεώς 'part of a long ship'; (2) ἢ μάστιξ 'a whip', ἢ (3) τάνυσις τῆς βοείας 'force of an ox'. (4) μέρος δὲ τῆς νεώς, πρὸς ὃ τὸ πηδάλιον δεσμεύεται 'part of the ship to which the rudder is tied'. (5) δηλοῖ δὲ καὶ μάχην 'a battle'. (6) ἀηδίαν 'nausea'.

    *VAR Cf. B: βουστάνη: βοοστασία, ἡ τῶν βοῶν στάσις 'cowshed'. (2) ἢ μάστιξ 'whip',  (3) καὶ πληγή 'blow'.

    *ETYM Glosses Ai, B3, and Aq, which was added later, are unexplained. Gloss Az is  identical to B2: they show the typical Pre-Greek variation τ ~ ot (Fur.: 304f). For As,  Fur. compares βύτανα: κόνδυλοι 'knuckle, swelling' (H.), and for A6, he suggests  that a gloss βούταλις (Aisop. 85) ἀηδών was lost (Fur. 305f.). A3 and Bi are probably  folk etymologies from antiquity.

XXXXXβοῦτ(τλς [f.] 'vase in the form of a frustum of a cone' (Hero).

    *VAR Also βούτη.

    *ETYM Lat. buttis may be borrowed from Greek; the Greek word itself is evidently  Pre-Greek because of the alternation τ ~ tt. See ▶︎ Butivn, Bwtiov, ▶︎ βωσίον (cf. also  Szemerényi BSOAS 19 (1957): 627f.).

XXXXXβούτῦρον [n.] 'butter' (Hp.).

    *VAR Also βούτυρος (Gal.), after τυρός.

    *ETYM From βοῦς and τυρός; cf. βούσταθμον (: σταθμός). Lat. butyrum is borrowed  from the Greek, and from the Latin in turn OHG butera, MoDu. boter, etc. See  Schrader-Nehring 1917(1): 177f.

XXXXXβοῶπις [adj.] epithet of Hera: 'with the head of a cow'(?), 'with the eyes of a cow' (II.). < GRP

    *ETYM From ▶︎ βοῦς and »*ay.

XXXXXβρά [2] - ἀδελφοί, ὑπὸ Ἠλείων 'brothers [Elean]' (cod. IAewv) (HL). <?>

    *ETYM If the word is related to ppatnp, it could perhaps be an Illyrian element in the  Elean dialect, cf. Alb. vélla 'brother', which is unexplained otherwise (Demiraj 1997;  cf. also Kretschmer Glotta 3 (1910-1912): 33; Pisani Sprache 7 (1961): 100). Latte even  reads TAAvpiwv for the JAetwv of the manuscript.

XXXXXβραβεύς [m.] 'judge at the games, arbitrator, umpire; leader' (S.). «ΡΟ»

    *DIAL Here perhaps Myc. mo-ro-qa, but form and mg. (a person, official?) are  unknown.

===Pag_281: Beekes_Página_0281.tiff===

    *DER βράβευμα 'decision of a judge' (S.), βραβεία 'decision' (E.), βραβεῖον 'prize'  (Men.).

    *ETYM Etymology unknown. Probably Pre-Greek (see Chantraine 1933: 125). In order  to account for the Myc. form (where /a/ may phonetically be [o]), we may  reconstruct *mrog'-, *mrag'-, or *mrg'-. If this word is of Pre-Greek origin indeed,  this could imply that the athletic contests, too, are part of the Pre-Greek heritage.

XXXXXβράβὕλον [n.] 'sloe, Prunus spinosa' (Theoc.). < PG?>

    *VAR βράβυλος [f.] (Aret.). Mss. also βραβι-, βραβη-; also βάρβιλος (Gp).

    *ETYM Unknown; a loanword. Cf. βραβύλη = ἀνεμώνη ἡ φοινικῆ (Ps.-Dsc.). See  André 1956 s.v. brabilla.

XXXXXβράγος [3] - ἔλος 'marsh-meadow' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM βράγος might somehow be related to βράχος, βράχεα 'shallows' (Hadt.). For  these words, Fick BB 29 (1905): 199f. proposed that they are of Macedonian origin,  whereas Cabej 1969: 176 compared Alb. bérraké 'sumpfiges Land'. According to  Moutsos KZ 88 (1974): 74-76, who reads βραγός (as in the ms.), the word means  'embankment, garden-plot' (however, his IE etymology remains quite uncertain).

XXXXXβράγχος [m.] 'hoarseness, angina' (Hp.).

    *VAR Also βάραγχος (Hippon.), βράγχη [f] (CXenocr.) 'id. περιτράχηλος ἀλγηδών 'pain around the neck' (H.).

    *DER βραγχαλέος 'hoarse' (Hp.), βραγχός 'id.' (AP). βραγχάω, βραγχιάω [v.] 'to have  a sore throat' (Arist.); βραγχιάζοισθε: πνίγοισθε 'choke, stifle' (H.). Different mg. in βράγχια [pl].] 'gills of fishes, bronchial tubes', also βαράγχια, βαράχνια (Hdn.).

    *ETYM The resemblance with βρόγχος 'windpipe' may have caused the semantic shift  of βράγχια. Fur. 128, 276 connects the word with βραχώδης: τραχύς 'rough, harsh'  (H.), βρακίας: τραχεῖς τόπους 'rough places' (H.), and βαρακινῇσιν: ἀκάνθαις. σκόλοψι 'thorns, palisade' (H.). Thus, we arrive at a set of variants Boax-/ Bpay-/  Bpayy-, which are typical of Pre-Greek. The aorist Bpayetv 'rattle, clash' Johansson  KZ 36 (1900): 345f.) may also be connected as 'produce a raw sound'. The additional  a in the first syllable of Bapayyoc (Schwyzer: 278, 831) may be due to purely phonetic  epenthesis, but this type of variation, too, is frequent in Pre-Greek words as well  (Fur.: 378-385).

XXXXXβραδύς [adj.] 'slow' (Il.).

    *VAR Compar. and superl. βραδύτερος, -tatoc, also βραδίων, βάρδιστος and  Bpadiotatoc (Ael.).

    *DER βραδυτής, -τῆτος 'slowness' (Il.), βράδος 'id.' (X5 after τάχος). Denominative  βραδύνω 'retard' (A.).

    *ETYM βραδύς may morphologically be identical with Lith. gurdus 'slow', Latv. gurds  'tired', reflecting *g'rdu- (Fraenkel Phil. 97 (1948): 172; Fraenkel KZ 69 (1951): 76ff.). Lat. gurdus 'dolt, heavy can be connected as well (De Vaan 2008 s.v.).>    and βραγχία: ἡ    Bpa6v 1 [n.] 'savin, Juniperus sabina'; also 'Juniperus foetidissima' (Dsc.). <PG?(V)>

    *VAR Also Bopatov [n.] (Ὁ. 5.} βορατίνη (Aq.).

===Pag_282: Beekes_Página_0282.tiff=== XXXXXβράσσω 235 Ἕ

    *ETYM βράθυ has been compared with a Semitic word, Aram. δγᾶϊ, Hebr. b'rés,  Assyr. burasu 'cypress'; Lat. bratus (Plin.), an Anatolian cypress, must go back to the  same source (Lewy 1895: 34; Schrader-Nehring 1917(1): 671). Fur.: 187 thinks it is rather a loan word from the Near East, comparing κυπάρισσος  and Hebr. gofer (this might be supported by the suffix «v-). For the u-stem, cf. μῶλυ,    μίσυ, and σῶρυ (Chantraine 1933: 119), as well as δάκρυ 'resin'.

XXXXXβράθυ 2 - πόα τις θεοῖς θυομένη 'some herb offered to the gods' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXβράκαι [fpl.] 'breeches' (pap. inscr., D. S.), worn by Gauls. <Lw Celt»

    *ETYM Borrowed from Celtic, just like Lat. bracae.

XXXXXβράκαλον -οῥόπαλον.

XXXXXβράκανα [π.] - τὰ ἄγρια λάχανα 'wild vegetables' (H.; also Pherecr., Luc.).

    *ETYM βράκανα has been compared with OHG moraha, OE moru 'carrot'. Fur.: 330  rather compared βάκανον 'cabbage(-seed)' (Aét.), which requires the assumption of  an alternation B ~ Bp (or even B ~ BS ~ Bp); for such an alternation there are indeed  parallels in the Pre-Greek lexicon.

XXXXXβρακεῖν [v.] - συνιέναι 'to comprehend'; βράξαι: συλλαβεῖν, δακεῖν, καταπιεῖν 'to put together, comprehend; bite; gulp down' (H.). «1»

    *ETYM Perhaps also to be considered here is δυσβράκανον: δυσχερές,  δυσκατανόητον 'hard to manage, ... hard to understand' (H.). Since Roth KZ 19  (1870): 223, the word has been connected with Skt. mrSdti 'touch, take, seize' (*mrk-). Further comparisons have been with βράψαι: συλλαβεῖν, ἀναλῶσαι, κρύψαι,  θηρεῦσαι 'comprehend; spend; hide; hunt' and βράπτειν: ἐσθίειν, κρύπτειν,  ἀφανίζειν, τῷ στόματι ἔλκειν, ἢ στενάζειν 'eat; hide; render invisible; suck up with  the mouth; sigh', as either influenced by μάρψαι or related to it (with assimilation of  k to initial μ-, giving πὶ Schwyzer: 302). All of these comparisons are uncertain (see  ▶︎ μάρπτω). Cf. further βράκετον' ... πλῆθος 'crowd' and βράττειν: πληθύνειν,  βαρύνειν 'multiply, oppress' (H.). See Belardi Doxa 3 (1950): 200. See ▶︎ βρόξαι.

XXXXXβράκος [m.]? - κάλαμος. ἱμάτιον πολυτελές 'reed; an expensive cloak' (H., also Sappho 57, Theoc. 28,11). <?>

    *ETYM The word has been identified with ▶︎ ῥάκος 'ragged cloth', but the meaning  does not fit. Also, the first gloss is unclear. Perhaps the word goes back to *urko-,  parallel to γάρκαν' ῥάβδον 'rod' (H Belardi Doxa 3 (1950): 199f.).

XXXXXβράπτειν —Bpakeiv.

XXXXXβράσσω [v.] 'to shake violently, agitate, boil (up), winnow' (Ar.). <?>

    *VAR Att. βράττω, also ἐκ-βρήσσω (Gal.), aor. βρᾶσαι, ἐβράσθην, fut. βράσω, perf. βέβρασμαι. In H., - τὸ ἡσυχῇ ὀδύρεσθαι 'wailing in silence'. Also βράζω 'be boiling'.

    *DER βρασμός 'boiling, βράσμα 'id', Bpaopatiag 'upheaval' (Posidon., etc; cf. μυκητίας σεισμός, σεισματίας Chantraine 1933: 94f.), βράσις 'boiling' (Orib.).

XXXXXβράστης [m.] 'earthquake' (Arist.), βραστήρ 'winnowing-far' (gloss.).

===Pag_283: Beekes_Página_0283.tiff===

    *ETYM Bezzenberger BB 27 (1902): 152f. connected the word with Latv. murdet 'boil  up', Lith. murdau, murdyti 'etwas im Wasser riittelnd behandeln'; this is uncertain.

XXXXXβράσσων = Bpaxtc.

XXXXXβραυκανᾶᾷσθαι [v.] - ἐπὶ τῶν κλαιόντων παιδίων λέγεται ὡς μίμημα φωνῆς 'is said when children weep, onomatopoeic' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Related to BpodKac?

XXXXXβραχεῖν [v.] - ἠχῆσαι, ψοφῆσαι 'to sound' (H.), 'to rattle, clash' (1].). < PG?>

    *VAR Aor. βράχε, ἔβραχε. Perhaps here Bpayadtov- χρεμετισμόν 'neighing' (H.).

    *ETYM Possibly related to ▶︎ βράγχος.

XXXXXβραχίων, -ονος [m.] 'upper arm', as opposed to ▶︎ πῆχυς (IL).

    *DER βραχιόνιον 'armlet' (Delos 115), βραχιονιστήρ 'id' (Plu.), see Chantraine 1933:  327f; βραχιάλιον, -άριον (Sm.), βραχιόλιον (Alex. Trall.) from Lat. bracchiale,  bracchiolum.

    *ETYM According to Pollux 2, 138 originally the comparative of ▶︎ βραχύς: ὅτι ἐστὶ τοῦ  πήχεως βραχύτερος 'because it is shorter than the forearm'. However, the  phonetically regular reflex of *mrg"-ios- is probably seen in βράσσων (K 226):  βραχίων would have to be a later formation. Alternatively, Ruijgh Minos 9 (1968):  147f. (see also Ruijgh 1991b: 585) assumes that it has the same suffix as Κυλλοποδίων,  The word was borrowed as Lat. bracchium, which in turn was the source of MW  braich, etc.

XXXXXβραχύς [adj.] 'short' (Hdt,, Pi.). «1ὸὲ *mrg"u- 'short'>

    *VAR  Grades of compar. βραχύτερος, -τατος, βράχιστος. βραχίων (in this sense only  Choerob., elsewhere 'upper arm', s.v.); hapax legomenon βράσσων te νόος (K 226);  after Qac0wv?

    *DIAL Aeol. βροχύς.

    *DER βραχύτης, -τητος (Pl); τὸ βράχος (only Procop.). Denominative Bpaytvw  'shorten' (Hp.). On βράχεα [n.pl.] 'shallows' see ▶︎ βράγος,

    *ETYM βραχύς (< *mrg'u-) finds a morphological match in Skt. muhuh, mihu [adv]  'suddenly', muhurtd- [n.] 'short time, moment' (Prakritisms for *mrhu-), Av. marazu- 'short' in marazu-jiti-, marazu-juua- 'short life' resp. 'short-lived' (cf. 6 βίος

XXXXXβραχύς [Hp.]), Sogd. murzak 'id'', OHG murg(i) 'short', and OE myrge 'entertaining' ('kurzweilig'). Further related are Go. ga-maurgjan 'to shorten', and Lat. brevis (< *mreg'u-i-).

XXXXXβρέγμα

    *VAR βρεγμός. = Bpexpdc.

XXXXXβρέγμα 2 = βρέχω.

XXXXXβρέγμα 3 [n.] a substance found in peppercorns (Dsc.2, 159). < LW India>

    *ETYM Word of Indian origin, acc. to Pliny NH XII, 14,27; see Hemmerdinger Glotta  48 (1970): 64.

XXXXXβρεκεκεκέξ [interj.] imitation of the sound of frogs (Ar. Ran. 209).

===Pag_284: Beekes_Página_0284.tiff=== XXXXXβρένθος 237

XXXXXβρέμω [v.] 'to roar, grumble' (1].λ.

    *VAR Only pres.

    *COMP βαρύ-βρομος, etc; -βρεμ-έτης in ἐρι-, ὑψι-βρεμ-ἕέτης (1].λ -βρέν-τᾶς in ἀναξι-  βρέν-τᾶς, ἀργι-βρέν-τᾶς. Also αἰολο- βρόντᾶς from βροντάω.

    *DER βρόμος 'loud noise' (1].) whence βρόμιος 'boisterous' (Pi.), Βρόμιος as a name  of Bacchos (A.). -Bpovt 'thunder' (Il), Βρόντιης name of a Cyclops (Hes.),  Βροντήσιος (Ζεύς); Bpovtéa name of a precious stone (Plin.). Denominative  Bpovtdw 'to thunder' (II.). Bpevtai- βρονταί (H.). Deverbative Bpopéw (iterative-  intensive) (I.); βρωμάομαι 'cry' (Ar.). Further βρεμεαίνων: ἠχῶν H., see  ▶︎ βλεμεαίνω. Note that the -vt-forms refer to thunder, whereas the forms with μ and  without τ indicate droning sounds in general.

    *ETYM Although βρέμω resembles Lat. fremé 'to rumble, roar', OHG breman 'buzz',  and MW brefu 'roar' (Pok. 142), these cannot be connected, since they derive from  *b'rem-, whereas Greek has β-. Therefore, it is rather an onomatopoeic word. ▶︎ βρόμος ~ βόρμος in the sense 'oats' (Hp.) is not related, but probably Pre-Greek. Cf. > xpeptetiCw.

XXXXXβρένδον [m.]/[n.]? - ἔλαφον 'deer' (H.). βρέντιον: ἡ κεφαλὴ Tob ἐλάφου 'a stag's head; the head of a deer' (Str. 6,3,6, EM). «τῶν Messap.>

    *ETYM A Messapian word (EM), possibly also found in place names, e.g. Βρεντέσιον  = Brundisium. Further possible cognates are found in NGm., eg. MoSw. dial. brind(e) 'male elk' and MoNw. (dial.) brund (Latv. briédis, probably from Gm.); cf. Alb. bri 'horn, antlers', without a dental (Demiraj 1997 s.v.). See Krahe 1955: 39; Rix  Beitr. Ζ. Namenforsch. 5 (1970): 115ff.

XXXXXβρένθος [m.] is attested in wide variety of (only partly polysemic) meanings: 1. a bird (a waterbird in Arist. H A 609*23, but a singing bird (v.l. Bpiv@oc) in Arist. HA 1516 = κόσσυφον 'blackbird' (H.); see Thompson 1895 s.v.); 2. 'pride' (Ath.); 3. - πυθμήν, τύμβος 'bottom, base; tomb' (H.). 4. a perfume βρένθον: μύρον τι 'a perfume' «τῶν παχέων», ὡς βάκκαρις (an unguent), οἱ δὲ ἄνθινον μύρον 'perfume of flowers' (H.), cf. βρενθινῷ: ἀνθινῷ (H.). 5. βρένθινα- ῥιζάρια τινά, οἷς ἐρυθραίνονται αἱ γυναῖκες τὰς παρειάς 'roots with which women redden their cheeks' - οἱ δὲ ἄγχουσαν, οὐκ εὖ ων of δὲ φῦκος Corchil?) παρεμφερὲς κύδει Ἀφροδίτης (H.) 6. βρένθις = θρίδαξ (Nic. ἔτ. 120), βρένθιξ' θριδακίνη. Κύπριοι 'lettuce (Cypr.)' (H.). <?>

    *DER βρένθειον (μύρον; Sapph.). βρένθυς, -υος [f.] 'perfume of βρένθειον μύρον᾽  (Phid.). More usual is βρενθύομαι (pres. only) 'to behave haughtily, swagger' (Ar.),  also βρενθύνομαι (AP).

    *ETYM DELG is of the opinion that the name of the bird is the same word as that for  'arrogance', which is quite doubtful. It suggests that there were two groups, the bird  name (and 'arrogance') on the one hand, and the plants and perfume on the other. The word for ᾿τύμβος᾽ may constitute yet another group. However, these categories  remain uncertain. If the vl. BpivOoc is reliable, the bird name may be Pre-Greek because of the  variation ὦ ε. On the other hand, βρινδεῖν: θυμοῦσθαι, ἐρεθίζειν 'be agitated,

===Pag_285: Beekes_Página_0285.tiff===

provoke' (H.) is not related (pace von Blumenthal 1930: 6, Krahe DLZ 51 (1930): 1654; see also Alessio Studi etruschi 15 (1941): 190ff.). βρέτας, -ξος [n.] 'wooden image of a god' (A.).

    *DER PN Bpétwv (Attica), Bechtel 1917a: 13f.

    *ETYM DELG suggests that the word is the Doric equivalent of ▶︎ ξόανον, likewise an  image of a god. No etymology (see Benveniste RPh. 58 (1929)128f.).

XXXXXβρέφος [n.] 'newborn child, young of an animal (I1.). «Εὖ *g'erb". / g'reb'- 'child, young'>

    *COMP βρεφο-κτόνος 'child-killing' (Lyc.).

    *DER βρεφώδης 'childish' (Ph.), βρεφόθεν 'from childhood' (Eust.).

    *ETYM βρέφος is related to OCS Zrébe, Zréboco 'foal'; the Greek reflects *g'reb"-, but  the Slavic must go back to *g'erb"- (in South Slavic, the regular metathesis of PSI. *er  yields ré). The appurtenance of MIr. brommach 'foal' (< *g'romb'ako-) is uncertain;  on Skt. gdérbha- 'womb', see ▶︎ δελφύς.

XXXXXβρεχμός [m.] 'front part of the head' (II). <ΙΕ? *mreg'-n- 'brain(-pan)>

    *VAR Also βρέγμα [n.] (Stratt; Schwyzer: 206), βρεγμός (EM), βρέχμα (ν... Alciphr.

3, 5).

    *ETYM Not related to βρέχω. The word is rather related to WGm. words for 'brain':  OE breegen, MLG bragen, OFr. brein, etc. (PGm. *bragna-), from *mreg'- or *b'reg'-;  cf. also OW br(e)ithel. The connection of Benveniste BSL 31 (1930): 80 with Av. marazu- 'cervical vertebra' and Molran. words for 'neck' from *myz- remains  uncertain.

XXXXXβρέχω [v.] 'to wet, drench' (Hp.).

    *VAR Aor. βρέξαι, βρεχθῆναι, βραχῆναι; ἀναβέβροχεν (P 54).

    *DER βροχή 'rain, moistening, inundation' (Democr.), βροχετός (AP), βροχμός,  βρέγμα (Erot.). βροχίς 'ink-horn' (AP), βρόχιον 'id. (pap.).

    *ETYM In spite of the doubts expressed in DELG s.v., and the difference in meaning,  Bpéxw is possibly related to Latv. merguédt 'rain slowly', merga 'soft rain', which can  be traced back to *merg"- (Trautmann 1923: 182; however, Ru. morosit' 'rain slowly'  cannot be connected because of its -s-). Bpexw would require *mreg'- with  schwebeablaut (cf. the discussion s.v. ▶︎ βρέφος; perhaps it is a secondary full grade  on the basis of a zero grade *Bpay-). See ▶︎ βρύχιος.

XXXXXβρήσσειν [v.] - τὸ μετὰ βηχὸς ἀναπτύειν. ἔνιοι ταῦτα χωρὶς τοῦ ρ γράφουσι 'to spit up by coughing; sometimes written without the ρ᾽ (Gal. Lex. Hipp.); βρήσσει- βήσσει 'to bleat, cough' (H.). 4ONOM>

    *DER βρῆγμα- ἀπόπτυσμα ἀπὸ θώρακος, napa Ἱπποκράτει 'what is spit out from the  chest' (H.) Acc. to Bechtel 19172: 12f., also the Boeot. PN Βρεικίδας (= Βρηκ-) (?).

    *ETYM An expressive (onomatopoeic) word, a variant of βήσσειν, perhaps under the  influence of ▶︎ Bpayeiv. The gloss βρήσσουσιν: βληχῶνται. φωνεῖ τὰ πρόβατα 'calls  the cattle' (H.) suggests that the -p- is a variant of -A- (and perhaps of 6 in the cluster  BS-?; cf. Fur. 330).

===Pag_286: Beekes_Página_0286.tiff=== XXXXXβρίγκα 239 βρί (βρῖ) [2] - ἐπὶ τοῦ μεγάλου καὶ ἰσχυροῦ καὶ χαλεποῦ τίθεται 'an epithet of the [words] great, strong and fierce' (H.).

    *DIAL The interpretation of Myc. pi-ri-ta-wo is uncertain.

    *COMP In eg. βρι-ήπυος 'crying loudly' of Ares (N 521), with ἠπύω (Bechtel 1914 s.v.),  Βριάρεως see below, βριηρόν: μεγάλως κεχαρισμένον 'very happy' (H.), Βρίακχος  'Bacchante' (S.) with ἰάχω, Ἴακχος.

    *DER βριαρός [adj.] 'strong' (1].); βριάω [v.] 'to be or make strong, mighty' (Hes.)  back-formation from βριαρός See Schwyzer: 682f., Bechtel l.c.; also βριερός. For  Βριάρεως, a giant with hundred arms (1].), in Hes. Ὀβριάρεως, the interpretation  'who causes much damage (dpm) (Bechtel 1914) is most uncertain; much more  probably it is a Pre-Greek name, cf. Fur.: 168°. With -θ-: Bpt@w 'to be laden with, be full of (IL), perf. BéBpiBa, aor. βρῖσαι; βρῖθύς  'heavy' (Ὁ) (1].), βρῖθος [n.] 'weight' (Hp.), βριθοσύνη 'id' (IL). Here also βρινδεῖν-  θυμοῦσθαι, ἐρεθίζειν 'to be agitated, irritate' (H.) with prenasalization of βριθ-Ξ (For  the mg., cf. βριμάομαι.) Further ▶︎ βρίμη, ▶︎ βριμάομαι. See also ▶︎ βρίζω and ▶︎ ὕβρις.

    *ETYM Since the idea of an old 'ablaut' *7 / ia must be given up and such cases must  be reconstructed as *-ih,- / -ih.-e, Bptapdc could in principle continue *g'rih,-eros. The suffix can hardly be anything else, because we cannot assume a derivational  system *-i- / -ro- here, nor has a root *Pptap any plausibility (pace Benveniste 1935:  15). The connection with ▶︎ βαρύς 'heavy' is very doubtful, as this word continues  *o"rh,-u-; a derivative *g'rh,iH- would have given *Bapi-. *g'r-iH-, derived from a  root without laryngeal, would be possible, but the only evidence for such a root is  Skt. gri-smd- [m.] 'midsummer' (Wackernagel KZ 61 (1934): 197f.). However, the  semantics are very weak, and for the explanation of the second part -smd- as from  sama '[half-]year', Av. ham- 'summer' is difficult as the latter derive from *smH-. As  Pur. 168'°; 174'; 246f. remarks, the word group, meaning 'big, strong, yaAemdc',, can  be alternatively connected with βριμός 'great, difficult' (see ▶︎ Bpiun). Since βρῖμ- is  very probably related to ὄβριμος (cf. ὀβριάρεως), this whole etymon must be of Pre-  Greek origin in view of the variants (Fur: index). See ▶︎ φριμάσσομαι. Bpia = πόλις, τεῖχος, in Thracian (Str. 7, 6, 1); βρίαν' τὴν ἐπ᾽ ἀγροῖς (ἄκροις) κώμην  'an unfortified village in the country (in the periphery?) (H.). <Lw Thrac.?>

    *ETYM The word has been connected with ToA ri, ToB riye 'town' (which may  continue < *urih,-en-) since Lidén 1916: 143f (see Adams s.v.). ▶︎ ῥίον 'peak,  headland' has also been compared. The theory of Pisani KZ 75 (1957): 78f. (i.e., that  the word is Ligurian) is improbable. Fur: 270% refers to Πολτυμβρία, Σηλυ(μ)μβρία  and 355 to Bpéa, a town in Thrace. As DELG remarks, the word can hardly be  regarded as genuinely Greek.

XXXXXβριαρός --βρί.

XXXXXβρίγκα [m.] - τὸ μικρόν. Κύπριοι 'small (Ογρτ.} (H.); βρίγκος name of a sea-fish (ap. Ath. 322e), = ἰχθῦς κητώδης 'cetaceous fish' (H.) (Thompson 1947 s.v.); further ἀνωδόρκας: βρίγκος (cod. βρίκχος) ὁ ἰχθῦς, ὑπὸ Θηβαίων 'sea-fish (Theb.Y (H.) (Stromberg 1943: 58); also PN (Eretria). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. For the stem formation, see ▶︎ βρίζω.

===Pag_287: Beekes_Página_0287.tiff===

XXXXXβρίζω [v.] 'to be sleepy, nod' (A 4, 223, A.). 42>

    *VAR Aor. ἔβριξα (Od., E. Rh. 826 [lyr.], ν.], ἔβρισαλ, βρίξαι- ὑπνῶσαι, νυστάξαι 'sleep,  take a nap'; βρισθείς: ὑπνώσας Hs; βριζώ, -ovc [f.] = ἐνυπνιόμαντις (Semus 5). ἄβρικτον: ... ἄγρυπνον 'sleepless', aBpit: ἐγρηγόρως 'awake' (Hs cf. ἀπρίξ s.v.> ἄπριγδα and Schwyzer: 620).

    *ETYM Unexplained. The connection with Bpi-, βρίθω (Curtius 1858: 475; cf. Lat. somné gravatus) is improbable.

XXXXXβρίθω — pi.

XXXXXβρίκελοι [m.] - οἱ μὲν τοὺς ἱστόποδας, ἀπὸ tod βάρους Kai τοῦ ξύλου: οἱ δὲ βαρβάρους: Δίδυμος δὲ τά τραγικὰ προσωπεῖα, παρὰ Κρατίνῳ, οἷον βροτῷ εἴκελοι, ἐν Σεριφίοις 'long beams of the loom, made of a weight and wood; barbarians; characters in tragedy (apud Cratinus, acc. to Didymus); like a mortal (in Cratinus's Seriphians) (H.).

    *VAR Also: Bpikedkog Κρατῖνος Σεριφίοις (204K.) '<aip'> aipe δεῦρο τοὺς  BpikéAouc' ('raise high the beams'): ἔστι δὲ βαρβαρικὸν τὸ ὄνομα, τίθεται δὲ [καὶ]  ἐπὶ προσώπων τραγικῶν καὶ εἴρηται οἱονεὶ βροτῷ [e]ikeAoc ἢ Βριξὶν [ε]ΐκελος,  Βρίγες yap ἔθνος βαρβαρικὸν 'the word is barbarian; it is used for tragic characters  [too] and it is used like 'like a man' or 'like a barbarian'. For the Bpiyec are a  barbaric race' (Paus. Gr. p. 169 Erbse). Cf. βρικόν: βάρβαρον; βρυκός: βάρβαρος;  βρίγες: βάρβαροι. οἱ δὲ σολοικισταί 'barbarian, or those who speek incorrectly' (H.).

    *ETYM Perhaps we are dealing with a Pre-Greek word Bpix-/ βρυκ- 'barbarian,  foreigner': the variation τ ~ v is well known, and -ελ- is a Pre-Greek suffix (see Pre-  Greek: suffixes). The idea that the word has anything to do with Βρίγες is clearly  folk-etymological, whereas an interpretation as βροτῷ εἴκελος is a learned  etymology. According to Grogelj Ziva Ant. 4 (1954): 166f., it is a Pre-Greek word  related to φρίκες: χάρακες 'pointed stick, palisade (?) (H.). The gloss as ἱστόποδες  'beams' in H. is unclear; perhaps it is inspired by a folk-etymological interpretation  of BpikeAot from βάρος and κελ- (= ξύλον).

XXXXXβρίμη [f.] - ἀπειλή. καὶ γυναικεία ἀρρητοποιίΐα 'threat; also womanly vice' (H., supposed to refer to A. R. 4, 1677 Μηδείης βρίμῃ πολυφαρμάκου); doubtful conj. ἢ. Hom. 28, 10 (of Athena); also probably Orph. Fr. 79 = 'roaring'. < PG>

    *VAR Cf. Boyde μέγας, χαλεπός 'great, difficult' (H.)

    *DER Βριμώ epithet of Hecate and Persephone (A. R.), also Ὀβριμώ; βριμώδης  (Herm. apud Stob. [?]). Verbs: βρίμάομαι 'snort with anger' vel sim. (Ar. Eq. 855,  Phid.) with βρίμημα (CH. API. [?}), more usual ἐμ-βριμάομαι (A.); βριμόομαι 'id'  (X.), βριμαίνεται: θυμαίνεται, ὀργίζεται 'is angry, rages'; βριμάζων' τῇ τοῦ λέοντος  χρώμενος φωνῇ 'using the voice of the lion'; βριμάζει: ὀργᾷ εἰς συνουσίαν. Κύπριοι  'is longing for company (Cypr.) (H.).

    *ETYM Probably based on βρι- in βριαρός, βρίθω. As these words are rare, their  meanings are not quite clear (cf. Solmsen KZ 42 (1909): 207'). The assumption that  the original meaning was 'heaviness, vehemence, energy', etc. is partly based on the  wrong etymological connection with βαρύς (see the discussion on ▶︎ Bpt-). Pre-Greek

===Pag_288: Beekes_Página_0288.tiff=== XXXXXβρόμος 1 241 origin is proven by Fur. (index) credible connection with φριμάσσομαι, the whole group of Bpt-, and with ▶︎ ὄβριμος (cf. Ὀβριμώλ See ▶︎ βρί. Bpivdeiv pi.

XXXXXΒριτόμαρτις [f.] epithet of Artemis on Crete (inscr., Str.), also a goddess or nymph on Crete, Dreros (Call. Dian. 190). 4PG(V)>

    *VAR Also Βριτόμαρπις, -μάρπεια (Crete); There is also a form Βρυτόμαρτις  (Wahrmann Glotta 19 (1931): 170).

    *DER Βριτομάρτια [n.pl.] festival on Delos (inscr.).

    *ETYM Acc. to Marinatos Apy. AeAt. 9: 79ff. it belongs to the Aetolian DN  Μάρπησσα. Wahrmann (lc.) held that -μαρπις is the original form, but it is  improbable that Βριτόμαρτις is due to dissimilation. Acc. to Solin. 11, 8, it means 'dulcis virgo' = 'sweet maiden', which seems confirmed  by the gloss. Latte thinks that the gloss may have been invented secondarily to  explain the name, but Brown 1985: 41 rightly objects that the u-stem cannot be  accounted for in this way. Proposals for an IE etymology are useless. For the  interchange πὶ τ, Fur: 166 compares Πανοπεύς / Davotetc; see also ibid: 389. A  variation / v is also known from Pre-Greek. See ▶︎ βριτύ.

XXXXXβριτύ [adj.] - γλυκύ. Κρῆτες 'sweet (Cret.)' (H.).

    *COMP See also on ▶︎ Βριτόμαρτις, epithet of Artemis on Crete (inscr., Str.), also a  goddess or nymph on Crete, Dreros (Call. Dian. 190).

    *ETYM Unknown. The hypothesis of Magnien Glotta 21 (1933): 178 is improbable.

XXXXXβρόγχος [m.] 'windpipe, throat' (Hp.).

    *DER βρόγχια [n.pl.] 'bronchial tubes' (Hp.), Bpoyxin [f] 'system of conducts  connecting heart with liver' (Hp., cf. ἀρτηρία), Bpoyxeiov 'bronchial cartiledge' (S.). βρογχωτήρ 'neck in a garment' (J; cf. τροπωτήρ - τροπός, Chantraine 1933: 327f.). Denominative βρογχιάζει: καταπίνει 'gulps down' (H.).

    *ETYM The word is evidently connected with ▶︎ Bpd&at and βρόχθος. The nasal infix,  which would be inexplicable if the word were IE, can be easily understood as Pre-  Greek prenasalization. For the formation of βρόχθος ~ βρόγχος, compare κόχλος ~  κόγχνη, and μόχθος ~ μογέω. It is conceivable that βροχθ- is not a suffixal derivation  from this word, but just another form of the root. Further, ▶︎ Bpdyxoc and ▶︎ βραχεῖν  belong to this group, with the typical variation a/o.

XXXXXβροκός [adj.] - μωρός, Ἕλληνες 'dul? (H.); βρόκων: ἀμαθής, ἀπαίδευτος, οἷον βόσκημα 'who has not learnt; uneducated; like a piece of cattle' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM DELG refers to βρόκοι-: ἀττέλεβοι 'locusts' and considers it to be 'un emploi  plaisant' of 'locust'. To my mind, it is rather an accidental homonym. Fur. 145  suggests connection with πρόκον: ἠλίθιον 'numb' (H.), and, much more doubtfully,  with Lat. bargus 'sine ingenio'.

XXXXXβρόμος 1 [m.] 'oats' (Thphr.).

    *VAR  Also βόρμος (Dieuch. apud Orib.).

===Pag_289: Beekes_Página_0289.tiff===

    *ETYM Probably Pre-Greek on account of the alternating vocalism; cf. further  examples in Fur.: 392.

XXXXXβρόμος 2 [m.] - τόπος εἰς ὃν ἔλαφοι οὐροῦσι Kai ἀφοδεύουσι 'place into which deer urinate and defecate' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. Hardly related to βρέμω (as per LSJ).

XXXXXβροντή --βρέμω.

XXXXXβρόξαι [v.] 'to gulp down, swallow (againy (μ 240, 6 222; H. βρόξαι as a simplex = ῥοφῆσαι, AP).

    *VAR Aor. pass. ἀναβροχέν (A 586), perf. ἀναβέβροχεν (P 54, acc. to Zenodotus for  ἀναβέβρῦχεν). βράξαι- ... καταπιεῖν 'gulp down' (H.). Cf. βρούξ' τράχηλος, βρόγχος  'neck, throat' (H.).

    *COMP Mostly ἀνα-, κατα-βρόξαι.

    *DER βρόχθος [m_] 'throat, gullet' (Hp.), βροχθώδης 'shallow' (?; Nic.); βροχθίζω  'take a mouthful, clear the throat, give to drink' (Arist.).

    *ETYM The surprising o-vocalism in the aorist can hardly be explained by Aeolic  origin, in spite of the gloss βράξαι. The notation κατα-βρῶξαι (Ar.) may be due to  influence of βιβρώσκω. βρόχθος, probably an action noun, has been compared with  γνάθος, στῆθος, etc. (Schwyzer: 510f., Chantraine 1933: 367), but these are body parts  (note that γνάθος is Pre-Greek). Not related to βιβρώσκω, as *g'rh,-C- would have  given *Bpw-C-. From other languages, one adduces Gm. and Celt. words like MHG  krage 'neck, throat, collar', ME crawe 'crop, craw (of a birdy (which may contain  *g*rog'-), and Olr. brdgae 'neck', MW breuant 'windpipe' from ΡΟ]. *brag-, PIE  *g'r6e"- (not from *g'rHg"-, as this would give Bpn/a/wx- in Greek). However, this  IE etymology can explain neither βρόχθος, nor »Bpdyxoc or ▶︎ βράγχος. The  aberrant o-vocalism is confirmed by the a-vocalism of βράγχος, which should be  interpreted as reflecting Pre-Greek origin. If βρούξ' τράχηλος, βρόγχος (H.) is  reliable, it would also remain unexplained by the IE etymology; for 0/ov in Pre-  Greek, however, cf. xokotéa/ κολουτέα (see Pre-Greek).

XXXXXβροτός [m., f.] (mortal) man', also 'mortal' (IL).

    *COMP φαεσίμβροτος 'shining on mortals', βροτολοιγός 'ruining mortals' (II.), etc. Note ἄβροτος 'without men' (A. Pr. 2).

    *DER βρότεος (τ 545; etc.), βρότειος (Archil.) 'mortal, human' (cf. Wackernagel 1916:  69', 5. Schmid 1950: 28f.); βροτήσιος 'id.' (Hes.), after Ἰθακήσιος, φιλοτήσιος, etc., see  Chantraine 1933: 41f; Bpotat- γυναῖκες 'women' (H.), corrected by Latte to Bpotoi(?). ἄ-μβροτος 'immortal, divine', note ἀ-βρότη νύξ (Ξ 78), cf. ἀμφιβρότη ἀσπίς 'shield  protecting in all directions' (B 389); ἀμβρόσιος 'id', ἀμβροσίη 'Ambrosia', food of  the gods (all Il.). On PNs with μόρτος see Masson RPh. 89 (1963): 222f. Unrelated is  > μαραίνω.

    *ETYM Bpotas, Aeolic from *mrtd-, agrees with Arm. mard 'man' (*myto-), Skt. mytd-  (verbal adj.), Av. marata- 'dead'; Lat. mortuus, OCS mrotvs 'dead' (with suffix after  vivus, Zivo). The privative Skt. a-mfta-, Av. a-maga- 'immortal' is comparable to ἄ-  μβροτος. Another vocalism is found in ▶︎ μορτός: ἄνθρωπος, θνητός 'man' (H.)=

===Pag_290: Beekes_Página_0290.tiff=== XXXXXβρόχος 243 Skt. mdrta-, Av. marata- 'the mortal one, man', probably representing a different ablaut grade *mor-.

XXXXXβρότος [m.] mostly interpreted as 'clotted blood' (II.). Except for μέλανα βρότον 'dark blood' (ὦ 189) only at verse end in the formula βρότον αἱματόεντα 'red blood' (H 425). <?>

    *DER βροτόεις 'bloody' in ἔναρα βροτόεντα (Z 480, etc.) and βροτόεντ᾽ avdpaypia  (E 509); further the hapax BeBpotwpéva τεύχεα (A 41 = Q. 5. 1, 7173 after this Stesich.

42 δράκων ... κάρα βεβροτωμένος).

    *ETYM Perhaps Aeolic (with retracted accent) for *Boatdc, but the connection with  Skt. mirtd- 'clotted' (pres. marchati) is only possible if loss of the laryngeal under  unknown circumstances is accepted. (The word has been compared with στρα-τός,  Aeol. otpo-téc, to Skt. stir-nd-, but the latter contains a different root; see Beekes  1969: 243.). Differently, Leumann 1950: 1248: he maintains that βρότος is from  ἄμβροτος, wrongly taken as ἀναίμων; this is hardly probable. Improbably, Schulze  KZ 29 (1888): 257f.: that ἀμφιβρότη (ἀσπίς B 389, etc.) is from *Bpotdv 'body'.

XXXXXβροῦκος [m.] 'locust' (Thphr.).

    *VAR βροῦχος (LXX, Ph.), βρούκα (Cypr., H.); βραῦκος (Cret.), βραύκη (AB, H.),  Bpe<bd>Koc- ἠ μικρὰ ἀκρίς, ὑπὸ Κριητῶν 'small locust (Cret.)' (H.), βρύκος (H.),  βρόκοι' ἀττέλεβοι, ἀκρίδες 'locusts' (H.).

    *DIAL Ion. acc. to H.

    *ETYM βρύκος (and βροῦχος) was compared with Bpvxw 'eat greedily, grind the  teeth' (EM), but the agreement may be secondary. No doubt a Pre-Greek word, a  hypothesis which is confirmed by the vocalic variation. The names of small animals  frequently show such variations, but this is precisely due to foreign origin, or to  dialectal differences (cf. Schwyzer: 198). See also ▶︎ βερκνίς. Lat. bruchus is borrowed  from the Greek, MoFr. bruche in turn from Latin.

XXXXXβροῦλος [m.] - πόα ἔνυδρος 'plant growing in water' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM The text has πονηρος; see Rohlfs 1930: 388.

XXXXXβρόχθος --βρόξαι.

XXXXXβρόχος [m.] 'noose, slip-knot' (Od.). < PG(V)>

    *VAR βρυγχός: βρόχος (H.).

    *DER βροχίς 'id? (AP).

    *ETYM The word has been connected with μόροττον: ἐκ φλοιοῦ πλέγμα τι, ᾧ ἔτυπτον  ἀλλήλους τοῖς Δημητρίοις 'plaiting of bark, with which the A. used to hit each other'  (H.), but it is uncertain whether the noose was made of bark (see Fur. 341). βρόχος  has also been compared with Slavic words like OCS mréZa 'net, noose', Serb. mréZa  'net, and Latv. πιοῦσα, ma?ga 'railing, gallery', Lith. mérska 'net? (Vasmer 1953(2):  119). However, these words would need implausible reconstructions *morHg'-skeh,-  and *merHg'-ieh,-, whereas they could be explained much more easily from *merg-  with Winter's law. If the gloss on βρυγχός, which had not been noticed earlier, is  reliable, then the prenasalization points to Pre-Greek origin. Not connected to  > βρέχω, nor to ▶︎ μέρμις.

===Pag_291: Beekes_Página_0291.tiff===

βρῦ -οβρῦν.

XXXXXβρυαλίζων [v.] - διαρρήσσων 'breaking' (H.).

    *DER βρναλιγμόν: ψόφον, ἦχον 'sound' and Bpvadixtar πολεμικοὶ ὀρχησταί'  'μενέδουποι' Ἴβυκος καὶ Στησίχορος 'war dancers; steadfast in battle (Ibyc. and  Stes.) (H.). Further, Λακωνικὰ ὀρχήματα διὰ Μαλέας ... καὶ βρυάλιχα....,  προσωρχοῦντο δὲ γυναῖκες καὶ Ἀπόλλωνι 'Laconian dances ... and β. ..., which the  women danced for Apollo, too' (Poll. 4,104); βρυλλιχισται [read Bpvad-]- οἱ αἰσχρὰ  προσωπεῖα περιτιθέμενοι γυναικεῖα καὶ ὕμνους ἄδοντες 'people who wear ugly  masks of women and sing songs' (H.); βρυδάλιχα (read βρυάλιχαξ; ms. -ίχα):  πρόσωπον γυναικεῖον 'female mask' (H further corrupt).

    *ETYM Derived from *Bptadog (-n, -ov), which itself is connected with ▶︎ βρύω, but  the meaning does not match very well. For the semantics, it has been compared with  βρυάσομαι: ἀναβακχεύσομαι μετά τινος κινήσεως 'burst into Bacchic frenzy with a  certain movement' (H.). It is probably a Pre-Greek word: Fur: 174 also cites    βρυανιῶν: μετεωριζόμενος καὶ κορωνιῶν 'is raised and streches the neck [is  ambitious)' (H.).

XXXXXβρύθακες [3] - οἱ χιτῶνες βομβύκινοι. ἢ γένος ἰθαγενῶν 'silken tunics; an ancient stock' (H.).

    *ETYM Fur.: 187 compares Bputtyyot: χιτῶνες 'tunics' (H.), and further, βρυτίνην:  βυσσίνην (H.); he reconstructs a word ᾿βρυθέτ-ος 'linen' (or 'silk'?). Cf. ▶︎ βύσσος.

XXXXXβρύκος [m.] - κῆρυξ, οἱ δὲ βάρβαρος, οἱ δὲ ἀττελεβος 'herald; barbarian; locust' (H.).

    *VAR  βρύκαιναι- ἱέρειαι ὑπὸ Δωριέων 'priestesses (Dor.y (H.). Also βρυχός: κῆρυξ  (HL).

    *ETYM On the explanation ἀττέλεβος, see βροῦκος; for βάρβαρος, see βρίκελοι. For  βρυχός, cf. Βρυχαλείδ, the epiclesis of Hermes at Pharsalos (Dettori Myrtia 15  (2000): 27-33). Further unknown.

XXXXXβρύκω [v.] 'to bite, eat greedily' (Com.), next to βρύχω 'grind the teeth' (Hp.), but the distinction is not always clear .

    *VAR Aor. βρῦξαι, fut. βρύξω.

    *DIAL βρύκω Att. acc. to Moerisand Ammon.

    *DER βρυγμός (Eup.); βρυκετός: ταὐτὸν τῷ βρυγμῷ, καὶ βρυκηθμὸς ὁμοίως. Δωριεῖς  'the same as β., and likewise for β. (Dor.) (H.); cf. δακετόν, βρυχηθμός. Further  βρυκεδανός: πολυφάγος ... 'eating a lot' (HL), cf. πευκεδανός; βρύγδην 'with  clenched teeth' (?) (AP).

    *ETYM If the x in βρύκω is secondary for x in βρῦξαι, then βρύξω and βρύχω may  continue *g'ruH¢"., cf. OCS gryzo, grysti 'gnaw', Lith. grduZiu, grduzti 'id. (the initial  accentuation of Ru. gryzla shows that the root must have contained a laryngeal). Purther related are Olr. brén 'sorrow', MW brwyn 'biting pain' (from *briignos with  pretonic shortening), and possibly Arm. krcem 'gnaw < *kurcem (perhaps  metathesized like turc, gen. trcoy 'jaw'; see Lidén 1906: 34f.), if c for expected j can  find an explanation. Cf. ▶︎ βρῦν, ▶︎ βρυχάομαι, ▶︎ βρύχιος.

===Pag_292: Beekes_Página_0292.tiff=== XXXXXβρὕχιος 245 βρυλιχισταί -᾿βρυαλίζων.

XXXXXβρῦν in βρῦν εἰπεῖν 'call for drink', of small children (Ar. Nu. 1382).

    *VAR  Also βρῦ or βροῦ.

    *DER βρύλλω 'id? (Ar. Equ.1126); βρύλλων' ὑποπίνων 'drinking a little' (H.).

    *ETYM Probably based on an onomatopoeic form. West Glotta 47 (1970): 184f., thinks  it represents βρῦτον, which would be surprising.

XXXXXβρύσσος [m.] a kind of sea urchin (Arist.).

    *VAR SutBputtor εἶδος ἐχίνου θαλασσίου, Ἀριστοτέλης αὐτοὺς δὲ βρύττους καλεῖ  'kind of sea urchin, also called β. by Arist. (H.) (also ἄβρυττοι); also βρύττος: εἶδος  ἐχίνου πελαγίου, ὥς φησιν Ἀριστοτέλης, οἱ δὲ ἰχθύν, of δὲ τρισυλλάβως, ἄμβρυττον,  ἤν, Λάχης ποιεῖ 'some: a fish; others, with three syllables, ἀμβ., [?]' (Hs it cannot be  concluded that the reading ἄβρυττοι is false).

    *ETYM The variants, together with the prenasalization, prove that this is a Pre-Greek    word.

XXXXXβρύτανα -οβύτανα.

XXXXXβρυτιγγοί -οβρύθακες.

XXXXXβρῦτος [m.] 'beer' made of barley (Archil.).

    *VAR Also -ov [n.]; also βροῦτος, βρύττιον (H.).

    *DER βρύτεα (-ta) [n.pl.] 'refuse of olives or grapes, τὰ στέμφυλα᾽ (Ath.). βρύτινος  (Cratin.), βρυτικός (Antiph.).

    *ETYM As is evident from the variant forms, βρῦτος is a loan word from Thracian. It  may be identical with OE brod, OHG prod 'juice', Olr. bruth 'glow' (*b'rutos, -om). The closest comparandum is Lat. défriitum [n.] 'must boiled down', from Lat. ferv(e)o; see Schrijver 1991: 254f. Whether the long 6 of the Greek goes back to  Thracian as well is unknown. Lat. brisa 'refuse of grapes' is probably also derived  from Thrac. βρύτεα, 4a (Demiraj 1997 s.v. bérsi). Not connected to ▶︎ φρέαρ,  > φορύνω.

XXXXXβρῡχάομαι [v.] 'to roar, bellow' (Il.).

    *VAR Perf. βέβρῦχα (with pres. mg.), Aor. βρυχήσασθαι.

    *DER βρυχηθμός 'roar(ingy (Arist.), βρύχημα 'id' (A.); retrograde βρυχή (Opp., cf. Bpvyw); βρυχητής, βρυχητήρ; βρυχηδόν (A. R.). Perhaps here also Bpovyetoc ... βάτραχον δὲ Κύπριοι 'frog [Cypr.]', βρυχός: κήρυξ 'herald' (H.; also ▶︎ βρυκός). For  the forms see Fraenkel 1912: 95? (p. 96).

    *ETYM The intensive perfect βέβρυχα (cf. μέμυκα, etc.) was the basis of βρυχάομαι. Probably of onomatopoeic origin.

XXXXXβρύχιος [adj.] 'deep (under water)' (A.). <?>

    *DER ὑπόβρυχα 'under water', originally an adjective acc.sg. (€ 319, Hdt. 7, 130; see  Bechtel 1914 s.v.), later adverbial (Arat.); ὑποβρύχιος (h. Hom: 33, 12); περιβρύχιος  'engulfing' (S.). Secondary βρύχα 'depth of the sea' (Opp. H. 2, 588).

    *ETYM One would have to start from a noun *Bpvé, βρυχός 'water, depth (of the  864). On the formation of ὑπόβρυχα, ὑποβρύχιος, see Schwyzer 1950: 532.

===Pag_293: Beekes_Página_0293.tiff===

Connection with βρέχω is phonetically impossible, and the meaning is different as well. There seems to have been a connection with Bpvy dopa by popular etymology.

XXXXXβρυχός = Bpv«Koc.

XXXXXβρύχω --βρύκω.

XXXXXβρύω [v.] 'to swell, teem with' (11. <?>

    *VAR  Only pres. (but βρύσας Procop.).

    *COMP Old ἔμβρυον [n.] 'new-born (lamby (ι 245), 'foetus' (Hp.), type ἔμπεδος,  ἐγκέφαλος.

    *DER βρύσις (Suid.), βρυσμός (Arc.), also PN as Βρύας, Βρύσων. Also βρυάζω with  βρυάσομαι: ἀναβακχεύσομαι μετά τινος κινήσεως 'burst into Bacchic frenzy with a  certain movement' (H; uncertain ἀνεβρύαξαν Ar. Eq. 602) together with βρυασμός  'voluptuousness' (Plu.), Βρυάκτης epithet of Pan (Poet. apud Stob.). βρύον [n.] 'tree-  moss, etc. (Hp.) with βρυώδης, βρυόεις (Nic.); βρυώνη, Bpuwvia 'black, white vine'  (Nic., Dsc.; see Chantraine 1933: 207f.). See ▶︎ βρναλίζων. Denominative βρυόομαι 'to  be grown over with Bpvov' (Arist.).

    *ETYM No etymology.

XXXXXβρῶμος [m.] 'stench' (LXX, Gal.). <?>

    *VAR  Sometimes βρόμος.

    *DER βρῶμα 'ordure' (ἢ; Ev. Marc. 7, 19); βρωμώδης, βρομώδης 'stinking' (Str.);  βρωμέω (-0-) 'id? (Al.).

    *ETYM No etymology. The word has been supposed to be identical with βρόμος  'noise' (Kretschmer Glotta 9 (1918): 222f., Kretschmer Glotta 11 (1921): 98, Hatzidakis  Glotta 22 (1934): 130-3). Differently, Kalitsunakis Glotta 12 (1923): 198. Lat. bromus,  brémésus, exbromd is borrowed from the Greek. The word lives on in the chemical  element (Fr. brome, E. bromine, etc.).

XXXXXβύᾶς [m.] 'eagle-owl, Strix bubo' (Arist.). < ONOM>

    *DER Verb βύζω (βύας ἔβυξε Ὁ. C., see Schwyzer 716). Deverbal Bila = βύας (Nic.).

    *ETYM Derived from the onomatopetic βῦ after the nouns in -ἄς (Schwyzer: 461,  Chantraine 1933: 27f., 30). Similar instances of onomatopoeia are e.g. Arm. bu 'ow?  (= Georg. bu), MoP biim 'id', Lat. bab, Bulg. buh (Pok. 97f; Schrader-Nehring  1917(2): 216; André 1967: 45). Cf. ▶︎ βύκτης.

XXXXXβύβλος [m.] The Egyptian papyrus, 'Cyperus Papyrus; papyrus stalks, bark, roll, paper' (Hdt.). «νοῦ»

    *VAR βίβλος, βίμβλις; Βίμβλινος (or -tvwv): εἶδος οἴνου Kal γένος ἀμπέλου ἐν Opaxy  καὶ ὁ παλαιὸς οἶνος. Ἐπίχαρμος δὲ ἀπ᾽ ὀρῶν Βιβλίνων. ἔστι δὲ Θράκης 'kind of wine  and vine in Thrace, also old wine. Epicharmus [uses it as] from the B. mountains. It  is from Thrace. (H.).

    *DER βύβλινος (Od.), βίβλινος (pap.) 'made of papyrus'; (both) also a kind of wine,  see DELG; also βίμβλινος (LSJ Supp. and H., see above). βυβλιά (on the accent see  Wackernagel and Debrunner Phil. 95 (1942): 191f.) 'plantation of papyrus' (Tab. Heracl; but see Scheller 1951: 47). βυβλίον, βιβλίον (see Kretschmer KZ 57 (1930):

===Pag_294: Beekes_Página_0294.tiff=== XXXXXβυθός 247 253) 'paper, book' (IA). βιβλίδιον with strange long τ, βίμβλις, -ίδος 'cords of B.', cf. βιβλίδες: τὰ βιβλία ἢ σχοινία τὰ ἐκ βίβλου πεπλεγμένα (EM 197, 30).

    *ETYM The papyrus rind was supposedly named after the Phoenician harbor Byblos,  from where it was shipped to Greece. Since the name of this town was Gbl in  Phoenician, next to Akk. Gublu, and Hebr. G*bdl, we would need to assume the the  initial gu- was interpreted as g'u- by the Greek, or that distant assimilation g-b > b-b  took place. However, E. Masson 1967: 101-7 concluded that the word is of unknown  origin and that the town was named after it and Alessio Studi etruschi 18 (1941): 122. assumed that the word was Pre-Greek. Fur.: 364 offers evidence for v/ t in Pre-Greek  (the forms with -- appear to be old, not due to late assimilation; cf. Kretschmer KZ  57 (1930): 253). Pre-Greek origin is also strongly suggested by the prenasalized forms  (which are hardly expressive). Cf. ▶︎ πάπυρος.

XXXXXβυβός [adj.] = ἱμεστός, πλήρης, péyac' 'full, great' (Sophr. 115 apud Suid. and H.). «ὌΝΟΜ»

    *DER PN Βύβων Masson Verbum 18 (1995-6): 319 (Euboea), so the word is old.

    *ETYM Familiar word, from > βυνέω, ▶︎ Bbw, etc. either with reduplication or with  -Boc. On words in -Bdc, see Chantraine 1933: 261.

XXXXXβυθός [m.] 'depth (of the sea) (A.).

    *COMP ἄβυσσος 'bottomless' (Hdt.), substantivized fem. 'abyss, underworld' (=  Hebr. tahém, LXX, NT, pap; cf. Schwyzer RhM 81 (1932): 203); βυσσοδομεύω 'build  in the deep > brood over (in the deep of one's soul), ponder deeply' (Od.), metri  causa for βυσσοδομέω (Eust., Suid.) like οἰκοδομέω, etc. see Chantraine 1942: 368.

    *DER βύθιος 'of the depth' (late), fem. βυθῖτις (ψάμμος, AP). Denominative βυθίζω  'sink' (S.); ptc. βυθόωσα (pila) 'going in the deep' (Nic. Th. 505). Further βυσσός  [m.] 'depth of the sea' (Il.), βυσσόθεν (S.). Also βύσσα (Opps after βῆσσαξ so  probably secondary); further βύσσαλοι: βόθροι 'pits', βυσσαλεύοντι: τῷ βυθῷ  ἐφικνουμένῳ 'reaching the depth' (H.); also βυθμός: ἄντρον, πυθμήν, καὶ βυθμήν  'cave, bottom', perhaps corrupt.

    *ETYM A base form *BvOidc¢ or *Bv80dc, for βυσσός (Frisk), does not inspire  confidence, since this would presuppose that the word is epic (Aeolic): *-d'i- and  *-Ts- would give IA -o-. In order to connect the word with βαθύς (and βῆσσα), a  labiovelar has bee posited, but then the straightforward connection of βαθύς with  βένθος must be abandoned. Moreover, assuming a labiovelar would mean that the B-  is irregular (one would expect yv-): it would have to have been introduced from  βῆσσα, which remains a guess. A connection with γυθίσσων: διορύσσων 'digging  out' (H.) would pose the same problem; the form is better left aside. The earlier  attempts to connect βαθύς and βῆσσα (with a, as opposed to v) are most improbable,  and should now be abandoned. βυθός - βυσσός shows a typical variation in Pre-  Greek words; see Fur.: 248-263, e.g. dvnBov/ ἄνησον. The conclusion is confirmed by  βυσσαλ-, with a typical Pre-Greek suffix; cf. κόρυδος beside κορύδαλος!κορυδαλλός  (Fur.: 254). One may also compare the glosses ἄμυσσος' κῆτος 'sea monster' and  ἀβυδόν: βαθύ.

===Pag_295: Beekes_Página_0295.tiff===

Van Windekens KZ 100 (1987): 307 connects Hitt. akkus(3)a- 'Fangrube', which is quite improbable ('Ὁ au lieu de -κ- sous linfluence de Buaodc').

XXXXXβυκάνῃ [f.] 'trumpet, horn' (Plb.). «Ἰὴν Lat.>

    *DER βυκανάω 'to blow the horn' (Plb.), βυκανητής (Plb.); βυκανίζω (Eust.)  βυκανιστής (Plb.), βυκανισμός (Nicom.).

    *ETYM A loan word from Lat. bicina; for the suffix, cf. machina : μηχανή  (Niedermann IF 37 (1916/1917): 147f. contra Cuny 1908: 108ff.: from unweakened. *bicana). A more exact rendering is Bov-; βουκινάτωρ (Lyd.) = bicindtor and the  hybrid form βουκινίζω (S. E) are directly borrowed from Latin. See also  > βουκονιστήριον.

XXXXXβύκτης [adj.] / [m.] only βυκτάων ἀνέμων (x 20), also substantivized as 'stormwind' (Lyc.). 4ONOM>

    *ETYM If the word means πνεόντων, φυσητῶν (ie. 'blowing'), as the ancients  suggested, it may be compared with βεβυκῶσθαι: πεπρῆσθαι «παρὰ» Θετταλοῖς  'blow, kindle (Thess.)' (H.), and further with ▶︎ Buvéw. According to Fraenkel 1910:  19', the word is connected with βύζω, βύξαι 'to hoot (like an owl)' (see ▶︎ Bac). See  the discussion on k-enlargements of onomatopoeic bi- and bu- in Pok. 97f. and 100f.

XXXXXβυνέω [v.] 'to stuff (Hdt.). <?>

    *VAR Also βύνω (Hdt.), βύζω (Aret., H.); Bbw, aor. βῦσαι, fut. βύσω; βέβυσμαι (Od.),  ἐβύσθην, (mapa) Bvo toc.

    *COMP Often with prefixes Sta-, ἐπι-, παρα-, προ-.

    *DER Bvoyta 'plug' (Hp.), βύστρα 'id' (Antiph.); βύζην [adv.] (< Ἰβύσ-δην, see below)  'closely' (Hp.), together with βυζόν: πυκνόν, συνετόν, γαῦρον dé καὶ μέγα 'compact,  intelligent, haughty, big' (H.). Also βυλλά: βεβυσμένα H., with denominative  βεβυλλῶσθαι- βεβύσθαι (H.). Fur.: 2135 suggests that βουνός: στιβάς 'mattress',  Κύπριοι (H.) is derived from puvéw.

    *ETYM Like κυνέω, Buvéw could represent a continuation of a nasal present *Bv-vé-o-  w, with βῦν- perhaps from a zero grade Buv-o- (eg., in the 3pl. Ἰβύνσοντι, see  Schwyzer: 692). Alternatively, it could go back to *Buo-véw with secondary -éw. Buvéw has been compared with Alb. m-bush 'fill and words for 'pouch', e.g. MIr. bias (< *bousto-), ON posi, OE posa, OHG pfoso, PGm. *ptisan- (< *buson-). However, this connection fails on the necessity to assume a root with PIE *b- (the  material collected in Pok. 98ff. is too heterogeneous). Cf. »Pupdc, ▶︎ βουβών,  ▶︎ βύτανα.

XXXXXβύνη 1 [{1] 'malt (for brewing)' (pap., Aét.). <?>

    *VAR Bou, -εως [n.] (after Kiki, κόμμι, etc.).

    *DER Doubtful Buvetc: σκεύασμά τι κρίθινον 'dish made of barley' (H.; Lagercrantz  1913: ad PHolm. 15); constructed from a gen. βύνεωςξ

    *ETYM Unknown, of foreign origin?    βύνη 2 [f.] - θάλασσα 'sea' (Euphor. fr. 127), πεύκη 'pine' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM The meaning 'sea' fits well to the homophonous name of Leucothea (Ino) in  Lyc. 107, but its etymology is unknown.

===Pag_296: Beekes_Página_0296.tiff=== XXXXXβύσταξ 249 βύνητος an Egyptian garment (Hdn.).

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXβύριον [n.] βύριον: οἴκημα 'abode'; βυριόθεν οἴκοθεν 'from home' (H.). Cf. ebpvptov- τὸ εὔοικον εἴρηται, ὅτι κατὰ τὴν Bavpiav ἣ κατά Μεσσαπίους σημαίνει οἰκίαν 'comfortable to inhabit, because $B. means 'house' in Messapian' (EM 389,25); and βαυριόθεν = οἴκοθεν 'from home' (Cleon Sic. 2).

    *DER Perhaps βυρμός' σταθμός 'stable' (H.), s.v. von Blumenthal 1930: 3.

    *ETYM Messapian word, also seen in Germanic: ON bir [n.], OHG, OE bar [m.]  'cottage, room' (PGm. *biira-); cf. Pok. 149. With a different ablaut are ▶︎ Bavpia and  ▶︎ βᾶρις. See Krahe IF 57 (1940): 116. The words are supposed to be r-derivatives of  the root for 'live, be'; see ▶︎ φύω.

XXXXXβυρρός [m.] - κάνθαρος. Τυρρηνοί 'dung-beetle, drinking cup (Etr.) (H.). <«Lw? Etr>

    *ETYM The word is believed to derive from the color, from Gr. πυρρός = Lat. burrus  'deep red' (Paul. Fest. 31). See Fohalle 1925: 157f. and Kretschmer Glotta 16 (1928):  166. However, this is hardly appropriate in the case of a cup. Fur.: 213 connects it  with μύρσος 'basket' (Call. fr. anon. 102; H.), Etr. murs; the word lives on in Otrant. vurro, Toscan. borraccia (Alessio 1955: 736).

XXXXXβύρσα [f.] 'skin, hide' (Hdt.). < PG?>

    *COMP Bupaodéyrys (Ar).

    *DER βυρσίς (H.); βύρσινος 'of leather' (Ὁ. C.), βυρσικός 'id' (Gp.), also 'used by  tanners' (Hippiatr., to βυρσεύς), βυρσώδης 'id' (Gal.). βυρσεύς 'tanner' (Act. Ap.) for  older βυρσοδέψης (Ar.); βυρσεύω 'tan' (H.), βυρσεῖον 'tan-pit' (sch.). Denominative  βυρσόω 'to cover with skins' (Ath. Mech.). Old is only Bupoivy 'leather thong' (Ar. Eq. 59; 449).

    *ETYM A technical term without etymology (Forbes Glotta 36 (1958): 271, see further  Frisk). The word may be of Pre-Greek, as argued by Fur.: 65, etc., who also compares  ἀμυρτόν:- ἱμάτιον 'cloth' (H.).

XXXXXβύσσα [f.] a bird (Ant. Lib. 15). <?>

    *ETYM Etymology unknown.

XXXXXβύσσος [f.] 'Byssos', flax and the linen made of it (Emp.); later also referring to cotton and silk.

    *DER βύσσινος 'made of 8.' (Hdt.); βύσσωμα 'net from B.' (AP; on the formation see  πέπλωμα, etc., Chantraine 1933: 187).

    *ETYM The word is supposed to have been borrowed by Greek from Eg. w:d 'linen'  via Semitic (Hebr., Aram. bis; see E. Masson 1967: 2off.; Szemerényi Gnomon 43    (1971): 661).

XXXXXβυσσός -οβυθός.

XXXXXβύσταξ [m.] 'moustache' (Antiph. 44.4 apud Ath. 4, 1434). 4PG>

    *VAR Cf. βύσταγα: πώγωνα 'beard' (H.).

    *ETYM The explanation of βύσταξ as adapted from μύσταξ after Buvéw is highly  improbable. Rather, it is evidently cognate with μύσταξ, the words being of Pre-

===Pag_297: Beekes_Página_0297.tiff===

Greek origin because of the alternation β ~ μὶ (Fur. 116, 218; cf. «/ γ, see also Giintert 1914: 128). For further variants, see ▶︎ μύσταξ,

XXXXXβύτανα [n.pl.] - κονδύλοι 'knuckle'. oi δὲ βρύτανα (H.).

    *ETYM A formation in -avov (Chantraine 1933: 197ff., Schwyzer: 48of.). Although the  word has been connected with »βυτθόν - πλῆθος 'crowd' (H.) and ▶︎ βύττος -  γυναικὸς αἰδοῖον 'private parts of a woman' (H.), this is only a superficial  resemblance in form. The variant with Bp- points to a Pre-Greek word; further  examples are adduced by Fur.: 330.

XXXXXβυτθόν [n.]? - πλῆθος 'large number, crowd' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM The word has been connected βύτανα and βύττος, for which there seems to  be no rationale.

XXXXXβυτίνη [f.] - Adyvvoc ἣ ἀμίς. Ταραντῖνοι 'flask or chamber-pot (Tarantian)' (H.).

    *VAR Cf. Att. nbtivn 'flask covered with plated osier' (Poll.), title of a comedy of  Cratinus (Ar. fr. 880 K.-A.).

    *ETYM The interchange πὶ 8 proves Pre-Greek origin (the variation voiced/ voiceless  being extremely frequent in such words; Fur: 101-200). The suffix -tv- is also  frequent in Pre-Greek (see Pre-Greek, Suffixes). VLat. butina is borrowed from the  Greek, and the Latin is in turn the source of e.g. OE byden, OHG butin, MoHG Biitte  (Fi. putina, Ru. bédnja, etc. are again borrowed from Germanic; see Vasmer 1953  5.0.

XXXXXβύττος [m.]? - γυναικὸς αἰδοῖον 'female genitals' (H.).

    *VAR  Cf. μυττός: τὸ γυναικεῖον 'id.' (H.).

    *ETYM Fur.: 218 connects the gloss with u-, which shows that the word is Pre-Greek. Szemerényi refers to Hubschmid 1955: 76.

XXXXXβωβός [adj.] name of a handicap, acc. to H. = χωλός, πηρός (πτορός cod.) 'lame, disabled'; by Plu. Fr. inc. 149 used together with κωφός; in MoGr. it means 'dumb'. <?>

    *DER PN Βωβᾶς, Βουβᾶς, L. Robert 1963: 30-33.

    *ETYM Cf. κολοβός, κλαμβός, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 261).

XXXXXβωληνή [f.] ἄμπελος 'grape-vine', growing in Bithynia (Gp. 5, 17, 5).

    *ETYM Fur. 219 compares μῶλαξ, a Lydian name for wine.

XXXXXβωλήτης [m.] 'fungus, especially mushroom' (Ath.). <LwW? Lat

    *VAR Also βωλίτης (Gp., Gal.), also 'root' of the lychnis.

    *DER βωλήτιον 'saucepan', βωλητάρια πινάκια (pap.), βωλητῖνος ἄρτος (Ath.), after  the form.

    *ETYM Borrowed from Lat. bélétus (Sen.), which was named after the Spanish town  Boletum (Niedermann IF Anz. 29 (1912): 31f.). βωλίτης is remodelled after the  derivatives in -ίτης, and borrowed into Latin (Plin.) again (Redard 1949: 70); its  meaning 'root' is due to influence of βῶλος.

===Pag_298: Beekes_Página_0298.tiff=== XXXXXβωτιάνειρα 251

XXXXXβῶλος [f.] 'ump, clod of earth' (IL). «?»

    *VAR Also [m.].

    *COMP ἐρίβωλος, ἐριβῶλαξ (I1.).

    *DER Adjectives βωλώδης (Thphr.), βώλινος (H.); adverb BwAndov (Dsc.); βώλωσις  'formation of lumps' (pap.). Old is βῶλαξ [f.] = βῶλος (Pis cf. on -αξ Chantraine  1933: 379; βωλάκιος (Pi). βωλίς: μάζης εἶδός τι ἐν ταῖς θυσίαις 'kind of ball in  sacrifices' (H.); unclear the gloss on βωλόναι (H.).

    *ETYM Etymology unknown; hardly connected with ▶︎ βολβός.

XXXXXβωμός [m.] 'step, stand (for chariots), base (of a statue)', most frequently 'altar' (I1.).

    <IE *g'oh.-mo- 'stand'>

    *COMP βωμολόχος 'one that waited about the altars to steal the meat, ribald'.

    *DER βωμίς 'step' (Hdt; on the word CEG 6), βωμίσκος technical term (Hero.);  βῶμαξ: ὁ μικρὸς βωμός, ὑποκοριστικῶς 'small altar (hypocor.)' (H.). βωμῖτις (sc. γῆ)  'sacred land' (Pergamon). βωμίστρια 'priestess' (Nic; on -ίστρια Chantraine 1933:  106); βώμᾶξ' βωμολόχος H., see Chantraine 1933: 381f.; on -αξ see Bjérck 1950: 263°. Adjectives βώμιος (S.), also month name (Lamia); βωμιαῖος (S.). Note βώμηνεν:  ὥμοσε 'swore' (H.) from *Pwyaivw 'swear (with the hand on the altar)'.

    *ETYM Verbal noun *g'oh.-mo- to ἔ-βη-ν (é-Ba-v). For the meaning, cf. ▶︎ βάσις and  OP gaSu- 'place, throne' (from ga- = Ba-, Bn-).

XXXXXβωνίτης --βουνός.

XXXXXβωρεύς [m.] 'mullet' (Xenocr.).

    *VAR βωρίδιον [n.], also Bovpidiov (Alex. Trall.).

    *DER On the PN with Bwp- (Bapoc, Βώρακος, Βώριμος) see BoShardt (below).

    *ETYM Bofhardt 1942: 61 derived the word from βῶροι: ὀφθαλμοί 'eyes' (H.), just as  Stromberg 1943: 42f., but βῶροι is probably from *fa@pot (see ▶︎ ὁράω). Connected  with Copt. bori, Arab. biri; see Thompson 1947 s.v. and Hemmerdinger Glotta 46  (1968): 247.

XXXXXβωσίον [n.] a utensil (pap.).

    *DER βωσιδία (pap.). Also Bwtdpiov (Zos. Alch.); βωσιδιαι is probably bad  orthography for -iéta.

    *ETYM From Bwtiov- σταμνίον 'wine jar (H.) with tt > σι; see Olsson Symb. Oslo. 4  (1926): 62f. The word may be related to ▶︎ βοῦτ(τλις. wo tpéw [v.] 'to call (to 414} (Od.). <GR>

    *VAR Only present.

    *ETYM The word is connected to ▶︎ βοάω just as ἐλαστρέω (Il) to ἐλαύνω, ἐλά-σαι  and καλιστρέω (Call.) to καλέω. It is an expressive formation, based on the nominal  suffixes tep-, τρο- (cf. Risch 1937: 310), but details remain unclear.

XXXXXβωτάζειν = γατάλαι, οὐτάω, and ὠτειλή.

XXXXXβωτιάνειρα

    *VAR βώτωρ, etc. = βόσκω.

===Pag_299: Beekes_Página_0299.tiff===

===Pag_300: Beekes_Página_0300.tiff=== XXXXXγὰ Ξ γε.

XXXXXγάβαθον [n.] - τρυβλίον 'cup, bowl

    *VAR  Also καβαθα (accent unknown; pap. III"); also fem.sg. (Edict. Diocl.). And  ζάβατος: πίναξ ἰχθυηρὸς παρὰ Παφίοις 'a trencher for fish (Paphiany (HL).

    *ETYM Semitic origin has been assumed (E. Masson 1967: 75, which could also  account for Lat. gabata. Alternatively, we may consider Pre-Greek origin (Fur. 187  assumes that it is a Mediterranean loan). Cf. ▶︎ yaBeva, ▶︎ κάβος.

XXXXXγάβενα [n.pl.] - ὀξυβάφια, ἤτοι τρυβλία 'small vessel; cup, bowl (H.). <?, PG?>

    *ETYM On the basis of MoGr. forms, Moutsos Orbis 18 (1969): 535-540 argues that  γάβενον < ἔγαβινον < ἔκαβινον, a derivative from κάβος. Fur.: 116, etc. compares the  word with ▶︎ γάβαθον, which is certainly a possibility.

XXXXXγαγάτης [m.] (sc. λίθος) 'lignite' (Orph., Plin., Dsc.). «LW Anat>

    *VAR Also yayyitic or γαγγῆτις λίθος (Str.); this form may have been influenced by  the adjective 'of the Ganges'. And éyyayic πέτρα (Nic.) = γαγάτης.

    *ETYM According to Pliny 36, 141, the word derives from Γάγας or Γάγγαι, a town  and river in Lycia. The forms with yayy-, with prenasalization, confirm its Anatolian  (= Pre-Greek?) origin. Lat. gagdtés, with MoFr. jais, MoHG Gagat, etc. was  borrowed from the Greek.

XXXXXγαγγαίνειν [v.] : τὸ μετὰ γέλωτος προσπαίζειν 'playing with great laughter' (H.).

    *VAR Cf. γαγγαλίδες: γελασῖνοι 'front teeth; dimples'; γαγγαλᾶν, γαγγαλίζεθαι"  ἥδεσθαι 'to enjoy oneself; γάγγαλος: ὁ εὐμετάθετος τῇ γνωμῇ Kai εὐμετάβολος  'fickle in belief; changeable'.

    *ETYM yayyatvetv is a reduplicated expressive form, which has been taken to belong  together with Skt. gafijana- 'despising', which in turn was connected with OE canc  'insult. As the Skt. form appears only in MInd., the connection remains very  uncertain. Neither is the word related to Lat. ganni, etc. Cf. ▶︎ γογγύζω.

XXXXXγάγγαμον [n.] 'small round net for catching oysters' (A.).

    *VAR γαγγάμη [f.] (Str); γαγγάμη: σαγήνη ἢ δίκτυον ἁλιευτικόν. καὶ σκεῦος  γεωργικὸν «ἀγαρ-πεῖ or fishing-net; also an agricultural tool' (S ὅμοιον κρεάγρᾳ  'similar to a flesh-hook') (H.); yayyapov: δίκτυον. kai τὸ περὶ τὸν ὀμφαλὸν 'fishing-

===Pag_301: Beekes_Página_0301.tiff===

net; also that which is around the navel' (H.); γαγγαμουλκοί: σαγηνευταί 'dragging an oyster-net' (H.).

    *DER γαγγαμεύς: ἁλιεύς, ὁ τῇ γαγγάμῃ ἐργαζόμενος 'fisherman, he who handles the  γ᾽ (H.); γαγγαμευτής 'id.' (conj. EM).

    *ETYM Technical term, certainly of foreign origin and probably Pre-Greek. Not  related to ▶︎ γέντο 'he took'. Neumann 1961: 100 connects it with Hitt. kank-' 'to  hang'; this is most uncertain.

XXXXXγαγγῆτις -ογαγάτης.

XXXXXγαγγλίον [n.] 'tumour on a tendon, or the head' (Gal.); the nerve knots now called ganglia have been compared to such a tumour.

    *DER γαγγλιώδης 'like a y.' (Ηρ.

    *ETYM Unknown. The word is mostly connected with ▶︎ ἄγλις, ▶︎ γέλγις, ▶︎ γάλινθοι,  > γέλινθοι. It is most probably non-IE, and possibly Pre-Greek (Fur.: 129).

XXXXXγάγγραινα [f.] 'gangrene', an illness that eats away theflesh (Hp.). «ΡΟ»

    *VAR Cf. yayypatva: φαγέδαινα 'cancerous sore, cancer', oi δὲ καρκίνος 'lobster', etc.

    *DER γαγγραινόομαι, yayypatvwotc, etc. (Hp.).

    *ETYM For the suffix, cf. ▶︎ φαγέδαινα. The basic form is uncertain, for a discussion of  which see Chantraine 1933: 108f; it is perhaps *ydyypwv, *yayypoc, or *yayypa. Alexander Polyhistor in St. Byz. s.v. Γάγγρα gives this word as a name for 'goat'. In  antiquity, it was compared with ypdaw 'to devour' (thus also Frisk), but this is  certainly incorrect. It is most probably a Pre-Greek word (a-vocalism, -atva,  prenasalization?). Cf. ▶︎ καρκίνος.

XXXXXγάδασμον [n.]? - ἐνηρόσιον 'rent for corn land'.

    *VAR Ms. γαλασιον corr.

    *ETYM Latte Mnem. 3/10 (1942): 91°° reads γάδασμον for yadactov in the manuscript  on the basis of a comparison with δασμός 'rent'.

XXXXXγαδή [f.] - κιβωτός 'box' (H.).

    *ETYM Cf. γάνδιον- κιβώτιον (Η:; Belardi Rend. Acc. Linc. 8: 9 (1954): 620). Because  of the prenasalized variant, the word is Pre-Greek. Because of the deviant semantics,  Lat. gandeia, an African vehicle, is not related.

XXXXXγάδος 1 [m.] name ofa fish, also called ὄνος (Dorio apud Ath. 7, 315f.).

    *VAR γάδαρος (Diogenian) = yatddapiov (pap. VI-VIIP), MoGr. yaidapoyapov (see  Thompson 1947 s.v. ὄνος and Saint-Denis 1947 s.v. asellus. Very unclear, see DELG.

    *ETYM There is a variety of names for the évoc-fish: γαλίας, yaAXepiac, καλλαρίς,  χελλαρίης, etc. (Stromberg 1943: 130f.). Fur.: 3393, 254 adds γάζας: ἰχθὺς ποιός 'a fish'  (H.), assuming Pre-Greek origin. DELG explains γαϊδάριον as a loan from Arabic  (Andriotis, Etym. Lex. s.v.), but disassociates it from yadac.

XXXXXγάδος 2 ⟹ γάνδος.

XXXXXγάζα [f.] (royal) treasury (Thphr., OGI 54, 22 [IIF]). <Lw Pers.

===Pag_302: Beekes_Página_0302.tiff===

    *COMP γαζο-φύλαξ 'guarding the treasury' (LXX).

    *ETYM According to Pomp. Mela 1, 64 and others, γάζα is of Persian origin, cf. MP  ganj (ultimately going back to Median; see Mayrhofer KEWA 1: 315 with references). Arm. ganj was likewise taken over from Iranian. Lat. gaza, and probably Syr. gaza,  were borrowed from Greek.

XXXXXγάζας = yddoc 1.

XXXXXγάθια [f.] - ἀλλαντία 'small sausage' (H.). < PG>

    *ETYM Unknown. See Belardi Ric. ling. 4 (1958): 196. Fur. (index) connects the word  with γηθυλλίς, ἀγαθίς.

XXXXXγαῖα [f.] 'earth' (1]..

    *COMP Dor. γαιάοχος, Lacon. γαιάροχος, epic ▶︎ γαιήοχος, epithet of Poseidon, also  ▶︎ ἐννοσίγαιος (IL, s.v.). ἀνώγαιον 'upper floor of a house, granary'; also avoxatov:  ὑπέρῳον, γράφεται kal dvwyewv H; perhaps the form with -o- is original, the other  variants being due to folk etymology.

    *DER γαιήϊος 'from the earth' (Od.; with -ἠΐϊος, Chantraine 1933: 52); γαιών 'heap of  earth' (Tab. Heracl. 1, 136) beside yaewv (IG 14, 322: I 83, Halaesa); youdw 'change  into earth' (Tz.).

    *ETYM Unknown; see ▶︎ γῆ.

XXXXXγαιήοχος [m.] Epithet of Poseidon, secondarily of Zeus, etc. (Il.), mg. uncertain, mostly taken as 'earth-shaker' (= ▶︎ ἐννοσίγαιος, s.v.). <?>

    *VAR Dor. γαιαοχος, Lacon. γαιάροχος.

    *ETYM γαιήοχος is a compound with γαῖα as the first member, but the interpretation  of the second member is debated. The solution of Borgeaud KZ 68 (1944): 221f. that  the word means 'bringing home (i.e., the husband of) Gaia' (viz., Ποσειδῶν) is  impossible. Kretschmer Glotta 5 (1914): 303 interpreted γαιήοχος as Γαῖαν ὀχεύων  'mounting Gaia' or Faia ὀχούμενος, basing himself on the myth that Poseidon ἵππιος  had intercourse with the earth goddess Demeter. However, Lacon. γαιάροχος shows  that the second member started with f-, for which there are no indications in the  case of ▶︎ ὀχέω and ▶︎ ὀχεύων. Alternatively, Nilsson 1941: 419 understood 'faring  below the earth' (with Poseidon as a river, after Hesychius, 'ὁ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς  ὀχοῦμενος), which is implausible, too. Most scholars follow Meillet 1924 and  connect the second member with Go. gawigan 'to set in motion'. Cf. further αἰγίοχος  (s.v. ▶︎ aiyic).

XXXXXγαῖσος [m.] a Gaulish javelin (Ph. Bel.).

    *VAR Also γαῖσον [n.].

    *DER yauoatat/-ot 'mercenarii' (Plb.) is a loan from Lat. gaesdtus.

    *ETYM Like Lat. gaesum, the word is from Gaulish, but via Latin: cf. the PN Gaesato-  rix, Gaeso-rix, Vandal. Gaise-ricus, Go. Rada-gaisus. We can compare Olr. gae, Co. gew 'javelin', and OHG and OS ger, OE gar, ON geirr [m.] 'spear'. See further s.v. ▶︎ χαῖος.

XXXXXγαίω = γάνυμαι, γηθέω.

===Pag_303: Beekes_Página_0303.tiff===

γακού - ἡδύ, γλυκύ 'sweet' (H.). <?>

    *DER γακουπώνης: ἡδυπότης 'fond of drinking' (H.).

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXγάλα [n.] 'milk (Il.).

    *VAR  Gen. γάλακτος. Rare forms: dat. γάλακι (Call. Hek. 1, 4, 4), gen. γάλατος  (pap.), τοῦ γάλα (Pl. Com.). Also γλάγος [n.] (B 471). Other forms: γλακῶντες:  μεστοὶ γάλακτος 'full of milk (H.); κλάγος: γάλα. Κρῆτες (H.), see below; with  hypocoristic gemination γλακκόν: γαλαθηνόν 'sucking (milk) (H.); and yAakto-  φάγος 'living on milk' (Il); these forms may be due to simple assimilations (or  metathesis).

    *COMP Old is γαλα-θη-νός 'sucking milk' (Od.) from γάλα and θῆσθαι; on the suffix  cf. ἀγανός, etc. (Schwyzer: 452), also τιθήνη. Also γαλακτο-πότης 'drinking milk  (Hdt.), etc. On γάλα as a second member see Sommer 1948: 83.

    *DER γαλακτίς (πέτρα) name of a stone (Orph.) = γαλακτίτης (Dsc.), both also as  plant names = τιθύμαλλος (Aét., gloss.; after its juice, see Stromberg 1940: 58); γάλαξ  name of a white shellfish (Arist; Stromberg 1943: 109; cf. Chantraine 1933:379);  »γάλιον sv. Adjective γαλακτώδης (Arist.). Denominative verbs: γαλακτίζω,  γαλακτόομαι, γαλακτιάω. With ξ (from τ assibilated before 1) γαλαξίας (κύκλος)  'Milky Way (Ὁ. S.; see Chantraine 1933: 95; also γαλακτίας Ptol.); γαλάξια [n.pl.]  name of a festival for Cybele (inscr., Thphr.), from which Γαλαξιών month name on  Delos (inscr. III*). Independent is γαλατμόν: λάχανον ἄγριον 'wild herb' (Η.:; cf. yaAiov); perhaps from *yadaxt-pdv (Stromberg 1940: 58); Fur.: 374, 389 compares  ἀδαλτόμον. See on ▶︎ γάλαγγα. From γλάγος derive the late forms yAayepéc,  γλαγόεις; also περιγλαγής (II 642) and γλαγάω (AP).

    *ETYM Outside Greek, only found in Lat. lac (De Vaan 2008 s.v.) and Armenian (see  below). The basis of the Greek forms is *galakt- or *glakt-; the latter is seen in  γλακτο-φάγος (N 6). As an alternative to assuming a proto-stem with two variants,  we may consider the possibility that γάλα goes back to *glakt (from *gikt) with loss  of the final consonants and development of a secondary vowel in the nom./acc. (cf. γυνή). In that case, yAaxto- (see above) would be the expected outcome for the  oblique cases, whereas γάλακτος would have analogical γάλ- instead of yA-. Since in  the nominative the final consonants must have been lost in subsequent stages, i.e. *galakt > *galak > γάλα, the intermediate stage could have yielded the t-less forms  like γλάγος. The Armenian forms, class. Καὶ Ἡ and dial. kaxc', have been explained by  Kortlandt (following Weitenberg) as from acc. 'glkt-m, gen. *glkt-s via an  intermediate *katt'- with al < *] (Kortlandt REArm. 19 (1985): 22). MIr. lacht, etc. were borrowed from Lat. lac. The derivation of Szemerényi KZ 75 (1958): 170-184  from *mlg/k- (from the root of ἀμέλγωλ) is impossible, as this root was *h,melg-. Not  related is Hitt. galaktar 'soothing'; see Kloekhorst 2008 s.v. kalank-' 'soothe'.

XXXXXγάλαγγα [?] 'galingal, Alpina officinarum' (Aet.).

    *ETYM From Arab. khalandjan, itself of Chinese origin. See André 1956 s.v. galenga.

XXXXXγάλας - γῆ 'earth'. παρὰ Εὐκλίτῳ (H.). Corr. EdxAw? (PW 6, 1055). <?>

===Pag_304: Beekes_Página_0304.tiff=== XXXXXγαλήνη 257

    *ETYM Etymology unknown. The word is Mediterranean, according to Belardi Doxa  3 (1950): 200.

XXXXXγαλάσιον --γάδασμον.

XXXXXγαλέη, γαλῆ [f.] 'weasel, marten' (Batr. Ar.); also a fish name (Ael.), see Strémberg 1943: 108. <?>

    *COMP γαλε-άγκων (Arist.), also γαλι-άγκων (Hp, after the frequent first members  in -: dpyt-, κυδι-, etc; see below), properly 'with arms like a weasel', ie. 'with short  upper arm', cf. Solmsen 1909: 225f; γαλεό-βδολον [n.] 'weasel stench', 'dead nettle',  substantivized bahuvrihi, = γαλήοψις 'weasel eye' (Dsc.); on the names see  Stromberg 1940: 138f, Lehmann IF 21 (1907): 193. Denominative γαλιάω =  ἀκολασταίνω 'be licentious', 'ce qui serait ssmantiquement satisfaisant'(?) DELG.

    *DER γαλιδεύς 'young weasel' (Crat.), after λυκ-ιδεύς, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 364; see  below); γαλεώτης 'gecko lizard' (Ar.), 'weasel' (Luc.); on the formation see Schwyzer:  500; also 'swordfish' (Plb.), cf. s.v. ▶︎ γαλεός.

    *ETYM The formation of γαλέη shows that the word originally indicated the skin; cf. dAwnex-én, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 91) and Lat. galea below. yadén has been  connected with Lat. glis 'dormouse' and Skt. giri-, girika- [f.] 'mouse'. However, the  Skt. word is only attested in lexicons and probably did not really exist (Mayrhofer  EWaAia τ 488). In spite of its deviant meaning, the Latin could perhaps be related if  γαλ- reflects *glH-V-, Lat. glis possibly going back to *glHi- (Schrijver 1991: 242). yaAén is not related to MW bele 'weasel' (pace Schwyzer: 299; cf. De Vaan 2008 s.v. félés). The original meaning 'weasel-skin' is found in Lat. galea 'leather helmet', cf. κυνέη properly 'dog-skin'. For a possible connection of 'weasel' with ▶︎ γαλόως  'husband's sister', see there.

XXXXXγαλεός [m.] 'dogfish, shark' (P]. Com.), also = γαλέη (Aret.). <2

    *DER γαλεώδης 'like a shark' (Arist.), γαλεώτης 'swordfish' (Plb; see below), also  γαλαξίας = γαλεός (Gal.); connection with γαλαξίας 'milky way' unclear; remarkable  compound γαλεώνυμος = γαλεός (Phylotim. apud Gal.), cf. also καλλιώνυμος name  of a fish, see Stromberg 1943: 108f.

    *ETYM Stromberg lc. maintained that the dogfish was named after the weasel, but  the formation of γαλεός is unclear (a back-formation from γαλεώτης after  ἀσκαλαβώτης : doxdAaBoc?). On yadedc, see Thompson 1947 s.v. For γαλεώνυμος  etc. Frisk and DELG (s.v. γαλέ!η) suggested contamination and tabu-formation,  which remains gratuitous.

XXXXXγαλήνη [f.] 'stillness of the sea' (Od.); also 'lead sulphite' (Plin.), see Chantraine RPh. 91 (1965): 203-5.

    *VAR  Dor. γαλάνᾶ.

    *DER γαλήνεια (yaAdveia) = γαλήνη (Eur.), after σαφήνειαξ; not from γαληνής (only  Arist. Phgn. 8b 38); yaAnvain (A. Rs cf. ἀναγκαίη beside ἀνάγκη), γαληναῖος (AP). γαληνός 'still? (E.). After the numerous adjectives in -po- (not an old r/n-stem):  γαληρός (H.); after the adjectives in -epoc: γαλερός (H.).

===Pag_305: Beekes_Página_0305.tiff===

    *ETYM Similarly to σελήνη, the variants γαλήνη and γαλάνᾶ derive from *yahao-va,  in turn from an s-stem that is also seen in γέλως, γελασ-τός, etc. Because of its e-  grade, γελήνη (termed Aeol. by Jo. Gramm. Comp. 3, 1) is perhaps to be ranged with  the latter words. γαλήνη must originally have meant 'cheerfulness'; cf. γελεῖν'  λάμπειν, ἀνθεῖν 'to shine, flourish' (H.). For the ablaut grade *gih,-es-, cf. Arm. catr  'laughter'. See ▶︎ γελάω, ▶︎ γλήνιη, ▶︎ γλῆνος.

XXXXXγάλι ⟹ ἅλις.

XXXXXγαλιάγκων ⟹ γαλέη.

XXXXXγαλίας ⟹ γάδος.

XXXXXγάλινθοι [m.pl.] - ἐρέβινθοι. οἱ δὲ γάλιθοι 'chick-peas; elsewhere γάλιθοι᾽ (H.).

    *VAR Also yéAtvOor ἐρέβινθοι (H.).

    *ETYM Pre-Greek (note the suffix -1v@oc with a variant without prenasalization, as  well as the interchange a/s). Not related to ▶︎ yéAytc.

XXXXXγάλιον [n.] 1. 'bedstraw, Galium verum' (Dsc. 4, 95) and 2. 'dead nettle' (Plin. 27, 81). < GRE

    *VAR The first also (ibid.) γαλάτιον (cf. ἀλάτιον 'salt') and γαλαίριον (unclear).

    *ETYM In the sense 'bedstraw' etc., γάλιον is related to γάλα because it was used as  rennet (Dsc. l.c., cf. Stromberg 1940: 108). In the sense 'dead nettle', we should rather  compare »γαλέη in view of other words for 'dead nettle': γαλεόβδολον and  γαλήοψις.

XXXXXγαλλαρίας

    *VAR γαλλερίας. -'καλλαρίας.

XXXXXγάλλαρος [m.] 'member of ἃ Dionysiac cultic society (inscr. Philippopel, II?).

XXXXXγάλλαρος: Φρυγιακὸν ὄνομα παρὰ Λάκωσι 'a Phrygian name, acc. to the Laconians' (H.).

    *ETYM See Dunst KZ 78 (1963): 147ff. Cf. ▶︎ γάλλος.

XXXXXγάλλια [n.pl.] - ἔντερα 'intestines' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM As "ράλλια, the word is perhaps from "ξάλνια, related to εἰλύω 'wind, turn,  etc, (Lidén KZ 61 (1934): 22f.). Cf. ON vil [n.], viljum [dat.pl.] 'viscera', IE *uel-io-. On the development, cf. Lesb. Thess. στάλλα, from "στάλνᾶ,

XXXXXγάλλος [m.] 'a priest of Cybele, eunuch' (inscr, Epict.). «τὰν Phr>

    *COMP γαλλομανής, γαλλιαμβικόν metrical term (not in LSJ).

    *DER γαλλαῖος 'ofa γ᾽ (Rhian.), γαλλάζω (Schwyzer: 633, 12).

    *ETYM In antiquity, the word was believed to be Phrygian. Probably, ▶︎ γάλλαρος is  related.

XXXXXγαλόως [f.] 'husband's sister' (Il.).

    *VAR γαλόω [gen.sg.], γαλόῳ [dat.sg.] and [nom.pl.], γαλόων [gen.pl].] (with metrical  diectasis). Also γάλις: γαλαός (H.), see below.

    *DIAL Also Att. γάλως, -w (acc. to Hdn. Gr.).

===Pag_306: Beekes_Página_0306.tiff=== XXXXXγάμμα 259

    *ETYM The Greek forms derive from ἔγαλ-αρξ-ο- (not *ya\-wf-o-; Beekes MSS 34  (1976)13ff}, a thematicization of *glh,-eu-, which is probably an oblique stem of  *$(e)lh,-6u-s (formation as in ▶︎ πάτρως, ▶︎ μήτρως). The PIE term denoted the  unmarried sister of the husband, cf. Lat. glds 'husband's sister' (secondarily 'brother's  wife'; the loss of the laryngeal in Latin is difficult to account for, see Schrijver 1991:  131). Further cognates are Arm. tal 'id' (i-stem), which has initial t- for c- after taygr  'husband's brother' (see ▶︎ darp), and Slavic words like OCS ζοίονα, Ru. zdlva,  zolévka, which must reflect *-uy- instead of *-u-, probably through adaptation to  -uh,- after other feminines. γέλαρος: ἀδελφοῦ γυνή, Φρυγιστί (HL) is unclear (for  *yéXaroc? Hermann Gétt. Nachr. (1918): 222f.). Oettinger 1998: 649-654 points out  that in Romance languages and dialects, 'weasel' and 'aunt' are often homonyms,  because of the behaviour of the aunt; for the same reason, the IE terms may have  been identical. The nature of the laryngeal is difficult to determine, unless the  Hesychius gloss has ἴγαλαρ-ος < *gth,-eu-os. γάλις could represent *g1H-i-.

XXXXXγαμβρός [m.] 'son-in-law, brother-in-law (sister's husband)' (IL).

    <IE *g(e}mH-  'marry'>

    *DER Rare and late: γαμβροτιδεύς 'son of a γαμβρός᾽ (lamb., after λεοντιδεύς, etc.),  γαμβρεύω form connections by marriage' (LXX).

    *ETYM Outside Greek, one compares Skt. jamatar- = Av. zamdatar- (with secondary  -tar-); cf. Av. zamaoiia- (< *-mavya-) 'brother of the son-in-law' and Skt. jami-  'related', fem. also 'daughter-in-law', Lat. gener, Alb. dhéndérr, dhandér(r). The  formation of the BS]. terms is isolated: Lith. Zéntas, OCS zetso. The BSI. and Alb. words, as well as Lat. gener, must have been influenced by *genh,- (γίγνομαι),  although even then Latv. znudts remains difficult, as it seems to go back to *gneh,-  to-. The Greek and Indo-Iranian forms must belong together, the Greek requiring  *$m-ro-, the Indo-Iranian forms *gomo-; »γαμέω might have been formed  secondarily, or else the resemblance may be due to later influence yapéw (cf. Viredaz  IF 107 (2002): 152-180).

XXXXXγαμέω [v.] 'to marry' (IL).

    <IE *g(e)m- 'marry'>

    *VAR  Fut. γαμέω (yaya), aor. γῆμαι, perf. γεγάμηκα, -ημαι (Att.); late γαμήσω,  ἐγάμησα, ἐγαμήθην; isolated fut. γαμέσσεται I 394 'give in marriage' (Aristarchus  reads ye μάσσεται).

    *DER Back-formation γάμος [m.] 'wedding' (1].λ. From γαμέω: γαμετή 'wife (Hes.);  from γάμος: γαμέτης 'husband' (A.). γαμήλιος 'nuptial? (A.) with the month name  Γαμηλιών (Arist.). A suffix -ἰ- also in γάμελα [n.pl.] 'wedding offerings' (Delphi V*)  and Γαμέλιος months name (Dodona). Desiderative γαμησείω (Alciphr.).

    *ETYM There are no cognate verbs outside Greek. The connection with γέντο,  ὕγγεμος = συλλαβή, γέμω is uncertain. Probably connected with ▶︎ γαμβρός.

XXXXXγάμμα [n.] name of the letter (X.). «τὴν Sem.>

    *VAR γέμμα (Democr.).

    *ETYM From Semitic; cf. Hebr. gimel and the word for 'camel': Hebr. gamal, Aram. gamla (Schwyzer: 140).

===Pag_307: Beekes_Página_0307.tiff===

XXXXXγαμφηλαί [f.pl.] 'jaws of animals' (IL).

    *VAR  γναμφαί: γνάθοι 'jaws' (H.).

    *DER Backformation γαμφαί (Lyc.).

    *ETYM Cf. τράχηλος 'neck, throat', etc. Generally connected with ▶︎ γόμφος and  yougioc, but the a-vocalism is problematic. Neither a popular word, a zero grade  *yag- with restored nasal, nor influence from γαμψός or γναμπτήρ (CEG 1) seems to  be a sufficient explanation. The suffix -ηλ- occurs in Pre-Greek (see Pre-Greek), so  the word may be Pre-Greek. Pedersen (see WP 1: 534) pointed to Ru. gubd 'lip', etc.

XXXXXγαμψός [adj.] 'curved, crooked' (Ar.).

    *COMP γαμψῶνυξ (I1.), γαμψώνυχος (Epich.) 'with curved claws'.

    *DER γαμψόομαι (Arist.), γαμψωλή (H.).

    *ETYM It seems evident to connect the word with ▶︎ γνάμπτω. On the assumption that  γαμψός is a back-formation from γαμψώνυχ(ο)-, the absence of the -v- was  implausibly explained as the result of dissimilation (Leumann 1950: 156). Equally  unattractive is it to assume a contamination of γνάμπτω and κάμπτω (Giintert 1914:  115f.). We rather have to connect γαμψός with (a variant of) ▶︎ κάμπτω, and possibly  > γνάμπτω is related as well. If so, all of these words may well be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXγᾶναι

    *VAR Cod. γάναι. = αἵνω.

XXXXXγάνδος [m.] - ὁ πολλὰ εἰδὼς Kai πανοῦργος. τίνες δὲ γάδος 'a villain who knows much; some authors have γάδος᾽ (H.). < PG>

    *VAR Cf. γάσος: 6 ἀπατέων. ὁ πολλὰ εἰδὼς Kai πανοῦργος 'a deceiver; a villain who  Knows much'.

    *ETYM The prenasalization proves Pre-Greek origin; see Fur: 254, 288. This  conclusion is confirmed by the variant with o.

XXXXXγανῖται [?] - δάπανοι, ἄσωτοι 'extravagant men; spendthrifts' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM DELG hesitantly and unconvincingly suggests a connection with Lat. ganea  'underground house', which implies some relationship with ▶︎ γάνος 2.

XXXXXγάνος 1 ''γάνυμαι.

XXXXXγάνος 2 [m.] - παράδεισος 'garden' (Cyprian, acc. to EM); yavea: κήπους 'gardens' (H.).

    *ETYM From Semitic (Hebr. gan 'garden'); see E. Masson 1967: 74.

XXXXXγάνος 3 '-γλάνος.

XXXXXγάνυμαι [v.] 'to brighten up, be glad, rejoice' (Il.). <1E *geh,u- 'be bright, be glad'>

    *VAR Present; further only fut. γανύσσομαι (E 504); late perf. γεγάνυμαι.

    *COMP Γανυ-μήδηςς, etc.

    *DER γανύματα' ἀρτύματα 'seasonings' (AB), yavbopata (Paul. Sil.), from which  (with rhotacism) γανύρματα H.; γανυρόν: λευκόν, ἠδύ, ἱλαρόν 'white, sweet,  merciful (H.; γανερόν EM), γανυτελεῖν: γανυπελεῖν, ἠδύσματα ποιεῖν 'bring joy  (H.), γάνος 'brightness, joy' (Sapph.), with γάνωμα = γάνος (Ph.), γανώδης  (Thphr.), Sinyavéc: λαμπρόν 'bright' (H.) and γανόομαι (Anacr.) with γάνωσις

===Pag_308: Beekes_Página_0308.tiff=== XXXXXγάρκαν 261 (Plu.). Denominative γανεῖν: λευκαίνειν 'to become bright' (Η., EM). Pres. γανύσκομαι (Them.). Homeric ptc. yavowvtec, γανόωσαι, etc. 'glitter, gleam' (1].), innovations after the verbs in -ανάω (see Risch 274, Chantraine 1942: 360), late present γανόωσιν (Arat. 190) and γανάσσαι: σμῆξαι, ἡδῦναι 'wash clean, rejoice' (H.). γαίων in κύδει γαίων (IL) 'rejoicing in splendour' vel sim. γαίεσκον: ἔχαιρον 'rejoiced' (H.).

    *ETYM γάνυμαι is an old nasal present *gh.-n-u-, cognate with γαίων, from *yaF-.w <  *gh.u-id. Possibly further related to ▶︎ γαῦρος (*geh.u-ro-) and ▶︎ γηθέω.

XXXXXγαπελεῖν [v.] - ἀμελεῖν 'to have no care for' (H.).

    *ETYM Without any additional support, Bechtel KZ 44 (1911): 354 connected the word  with the PNs Arg. Tawiac, Delph. Γάψων (cf. Kretschmer Glotta 5 (1914): 307). It has  also been proposed to correct this entry, ie. to *vaneXetv for νηπελεῖν (Whatmough  Class. Phil. 53 (1958): 203f.). Alternatively, Fur. 391 convincingly adduces ἀπαλεῖν:  ἀμελεῖν (H.): because of the variation in the initial, a very promising indication of  Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXγάρ [pcl.] 'for, since' (Il.)

    *ETYM From ▶︎ ye ▶︎ ἄρ. See Schwyzer 1950: 560.

XXXXXγάργα [f.] · αἴγερος 'black poplar, Populus nigra' (H.). < PG?>

    *ETYM Fick 1905: 82 compares the Attic Deme called Γαργηττός and Tdapyapa  (Troas).

XXXXXγαργαλίζω [v.] 'to tickle' (PI.).

    *VAR γαγγαλίζω (Phryn.), with γαγγαλίδες: γελασῖνοι 'front teeth; dimples' (H.) and  γαγγαλιάω (H.).

    *DER Backformation γάργαλος (Ar.), γαργάλη (Com.).

    *ETYM Onomatopoeic formations with reduplication (for *yad-yad-); cf. Schwyzer:  259 and 647.

XXXXXγάργαρα [n.pl.] 'heaps, lots (of people)' (Com.).

    *VAR Dissimilated yapyaka: πλῆθος, TOAAG 'a multitude, many' (H.).

    *DER yapyapic: θόρυβος 'tumult' (H.), yapyaipw 'swarm' (Com., Sophr.); γαργάρται-  λίθοι αὐτοφυεῖς 'natural stone' (H.)? With another vowel yépyepa- πολλά (H.).

    *ETYM Reduplicated onomatopoeic formation. Not related to ▶︎ ἀγείρω, ▶︎ ἀγοστός. Comparable independent formations are seen, for instance, in Lith. gurgulys 'tangle  of threads, swarm (of birds)', gurguolé 'mass (people, bees)'.

XXXXXγαργαρίζω [v.] 'to gargle' (Orib., sch.).

    *DER Deverbal γαργαρεών [m.] 'uvula', also 'trachea' (Hp.); cf. ἀνθερεών. With  different vocalism yépyepoc: βρόγχος 'windpipe' (H.), cf. on ▶︎ yapyapa.

    *ETYM Onomatopoeic formation with intensive reduplication; see Schwyzer: 423.

XXXXXγάρκαν [9] - ῥάβδον. Μακεδόνες 'rod, wand (Maced.)' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Reminiscent of ▶︎ γάρρα - ῥάβδος; ▶︎ γάρσανα + φρύγανα. Κρῆτες 'stick (Cret.)'  (H.) and ▶︎ yéppov. However, the words can hardly be cognate, even if they are from

===Pag_309: Beekes_Página_0309.tiff===

Pre-Greek. Not related to βράκος: κάλαμος (pace Pisani Acme 1 (1948): 312; Belardi Doxa 3 (1950): 200f.; Kalléris 1954: 136f.; see also Forbes Glotta 36 (1958): 253f.).

XXXXXγάρνον [?] - τὸ ἔσω τῆς πλήμνης σιδήριον, ὃ τὸν ἄξονα τρίβει 'iron implement in the nave of a wheel, which pounds the axle' (H.). «ἡ

    *VAR Pollux 1, 145 writes yapKov.

    *ETYM Etymology unknown.

XXXXXγάρος [m.] 'sauce or paste made of brine and small fish' (A.). «ἵν

    *VAR Also ntr. (pap.), yapov (Str.).

    *DER γαράριον, yaprpov 'bowl for y.' (pap.); γαριτικός (pap.); yaptvoc and γαρίσκος  fish names (Marcell. Sid.); Strémberg 1943: 41 and 88.

    *ETYM Etymology unknown; Lat. garum is borrowed from the Greek (see DELG).

XXXXXγάρρα 'γέρρον.

XXXXXγαρριώμεθα [v.] : λοιδορούμεθα 'we are reproached' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM An expressive form which recalls Lat. garrié, 'to chatter'. The connection with  > γῆρυς is doubtful. Bechtel 1921, 2: 369 opts for Laconian origin.

XXXXXγάρσανα = γέρρον.

XXXXXγάσος -'-γάνδος.

XXXXXγαστήρ [f.] 'belly, paunch, womb' (IL). «τ»

    *VAR  Gen. -τρός, -τέρος (for the inflection see Schwyzer: 568, Chantraine 1942: 96  and 215).

    *COMP As a first member yaotp(t/o)-. Old 6yaotwp (H.).

    *DER γάστρα, -1) 'belly of a vase' (IL. inscr., cf. μήτρα); yaotpwv 'pot-belly' (Alc.). Denominative γαστρίζω (Ar.).

    *ETYM γαστήρ is often derived from *ypao-trp as 'glutton', which would be a  derivative of ▶︎ ypdw; the word would be matched by Skt. grastar- 'eclipser', an  astronomical term (allegedly from 'devourer'). However, the semantics are far-  fetched since the belly is not an 'eater', nor is DELG's comment convincing: 'le  ventre de femme en tant quelle concoit et porte un enfant'. If ▶︎ yévta should be  related, we might think of a *gnt-tér with tt > st, but this remains quite uncertain.

XXXXXγατάλαι [f.pl.] - οὐλαί 'barley-corns' (H.).

    *ETYM Mostly corrected to γατειλαί and, as "ξατειλαί, connected with ▶︎ ὠτειλή.

XXXXXγαυλός [m.] 'milk-pail, water-bucket, beehive' (Od.). «τ»

    *VAR γαῦλος, with different accent (see Hdn. Gr. 1, 156), a (round) freighter (Epich.,  see Chantraine 1928: 7).

    *ETYM A connection with ▶︎ γωλεός and ▶︎ γύαλον (q.vv.) and, outside Greek, OHG  kiol, ON kjoll 'ship' has been considered. Alternatively, γαυλός could be borrowed  from Semitic, cf. Hebr. guild 'vase for oil'. Specifically Phoenician origin cannot be  proven with the gloss γαυλοί: καὶ τὰ Φοινικικὰ πλοῖα γαῦλοι καλοῦνται 'also  Phoenician ships are called y.' (H.); see E. Masson 1967: 39ff. Lat. gaulus is borrowed  from the Greek.

===Pag_310: Beekes_Página_0310.tiff=== XXXXXγέγωνα 263

XXXXXγαυνάκης [m.] ἃ thick cloak, Persian or Babylonian? (pap., Peripl. M. Rubr. Clem. Al.).

    *VAR Also καυνάκης (Ar.) and καυνάκη [f.] (pap.).

    *ETYM Borrowed from a Persian word that reflects older *gauna-ka- 'hairy' (cf. Av. gaona- 'hair'). Assyr. gunakku, a garment, is borrowed from the same source,  whereas Lat. gaunaca (since Varro) was taken over from the Greek (see Schwyzer ZIT  6 (1926): 234ff.). Alternatively, Fur.: 119 assumes a 'vorderasiatisches Wanderwort'  (see R. Schmitt Glotta 49 (1971): 102-105).

XXXXXγαῦρος [adj.] 'haughty, exulting in' (Archil.). <?>

    *DER γαύρηξ 'braggart' (Alc.), γαυρότης 'exultation' (Plu.). Denominative yavpidw  'bear oneself proudly' (Cratin.); γαυρόομαι 'id.' (E.).

    *ETYM Mostly connected with ▶︎ γάνυμαι, ▶︎ γηθέω. MIr. guaire 'noble' (< *gaurios?)  has also been cited as a comparandum. Cf. ▶︎ ἀγαυρός.

XXXXXγαύσαπος [m.] 'shaggy woollen cloth, frieze' (Str.). «LW Balkans?>

    *VAR γαυσάπης (Varro).

    *ETYM For a suggestion, see Fur: 119, who compares Kavoia 'Macedonian felt hat'  (ΝΒ: forms like *yavdéanoc, which he often cites, e.g. 229, are ghost forms). Lat. gausape(s), -a, -um (Lucil.) is borrowed from the Greek. γαύσαπος is not borrowed  from from Assyrian guzippu, kuzippu 'cloth' (Lewy KZ 58 (1931): 26ff.).

XXXXXγαυσός [adj.] 'crooked, bent outwards' (Hp.). «ΡΟ»

    *VAR  Or yatooc? (DELG; the accent varies).

    *DER Thence yavoddac ψευδής 'false' (H.; see DELG); denominative yavodw (Sor.). Also éyyavoov: ἔνσκαμβον 'crooked' (H.), cf. Stromberg 1946: 127.

    *ETYM For the suffix, cf. βλαισός, λοξός, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 434). yavodc has been  compared with yavAdc, which is semantically improbable, and with γυρός, γύαλον  (from a PIE root *geu- 'curve, etc.'), which is formally impossible. The origin of the  word is rather to be sought in Pre-Greek.

XXXXXγε [pcl.] 'at least, at any rate' (Il). 41Ε *ge emphatic pcl.>

    *VAR Dor. Boeot. ya.

    *ETYM Combinations like ἐμέγε, σέγε invite a comparison with Go. mi-k, pu-k,  although mik could be influenced by ik Τ᾿. The particle ▶︎ -χι has a comparable  function, cf. Skt. hi (from *g"i), and also Skt. ha (from *g'e) and gha (from *g'o), and  further Lith. ne-gii, ne-gi 'not', OCS ni-Ze 'neque', ToA -(a@k, ToB -k, Hitt. ammuk  'me', etc.

XXXXXγέγειος [adj.] 'antique' (Hecat.). <?>

    *ETYM DELG remarks that the word never means 'of the earth', so that connection    with γῆ is improbable. However, the meaning could actually derive from 'earth-  born' (LSJ).

XXXXXγέγωνα [v.] 'to shout so as to make oneself heard' (II; on the meaning Wackernagel 1916: 156f.). <?>

===Pag_311: Beekes_Página_0311.tiff===

    *VAR Old perfect, with preterite (plpf.) (ἐγγέγωνε, ἐγεγώνει, ἐγεγώνευν (-εον), inf. γεγωνέμεν, -εῖν, ptc. yeywvéovtec (Chios V*); imp. yéywve (A.), yeywveitw (X.),  3sg.pres.ind. yeywvet (Arist.); new aor. yeywvijoat (A.), Fut. -ήσω (E.). Unclear  γεγωναί' ai ὁμιλίαι 'intercourse' (H.).

    *DER γεγώνησις (Plu.). From the ptc. yeywvwe the adj. γεγωνός, -όν 'loud-sounding'  (A.). Recent yeywvioxw (A.).

    *ETYM Often connected with ▶︎ γιγνώσκω, but the lengthened vowel was usually left  unexplained (see Schwyzer 770). Hackstein 2002: 187ff. assumes a desiderative PGr. *ge-gon-s- from an IE root *gh,en-, also seen in ToA ken- 'call'. On this proposal, see  now Vine 2007: 343-357.

XXXXXγεῖσον [n.] 'projecting part of the roof, cornice' (E.).

    *VAR  Often γεῖσσον, γεῖσος [n.] (LXX, Hell. inscr.).

    *DER γείσωμα 'penthouse' (Poll. cf. Chantraine 1933: 186f.); γείσωσις: τὸ τῆς στέγης  ἐξέχον 'projecting part of the roof (H., EM), from γεισόω (EM), but see Chantraine  1933: 288.

    *ETYM A Carian word, acc. to Steph. Byz. s.v. Movéytooa, who compares Car. yiooa  'stone' (which does not fit very well semantically). Fur. 117 compares Georg. kvisa  'gravel', etc; cf. further κίσηρις 'pumice-stone' (Arist.). In any case, the word is a  loan, like many other terms for building, on which see Schwyzer: 62; the term could  be an Anatolian LW or (= ?) Pre-Greek.

XXXXXγείτων, -ονος [m., f.] 'neighbour', also as an adj. (Od.). Also yitovac: τὰ δύο αἰδοῖα 'the two genitals' (H.), also in MoGr. (Pontos, Koukoulés Apy. 27, 61ff.).

    <IE?>

    *COMP As a second member in ta Metayeitwia a festival in Miletus (V*), with the  month name Μεταγειτνιών (IA), beside Tledayeitvioc, etc. (Rhodos, Cos,  Chalcedon).

    *DER Late fem. yeitatva (AB, cf. téxtatva, etc.). With yertov-: γειτονία  'neighbourhood' (Ρ].) with γειτονέω (A.), yettovebw (Hp.). With γειτν-: γειτνιάω  (S.), yettvia, γείτνιος (pap.), yeltvéw (pap.), etc.

    *ETYM If the ablaut in the suffix is old, γείτων cannot be a recent creation. However,  it lacks a good etymology (in any case, not related to γεῖσον).

XXXXXγελανδρόν [adj.] - ψυχρόν 'cold' (H.; in wrong position). <?>

    *ETYM γελανδρόν is reminiscent of Lat. gelidus. Contrary to what Frisk argued, the  unusual formation of the Greek word does not prove that the entry is corrupt;  rather, its correctness is corroborated by the French dialect word jalandro from the  region of Grenoble (Hubschmid Vox Romanica 3 (1938): 130). If we assume substrate  origin and a pre-form *ye\ad-po- with prenasalization, all three words could be  related (perhaps the ultimate source is Galatian).

XXXXXγελάω [v.] 'to laugh' (IL).

    *VAR Aor. γελάσ(σλαι, with γελάσομαι, ἐγελάσθην, γεγέλασμαι (Att., etc.).

===Pag_312: Beekes_Página_0312.tiff===

    *DER γέλασμα 'laughing' (A. see below), γελαστύς 'id.' (Call.), γελαστής 'laugher,  sneerer' (S.), ἐγγελαστής (E.), γέλασις (EM). γελασῖνος 'laugher' (Ael.), plur. 'the  front teeth' (Poll.). Also γελάσκω (AP) and γελασείω (P1.). Beside γελάω stands γέλως, -ωτος (epic acc. γέλω for γέλων, γέλον, Att. gen. yédw)  [m.] 'laughter' (I1.), with γελώω (Od., see Chantraine 1942: 365f.) and γελοῖος (B 215,  where yeAoliog metri causa, cf. Schwyzer: 467 and Chantraine 1942: 168) with  denominative γελοιάω, γελοιάζω (LXX). γελασ- in ἀ-γέλασ-τος (8 307), also in  γελᾶνής (Pi) < *yeXao-vijc? Also in γελαρής: γαλήνη. Λάκωνες 'calm of the wind  (Lacon.Y (H.) < *yedao-pric; also in γελάω, yeAdo-oat <*yehao-iw. Aeolic o-stem

XXXXXγέλος [m.] (cf. ἔρως : ἔρος : ἐραστός).

    *ETYM Beside γέλως (*gelh,-ds) stands Arm. catr, gen. catu 'laughter' (with ci-catim  [v.] 'laugh'); cf. Clackson 126-132. For the ablaut, cf. γαλ- < *gh.- in γαλήνη. The  'physical' meaning is preserved in γελεῖν: λάμπειν, ἀνθεῖν 'glow, flower' (H.). Cf. ▶︎ γαλήνη, ▶︎ λήνη, ▶︎ γλῆνος.

XXXXXγέλγη [n.pl.] 'frippery' (Eup., Luc.). Acc. to H., (ὁ ῥῶπος καὶ) βάμματα, καὶ ἄτρακτοι, καὶ κτένες '[petty wares and] dyes, and spindles and combs'. <?>

    *DER yéAyer βαπτίζει, χρωματίζει 'dip, tinge' and yéAyia- πήνη, σπάθη, κουράλια  'woof, blade, coral' (H.).

    *ETYM No etymology. Hardly connected to ▶︎ γέλγις.

XXXXXγέλγις [f.] 'garlic', or its cloves (Thphr.).

    *VAR Gen. -ἶδος, -ἴθος; plur. γέλγεις, γέλγιθες.

    *DER γελγιδόομαι 'change into γ᾽ (Thphr.), γελγιθεύειν: ἀπατηλογεῖν 'to speak  deceivingly (vel sim.) (H.).

    *ETYM The obviously related synonym ▶︎ ἄγλις suggests that γέλγις is to be analysed  as a reduplicated *ye-yAtc. Evidently, the variation ἀ- ~ zero or ἀ- ~ ye- cannot be of  IE origin. In addition, Fur: 123, 127 (εἴς) adduces σκελλίς, -ίδος (Plu; also σκελίς  Alex. Trall.) with the same meaning; this form cannot be separated from yéAyic, and  so further confirms Pre-Greek origin because it adds, eg. the interchange y ~ x. The  suffix, too, with a long vowel 1, is typically Pre-Greek. Any connection with  ▶︎ yayyAiov is a mere guess.

XXXXXγέλενος [?] - ἀσπόδελος, νάρκισσος 'asphodelus, narcissus' (H.).

    *ETYM Fur.: 138 compares oxéAtvoc ἀγρία κυπάρισσος 'wild cypress' (H.); see his  comments.

XXXXXγέμω [v.] 'to be full (οὔ (IA). «IE? *gem- 'take, seize'>

    *VAR Only present.

    *DER γόμος 'freight, cargo' (IA) with factitive youdw 'load' (Babr.); poet. γέμος [n.]  'load' (A.). Deverbative with causative value (Schwyzer: 717): γεμίζω 'to fill, load'  (A,); also γεμόω 'id.' (pap.).

    *ETYM Probably related to U kumiaf [acc.plf.) 'gravidais' whence, as a loan, Lat. gumia [m., f.] 'glutton'. Connection with Lat. gemé is difficult (see E-M: 'be full' <  sigh'?). Cf. Szemerényi ZDMG 101 (1951): 219. The word has further been connected  with ▶︎ γέντο 'took', which is semantically not evident.

===Pag_313: Beekes_Página_0313.tiff===

γενεά

    *VAR γενεή. ~ylyvouat.

XXXXXγένειον

    *VAR γενειάς. = γένυς.

XXXXXγέννᾷ [f.] 'descent, birth' (Pi.).

    *DER γεννάδᾶς [m.] 'noble (of birth) (Ar.), Att. γεννήτης 'member of the yévoc'  (Is.); γεννικός 'noble' (Com. Ρ].); γεννήεις 'begetting' to yevvaw, see below. Old is  γενναῖος 'of good origin' (IL) with γενναιότης (E.). Beside γέννα and γενναῖος, we  find the verb γεννάω 'to beget, generate' (Pi.) with γέννημα (S.; γένημα after γένος),  etc. γέννησις, γεννητής ''begetter' (S.); γεννήτωρ (A.) and γεννητήρ (App.) 'id',  γεννήτειρα (Ρ].), γεννήτρια (Phryn.). From yevvaw also γεννητικός (Arist.) and  γεννήεις (Emp.).

    *ETYM γέννα and cognate forms are obviously related to root represented by γένος  and γίγνομαι. However, problematic is the origin of the geminate vv, which is  certainly not expressive (pace Meillet BSL 26 (1925): 15f., Chantraine 1933: 46). If the  verb yevvaw is primary (as argued by DELG), we could perhaps explain the vv as the  result of a restoration of the root yev- (for instance after yévoc) in a va-verb (like  δάμνημι, δαμνάωλ. On the other hand, γενναῖος seems to be an old formation, which  in turn suggests that its basis yévva is old as well (as argued by Wackernagel KZ 30  (1890): 300 and 314; for γενναῖος, Schwyzer Glotta 5 (1914): 195f., has suggested that it  actually stands for *yevgaioc). As none of the above solutions is really convincing,  we should rather consider some kind of irregular, for instance analogical  development of *#ja; after all, γέννα ends in short -a, which seems to presuppose -ia  < *-ih,, See ▶︎ γίγνομαι.

XXXXXγένος ⟹ γίγνομαι.

XXXXXγέντα [n.pl.] 'intestines' (Call.); κρέα, σπλάγχνα 'meat, innards' (H.). 47>

    *ETYM No etymology. According to Eust., it is a Thracian word. Szemerényi WuS NF  1 (1938): 156f. connects it with ▶︎ γαστήρ, which is theoretically possible if the latter  reflects *gnt-tér.

XXXXXγεντιανή [f.] a plant, 'gentian' (Dsc., Hp.). <?>

    *DER γεντιὰς pita (Androm. apud Gal, Dsc.), for *yevtiavac, Chantraine 1933: 353.

    *ETYM According to Dsc. 3, 3, the plant is named after the Illyrian king Gentis, which  has been associated with the fact that the plant was prominent in the Alps; cf. Strémberg 1940: 135. On the form of the name of the Illyrian king, Gent(h)ius, see  Krahe 1929: 53f. Compare also Venet. ye.n@e.i [dat.].

XXXXXγέντο [v.aor.] 'he took' (0 43). <IE? *gem- 'seize, take, εἴς.»

    *ETYM Like Aéxto 'he laid down', γέντο is either a med. root aorist, or an s-aorist that  lost its -σ- ὐλέκ-σ-το, ᾿γέμ-σ-το; on the μ, see below); cf. Schwyzer: 751 Zus. 2. If  they are root aorists, both verbs have analogical full grade. To γέντο < *yéuto, we  can probably further add the ipv. ἀπό-γεμε: ἄφελκε, Κύπριοι 'draw away (Cypr.)'  and ὕγ-γεμος: συλλαβή. Σαλαμίνιοι 'grip, hold (Salam.)' (H.). From other languages,  comparisons have been made with MIr. gemel 'fetter', Latv. gimstu, gtumt 'seize, etc.',  as well as OCS Zomg, Zeti 'opiyyetv, comprimere'. The word has furthermore been

===Pag_314: Beekes_Página_0314.tiff=== XXXXXγέρας 267 compared with Gr. ▶︎ γέμω 'be full', which could be the thematic present beside the athematic (sigmatic) aorist γέντο. Not connected to ▶︎ yapéw, nor to »γάγγαμον « > net.

XXXXXγένυς, -vog [f.] 'jaw', also 'edge of an axe' (I1.). 41E *genu- 'chin'>

    *VAR Sometimes ὕ metri causa.

    *DER γένειον (< *yevef-tov) 'chin, beard' (II), with yeveids 'beard, cheek' (Od.);  γενειάτης, -ἤτης, fem. -ἅτις, -ft1¢ 'bearded' (Theoc., cf. ὑπηνήτης), γενειόλης 'id.'  (Hdn.); γενειαστήρ 'chin-strap' (Poll. cf. βραχιονιστήρ). Denominative verb yeveraw  'to get or have a beard' (Od.), etc. Also γενηΐς 'edge of an axe' (5. Ant. 249 gen. γενῇδος).

    *ETYM The u-stem has parallels in Olr. giun, gin 'mouth', MW gen 'cheek, chin', plur. geneu, Go. kinnus 'cheek', ToA sanw-e-m [du.] 'cheeks', and further Arm. cnawt and  Skt. hdnu- [f.] 'jaw-bone' (with an unexplained h- for j-, Mayrhofer EWAia 2: 801),  whereas Lat. gena 'cheek' is reshaped after mala (but the u is preserved in dentes  genuini 'molars'). Compare also Av. *zanauua (written zanuua), MoP zanax, Khot. ysanuva 'jaw'. Not connected to ▶︎ γνάθος.

XXXXXγεράνδρυον [n.] 'old tree-trunk' (Thphr.).

    *ETYM A Hellenistic innovation: a substantivized adjective γεράνδρυος (Thphr.,  etc.), modelled after μελάν-δρυον 'heartwood' (Thphr;; cf. τὸ μέλαν δρυός & 14); see  Stromberg 1937: 99. Cf. also γεράνδρυες (H.), from δρῦς. See ▶︎ γέρων and ▶︎ δρῦς.

XXXXXγέρανος [f., m.] 'crane' (I].), also metaphorically of various kinds of apparatuses, and a fish name (see Stromberg 1943: 120). IE *gerh,-en-/-eu- 'crane'>

    *DIAL Myc. ke-re-na-i [dat.pl.] /kerenahi/, see RPh. 73 (1999) 84 (doubtful).

    *DER yepavic kind of bandage (medic.). yepavitic name of a stone (Plin.), yepaviac  'with a crane (neck) (Phryn.), yepaviov 'geranium', also called yepavoyépwv  (Stromberg 1940: 54 and 159). See also Thompson 1895 s.v.

    *ETYM Beside the o-stem γέρανος (*gerh,-n-), we have an n-stem in γέρην or γερήν  (H.) < *gerh,-én. Old name of the bird 'crane', with a suffix -n- or -u-, seen in Arm. krun-k; Celtic, e.g. Gaul. tri-garanos 'with three cranes', MW garan; Germanic, e.g. OE cran, OHG kran-uh; Lith. garnjs 'heron, stork'. The u-stem appears in Lat. gris,  Lith. gérvé (gerh.-u-), OCS zeravo (*gerh,-du-) with BSI. *g- by depalatalization from  the zero grade *grh,..

XXXXXγέρας [n.] 'gift of honour' (I1.); originally 'old age', see ▶︎ γῆρας.

    *VAR Gen. -aoc or -ws.

    *DIAL Myc. ke-ra /geras/.

    *COMP Compound ἀ-γέρασ-τος 'without gift of honour' (I1.).

    *DER yepatds 'old' (IL, accent like in παλαιός); γεράσμιος 'honouring, honoured,  aged' (h. Merc., cf. Schwyzer: 493); denominative γεράζω 'honour' (EM). Beside  γέρας stands γεραρός 'honourable' (Il; hardly an old r-stem as per Benveniste 1935:  16; different Schwyzer: 516), fem. yépatpa (Il. [v.l.], see Bechtel 1914), and yepaipw  'honour, distinguish' (11...

===Pag_315: Beekes_Página_0315.tiff===

    *ETYM Cf. Skt. jards- [[1 'old age'. ▶︎ γέρων, ▶︎ γῆρας, and ▶︎ γραῦς are cognate. Perhaps also connected with > yep yépytoc.

XXXXXγεργέριμος [] a kind of olives (Call.). See H., Suid., Ath. 56 d. They are δρυπεπής, i.e. ripe on thetree.

    *ETYM Semitic origin seems possible: for a connection with Hebr. garg'rim 'ripe    olives', see Hemmerdinger Glotta 48 (1970): 41. Therefore, the word is rather not  related to γέρων, etc.

XXXXXγερδιος [m.] ([f]) 'weaver' (pap. II*).

    *VAR Accentuation unknown. Also yépdic.

    *COMP γερδιοραβδιστής (pap.), γερδοποιόν (gloss.).

    *DER Feminines yepdia (Edict. Diocl.) and yepdiouva (pap.). γερδιακός and γερδιών  'weaving-shed' (pap.).

    *ETYM Identical with Lat. gerdius (since Lucil.); further unknown. Was it borrowed  into Latin from Greek? Hebr. girdd'a 'weaver' is also from Greek, acc. to Bauer in  WH s.v. As the word is very late, a loan is probable. See Frisk Supp.

XXXXXγεροῖος

    *VAR γεροίταν, γέρυς. ⟹ γέρων.

XXXXXγέρρον [n.] different objects of wickerwork: 'shield' (Hdt.), 'wattles, booths, body of a cart' (D.), 'stake, arrow' (Eup.), = τὸ αἰδοῖον 'genitals' (Epich.).

    *COMP γερροφόρος 'shieldbearer' (Ρ].).

    *DER γερράδια: στρωτηρίδια 'crossbeams' (H.); cf. Chantraine 1933: 72, Schwyzer:  487. Here also yépoupov- ἄκρον ἁλιευτικοῦ καλάμου 'point of a fishing rod' (H.)? (cf. γέρρον = 'stake'), variants γένσιμον (H.) and κέρσιμον (sch.), see below; not to  ἀγείρω as per Latte. On ydppa and ydpoava s.v. ▶︎ γάρσανα.

    *ETYM γέρσυμον (not to be corrected to γέρσιμον, contra Latte), which is found next  to γένσιμον and κέρσιμον, points to a substrate word (interchange εἰ a, Κ΄ y, UV v). Probably, Arm. car 'tree', plur. 'shrubs' is also to be compared, as well as perhaps ON kjarr [n.] 'shrubs' (PGm. *kersd-), and ON kass 'basket' (PGm. *kérsa-). Within  Greek, γάρσανα and ydppa may be related. The whole group of words probably  derives from a European substrate; see Fur: 117. Lat. gerra [f.] 'wicker-work' is  borrowed from the plural yéppa.

XXXXXγέρων, -ovtos [m.] 'old man'; also as an adjective 'old' (IL).

    *VAR As an administrative term oi γέροντες 'the elders'.

    *DIAL Myc. ke-ro /ger6n/? ke-ro-si-ja /geronsia/?

    *DER γερούσιος 'concerning the elders' (Il), γερουσία 'council of the elders' (in  Sparta, Carthage, etc. D.; on these forms see Collinge Glotta 49 (1971): 218-229),  γερουσίας 'member of the y.' (Sparta), γερουσιαστής 'id. (Plb.; Chantraine 1933:  316ff.), γερουσιακός. Diminutive γερόντιον (Ar.), γερόντειος (Ar.), εἴς. Denominative yepovtebw 'be a senator' (Sparta), with yepovteia (Ephesus). yepovtidw 'get older' (Ὁ. L.). Beside γέρων, yépovt- there are a few formations with  yepu-: yépuc and γερύτας: γέρων (H.), cf. πρέσβυς and πρεσβύτας. Also PNs  Γερύλος, Γέρυλλος, Γερυς, -υδος hypocoristic? (Bechtel 19174: 15). Of the forms with

===Pag_316: Beekes_Página_0316.tiff===

yn 269 τοι-, γεροίταν: πάππον. Κρῆτες 'grandfather' (H.) is inverted writing for yepvtav; γεροῖα [n.pl.] 'old stories' (Corinn.., if correct, is perhaps after the adjectives in - οἷος (see Bechtel 1921, 1: 304). Unclear is yepwvia (H.), see Latte, despite Scheller 1951: 33'. yepwxia (Ar. Lys. 980) is perhaps graphic for Lacon. yepw'ia (von Fritz AmJPh. 66 (1945): 196f. but see Wackernagel 1916: 2087; also Schwyzer: 218). yepati 'old', of a horse (POxy. 6, 922; DELG refers to yepatia; not in LSJ).

    *ETYM In its formation, γέρων is identical with Skt. jérant-, Oss. zerond 'old (man)'. One may further compare Arm. cer, -oy 'old man' (o-stem) and MoP zar 'id.'. Cf. ▶︎ γέρας, ▶︎ γῆρας, ▶︎ γραῦς.

XXXXXγεύομαι [v.] 'to taste' (IL); γεύω, γεῦσαι 'give ἃ taste' (Hdt.). IE *geus- 'taste'>

    *VAR Aor. γεύσασθαι, fut. γεύσομαι, perf. γέγευμαι; secondary athem. form γεύμεθα  (Theoc. 14, 51).

    *DER γεῦμα 'tasting' (IA), γεῦσις 4. (Democr.), γευθμός 'id.' (Nic.), γεύστης  (Chios), γευστήριον (Com.); yevotixds (Arist.).

    *ETYM The compound ἄ-γευσ-τος 'not tasting, inexperienced' (Att.) points to a basis  *yevo-opat, which agrees with Go. kiusan, ON kjésa 'taste, choose', OHG OS kiosan;  further, with Skt. jusdte, -ti 'id' and Lat. gustére = OHG OS kost6n 'taste', as well as  Go. caus. kausjan from *gous-eie/o-.

XXXXXγέφῦρα [f.] 'bridge'; on other mgs. in Homer see below (II.). < PG>

    *VAR  Boeot. Bépupa, Cret. δέφυρα, Lacon. δίφουρα (H.).

    *DER γεφυρίς: πόρνη τις ἐπὶ γεφύρας, ὡς Ἡρακλέων 'whore on the bridge' (H. also  with another mg.); denominative γεφυρόω 'make a bridge' (IA; Il. 'dam up', see  below') together with γεφύρωσις (Str.), γεφύρωμα 'bridge' (J.), γεφυρωτής 'bridge-  builder' (Plu.); γεφυρίζω 'abuse' (Plu.), acc. to H., 'ἐπεὶ ἐν Ἐλευσῖνι ἐπὶ τῆς γεφύρας  τοῖς μυστηρίοις καθεζόμενοι ἔσκωπτον τοὺς παριόντας" 'because the people sitting  at the bridge in Eleusis during the mysteries used to mock at the passers-by'; thence  γεφυρισμός (Str.), γεφυριστής (Plu.).

    *ETYM The variation of the first consonant between y-, β- and 6- suggests a  labiovelar *g'-, although the reflex y- is then difficult to explain. The evidently  cognate Arm. kamurj 'bridge' would also pose unsurmountable problems if the word  were IE. Beekes Glotta 78 (2004): 12-21 follows Fur. 97, etc., who sees it as a loanword  from Anatolian, connecting Hattic hammuruwa 'beam'. An original meaning 'beam'  fits all passages in Homer and, notably, the expression πολέμοιο γεφύρας, where it  has the same meaning as phalanx ('tree, beam'). The Lacon. form with -t- and -ov-  points to non-Greek origin as well.

XXXXXγῆ [f.] 'earth' (IL). «pcp

    *VAR Dor. ya, Cypr. Ga is uncertain, see Lejeune BSL 50 (1954). Ion. plur. yéat is an  innovation (Schwyzer: 473, Schwyzer 1950: 51, Meister 1921: 172, 253).

    *DIAL In the Thebes tablets we find maka, interpreted as /Ma Ga/ 'Mother Earth'  (eg. Avrantinos-Godart-Sacconi, Thebes (...) Les tablettes, 2001):

    *COMP Often as a first member γη- (ya-), mostly yew- from yn-o- (late also ye-n-  from γιη-η-, ye-o- and γειο- after -yetoc:< -γιγιος): γη-γενής 'earthborn' (IA), γή-  λοφος (PL), γεώ-λοφος (X.) 'earthen hill', γεωμετρία, -in 'surveyeing of lands' (1A),

===Pag_317: Beekes_Página_0317.tiff===

γεωργός 'peasant' (IA) < yn(-0)-fopydéc or -fepydc, cf. γαβεργός: «ὁ» ἀγροῦ μισθωτής. Λάκωνες 'tax farmer (Lacon.) (H.).

    *DER Diminutive γήδιον (Ar.); adj. γήϊνος 'earthen' (IA), Dor. γάϊνος, γεώδης (PL),  γεηρός (Ηρ. cf. s.v. ἐγγαροῦντες); rare γήτης (5. Tr. 32) 'peasant', cf. yatta: γεωργοί  (H.), Redard 1949: 36; denomin. γεόομαι 'become earth' (Ὁ. 5.)

    *ETYM No JIE etymology; the hypothesis of Meier-Briigger MSS 53 (1992): 113-6  (connecting *genh,- 'to beget') is incorrect. Probably related to ▶︎ γαῖα, which is a Pre-  Greek word as well. On possible ▶︎ Aa 'Earth', see ▶︎ δᾶ and ▶︎ Δημήτηρ, as well as  ▶︎ Ποσειδᾶων; however, this is rather doubtful. For the interchange 6-/ y-, cf. γέφυρα! δέφυρα and Fur. 388f. The word is likely to go back to *gaya, which was  contracted to ρα at a very early date. See Pre-Greek under the suffix -ai-. Cf. ▶︎ aia  and ▶︎ γέγειος.

XXXXXγη(γ)γήλιξ [9] - ὁ ἄγριος μῦς 'wild mouse' (H.).

    *VAR  Also γήλιγρος.

    *ETYM There is no reason to correct γιχζγ)γήλιξ into γιγγιλ-. A suffix -p(o)-, as seen  in the variant γήλιγρος, is well-known from Pre-Greek; likewise, yrnyy- shows  typically Pre-Greek reduplication and prenasalization, for which γίγγλυμος and  γάγγαμος may be compared. Without doubt, the word is of Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXγηθέω [ν] 'to rejoice' (II.). 41 *geh.d"- 'be glad' (?)>

    *VAR Perf. yéynOa, aor. γηθῆσαι (Dor. ya0éw, γέγᾶθα, yaijoat); late presents  γήθομαι, γήθω (Dor. ya8w).

    *DER γηθοσύνη (IL), γηθόσυνος (IL); late γῆθος [n.) (Epicur.) and γηθαλέος  (Androm., apud Gal.). Also γᾶσσαν: ἡδονήν 'joy' (H.), if with Baunack Phil. 70  (1911): 376 from *ya8-.av.

    *ETYM Because of Lat. gaudeo, gavisus sum, a pre-form *yaf-e0-€w was reconstructed  for γηθέω (see Schwyzer: 703), but the contraction then needed would have to have  been very early and have spread even to the perfect (Chantraine 1942: 429). Moreover, the present *geh,u-ed'-eie- would be an isolated formation within PIE. Recently, the word has been compared with ToA katk-, ToB katk- 'be glad' (<  *geh.d*-sk-), which has yielded the reconstruction *geh,d"- for Greek (LIV, Adams  1999: 150). The same root is found in ▶︎ yaiw < *yaf-1w and ▶︎ γάνυμαι.

XXXXXγηθυλλίς, -id0¢ [f.] name of an onion (Epich.); cf. Strémberg 1937: 84. < PG(V)>

    *VAR Also γήθυον [n.} (Ar.), γήτειον [n.] (Ar.), κητίον (Cratin.), γαιθυλλάδαι (H.). Fur.: 187, 253 further adds γάθια: ἀλλάντια 'sausage' (H.), ἀγασυλλίς 'Ferula  marmarica' (Dsc. 3, 84). ἀγαθίς = σησαμίς 'sesame' (H.).

    *DIAL Dor. γαθυλλίς.

    *ETYM Because of the many alternations, e.g. t/ θ΄ σ, αἱ at, γ᾽ κ, γηθυλλίς is obviously  of Pre-Greek origin. The suggestion of DELG that γήτειον was remodelled after  γηθέω (which would explain the variation τί 8) is implausible in itself and does not  account for the other variants. The folk-etymological suggestion of Kalén 1918: 103ff. to analyse γη-θυλλίς as 'Erdsackel', with *Ovov 'sacculus' (as found in γήθυον) is of  course to be abandoned.

===Pag_318: Beekes_Página_0318.tiff=== XXXXXγιγγλίαν 271

XXXXXγῆρας [n.] 'old age' (Il.). «1Ὲ *gerh,- 'be old, ripen'>

    *VAR  Gen. -αος, -we.

    *DER γηραιός 'old' (Hes.; cf. γεραιός s.v. ▶︎ γέρας), γηραλέος 'id.' (Anacr.; after the  adjectives in -αλέος), γηράεις 'id.' (Alc, see Chantraine 1933: 272f.). Further γήρειον  'thistledown' (Arat.) and γηράνιον: yepav<oyépwv> H cf. Strémberg 1940: 159';  γηράμων H., glossed as (*)ypaga. Further γηράσκω 'to get old' (11), 3sg. aor. ἐγήρα, ptc. γηράς (1].), inf. γηράναι or  γηρᾶναι (A., cf. Schwyzer 682); aor. ἐγήρασα (Hdts also as a causative like ἔφυσα:  ἔφυν, Schwyzer: 755y); fut. γηράσομαι, -ow (IA), later γεγήρακα, ἐγηράθην. New  present ynpdw (X.); aor. γηρείς (Xenoph.) after δαμείς. From γηράσκω: γηράσιμος  'getting older' (Tlos), and γήρανσις (Arist.) after ὑγίανσις (Chantraine 1933: 281).

    *ETYM The word stands beside γέρας, with a remarkable long vowel which has been  explained as deriving from the s-aorist, but this cannot be proven. On ἐγήρα as the  reflex of an old s-aorist, see Barton Glotta 60 (1982): 32-49 and Hardarson 1993a. 72-  76. Cf. ▶︎ γέρας, ▶︎ γέρων, ▶︎ γραῦς.

XXXXXγῆρυς [f.] 'voice, speech' (I].). 41? *geh.r- 'voice, sound'>

    *DIAL Dor. γᾶρυς, -voc.

    *DER γηρύω, γαρύω 'sing, speak' (h. Merc.), γήρυμα (A.).

    *ETYM Comparable forms are found in Celtic and Germanic, which, however, often  have a short vowel, e.g. Go. kara [f.] 'care, solicitude' and OE cearu [f.] 'id', OHG chara [f.] 'lament(ation), and Olr. ad-gair < *gar-et. LIV connects the Celtic verb  with Oss. zel- 'resound' and reconstructs an IE root *gar- 'ténen, rufen' with ἴα,  ablauting with *a for forms like yfipuc, Olr. gdir [f.] 'cry', W gawr 'crying, battle'. However, a-vocalism, and certainly a :: ἃ ablaut, is of course impossible in PIE: the  evident reconstruction is *gh,r-, *geh.r-. The zero grade *gh,r- explains the Celtic  forms with -a-, and theoretically also the Germanic ones, although the latter are  perhaps better kept apart because of their deviant meaning. Forms with -rr-, like Lat. garrié, and Gr. »γαρριώμεθα are rather not related (LIV suggests onomatopoeic  origin).

XXXXXγίγαρτον [n.] 'grape-stone' (Simon.); cf. Stromberg 1937: 140 for the names of kernels.

    *DER γιγαρτίς: otagic 'grape' (H.), γιγαρτώδης 'stone-like' (Thphr.); yryaptwviov  'unripe grape' (Dsc.)

    *ETYM Reduplicated formation. It is often connected with Lat. granum, MoHG Korn,  Kern, which is formally improbable (Greek would have a different suffix and  reduplication). The word is rather non-IE, that is to say a Pre-Greek loan.

XXXXXγιγγίς, -id0¢ [f.] kind of turnip, French carrot (Alex. Trall.).

    *DER ytyyidtov a plant, Daucus Gingidium (Dsc.); γιγγικίδιον (schol. Nic. Al. 432).

    *ETYM Solmsen 1909: 213f. assumed *yeyyic, with assimilation, connecting the word  with ▶︎ yoyybAoc. However, it is rather a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXγιγγλίαν [f.] - κάλυμμα κεφαλῆς ἐρεοῦν 'woollen hood for the head' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

===Pag_319: Beekes_Página_0319.tiff===

XXXXXγιγγλισμός [m.] - γαργαλισμὸς ἀπὸ χειρῶν, γέλως 'tickling by the hand; laughter' (H.).

    *ETYM DELG compares κιχλισμός (hardly influenced by »yiyypoc). Neither is it  related to γίγγλυμος.

XXXXXγίγγλος [m.] - vavoc 'dwarf' (H.).

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXγίγγλυμος [m.] 'hinge, joint, pivot, gudgeon' (X., Epid.). «ΡΟ»

    *VAR Also γιγγλυμός; and γύγλ- (ap. Frisk), γιγλύμιον (ap. Frisk), not in LSJ.

    *DER γιγ(γ)λύμιον (Anthem.), γιγγλυμώδης (Arist.), γιγγλυμωτός  (Ph.),  γιγγλυμόομαι (Hp.).

    *ETYM Technical term of unknown origin (cf. Schwyzer: 423). Not related to Olr. φάη 'knee', etc. (as per Petersson 1922: 8f.). Probably Pre-Greek (note the  prenasalization and interchange t/ v).

XXXXXγίγγρος [m.] name of a Phoenician flute (Men.).

    *VAR Also -ov H., -ἂς [m.]. γίγγλαρος (Poll.), γιγγλάριον (AB) by dissimilation?

    *DER Thence γιγγράϊνος 'like a γ᾽ and γιγγραντός '(made) for a y.' (Ath.); γιγγρίαι:  αὐλοὶ μικροί, ἐν οἷς πρῶτον μανθάνουσιν 'small flutes, on which they first learn',  γιγγρασμός: ἦχος 'sound', yryypi- ἐπιφώνημά τι ἐπὶ καταμωκήσει λεγόμενον. Kai  εἶδος αὐλοῦ 'an interjection in case of mockery; also a kind of flute' (H.).

    *ETYM According to Ath. 4, 174f., the word is from Γΐίγγρης, the Phoenician name of  Adonis, but it is actually rather an expressive onomatopoeic formation (not related  to γῆρυς or γέρανος). Lat. gingrina 'genus quoddam tibiarum exiguarum' (Paul. Fest.) is borrowed from the Greek.

XXXXXγίγνομαι [v.] 'to be born, become, arise' (IL.).

    <IE *genh,- 'beget, arise'>

    *VAR  Ion., etc. γίνομαι (Schwyzer: 215), Thess. Boeot. γίνυμαι, Cret. γίννομαι; aor. γενέσθαι, perf. γέγονα, yéyaplev, yeyaws, med. γεγένημαι (recent), fut. γενήσομαι;  recent are γενηθῆναι and γενηθήσομαι (Att., etc.); trans. s-aorist γείνασθαι (epic,  etc. from *yev-o-; Schwyzer: 756, Wackernagel 1916: 175), also γεινόμεθα, -μενος  (either for γίζγγνομαι, Schwyzer: 715, or for yev- with metrical lengthening); athem. root aorist ἔγεντο (Hes. analogical innovation, see Schwyzer: 678f.).

    *COMP -γνη-τος in e.g. ▶︎ κασίγνητος 'brother' and -yv-oc in veo-yv-dc 'newborn' (h. Hom.), with a suffix -1o- in ὁμό-γνοιος 'of the same origin'.

    *DER Action nouns: 1. γένος [n.] (γενικός, -γενής) and γόνος, γονή (yovevs 'parent'). 2. γενεά (Ion. -1) 'lineage' (Il; see Chantraine 1933: 91). 3. yevé-OAn (IL) and yéve-  θλον (A.) 'id', together with γενέθλιος and (rare and late) γενεθλιακός, γενεθλίδιος,  γενεθλίωμα, γενεθλιάζω. 4. yeve-tr 'birth' (Hom.); hypocor. Γενετυλλίς name of  Aphrodite as a protectress of birth (Ar.). 5. γένε-σις 'birth, origin' (IL). 6. ▶︎ γέννα,  Agent nouns: yevé-twp (Ion. Dor.) and yeve-trp (Arist.) 'begetter'; on the difference  see Benveniste 1948: 46; fem. yevételpa (Pi.); γενέ-της (Ion.); thence γενέσια [n.pl.]  'parentalia' (Hdt.). γνήσιος 'of real descent' (Il.) from yvntdc. Cf. further ▶︎ ἴγνητες;  γνωτός, -τή 'relative' belongs to γιγνώσκω.

===Pag_320: Beekes_Página_0320.tiff=== XXXXXγινιπτήριον 273

    *ETYM The reduplicated pres. γίγνομαι is also found in Lat. σίρη [act.] 'to beget', and  the aorist ἐγένετο corresponds to the Skt. root aorist djani, whereas the perf. γέγονα  matches Skt. jajana. Nouns include γένος (= Skt. janas-, Lat. genus) and γόνος (Skt. jana-), yevétwp, γενετήρ (= Lat. genitor, Skt. janitar- and janitdr-), yevéteipa (= Skt. janitrt, Lat. genitri-x); γένεσις (with e-grade) corresponds to Skt. jati- 'birth, family',  Lat. nati-d, OE (ge)cynd (all with zero grade). Gr. -yviytog is from *gnh,-to-, while  -yv-og in compounds shows loss of the laryngeal, as in Lat. privi-gn-us 'born  separately' = 'stepchild'; furthermore, note the correspondence veoyvéc: Go. niuklahs 'as a child' (dissimilated from *-kna- < IE *-gnh,-o-).

XXXXXγιγνώσκω [v.] 'to come to know, perceive' (II.).

    <IE *gneh,- 'recognize, get to know'>



    *VAR Ion., etc. γινώσκω (cf. γίνομαι beside γίγνομαι), Epidaur. γνώσκω, aor. γνῶναι,  perf. ἔγνωκα, fut. γνώσομαι; with analogical -o-: γνωσθῆναι, ἔγνωσμαι; later s-aor. γνώσασθαι (Man.).

    *COMP Many compounds.

    *DER γνῶσις 'inquiry, knowledge' (IA), often in compounds, eg. ἀνά-γνωσις  'recognizing, reading' to ἀνα-γιγνώσκω 'recognize, read'; γνώμη 'thought,  judgement' (Thgn.); rare γνῶμα 'token, opinion' (Hdt.); usual γνώμων [m.] ([f])  'interpreter, expert, etc.' (IA); γνωτός 'known' (Il.), often with -σ- γνωστός (A;  ἄγνωστος Od.) like in γνωστήρ 'surety, witness' (X.), γνώστης 'id.' (LXX), etc. With  a suffix -p- we find γνώριμος 'well-known, familiar' (Od.), γνωρίζω 'make known,  become acquainted with' (IA), γνώρισις, γνώρισμα, γνωρισμός, γνωριστής, etc. With unexplained vocalism ἀγνοέω 'to fail to perceive or recognize' (IL; ἠγνοίησα  with 'false' -ot-; see Chantraine 1942: 99) together with ayvoia, dyvotd (Att.); after  νοέω and compounds: évoid, dvoid, etc. (in any event, not derived from *&yvo-Foc,  which would be a related to ἀγνώς, ἀγνῶτος 'unknown', Od.).

    *ETYM γιγνώσκω matches Lat. (g)ndscd, OP xSnasa- in xsndasahiy 'you shall  recognize' (subj.), etc., and probably Alb. njoh, although these forms have full grade  *éneh,-, whereas Greek probably has a zero grade *gnh,-sk-. Likewise, the *to-pte. γνωτός corresponds to Lat. nétus, Skt. jfidtd-, as well as Oly. gndth 'known' and ToA  a-knats, ToB a-knatsa 'fool', where the Greek form points to *gnh,-to- (as does  perhaps Tocharian). Cf. further OCS znati 'recognize', 155. znajo, Arm. aor. can-eay  T recognized', Go. kann, pl. kunnum, ptc. kunps 'known'. On ayvoéw, see above; on  ▶︎ yéywva, see there. Hitt. kane/iss-" 'to acknowledge', which was thought to reflect  *gnéh,-s- (with Eichner's Law, i.e., that a laryngeal does not color an old lengthened  grade), can be accounted for with a conventional reconstruction *gn(e)h,-s-  (Kloekhorst 2008 s.v.). Nevertheless, the vocalism of OE cn@wan 'know (< PGm. *kné-) and ToA kfiasu 'I have recognised' (< *knés-) remains difficult. For γνώριμος,  cf. Lat. gnarus < *gnh,-ro-; Gr. γνῶσις, Lat. noti-6 and Skt. -jfati-, however, may be  independent formations.

XXXXXγιλός [adj.] - ἑτερόφθαλμος 'one-eyed' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Perhaps connected here is the PN TidAog, Γιλλίς (but see on νεόγιλλος, as well  as Bechtel 1902: 64).

XXXXXγινυττήριον [n.] 'broom' (Ρ. Leid. X, 19). <?>

===Pag_321: Beekes_Página_0321.tiff===

    *ETYM Perhaps for ᾿γινιστήριον; cf. Lat. genista.

XXXXXγίννος [m.] 'offspring of a mare by a mule' (Arist.).

    *VAR Also ytvog (lalysos). LSJ (and Supp.) give the accentuations yivvoc, γιννός and  yivoc, Also ἰννός (H.) and ὕννος.

    *ETYM Unknown; see DELG. The forms without y- or with v may well be late. It can  hardly be from γίγνομαι. The word is probably Pre-Greek. Cf. ▶︎ 6vivvoc.

XXXXXγῖτον [n.] uncertain; 'comestibles'? (ΡΖ 89,14, II*). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXγλαβρήνη [f.] Cretan plant name (unknown poet III'). «ΡΟ»

    *ETYM See Neumann 1967: 229-235. Probably alocal name, i.e. Pre-Greek.

XXXXXγλάγος ⟹ γάλα.

XXXXXγλάζω [v.] 'to sing aloud (μέλος (Pi. Fr. 97). <?>

    *VAR cf. γλαγγάζει: πτερύσσεται, κέκραγε 'he flaps the wings, shrieks' (H., Cyr.).

    *ETYM Onomatopoeic; cf. ▶︎ κλάζω. But von Wilamowitz (following the sch.) reads  μέλι; thus, does it mean 'suck'?    yAatvoi -ογλήνη.

XXXXXγλάμων, -wvoc [adj.] 'blear-eyed' (com.).

    *VAR Also γλαμυρός 'id. (Hp.). From γλάμος: μύξα 'mucus' (H.) after adjectives in  τῶν and -υρός (φλεγυρός 'inflamed', Chantraine 1933: 231). Denominative γλαμάω  (Poll.) = λημιάω (which LSJ does not give), γλάμυξος = γλαμυρός together with  γλαμνξιάω (EM), for γλαϊμο]-μυξοςξ γλημώδης = γλαμυρός (Gal.), after λημώδης  'full of rheum'?

    *ETYM Unknown. The comparisons with Lith. glémés, gléimés [pl.] 'slime' (not  related to MoE clammy 'sticky') and Alb. ngjomé 'humid, fresh' (Pok. 361) are very  doubtful. The word may be Pre-Greek. From Greek comes Lat. glamae = gramiae  'viscous humor that collects in the corners of the eyes'.

XXXXXγλάνος [m.] 'hyena' (Arist.).

    *VAR Cf. γάνος: ἡ ὕαινα, ὑπὸ Φρυγῶν καί Βιθυνῶν H.; also γάννος 'hyena' (Phlp. in  GA).

    *DER Hence the fish name γλάνις, -ἰος (-ews), -ίδος [m.] ((f]) 'Silurus, sheat-fish'  (Com., Arist; γλάνιος Hdn.), thus called because of its voracity and the sound it  makes, see Stromberg 1943: 70 and Thompson 1947 s.v.

    *ETYM Unknown. The word may be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXγλαρίς, -ίδος [f.] 'chisel' (S., Delos III*). <?>

    *ETYM For the formation, cf. the semantically related ypagic, yAvgic, κοπίς, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 338).

XXXXXγλαυκός [adj.] in Hom. (Π 34) and later poets of the sea, post-Hom. always the color 'blueish-green or grey' (II.); see Pétscher RhM 141/2 (1998): 97-111. «ΡΟ»

    *DIAL Myc. ka-ra-u-ko /Glaukos/.

===Pag_322: Beekes_Página_0322.tiff===

    *DER γλαῦκος name of a fish (Com, see Stromberg 1943: 23f. and Thompson 1947:  48); yAavxia ἢ γλαυκίον- βοτάνη τις 'a plant' (H.: Plin.); also 'juice of the horned  poppy (Dsc.) and name of a duck (Ath.), both after the color; yAavxidavov name of  an eye salve (Gal.). Denominal ptc. γλαυκιόων 'gleaming?' (Il.), but acc. to Pétscher  Glotta 72 (1994): 105-8) 'with the green, brilliant eyes of an owl', yAavxdouat 'be  affected with glaucoma' (Hp.), γλαύκωμα 'glaucoma' (Arist.), yAavoow 'shine' (H.)  cf. λευκός: λεύσσω. Several PNs: Γλαῦκος, Γλαύκη (Il.), Γλαύκων, -iwv, etc. See  > γλαυκῶπις.

    *ETYM Hardly connected to ▶︎ γαλήνη, ▶︎ γελάω. Improbably, Leumann 1950: 148ff. (with incorrect analysis of γλαυκῶπις; see Chantraine 1966: 193ff.). No etymology. The word is hardly IE, as *gleh,u-ko- would be an unusual formation; therefore, it is  rather Pre-Greek.

XXXXXγλαυκῶπις [adj.] 'with the bright eyes of an owl (IL), epithet of Athena. On the mg. Pétscher Phil. 141/1 (1997): 3-20 (not to γλαυκός 'blue').

    *ETYM The owl was associated with Athena. Its eyes are remarkable for their 'éclat  nocturne'. Cf. βοῶπις epithet of Hera. See »γλαῦξ,

XXXXXγλαυνός [m.] a kind of chiton (Poll. 7, 48). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXγλαῦξ, -κός [f.] 'little owl, Athene noctua' (com., Arist.).

    *VAR LSJ gives γλαύξ. Besides, there is a word γλαύξ 'wart cress' (Dsc.), which is also  given as γλάξ (Hdn. Gr. 1, 395, etc.).

    *ETYM Derived from γλαυκός by the ancients, which is rejected by Thompson 1895  sv. as a folk etymology. Thus also Pétscher Phil. 141/1 (1997): 3-20 (see on  ▶︎ γλαυκῶπις). Some bird names with the k-suffix are provided by Specht 1944: 204;  note πέρδιξ and the many Pre-Greek words in -& (see Pre-Greek on word end). The  etymology is unknown. The variation in the word for 'cress' may point to a Pre-  Greek word (which is probable anyhow), but it is not sure that 'owl' and 'cress' have  the same origin.

XXXXXγλαφυρός [adj.] 'hollow(edy (IL), 'polished, smooth, refined, elegant' (Ar.). <?>

    *DER γλαφυρότης 'neatness, elegance' (Ph.) and yAagupia 'id.' (Plu.). Rare is γλάφυ  [n.] 'cavern' (Hes. Op. 533) and γλάφω 'hollow out' (Hes. Sc. 431), also (late)  'engrave (διαγλάψασα, see ClassRev. 12 (1898): 282 [Coptos II?}).

    *ETYM Dissimilated from -vAdc, according to Leumann Glotta 32 (1953): 223', which  would be derived (cf. λιγυρός : λιγύς) from ἃ u-stem that is perhaps represented by  γλάφυ. In the sense 'hollow out' (attested only once), γλάφω may be secondary. Later, when this verb means 'engrave', it looks like a cross between γλύφω and  γράφω. The development to 'smooth', etc. probably went via 'engraved' and  'polished'. DELG thinks that yAagu- was dissimilated from ἔγλυφυ- (see ▶︎ γλύφω);  this is doubtful.

XXXXXγλέπω

    *VAR γλέφαρον. = βλέπω, βλέφαρον.

===Pag_323: Beekes_Página_0323.tiff===

XXXXXγλήνη [f.] 'eyeball' (Hom, also in ἃ reviling sense © 164), also 'pupil of the eye' (Ruf. Onom., H.), metaph. 'socket of a joint' (Gal.), 'honeycomb' (AB, H.).

    *DER yAnvea [n.pl.] 'gaudy things, trinkets' (QO 192), 'stars' (Arat.); sing. γλῆνος =  γλήνη (Nic.), = φάος (HL). γληνίς (IG 5(2) 1447: 9 [Messene III-IJ*}) mg. unknown. Artificial is Hell. γλήν = γλήνη (Hermesian.), cf. Schwyzer: 584 A. 6. Also PNs:  Γλῆνος, Γλῆνις, Γληνώ, Γληνεύς. Unclear is the mg. of τρί-γληνα (ἕρματα, Hom.);  τρίγληνος also as an attribute of Hecate (Ath.).

    *ETYM The basic meaning of the word is probably 'shining' (see DELG), whereas  'socket of a joint' seems secondary. One may compare γαλήνῃ 'calm weather' and  yAatvol τὰ λαμπρύσματα τῶν περικεφαλαιῶν, οἷον ἀστέρες 'ornaments of head-  bands, like stars' (H.), which last word is known only from this gloss. Comparison of yAatvoi with OHG kleini 'gleaming, elegant, fine, small', OE cléne  'clean' is quite uncertain, since we would then have to separate the other Greek  words without -t-. For γλήνη, Lamer IF 48 (1930): 231f. assumes a basic meaning  'puppet', opting for Pre-Greek origin. If yAaivoi is indeed related, this conclusion  seems most probable, since αἱ at is frequent in Pre-Greek words (cf. γηθυλλίς /  γαιθυλλάδαι; pace DELG, which remarks that this variation would render an  etymological comparison 'imprudent').

XXXXXγλήχων '"βλήχων.

XXXXXγλία

    *VAR yAivn, γλίον. =yAoldc.

XXXXXγλῖνος [m.] 'Cretan maple' (Thphr.). «ΡΟ»

    *VAR  Also γλεῖνος.

    *ETYM No etymology. See Amigues RPh. 73 (1999): 84.

XXXXXγλίσχρος [adj.] 'sticky, penurious' (IA). <?>

    *DER γλίσχρων 'niggard' (Ar.), γλισχρότης (Arist.), γλισχρία (sch.). Denominative  γλισχραίνομαι 'be sticky' (Hp.), γλίσχρασμα 'glue' (Hp.); γλισχρεύομαι 'be niggardly'  (M. Ant.).

    *ETYM To ▶︎ γλίχομαι, ▶︎ γλοιός. The formation is unclear; cf. Chantraine 1933: 225. Fur.: 297 thinks the -o- of γλίσχρος points to a Pre-Greek word. See the conclusion  under ▶︎ γλοιός.

XXXXXγλοιός [m.] 'glutinous substance, gum', also the oil and sweat scraped off by athletes (Semon.); secondarily also [adj.] (pap.). 4EUR>

    *DER γλοιώδης (PL); γλοιάς: ἡ κακοήθης ἵππος καὶ πολυδήκτης παρὰ Σοφοκλεῖ  'horse with bad character and biting according to S.' (H.), γλοίης, -τος [m.]  'slippery, shifty' (Hdn.; see Chantraine 1933: 267). Denominative γλοιόομαι 'become  sticky' (Dsc.), γλοιάζω 'twinkle with the eyes' (Hp.). Also yAia 'glue' (EM) and γλίνη  (EM) together with γλινώδης (Dsc.), yAtov- εὔτονον, ἰσχυρόν 'well-strung, vigorous'  (H.), perhaps also γλιᾶται παίζει, ἀπατᾷ 'plays, deceives' (H.), γλιῶσαι- τὸ παίζειν  'play' (EM). Further yAittov: γλοιόν (H.). Verb γλίχομαι, properly 'stick to', so 'long  for' (Hdt.), only present except for ἐγλιξάμην (Pl. Com.); deverbal γλιχός (HL), γλιχώ  (EM). The semantic development is not always clear (see DELG). See ▶︎ γλίσχρος.

===Pag_324: Beekes_Página_0324.tiff=== XXXXXγλυκύς 277

    *ETYM If from *yAoiféc, the word agrees with Ru. (dial.) glev 'slime of fishes' (Slav. *gléve < *gloi-uo-). If, however, it derives from *yAoudc, the word may correspond to  OE clég 'loam, clay' (PGm. *klaiia-). The n-suffix in yAtvn, also in CS gléno 'slime' <  *gloi-no- and in Ru. glina 'clay, loam' < *glei-neh.-, is explained as from a nasal  present seen in Olr. glenim (*gli-neh.-mi), OHG klenan 'stick, smear'. The gloss  yAittov (H.) is best explained, like Lat. glittus 'sticky', with a geminated variant of  the t-suffix seen in Lat. glitten [n.] 'glue' (< *gloi-t-en-?; it is not an old r/n-stem, as  per Benveniste 1935: 104) and Lith. glitus 'sticky'. yAia is compared with Ru. glej 'clay,  loam' (< *glojv). There is no cognate for γλίχομαι, analyzed as a x-present in  Schwyzer 702. See Pok. 362f. Not all comparisons are convincing. Most words cited  are from BS]. or Gm., which suggests European substrate origin.

XXXXXγλουρός [m.] 'gold' (AP); cf. γλούρεα' χρύσεα, Φρύγες 'golden items (Phrygian)' (H.).

    *ETYM This word recently turned up in a Phrygian inscription from Dokimeion in  the form γλουρεος (Brixhe Kadmos 43 (2004): 7-26). It clearly represents the  Phrygian reflex of PIE *¢"lh,-ro-. Cf. ▶︎ χλωρός.

XXXXXγλουτός [m.]} 'buttock', also dual (X.) and plur. (I1.).

    *VAR γλουτά (sch. Theoc. 6, 30).

    *DER γλούτια 'id.', also medullary tubercles near the pineal gland of the brain (Gal.). Diminutive yAovBiov?

    *ETYM Compared with Sln. glita, glita 'lump, swelling' (if < *glout-); further, with  OE clid [m.] 'mass of stone, rock' and MoE cloud, which are semantically less  evident. Without ¢t-suffix Skt. glau- [m.] 'round lump, wen-like excrescence' see  Mayrhofer EWAia 1: 511. Schwyzer: 501'° and 577' considers a secondary 1(0)-suffix  (cf. πρωκτός). The IE material (in Pok. 361) is not very convincing. If the -θ- is  reliable, the word is rather Pre-Greek.

XXXXXγλυκύς [adj.] 'sweet' (1].). «Ἰεῦ *diku- 'sweet'>

    *VAR On γλυκίων, γλύσσων, γλυκύτερος, yAUK(e)LOTEpos see Seiler 1950: 48ff.

    *DIAL Myc. de-re-u-ko perhaps /dleukos/.

    *DER γλύκων individualising (Ar. Ec. 985), also PN, together with Γλυκώνειος  (Heph.); γλυκόεις (Nic.). Diminutives: γλυκάδιον 'sweetmeat, vinegar' (Choerob.;  for the mg. cf. ἦδος = ὄξος), γλυκίδιον (pap.). yAuKiv(v)a¢ [m.] 'cake made with  sweet wine' (Seleuc. apud Ath, Cretan [H.]). γλυκύτης (Hdt.). Denominative  γλυκαίνω (Hp.), γλύκυσμα (Lib., Sch.), with γλύκανσις (Thphr.), γλυκαντικός (S.);  γλυκάζω (LXX), etc; yAvkacia 'family-love' (Sammelb.); γλυκίζω (Pagae, Gp.),  γλυκισμός (Callix.); ἐγ-γλύσσω 'be sweet' (Hdt. ἔγγλυκυς Dsc.; γλύξις 'sweet wine'  (Phryn. Com.); γλεῦξις: οἶνος ἕψημα «ἔχων» 'wine [containing] must' (H.), cf. γλεῦκος. Also γλυκερός (Od.), the fem. Γλυκέρα (with retracted accent) as a PN,  with Γλυκέριον. With geminate: yAvxxév: γλυκύ and γλύκκα' ἡ γλυκύτης (H.). Plant  name γλύκη-: βοτάνη τις ἐδώδιμος 'an edible plant' (H.) and (strange) γλυκυμή =  γλυκύρριζα (Hp. apud Gal.), cf. Stromberg 1940: 63. γλεῦκος [n.] 'sweet wine'  (Arist.), γλεύκινος (Dsc.), γλευκίτης (οἶνος) = γλεῦκος (Arist. comm.); γλευκήσας

===Pag_325: Beekes_Página_0325.tiff===

'stunned by sweet wine' (H.); also γλεύκη = γλυκύτης (sch.) and γλεῦξις, see γλύξις above.

    *ETYM If the word is to be connected with Lat. dulcis, we should reconstruct ᾿δλ-. The Mycenaean form seems to confirm this idea, but the v in the root is unexpected. On Arm. k'aicr 'sweet', see under ▶︎ ἡδύς. The full grade γλεῦκος looks like a late  innovation after the numerous neutral s-stems, but ἀγλευκής (Epich.) seems to be an  old form.

XXXXXγλύφω [v.] 'to carve, cut out, engrave' (IA).

    <IE *gleub*- 'cut, carve, split'>

    *VAR Pres. always 0; aor. yAvwau, fut. γλύψω, aor. pass. ἐγλύφθην! ἐγλύφην, perf. γέγλυμμαι.

    *COMP ἑρμογλυφεῖον 'statuary's shop' (PL); τρίγλυφος, an architectonical element.

    *DER γλυφή 'carving' (Ὁ. S.), γλύμμα 'engraved sign' (Eup.), yAugic, mostly -idec  [pl.] 'notches, especially at the end of an arrow' (Il.), chisel, etc.' (J.), cf. ἀκίς for the  suffix; γλύφανος 'knife' (h. Merc.); yAugetov (Luc.); γλυφεύς 'carver, sculptor' (J.),  γλυφευτής 'id' (pap. VIP); γλυπτήρ = γλύφανος (AP), γλύπτης 'carver' (API),  γλυπτικός (Poll.). Adjective γλυφική (τέχνη; Thrace).

    *ETYM Germanic has the ablauting verb, e.g. OHG klioban 'cleave, split', pret. kloub,  opt. klubi. Lat. glubo 'bark, peel' probably represents the old full grade *-eu-. Also  related is Ru. glyboko 'deep', etc; see Vasmer 1953 s.v. Some compare ▶︎ γλαφυρός.

XXXXXγλωρόν [3] - νόμον 'custom, law' (H.). 4GR?>

    *ETYM Kukules 'Apy. "Ep. 27 (suppl.) 76 compares MoGr. (Karpathos, Cyprus)  γλωρός = χλωρός; χλωρονόμι 'grass'. Differently, Latte.

XXXXXγλῶσσα [f.] 'tongue, language' (IL), 'rare, dialectal word' (Arist.).

    *VAR Att. γλῶττα; Ion. also yAdooa (see below).

    *COMP γλώσσ-αργος 'garrulous' (Pi.), from γλώσσ-αλγος 'id'; from here στόμαργος,  see Strémberg 1944: 31; different (to ἀργός 'quick') Willis AmJPh. 63 (1942): 87ff.

    *DER yAwoodptov (Dsc., pap.), yAwooidtov (Zen.); γλώσσημα 'point of an arrow' (A.)  retains the original mg.; see Chantraine 1933: 186), also 'rare word' (Quint.),  γλωσσηματικός (Ὁ. H.); γλωσσώδης 'talkative' (LXX), γλωσσός 'id.' (Hdn.); yAwooic  'inflammation of the tongue' (Hippiatr.). yAwttic 'end of a pipe, glottis' (Hero), also  a bird (Arist., see Thompson 1895 s.v.); γλωττικός (Arist.); denominative γλωττίζω  'kiss with the tongue', γλωττισμός (AP).

    *ETYM Originally 'provided with a point', a derivation in «a from ▶︎ γλῶχες. Ion. yAdooa points to a paradigm *yhwy-, *yAax- which can be explained as nom. *glog'-  s, gen. *g]g'-ds. (see Beekes 1969: 2.46).

XXXXXγλῶχες [f.pl.] 'beard of corn' (Hes. Sc. 398).

    *DER See ▶︎ γλῶσσα. Also yAwyic, acc. γλωχῖν, gen. -ivoc (Hdn. 2, 431, 437) [f.] 'end of  the yoke-strap, barb of an arrow, etc.' (I].). Thence γλωχινωτός (Paul. Aeg.).

    *ETYM γλωχῖς continues *-ih,-s, with different development before a consonant than  word-finally (in γλῶσσα). There are no certain cognates. The connection with CS

===Pag_326: Beekes_Página_0326.tiff=== XXXXXγνοτέρα 279 φίοσο 'thorn' (Bezzenberger & Fick BB 6 (1881): 237) is doubted by Machek Ling. Posn, 2 (1950): 145.

XXXXXγναθμός [m.] 'jaw' (Hom.). ΡΟ»

    *VAR γνάθος [m.] (Hp.). Note γναμφαί (H. acc. to LSJ, but notin Latte).

    *DER PN of a parasite Γνάθων, with Γναθώνειος, Γναθωνίδης, Γναθωνάριον (Plu.). Denominative γναθόω 'hit the jaw' (Phryn. Com.).

    *ETYM γναθμός is formed from γνάθος, after λαιμός, βρεχμός, ὀφθαλμός. The word  has always been compared with Lith. zdndas 'id', Latv. zudds 'chin, sharp side'. However, the Lith. acute accentuation either points to a laryngeal, or it may have  been caused by a following d (Winter's Law). In neither case can we connect the  Greek word: a preform ἔρημη," would have given **yvéGoc, and *gnh,ed"- gives  *yavaBog; therefore, the Lithuanian, with its entirely different structure, cannot be  cognate. Actually, -va- cannot be derived from any other PIE form either, and the  word must therefore be non-IE, i.e. Pre-Greek (this also excludes further connection  with γένυς, as the latter is of course IE). Macedonian κάναδοι: σιαγόνες, γνάθοι (H.)  has often been compared as well; it may well be related, but only as a Pre-Greek  word (perhaps it stands for *xkvadot with epenthesis, see Fur.: 378). κάναδοι has also  been connected with kvwdwv, kvwdahov.

XXXXXγναμπτούς [adj.] - χαλινούς 'bits or bridles' (H.).

    *VAR  Also γλαμψοί: χαλινοὶ στόματος 'bits or bridles for the mouth' (H.).

    *ETYM The word is typically Pre-Greek: first, it displays the variation mt/y (see Fur.:  263) as well as v/A (see Fur.: 388), and second, the structure yvaC- cannot be IE (see  also under ▶︎ γνάθμος).

XXXXXγνάμπτω [v.] 'to bend' (11...

    *VAR Aor. γνάμψαι, verbal adj. γναμπτός.

    *DER γναμπτήρ 'jaw (Androm. apud Gal.), cf. γναμφαί sv. ▶︎ γαμφηλαί; γνάμψις  'bending' (EM). Without second nasal (dissimilated?) yvantet κάμπτει and γναπτός  = γναμπτός (H.).

    *ETYM The etymology of γνάμπτω is unknown. Although it is commonly assumed  that it was influenced by κάμπτω (cf. κνάμπτω; eg. Frisk s.v.), γνάμπτω does not  have the κ- of κάμπτω, nor can the -v- have been taken from there. An Indo-  European etymology seems excluded because γναμπ- cannot have a PIE preform  (see under ▶︎ γνάθμος). However, an alternation yv-/ κ- (as in γνάμπτω : κάμπτωλ) is  not typical for Pre-Greek either. If the insertion of the v could be explained, we could  perhaps assume voicing of xv- to yv-. Cf. also Guilleux RPh. 70 (1996) s.v. γνάμπτω.

XXXXXγνάπτω

    *VAR γνάφαλλον, γναφεύς. = κνάπτω.

XXXXXγνήσιος = γίγνομαι.

XXXXXΓνίφων —Kviguwv.

XXXXXγνόφος = Svagoc.

XXXXXγνοτέρα [f.] the fish βαλλωτή, Ballota nigra (Ps.-Dsc. 3, 103).

===Pag_327: Beekes_Página_0327.tiff===

    *VAR Also γνωτέρα.

    *ETYM Fur.: 370 compares ἀγνωτίδιον, a variant with a prothetic vowel. Thus the  word is Pre-Greek.

XXXXXγνύθος [n.] 'pit, hollow' (Lyc.).

    *VAR  Also msc. (H., also γνυθός).

    *ETYM Formation like βάθος, βυθός. Note yvv@ai- νάπαι 'vales' (H.). Fur.: 390 points  to σκύφος / σκύθος. The word is probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXγνύξ [adv.] 'with bent knee' (Il; Erbse Glotta 32 (1953): 240ff.).

    *ETYM From > γόνυ with zero grade and analogical -ξ after πύξ, λάξ, etc. (Schwyzer:  620). Although the zero grade of γόνυ does not recur in »yvun-, contrary to  common belief, it is in fact found in πρόχνυ 'kneeling; utterly' (IL), where,  admittedly, the aspiration is not well explained (cf. Av. fra-Snu- 'with the knees  forward'; Mayrhofer EWAia 1: 585). The zero grade *gnu probably occurred in the IE  paradigm of 'knee', e.g. Hitt. ganut [instr.sg.] and Av. Znubiié (dat.-abl.pl.].

XXXXXγνυπ- [v.] 'to be depressed' (Men.). «ΡῈ» ΑΚ Also yvun(e)t-. γνύπωνες: otvyvoi, κατηφεῖς, ἄτολμοι, παρειμένοι. καὶ μαλακοί, ἀπὸ τοῦ εἰς γόνυ πεπτωκέναι 'hateful, downcast, spiritless, those who have been passed over; also faint-hearted; after 'being on one's knees' (H.) with the verbal forms γνυπόντι (leg. γνυποῦντι) and from *yvundéw: ἐγνυπωμένον' ταλαίπωρον. κατηφές 'miserable, downcast' and ἐγνυπώθῃη - τρυφᾷ. καὶ τὸ ἐναντίον 'with delicacy; also the opposite' (H.) and κατεγνυπωμένον (Plu. Mor. 753c), -μένως (Men. 857). With yvunt-: γνυπτεῖν: ἀσθενεῖν. μαλακίζεσθαι 'to be weak, show weakness' (H.) and γνυπτῶν: (cod. γνυων) vw6paivwv 'sluggish' (H.). From Ἰγνυπτόω: κατεγνυπτῶσθαι = κατεστυγνᾶσθαι (H. s.v. γνύπετοι). With anaptyctic vowel: γνύπετοι: ἐκτεταμένοι, δειλοί, ἄλλοι δὲ κατηφεῖς 'stretched prostrate, wretched; miserable' (H.). Here also γνυπεσόν: ἀργόν, οἱ δὲ ἔκλυτον 'brilliant; buoyant' (H.) with interchange τῇ σ.

    *ETYM Fur. 315 has correctly observed (following Latte; see now LS] Supp. sv. γνυπτόω) that this is a separate verb with the variants γνυπ- and γνυπτ-, as well asa  variant yvumet- with anaptyxis; the variation πὶ mt, etc. is well known in Pre-Greek  (Fur. 307ff; Pre-Greek section 5.5).

XXXXXγνώριμος

    *VAR γνωρίζω. > γιγνώσκω.

XXXXXγνωτός --γίγνώσκω.

XXXXXγοάω [v.] 'to groan, weep' (11... «Ἰεῦ *gou(H)- 'call, cry'>

    *VAR Fut. γοήσομαι (late -ἡσω), aor. γοῆσαι (Amorgos), isolated preterite γόον [3pl.]  Z 500 (see Chantraine 1942: 392').

    *DER γόης, -ητος [m.] 'sorcerer' (IA), γοητικός (Arist.), γοητεύω 'bewitch' (Ρ].), with  γοητεία, yortevpa (Pl.), γοήτευσις (Plot.), γοητευτικός (Poll.), yontedtpia (Eust.);  fem. γοῆτις (AP). γόος [m.] 'lament' (Il.). γοερός 'wailing' (A.), analogical γοηρός  (Lyc.), γοώδης 'id' (PI), also γοεδνός (A.), after ὀλοφυδνός, σμερδνός, etc. (cf. Schulze 1933a: 398); also γοήμων (API).

===Pag_328: Beekes_Página_0328.tiff=== XXXXXγόδα 281

    *ETYM Like βοάω, μυκάομαι, etc., γοάω is probably a deverbative intensive; γόος is  deverbal. We may compare OHG gi-kewen 'call', OE ciegan 'id'? < PGm. *kaujan, the  Skt. intensive jé-guv-e 'speak out loudly', as well as an r-derivation in OCS govors  'noise' with govoriti 'make noise' (Ru. also 'speak'), see Derksen 2008 s.v. Pace  DELG, the connection between yodw and βοάω is attractive. The different initials  can be explained from paradigmatic split, 1.6., an original *g'- was lost before a zero  grade *g'u- in the preform of yodaw; the semantic differentiation can easily be  secondary.

XXXXXγόγγρος [m.] 1. 'conger eel' (Antiph.); 2. 'tubercular disease in olive trees' (Thphr.). «ρα»

    *DER yoyypiov (sch. Opp. Η. 1, 113); also γογγρώδης (H: γογγρώδης τῆς ἐλαίας  ἔκφυσις as an explanation of γόγγρος); also γογγροειδής (Arist.); γογγρώνη  'excrescence on the neck' (Hp; cf. χοιράς 'id', from χοῖρος 'pig' suffix like in  κροτώνη). ;

    *ETYM The botanical-medical term is just a metaphorical use of γόγγρος = 'conger-  eel': the fish is round, thick, and voracious, like in καρκίνος, Lat. cancer. The fish  name is often considered to be Pre-Greek (e.g. Fohalle 1925: 157ff.; cf. Kretschmer  Glotta 16 (1928): 166). Pace DELG, ▶︎ γογγύλος is not related. Lat. conger (gonger) is  borrowed from Greek.

XXXXXγογγύζω [v.] 'to murmur, grumble' (LXX).

    *DIAL Ionic acc. to Phryn.

    *DER γογγυσμός (Anaxandr.), γόγγυσις (LXX); agent noun γογγυστής (Ep. Jud.,  Thd.), γόγγυσος (Thd.; see Chantraine 1933: 435); γογγυστικός (Erot.). In H. also  γογγρύζειν and γογγρύσαι- ὡς χοῖρος φωνῆσαι 'sound like a pig', after γρύζειν.

    *ETYM An onomatopoeia without certain cognates. Skt. gangiyati 'cry loudly',  guiijati 'hum' are only parallel onomatopoeic formations, and the same is true of  > yayyaivetv.

XXXXXγογγύλος [adj.] 'round' (A.). 42>

    *DER Substantivized (with change of stress) γόγγυλος 'the round one' = -κόνδυλος,  the clenched fist' (sch.}, ᾿ὄλυνθος, wild fig' (Nic.). γογγυλίς (com.), yoyyvAn (Str.)  'turnip', also 'round bread' (Ar.), γογγυλίδιον 'pill' (medic.); γογγυλώδης 'round'  (sch.); denominative γογγύλλω [v.] 'to make round' (conj. Porson Ar. Th. 56 for  γογγυλίζω after yoyybA<A>etv- συστρέφειν 'to condense, become compact' H.);  γογγυλεύματα- στρογγυλεύματα 'globular things' (H.). Isolated γογγυλάτης 'who  hurls balls of fire'(?) epithet of Zeus (Lyc.).

    *ETYM Next to γογγύλος, we find στρογγύλος 'id.' (cf. also ἀγκύλος, καμπύλος with  similar meaning). The etymology is unknown: a connection with ON kgkkr 'clump'  (< PGm. *kanku- < *gongu-) is highly doubtful, as is the comparison with Lith. gungulfs 'ball; nor does a relationship with > yryyic, γιγγίδιον 'a kind of turnip' seem  probable.

XXXXXγόδα [n.pl.] - ἔντερα. Μακεδόνες 'intestines (Maced.) (H.). <?>

===Pag_329: Beekes_Página_0329.tiff===

    *ETYM yoda has been compared with MLG kat 'weak parts of an animal' and Skt. guda- 'intestine, vagina' (Pok. 393), but this connection is problematic because the  required root structure with two unaspirated voiced stops was not allowed in Proto-  Indo-European. Latte reads yoda instead, connecting χολάς, yok. His suggestion is  adopted by Fur. 141, who also adds κόλον 'id.'.

XXXXXγοδᾶν [v.] - κλαίειν. Κύπριοι 'to cry (Cypr.y (H.). <?>

    *VAR γοδόν: γόητα 'sorcerer' (H.).

    *ETYM The reconstruction *fod- has been assumed, but is not certain. Connection  with ▶︎ αὐδή is impossible. Latte reads ἐγοᾶναι.

XXXXXγοεδνός

    *VAR γοερός. > γοάω.

XXXXXγοῖτα [3] - οἷς 'sheep' (H.). <?>

    *VAR Cf. yotav: ὗν. Μακεδόνες 'wild swine (Maced.)' (H.).

    *ETYM Fick BB 29 (1905): 200 read the word as ὗς and conjectures that it is from yot  yoi, the grunting of a pig (AP 11, 327). This is a mere guess.

XXXXXγολοινά [f.] - χλωρά. ἢ yoAova 'pale; name of a plant' (H.).

    *ETYM The suggestion of Groéelj Slavisti¢éna Revija 4 (1951): 263f. to connect OCS  zelend 'green', etc. is phonologically impossible (see ▶︎ x61). Although Latte assumes  that this entry (and the following, γολομένη: βοτάνη) is corrupt, we should rather  take the form at face value: it is obviously related to γολονά, the variation a ~ o in  the vocalism pointing to Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXγολύριον [n.] - κέλυφος. οἰκεῖον Ταραντίνοις 'pod, shell (Tarantian)' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Only worthless guesses have been made.

XXXXXγόμος [m.] -ζωμός 'soup' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Latte reads θωμός. von Blumenthal 1930: 15' thinks the word is Messapian,  related to χέω (from *£"(0)u-mo-). There are mere hypotheses.

XXXXXγόμφος [m.] 'peg, bolt, nail' (Od.); also a fish name (gloss.; Stromberg 1943: 36), 'tooth' (H.). <1E gemb"- 'bite', Sombo- 'cutting tooth'>

    *DER γομφίος (ὀδών) 'molar' (IA), γομφίτης 'kind of styrax' (Aét.), γομφάριον fish  name (sch.). Denominative γομφόομαι, -dw 'to fasten with bolt or nails' (A.) with  γόμφωσις (Gal.), γόμφωμα 'framework, peg' (Plu.); γομφωτήρ 'shipbuilder' (AP),  γομφωτήριον 'tenon' (Delos III"); γομφωτικὴ τέχνη 'shipbuilding' (P1.). γομφιάζω 'to  have toothache, gnash the teeth' (LXX) with γομφιασμός (LXX) and yougiacic  (Dsc.).

    *ETYM Old word for 'tooth', probably 'cutting tooth': Skt. jambha-, Alb. dhémb, OCS  zobe, Latv. zuobs, ToA kam, ToB keme. Cf. κόμβους: ὀδόντας γομφίους (H.),  Illyrian? (Krahe IF 60 (1952): 297). Forms with a metaph. meaning include OHG  kamb 'comb' and Lith. Zaritbas 'sharp side'. On the deviant meaning in Greek (from  the use of the cutting teeth as pegs), see Porzig 1954a: 184f. Verbs include Skt. iterative jambhdyati 'grind' and Lith. Zembiu, Zembti 'cut' and OCS zebo 'tear up'; on  the meanings, see Narten KZ79 (1965): 255ff.

===Pag_330: Beekes_Página_0330.tiff=== XXXXXγοργυρα 283 γονή

    *VAR γόνος. = γίγνομαι.

XXXXXγόνυ [n.] 'knee' (1].); also 'joint of plants' (Hdt. cf. Str6mberg 1937: 101). .

    *VAR  Gen. (*yévf-atog >) γόνατος, epic Ion. γούνατος, epic also γουνός (< *yovF-  6c), plur. γόνατα, γούνατα, epic also γοῦνα.

    *DER γονατώδης 'with joints' (Thphr.); denominative γουνάζομαι 'clasp the knees'  (as a suppliant) (Il) with γούνασμα (Lyc.), γουνασμός (Eust.), also γουνόομαι 'id.';  γονατόομαι 'get joints' (Thphr.), yovatiCw 'bend the knee' (Cratin.).

    *ETYM γόνυ derives from the PIE word for 'knee': Skt. janu, Av. zanu-drajah-, MP  zanik (pointing to PIE *o, lengthened by Brugmann's Law); Hitt. genu, Lat. genii,  ToA kanwe-m, ToB keni-ne 'knees [du.]', Arm. cun-r, plur. cun-g-k5 Gm. words like  Go. kniu < PGm. *knew-a-, with the zero grade from the gen. *éneu-s (for the zero  grade *gnu- cf. further ▶︎ γνύξ, s.v.). On Hom. θεῶν ἐν γούνασι κεῖται, see Schwyzer  1923b: 283ff. Cf. also ▶︎ γωνία. Cf. also ▶︎ ἰγνύη.

XXXXXγόος >yodw.

XXXXXγοργός [adj.] 'grim, fierce, terrible' of look, gaze (A.), later also 'vigorous, lively'. <?>

    *VAR  Fopyw, acc.pl. Γοργούς (Hes.)

    *COMP yopywy, γοργωπός (A.).

    *DER yopyotns 'rapidity' (Hermog.), yopyia = agilitas (gloss.), denominative  γοργόομαι 'to be spirited', of horses (X.), yopyebw (pap., Sm., H.). Γοργώ, -od¢ [f.] (IL) name of a female monster with a petrifying look, whence Fopy-  εἰη κεφαλή (Il.); on the formation see Schulze 1892: 254; plur. mostly Γοργόνες  (Hes.), with new singulars Γοργόνα (acc.), etc. (E.), whence Γοργόνειος (A. Pr. 793,  etc.), Topyovn (Hdn.), Γοργονώδης (sch.) and the plant names Γοργόνειον and  Topyowds (Ps.-Dsc.; see Stromberg 1940: 101). Also Γοργάδες (5. Fr. 163), explained  by H. as ἀλιάδες; and Topyidec: ai Ὠκεανίδες (H.). PN Topyv8iwv (© 302) and  Γοργίας with Γοργίειος 'Gorgias-like' (X.) ἀπά γοργιάζω 'to speak like G' (Philostr.).

    *ETYM According to Frisk, γοργός is not related to Olr. garg(g) 'raw, wild', OCS  groza 'shiver' (as argued by Osthoff 1901: 44ff.), nor to Arm. karcr 'hard' (pace  Pedersen KZ 39 (1906): 379). With Topyw primary to γοργός, Leumann 1950: 154f. took the former to be a back-formation from yopywy (γοργῶπις), γοργωπός (on an  implausible connection with ▶︎ yopyupa, s.v., see Szemerényi Gnomon 43 (1971): 663).

XXXXXγοργυρα [f.] 'underground drain', sometimes used as a prison (Hdt. 3, 145, EM, H.); cf. ἀρδάλια: τοὺς πυθμένας τῶν Kepaytidwv, ods ἔνιοι γοργύρας καλοῦσιν 'the base of roof-tiles, which some call 'yopytpag'' (H.) which LSJ translates 'water-pot, trough'. Cf. also κορκόδρνα: bdpdpva 'water-course', perhaps to be read as "κορκόρεα' ὑδρορ(ρ)όα (Fur.: 141, which would fit the word order).

    *VAR yepyvpa (Alcm. 132); accent unknown.

    *DIAL κορχυρέα (Corc. II*). Cf. γέργερος: βρόγχος (H.) [DELG].

    *DER yopyvptov 'subterranean channel' (LSJ Supp. Sparta).

    *ETYM Perhaps related to yapyapiCw, as per DELG. yopyvpa, with all its variants, is  definitely of Pre-Greek origin: variations «/ y/ χ and εἰ 0; ending -éa (see Chantraine

===Pag_331: Beekes_Página_0331.tiff===

1933: gif.); suffix -vp- like in γέφυρα (see Pre-Greek). Thus also Neumann 1961: 91, on words for drainage, etc.

XXXXXγουνός [m.] 'hill (11), acc. to EM and Orion = ὑψηλὸς τόπος 'elevated place'.

    *DER From Γόννος, ἸΓοῦνος perhaps the name Γουνεύς B 748, see BoShardt 1942:  nut,

    *ETYM γουνός is not related to the Thessalian PNs Γόννος, Γόννοι, and Γοννοῦσσα  (the alleged *yovfoc would probably not yield the attested forms, see Buck 1955: $54),  nor to »γόνυ, with which it was compared since antiquity (EM; equally  unconvincing is the comparison with Ru. gumnod 'threshing-floor' see Derksen 2008  s.v.). We should rather compare γῶνος (H.) and χῶνος (H.), which implies that the  word is Pre-Greek in view of the variation. Fur.: 138 mentions additional material  from Sardinia (Gonnos, Gonni), Berber, Basque, and Caucasian.

XXXXXγοῦρος [m.] a cake (Sol. 38, 3).

    *ETYM The word can be compared with &yyoupoc: εἶδος πλακοῦντος 'kind of cake',  with prothetic vowel and prenasalization (cf. Kovwy/ ἀγχύνωψ [which is not from  *ava-!]). Therefore, it is of Pre-Greek origin. Perhaps further connected to ▶︎ γῦρις,  > γυρίνι.

XXXXXγουτάριον [n.] 'tomb' (inscr. Phrygia).

    *ETYM This is probably the same word as yovvtn (inscr. Lydia III'). Probably  somehow connected with Hitt. kuntarra- (Neumann 1961: 66f.); from Hurrit. kuntari-?

XXXXXγουττᾶτον [n.] a cake (Chrysipp. Tyan. apud Ath. 14, 647c). «τὴν Late

    *ETYM From Lat. guttatus, -um 'sprinkled' (Martialis), in turn from gutta 'drop'.

XXXXXγράαι [f.pl.] marine animal (Peripl. M. Rubr. 38). <(LW) Ind.>

    *ETYM An Indian word; cf. Skt. graha-, grahd- 'crocodile, alligator, snake, etc.'. See  Goossens Le Muséon 59 (1946): 621ff.

XXXXXγράβαν [f.] - cxagiov, βόθρον 'small bowl or basin, hole' (H.).

    *VAR MoGr. (Laconia, etc.) γράβα = tpwyAn 'hole', often in place names, see  Georgacas ByzZ 41 (1941): 360f., Rohlfs 1930: 461.

    *ETYM Kretschmer Arch. slav. Phil. 27 (1905): 234 states that the word is from Gm.,  eg. Go. and OHG graba 'ditch'. Or is it perhaps from/via Illyrian? See also  Hubschmid ZRPHh. 77 (1961): 432. Cf. ▶︎ ypapuov.

XXXXXγράβιον [n.] 'torch, oakwood' (Stratt.; also 5. Fr. 177 [cod. ypagiotc]?). 4EUR?>

    *ETYM From an (Illyrian?) word *grabu for 'beech, oak', seen in U Grabovius, epithet  of Jupiter; the word is also found in MoGr. γράβος (Epirus), γάβρος (Arcadia). Further compared with Ru. grab 'hornbeam', etc. and OPr. wosi-grabis. See Vasmer  s.v., Georgacas ByzZ 41 (1941): 361f., and Porzig 1954a: 148. These comparisons are  rejected by Garbini 1969: 391ff.; cf. also Restelli 1969: 820. Fur.: 169 compares γοβρίαι: pavoi, λαμπτῆρες 'bright, torches' (H), which cannot be  ignored; he concludes that the word is a non-IE substrate word, perhaps from the  Balkans. See ▶︎ κράββατος.

===Pag_332: Beekes_Página_0332.tiff=== XXXXXγράφω 285 γραῖα

    *VAR ypdic. = γραῦς.

XXXXXγράπις [adj.] 'ὁ ἐρρυτιδωμένος, wrinkled' (EM), 'cast slough of a serpent' (H.), in 5. Ichn. 177 the mg. is unclear; name of a bird (H.). <?>

    *DER γράπτης 'wrinkled' (Eust.), γραπίνης- οἶνος τραχύς 'harsh wine' (H., EM). Not  here, as per Frisk, γραιόομαι 'become old'; see ▶︎ γραῦς.

    *ETYM Unknown. Not related to γραῦς, γῆρας. DELG suggests that γράπις is a  hypocoristic of γράπτης 'wrinkled' cited by Eust., which may derive from γράφω.

XXXXXγράσος [m.] 'smell of a goat' (Ar.). 4 GR?>

    *DER γράσων 'id.' (M. Ant. cf. γνάθων beside γνάθος, Leumann Sprache 1 (1949):  207°), γρασωνία = γράσος (Archig. Med.).

    *ETYM γράσος is supposed to be a word for 'he-goat' = 'gnawer' from »ypdw 'to  gnaw'. On -σο-, see Chantraine 1933: 433ff.

XXXXXγραῦς [f.] 'old woman' (Il.); a sea-crab (Artem., H., see Stromberg 1943: 95, thus also γραῖα [Epich.]}); said of the scum of boiled milk (Ar.).

    *VAR  Gen. ypadc (Schwyzer 574).

    *DIAL Ion. γρηῦς, γρηῦς.

    *DER Enlarged to γραῖα (Od., also adj. 'old') < *ypaF-1a; coll. ypauBia ἢ ypattia (i. e. ypatfia)- πανήγυρις. Ταραντῖνοι 'assembly, festival (Tarent.)' (H.); see Scheller 1951:  32. Another enlargement in ypdtic, -ίδος (Charito), Dor. γραῦις (Call.). From γραῦς: γραώδης 'like old women' (Chrysipp.); from γραῖα: γραιολέας:  πονηρὰς ἢ ὀλεθρίας γραίας 'poor and wretched old women' (H.) (cf. the adj. in  -oAng, but see DELG; the translation ὀλεθρίας is folk-etymological). Denominative verb γραΐζω 'to remove the γραῦς from the milk' (Ar.); from γραῖα:  γραιόομαι 'to get old', of wine (AP).

    *ETYM From the root *gerh,- in γέρων, γέρας. Probably from *ypa-iv- < *greh,-iu-,  with -1v- like in ὑύς 'son' (plur. υἷες); the element -iu- has nothing to with *h,oiu-  (see ▶︎ αἰών), pace Szemerényi. See >» γέρων, ▶︎ γέρας, ▶︎ γῆρας.

XXXXXγράφω [v.] 'to scratch, write' (Il. [aor. only]). ΑΚ Aor. γράψαι.

    *DIAL γρόφω (Melos).

    *COMP Often with prefix: dva-, ém-, ovv-, etc. Many compounds with -γράφος as a  second member (eg. λογογράφος 'writer of speeches'); the proparoxytona are  passive, e.g. ἄγραφος 'not written'.

    *DER γραπτύες [f.pl.) 'scratching' (w 229); γραφή 'id. also 'prosecution' (1A; ypopa  Epid.), ypagucdc; ypagea [n.pl.] = γράμματα (Arcad., El.); γράφημα = γράμμα (AB);  γραμμή 'line' (Pi.), γραμμικός 'linear, geometric' (Gal.), γραμμιαῖος 14. (Dam.),  γραμμώδης (Thphr.); γραμμιστήρ a chirurgical instrument (medic., cf. Bpaytov-  ἱιστήρ) and γραμμιστός (Eust; γραμμίζω uncertain in Eust. 633, 63). γράμμα, plur. -ata 'line, writing, letter' (IA); also γράσσμα (Arc; < *ypag-opa), γράθματα (Arg.)  and γρόππατα (Aeol., Balbilla); see Schwyzer 317 add. 1 and 523f. On διάγραμμα  Bikerman Rev. de phil. 64, 295ff. From γράμμα: ypappatiov (Luc.), γραμμάριον  'weight of 2 oboles' (Aét.); γραμματεύς 'writer, secretary' (Att.) with γραμματεύω

===Pag_333: Beekes_Página_0333.tiff===

and γραμματεῖον 'writing table, etc.', ypappat(e)idiov; γραμματεία 'secretariate' (pap., Plu.); γραμματικός, γραμματικεύομαι (AP); fem. γραμματική (τέχνη) 'grammar, etc.'; γραμματιστής 'secretary, teacher' (IA), γραμματίζω (rare; Herod., Messen., Boeot.); γραμματιστική 'elementary education' (Phld.). γραμμός 'writing' (Hdn.). γραφεύς (Dor. Arc. also ypogetc) 'painter, writer' (Emp.), γραφεῖον 'writing instrument' (Arist.); γραπτήρ 'writer' (AP), γραπτεύς (sch.). ypagic 'slate-pencil' (Pl; γροφίς Epid.); γραφίσκος medical instrument (Cels.). ἐπιγράβδιην 'scraping the surface' (Il.) shows the original meaning. Desiderative deverbative ypaweiw (gloss.).

    *ETYM All forms can be explained from the root form ypag- < *grb'.. The principally  Doric variant ypog- (γροφά, -ic, -εύς, -ebw, obyypogos, etc.) does probably not  represent old o-vocalism, but rather an inner-Greek variant of pa from a zero grade  (DELG). Outside Greek, we have PIE *gerb*., seen in Gm. (OE ceorfan 'cut, carve',  MHG kerben 'id.'), and further in Slav. e.g. OCS Zrébii (*gerb'-) 'allotment' (prop. *'carved stick'?). ▶︎ γριφᾶσθαι is problematic.

XXXXXγραψαῖος [m.] = κάραβος 'crab' (Diph. Siph. apud Ath. 3, 106d).

    *ETYM Not from γράφω, as per Chantraine RPh. 91 (1965): 211-214. As Frisk states,  the origin is unknown; perhaps it is a Mediterranean word. He compared κάραβος  (Epich.). Fur.: 123, 154 adduced other forms for 'beetle' and 'crab': Lat. scarabaeus,  which presupposes *oxapaBaioc (note the agreement with our word), σκορόβυλος  (from *oxopB-), and σκορπίος. So we have prothetic *s- and the variations a/ 0, B/ 7. All of these point to Pre-Greek origin. Fur. assumes that ypay- stands for *yapy-  (but the y is difficult). This gives a word (s)karP-. Furthermore, he compares  καράμβιος (Fur: 109), καρβάρεοι: κάραβοι H; καραβίδες (169); κηραφίς and  κεράμβνξ, κεράμβηλον (with the interchange εἰ a and prenasalization). Frisk points  to the 'allgemeine Ahnlichkeit mit ital. (g)ravosta, nhd. Krebs, Krabbe und anderen  germ. Wértern ebenso wie mit κάραβος", See ▶︎ κἄραβος.

XXXXXγράω [v.] 'to gnaw, eat' (Call. Fr. 200).

    <IE? *gres- 'gnaw, eat'>

    *VAR  Only impf. ἔγραε. Athem. ipv. γράσθι (Cypr.), them. (contracted) ypa- φάγε.

XXXXXΚύπριοι 'eat! (Cypr.) (H.). Also ypaivetv: ἐσθίειν 'eat' (HL).

    *DER ypdotic [f.] 'green fodder' (pap. Hippiatr.); more common κράστις (Ar.),  probably due to folk etymological connection with another (unknown) word;  γραστίζω 'feed at grass' (Gp., Hippiatr.), γραστισμός (Hippiatr.); κραστίζομαι 'graze'  (Sophr.), κρατήριον 'mangar' (Poll.). Also γράσσις (PHamb. 39 11, TP). With prefix  καγρᾶ: καταφαγᾶς. Σαλαμίνιοι (H.), see Bechtel 1921, 1: 421 and 446.

    *ETYM The word has been compared with Skt. grdsate 'devour' (in which case ypaw  would be from *grs-e/o-). Cf. also ▶︎ γράσος. Connection with ▶︎ yayypatva, ▶︎ yp@voc  is improbable. Cf. ▶︎ γαστήρ.

XXXXXγρηγορέω ⟹ ἐγείρω.

XXXXXγρῆνος ⟹ ἀγρηνόν.

XXXXXγρίντης ⟹ ῥῖνος.

XXXXXγρῖπος [m.] 'fishing basket, creel' (AP, Artem.).

===Pag_334: Beekes_Página_0334.tiff===

    *VAR = γρῖφος [m.] (Plu.), mostly metaph. 'riddle' (Ar.; see Chantraine 1928: 20),  secondarily as adj. 'obscure' (Hdn. Epim. 16).

    *DER γριφότης 'obscurity' (Hdn.). γριπεύς 'fisherman' (Sapph.), γριπεύω (Zonar.),  γριπηΐς (τέχνη, AP); ypinwv 'id. (AP); denominative γριπέω (Syria), γριπίζω (Lib.,  H.), ypimopa (EM, Zonar.). γριφώδης 'enigmatic' (Luc.), γριφεύω 'give a riddle'  (Ath.). Also γριπώμενα: συνελκόμενα καὶ σπασμωδῶς συμπαθοῦντα, οἱ δὲ ἐγγίζοντα  'contracting and undergoing spasms; approaching' (H.); γεγριφώς: ὁ τοῖς χερσὶν  ἁλιεύων 'fishing with bare hands'. Several lemmata in H.

    *ETYM The variation πί @ is typical for Pre-Greek words; such an origin for a  fisherman's word is quite understandable. Comparison with MHG krebe [m.]  'basket', ON kjarf, kerfi [n.] 'bundle' (from *e) or Skt. grapsa- 'bundle' must therefore  be rejected. There is no reason to connect the word with ▶︎ γέρρον.

XXXXXγρίσων, -wvoc [m.] 'swine' (Hdn. Gr. 2, 249, H.). <?>

    *ETYM Although ypiowv is generally considered to be onomatopoeic, cf. γρῦλος s.v.> γρῦ (and ▶︎ ypop gas), this lacks support.

XXXXXγριφᾶσθαι [v.] - γράφειν, οἱ δὲ Ever καὶ ἀμύσσειν. Λάκωνες 'to write; to scratch, scrape (Lacon.) (H.); γριφώμενα ἀλγήματα 'sufferings' (Ηρ. Prorrh. 1, 100, Erot.); the definiens γραφόμενα, ἢ ἐπανειλούμενα 'being written or unrolled' in H. is unclear. <?>

    *ETYM ▶︎ σκαρϊφάομαι has been compared. Perhaps also connected are ▶︎ ἀγρεῖφνα,  ἀγρίφη 'harrow'.

XXXXXγρομφάς, -άδος [f.] - ὗς παλαιά, σκρόφα 'old swine' (H.).

    *VAR  Also γρόμφις, -ἰος [f.] (Hippon., H.), γρόμφαινα [f.].

    *DER γρομφάζω 'grunt' (gloss.).

    *ETYM Onomatopoeic words. Cf. γρύζω, and also στομφάζω 'speak loudly'. Lat. scr6fa 'sow' is perhaps a loanword from Greek. Note the absence of the nasal (1.6. prenasalization?).

XXXXXγρόνθος [m.] 'fist' (PAmh. 2, 141, 10, IV®, sch., gloss.), 'breadth of a hand' (Aq.), also 'grasp, spoke of a machine'. <?>

    *DER γρόνθων: ἀναφύσησις, ἣν πρώτην μανθάνουσιν αὐληταὶ Kai κιθαρισταί  'upward stream of air, which flute players learn first' (H., Poll.), with which was may  perhaps connect ypovOwvevetat (cad. -Bov-)- θυμοῦται 'becomes angry' (H.).

    *ETYM The suffix -θος used to be distinguished (cf. μασθός, βρόχθος, κύσθοςλ, which  admitted comparisons with ON krumma [f.] 'Shand', OHG krimman 'press', and Lat. gremium 'lap, womb'. Lith. grumdau 'von oben gewaltsam stofend stopfen' belongs  to the productive iterative-intensives in -dau (cf. grumiu, grumti 'press into, fill'). All  of these comparisons, however, are quite uncertain.

XXXXXγρόσφος [m.] 'throwing spear' (Plb.); οἱ γροσφομάχοι 'javelin-fighters' = Lat. velites (Plb.). <?>

    *VAR  κρόσφος (Eust.).

    *ETYM A technical term borrowed from an unknown source; note that the word is  late.

===Pag_335: Beekes_Página_0335.tiff===

XXXXXγρῦ [n.]? usually with negation: a 'small quantity', often of sounds (Ar.); acc. to sch. Ar. Pl. 17 of the grunting of a swine (clearly onomat.); = ὁ ὑπὸ τῷ ὄνυχι ῥύπος 'the dirt under the nail' (H,; also γρύξ) and = γρύτη; a small coin (Suid.).

    *VAR Indeclinable.

    *DER γρύζω, aor. γρύξαι 'grunt' (Ar.), γρυσμός (Agathocl.); γρῦλος, expressive  gemination yptAdoc 'piglet' (Ath.), metaph. 'eel' (Diph. Siph; because of its  thickness and sound, see Stromberg 1943: 68f.); γρυλίων: χοῖρος 'pig' (H.); as a PN  Γρῦλος, -wv, etc. (Bechtel 1917b: 581); γρύλίζω (Ars γρυλλίζω rejected by Phryn.);  ypvAtopdc (Arist.); γρύλλη: ὑῶν φωνή 'sound of pigs' (H.). γογγρύζειν, γογγρύσαι  (H.) were influenced by ▶︎ γογγύζειν.

    *ETYM For onomatopoeic γρύζω, compare Lat. grunnid, grundid, OE grun(n)ian,  OHG MoHG grunzen. A difficult comparison is that with γρωνάδες: θήλειαι σύες  'female pigs' (H.), which has been thought to represent the Laconian pronunciation with [uJ]; cf. MoGr. γουρούνι 'swine' (is yéwva H. an error?) and see Kretschmer  Glotta 13 (1924): 135. Cf. further ▶︎ γρύλλος 'caricature' and γρυλλισμός a dance.

XXXXXγρύλλος [m.] 'caricature' (Plin. HN 35, 114). <?>

    *DER γρυλλο-γραφέω 'draw caricatures' (Phld.). Also a dance (Phryn. PS p. 58 B.);  thus also γρυλλισμός, with γρύλλος = ὁ ὀρχούμενος (ibid.).

    *ETYM Deemed an Egyptian (i.e. Hellenistic) word by Phrynichos; see Latte Glotta 34  (1955): 190f. It is not from the PN Γρύλλος (Plin.); see Latte ibid. See further Page  Class. Rev. 7 (1957): 189-191 and Maas Greece and Rome 5 (1958): 71. There is no  relation between γρύλλος and γρῦλος. DELG thinks the connection between the  dance and 'caricature' is evident.

XXXXXγρῦμέα [f.] 'bag or chest for old clothes' (Com., Phld.). «ΡΟ»

    *VAR  Codd. often γρυμαία; also γρυμεῖα, ypupeia. γρύτῃ [f.] 'trash, trumpery,  womans dressing-case, vanity-bag, frippery' (Sapph., pap.); 'small fry' (Gp.).

    *COMP γρυμεοπώλης (Luc.); γρυτοπώλης (Cos, pap.); γρυτο-δόκη (AP).

    *DER Diminutive yputdpiov (Zen, pap.); yputevetatr παρασκευάζεται 'to prepare,  put on make-up' (H.).

    *ETYM In origin, the word probably denoted small things of little value, later also the  chest, etc. The formation of ypupéa is rare; together with the variants -aia, -ela, it  suggests a non-Greek (= Pre-Greek) formation, on which see Pre-Greek on the suffix  -at/e(.)-. Perhaps connected to γρῦ as 'something small'. The comparison with Lat. grumus 'heap of earth, hillock' is unconvincing; better, but still doubtful, is that with  OE cruma 'crumb'. From ypupéa probably comes Lat. crumina 'bag, purse'; see  Pfister IF 56 (1938): 200ff. Likewise, ypbtr may be the source of Lat. scrita [n.pl.]  'trash, frippery'.

XXXXXγρυνόν [n.] = σίκυς ἄγριος 'kind of wild fish' (Ps.-Dsc. 4, 150). <?>

    *ETYM André Et. class. 24 (1956): 10 connects the word with γρύσει -- τήξει (Arist. Pr. 876b 15) because of its fluid contents; this is most uncertain, as the verb itself is  unclear.

XXXXXγρῡνός [m.] 'dry wood, torch' (Hom. Fr. 18, Lyc. 86, 294). <?>

===Pag_336: Beekes_Página_0336.tiff===

    *VAR γρουνός [m.] (v.l. and Call. Fr. anon. 84).

    *DER γρύνη: λιβανωτός frankincense' (Theognost. Can. 108). Cf. the TN Γρύνειον,  Γρῦνοι (Aeolis), Fick BB 23 (1898): 22 and 213.

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXγρῦπός [adj.] 'hook-nosed, curved' (Pl.).

    *DER γρυπότης (X.). Denominative ypundopa 'become hooked, of nails' (Hp.),  γρύπωσις (medi.); further γρύπτω, γρυπαίνω and γρυμπαίνειν: γρυποῦσθαι,  συγκάμπτειν 'bend together' (H.). Them. aorist ἔγρυπον (like ἔκτυπον) 'become  wrinkled', of the earth in an earthquake' (Melanth. Hist. 1); thus γᾶν ἐγρυμμέναν  (Gortyn); idem ypunavitw (Antiph. Soph.) and ypundwoc (ib.); γρυπάλιον:  γερόντιον. ἢ γρυπάνιον (H.), γρυπνόν: atvyvov 'abhorred' (see DELG). Root noun  ypuy, -πός [m.] the mythological 'griffin' (Aristeas apud Hdt. A.), later the real  'lammergeier' (LXX); cf. yoy, σκώψ, γλαῦξ; also γρῦπαι: ai νεοσσιαὶ τῶν γυπῶν. οἱ δὲ  γῦπαι 'the young of vultures; vultures' (H.). γρυβός-: γρύψ (H.) after the nouns in  -Bog? (Chantraine 1933: 261). Metaph. γρῦπες: μέρος τῶν τῆς νεὼς σκευῶν καὶ  ἄγκυραι 'part of the ship's tackle and anchors' (H.).

    *ETYM A connection with OE crumb, OHG krump 'crooked' is not very probable (the  nasal is difficult). The nasal in γρυμπαίνω could be a Pre-Greek prenasalization, but  could also be of inner-Greek origin. The long u is difficult to account for in IE (it  requires *-uH-). Giintert 1914: 132f. thought that γρύψ was yy, influenced by  γρυπός; this is unconvincing. Grimme Glotta 14 (1925): 17 assumed a loan from  Akkadian (karabu 'griffin, cherub'; cf. Hebr. k*riib and Lewy 1895: uf.) through  Hittite. From the archaeological perspective, origin in Asia Minor (and the Near  East: Elam) is very probable, for discussions on which see DNP s.v. Greif, and  Hemmerdinger Glotta 48 (1970): sif. (note that it is not connected with Akk. kartibu), Wild Wien. Ak. Sb. 241/4 (1963): 3-28. It is not certain that γρύψ is related to  γρυπός. The adjective makes the impression of a Pre-Greek word (ypup-), thus this  would be true of the mythical bird as well (whatever its ultimate origin); note  γρυβός, which may prove a Pre-Greek alternation of stops. Fur.: 175 assumes further  variations on the basis of the Latin forms. Note also yptvoc- γρύψ H., which fits in  his system as showing m/ Ε (236). Through Lat. gryphus, the word entered the  Western Eur. languages (griffin, Greif).

XXXXXγρύτη = ypupéa.

XXXXXγρύψ ⟹ γρῡπός.

XXXXXγρῶνος {adj.] 'hollow, cavernous' (Lyc.). 42>

    *DER ypwvi 'hole, kneading trough' (Nic., AP), ypwvoug (H.) in several specific mgs.

    *ETYM The usual reconstruction *ypwo-voc vel sim. (to ▶︎ ypdw) is quite uncertain, as  the verb shows no ablaut; the meaning hardly fits, either.

XXXXXγύαλον [n.] 'hollow (of a cuirass), vales, dells' (1].), also of the hand, cf. ἐγγυαλίζω; see below.

    <IE? *gou- 'hand'; *gu(H)- 'bend' (?)>

    *DER γυαλός epithet of λίθος (Call. Fr. anon. 331), with different accent γύαλος [m.]  'cubical stone' (EM 243, 12); γυάλας 'cup' (Megara and Macedonia, Ath. 11, 467¢; see

===Pag_337: Beekes_Página_0337.tiff===

Solmsen 1909: 216). ἐγ-γυαλ-ίζω 'hand over' (Il; see Schwyzer: 736). Independent ἐγγύαλον (Orion) = ἔγκοιλον. Also γυέλιον: κόλπον 'lap' (H.).

    *ETYM For the formation, one might compare ἀγκάλη, ὀμφαλός (Chantraine 1933:  245ff.). For ἐγγναλίζω, the meaning 'hollow of the hand' has been posited. Cf. YAv. gauua- 'hand'; see ▶︎ éyytn. Mostly connected with ▶︎ γύης, ▶︎ γυῖα s.v.

XXXXXγυγαί [?] - πάπποι 'grandfathers' (H; cod. mayor). LW? Anat

    *ETYM If πάπποι is correct, this is an Anatolian word cognate with Hitt. huhha-  'grandfather', HLuw. huha-, Lyc. xuge-; see Kloekhorst 2008 s.v. Brandenstein 1954b:  65 connects it with the name of the Lydian king Γύγης. Cf. Heubeck Lydiaka (1959):  62f; however, Neumann 1961: 69ff. connected it instead with the bird γύγης. The  same word as Lat. avus, Arm. hav 'grandfather', ie. *h,euh,o-. See ▶︎ κοκύαι.

XXXXXγύγης, -ov [m.] a waterbird (Dionys. Av. 2, 16). <?>

    *ETYM Perhaps onomatopoeic, after its sound; see Thompson 1895 s.v. Lidén 1892:  g2f. connected the word with Lith. guzas, -utis 'stork', ON kjuklingr 'chicken', etc.

XXXXXγύης, -ov [m.] a. 'the curved piece of wood in a plough (Hes. Op. 427, 436), ἄροτρον abtoyvov 'plough whose γύης is of one piece with the ἔλυμα and ἱστοβοεύς, not fitted together (πηκτόν} (Hes.); b. 'lands' (trag.), mostly plur., also a measure in τετρά-γυος 'of four y.', etc. (Hom.); sometimes fem., cf. yor μέτρον πλέθρου 'measure of 100 ft./10,000 sq. ft' (H.); also γύος [m.] (pap.); c. 'the system of ἀστράγαλοι᾽ (H., Poll.); d. -yvog with e. ἀμφίγυος, <1E? gou- 'hand'; gu(H)- 'bend' (>

    *COMP ἀμφί-γνος of lance and javelin (IL), 'with a limb at each end'? (Triimpy 1950:  59); metrical lengthening ἀμφιγνήεις, said of Hephaistos, 'crippled on both sides'(?);  τετρά-γνος 'of four y.' (land measure).

    *ETYM This word belongs to a difficult complex. It probably consists of: (1) γύαλον,  (2) yvia, (3) ἐγγύη, which I have treated separately, which correspond to 1, 4, and 2  in DELG s.v. γύη(ς). Here, γύη(ς) (DELG nrs. 3, 5) is treated. The basic form *yv(1))- 'curve, curving' has been assumed. For comparison, we have  MoP gésa 'corner' and Av. gu- 'hand'; the other forms in Pok. 393-8 are hardly  relevant. Here probably ▶︎ γύαλον, ▶︎ γυῖα; see also ▶︎ yupdc. Hardly to ▶︎ γυλιός.

XXXXXγυῖα [n.pl.] 'limbs' (IL), also 'lap' (μητρὸς γυῖα, h. Merc. 20); rare sing. yviov 'hand' (Theoc. 22, 121); 'body' (Pi.). «1Εξ gou- 'hand'; gu(H)- 'bend' (?)>

    *DER γυιόω 'cripple' (11), with γυιός 'lamed' (Call.).

    *ETYM Connected with ▶︎ γύης and ▶︎ ἐγγύη.

XXXXXγυλιός [m.] 'knapsack' (Ar.); also an animal, 'hedgehog'? (Sophr. 73; see also sch. Ar. Pax 527). <?>

    *VAR Also γύλιος.

    *DER Also γύλλιον: ἀγγεῖον πλεκτόν 'plaited vessel' (H.), and the fish names  γυλλίσκοι: ἰχθύες ποιοί (H.), γυλάριον = pvkivog (sch. Opp. Η. 1, 111). The gloss  γυλλάς: εἶδος ποτηρίου, παρὰ Μακεδόσιν 'kind of drinking cup (Maced.)' (H.) will  be a mistake for γυάλας (s.v. ybaAov).

===Pag_338: Beekes_Página_0338.tiff=== XXXXXγυνή 291

    *ETYM Unknown. ON Κ}} 'bag for victuals', OHG kiulla 'bag' < *keula- have been  compared; see WH s.v. vola. Further related to γύαλονξ Fur.: 120 compares γυλάριον  with >» κύλλαρος.

XXXXXγυλλός [m.] mg. unclear, 'block of stone' (Milete VI-V*) carried in a procession for Apollo (Nisson, Gr. Rei. 1,189); κύβος, ἢ τετράγωνος λίθος 'cube or cubic stone' (H.); γυλλοί: στολμοί 'equipment, apparel' (H.; Latte: corrupt). <?>

    *DER γύλλινα: ἐρείσματα, γεῖσοι 'prop, projecting part of the roof (H.). On γυλλάς:  εἶδος ποτηρίου, παρὰ Μακεδόσιν, γύλλιον' ἀγγεῖον πλεκτόν (H.) see ▶︎ γυλιός.

    *ETYM No etymology. Lewy KZ 55 (1928): 72f. connects the word with Hebr. golél  'Rollstein'.

XXXXXγυμνός [adj.] 'naked, unarmed' (Il.).

    <IE *nog'-no- 'naked'>



    *VAR ἀπόνοιμον: ἀπογύμνωσιν 'stripping bare' (H.).

    *DER γυμνάς, -άδος [f.m.] 'naked' (E.); 'trained' (E., Att.); collective = 'trained men'  (Amorgos, Astypalaia, Cos). γυμνής, -ῆτος [m.] 'light-armed warrior' (Tyrt.), with  γυμνιγτικός (X.), γυμνήσιος (Arist.), γυμνητεύω (Plu.), γυμνητεία 'light-armed men'  (Th.), 'nakedness' (Corn.); γυμνήτης, fem. -ἢτις 'naked' (Lyc.). γυμνικός (ἀγών)  'gymnastic (opp. ἱππικός) (Hdt.). γυμνηλός 'poor' (H., EM, after νοσηλός, etc.).

XXXXXγυμνότιςς [f.] (LXX). Denominative γυμνόομαι 'to strip' (IL.), -6w (Hdt.), γύμνωσις (Th.). γυμνάζομαι 'to exercise (nakedy (1A); γυμναστής 'trainer' (Pl.), γυμναστικός, ἡ γυμναστική (τέχνη) 'gymnastics' (IA); γύμνασμα 'training' (Ὁ. H.), γύμνασις 'id' (Poll); γυμνάσιον 'training' (Pi.), 'school for exercise, gymnasium' (Att), γυμνασιώδης (Cic.); γυμνασία; on -σιον, -σία Schwyzer: 46o0f. γυμνασίδιον (Arr.) and γυμναστήριον (Gal.). γυμνιεύω 'to be naked' (P. Ross. Georg. 3, 28, IV?).

    *ETYM Old inherited word. With a dental suffix, we have Lat. niidus (< *nog'od"o-  per Schrijver 1991: 274f.), Olr. nocht, Go. nagabs, OHG nackt, and ON nokkvidr. Without a suffix are Lith. ntiogas, OCS nage (with acute lengthened vowel according  to Winter's Law); with a suffix -no-, Skt. nagnd-, Av. mayna- (dissimilated); with -n-,  Gm. forms like ON nakinn, OFr. naken, probably modelled after the n-participles. Hitt. nekumanza (with e-vowel) is modelled after the adjectives in -yant- (becoming  -mant- after μι). With e, we also have Arm. merk < *meg'ro- (cf. Av. mayna-). The v  is from *o like in νύξ after a nasal and before a following labiovelar; the -μν-, from  *-gn- (cf. ἀμνόςλ We also find λυμνός (H.), with dissimilation of ἔνυμνός, as well as  ἀπολύγματος: ἀπογύμνωσις. Κύπριοι (H.), with preserved -y-. The essential point,  the initial y-, was explained by Kortlandt (ap. Beekes Orbis 37 (1994): 91) as an  assimilation *noy'no- > *yoy'no-. The initial [η-] was reanalyzed as /y-/, since ἢ was  not a phoneme in Greek.

XXXXXγυνή (f.] 'wife, woman' (IL).

    *VAR Gen. γυναικός. Boeot. Bava (Corinn.), plur. βανῆκας: γυναῖκας H; Cypr. *Bova does not exist (O. Masson 1961: 298). Voc. γύναι from *yuvaix, see Schwyzer:  582f. The stem yvv-aix- probably derives from an adj. *g'neh.-iko- (Szemerényi  AION 2 (1960): 13-30; against Lejeune REA 63 (1961): 435).

    *DIAL Myc. ku-na-ja /gunaia/.

===Pag_339: Beekes_Página_0339.tiff===

    *COMP On the forms of γυνή as a second member ἄ- ἀνδρό- κατά- μισό- φιλόγυνος,  ἀ- ἡμι- καλλι- ὀρσι- φιλογύναιξ, ἀγύναικος, ἀ- ἡμι- κακο- κατα- μισο- πολυ-  φιλογύναιος, ἀ- ἀνδρο- μισο- νεο- πολυ- φιλογύνης see Sommer 1948: 62. Exceptional γύν-ανδρος 'hermaphrodite', and γυναι-μανής (Il.). Survey in DELG s.v.

    *DER Diminutive γυναικάριον (Diocl. Com.), γυναίκιον (Longos), γυναικίσκιον"  παιδίσκιον (H.); γυναικίας [m.] 'womanish man' (Eup.; like νεανίας); yuvatkwvitic  'women's room' (Lys.), rare γυναικών (X., like ἀνδρών). Adjective γυναικήϊος, -eiog (Od; as ἀνδρήϊος, -eioc), γυναικικός (Arist; like  ἀνδρικός), γυναικώδης (Plb.: ἀνδρώδης), γυναικηρός (Diocl. Com.; after πονηρός,  etc.). Denominative verbs γυναικίζω, -ομαι 'to behave like a woman' (IA) with γυναίκισις  (Αγ) and γυναικισμός (Plb.); γυναικόομαι, -6w 'to be, make womanish' (Hp.). Not derived from the extended stem γυναικ-: γύννις, -150¢ 'womanish man' (A.) and γύναιος [adj.] (cf. δείλαιος). γύναιον [n.] 'woman'.

    *ETYM γυνή derives from the PIE word for 'woman', *g'en-h,, e.g. Skt. (Ved.) gnd-  'woman, goddess', Av. gand 'woman'. An exact match with yvvat- is offered by Arm. kanay- in the plur. kanay-k' [nom.], etc; the element -«- is seen further in Messap. gunakhai 'yovauk('(?) and NPhr. kvaixav, Κναικο. The labiovelar also appears in Go. gino (n-stem), Olr. ben (a-stem) 'woman', both <  *g'en-. The full grade, replaced by the zero grade in Greek, is seen in e.g. Arm. kin,  OPr. genna, OCS Zena, Skt. jani-, ToA sam, ToB sana. The zero grade is found in  Olr. ban- (in compounds), gen.sg. mnd < *bnas. A lengthened grade is seen in Go. gens (i-stem) 'woman'. The word was originally a proterodynamic h,-stem: nom. *g'en-h, (seen in Skt. jani-,  ToB Sana), gen. *g'n-eh,-s (in Olr. mnd). The Greek u-vocalism probably goes back  to a zero grade *g'gh.-V-, although this would normally be expected to give *Bav-,  which is the form attested in Corinna. On »μνάομαι 'to woo for one's bride', see ▶︎ μιμνήσκω. The full grade may be  preserved in ▶︎ βενέω, a variant of ▶︎ Bivéw (acc. to De Lamberterie RPh. 65 (1991):  149-160).

XXXXXγύπη [f] - κοίλωμα γῆς, θαλάμη, γωνία. 'cavity in the earth, den, corner' (Call. Aet. Oxy. 2080, 73). 4EUR>

    *VAR  γύπας: καλύβας, καὶ θαλάμας. οἱ δὲ γυπῶν νεοσσιάς 'hut, den; nest of young  birds', referring to ▶︎ yoy through folk etymology. οἱ δὲ τὰς κατά γῆς οἰκήσεις, οἱ δὲ  σπήλαια 'a habitation below the earth, caverns' ... (H.).

    *ETYM The word is connected with a Gm. word for 'room, cave, etc.': ON kofi, OE  cofa, MoHG Koben, etc. These words may be European substrate words; see Beekes  KZ 109 (1996): 223-227. Av. gufra- 'deep' is probably unrelated; see Mayrhofer  EWaAia s.v. gabhirda-. On yundptov, see ▶︎ yoy.

XXXXXγύπωνες [pl] dancers in Sparta (Poll. 4, 104): οἱ δὲ γύπωνες ξυλίνων κώλων ἐπιβαίνοντες ὠρχοῦντο, διαφανῆ ταραντινίδια ἀμπεχόμενοι 'some say the γύπωνες danced upon wooden limbs, putting on tarantinidia, translucent dresses'. <?>

    *COMP ὑπογύπωνες (ib.).

===Pag_340: Beekes_Página_0340.tiff=== XXXXXγωλεός 293

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXγυργαθός [m.] 'wisker-basket, creel' (Ar.).

    *VAR Accent after Hdn. Gr. 1, 145. Also γύργαθον (BGU 1092, 29) and γέργαθος  (POxy. 741, 5).

    *DER γυργάθιον (PHolm. 18, 17).

    *ETYM Technical word. Connected with ger- ('plait'?) in ▶︎ yéppov? The word looks  Pre-Greek.

XXXXXγυρῖνος -'γυρός.

XXXXXγῦρις, -εως [f.] 'the finest meal' (Dsc.). <?>

    *VAR Also γύριος (PSI 4, 428, 44, II*).

    *DER γυρίνη kind of cake (Luc.), γυρίτης (ἄρτος) 'bread from y.' (Ath.), γυριστήριος    (gloss.).

    *ETYM Unknown. Perhaps connected with ▶︎ γοῦρος.

XXXXXγῦρός [adj.] 'round, curved' (τ 246: γυρὸς ἐν dpototv ['round in the upper arms', i.e., 'muscular'?]). <1E? gou- 'hand'; gu(H)- 'bend' (?)>

    *DER γῦρος [m.] 'rounding, circle (Thphr.) with γύριος forming a y.' (Anon. apud  Suid.), γυραλέος (Opp.). Denominative γυρόω 'make round, make a circle' (LXX,  Nic.) with γύρωσις (pap. Gp.); also γυρεύω 'walk in a circle' (Str.). γυριστός 'curved'  (sch.), γυρτόν' κυφόν 'hunchbacked' (H.). Also γυρῖνος [m.] 'tadpole' (Pl; but with  short v) with γυρινώδης (Arist.). Here also PIN like Γυραὶ πέτραι (5 500), see Bechtel  1914 S.v.

    *ETYM Connection with *gou- 'hand', *guH- 'curved' (see Frisk) seems quite possible. See ▶︎ γύης, ▶︎ γύαλον.

XXXXXγύψ [m.] 'vulture' (IL).

    *VAR γῦπός.

    *DER γυπιάς (πέτρα) 'where vultures live' (A. Supp. 796 [lyr.]; cf. ὀρεστ-ιάς, εἰς. Schwyzer: 508); γύπινος 'belonging to a vulture' (Luc.), γυπιαῖος 'id, (Tz.), γυπώδης  'vulture-like' (Arist.). γυπάριον 'nest, cranny' (γυπαρίοις καὶ πυργιδίοις Ar. Eq. 793).

    *ETYM Monosyllabic bird name like oxww, γλαῦξ, etc. The usual connection with  *geu- 'bend' (see ▶︎ γῦρός, ▶︎ γύαλον, etc.) is quite uncertain. The word is no doubt  Pre-Greek.

XXXXXγύψος [f.] 'gypsum, chalk, cement' (Hdt.). «τὴν Sem.?>

    *DER γυψίον (pap.), γυψική 'tax on plasterers' (pap.), γύψινος (EM), γυψώδης (Sor.);  denominative γυψόω 'plaster with gypsum, chalk over' (Hdt.) with γύψωσις (Gp.)  and γυψωτής (EM); γυψίζω 'id' with γυψισμός (pap.).

    *ETYM From Semitic? See Muf & Arnolt TAPA 23 (1892): 70.

XXXXXγωλεός [m.] 'hole' (Arist.), ywAtol- σπήλαια. καὶ αἱ πρὸς θάλασσαν καταδύσεις 'caverns; descents towards the sea' (H.); plur. γωλε(ι)λά (Nic.). <?>

    *ETYM The word has been compared with Lith. gudlis, Latv. guofa 'lair, nest' (Lith. gulitt 'lie down'), and Arm. katat 'hole, hiding-place'. However, this comparison  must remain uncertain and IE origin is not very probable. We have to reckon with

===Pag_341: Beekes_Página_0341.tiff===

influence from φωλεός (Fraenkel ΚΖ 71 (1954): 40); cf. also the remote similarity with ▶︎ γύαλον, etc.

XXXXXγωνία [f.] 'corner' (Hdt.), also 'leader' (LXX). On its use in geometry see Mugler 1958- 1959. < GRE

    *COMP As a second member -ywvoc in tpi-ywvog, etc. (like -βιβλος to βιβλίον, etc.),  see Debrunner IF 60 (1952): 4off.; cvyywviog (RPh. 73 (1999) 84).

    *DER ywvidtov (Luc.); ywviaiog (Pl. Com.), γωνιήϊος (Delphi), γωνιώδης (Hp.),  γωνιακός (Procl.); γώνιος (pap. VIP). γωνιάζω (Porph.) with γωνιασμός (Ar.); γωνιόομαι (Dsc.) with γωνίωμὰ (Eust.) and  γωνίωσις (Archig. Med.). For παραγωνίζω see RPh. 71 (1997): 1556.

    *ETYM Generally connected with ▶︎ γόνυ. Since the paradigm of *gonu- contained no  lengthened grade and mathematicians were Pythagoreans, the long w must be  explained as the regular Doric development of *yovf-ia; the long 4 in Skt. janu arose  from short o in *gonu by Brugmann's Law and is irrelevant. Alternatively, Hamp  MSS 43 (1984): 19f. explains the long ὦ from the type tpi-ywvoc.

XXXXXγῶος [m.] - μνημεῖον 'memorial' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. For a suggestion, see von Blumenthal 1930: 15 A. 1, who considers  the word as Messapian (or Macedonian), deriving it from IE *¢"6uo- beside *g*ouo-  in Gr. χοῦς.

XXXXXγῶπας [acc.pl.] " κολοιούς. Μακεδόνες 'jackdaw (Maced.) (H.).

    *ETYM According to Lesny KZ 42 (1909): 297f., y@mac is identical to γῦπας;  according to Hoffmann 1906: 47, it is to be connected with ox@nac (both hypotheses  doubted by Kretschmer Glotta 3 (1910-1912): 307). See ▶︎ ox@y, which could be yet  another variant (Fur.: 110).

XXXXXγωρῦτός [m.] ([{.1) 'quiver, which was also a bow-case' (@ 54). 4LW Iran >

    *VAR Hesychius' χωρυτός will be due to ancient folk-etymology, as appears from Ap. Soph. (παρὰ τὸ ... χωρεῖν), while γορυτός (H.) may be just a mistake.

    *ETYM According to Benveniste 1937b: 42ff., a loanword from a Scythian compound  (see under τόξον) that contains the word for 'cow' (see ▶︎ βοῦς), Iran. Tw- in Γω-  βάρης, etc., as a first member. The interpretation of the second member is totally  unclear however, since (pace Benveniste) we can hardly identify it with MoP rida  'intestine' and interpret the whole compound as 'cow-hide' (Morgenstierne KZ 61  (1934): 29f.). If the second member cannot be 'hide', the first member need not be  'cow-' either. Alternatively, Lubotsky suggests that γωρῦτός may derive from

    *VAR itra- 'something that protects' (Skt. varitdr-), with v- > g- as in later Iranian. For the Greeks, the pronunciation of the initial may already have resembled g(w)-,  and a substitution of -va- by 6 is trivial. Note that this etymology additionally  explains the long 0.

===Pag_342: Beekes_Página_0342.tiff=== XXXXXΔ δα- [pref.].e.g. in δα-φοινός 'very red' (Il.), especially of animals, and δά-σκιος 'very shady' (Od.).

    *ETYM From δια-, Aeol. ζα-, although the conditions are unclear (metrical  explanation in Chantraine 1942: 168, see also Sjélund 1938: 25f.). See ▶︎ δάσκιος.

XXXXXδᾶ [interj.] (trag.) in lyrics, e.g. A. Eu. 874 οἰοῖ δᾶ φεῦ. 42>

    *ETYM According to sch. Ag. 1072, EM 60, 8, the word is Doric for γᾶ, γῆ, which  Kretschmer finds in Dor. Aapatnp (see ▶︎ Δημήτηρ) and in Dor. Ποτειδάν (see  > Ποσειδῶν). However, it is probably only an exclamation. On the accus. Adv, see  ▶︎ Ζεύς.

XXXXXδᾶγύς, -ῦδος [f.] 'puppet' of wax (Theoc. 2, 110).

    *ETYM Technical word of foreign origin. Etymology unknown. Probably a Pre-Greek  word (suffix -06-).

XXXXXδαδύσσομαι [v.] 'to be distracted' (Sophr. 117, H.). <?>

    *VAR Also δαιδύσσεσθαι: ἕλκεσθαι 'to be drawn, pulled' (H.) and δαιδήσσουσι (for  ἸἘδαιδύσσουσιϑ): βασανίζουσι 'they put to the test'.

    *ETYM Since Roscher-Osthoff IF 5 (1895): 282 (and, later, LIV' s.v. *deuk- 'ziehen'),  the word has been connected with Lat. diico 'lead', Go. tiuhan 'draw' (cf. ▶︎ ἀδευκής,  ▶︎ ἐνδυκέως), assuming intensive reduplication δαι-δυκ-ιο-. However, different from  that tradition, DELG notes that the word has 'pas d'étymologie'. Indeed, if δα- is  not a late notation for δαι- (as argued by e.g. Schwyzer: 841 and Frisk), the variation  6a-/S5at- may point to Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXδαεγώ [interj.] - οἶδα, ἐπίσταμαι 'I know, understand' (H.).

    *ETYM Latte and Pearson read δαείω (a subjunctive, acc. to DELG), for which I see  no support. Alternatively, MoGr. (Cappadocian) dayw 'T know', from οἷδα ἐγώ  (Schwyzer: 769), has been compared (Kretschmer Glotta 12 (1923): 215), which is  more probable.

XXXXXΔάειρα [f.] name of a chthonic goddess in Attica, to whom a pregnant sheep was sacrificed (Pherecyd. 45, Lyc. 710, inscr.); also Aaipa (A. Fr. 277, inscr.).

    *DER Δαειρίτης [m.] name of a priestess (Poll.).

    *ETYM Formerly compared to formations like κυδι-άνειρα and connected with  ▶︎ δαῆναι, Skt. dasrd- 'effecting miracles' (cf. ▶︎ Sai-ppwv) but this is semantically  unattractive. Nilsson Arch. f Religionswiss. 32 (1935): 82f. and Kern in PW 4: 198of.

===Pag_343: Beekes_Página_0343.tiff===

assumed a feminine of ▶︎ δᾶήρ, so properly 'sister-in-law', which is not convincing either. More probably Pre-Greek (where a suffix -eipa occurs more often).

XXXXXδαῆναι [v.] 'to learn' (IL).

    *VAR Epic also intr. aor. δαήμεναι, fut. δαήσομαι, perf. δεδάηκα, δεδαώς (Od.), med. δεδάημαι (hk. Merc.), redupl. aor. (with caus. mg.) δέδαε 'taught' (Od.), δέδαον [3p].]  (H.), inf. δεδάασθαι (for δεδαέσθαιξ) (1 316), secondary δάε, ἔδαε (A. R.), δα[ι]ῆσαι-  διδάξαι 'learn' (H.); present ▶︎ διδάσκω. ΕΚ δαήμων 'knowing' (IL) with δαημοσύνη (A. R.); privative ▶︎ ἀδαής; δάησις  (EM); ▶︎ Adeipa.

    *ETYM The stem δα- derives from the zero grade of IE *dens-. The full grade is seen  in Av. didaithhé < *di-dens-h,ei and in nominal forms like Skt. dasrd- 'effecting  miracles'. The aor. δέ-δα-ε is from *de-dys-e-t. Cf. ▶︎ δήνεα, ▶︎ διδάσκω, ▶︎ δαΐφρων.

XXXXXδᾱήρ [m.] 'husband's younger brother, brother-in-law'.

    <IE *deh,i-uer- 'brother-in-  law>

    *VAR  Acc. -épa, voc. δᾶερ, gen.plur. δᾶέρων O 769 (verse initial) and 762 (Il.), Hell. and late also the accus. and dating. Saipa, δαιρί, nom.plur. δέρες (Lydia), gen.sg. δῆρος (Bithynia).

    *DER Adetpa is rather not related.

    *ETYM Old kinship term, agreeing with Skt. devdr-, Arm. taygr, Lith. diever-is, OCS  déver-v; thus it derives from *Saifnp. Is Saipi from *Satfpi, and *Saifp@v for  metrically impossible 5aépwv? See Schwyzer: 266 and 568. Lat. Jévir was transformed  after vir and has /- for d- and é for ae from the colloquial language.

XXXXXδαί [interj.] always after interrogative ti, πῶς δαί 'what, how then? (a 225, w 299 [both doubtful]; Com,; often false for δέ).

    *ETYM Innovation to δή after νή : val. See Schwyzer 1950: 563°; 570.

XXXXXδᾱΐ [f.] 'in battle' (Il.). «τ

    *DIAL Myc. da-i-go-ta /da™i-k**ontas/, Antpovtne.

    *COMP δαικταμένων Φ 146, 301. PNs Δάιππος (Milete), Δαικράτης (Olbia), Δαϊλέων,  Δαιμένης (Athens).

    *ETYM Isolated epic dative (also Hes. Th. 650, A. Th. 925), formerly derived from a  root noun *daic. However, the Myc. form without -w- shows that this    reconstruction is untenable, so it is rather not related to ▶︎ daiw. New accus. δάϊν  (Call. Fr. 243). See ▶︎ Sijioc.

XXXXXδαιδάλλω [v.] 'to work artfully, embellish' (I1.).

    *VAR  Only present stem.

    *DIAL Myc. da-da-re-jo-de /daidalejon-de/.

    *DER δαίδαλμα 'work of art' (Theoc.). δαίδαλον [n.] 'id, ornament' (IL); Δαίδαλος  name of a mythical artist (11), δαίδαλος 'artful' (A.); δαιδάλεος (IL, cf. μαρμαίρω:  μαρμάρεος, etc. acc. to Leumann a metrical variant to πολυ-δαίδαλος 'rich in  ornaments'); also δαιδαλόεις (Q. S., like παιπαλόειςλ Denominative δαιδαλόω (Pi.),  δαιδαλεύομαι (Ph.) with δαιδαλεύτρια 'artful female artist' (Lyc.).

===Pag_344: Beekes_Página_0344.tiff=== XXXXXδαίομαι 297

    *ETYM The relation between δαιδάλλω, δαίδαλος, and δαίδαλον is debated. Leumann  1950: 131ff. started from a Mediterranean word δαίδαλον 'ornament', from which  δαιδάλλω and the compound πολυ-δαίδαλος 'rich in ornament' would be derived. Others have taken δαιδάλλω, which was thought to be an intensive reduplicated  formation, as the starting point (cf. Schwyzer: 647 and 725). Within Greek, ▶︎ δέλτος  and »δηλέομαι have been compared (see s.vv); further, δάλλει: κακουργεῖ 'do  wrong' (H.) and ▶︎ δόλων; see also ▶︎ δόλος, Not related are several words for 'build,  split' in other IE languages, e.g., Lat. dolare 'hew', Skt. dar-dar(ti 'split, Olr. delb  'form' (< *del-wa-), etc. Instead, we should consider Pre-Greek origin, for instance  through a connection with the PN Δαίδαλος. Assuming that the verb is primary,  δαιδάλλω may have to be interpreted morphologically as a reduplicated *dal'-dal'-. δαιδύσσεσθαι —Sadvocozat.

XXXXXδαΐζω [v.] 'to cleave, pierce' (11...

    *VAR Aor. δαΐξαι, perf. ptc. δεδαϊγμένος.

    *DER δαϊκτήρ 'divider', of Ares (Alc.), also of γόος (A. Th. 916); also daiktwp (γάμος  A. Supp. 798); δαϊγμός (EM); Saiktac in eg. μηλοδαΐκτας (B.); καρπο-δαισται  (Gortyn) is rather from daioua with analogical -o-, like in δεδαισμένον, δαισθείς

    *ETYM Deverbative from ▶︎ δαίομαι (see Schwyzer: 736).

XXXXXδαίμων, -ονος [m., f.] 'godlike power, fate, god' (IL).

    <IE *deh,-(i-) 'cut, divide'>

    *DER Adjective δαιμόνιος 'belonging to a δαίμων᾽ (IL); on δαιμόνιε see Brunius-  Nilsson 1955; ntr. δαιμόνιον 'godlike power' (1A); δαιμονικός 'id? (Plu.); δαιμονιακός  'id' (PMag. Osl. 1, 143); δαιμονιώδης 'like a 5. (Ep. Jac. Procl.). Rare and late  δαιμονίς (Procl.) and δαιμόνισσα (PMag. Leid. W. 16, 48). On δαιμονή (Alcm. 69?)  see Schwyzer: 524. Denominative δαιμονάω 'be possessed by a 5.' (A.), δαιμονιάω  'id'? (Phid.), δαιμονητιᾷ: δαιμονίζεται. Κρῆτες H. after verbs of disease in -dw, -1dw  and -ητιάω (Schwyzer: 731f.); δαιμονίζομαι 'id.' (Philem.) with δαιμονισμός (Vett. Val.), 'become a god' (δ. Fr. 173, Η.); δαιμονιάζομαι = Saytowdw (pap.). Often as a  second member of compounds: bahuvrihi (Bapvu-, δυσ-); substantives (ἀγαθο-,  ἀνθρωπο-); see Frisk s.v.

    *ETYM The word is connected with ▶︎ δαίομαι as 'divider' (cf. von Wilamowitz 1931:  363); for the semantics, cf. OP baga-, OCS bogs 'god' beside Av. baga- 'part', Skt. bhdga- 'id', related to bhdjati 'divide' (the meaning has not developed from  'ZerreiBer, Fresser (der Leichen)'). See Nilsson 1941: 216ff. and (on its development  in modern languages) Chantraine CRAI 1954: 452-5.

XXXXXδαίομαι [v.] 'to divide', med. 'to feast' (IL).

    <IE *deh,-, *deh,-i- 'cut, divide'>

    *VAR δαίνυμι, aor. δαῖσαι, fut. δαίσω, δαισθείς.

    *DER Abstracta δαίς, -τός [f.] 'portion, meal' (Il.), compounds ἁβρό-, ὁμό-; δαίτη  'meal' (Il.); δαιτύς, -ὕος [f.] 'id' (X 496; Chantraine 1942: 96) with δαιτυμών, -όνος  [m.] 'guest' (Od.); δαιτυμονεύς (Nonn.); δαῖσις 'division (of property) (Gortyn) with  δαισάνη = πτισάνη (EM), δαίσιμον (-tov ΕΜ): ἐδώδιμον 'food' (H.); δαιθμός  'division, divided land' (inscr.). Nomen loci: δαιτήριον (EM). Agent noun: δαιτρός

===Pag_345: Beekes_Página_0345.tiff===

'divider, carver' (Od.) with δαιτροσύναι [pl.] 'the arts of the carver' (m 253); denominative δαιτρεύω 'to divide, carve' (Il.) with daitpeia (Hdn.); Aaitwp as a PN (© 275), συνδαίτωρ 'conviva' (A.); δαιτρόν 'part, portion' (A 262); daitng title of a priest (E. Fr. 472, 12), as a second member in Aayo-Saitag (A.). Isolated is δαιταλεύς 'banqueter' (A.), cf. δαιταλάομαι 'to banquet' and δαιταλουργία (Lyc.). An enlargement of δαίομαι is ▶︎ δαΐζω. See ▶︎ δαίμων.

    *ETYM δαίομαι (with analogical -t-) agrees morphologically with Skt. dayate 'divide'  < *dh,-eie-. Other forms of this Skt. root go back to *deh,- or *dh,, eg. da-ti 'to  mow, cut off, di-ti- 'dividing', d-yd-ti 'divide' < *dh,-ie-. Also connected is ▶︎ δῆμος  (Dor. δᾶμος). From Gm. and Arm., the word for 'time' has been connected: OE  ἤπια, ON timi 'hour, time', PGm. *ti-man- < *di-mon-; OHG ait 'time', Arm. ti 'old  age, time' < *di-t(i)-. Alb. daj 'divide, cut', aor. dava may be related, too. See LIV's.v. *dehi)- 'teilen'. Cf. ▶︎ Satéopat and ▶︎ δάπτω.

XXXXXδάϊος = drjioc.

XXXXXδαισάνη = πτισάνη (EM 264) 'peeled barley'. <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. See Fur.: 255, 337.

XXXXXδαΐφρων [adj.] 'artful, experienced'; 'brave' (II.) by secondary connection with ▶︎ dai 'in battle'. «IE *dens- 'high mind, power'> ,

    *ETYM Compound with ▶︎ φρήν (s.v.5 cf. d-@pwv); the first member is perhaps from  *dah--, related to Skt. das-rd- 'effecting miracles', with i and ro alternating as in  κυδι-άνειρα and κυδρός (Schwyzer: 447). Note that this would presuppose that *s > ἢ  in the Greek outcome of clusters *-ysV-. On ἀμφ᾽ Ὀδυσῆϊ δαΐφρονι daietat ἦτορ (a  48), see Risch 1947: 88.

XXXXXδαίω [v.] 'to kindle' (Il.). «1Ὲ *deh,u- 'burn'>

    *VAR intr. perf. δέδηα 'burn', ptc. δεδαυμένος (Semon. 30 B), δάηται (Y 316, Φ 375),  aor. δαῆναι, ἐκδαβῇ (= -Fii): ἐκκαυθῇ. Λάκωνες 'let it be burnt out, lit (Lacon.)' (H.).

    *COMP Compounds with ava- (A.), kata- (H.). θεσπι-δᾶές (πῦρ, M 177, etc.)  'flaming godlike' (rather to the aor. δαῆναι than to Sdoc?).

    *DER δάος [n.] (< *Sapfoc) 'torch' (Hom.) together with δᾶνός < *Sapeo-voc 'fit for a  torch, dry' (0 322, Ar. Pax 1134 [lyr.]). δᾶλός [m] 'firebrand' (Il) < *6apeddc (=  δαβελός: δαλός. Λάκωνες H.), δαελός (Sophr.); *dapoc: ᾿δαρελ-ός like νέφος: νεφέλ-  η; further δαῦλον: ἡμίφλεκτον ξύλον 'half-burnt wood' (H.). Diminutive δᾶλίον  (Ατ)); δᾶλός also = μελάνουρος ἰχθύς 'fish with a black tail' (H.), metaph. 'burnt out  = old man' (AP), with hypocoristic gemination δαλλώ- ἡ ἀπόπληκτος. οἱ δὲ τὴν  EEwpov παρθένον ἢ γυναῖκα Kai πρεσβυτέραν 'dumb woman; an over-aged maiden  or woman' (H.). δαΐς, -ido¢ [f.] 'torch' (IL, on Att. Sac, δᾳδός see below) < *darfic,  whence the diminutive Sadiov (Ar.); Sadic 'torch-festival' (Luc.), δάδινος 'ptng. to  the torch, made of pine-wood' (Gal.), δᾳδώδης 'resinous' (Thphr., Plut.), to δάς  'resin-glut', name of a disease in pines (Thphr.); daddopat 'become affected with  resin-glut' together with δάδωσις (Thphr.), see Strémberg 1937: 167. Compounded  δᾳδοῦχος 'holding a torch'. δαύακες: θυμάλωπες 'pieces of burning wood' (H.), cf. Bechtel 1921, 1 118, Grogelj Ziva Ant. 2 (1952): 206. δαερόν' μέλαν. καὶ τὸ καιόμενον

===Pag_346: Beekes_Página_0346.tiff=== XXXXXδάκρυ 299 'black; burning' (H.), perhaps also Emp. 90 for δαλερός. δαηρόν: θερμόν, καυματηρόν, λαμπρόν, προφανές 'warm, very hot, glowing, shining forth' (H.). δαηθμόν: ἐμπρησμόν 'burning' (H.), on the formation see Chantraine 1933: 137f; Latte (with Vo8) corrects it to δαιθμόν. ▶︎ δαῦκος - ὁ θρασύς, καὶ βοτάνη τις Κρητική 'bold; also a Cretan plant' (H.) is rather PG. Not here ▶︎ Sat 'in battle', because Myc. has no -w-.

    *ETYM As shown by δεδαυμένος, Saiw goes back to *5ar-pw. Att. δάς (δᾶις < *Saif-tc)  originates from a metathesized *daifw (cf. Cor. Aidaifwv). The perfect dé5na < *5é-  daf-a resembles Skt. du-dav-a (gramm.), to which the present du-nd-ti 'to burn' is  related (for *dundti, acc. to LIV? s.v. *deh,y- 'in Brand geraten'). Olr. ddim 'to burn'  and OHG zuscen 'id' may have to be connected as well. Cf. Peters 1980a: 37. See  ▶︎ δύη and ▶︎ δήϊος.

XXXXXδάκνω [v.] 'to bite', also 'to sting (of insects), wound' (1].).

    *VAR Aor. δακεῖν (IL), δῆξαι (Luc.); fut. δάξομαι (Hp.), δήξομαι (E.); perf. δέδηγμαι  (Ar.), SeSaypévoc (Pi.), δέδηχα (Babr.), dé5axa (AP); aor. pass. δηχθῆναι (S.),  δακῆναι (Aret.); vb.adj. ἄ-δηκτος (Hes., Hp.).

    *COMP Compounds with ἀμφι-, dva-, ἀντι-, etc. also θυμοδακής (Od.).

    *DER δάκος [n.] 'bite, stitch', often 'biting animal' (Pi.) = δακετόν (Ar., cf. ἑρπετόν),  δαγμός 'bite, stitch' (Κι), δάγμα 'id? (Nic.), δάκια: τὰ ἄγρια ὀρνιθάρια 'wild birds'  (H.); δάξ = ὀδάξ (Opp.) together with δαξ-ασμός = ὀδαγμός (Ti. Locr; after  μαρασμός, etc. see Chantraine 1933: 141f.). From 6nx-: δῆγμα 'bite, stitch' (A.),  δηγμός 'id' (Hp.), δῆξις 'id? (Hp.); δήκτης 'biter, biting' (E.) with δηκτήριος 'id.' (E.)  and δηκτικός (Arist.); δήξ, δηκός 'worm in wood' (Tz.) after σφήξ. δακνώδης 'biting,  stinging' (Hp.), δακνηρός 'id? (Phid., cf. ὀδυνηρός), δακνίς: ὀρνέου εἶδος 'kind of  bird' (H.), δακνᾶς 'biter' (Phryn.). Expressive δακνάζω (A.), δαγκάνω (Hdn.).

    *ETYM The aorist δακεῖν agrees morphologically with the Skt. present ddsati 'bites';  the perfect daddmsa and nouns like ddmsa- 'bite' show that the root was denk-. Therefore, 6nk- in δήξομαι, etc. is a secondary full grade of δακεῖν, after λήψομαι:  λαβεῖν. Probably we should connect ToB tsak*- 'bite' (Adams 1999 s.v.), whereas in  Gm. we find nouns like OHG zangar 'biting, sharp', ON tong 'tongs' (perhaps Alb. dané 'tongs' is related, too). Further forms in LIV? s.v. *denk- 'beifen'.

XXXXXδάκρυ [n.] 'tear, drop' (Il. also Peripl. M. Rubr. 30 = 'resin', cf. »BpdOv). «1Ὲ *drk- hy kru- 'eye-bitter' > 'tear'>

    *VAR Dat.pl. δάκρυσι; also δάκρυον [n.] (IL. from the plur. Saxpva).

    *COMP παρά-δακρυ plant name (Ps.-Dsc.); many bahuvrihis in -δακρυς.

    *DER Diminutive δακρύδιον as a plant name (Ps.-Dsc.); δακρυ-όεις 'rich in tears'  (11); δακρυώδης 'running' (of wounds, Hp.); denominative δακρύω 'weep (over)'  (1. with δάκρῦμα 'mourned for' (Orac. apud Hat. 7, 169), 'tear' (A.).

    *ETYM Old word for 'tear'. Also seen in Arm. artasu-k' [pl.] (< *draku-, see below),  sing. artawsr (< *draku-r); Gm., e.g. OHG zahar, Go. tagr; Celt. e.g. OBret. dacr,  Olr. dér < *dakr(o)-. In addition to these forms, there is also OHG trahan < PGm. *trahnu- < IE *draknu-. It has been supposed that earlier *drakru- gave these various  forms by dissimilation. But the eastern languages have similar words without initial

===Pag_347: Beekes_Página_0347.tiff===

consonants: Skt. ἀέτι-, Av. asrii-, Lith. αξαγὴὰ, ToA ἀκᾶν, ToB ακγῆπα [pl.] (see Pinault 1997: 219-233). To explain all different forms, Kortlandt AAL 6 (1985) assumes a compounded form *drk-h,kru 'eye-bitter', where the first element is from

    *DER k- 'to see' and the second element from 'bitter'. For Hitt. iShakru- [n.] 'tears',  Kortlandt (l.c.) reconstructs *sk'-h,kru (from *sek'- 'see'). A Hell. form ᾿δάκρῦμα is  often assumed to be the source of Lat. dacriima, lacrima, but see now the discussion  in De Vaan 2008 s.v. dacruma. δάκτυλος 1 [m.] 'finger' (also as a measure, etc.), 'toe' (IA). < PGP

    *VAR  Boeot. δακκύλιος (Tanagra).

    *COMP Compounds like τετραδάκτυλος 'four-fingered'; ῥοδοδάκτυλος 'rose-  fingered'.

    *DER Rare diminutives: daxtvAidtov (Ar.), δακτυλίσκος (Lebadeia), δακτυλίς (Steph. Med. Plin.); δακτύλιος [m.] (τον [n.]) '(finger)ring' (Sapph., Hdt.) with the  diminutive δακτυλίδιον (Delos III, pap.), also δακτυλίδριον, -idpvov (pap.,  dissimilated from -ὕδριον [Chantraine 1933: 72f.)), δακτύληθρον (Them, cf. Chantraine 1933: 373), δακτυλήθρα 'glove with fingers' (X., Chantraine l.c.). δακτυλῖτις plant name (Dsc.; after the root which is thick like a finger, Strémberg  1940: 37), δακτυλεύς name of a sea-fish (Ath.). Adjectives: δακτυλ-ιαῖος 'as thick as a  finger' (Hp.), δακτυλικός 'ptng. to the finger' (Ath.), δακτυλωτός 'with fingers'  (ion.). Denominative δακτυλίζω 'to count with the fingers, etc.' (H.) together with  δακτυλιστής (pap.), an unknown profession.

    *ETYM No etymology. Because Boeot. δακκύλιος can hardly have its -xx- from -xt-, it  is rather from Ἰδάτκυλος. A form *Satk-vA- looks perfectly Pre-Greek: cluster -Kt-    (< -tk-) and a suffix -vA-. Not connected to OHG zinko; the relation to Lat. digitus is  unclear.

XXXXXδάκτυλος 2 [m.] 'date', the fruit (Arist.).

    *ETYM From Semitic (Arab. dagal, etc.), reshaped to δάκτυλος by folk-etymology  because the leaf resembles a hand; see Lewy 1895: 2of.

XXXXXδαλάγχαν 'θάλασσα.

XXXXXδαλής [adj.] - μωρός 'dull (H.).

    *VAR δαλαῖς: oi ἀμαθεῖς 'those who are ignorant' (sch. Theocr. 9, 33e).

    *ETYM Fur.: 255 connects the word with ζαλαίνω: μωραίνω 'be dumb' (H.).

XXXXXδάλλει = SndEoptau. SGA 66 -οδαίω.

XXXXXδαμάζω --'δάμνημι.

XXXXXδαμάλης, -ov [m.] 'tamer', said of Eros (Anacr.), 'younger bull (still to be tamedy' (Arist.).

    <IE *demh,- 'tame'>

    *VAR  Fem. δάμαλις (A.); δαμάλη (E.) 'young cow'.

    *DER Diminutive δαμάλιον (pap.); δάμαλος 'calf? (Hdn.); denominative δαμαλίζω  'to tame' (Pi.). On Δάμαλις as a PN see Schmid Phil. 95 (1942): 118.

===Pag_348: Beekes_Página_0348.tiff=== XXXXX᾿δᾶνάκη 301

    *ETYM Connected to ▶︎ δάμνημι, δαμάσαι; see Chantraine 1933: 236f. Cf. WH s.v. damma 'buck, doe, ete.'.

XXXXXδάμαρ, -aptos [f.] 'wife' (11; on the meaning, see Gernet 1937: 393ff.).

    *VAR δόμορτις: γυνή 'woman' (H.; perhaps Aeol.).

    *DIAL Myc. da-ma-te, du-ma-te [dat.sg.] /damartei/, /dumartei/?

    *DER No derivatives.

    *ETYM Etymology unknown. Since Schulze KZ 28 (1887): 281f., it has been derived  from the word for 'house' (see δάπεδον, δεσπότης, and δόμος) and the root ἀρ- in  ἀραρίσκω with a dental suffix; likewis, δόμορ-τοις (Schwyzer: 451°). Others have seen  an old neuter in -p in δάμαρ; see Benveniste 1935: 30 and Lejeune 1972 $29*. Ruijgh  Lingua 51 (1980): 90 connects the word with ταμία, which might point to Pre-Greek  origin.

XXXXXδάμνημι [v.] 'to tame, subdue, conquer', especially of horses (Il.). 41 *demh, 'tame'>

    *VAR  Also pres. δαμνᾷ [355.] (for Aeol. δάμνᾶ, according to Schwyzer: 694), aor. δαμάσ(σλαι, intr. δαμῆναι, perf. δέδμιχιαι (all 1); to δαμάσ(σ)αι a new present  δαμάζω (A.), fut. δαμάσσω, 35g. δαμᾷ (IL), aor. pass. δαμα-σ-θῆναι (IL), also (after  δέδμημαι Ἵ have built') δμηθῆναι (Il.).

    *COMP Compounded with ὑπο-. As a first member in δάμν-ιππος (Orph.).

    *DER δμητήρ (ἵππων) 'tamer' (h. Hom., Alcm.), fem. δμήτειρα (IL), δμῆσις (ὑτπων)  'taming' (Il.); ἀ-δμής, -τος [f.m.] 'untamed, unmarried' (Od.), also ἄ-δμιγτος 'id?  il.) and ἀ-δάμα-σ-τος (IL), ἀ-δάμα-τος (trag.), δμᾶτέα (Dor.). Sapactéa (H.);  ▶︎ ἀδάμας, Isolated are δαμα- and δαμν- in: Δαμαῖος 'tamer', of Poseidon (Pi.),  dapdteipa (AP), παν-δαμάτωρ 'all-tamer' (11), late fem. πανδαμάτειρα; δάμασις and  δαμαστικός (sch.), δαμάστης ([Epich.] 301 [?], gloss.); δαμνῆτις: δαμάζουσα, τιμωρός  'avenging'; δάμνος: ἵππος. Τυρρηνοί (H.). δαμασώνιον and δαμναμένη plant names  (Dsc., Ps.-Dsc.; a love potion acc. to Strémberg 1940: 92). See further ▶︎ δαμάλης, Not  here ▶︎ δμώς.

    *ETYM The present δάμνημι, Aeol. δάμνᾶμι agrees morphologically with Olr. damnaim 'to bind, tame (horses) from *dm-n-eh.-mi, from a root *demh,- seen in  δαμά-σαι, where the expected ἴδεμα- was reshaped to δαμια-, partly after -δαμο- <  *dmh,-o-; the zero grade *dih,- is found in δμη-θῆναι (Dor. δμᾶ-). There are many  representatives in other IE languages, e.g. Hitt. damas-* 'he forces, urges'. Gr. παν-  δαμάτωρ, Lat. domitor, and Skt. damitar- may be independent parallel formations. As a second member in compounds, ἱππό-δαμος (Il.) is reminiscent of Skt. arim-dama- 'conquering the enemy' (though the latter rather reflects *domh,-o-);  (ἄ-)δμητος is from *dmh,-to- (Lat. domitus is an independent formation).

XXXXXδᾶνάκη [f.] name of a small Persian coin; ἐλέγετο δὲ καὶ ὁ τοῖς νεκροῖς διδόμενος ὀβολός 'an obol offered to corpses' (H., Call. Poll., ΕΜ).

    *ETYM From Persian, cf. MoP dana(k) 'quarter of a dram (drachmey. See Eilers Welt  des Orients 2 (1959): 333.

===Pag_349: Beekes_Página_0349.tiff===

XXXXXΔαναοί [m.pl.] 'Danaans', a Greek tribe (Argos), used by Homer as a general name for the Greeks. According to an ancient tradition, they took their name from king Danaos, who came from Egypt. < PG>

    *ETYM Kretschmer Glotta 24 (1936): 15ff. sees in the Danaoi the people of the  Scythian king Tanaus, who in the 15" c. came to Argos. Kretschmer also compared  the river namesTanais and Donau, and the Indo-Iranian ethnonym Danu-, etc. This  is untenable; the name is certainly Pre-Greek. A country Danaja (T/Dnjw), with a  city Mukana, is mentioned in inscriptions from Egypt, from Amenophis III (1390-  1352 BC) and earlier from Tuthmosis III (1437 BC); see DNP s.v. Danaos and Latacz  2001: 150-165.

XXXXXδα(ν)δαίνειν [v.] - ἀτενίζειν, φροντίζειν, μεριμνᾶν 'to look intently, consider, ponder' (ἢ...

    *ETYM δα(ν)δαίνω has nothing to do with ▶︎ δενδίλλω; it may be Pre-Greek (*da(n)-  dan-yw).

XXXXXδανδαλίδες -οδενδαλίς.

XXXXXδάνδαλος [m.] - ὁ ἐριθκαός, τὸ ὄρνεον 'robin, redbreast'.

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXδάνδηξ, -ηκος [m.] name of a big dog (Ps.-Callisth. 2, 33 cod. B).

    *ETYM Unknown. Cf. the other forms with -1x- in Pre-Greek.

XXXXXδάνος [ἡ.] 'gift' (Euph. 42), 'loan, debt' (Call. Epigr. 48). «Ἰεῦ *dh,-no- 'gift'>

    *DER δάνειον [n.] 'loan' (D.) with δανειακός (Cod. Just.), denominative δανείζω,  -opar 'loan, give credit' (Att., Hell. also daviw), from which δάνεισμα 'loan' (Th.),  δανεισμός 'loan, credit' (Att., Arist.) and δανειστής 'usurer, believer' (LXX,) with  δανειστικός (Thphr.). Unclear is δάνας: μερίδας. Καρύστιοι 'portion' (H.).

    *ETYM The suffix is just as in ἄφενος, κτῆνος, etc. Brugmann-Delbriick 1897-1916: 1,  256 connects it with ▶︎ δατέομαι, ie. IE *dh,-no-; cf. Skt. dind- 'divided'? Not directly    related to δίδωμι, as *dh,-no- would give *5ovoc. Alternatively, the word could be  foreign.

XXXXXδάξ -οδάκνω.

XXXXXδάξα [[1 - θάλασσα. Ἠπειρῶται 'sea (Epir.y (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXδάος > daiw.

XXXXXδαπάνη -οδάπτω.

XXXXXδάπεδον [n.] 'ground' (Od.). «Ἰε»

    *VAR ζάπεδον (Xenoph., Paros).

    *DER No derivatives.

    *ETYM Possibly a zero grade of *dem-, seen in δεσ-πότης and δόμ-ος (and δάμαρϑ),  compounded with πέδον. ON topt, (O)Sw. tomt 'building place' have been  compared, which would continue PGm. *tum-feti- (= *da-ne61-); further, can we

===Pag_350: Beekes_Página_0350.tiff=== XXXXXδάρδα 303 compare Lith. dim-stis 'court'? The form ζάπεδον is explained (see Frisk) as an inverted writing of δα- after the intensifying prefix Ca- / da-; this is hardly convincing. Cf. ▶︎ ζακόρος and perhaps ▶︎ ἀλλόδαπος. Same, -ίδος [f.] 'carpet, rug' (com.).

    *DER Diminutive δαπίδιον.

    *ETYM Giintert 1914: 151 assumed a folk-etymological reshaping of τάπις after  δάπεδον 'ground', but the word is rather a variant of ▶︎ τάπης.

XXXXXδάπτω [v.] 'to devour, consume' (I1.).

    *VAR Aor. δάψαι.

    *COMP Compounds with ἀπο-, dta-, κατα-, whence καταδαπάνῃ and καταδαπανάω  (Hdt,, X.).

    *DER δαπάνῃ 'cost, expenditure' (Hes. Op. 723; cf. σκάπτω : okandvn) with derivative  δαπάνυλλα (Corc.); δαπανηρός 'spendthrift' (Pl.) with Sanavnpia (Arist);  denominative danavaw 'spend, consume' (Hdt.) with δαπάνημα (X.), δαπάνησις  (Aristeas) and δαπανητικός 'consuming' (S.); δαπανητής EM; deverbal δάπανος =  δαπανηρός (Th.); isolated δαπανούμενα (Andania 15) as if from danavow or -éw. δάπτης 'eater' (Lyc.) from the present stem, unless = δάπ-της; from the aorist stem  δαψ- with a suffix -A-: δαψ-ιλής 'abundant' (Ion. Arist; δαψιλός Emp. may be older  acc. to Solmsen IF 31 (1912/13): 461.) together with δαψίλεια (Arist.) and  δαψιλεύομαι (LXX). See ▶︎ δαρδάπτω.

    *ETYM If δάπτω is formed from a root dan-, this may be compared with Lat. daps  (sacrificial) meal', and perhaps with the ToA pret. and subj. tap- 'eat', ToB tapp-  'consume' (?), although the Tocharian initial t- from *d- is problematic (Adams 1999  s.v.). Further connections have been proposed with Lat. damnum 'expenditure, loss'  and ON tafn 'sacrificial animal, meal', which could be from *dap-no-m, as well as  with Arm. tawn 'feast' (< *dap-ni-). Skt. dapayati 'divide' is a productive causative-  formation from da- 'divide', and is therefore not connected. In spite of the proposed  cognates, which do not convince on the semantic side, we may also consider Pre-  Greek origin for dan(r)-/ Say-, especially if it should be related with ▶︎ δεῖπνον (Fur.:  325). Lat. dapino is a loan from δαπανάω.

XXXXXδαράται [f-pl.] name of the kitchen, which is offered by a phratry at a matrimony (Delphi V-IVª). <?>

    *VAR Also δαρατος [m.] name of a Thessalian bread (Seleuc. apud Ath. 3, 114b). δαρατον [n.] (Coropa VI-Vª, not quite certain).

    *ETYM The comparisons with Skt. dé#rva- and MoDu. tarwe 'wheat' and MoE tare, or  that with Lith. dirva 'field, floor' (see Fraenkel 1955 s.v.), are very doubtful. See  Kalléris 1954: 147-151. DELG refers to δάρον (H.). Cf. ▶︎ δράμις.

XXXXXδάρδα [f.]? - μέλισσα 'bee' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Perhaps reduplicated: Skt. dardurd- 'frog, pipe', Lith. derdéti 'rasseln,  schwatzen' and Olr. dardaim 'to roar (of a deer) have been compared. See also  Belardi Doxa 3 (1950): 202 (Δάρδανοι, etc.). Fur. 391 considers the word as Pre-  Greek.

===Pag_351: Beekes_Página_0351.tiff===

XXXXXδαρδαίνει [v.] - μολύνει 'stains', ἀνεδάρδανε: ἀνεμόλυνε (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Specht KZ 66 (1939. 203f. unconvincingly analysed dap-6-aivw, -άνω,  connecting a word for 'excrement' seen in OE tord [n.] 'excrement', ON tordyfill  'dung-beetle', as well as in Latv. dirst 'cacare', Lith. dirsé 'back'. As this is mere  speculation, the etymology is still unknown. Cf. ▶︎ dapda.

XXXXXδαρδάπτω [v.] 'to devour' (Hom.). <?>

    *VAR Only present except δαρδάψῃ (Opp.), δαρδάψαι: ῥῆξαι, σπαράξαι 'break, tear'  (HL), δεδάρδαφε: καταβέβρωκε 'he eats up' (H.).

    *ETYM Intensive reduplicated formation with unclear -p-, perhaps connected to  δάπτω (Fur.: 326). See Frisk for older litt.

XXXXXδαρθάνω [v.] 'to fall asleep'.

    <IE *der- (?) 'sleep'>

    *VAR The simplex as a present only Hierocl. in CA; aor. ἕδραθον (v 143); mostly  Kata-dap8avw (Pl), also ἐγκατα-, ἐπικατα-, ovykata-, and ἀπο-, παρα-, aor. -δραθεῖν (Od.), -δαρθεῖν, perf. -δεδάρθηκα (Att.), later aor. -δαρθῆναι (see Schwyzer  759). Mostly as a suppletive aorist to the pres. [ka8-]evdw 'sleep',

    *DER No derivatives.

    *ETYM δαρθάνω bears a certain resemblance to Skt. drd-ti 'to sleep', Lat. dormié 'id',  CS drémati 'slumber' (from *drém-). Theoretically, the 6 could be a secondary  formant (cf. Benveniste 1935: 191 and Chantraine 1942: 329).

XXXXXδάρ[ε]ιρ [3] - τὸ ἀπὸ τοῦ μεγάλου δακτύλου ἐπὶ τὸν μικρὸν διάστημα 'the distance from the thumb up to the little [finger]'; also δάριν: σπιθαμήν. Ἀρκάδες 'span (Arcad.)' (H.). <¢>

    *ETYM DELG assumes rhotacism in the first gloss and thinks it is Laconian, and  borrowed from the Arcadian form. See ▶︎ δῶρον 2.

XXXXXδάρκα [9] kind of κασία (Dsc. 1, 13).

    *VAR Saxap (v.L).

    *DER δάρκανος = épvOpddavov (Ps.-Dsc. 3, 143); for the formation cf. ἄκανος,  papavos, etc. (Strémberg 1940: 144).

    *ETYM Unknown. The form δάρκανος might confirm the reading of the lemma. Is  the word Pre-Greek?    δάρκες -οδράσσομαι.

XXXXXδάρπη [f.] - capyavn, κόφινος 'basket' (H.).

    *ETYM Pur. 261 connects τάρπη and δάρπη and, further, σάρπους' κιβωτούς, Βιθυνοὶ  δὲ ξυλίνους οἰκίας 'boxes; wooden dwellings (Bith.) (H.) This proves Pre-Greek  origin. Note that the word is also attested in Anatolia (Bithynia). Older suggestions  (see Frisk; Giintert IF 45 (1927): 347: cross of ▶︎ τάρπη s.v. and *Sap@n = Skt. darbha-  'grass-bundle'; Bechtel 1921, 2: 289: 5- 'vulgar' for τ have therefore become  obsolete.

XXXXXδάς -οδαίω.

===Pag_352: Beekes_Página_0352.tiff=== XXXXXδατέομαι 305

XXXXXδάσκιλλος [m.] an unknown fish (Arist. HA ς91ᾶ 14: τέρπεται τῷ βορβόρῳ καὶ κόπρῳ ['it enjoys filth and excrement']). <?>

    *ETYM Wood AmJPh. 48 (1927): 303 derived it from δά-σκιος 'shadowy', which is a  mere guess.

XXXXXδασπλῆτις [f.] of unknown meaning; used of the Erinyes, Hekate, the Eumenids, etc. (0 234, Theoc.). «Ὁ ΑΚ Also δασπλής, - {toc [f.] (Simon. Euph, Nonn,; -ite as a msc.du. in Nic.),

XXXXXδασπλήτης [m.] (An. Ox.).

    *ETYM Unknown. The formation is like χερνῆτις, κυνηγέτις, etc. (Schwyzer: 451). There are several explanations. An analysis as δασ-πλῆτις looks nice formally, but a  connection with πλησίον, &-mAntoc, Dor. ἄ-πλᾶτος 'unapproachable', πλᾶτις  'spouse' (Bechtel 1914) seems strange. The first member must then be connected  either to δασύς (Osthoff MU 2 (1879): 46ff.), or to *da- 'house' in δά-πεδον. Differently, Solmsen RhM 60 (1905): 497ff.; Schwyzer: 451.

XXXXXδασύς [adj.] 'hairy'; 'aspirated' as a grammatical term (Od., IA). <?>

    *COMP Compounded with ἀμφί- (Hom.), év- (Dsc.), émi- (Thphr.), ὑπέρ- (X.), ὑπό-  (Dsc.).

    *DER δασύτης 'hairiness, aspiration' (Arist.), δάσος [n.] 'thicket, shagginess' (Men.),  δάσυμα eye-disease = τράχωμα (Sever. Med.; cf. Chantraine 1933: 186f.); δασυλλίς [f.]  hypocoristic of bears (EM 248, 55); Δασύλλιος epithet of Dionysus (Paus.; acc. to EM  le. παρὰ τὸ δασύνειν τὰς ἀμπέλους, 'because vine-branches are rough'). Denominative δασύνομαι, -w 'become, make hairy' (Ar.) with δασυντής, -τικός  'aspirating' (gramm.), δασυσμός (Dsc.). Note δασκόν: δασύ (H.); unless from  δάσκιον as per Latte. On ▶︎ δάσκιλλος, see s.v.

    *ETYM The old connection with Lat. dénsus depends on the development of -o- after  sonantic 4. Hitt. dassu- 'heavy, strong' used to be added here too, but it is now rather  connected with Gr. διδάσκω 'learn' by Kloekhorst 2008, who reconstructs *de/oNs-  u- (cf. also ▶︎ Saijvat). A pre-form *dntu- vel sim. was proposed because of PNs like  Delph. Aatug and Phth. Aatvov, but the -τυ- in these names cannot reconciled with  the -ov- in δασύς: the latter cannot reflect *-tu-.

XXXXXδατέομαι [v.] 'to divide' (Il.). «1 *dh,- 'divide'>

    *VAR Aor. δάσ(σλασθαι, perf. δέδασμαι; from the aor. the new present dacow (Call. Fr. anon. 145).

    *DIAL Myc. e-pi-de-da-to /epi-dedastoi/, e- pi-da-to /epi-dastos/.

    *COMP Compounds with dva- (ἀναδασμός 'redistribution'), ἀπο- (-δάσιμος,  -Saopdc), Sta-, ἐν-, KATA-, TIOT-.

    *DER δατητής 'divider (A.), δατήριος 'dividing' (A. Th. 711; haplological for  "δατητήριος), δάτησις (Poll.). δασμός 'distribution, tribute' (Il) < "δατ-σμός,  δάσμευσις 'distribution' (X.), δάσματα' μερίσματα 'parts' (H.); δαστήρ name of an  official (Aetol.). Lengthened present δατύσσειν' λαφύσσειν, ἐσθίειν 'to lap, eat' (H.),  iterative preterite δασάσκετο (I 333).

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    *ETYM No exact parallel. The verb contains the zero grade δᾶ- < *dh,- of the root of  > δῆμος, δᾶμος, and »δαίομαι. For the present formation, cf. πατέομαι and  Schwyzer: 7osf. and 676.

XXXXXδαῦκος [m.] name of several Umbellates (Athamanta Cretensis, Peucedanum Cervaria, Daucus Carota; Hp., Dsc., H.; see Andrews Class. Phil. 44 (1949): 185).

    *VAR Also δαῦκον (Thphr.), δαύκειον (Nic.), δαυκίον (Gp.); also δαῦχος (below),  δαυχμός Cretensis' (Nic.), see also on ▶︎ δάφνη 'laurel'.

    *DER δαυχκίτης (οἶνος), see Redard 1949: 96.

    *ETYM The plants are characterized by their sharp smell and the bitter, burning taste  of the root, such that a connection with δαίω 'kindle, burn' has been proposed; see  Frisk for older lit, where the scholia to Nic. Th. 94 on δαυχμός (v.l. δαῦκος) are  mentioned: Πλούταρχος πλείονα μέν φησι γένη τῆς βοτάνης εἶναι, τὸ δὲ κοινὸν τῆς  δυνάμεως ἰδίωμα δριμὺ καὶ πυρῶδες 'Pl. says that there is more than one species of  the plant, the common peculiarity of the meaning being 'sharp and fiery'. However,  the name of the Daukos plants rather derives from their gummy sap, which is  collected from certain species and which burns with a bright flame; cf. Savypdov-  εὔκαυστον ξύλον δάφνης 'well-burning wood of the laurel'. Note the form καῦκον in  Ps.-Dsc. 2, 139, which was influenced by κάω, καῦσαι. Mediterranean origin is quite  possible. Under ▶︎ δάφνη, it is argued that this is one and the same word; in addition,  δαῦκος and δαῦχος are actually identical, too: δαύκου: τὸ μέντοι δαύκου καὶ davyou  γράφεται, ἐπὶ τινων δὲ καὶ γλύκου H.).

XXXXXδαυλός [adj.] 'thick, shaggy' (A.). <?/PG> 'ΝΑΙ δαῦλος (Paus. Gr.).

    *COMP ἔνδαυλον' Loy<p>adec, δασύ 'overgrown with bushes, rough' (H.).

    *DER Aavaic in Phocis?

    *ETYM Cf. the antonyms ψωλός, ψιλός for the suffix (Chantraine 1933: 238). Direct  connection with δασύς is impossible. If a suffix -r- is assumed for ▶︎ δασύς, then  δαυλός < *dysu-lo- could remain with Lat. dénsus.

XXXXXδαύω [v.] 'to sleep' (Sapph. 83), ἔδαυσεν- ἐκοιμήθη 'he fell asleep'; ἀδαύως: ἐγριγγόρως 'awake' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Improbably, Giintert 1914: 163. No better is the hypothesis of Bechtel 1921, 1:  118 (that the word is related to Skt. dosa- 'evening'). See under ▶︎ δείελος,

XXXXXδάφνη [f.] 'laurel' (Od.). 'ΑΚ Variants: λάφνη: δάφνη. Περγαῖοι CH.) and δαύχνα (Thess., Cypr.) with Aavyvaiog (Aetol.); also δαυχμός 'Cretensis' (Nic., H.; see datos).

    *DER δαφνίς 'laurel' (Hp, cf. κεδρίς and Chantraine 1933: 343), dagvwv 'laurel wood'  (Str.), δαφνῖτις 'Kassia of laurel, etc' (Dsc.), -ίτης (οἶνος, Gp.), epithet of Apollo in  Syracuse (H., EM). Adjectives: δαφνώδης 'laurel-like' (E.), δάφνινος 'from laurel'  (Thphr.), δαφνιακός (AP), δαφνήεις 'rich in laurels' (Nonn.), δαφναῖος 'belonging to  the laurel' (Nonn.), also an epithet of Apollo (AP, Nonn.), Aapvaia epithet of

===Pag_354: Beekes_Página_0354.tiff=== XXXXXδέελος 3207 Artemis in Sparta (Paus.), also Δαφνία (Olympia, Str.). Δάφνις [m.] PN, Δαφνοῦς TN.

    *ETYM While it is obviously in some fashion related to Lat. laurus, δάφνη is a  typically Pre-Greek word that showing several types of variation. The variants dag-  v- or Savk/x-(v/1)- can be explained by assuming a proto-form *dak'-(n)- (note that  there is no *Aavg-, see Pre-Greek Β 1). Thus, δαφν- and Savk/y-v/t- were one and  the same word originally.

XXXXXδαφοινός = da- and φοινός.

XXXXXδαψιλής '''δάπτω.

XXXXXδέ [pcl.] adversative and copulative: 'but, and' (Il.)

    *VAR Myc. -de, e.g. da-mo-de /damos de/ 'but the people'.

    *ETYM Probably from ▶︎ δή by means of vowel reduction, following the functional  bleaching, as per Leumann Mus. Helv. 6 (1949): 85ff. Because of Myc. -de, the  connection as *g'e with OCS ze 'dé' (as defended by e.g. Delbriick 1893-1900(2):  502ff.) is impossible. -5e [postp.] local (deictic) postposition governing the accusative of direction,  originally accentuated δέ (A. D. Adv. 179, 5; 181,13, Hdn. 1, 498), later enclitic as  opposed to δέ 'but' (II.). 41Ε *de deictic pcl.>

    *DIAL Myc. ku-do-ni-ja-de /Kudonijan-de/; a-mo-te-jo-na-de /harmoteiOna-de/ 'to  the wheelwright'

    *ETYM Identical with (ablauting) OCS do 'towards', Gm., e.g. OE to, OHG zuo 'to'  (IE *d6); further, Lat. in-de and en-do, indu. The deictic function of -δε is also  observed in ὅ-δε, etc. See also ▶︎ δεῦρο.

XXXXXδέατο [v.] 'seemed', isolated imperfect 3sg. (ζ 242).

    <IE *deih,- 'shine'>

    *VAR Besides δεάμην: ἐδοκίμαζον, ἐδόξαζον 'I approved, supposed' and déatar-  φαίνεται, δοκεῖ 'it appears, seems' (H.); Arcadian subj. δεατοι and (aor.) δεα[ση]τοι. Here perhaps also the aorist δοάσσατο 'seemed', subj. δοάσσεται (Hom.) for  *Sedooato, -etat after ἔδοξε 'he expected' (Wackernagel 1916: 61f.), but cf. τροχάζω  'Trun quickly' from τρέχω 'I run'; see Ruijgh 1957: 130.

    *ETYM The disyllabic root *deih,- is continued in 6é4-to and in the adjective ▶︎ δῆλος  < *déa-hoc. There has been some debate on whether, in *-ViHC-, the laryngeal  assimilated to the yod or not (cf. the thematic optative in -o1-). If so, then our form  may continue a thematic verb in *deih,-e-to. Sanskrit has di-de-ti 'shines', ipv. di-di-  hi. See ▶︎ δῖος,» Ζεύς, ▶︎ δέελος.

XXXXXδέδαε ⟹ δαῆναι.

XXXXXδέδια

    *VAR Also δεδίσκομαι, δεδίττομαι. = δείδω.

XXXXXδέελος [m.] 'binding'(?), only K 466. «1Ὲ *deh, 'bind'>

    *VAR δέελος: δεσμός, ἅμμα 'band, bond' (H.).

    *ETYM Although δέελος has traditionally been identified with the adjective δῆλος  'clear', even since the ancient grammarians, Ruijgh Lingua 25 (1970): 319 (see

===Pag_355: Beekes_Página_0355.tiff===

▶︎ δῆλος) has convincingly argued that this is wrong. According to him, it is rather a noun in the passage of the Iliad. δέελος is derived from δέω 'to bind' with the suffix -eho-; its meaning could have been 'tie' (cf. the gloss by H.; for another, less plausible option, see Ruijgh l.c.). Sei = δέω 2, δέομαι.

XXXXXδειδίσκομαι [v.] 'to greet, welcome' (Hom.).

    <IE [188] *deik- 'show'>

    *VAR δειδέχαται, -το, δεικ-νύ-μενος, δεικ-ανόωντο and δε()-δισκ-όμενος.

    *ETYM These forms were corrected into *5ndéxatau, etc. by Wackernagel ΒΒ 4 (1878):  268ff., who connected them with Skt. dasnoti and wanted to restore the (supposed)  intensive reduplication in the Greek form (see Beekes 1969: 114). On the use of the  different forms, see Tichy Glotta 54 (1976): 71-84. Forssman Sprache 24 (1978): 3-24  showed that det-, consistently found in the texts, is the correct reading. The form δει-  dex- is the most difficult and replaces δει-δικ- (Forssman §31). The other forms  replace ἔδει-δικ-; the original meaning was 'to show'. Cf. also ▶︎ δηδέχαται.

XXXXXδείδω [v.] 'to fear' (IL). «1Ὲ *duei- 'fear'>

    *VAR Old perfect continuing *5é-5fot-a; plur. δείδιμεν < "δέ-δει-μεν, with a new  sing. δείδια (IL), Att. δέδιμεν, δέδια; new perfect Hom. δείδοικα, Att. δέδοικα < "δέ-  δροι-κα (doubtful is δεδροικώς [for δεδροι-]- <de>domcwc H.?), with a new present  δεδοίκω, fut. δεδοικήσω (Sicily); sigmatic aorist δεῖσαι (1].) < "δρεῖ-σαι (ἔδδεισε < "ἔ-  dpei-ce), them. root aor. in περὶ γὰρ die (E 566, etc.) and δίον (X 251) < "δρί-ε, -ον  (11); see on ▶︎ δίεμαι; fut. δείσομαι (l.).

    *DER To δείδω: δειδ-ήμων (Γ 56, Nonn.) after the adjectives in -ἥμων (δαή-μων, etc.). To δεῖσαι: δεισίλος: δειλός 'wretched' (H.); to δέδοικα: δεδείκελον: dei φοβούμενον,  δειλόν 'frightened all the time' (H.) Expressive deverbative δειδίσσομαι (epic), Att. δεδίττομαι, aor. δειδίξασθαι, δεδίξασθαι 'be frightened', first < ἐδεδεικιομαι, unless  analogical after the verbs in *-({)oow. Innovation after the ox-verbs δεδίσκομαι (Ar.). Cf. also ▶︎ δέος, ▶︎ δεῖμα, ▶︎ δειλός, ▶︎ δεινός.

    *ETYM δείδω is related to Av. duuaé9d 'threat', and, with an s-extension, Skt. dvésti  'hate'. Possibly, Lat. dirus 'fearful' is to be connected (if a dialectal form from *duei-  ro- or *dyeis-o-; cf. De Vaan 2008). Further related to ▶︎ δίς 'twice', ▶︎ δύω 1 'two'; see  Benveniste Word 10 (1954): 254f. The comparison with Arm. erknc'im, etc. 'to fear' is  rejected by Kortlandt AAL 10 (1989): 43-52.

XXXXXδείελος [adj.] 'of the afternoon, of the evening', [m_] 'evening' (Od.). <?> ΑΚ -6v Hdn. Also δείελον [n.] 'evening meal' (Call.); denominative δειελιήσας 'after the evening meal' (p 599; after ἑστιήσας).

    *DER δείλη [f.] 'afternoon, evening' (also ® 11, unless to be read δειέλη, Wackernagel  1916: 166; Hdt.) with δειλινός (LXX), δειελινός (Theoc.). Doubtful denominative  δείλετο (η 289; read by Aristarchus for δύσετο); see Schwyzer 722f. Uncertain  εὔδειλος (Alc. POxy. 2165 I 3), of λόφος; see Gentili Maia 3 (1950): 255f. Cf. εὐδείελος.

===Pag_356: Beekes_Página_0356.tiff=== XXXXXδεῖμα 309

    *ETYM The word is not related to Skt. ἀοςᾶ- 'evening', etc., nor to δῆλος. Ruijgh  Lingua 25 (1970): 319 argues that δείελος must be connected with Myc. e-u-de-we-ro  /eu-deiwelos/.

XXXXXδεικανόωντο = δηδέχαται.

XXXXXδείκνυμι [v.] 'to show' (IL). «1Ὲ *deik- 'show'> VaR Also them. δεικνύω; Ion. δέκνυμι, Cret. δίκνυτι, aor. δεῖξαι.

    *COMP Often with prefix: ἀπο-, év-, ἐπι-, κατα-, παραδείιενυμι, etc.

    *DER δεῖξις, frequent compounds ἀπό-, év-, ἐπί-δειξις, etc. (1A); δεῖγμα 'proof,  παρά-, ἔν-, éni-Serypia, etc. (1A), with napa-derypatixds, δειγματίζω, δειγματισμός,  etc. (Arist.). Agent nouns: δείκτης, év-, προ-δείκτης, etc. (Hell.) with δεικτικός, ἀπο-,  ἐν-δεικτικός, etc. (Att. Arist.). Nomen loci: δεικτήριον 'scene' (pap., EM) with δεικτηριάς [f.] 'mime' (Plb.). Isolated δείκηλον '(mimic) performance, picture,  sculpture' (Hdt; see Chantraine 1933: 242, Schwyzer: 484) with δεικηλίκτᾶς (Dor.)  'actor, ὑποκριτής᾽ (Plu.); also δείκελον (Democr.) and δείκανον (EM). See on ▶︎ δίκη.

    *ETYM With the exception of Cret. δίκνυτι and the noun δίκη, the Greek vv-present  with secondary full grade has ousted all other ablaut forms. Outside Greek, we find  thematic presents, e.g. Lat. dicd (old deic6) 'speak', Go. ga-teihan 'show, make clear',  OHG zihan, MoHG zeihen 'accuse', Skt. disdti 'show, demonstrate'. Other  formations are the Sanskrit intensive dédiste, the Iranian yod-present Av. disiieiti  'show', and deverbatives as Lat. dicadre, OHG zeigén 'show'. Cf. in general Gonda  1929. Hitt. tekkussiie/a-' 'to show' is not related (see Kloekhorst 2008). See also  ▶︎ δηδέχαται.

XXXXXδείλη

    *VAR Also δείλετο. = δείελος.

XXXXXδειλός [adj.] 'cowardly, miserable' (Π.).

    *COMP ἄ-, θρασύ-, πάν-, περί-.

    *DER δειλία 'cowardice, uselessness' (IA) with δειλιάω 'fear' (LXX), ἀπο-δειλιάω (PL)  and (ἀπο-)δειλίασις (Plb.); δειλότης (H.) and denominative δειλαίνω 'be fearful  (Arist.), δειλόομαι (5. Ichn. 150%, LXX); δειλιαίνω 'make fearful' (LXX). Expressive  δείλαιος 'wretched' (Emp.), δειλαιότης (sch.); δείλακρος (Ar; Frisk 1934: 63f.),  δειλακρίων (Ar.), δειλακρίνας (EM).

    *ETYM Usually analyzed as "δρει-λός or "δεει-ελός, a stem in -λο- beside "δρεῖος >  δέος, comparable to the pair νεφέλη: νέφος. However, Kuiper Glotta 75 (1999): 63-67  finds the meaning 'cowardly' only in N 278; elsewhere in Homer, it means 'vile,  worthless, miserable, wretched'. Moreover, the initial 6- does not make position, and  out of 36 instances, δειλός is never found in hexameter-initial position, which shows  that it was probably *SeeAdc. Therefore, he prefers a connection with Skt. dind-  'weak, minor, miserable' < *dih,no-; δειλός then reflects *deih,-(e)lo-.

XXXXXδεῖμα [n.] 'fear' (Il.). <1 *duei- 'fear'>

    *DER δειμαλέος 'timid' ([Arist.] Phgn. Mosch,; cf. θαρσαλέος, σμερδαλέος, etc.),  δειματόεις (AP), δειματηρός (A. D.), δειματώδης (Aret.), Δειματίας epithet of Zeus  (Ὁ. H.), Δείμας PN (cf. Schwyzer: 526). Denominative δειμαίνω 'be afraid' (h. Ap.),

===Pag_357: Beekes_Página_0357.tiff===

δειματόομαι, -dw 'to get, make frightened' (Hdt.) with δειμάτωσις. Often personified as Δεῖμος 'Fear' (11.

    *ETYM From "δρεῖ-μα, related to ▶︎ δείδω.

XXXXXδεῖνα, ὁ (ἡ, τό) [?] 'Ν. N., mr. so-and-so' (Att.). <?>

    *VAR τοῦ δεῖνος, οἱ Seivec, etc. sometimes indecl. τοῦ δεῖνα (more forms in  Schwyzer: 612), always with the article.

    *ETYM Unknown. The explanation from plur. "τάδε ἕνα (cf. ἐκεῖνος) 'this (and) that'  > *tadeiva, with analogical ὁ δεῖνα, has now been abandoned: the singular forms are  much more common than the plural forms. Biraud 1994: 57-69 proposes that it  consists of *de (proximate deixis) + pronominal *en- (with distant deixis) and final  adverbial —a, lit. 'Mister-this-or-that-way'.

XXXXXδεινός [adj.] 'fearful, terrible', also 'awesome, strong, extraordinary', etc. (IL.).

    <IE  *duei-no- 'fearful>

    *COMP πάν-, περί-, ὑπέρ-.

    *DER δεινότης (Att.), especially as a rhetorical term. Denominative δεινόω 'to  exaggerate, magnify' (Th.), together with δείνωσις (Ρ].) with δεινωτικός (Corn.) and  δείνωμα (Phld.); δεινάζω 'to be in fear' (LXX). PN Δεξνίας (Cor.). Expressive  Aetvaxov (inser; Schwyzer: 417).

    *ETYM From ἔδρει-νός, related to ▶︎ δείδω. The pair κλεινός (< *kAefed-vdc): ἀ-  κλε(Ε)ής enables an alternative analysis of δεινός beside "ἀ-δρειής (> ἀ-δεής):  namely, from a basis *5feteo-voc, with early contraction.

XXXXXδεῖπνον [n.] 'meal' (IL).

    *COMP With -δεῖπνον as a second member: 1. substantives ἀριστό-, λογό-, ψευδό-; 2. Bahuvrihis in -δειπνος like ἄ-, obv-, φιλό-. As a first member: δείπνηστος (-ός), scil. καιρός 'time for eating' (p 170), from δεῖπνον and é6- 'eat' (with compositional  lengthening), with to- as in δορπηστός (sv. »dépnov) and ▶︎ ἄριστον; also  δειπνηστύς 'id' (H.).

    *DER Diminutive δειπνίον (Ar.), δειπνάριον (Diph., AP). δειπνῖτις (στολή) 'cloth for  meal' (Ὁ. C.). δειπνοσύνη = δεῖπνον (Matro; parodizing); Δειπνεύς [m.] a hero in  Achaia (Ath.). Denominative demvéw 'to have deinvov' (IL), whence δειπνητής  'guest' (Plb.) with δειπνητικός (Ar.) and δειπνητήριον 'dining roony (J.). δειπνίζω 'to  entertain (a guest) (Od.) with δειπνιστήριον 'dining room' (Mantinea I*); on  δειπνέω and δειπνίζω see Schwyzer: 736.

    *ETYM No etymology; perhaps of Pre-Greek origin. Fur.: 339 assumes that it derives  from *dautvov and compares ▶︎ δάπτω, Lat. daps, damnum, εἴς.

XXXXXδειράς, -άδος [f.] 'height, mountain ridge' (h. Ap.). The exact mg. is uncertain; see DELG.

    *DIAL Cret. δηράς.

    *COMP As a second member in ὑψί-δειρος.

    *DER Without suffix (or from δειρή; see below): δειραῖος 'hilly' (Lyc.). Also δεῖρος:  λόφος. καὶ ἀνάντης τόπος 'ridge; steep place' (H.); derived from byi-Seipoc?

===Pag_358: Beekes_Página_0358.tiff===

-δέκα 311

    *ETYM On the assumption that δειράς goes back to "δερσάς, it was connected with  Skt. drsdd- 'rock, millstone', but this etymology must be abandoned because *-ad- is  not an IE suffix (Mayrhofer EWAia 1: 74if.). Alternatively, Ehrlich KZ 39 (1906):  569f. posited a pre-form *g'erio-, relating it to ▶︎ βορέας, etc. (s.v.; also Forbes Glotta  36 (1958): 248). However, Miller Glotta 54 (1976): 159ff. showed that the Attic word is  epic, and probably Homeric in origin, so that it can reflect Sepf-ad- (which also  matches Cret. διηράς), which makes a connection with Att. Sépn 'neck, ridge'  possible (for the semantics, cf. the gloss δεῖρος: «λόφος H.). Although there are no  other indications, the suffix may point to Pre-Greek origin. See ▶︎ δέρη.

XXXXXδειρή = δέρῃ.

XXXXXδειριᾶν [v.] - λοιδορεῖσθαι. Λάκωνες 'to abuse [Lacon.]'; δειρεῖοι: λοίδοροι 'railers'. οἱ αὐτοί; δερίαι: λοιδορίαι 'reproaches' (H.; Bechtel 1921, 2: 370 corrects into δεριᾶν, δεριαῖοι.; van Herwerden 1910: 192 into δηριῆν, etc.). <?>

    *ETYM Bezzenberger BB 16 (1890): 248 and Zupitza 1896: 78 have implausibly  suggested connections with Skt. jdrate 'crackles, roars, sounds', OHG queran 'tipple',  etc; so far, the word remains without etymology. See also ▶︎ λοιδορέω.

XXXXXδεῖσα [f.] 'slime, filth' (pap. II', Suid., EM), δείσ-οζος 'having a bad smell' (AP). <?>

    *COMP Compound ἄδειος: ἀκάθαρτος. Κύπριοι 'filthy (Cypr.Y (H.) with loss of -o-,  as is regular in Cypr.

    *DER δεισαλέος (Clem. Al, Suid, H.), δεισαλία = ἀκαθαρσία (Thd, H.); cf. Debrunner IF 23 (1908-1909): 23f. and 38.

    *ETYM Unknown. Solmsen 1909: 236f. connects the word with OCS zidoko 'succosus,  ὑδαρός᾽ and Ru. Zidkij 'thin, fluid, slim'. See also Lasso de la Vega Emerita 22 (1954):  89.

XXXXXδεισίας [acc.plf.] κρεῶν 'of meat' (IG 2', 1356 [Attica ΓΝ). «ἡ

    *VAR Also δεισιάδα: τὴν μοῖραν 'lot', οἱ δὲ διμοιρίαν 'double share' (H.), cf. διχάς  'half, μονάς 'unit', etc. (Chantraine 1933: 358).

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXδέκα [num] 'ten' (IL). <1E *dekm 'ten'>

    *COMP 'eleven', 'twelve': év-, δώ-, also Suw-, δυό-.

    *DER Inherited (see below) δέκατος (Arc. Lesb. δέκοτος, cf. Arc. Sumdexo) 'tenth';  fem. δεκάτη (sc. μερίς) 'the tenth' (14) with δεκατεύω 'to exact tithe' (IA), with  δεκάτευμα (Call.), δεκάτευσις (Ὁ. H.), dexateia (Plu.), δεκατευτής (Harp.) and  δεκατευτήριον 'custom house' (X.); rare Sexatéw 'id' (Ep. Hebr.); δεκατός  'sentenced to a fine of one tenth of one's property' (Cyren.), haplological for  dexa[tw]tdc or δεκα[τευ]τός; δεκάτη (scil. ἡμέρα) 'the tenth day of the month or  after the birth of a child, when the name was given' (IA) with δεκαταῖος (Ρ].) and  dexatiotai (Bithynia; see Chantraine 1933: 318f.). δεκάς, -d5o¢ [f.] 'decade, group of  ten, especially soldiers', δεκαδεύς 'member of a decade' (X.) also 'president of a  college of ten men' (Troezen), δεκαδικός (Herm. Alex. in Phdr.), δεκαδιστής, -ἰστρια  (Delos) = δεκατιστής; Thphr. Char. 27, 1. δεκανός 'decurio, surveyor' with dexavia,  dexavixds (pap. cf. Mayser 1906-1938, I: 3: 88), Macedonian (von Wilamowitz 1932:

===Pag_359: Beekes_Página_0359.tiff===

401²). Isolated denominative ▶︎ δεκάζω 'to bribe (the judges) (Att.) whence δεκασμός (Ὁ. H.). Uncertain OAtt. δεκᾶν (IG 1', 919).

    *ETYM Gr. δέκα, Lat. decem, Skt. désa, Go. taihun, etc. derive from IE *dékm. Besides  this, there is a collective formation in -t- (Sommer 1950: 21'; also on δεκάκις, -1v),  seen in Skt. dasat, Lith. désimt, OCS deseto, and Alb. dhjeté 'ten', as well as in the  ordinals δέκατος, Lith. desimmtas, OCS desetv, Go. taihunda, etc., IE *dékmto-. Lat. decimus, Olr. dechmad, and Skt. dasamdé-, however, derive from *dekmHo-. The  collective δεκάς is a Greek innovation: on the suffix (= Hitt. -ant/d- ) see Sommer  MSS 4 (1954): 1ff. See also ▶︎ εἴκοσι and ▶︎ ἑκατόν.

XXXXXδεκάζω [v.] 'to bribe (a judgey (Ὁ. H.). «6»

    *ETYM From δέκομαι, in the sense 'to make accept'? See Oldfather in PW 13: 2398 and  Szemerenyi 1964: 126-8.

XXXXXδέκομαι = δέχομαι.

XXXXXδεκτή [f.] - χλαῖνα, χλανίς 'upper-garment' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. von Blumenthal 1930: 25' implausibly assumed dissimilation of  *texti, which would then be related to Lat. tegé, toga.

XXXXXδέλεαρ, -ατος [n.] 'decoy, bait' (IA).

    <IE? *g'elh,-ur>

    *VAR Plur. SeiAata, also δέλευρα (see below).

    *DER Denominative δελεάζω 'entice' (IA) with δελέασμα (Ar.), δελεασμάτιον  (Philox.), δελεασμός (Arist.) and the instrument names deAedotpa 'baited trap'  (Cratin.), δελέαστρον 'id.' (Nicoph.); with δελαστρεύς 'fisher with baited trap' (Nic;  metri causa for ἴδελεα-, see BoShardt 1942: 68). With the same mg. δείλατα [pl.]  (Call. Fr. 458), δελήτιον (Sophr,; δελῆτι: δελέατι H.), δέλετρον (Numen. apud Ath.,  Opp, after the instr. names in -tpov), δέλος (PMagPar. 1, 939, Eust.; innovated after  the neuters in -oc).

    *ETYM The plural δέλευρα (Ath.) suggests that δέλεαρ goes back to an original r/n-  stem *5éAe-Fap; cf. the plur. ἄλευρα to "ἄλε-Εαρ. The root form δελε- also occurs in  δελήτιον < ᾿δελεάτιον and in recent SéAetpov (see Chantraine 1933: 332f.). Late  deiAata, the only deviating form, may derive from *5éA-fata. Besides SeAe-, we find  the root form BAn in βλῆρ (Alc.), from *BAi-(F)ap or *BAE-(F)ap. The pair βλῆρ ~  δέλεαρ points to *g'(e)\lh,-ur with initial *g'-, but further cognates are unknown. Any connection with ▶︎ βιβρώσκω (s.v. allegedly with p > A dissimalation) can be  excluded because that word has a root-final h, instead. Hardly better is the  suggestion to connect Arm. klanem, aor. ekul 'to devour', Ru. glotdt' 'to swallow', Lat. gula, gluttio 'to devour'. On the basis of the similarity in form, one e might consider a  connection with ▶︎ βάλλω instead (p.c. M. de Vaan).

XXXXXδέλετρον 1 = δέλεαρ.

XXXXXδέλετρον 2 [n.] 'torch' (Timach. apud Ath. 15, 699e, H.). <?>

    *ETYM Osthoff ZONF 13 (1937): 6 connects the word with Skt. jvdlati 'to burn fiercely,  blaze'; this is correctly rejected by Hofmann (ibid.).

XXXXXδελκανός [m.] an unknown fish (Euthyd. apud Ath. 3, 118b).

===Pag_360: Beekes_Página_0360.tiff=== XXXXXδελφίς, -ivoc 313

    *ETYM From the river Δέλκωνξ Cf. Δέλκος: λίμνη ἰχθυοφόρος περὶ τὴν Θράκην 'a  creek rich in fish around Thracia' (H.); cf. Stromberg 1943: 85.

XXXXXδέλλιθες [f.] - σφῆκες, ἢ ζῷον ὅμοιον μελίσσῃ 'wasps, or an animal similar to a bee' (H., Hdn. Gr. 1, 89).

    *DER δελλίθια: ἀνθρήνια. οἱ δὲ κηρία 'wasp's nests; others honeycombs' (H.).

    *ETYM The formation is reminiscent of dpvi-@ec. There seem no reason to connect it  with ▶︎ βελόνη. The geminate AA could continue a phoneme P, in which case the  word would be Pre-Greek. Forms from Lower Italy are mentioned in Rohlfs 1930:  520.

XXXXXδέλτα [n.]} 'the letter delta, delta of a river'. «LW Sem.>

    *VAR Gen. δέλτατος Democr. 20; further uninflected.

    *DER δελτωτός 'formed like the δέλτα᾽ (Arat., Eratosth.).

    *ETYM From Semitic; cf. Hebr. déleth, properly 'gate'; see Schwyzer: 140 y. δέλτος [f.] 'writing tablet' (LA). «τὴν Sem.>

    *DIAL Cypr. δάλτος.

    *DER SeAtiov (Hdt.), δελτάριον (Plb.). Denominative δελτόομαι 'write on a tablet'  (A. Supp. 179). See ▶︎ adeaA twhate.

    *ETYM Note that βύβλος 'papyrus' is also fem. (Schwyzer 1950: 34*). The old idea to  connect δαιδάλλω, Lat. doladre (and even e.g. OHG zelt 'tent' < PGm. *teldd- [n.]),  which takes Cypr. ddA toc as an old zero grade variant, is obsolete; the difference in  meaning is too large. Semitic origin is mostly accepted now (Lewy 1895: 171, E. Masson 1967: 61-65). The Cypriot form confirms this. Hebr. has delet 'gate', plur. 'columns of writing', as well as 'tablet' (Lachish); cf. also Ugar. and Phoen. dit. Were  δάλκιον- πινάκιον, οἷον γραμματίδιον both 'small tablet' (H.) formed after mvaxov?  Latte corrects it to δάλτιον, which is better.

XXXXXδέλφαξ, -axos [f.] ([m.]) 'mother swine', as opposed to χοῖρος 'young pig' (IA).

    *DER Diminutive δελφάκιον (Att.) and δελφακίς (pap. and Ostr.); also δελφακΐνη  'id' (Epich. 124, 2; Chantraine 1933: 204), adjective δελφάκειος (Pherecr.). Denominative δελφακόομαι 'become a 6.' (Ar. Ach, 786).

    *ETYM For the suffix, cf. κόραξ, σκύλαξ (Schwyzer: 497, Chantraine 1933: 377ff.), but  otherwise the exact origin is unclear. Probably from a word for 'womb' (δελφύς,  *déA@oc? See ▶︎ ἀδελφός). Cf. ▶︎ δελφίς, ▶︎ Δελφοί.

XXXXXδέλφιξ = Δελφοι.

XXXXXδελφίς, -ivoc [m.] 'dolphin' (IL).

    *VAR  Late nom. -iv.

    *DIAL Lesb. βέλφινες (EM).

    *DER δελφινίσκος (Arist.) and δελφινάριον (Hero). Δελφίνιος 'dolphin-god', epithet  of Apollo (h. Ap.); Δελφίνιον temple of Ap. Delphinios in Athens (Att.); also  Δελφίδιος (Knossos). δελφίνιον and δελφινιάς (Ps.-Dsc.) plant name (after the form

===Pag_361: Beekes_Página_0361.tiff===

of the leaves, Stromberg 1940: 42); δελφίνειος (Cyran.) and δελφινίς (Luc.). Denominative δελφινίζω 'to dive like a dolphin' (Luc.).

    *ETYM Cf. ἀκτίς, yAwyic, etc. for the inflexion. Connected to a word for 'womb'; see  »δελφύς and »ἀδελφεός. Thus, the dolphin was named after its anatomical  characteristics.

XXXXXΔελφοί [m.pl.] name of the inhabitants of Delphi (also attributive) and of the town itself (ὦ. Hom.). <1E *g'elb"u- 'womb'>

    *DIAL Aeol. BeAgoi; secondary dialectal forms are Aadgoi, Δολφοί, Δερφοί  (Schwyzer: 205, 213, 275). .

    *DER Fem. Δελφίς 'Delphian' (Delph., S.), adjective Δελφικός (S.); δέλφιξ, -ἴκος 'table  made after the Delphic tripod' (Plu., EM), = Lat. (mensa) Delphica.

    *ETYM Acc. to Lundahl Namn och bygd 31 (1943): 42ff, the place was originally called  *Aehouc 'womb' after the shape of the land. The inhabitants were called *AeAgf-oi >  Δελφοί (cf. "ἀστε-ός to ἄστυ); this form was then later used for the place as well.

XXXXXδελφύς, -ύος [f.] 'womb' (Hp.).

    <IE *g'elb"u- 'womb'>

    *VAR Dor. δελφύα [f.] (Greg. Cor; after μήτρα 'womb'?).

    *DER Also δολφός: ἡ μήτρα 'id.' (H.).

    *ETYM Beside the feminine word for 'womb', there is the zero grade neuter Av. garabus- 'young animal'; therefore, for δελφύς an s-stem may be considered as well  (Schwyzer: 516). δολφός corresponds to Skt. garbha-, Av. garaBa- [m.] 'womb'. The  Greek form with a labiovelar ('g'elb'-u-, *g'olb"-o-) does not accord well with the *k-  in Gm. forms like OHG kilbur [n.] 'ewe lamb', OHG kalb 'calf, etc., which therefore  have to remain apart, unless we assume dissimilation g' > g.

XXXXXδέμας = δέμω.

XXXXXδεμελέας [ἀςς.Ρ].[.] 'leeches' (Epid.). <¢>

    *DER Also δεμβλεῖς: βδέλλαι 'leeches' (H.; with -uBA- from -μλ-). But the gloss stands  between δέμει and δέμνια, so perhaps with Biicheler and Latte for (")δεμελεῖςξ

    *ETYM Unexplained. There are attempts to connect the word with Lat. lumbricus  'intestinal worm' in Bq and WH. Connection with Alb. dhem jé 'maggot' is doubtful.

XXXXXδέμνια [n.pl.] 'bed' (IL). <?>

    *VAR Rarely sing. -tov.

    *ETYM If δέμνια originally indicated the connective elements of the bed, we can  consider a connection with xpr-depvov 'headband'. Then δέμνια could be a  derivation in -ἰο- to an n-stem "δέμα (see ▶︎ δέω 'bind'). δέμω 'to build' has also been  adduced (Meister BB 11 (1886): 176).

XXXXXδέμω [v.] 'to build' (Il.). <1 *demh,- 'build'>

    *VAR Aor. δεῖμαι, perf. med. δέδμημαι, Dor. δέδμᾶμαι.

    *DIAL Myc. de-me-o-te /deme*ontes/ ptc. fut. to-ko-do-mo /toik®o-domos/, na-u-do-  mo /nau-domos/, e-te-do-mo /entesdomos/?

===Pag_362: Beekes_Página_0362.tiff=== XXXXXδένδρεον 315

    *COMP  Old compounds νεό-δμᾶτος, νεό-ὅμη-τος (Pi.). See also ▶︎ μεσόδμη. Agent  noun οἰκοδόμος, to which oixodouéw 'to build'; adjectival vao-, πυργο-δόμος  'building of temple, fortifications'.

    *DER δέμας (only nom. and acc.) 'bodily shape, outward appearance' (Il.) with  analogical -ac, Sour 'id' (A. R.), also = 'τεῖχος, οἰκοδομή᾽ (H., uncertain J. AJ 15, 11,  3) with δομαῖος 'useful for building' (A. R.); see also on ▶︎ δόμος, ▶︎ δῶμα, ▶︎ δῶ. Deverbative aor. δωμῆσαι, -ἤσασθαι (A. R; Swyroovoiv: οἰκοδομήσουσι H.), from  *dapdw (or *Swptéw?, Schwyzer: 719), with δώμημα (Lycia), ἐνδώμησις (Smyrna IP,  etc.), δώμησις, δωμητύς H., δωμήτωρ (Man.). A short vowel appears in some late  forms: δομέοντι: οἰκοδομοῦντι H., δεδομημένος (J., Aristid.) with δόμησις, δόμημα  (7. δομήτωρ (Anon. Prog. in Rh.); from οἰκο-δομέω (1A)?

    *ETYM The present δέμω has a parallel in the Gm. verb Go. ga-timan, OS teman,  OHG zeman 'to befit'. Dor. νεόδμᾶτος, δέδμᾶμαι are hyperdorisms, as the root had  -h,: see Beekes 1969: 291 add. to p. 202, who adduces spellings with n in Pindar;  likewise Ruijgh Lingua 25 (1970): 316, who points to Myc. de-me-o-te. Further  connected is HLuw. ta+mi-ha ' built'. Different from the reconstruction that the Greek data require (in my view), is that of  LIV? with *-h, (s.v. 1. *demh,-). See further ▶︎ δεσπότης.

XXXXXδέν [n.] 'something' (Democr. 156).

    *VAR Gen. δενός (Alc. 76; uncertain).

    *ETYM From οὐδέν, μηδέν; cf. Leumann 1950: 108°.

XXXXXδενδαλίς, -ido¢ [f.] 'kind of barley-cake' (Nicopho, Eratosth.); δενδαλίδας: οἱ μὲν ἄνθος τι, ἄλλοι τὰς λευκὰς κάχρυς, οἱ SE Tag ἐπτισμένας κριθὰς πρὸ Tod φρυγῆναι, οἱ δὲ τὰς ἐκ κριθῶν μάζας γενομένας 'flower; white parched barley; winnowed barley corns for roasting; cake produced from barley corns' (H.). The a is short in Nicophon.

    *VAR Also δανδαλίς H., Pollux.

    *ETYM Cf. σεμίδαλις 'fine wheat flour'; further unknown. Nevertheless, the last word  is probably from Akkadian samidu. One may consider a reduplication da/e-n-dali-  with prenasalization, in which case δενδαλίς could be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXδενδίλλω [v.] 'to turn the eyes to, glance quickly' (I 180, A. R. 3, 281, 5. Fr. 1039). <?>

    *DER δενδίλλει: σκαρδαμύττει, διανεύει, σημαίνει, ἀτιμάζει, σκώπτει 'he blinks,  winks; nods, beckons; indicates; does not respect; jeers at' (H.). Here Δένδιλος,  Decourt 1995: n° 50, 40?

    *ETYM Although δενδίλλω certainly has intensive reduplication, its etymology is  unknown. For suggestions, see Wood Class. Phil. 9 (1914): 145, Charpentier KZ 47  (1915): 183, Fraenkel Gnomon 22 (1950): 239, and Groéelj Ziva Ant. 2 (1952): 66f.

XXXXXδενδίλλω has nothing to do with da(v)daivw, which may be Pre-Greek (from *da(n)-dan-yw).

XXXXXδένδρεον [n.] 'tree' (Hom., Pi.). <1E? *doru, dreu- 'tree'>

    *VAR  Also δένδρον (Att.); δένδρος [n.], also [m.], (Ion. Dor.; see below); gen. dévdpeoc (Hdt.), see Schwyzer: 583.

===Pag_363: Beekes_Página_0363.tiff===

    *COMP 1. substantives like καρυό-, λιθό-, ῥοδό-, -σταφυλό-δενδρον; 2. many  bahuvrihis in -δενδρος.

    *DER δενδρ-ύφιον (Thphr. see Schwyzer: 471), devdpiov (Agathocl.). δενδρώδης  'rich in trees' (Hp.), δενδρήεις 'rich in trees' (Od.), δενδρίτης, -ἴτις 'belonging to the  tree', also name of a stone (Thphr.), rare δενδρώτης, -ὥτις 'grown with trees' (Hdn.,  E.); δενδρικός 'belonging to a tree' (Thphr.), δενδριακός 'id.' (AP), δένδρινος 'id. (gloss.), Sevdpaiog 'from trees' (Nonn.), δενδράς [f] 'id. (Nonn.). δενδρών and  δένδρωμα 'thicket' (Aq.). Denominative δενδρόομαι, -dw 'to grow to a tree, change  into a tree' (Thphr.) with δένδρωσις (Thphr.). On δενδρυάζω see ▶︎ Sevd ptw.

    *ETYM The form dévdpoc is modelled after the plural forms δένδρεα, -éwv (to  dévdpeov). The usual Attic form δένδρον is also secondary (cf. ἀδελφός from  ἀδελφεός); see Wackernagel 1916: 109f., Shipp 1967: 21f., 55. δένδρεον < *dévdpefov  agrees with the Gm. word for 'tree': Go. triu, OE tréow 'tree', εἴς, PGm. *trewa- < IE  *dreu-o-. But the form of the Greek reduplication is rare (not comparable with  ▶︎ yayypatva, as per DELG). See further ▶︎ δόρυ, ▶︎ δρῦς. Janda 1997 assumes *dem-  drey-om 'tree planted near the house', and similarly Strunk 1995: 357-63. However, a  compound with such a meaning strikes me as utterly strange.

XXXXXδενδρύω [v.] 'to dive into the water' (Epid.). <?>

    *DER Lengthened Sevdpvdtev- τὸ καταδύνειν καὶ κρύπτεσθαι, κυρίως εἰς τὰς δρῦς,  καταχρηστικῶς δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἁπλῶς δύνειν καὶ κρύπτειν 'duck and hide, mainly in  the woods, but also misused for diving and hiding in general' (EM 255, 55); similar H. and Paus. Gr. Fr. 119: τὸ Spvol σκέπεσθαι καὶ τὸ καθ᾽ ὕδατος δύεσθαι κτλ. 'to hide  among trees, also to dive under water, etc.'.

    *ETYM Intensive reduplication of Spvetat- κρύπτεται 'hides', δρυάσαι:'  κατακολυμβῆσαι 'dive down' (H.; not shortened from «δεν»δρύεται, «δεν»δρυάσαι,  as per Latte). Spvetat is often considered to go back to *vpvetat, which would make  a connection possible with Lith. nerit, nérti 'to dive, slip into', CS va-noro, vt-nréti  'παρεισδύεσθα᾽ι᾽, etc. (which require a sef-root *nerH-). See Frisk Eranos 40 (1942):  81}

XXXXXδέννος [m.] 'reproach' (Hdt, probably also Archil. 65 [cod. δεινοῖς]). <?>

    *DER Further δεννάζω (cf. κυδάζω) 'abuse, revile' (Thgn.); δεννόν: κακολόγον  'slanderous; devvactév. καταγέλαστον, λοιδορούμενον μετὰ καταγέλωτος  'ridiculous, reproached with absurdity' (H.).

    *ETYM Unknown. Untenable suggestions are contained in Bq., Pok. 466. The  geminate is not expressive; see Hoffmann 1898: 583.

XXXXXδεξαμενή = δέχομαι.

XXXXXδεξιός (adj.] '(to the) right (side)' (Il).

    *DIAL Myc. PN de-ki-si-wo /deksiwos/; also Pamphyl. δεξιξος (Masson Glotta 39  (1960); 1f.).

    *COMP With ἀ-, ἀμφι-, ἀμφοτερο-, etc.

    *DER δεξιά, Ion. -τή 'the right hand' (11); δεξιτερός 'on the right side' (IL). δεξιότης  'dexterity, cleverness' (IA). δεξιόομαι 'to take by the right hand, welcome, greet, etc.'

===Pag_364: Beekes_Página_0364.tiff=== XXXXXδέρκομαι 317 (h. Hom., Att.) together with δεξίωσις 'greeting'. Ph.), δεξιωτικός 'welcome' (Eust.), δεξίωμα 'id,' (5.; ν.]. SeEiqua); δεξιάζομαι 'to welcome' (LXX, pap.) after ἀσπάζομαι.

    *ETYM If it is from "δεξιρβός (Wackernagel 1897: 11; cf. ▶︎ λαιός, ▶︎ σκαιός), the word is  identical with Gaul. Dexsiva dea (see Porzig 1954a: 138). Celt. and Gm. have forms  with a suffix -wo-, but without -i-, eg. Olr. dess, Go. taihswa, OHG zeso, zesawer  'right', IE *deks-uo-. Ilr. and BSl. have a derivative in -n-, eg. Skt. ddksina-  (daksind-), Lith. désinas; Albanian has djath-(f)é, etc, perhaps from *deks(i)- (see  Demiraj 1997 s.v.). δεξιτερός = Lat. dexter. Further, see ▶︎ δέχομαι.

XXXXXδέομαι = δέω 2.

XXXXXδέος [n.] 'fear' (Il; on the mg. Schadewaldt Herm. 83 (1955): 129ff.).

    *DER As a second member e.g. in ἀ-δεής 'fearless' (1].), θεουδής 'godfearing' (Od.)  from *Geo-dFerjc, Att. PN Θουδῆς.

    *ETYM From *6peioc, a verbal abstract of ▶︎ δείδω.

XXXXXδέπας, -αος [n.] 'goblet' (Il; on the meaning see Brommer Herm. 77 (1942): 3571. 364f.).

    *DIAL Myc. di- pa /dipas/, di-pa-e /dipa*e/ [du.].

    *DER Poetical lengthening dénactpov 'id. (Antim.) with δεπαστραῖος (Lyc.), see  Chantraine 1933: 3336.

    *ETYM Pre-Greek, like many other words for cups, etc. The interchange εἶ t is  frequent (Fur.: 353ff., Hester Minos 6 (1958): 24-36). On -6pov/-otpov, see Fur.: 3027'  and 303. Perhaps the same word as HLuw. tipas- 'heaven'.

XXXXXδέρη [f] 'neck, throat' (Att.). <?>

    *VAR  Ion. δειρή (since 1].). Poetical innovation δείρεα [pl] (Euph.), after μέλεα  'limbs', μήδεα 'genitals', χείλεα 'lips', etc; also δέρις (Alciphr., H.), cf ῥάχις 'spine',  etc.

    *DIAL Arc. Sepfa, Lesb. δέρα (Sapph.).

    *COMP Several poetical bahuvrihis only with -detpoc, as a first member only  δειραχθής (AP), δειροκύπελλον (Luc.), δειρόπαις (Lyc.). Epic compound  (ἀπο)δειροτομέω 'to cut off the neck', as if from *dSetpo-td10¢.

    *DER Diminutive δειράδιον (Poll.); δέραιον 'necklace' (E.), from περιδέρ-αιον 'id.'  (Ar.); déptov 'id. (Charis.); δειρητής = στρουθός (Nic. Fr. 123), δερβιστήρ [= SepF-]  (EM), Sep[photip: περιδέραιον ἵππου 'collar of a horse', δερ[ρ]ιστής: Kvvayyn  περιαυχένιος 'dog's collar' (H.); cf. βραχιονιστήρ s.v. ▶︎ βραχίων.

    *ETYM δέρη and δειρή, which reflect PGr. deppa (= Arc.), have been compared with  Skt. griva-, Ru. griva (originally 'neck'; cf. Ru. grivna 'collar'), Latv. griva 'mouth of a  river'. Apart from the highly problematic 'extension' with -ῖ-, this etymology  requires a reconstruction *g'er-ueh,-, but Aeol. Sepa (instead of the expected *Bepa)  excludes original *g'. For the same reason, ▶︎ BiBpwoxw cannot be related. A much  better etymology is offered by ▶︎ δειράς, which fits the meaning well.

XXXXXδέρκομαι [Vv] 'to look, cast the eye (on) (11... <1 *derk- 'see'>

    *VAR Aor. δρακεῖν, with 'passive' forms ἐδράκην (Pi.), ἐδέρχθην (A.), perf. (with  present mg.) δέδορκα.

===Pag_365: Beekes_Página_0365.tiff===

    *COMP Prefixes ἀμφι-, ava-, etc.

    *DER δέργμα 'glance' (A.), δεργμός 'id' (H.), δέρξις 'sense of sight' (Orac. apud Plu. H.); with zero grade δράκος [n.] 'eye' (Nic. Al. 481). Verbal adjective as a PN  Δέρκετος (Crete), δυσ-δέρκετος (Opp.). Cf. also ▶︎ δράκων, ▶︎ ὑπόδρα. Lengthened  verbal form δερκιόωνται (Hes. Th. 911 at verse end; artificial?); innovation to  δέδορκα (Schwyzer: 735): δορκάζων: περιβλέπων 'looking about' (H.). See also  ▶︎ δορκάς.

    *ETYM The perfect δέδορκα 'I see' is morphologically identical with Skt. dadarsa, Av. dddarasa. The aorist ἔδρακον, with the old athematic form δρακέντ- (Pi; Forssman  MSS 17 (1964): 17-19), is matched by Skt. d-drs-an [3pl.], etc. Since Indo-Iranian has a  suppletive present, Skt. pasyati, Av. spasiieiti (related to ▶︎ σκέπτομαι), δέρκομαι is  probably a Greek innovation (on which δερχθῆναι, δέρξομαι, etc. were built; see  Schwyzer: 758). The verbal adj. Δέρκετος may be compared with Skt. darsata-  'visible'. Further related forms are eg. Olr. ad-con-darc 'I have seen', Go. ga-tarhjan  'orpietobv, characterize', OE OS torht, OHG zoraht 'light, clear', Alb. drité 'light' (<  IE *drk-teh,-). More forms are recorded in LIV? s.v. *derk-.

XXXXXδέρω [v.] 'to skin, flay' (Il.). <1E *der- 'flay'>

    *VAR Also Seipw, aor. δεῖραι, fut. δερῶ, pass. δαρῆναι, δαρθῆναι, perf. δέδαρμαι.

    *COMP With prefixes ἀπο-, &k-, etc.

    *DER δέρμα '(slayed) skin, leather' (Il) with diminutive Seppatiov (Pl.); adjective  δερμάτινος 'of leather' (Od.), δερματικός 'of skin' (Arist.) with depptatixtov a cloth  (pap.), δερματώδης 'skinlike' (Arist.), δερματηρός in δερματηρά [f.] 'tax on hides'  (pap.), δέρμητες: οἱ ἐξ ἐφήβων περίπολοι (cod. περισσοί) 'the patrolmen out of the  epheboi' H., cf. γυμνῆτες, κούρητες, etc. Rare denominative ἀπο-δερματόω 'to flay'  (Plb,; δεδερματωμέναι as an explanation of ἰσχαλωμέναι H.), ἀπο-δερματίζω  (medic.), δερμύλλει- αἰσχροποιεῖ, οἱ δὲ Exdépet 'to act filthily; strip the skin off from'  (H.), Sch.; see Schwyzer: 736. Further δάρμα (Delph.; from δέρμα, Schwyzer: 274; but  ἀποδάρματα Hdt. 4, 64 with ablaut?).

XXXXXδέρος [n.] = δέρμα (S.); also δέρας 'id' (Chios, E.); δάρος: τὸ βουτύπιον 'ox-butcher' (H.). δορά 'flayed skin' (IA); with δορεύς 'flayer', also a throw with the dice (Herod.), δορίς 'sacrificial knife' (Com.), δορικός 'of skin' (Hp.), δορόω 'smear' (inscr.) with δόρωσις, δορώσιμος (pap.), ἐνδόρωμα (inscr.). δορός 'leather sack' (8 354; 380). δέρρις [f.] 'skin', especially as a technical term for screens, etc. used in a siege (Th.), from "δέρ-σις; here Sépptov- τρίχινον σακίον 'small bag of hair' (H.), δερρίσκος (Att.). Regular zero grade δάρσις (Gal.). δέρτρον 'caul, membrane' (A 579, etc.), and détpov (H., Et. Gud.). deptov (accent unknown) 'flayed sheep' (Mykonos). δάρτης 'flayer' (gloss.). Verbal adj. δρατός (Ψ 169), δαρτός (Milete V*); with δάρτινον: πέπλον λινοῦν 'linen cloth' (H.). See also on ▶︎ δῆρις 'battle' and ▶︎ δόρκαι.

    *ETYM δέρω is related to e.g. Go. dis-, gatairan 'to tear up, destroy', OHG (fir-)zeran  'id, MoHG (ver)zehren; Lith. deru, difti (dirti) 'to flay', OCS derg, derati 'to flay',  and further Sanskrit with a root aor. dart [3sg.inj.] 'to split' and a nd-present dynati. For the formation, we may compare the aorist ἔδειρα < "ἔδερσα with Skt. darsat  [subj.]. Also, δάρσις is matched by Skt. dfti-.'sack', Go. ga-taurps 'destruction', and

===Pag_366: Beekes_Página_0366.tiff=== XXXXXδεύτερος 319 Ru. dert' 'newly cleared land'; and likewise, δρατός, δαρτός with Skt. drtd-. A yod- present (cf. Seipw) is found in Lith. dirit 'flay' and Skt. diryate. Further forms are in LIV? s.v. *der-.

XXXXXδεσπότης, -ov [m.] 'master (of the house), lord' (Pi; on its absence in Homer [δέσποινα Od.] see Wackernagel 1916: 209 A. 1).

    <IE *dems-pot- 'lord of the house'>

    *COMP In compounds with first member αὐτο-, oiko-, φιλο-.

    *DER δέσποινα 'mistress of the house, lady' (Od.); δεσποινικός 'in service of the  queen' (PMasp. 88, 10, VI); also δεσπότις 'id.' (S.), rare δεσπότειρα (S. Fr. 1040),  Seondtpta (sch. E. Hec. 397); on the feminine forms Fraenkel 1912: 27; on MoGr. δεσποινίς Schwyzer: 133. Rare diminutive δεσποτίσκος (E.), δεσποτίδιον  (Aristaenet.). Adjective δεσπόσυνος 'belonging to the lord' (Tyrt., h. Cer.), with  δεσποσύνη 'lordship' (Hdt.); δεσπόσιος 'id.' (A.), δεσποτικός (Ρ].), δεσπότειος  (Lyc.). Denominatives: 1. δεσπόζω 'to be lord, rule' (1A); δέσποσμα (Man.). 2. δεσποτέω ''id.', mostly pass. 'to obey a 6.' (A.). 3. δεσποτεύω 'id' (LXX); δεσποτεία  (PL).

    *ETYM Cf. Skt. démpati- (also, in two words, patir dan), Av. dang paitis 'lord'. In  Greek, it became a fixed compound, which changed its flexion from an i-stem (see  ▶︎ πόσις) to that of an da-stem (cf. ἀγκυλο-μήτης beside μῆτις; Schwyzer: 451). δέσποινα is from δεσ-ποτ-νια. The first part, IE *dems (whence Gr. δεσ-, Skt. dam-), is the genitive of a word for 'house' (see ▶︎ δόμος).

XXXXXδεταί ⟹ δέω 1.

XXXXXδευκής ⟹ ἀδευκής.

XXXXXδεύομαι «ΝΑΙ δεύω. > δέω 2.

XXXXXδεῦρο [adv.] (to) here', also as interj. and imperative ('come here').

    *VAR Here belongs the plur. δεῦτε (Il.); rare sing. Sebpe (Att. inscr.; after the  imperatives in -e); also Sevpi (Ar. And.) with deictic -i; Aeol. δεῦρυ (Hdn.) like  dAAv- (dtc) 'from elsewhere', δεύρω I 240 (Hdn.) after πρόσ(σ)ω 'forwards'.

    *DIAL Myc. de-we-ro-(a,-ko-ra-i-ja), perhaps containing /dewero-/, a part of the  kingdom of Pylos.

    *ETYM The Greek word starts with the demonstrative adverb *de (cf. the postposition  -δε). Cf. further Lacon. médeupa: ὕστερα 'later' (H.). Regarding the second part analyzed as -u-ro, the Greek form recalls the synonymous  Lith. auré and Av. auuara (see Nyberg in Boéthius 1932: 237ff.). Compare further  Arm. ur (0) where?', from *ure (cf. ure-k' 'to some place'), and U uru 'illo'. See  Ruijgh Minos 12 (1972): 441-50 for a Greek derivationas *de-u + *-(e)ro-, which is  taken up by DELG Supp.

XXXXXδεύτερος [adj] 'second', in order and time, also in status (IL).

    *DER δευτεραῖος 'belonging to the second day' (Hdt; from ἡ δευτέρα [ἡμέρα], cf. Schwyzer: 596); δευτερεῖα (sc. ἀθλα) [n.pl.], later also -ov and as an adjective (Hdt;  after ἀριστεῖα); δευτερίας (οἶνος) 'bad wine, made from the draff (στέμφυλα)

===Pag_367: Beekes_Página_0367.tiff===

(Nicopho [3]. Dsc. after the wine names in -iac, Chantraine 1933: 94 also Sevtepivap (Lacon.) (H.); δευτέριον 'afterbirth' (Aq.). Denominative δευτερεύω 'to be second' (Plb.), δευτεριάζω 'id.' (Ar. Ec. 634); Sevtepdw 'to repeat' (LXX) with devtépwoig (LXX) and δευτέρωμα (Eust.). Beside δεύτερος rarely the superlative δεύτατος (T 51, Mosch.).

    *ETYM Although δεύτερος is usually analyzed as a comparative of δεύομαι (see ▶︎ δέω  2), so originally 'who stays behind, the following', Ruijgh Lingua 28 (1971): 317f. argues that it is improbable that -tepoc should have been added to a verbal stem, and  suggests that it was added to an adverbial stem *5ev instead (perhaps seen in δεῦτε).

XXXXXδεύω 1 [v.] 'to make wet' (IL). «ἡ

    *VAR Aor. δεῦσαι.

    *COMP δευσοποιός 'steeped in color, fast', metaph. 'imperishable' (Pl.).

    *DER δεύσιμος (τόπος Sch. M 21), from ᾿δεῦσις (Arbenz Die Adj. auf -ἰμος), or  directly from δεῦσαι; uncertain δεύματα κρεῶν (Pi. O. 1, 50); also δευτήρ 'kettle'  (auct. apud Poll. 10, 105). devoonaéw and δευσοποιία (Alciphr., Poll.); δευσο-  povotog (PMasp.VI?; cf. ῥούσιος [from Lat. russeus 'reddish']). πηλοδευστέω 'to  make mortar' (Att.) from "πηλο-δεύστης.

    *ETYM Unexplained; ▶︎ διαίνω has been compared. Could the word be connected with  δύω 'to dive, enter' as 'to immerse' (Van Beek p.c.)?

XXXXXδεύω 2 ⟹ δέω 2.

XXXXXδέφω [v.] 'to soften (with the hand), masturbari' (Ar., Eub.). «ΡΟ»

    *VAR  Also med.; aor. ἐδέψατο (Hippon.)? See Scheller MSS 6 (1955): 88ff. Present  δέψει (ei?) [35g.] (Hdt. 4, 64); aor. ptc. δεψήσας (μ 48).

    *DER δεφιδασταί [m.pl.] members of a guild of fullers (Argos), with -αστής, -ἱστής  denoting membership (Chantraine 1933: 317ff.), otherwise unclear; via *Seqic, *-160¢?  δέψα 'tanned skin' (Suid.); ἀδέψητος (v 2; 142, etc.).

    *ETYM The present Séyw (cf. Zyw) beside δέφω seems to have an s-enlargement, but  the other instances in Schwyzer: 706 are not completely comparable. Petersson KZ  47 (1918): 285 compared the Arm. denominative top'em 'to beat' and SCr. dépati 'to  butt, slay', Pol. deptad 'to tread', which, however, are semantically rather distant and  do not correspond phonologically. ▶︎ διφθέρα has also been compared, which, if  connected, certainly points to Pre-Greek origin, as does, in fact, the variation  between -@- and -w- (cf. especially déya; Fur.: 263, etc., who also connects dipaw). Lat. deps6, -ére is borrowed from Greek.

XXXXXδέψω = δέφω.

XXXXXδέχομαι [v.] 'to take, accept, receive, etc.' (Att.). <1E *dek- 'take, accept'>

    *VAR δέκομαι (Ion. Aeol. Cret.), aor. δέξασθαι (Il.). 3pl. δέχαται (M 147), epic aor. ptc. Séyptevoc, isgind. ἐδέγμην, etc. (metrically conditioned), προτί-δεγμαι:-  προσδέχομαι Ἱ am received' (H; cf. Debrunner 1956: 77ff.; on the analogical voiced  aspirated and voiced stop see Schwyzer: 772 and 769).

    *DIAL Myc. de-ka-sa-to /deksato/, de-ko-to /dekto/; ra-wo-do-ko /lawo-dokos/, cf. Λαόδοκος (Il.).

===Pag_368: Beekes_Página_0368.tiff===

    *COMP With prefixes: ἀνα-, ἀπο-, εἰσ-, etc.

    *DER Numerous derivatives, especially with prefix: 1. -δόκος as a second member in  compounds (Il; also Att.), eg. ἰο-δόκος 'receiving arrows' (epic), δωρο-δόκος  'accepting presents, corruptible' (Att.); also the simplex ▶︎ δοκός 'beam'; δοχός  'container' (Thphr., H.). 2. δοκάν' θήκην 'case' (H.); also in ἀν-δοκά 'surety' (Cret.),  ἐσ-δοκά 'contract' (Arc.), etc. (ἀνα-, ἐκ-, etc.) doy (Att.) with δοχαῖος (Nic.),  δοχικός (pap.); ἀνδοκεύς 'guarantor' (H.; Dor., cf. Kretschmer Glotta 18 (1930): 91);  (éx-, ὑπο-, etc.) δοχεύς 'receiver, etc' (Hell. and late); πανδοκεύς 'innkeeper'  (retrograde formation); to δοχεύς: (éx-, ὑπο-, etc.) δοχεῖον 'container' (Hell. and  late). 3. (ἀπό-, ἔκ-, etc.) δέξις 'reception' (Hdt.) with δέξιμος 'acceptable' (pap.). 4. (ἐκ-, dta-, etc.) δέκτωρ 'who accepts' (A.). 5. (ἀπο-)δεκτήρ 'collector', an official CX.)  with the fem. déxtpia (Archil.). 6. δέκτης 'beggar' (6 248); ἀπο-, ὑπο-δέκτης  'collector' (Att., Hell. and late); with (dva-, ὑπο-, etc.) dextixdg 'Εἰ for accepting'  (Arist.); ὑποδέξιος 'id? (Hadt.), ὑποδεξίη 'friendly reception' (I 73). 7. ἀρι-» δείκετος  s.v.; 8. ▶︎ δεξαμενή 'water collector' (pte. δεξαμένη with oppositive accent). See also on ▶︎ δόκιμος, ▶︎ δόχμη; for δόκανα, Soxdavi see on ▶︎ δοκός. Deverbative verbs: δοκέω, δοκάζω, προσ-δοκάω, etc, see on »δοκεύω. On  δεκανᾶται- ἀσπάζεται 'welcome, salute' (H.) see ▶︎ δειδίσκομαι. See further ▶︎ δεκάζω  (from δεκάς) and ▶︎ δέκα.

    *ETYM There are several forms from IE *dek-, dok- which can be compared with  δέκομαι: Lat. decet 'it is fitting' with decus [n.] (~ Skt. *ddsas- in dasas-yati 'honor',  MIr. dech 'the best'; cf. also δεξιός), dignus, doced, etc. Therefore, δέκομαι may  originally have meant 'to consider something appropriate'. From Armenian, compare tesanem, aor. tesi 'to see' (cf. δοκεύω for the meaning),  but the appurtenance of Arm. ancay 'gift' and Slavic and Germanic words like OCS  deso, desiti 'to find' (see ▶︎ δήω), OHG gi-zehdn 'to order' is uncertain. Skt. dasnoti, dasti, dagati 'to bring a sacrifice, honor' also belongs here, being an  originally reduplicated present *de-dk- (there is no need to assume an old  lengthened grade). From within Greek, we can connect the word with ▶︎ δεξιός, from  *deks- with a zero grade s-suffix (cf. Lat. decus), with an adverbial loc. *deksi 'right'. See also δοκεύω under ▶︎ δοκέω.

XXXXXδέω 1 [v.] 'to bind' (Il.). <1E *deh, 'bind'>

    *VAR Aeol., etc. δίδημι (see below), aor. δῆσαι, perf. med. δέδεμαι (IL), with δέδεκα  (Att.), aor. pass. δεθῆναι (Att.).

    *COMP Often with prefixes like ava-, kata-, ὑπο-, συν-, etc.

    *DER Verbal nouns: 1. -6npa (as a simplex [= Skt. daman-, see below] only sch. A. R. 2, 535) notably in ὑπόδημα 'shoe, sandal' (Od.) with ὑποδημάτιον (Hp.),  ὑποδηματάριος 'shoemaker' (Hypata ΠΡ), διάδημα 'band, diadem' (X.) with  διαδηματίζομαι (Aq.); secondary zero grade in δέμα (Plb.). 2. δεσμός, plur. also  δεσμά, SEouata 'band, fetter' (1].) with several derivatives: δέσμιος 'fettered' (trag.),  Scoping: μαστιγίας, ὅς ἄξιός ἐστι δεσμῶν 'a worthless slave, who deserves  imprisonment' (H.), δεσμίς (Hp.), δεσμίδιον (Dsc.), δεσμάτιον (sch.), δεσμώματα  [pl] 'fetters' (A.); δεσμώτης 'prisoner' and δεσμωτήριον 'prison' (IA); denominative  δεσμεύω 'bind, fetter' (Hes.) with rare δεσμευτής (sch.), δεσμευτικός (PI.),

===Pag_369: Beekes_Página_0369.tiff===

δεσμευτήριον (pap.), δέσμευσις (pap.); δεσμέω 'id.' (Hell. and late) with δέσμημα (Tz.); ἀναδέσμη 'band for the hair of women' (X 469), δέσμη 'bundle' (Att.). 3. δέσις 'binding, etc.' (Pl.), especially ὑπό-δεσις 'binding of shoes, sandals' (IA). 4. Setat [pl.] 'torch, fire' (A 554, Ar. V. 1361, H.); rather verbal noun 'binding, bundle' than from δετός (Opp.); diminutive δετίς (Gal.). 5. δητοί [pl.] 'bundle' (Sammelb. 1, 5, III). 6. -δετήρ, -δέτης in ἀμαλλο-δετῆρες 'binders of sheaves' (Σ 553, 554; see Chantraine 1933: 323), ἀμαλλο-δέται (Theoc., AP) as ἱππο-δέτης (S.), κηρο-δέτας (E. [lyr.]), εἴς. On ▶︎ δέμνια, ▶︎ κρήδεμνα, see s.vv.

    *ETYM Gr. δετός (in διά-δετος A., δετός Opp.) and Skt. ἀϊέά- 'bound' correspond  directly, just as δῆμα (ὑπό-δημα, etc.) and Skt. ddman- 'band', although they could as  well be parallel formations. Of the Greek presents, δίδημι (A 105) is probably an  innovation on the basis of δήσω, δῆσαι, etc. after θήσω: τίθημι (but, according to  LIV? s.v. *deh,-, following Rasmussen and Tucker, a relatively old innovation). The  e-vowel in δέω, δέσις, δετός, etc. (like that in τί-θε-μεν, θέσις, etc.) must be the zero  grade *dh,- beside the full grade *deh, in δήσω, etc. Furthermore, we have Skt. pres. -dyati (a-dyati) 'bind' from *dh,-ie-ti and perhaps Hitt. tiia [impv.] (Melchert apud  Kloekhorst 2008 s.v.).

XXXXXδέω 2 [v.] 'to miss, lack, be in need of, med. also 'to ask'.

    *VAR  δέομαι (IA), δεύω, δεύομαι (Aeol., epic Il.), impersonal δεῖ, deve, aor. δεῆσαι,  δεηθῆναι, epic ἐδεύησεν (t 483 = 540; δῆσεν Σ 100 is, if correct, an innovation to Sei),  fut. δευήσομαι.

    *DER δέησις 'need, request' (Att.) with δεητικός (Arist.), δέημα 'request' (Ar. Ach. 1059). To ἐπιδέω, -ομαι, ἐπιδεύομαι 'need': ἐπιδεής, ἐπιδευής 'in need of (Schwyzer  513); to évdéw, ἐνδεῖ, ἐνδέομαι 'need': ἐνδεής (IA) with ἔνδεια (Att.) < *évdéeia,  ἐνδέημα (pap.).

    *ETYM δέω, δεύω may derive from *Séf-w, but are probably also the regular  development of "δεύσ-ω. In the latter case, we could directly connect Skt. dosa- 'lack'  «ΤΕ *douso-, although this is doubted by LIV? s.v. *deys- and Mayrhofer EWAia 1:  749 s.v. dos-. Perhaps ▶︎ δυσ- belongs here; on dei, see Goodell Class. Quart. 8 (1914):  giff. and Bernardette Glotta 43 (1965): 285ff.

XXXXXδή [interj.] 'even, indeed, right', emphatic pel. (Il.). «IE? *de>

    *VAR Like δέ, mostly in the second position of the sentence; also in more or less fixed  connections like ἤ-δη, ἐπει-δή, δῆ-θεν, δῆτα, etc; see Schwyzer 1950: 562f.

    *ETYM Perhaps a case form (instrumental?) of a demonstrative; it would be identical  with Lat. dé, Olr. di 'away from'. See de Vaan 2008 s.v. dé. δέ arose by weakening of  δή. See also ▶︎ δαί.

XXXXXδηαί [f.pl.] 'barley corns' (EM 264, 13: δηαὶ προσαγορεύονται ὑπὸ Κρητῶν αἱ κριθαί).

    *VAR δητταί- ai ἐπτισμέναι κριθαί 'winnowed barley' (H.).

    *ETYM Schulze 1892: 2884 (p. 289) interprets the word as διαί, i.e. »ζεαι, which would  indeed be possible in Cretan, according to DELG. Latte mentions δατῶναι: ζειαί H.;

===Pag_370: Beekes_Página_0370.tiff=== XXXXXδηλέομαι 323 therefore, Pre-Greek origin remains a serious possibility as well (thus also Fur.: 337, etc.).

XXXXXδηδέχαται = δειδίσκομαι.

XXXXXδηθά -- δήν.

XXXXXΔηϊάνειρα = δήϊος.

XXXXXδήϊος [adj.] 'inimical, terrible', of πῦρ 'fire', also of πόλεμος 'war', ἀνήρ 'man' (1].); by false connection with δαῆναι: 'able, experienced' (API.). «Ὁ, PG?>

    *DIAL Dor. δάϊος, δᾶος.

    *DER δηϊοτής, -τῆτος [f.] (on the oxytonesis, cf. Schwyzer: 528) 'battle, struggle,  death' (Hom.); partly as if from δηϊόω (Triimpy 1950: 136ff.). Denominative δηϊόω,  δῃόω 'slay, kill (Il), 'destroy' (1A); isolated SrjidacKkov (A. R. 2, 142) after epic  -aaox-. Thence δηϊοῦσα epithet of κώνειον 'the killing' (Ps.-Dsc.; cf. Stroémberg  1940: 64). Instead of dniow, Wackernagel 1916: 170f. proposes to read in the epic Sniw  (δήϊον for δήουν E 452, etc.), as A. R. 3, 1374 and H. have δήειν: πολεμεῖν, φονεύειν  'to make war, murder', which can be a denominative of *dnic in Ani-pofos, etc. (cf. Kretschmer Glotta 10 (1920): 49f.). Among the PNs in Ani- note Ani-aveipa (5., etc.),  formed after »ἀντιάνειρα, κυδι-άνειρα, etc., with verbal reinterpretation of the first  member: 'killing the man'; cf. Sommer 1934: 41.

    *ETYM The frequent epic expression δήιον πῦρ (verse end) and πυρὸς Snioio  (combined with θεσπιδαὲς πῦρ [M 177, etc.]) suggests a meaning 'burning', which  makes a connection with daiw 'burn' likely. However, Ruijgh Lingua 25 (1970): 318  observes that Myc. Da-i-qo-ta (cf. Δηιφόντης) has no -F-, so it must have had an -h.,  /Da*i-/, which shows that the word is non-IE (see Chantraine 1942: 107 and  Leumann 1950: 129).

XXXXXἸδηκανόωντο

    *VAR ᾿δηκνύμενος. = δειδίσκομαι.

XXXXXδηλαυγῶς [adv.] - ἄγαν φανερῶς 'very conspicuous' (H.), Ev. Marc. 8, 25 (v.l.). 46Ε»

    *ETYM For "τηλαυγῶς, influenced by δῆλος. See Blass-Debrunner-Funk 1961 §119, 4.

XXXXXδηλέομαι [v.] 'to hurt, damage' (Il.). <?, PG?>

    *VAR Aor. δηλήσασθαι (SaA- Theoc. 9, 36; 15, 48); El. κα-δαλέοιτο, κα-δαλέμενοι  (ka-CaA-), perf. δεδήλημαι.

    *DER δήλημα 'damage, destruction' (Od; on the mg. Chantraine 1933: 183), and  δηλήμων 'damaging, ruin' (Hom.); δήλησις 'damage' (Ion., Thphr.); δηλήεις  'destructing' (Nic.), after nominal αἰγλήεις, etc; δηλητήριος 'id' (Teos V4, etc.), -tov  'poison' (Hp. Ep.); δηλητήρ only Hom. Epigr. 14, 8; δηλητηριώδης (Dav. Proll.).

    *ETYM Schwyzer: 720 took δηλέομαι as an iterative-intensive deverbative. A root  variant with short a is found in φρενο-δἄλής 'destroying the mind' (A. Ew. 330 lyr.),  δάλλει: κακουργεῖ 'does evil' (H.), as well as in nav-SdAnto¢ 'destroyed' (Hippon. 2);  and further, but with unknown quantity, in ἀδαλές: ὑγιές 'healthy', δάλαν: λύμην  'maltreatment', δαλῇ: κακουργῇ, δαλήσασθαι-: λυμήνασθαι, ἀδικῆσαι 'maltreat, do  injustice' (H.). Coversely, the connection with ▶︎ ζά-δηλος (Alc. s.v.) is doubtful. Under the assumption of an original meaning 'split', δηλέομαι was connected with

===Pag_371: Beekes_Página_0371.tiff===

δαιδάλλω, δέλτος and derived from IE del- (cf. Lat. doleé, dolor). However, the ablaut forms are incompatible, and long a can hardly be derived from PIE (a hyperdorism in Theoc. is improbable); therefore, the verb is probably non-IE, 1.6. Pre-Greek. Hackstein 2002: 219f. implausibly argues that the long a is a secondary lengthened grade, created within the history of Greek.

XXXXXδήλομαι

    *VAR Dor. for ▶︎ βούλομαι. = βούλομαι.

XXXXXδῆλος [adj.] 'clear' (Od.; ἔκδηλος E 2). <1E? *deih,- 'shine'>

    *VAR Besides δέελος 'visible' (K 466).

    *DER Denominative 6nAdw 'make clear' (IA) with δήλωσις, δήλωμα (Att, etc.),  δηλωτικός (Hp.). Often with prefix: ἀρί-δηλος (with, through inverted writing [cf. ζα- = δα-], ἀρί-ζηλος), ἔκ-, ἔν-, ἐπί-, κατά-δηλος, etc. with ἐκδηλόω, etc. See  Strémberg 1946 (index). δεραλῶσαι (BCH 1988, 283[, Mantinea IV*) has  hypercorrect Ε (RPh. 71 [1997] 156).

    *ETYM The glosses diakov- φανερόν and didAac τὰς δήλας καὶ φανεράς H., dialectal  for δεα-, show that δῆλος continues *déadog < *deih,-(e)lo-, cognate with ▶︎ déato <  *deih,(-e)-to. This also fits ἔκδηλος in E 2 (Bechtel 1914: 98). Differently, Schulze  1892: 244 A. 2 and Chantraine 1933: 242. See also ▶︎ δέελος and ▶︎ εὐδείελος.

XXXXXΔημήτηρ [f.] the Greek mother goddess (Π.). See further Schwyzer: 567f., Sommer 1948: 147. <?>

    *VAR  Gen. -τερος and -tpoc.

    *DIAL Though one might expect the name in Mycenaean, it happens not to have been  found so far. Δαμάτηρ (Dor., etc.), also Δωμάτηρ, Δαμμάτερι (Thess.).

    *DER Δημήτριος 'belonging to A' (A.), also as a PN; thence the month name  Δημητριών (Attica); Δημητρίεια [pl] 'festival for Demeter' (Samos ΜΝ], after  Ἀσκληπίεια, etc.), Δημήτρια [pl.] also 'festival for Demetrios'; Δημητριασταί name of  the worshippers of Demeter (Ephesus), cf. Ἀπολλωνιασταί, etc; Δημητριακός  'belonging to Demeter or Demetrios' (Ὁ. 5.); Δημήτρειοι [pl.] name of the dead  (Plu.). Denominative δαματρίζειν- τὸ συνάγειν τὸν Δημητριακὸν καρπόν. Κύπριοι  'to collect the harvest belonging to A' (H.). Short form Anw (h. Cer., etc.), whence  Aros and Anwivny 'daughter of AY'.

    *ETYM Taken as 'Mother Earth' (Kretschmer Wien. Stud. 24 (1902): 523ff,  Kretschmer Glotta 17 (1929): 240), and consisting of δᾶ, assumed to be a Pre-Greek  word for 'Earth', and ▶︎ μήτηρ. However, there is no indication that ▶︎ δᾶ means  'earth', although it has also been assumed in the name of Poseidon. Derivation from  *Aao-patnp < IE *dis-, a supposed genitive of *dem- 'house' (cf. ▶︎ δεσπότης) by  Ehrlich 1912: 62ff., should be rejected. Pisani IF 53 (1935): 28ff. and Georgiev 1937: off., 20ff. both consider the word to be  Illyrian (like Aapia, Apia, etc.) and compare Alb. dhe 'earth' (see ▶︎ χθών); rejected by  Kretschmer Glotta 27 (1939): 31. Cf. Messap. damatura, probably name of a goddess (Krahe 1955: 82); the Messapian  word must be an adaptation of the Greek name; cf. Δειπάτυρος s.v. ▶︎ Ζεύς. Heubeck 1961: 75-8 starts from 'Phrygian' éav-pava/ Γδανμαα, and sees in the first  element a cognate of Gr. χθών; he suggests that the form Awpdtnp goes back on

===Pag_372: Beekes_Página_0372.tiff=== XXXXXδημός 325 d"¢6n-. However, his further connection with his Minoan-Minyan hypothesis (which would be a separate IE language) is unconvincing.

XXXXXδιμιιουργός [m.] 'handicraftsman' (Att.). On the mg. Bader 1965. Originally a creator, in the Dorian world it designated a magistrate. See further Palmer TPS 1954: 18-53. IE? *deh,-mo- 'people'>

    *VAR δημιοεργός (Od., Hdt.).

    *DIAL δημιοργός (Jon.), δαμιοργός (Dor. 'NWGr., Arc. Boeot.), δαμιωργός  (Astypal.), daptepyoc (Astypal., Nisyr.) name of an official.

    *DER δημιουργίς, δημιούργιον, δημιουργία, δημιουργικός, δημιουργεῖον; δημιουργέω  with δημιούργημα.

    *ETYM From ᾿δημιο-Εεργός, in turn from δήμια ἔργα with verbal reinterpretation of  the second member after the types ψυχο-πομπός; partly from -fopydc. Further, see  ▶︎ δῆμος.

XXXXXδῆμος [m.] 'land, territory' (as opposed to the town), 'people' (Il.); in Athens also a part of the phylai, a deme.

    *DIAL Dor. δᾶμος.

    *COMP Numerous compounds, e.g. δημοκρατία 'government of the people' (1A),  after ὀλιγαρχία, μοναρχία (Snpapxia =. 'the office of δήμαρχος"); further see  Debrunner 1947: 11ff.

    *DER Doric forms are not mentioned separately:  Substantives: δημίδιον, diminutive δημακίδιον (Ar.); δημότης, Dor. also Sapétac  (Carpathos) 'man of the people' (IA, Dor.) with two normal adjectives: δημόσιος  'belonging to the people, state, public' (IA) with δημοσιεύω intr. 'serve the state', also  trans. 'make public and δημοσιόω 'confiscate, make public' with δημοσίωσις. δημοτικός 'belonging to the people, useful for the people, democratic'; on the  difference between δημόσιος and δημοτικός Chantraine 1933: 392; fem. δημότις;  denominative δημοτεύομαι 'be δημότης, belong to a demos' (Att.). Adjectives: δήμιος 'belonging to the people, public' (Od.), 6 δήμιος (euphemistic)  'executioner' (Att., Benveniste Sprache 1 (1949): 121), δημώδης 'according to the  people' (PL.), δημόσυνος epithet of Artemis (Athens IV-III*), δημότερος 'belonging  to the people' (Call; after ἀγρότερος). Denominative δημεύω [v.] 'to make public, confiscate' (Att.) with δήμευσις and  δημεῖαι: ai τῶν δήμων συστάσεις 'meetings of the people' (H.); δημόομαι 'sing or  explain publicly' (Pi.) with Sapmpata- τὰ δημοσίᾳ ἀδόμενα 'which is sung publicly'  (Ar. Pax 797); δημίζω 'act as friend of the people' (Ar. V. 699). Adverb δημόθεν  'from the people, on communal costs' (Od.).

    *ETYM A morphological match is offered by Celtic: Olr. dam 'followers, crowd', OW  dauu 'cliens', W daw(f) 'son-in-law', OCo. dof 'gener'; but since these are d-stems,  PIE *deh,mos was perhaps originally feminine (Pedersen 1938: 52). If the word is an  m-derivative of the verb 'divide' (see ▶︎ Saiopat), which requires the analysis *deh,-  mo-, it must originally have meant 'part'. On ▶︎ δημιουργός, see s.v.

XXXXXδημός [m.] 'fat of animals and men' (Il.). <?>

    *DER No derivatives or compounds (probably because of the identity with δῆμος).

===Pag_373: Beekes_Página_0373.tiff===

    *ETYM The word has been compared with Alb. dhjamé 'fat, pork, tallow', but  Demiraj 1997: 161 thinks it may be non-IE. It hardly means just 'fluidity, wetness' (as  per Frisk s.v.), so the connection with the Ilr. word for 'fluid', eg. Skt. da-nu- 'drip,  dew', Av. da-nu- 'river, stream', Oss. don 'water, river', is not convincing either.

XXXXXδήν [adv.] 'long', also 'far' (Il.). 41 *dueh,-m 'long'>

    *DIAL Dor. dav, δοάν (see below).

    *DER δηναιός, Dor. dav- 'living, lasting long' (Il.) with δηναιότης (Democr.) and  Δηναιών month name (Erythrai) (not containing an element *atfoc to αἰών).

    *ETYM Like »mArjv, Dor. πλᾶν prop. 'near', Srv is the old accus. of a root noun  *dpa-, also seen in ▶︎ δηρός, ▶︎ δηθά. The notation Sodv (Alcm. 135) just renders δράν. The form Sadv- πολυχρόνιον 'lasting a long time' (H.) can be *5fa-16v, perhaps also  *Sapov, and belonging directly to OCS dav-onv 'old' (Latte gives da<vai>dv). For  further cognates, see ▶︎ διηρός.

XXXXXδήνεα [n.pl.] 'counsels, plans' (Il.). <1£? *densos- 'counsel, skill'>

    *VAR δῆνος (H.).

    *COMP Several compounds, mostly only known from lexicographers: ἀδηνής: ἄκακος  'guileless' H., EM (from where Semon. 7, 53 for traditional ἁληνής), ἀδηνέως (Chios,  H.), ἀδανές: ἀπρονόητον 'unpremeditated', ἀδηνείη: ἀπειρία 'lack of skill',  πολυδηνέα- πολύβουλον 'of many counsels' (H.).

    *ETYM Brugmann Sdchs. Ber. 49 (1897): 187 (also Brugmann-Delbriick 1897-1916 2:1,  518) assumed *ddavoea, with analogical a from ▶︎ δαῆναι, ▶︎ δαΐφρων for older  *Sévaea, *5évooc = Skt. damsas- [n.] 'wonderful craft', Av. dayhah- [n.] 'dexterity',  IE *dénsos- beside *dys- in δα-ῆναι, da-i-ppwv. However, one would rather expect  replacement by *Sdoc; see the objections in Bechtel 1914: 99 and Lasso de la Vega  Emerita 22 (1954): 92, who also sees semantic problems. Wackernagel KZ 29 (1888):  137 prefers connecting δήω, which is nothing better. Ruijgh Lingua 25 (1970): 319f. considers the word Mycenaean, with *dens- giving δην- (comparing teAt-(F)evt- <  *teheo-fevT-). See also R. Schmitt 1967: 161.

XXXXXδῆρις, -τος [f.] 'battle' (Il; cf. Triimpy 1950: 14:ff.). < 1B? *der- 'split'>

    *DER Denominative δηρΐομαι (Pi.), aor. δηρίσαντο (6 76), act. δηρῖσαι (Thgn.), pass. δηρινθήτην (Π 756) as if from *dnypivw; perhaps for δηριθήτην (Schwyzer: 761; see  Chantraine 1942: 404), δηρινθῆναι (A. RJ, present metrically reshaped in  δηριόωντο, δηριάασθαι, etc. (Hom.; Schwyzer: 727, Chantraine 1942: 359); ptc. act. δηριώντων (Pi. N. 11, 26; for -όντων acc. to Schulze 1892: 384 A. 3), δηριόωντες (A. R. 1, 752; see Schwyzer 1950: 234, partly metrically determined). δηρίττειν' ἐρίζειν 'to  contend with' (H.). Privative adjective ἀ-δήρι-τος 'without battle' (P 42; ἄ-δηρις AP);  as a verbal adj. to δηρίομαι 'indomitable' (A. Pr. 105), 'undisputed' (Plb.).

    *ETYM Formally, δῆρις seem to correspond to Skt. -dari- 'splitting' (as a second  member in epic), but the Skt. word is attested only rather late, which makes the  comparison uncertain. See also ▶︎ δέρω.

XXXXXδηρός [adj.] 'lasting long' (II.). «1Ὲ *dueh,- 'long'>

===Pag_374: Beekes_Página_0374.tiff=== XXXXXδίαιτα 327

    *VAR Dor. δᾶρός, mostly δηρόν, δᾶρόν [adv.] 'long'. On the use Bjorck 1950: 126,  208, 210.

    *ETYM Related to δήν, 6(F)av, from *5fa-pdc. The same root occurs in Hitt. tuya  [adv.] 'far', tuyala- [adj.] 'far from' (Benveniste BSL 33 (1932): 142f.), OP duvaistam,  Av. dboistam 'diutissime', Arm. tev-em 'to hold out' (cf. Kortlandt 2003: 102:  derivation of tew), and Skt. dii-rd- 'far', Lat. da-dum 'for along time', etc. Not related  to Arm. erkar 'lasting long', according to Kortlandt 2003: gaf.

XXXXXδῆτα = δή.

XXXXXδήω [v.] 'I shall find' (1].); the future mg. is based on the perfective aspect of the verb (Schwyzer 1950: 265). IE? *des- 'find, look after'>

    *VAR  Only present (except ἔδηεν' εὗρεν H.) with future meaning.

    *ETYM Remarkable lengthened grade thematic root present. It has been compared  with OCS deso, desiti 'find' (Pedersen IF 5 (1895): 47) and Alb. ndesh 'meet' (Jokl  Wien. Ak. Sb. 168: 1: 6off, Pok. 190). See also Vasmer 1953 s.v. desitv. Narten KZ 78  (1963): 63 compared Skt. abhi-dasati (the subj. aor. of *da- 'be hostile').

XXXXXδιά [adv., prep.) 'in two, apart, through' (Il.), as a prep. 'through' (l.); on the mg. Schwyzer 1950: 448ff.

    *VAR  Thess. διέ, Lesb, Ca (< δια). Epic ▶︎ Sa-; also διαί (A; after katai 'downwards',  παραί 'beside', ὑπαί 'under').

    *COMP Note διαμπερές, διάνδιχα; διαπρό, διέκ.

    *ETYM Probably from *dih-a; related to Lat. dis-, OS, OE te-, OHG Ζί-, ze- (whence  zir-, zer- through contamination with ir-, er-), Alb. ¢- 'apart'. Greek has added -a  after μετά, παρά, etc. Cf. ▶︎ δίς.

XXXXXδιαβήτης [m_] 'circle' (Ar.), 'compass' (Pl., Plu.), later 'siphon' (Colum., Hero) because of the formal similarity.

    *ETYM From διαβαίνειν, 'spread the legs' (see Kalbfleisch PhW 64 (1944); contra  Stromberg 1944: 89). The meaning 'diabetes' is modern. See ▶︎ βαίνω.

XXXXXδιάγγαρον [adj.] - δικέφαλον 'two-headed' (H.; alphabetically at the wrong place). <?>

    *ETYM Schmidt and Latte consider this word corrupt. von Blumenthal 1930: 24  attempted to identify it as Illyrian.

XXXXXδιάζομαι = ἄττομαι.

XXXXXδιαίνω [v.] 'to make (the eyes) wet, cry' (11... <?>

    *VAR Aor. διῆναι.

    *DER Stavtdc (Arist.), διαντικὸς (Arist.); δίανσις (Gal.). On ▶︎ διερός (Hes.), see s.v.

    *ETYM Unknown. See Bechtel 1914 s.v.

XXXXXδίαιτα [f.] 1. 'mode of life, prescribed way of life, dwelling' (Pi, Ion., also Att; on the mg. 'ornaments' in LXX Del Medico ByzZ 44, 4136f.); 2. 'arbitration' (Att.).

    *DER διαιτάομαι 'feed onself, live somewhere, be somewhere' (IA), τάω 'treat as a  physician' (Hp.); 2. διαιτάω 'to distinguish, be arbitrator' (Pi, Att.). διαίτημα (mostly  plur.) 'way of life' (Hp.) with διατηματώδης; διαίτησις 'way of life' (Ηρ.); διαιτητήρια

===Pag_375: Beekes_Página_0375.tiff===

[pl.] 'living room' (Χ.); διαιτητικός 'belonging to the food' (Hp.), and 'belonging to the arbitration' (Str.); uncertain διαιτί[α = διαίτησις (epist. Hadr.; Hesperia 3, 41). διαιτιγτής 'arbiter' (Hdt.), dtattatép (Olympia VI*) and διαιτήσιμος 'belonging to the arbiter' (Is.; after ἐφέσιμος; cf. Arbenz 1933: 69f.); τὸ διαιτητικόν 'decision of an arbiter' (pap.). διαίτωμα (Delph. 115) = δίαιτα, see Chantraine 1933: 187.

    *ETYM Like aptaw from "ἀ(ξ)ερτάω beside primary deipw, so δι-αιτάομαι, -dw  stands beside primary αἴνυμαι (see Schwyzer: 7osf.); thus, it originally meant 'take  out, divide', whence 'divide food, feed oneself, live' and, on the other hand, 'decide'  (with reference to jurisdiction, like ▶︎ αἴτιος; cf. also ▶︎ αἶσα). δίαιτα is a retrograde  formation from the verb. Only in the medical sense of 'treat as physician' is διαιτάω  a denominative of δίαιτα.

XXXXXδιάκονιν [m.] : δυσκίνητον. Κρῆτες 'difficult to move (Cret.)' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXδιακόνιον [n.] - μάζα ἢ ζωμὸς, Kai ἡ κρηπὶς τοῦ πλακοῦντος 'barley-cake or soup or sauce; bottom of a type of flat cake' (Pherecr. fr. 156), οἱ δὲ πέμματα ἐξαπτόμενα τῆς εἰρεσιώνης 'sweetmeats fastened on a wreath' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXδιακονίς [f.]? - ἐπὶ ὑφῆς ἱματίου ἀνωμάλου, 5 φαμεν Koviletv, Kai ἄνθρωπος ὁ μὴ πυκνός 'a coarsely-woven tunic; also a man who is not shrewd' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Latte Mnem. 3:10 (1942): 82 recalls the gloss κεκονισμένος: συνπεπλεγμένος  from a sch. on Theoc. 1, 30, but this remains unclear.

XXXXXδιάκονος [m.] 'servant, diaconus' (IA, etc.). <1E *ken- 'hasten'>

    *VAR Ion. διήκονος; secondary διάκων (pap.).

    *DIAL Myc. perhaps ka-si-ko-no if /kasi-konos/ 'worker, companion'.

    *DER Fem. διακόνισσα (late; see Chantraine 1933: 110). διακονία 'service' (Att.),  διακονικός (Att.). Staxovéw (duy-) 'to serve, be servant' (IA) together with  διακόνημα 'service' (Ρ].), διακόνησις 'service' (Ρ].), διακονητικός (Alex. Aphr.).

    *ETYM If the formation is to be compared with that of ▶︎ ἀμφίπολος, διάκονος derives  from a verb lost otherwise, or else it could be deverbal derivation of Staxovéw, which  would be an iterative-intensive deverbative like »éyxovéw 'hurry'. δια- may have  meant 'from all sides, completely'; its long vowel might have to be explained from  lengthening in compounds, were it not that according to Ruijgh Lingua 25 (1970):  320 only the first vowel of the second member can be lengthened. On the meaning,  see Lidén 1906: 52. Cf. also ▶︎ διηνεκής.

XXXXXδιᾷκόσιοι [num.] 'two hundred' (collective τὴν διακοσίαν ἵππον 'two hundred horse' Th. 1, 62). «1Ὲὲ *dui-dkmt-'two hundred'>

    *VAR Ion. διηκόσιοι, Dor., etc. διακάτιοι.

    *DER διακοσιοστός 'the twohundredth' (Ὁ. H.), ἡ διακοσιοστή name of a half percent  tax in Ptolemaic Egypt (pap.); διακοσιάκις (Herod. Med.); διακοσιάπρωτοι name of  the highest class of taxpayers (Aphrodisias; after δεκά-πρωτοι); διακοσιοντά-χους  'twohundredfold' (Str.; after exatovtd-yous, etc.), cf. διακοσιοντάκις (Alex. Aphr.).

===Pag_376: Beekes_Página_0376.tiff=== XXXXXδιαπρύσιον 329

    *ETYM The original form of the second member is -κάτιοι, which became -κόσιοι  with regular assibilation t > o and analogical -o- after -kovta, -κοστός; διᾶ-, δι1η- is  for δι- (see Sic) after τριᾶ-, τριη-κόσιοι, etc. See ▶︎ εἴκοσι, ▶︎ ἑκατόν.

XXXXXδιακουράζεσθαι [v.] - ἀτενὲς βλέπειν 'to behold intently' διὰ τὸ τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς κόρας λέγεσθαι 'because the eyes were called κ᾿' (Suid., EM 267,24).

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXδιάκτορος [adj.] epithet of Hermes (Hom.); by later poets, who understood it as 'messenger', also used for Iris, Athena, the Eagle of Zeus, etc. (Call.); finally also as adjective (Gtaxtopa ... ἔγχεα 'swords' Nonn.). Secondary διάκτωρ (AP, Hs cf. διάκων = διάκονος). <2

    *ETYM The meaning was lost at an early date; it was used as 'διάκονος᾽ by A. Pr. 941,  and later simply interpreted as 'messenger': ἀπὸ τοῦ διάγειν τὰς ἀγγελίας 'because  they carry over messages' (H.). The gloss continues, however: ἢ οἷον διατόρως καὶ  σαφῶς διαλεγόμενος 'or like: said loudly and clearly'. Bechtel 1914 relates it as διά-  κτορος to Ktépac: 'one who disposes of treasure'(?); Ostergaard Herm. 37 (1902):  333ff. takes it as god of death, based on connection with xtépec: νεκροί 'the dead'  (H.), but this is probably a guess by grammarians to explain xtépea as 'honors of the  dead' (Solmsen IF 3 (1894): 98). Thieme 1952: 52f. objects to these explanations, and  analyzes *5ia-axt-topog as 'transmitting to the other side [of Persephoneia]'; Frisk  deems this 'mehr kiihn als tiberzeugend'. Janko Glotta 56 (1978): 192-195 follows  Hesychius in assuming that the form was thematicized secondarily and that it meant  ἡγεμών 'leader'.

XXXXXδιαμευστάς [acc.pl.] - ἀλαζόνας 'charlatans, cheats'; διαμευτής' ψεύστης, ἀπατεών 'liar, cheat' (H.).

    *ETYM From ᾿δι-αμεύομαι; see ▶︎ ἀμεύσασθαι.

XXXXXδιαμμοιρηδά = poipa.

XXXXXδιαμπάξ [adv.] 'right through, through and through' (trag., X).

    *ETYM From διά, ἀνά and -πάξ in ἅπαξ; perhaps modelled after ▶︎ διαμπερές.

XXXXXδιαμπερές [adv.] 'through and through, right through', local and temporal (II.).

    *VAR Also with tmesis: διὰ δ᾽ ἀμπερές (Schwyzer 1950: 426).

    *DER διαμπερής [adj.] 'piercing' (Hp.); διαμπερέως (Hp.), from there ἀμπερέως:  διαμπάξ 'right through' (H.).

    *ETYM From διά and ἀμπείρω; cf. ἀμπείραντες 'having pierced' B 426 (διαμπείρω [Q. S.] is a secondary formation after διαπείρω). The root vowel is the same as in dta-  περάω, περόνῃ, etc., as well as in the adj. in -j¢ (Schwyzer: 513). The combination  δι(ά)- ἀνά, or rather -aN-, occurs also in διάνδιχα (Hom.); see ▶︎ δίχα, Cf. Stromberg  1946: 140f. and Luther 1935: 154f. See also synonymous ▶︎ διαμπάξ (A.).

XXXXXδιαπρύσιον [adv.] 'going through, piercing', especially of sounds, 'far stretching' (Hom.). «1Εξ *8:a-mp-v-1-2>

    *VAR Also -iwe [adv.] (Ὁ. S.).

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    *ETYM διαπρύσιος arose from διαπρό 'through and through', to which *-tyo- was  added (see Forssman KZ 79 (1965): 14*). For the unclear v-vocalism, Aeolic origin  has been proposed (Chantraine 1942: 25; for other suggestions, cf. Bechtel 1914 s.v.;  Schwyzer 1950: 505; Schwyzer K Z 63 (1936): 60°).

XXXXXδιάραμα Ξ'ἐξεράω.

XXXXXδιαττάω [v.] 'to sieve' (Att.). «1Ὲ *kieh,- 'sieve'>

    *VAR Perf. ptc. pass. διεττημένος (διηττημένος Thphr. as if from δι-αττάω); as a  simplex owot [3pl.pres.] (Hdt. 1, 200), ἐττημένος (Pherecr., Att. inscr.), ἐσσημένος  (Delos III', with Ionic -oo-). A present in -0- is ▶︎ σήθω.

    *COMP ἀλευρό-ττησις 'flour-sieve' (Poll.), 'sieved flour' (Suid.).

    *DER Verbal noun διάττησις (Plu.), also (deverbal) δίαττος: ἡ ἀλευρότετρησις, TO  κόσκινον 'flour-sieve, sieve' (H.).

    *ETYM Formerly, *(dta-)tfaiw was posited, and the word implausibly compared with  Skt. titati- 'to sieve. Puhvel has connected Hittite kinae-* 'to assort', which fits  excellently both formally and semantically (see Kloekhorst 2008 s.v. for a critical  note, though). We have to reconstruct a root *kieh,- 'to sieve' (thus LIV'), from  which Greek probably formed a yod-present (see also most recentlyRPh. 72 (1998)  124).

XXXXXδίβολος [adj.] 'with double point', of a halbert or a cloth.

    *DER διβολία 'halbert' (Ar.), 'cloth' (Plu.); διβολέω 'harrow' (pap.).

    *ETYM DELG compares βάλλω.

XXXXXδίβος [m.] name of a square on the draughtboard (AP 9, 482).

    *ETYM Loan from Lat. divus; however, the 1 is short.

XXXXXδιδάσκω [v.] 'to teach, instruct' (Od.).

    <IE *d(e)ns- 'teach'>

    *VAR Aor. διδάξαι (like ἀλύσκω : ἀλύξαι), perf. med. δεδιδάχθαι; post-Hom. διδασκῆσαι (Hes.), διδάξω (A.), δεδίδαχα (Ρ].).

    *DER διδάσκαλος [m.] ([f]) 'teacher' (IA, A. Merc.) with διδασκαλία 'lesson,  education' (Pi.), διδασκάλιον 'knowledge' (Hdt.), late in plur. 'tuition fee',  διδασκαλικός 'ptng. to the teacher', διδασκαλεῖον 'school' (IA). διδαχή 'education'  (IA), δίδαξις 'id? (E.), δίδαγμα 'id?' (IA), for which cf. ταράξαι: ταραχή, τάραξις,  tapaypa; διδαγμοσύνη 'id' (astrol.). didaxtpa [pl.] ''teacher's fee' (Theoc.; cf. Chantraine 1933: 332); διδακτήριον 'proof (Hp.); διδακτικός 'suitable for teaching'  (Ph., NT).

    *ETYM Reduplicated ox-present of »δαῆναι with factitive meaning < *dah-fvat. Since the root was obscured, the reduplication (and partly also the ox-suffix) spread  to the non-presentic forms. See Debrunner 1937: 251ff.

XXXXXδίδημι -' δέω 1.

XXXXXδιδράσκω [v.] 'to run away' (ἀποδράς Od.; but see Ἄδρηστος below). ΑΚ Aor. ἀπ-έδρᾶν, perf. ἁποδέδρακα. Also ἐϊκ-διδράσκω; the simplex is hardly attested, see DELG.

===Pag_378: Beekes_Página_0378.tiff=== XXXXXδίδωμι 331

    *DER ἀπόδρᾶσις 'escape' (Hdt.), δρᾶσμός 'flight' (Hdt.). ἄδρᾶστος 'who does not run  away (Hdt.), also as a PN Ἄδρηστος, -δραστος (Il.); fem. Aépacteia, name of  Nemesis: 'from whom one cannot flee' (A.); also Adpnotivn. Lengthened verbal  form δρασκάζω = ἀποδιδράσκω (Lex apud Lys. 10, 17; Zen.), ἀποδρασκάζω (Tz.);  δράσκασις (H.).

XXXXXδρᾶπέτης [m.] 'runaway (slave) (Hdt.), with unclear -π- (cf. DELG), whence several derivatives like Spanetetw [v.] 'to run away'. Note Spay (Ar. fr. 768).

    *ETYM The athematic root aorist €-Spa-v corresponds morphologically to Skt. drantu  [3pLimpv.] 'run', from a root *dr-eh,- beside *dr-em-, seen in ▶︎ δραμεῖν, ▶︎ δρόμος. See ▶︎ ἀποδιδράσκω.

XXXXXδίδυμος [adj.] 'double', substantivized plur. 'twins' (1].), 'testicles' (LXX). «1Ὲ *dui-du- >

    *DIAL Myc. PN Di-du-mo /Didumi/.

    *DER διδυμᾶονε [du.], -οσιν [dat.pl.] 'twins' (Hom.), as an adj. in Nonn., both plur. and sing., = δίδυμος; built on δίδυμος after ὀπάων (Chantraine 1933: 163, Schwyzer:  521); διδύμιος = δίδυμος (Sammelb. 1068); medical terms διδύμια, διδυμαῖα [pl.]  'testicles, etc.' (Hp.); διδυμωτός 'forked' (Cyran.); Διδυμών month name in  Alexandria (Ptol.). διδυμότης 'duality' (Pl.). Denominative διδυμεύω 'to bear twins'  (LXX). διδυμᾶ-τόκος (-1)-) 'bearing twins' (Theoc.) with compositional (metrical)  lengthening for διδυμο-τόκος (Arist.); from the former διδυμη-τοκέω (-0-).

    *ETYM Reduplication from δύο with a suffix -μο- (ἔτυμος); cf. ἀμφί-δυμος 'double' (δ  847). Analogical formations like τρί-δυμος (Ὁ. H.) show that δίδυμος was connected  with δίς 'twice', at least at a later date. Cf. also Gonda 1953: 48.

XXXXXδίδωμι [v.] 'to give' (1].).

    <IE *deh,- 'give'>

    *VAR Fut. δώσω (διδώσω v 358, ὦ 314), aor. ἔδωκα, δοῦναι (see below), pass. δοθῆναι,  perf. δέδωκα, δέδομαι. Cypr. opt. δώκοι from δώκω (from the aor.).

    *DIAL Myc. di-do-si /didonsi/ 'they give', di-do-to /didontoi/ [3pl.ind.pass.], do-se  /dasei/ 'he will give', jo-do-so-si /j6-dosonsi/, o-do-ke /hd-doke/ [ind.aor.], a-pu-do-  ke /apu-doke/, a-pe-do-ke /ap-edéke/, de-do-me-na /dedomena/ [perf.ptc.pass.]; a-  pu-do-si /apu-dosis/, do-so-mo /dosmos/, do-so-mi-jo /dosmios/ 'consisting of  contributions', do-ra /d6ra/ 'gifts'; PN te-o-do-ra /t*e'odéra/.

    *COMP Often with prefix: ava-, dvti-, ἀπο-, dia-, etc. As a first member dwot- in  Δωσί-θεος, etc.; cf. Knecht 1946: 11; see also below.

    *DER δώς [f.] 'gift? (Hes. Op. 356 < δώ-ς or ᾿δώτ-ς, see below); (ἀνά-, avti-, and-,  etc. )ddatc 'gift' IL.) with δοσίδιον (inscr.) and δόσιμος, often from compounds with  ἐπι-, ἐν-, παρα-; δῶτις, uncertain; acc. to Fraenkel 1910: 105 twice in the  Amphiktyon-law of 380% for Awtic; also δῶττις: δώς, φερνή 'gift, dowry' (H.),  probably a mistake, see Latte; dwtivn, -d, 'gift, present, rent' (Hom., also Argolis; but  cf. Leumann 1950: 279f.), with Swtivalw 'collect gifts' (Hdt. 2, 180); ἀπυ-δοσμός  'selling' with ἀπυδόσμιος (Arc.); -δομα in ἀπό-, διά-, πρό-δομα, etc; cf. Wilhelm  Glotta 14 (1925): 7of.; on ▶︎ δῶρον see s.v. Further (ἐκ-, ἐπι-, etc.)Sotr/p 'giver' (Il.),  fem. δότειρα (Hes.); δώτωρ 'id.' (Od.); on δοτήρ : δώτωρ see Benveniste 1948: 46 and  49; δωτήρ 'id' (Beot δωτῆρες ἐάων θ 325, etc; see below); δότης = δοτήρ (LXX); first

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only in compounds, e.g. προδότης, fem. -τις 'traitor' (IA) with προδοσία 'treason' (IA); δώτης (Hes. Op. 355, beside ἀ-δώτης; cf. δώς above and Fraenkel 1910: 118, Frisk 1948: 20), ἐπιδώτης epithet of Zeus in Mantinea and other gods (Paus.) with ᾿Ἐπιδώτειον name of a tempel (Epidauros); Awtw name of a Nereid (Il, Hes.; see below). dotixdc, often prefixed with ἐπι-, μετα-, etc. (Arist.). Desiderative deverbative (napa-, év-, etc. }Swoelw (Th.), iterative preterite δόσκον (epic).

    *ETYM δίδωμι goes back to the widespread PIE root *deh,-/dh,-. Except for the  reduplication vocalism, δίδω-μι corresponds to Skt. dddati, Av. dadditi; i-  reduplication is also seen in Italic, e.g. Osc. didest 'he will give', Vest. didet 'dat', and  perhaps also in Lat. redd6, if < *re-di-d6. Other correspondences are with the medial  root aorists oto, Skt. ddita, Venet. zo-to < *dh,to; and with the participles  (-)Sotd¢, Lat. ddtus, Skt. -data-, Av. data- (but zero grade in Skt. -tta- < *-dh;to-; as  a simplex it has new dattd-). The active aorist ἔτδω-κ-α (with -«- after ἔθηκα, ἧκα,  acc. to Schwyzer: 741) replaces the root aorist *é-dw-v (cf. ἔ-στη-ν), seen in Skt. d-da-  t, Arm. et 'he gave' < *h,é-d6-t. Cypr. Sofevar is often equated with Skt. ddvdne [inf.]  'to give' (see Benveniste 1935: 129); however, an element *y is also found in Cypr. opt. δυράνοι, Lat. duim 'dem', Lith. dovana 'gift, davé 'he gave', and other forms (see  LIV? s.v. *deh,u-). Hom. Att. δοῦναι is from "δο-ἕναι. Among the nouns, compare  δώτωρ = Skt. datar-, with zero grade Lat. dator; δοτήρ : Skt. datdr-; δόσις = Lat. dati-  6; due, if < "δώτ-ς = Lat. dos, -tis (if the latter is from IE *deh,-t- and not *deh,-ti-). As a first member, Awot- = Skt. dati-vara- 'who loves giving, liberal'.

XXXXXδίεμαι [v.] trans. 'to hunt, pursue' in δίεσθαι (M 276, etc.), intrans. 'to run' in dievtat (¥ 475) and δίεσθαι (M 304). <?>

    *VAR Subj. Siwpat, δίηται, Siwvtat (O 681, etc.), opt. δίοιτο (p 317); act. évdlecav (see  DELG). Active preterite forms diov 'T fled' (X 251; on die see Chantraine 1942: 388),  ἐνδίεσαν 'they pursued' (2 584); note περὶ yap die (E 566, etc.) 'he was afraid', see  below. Rare forms in A.: δίομαι with inf. 'I feared' (Pers. 7oof. [lyr.] bis), διόμενος  'driven away (Supp. 819, Eu. 357 and 385 [lyr.]); in Gortyn ἐδδίηται (< ἐσδ- = ἐκδ-),  ἐπιδίεθθαι, -διόμενος 'to chase away, pursue' (SGDI 4997-8). See on ▶︎ διώκω.

    *ETYM Ole 'was afraid' rather belongs to δέδοικα, ▶︎ δείδω. Since the only active forms  remaining are the hapax legomena Siov and ἐνδίεσαν, these may be secondary after  ἵενται, ἵεσαν; moreover, a PIE *dih- could hardly have become dte-, which also  suggests that these two forms are analogical. Consequently, the verb was thematic. Cf. further ▶︎ διερός 'quick'. The appurtenance of Skt. diyati 'fly' is not certain. From  other languages have been compared Olr. dian 'quick' and Latv. diét 'to dance' (LIV'  s.v. *deih,- 'dahinjagen'). See ▶︎ δῖνος, ▶︎ δίζημαι, ▶︎ ζητέω.

XXXXXδιεράω [v.] 'to filter through' (Plu.). <?>

    *DER διέραμα 'funnel, strainer' (Plu.); in the papyri often used as a technical term of  Egyptian transport, mg. not quite clear and probably influenced by διαίρειν  'transport', cf. the notation διαίρεμα; thence διεραματίτης name of an official of  transportion. Note διάραμα next to διερᾶν; thence διαραματία name of a liturgy.

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    *ETYM Beside διέραμα, διέρασις (pap.), also διαίρασις. See Frisk 1931: 28ff; also,  Redard 1949: 242, who adduces διάρημα = λέμβος 'kind of ship' (Procop.). See  > ἀπεράω and ▶︎ ἐξεράω.

XXXXXδιερός in Hom. a qualification of ἀνήρ 'man' (ζ 201 ἀνὴρ διερὸς βροτός), and of πούς 'foot' (t 43); in Diog. Laert. (AP 7, 123) epithet of φλόξ 'flame, fire'. In Anaxag. 4, 12 the opposite of ξηρός 'humid' (A.). <>

    *ETYM The meaning was unknown even in antiquity, as is clear from the  incompatible translations in H.: διερός: λαμπρός, ζῶν, περιφανής 'brilliant, alive,  apparent'. Connection with δίεμαι is only possible if the word is from *dih,-ero-. Schulze (see Bechtel 1914 s.v.) reads ζ 201 as *8ptepdc 'to be feared', related to  ▶︎ δείδω; semantically, this is not convincing (cf. DELG). The word has also been  connected with dtaivw (Frisk); this is also not convincing (as it is not from an r/n-  stem).

XXXXXδίζα [f.] · αἴξ. Λάκωνες 'goat (Lacon.)' (H.).

    *ETYM The word has been compared with δίζα < *dty-1a, with Arm. tik 'sack' from IE  *digeh,-, related to OHG ziga 'goat'. Schmitt-Brandt Kratylos 13 (1968): 3 compared  Alb. dhi 'goat' (rejected by Demiraj 1997). Latte thought the word was Illyrian. Perpillou BSL 67 (1972): 115-122 supposes that the word was originally *aifa, perhaps  seen in Myc. a,-za (see now DELG Supp.).

XXXXXδίζημαι [v.] 'to search, seek out, desire' (Il.).

    <IE *ieh,- 'pursue'>

    *VAR διζησόμεθ᾽ (π 239; subj. aor., cf. Chantraine 1942: 455), fut. διζήσεαι (Parm. 8,  6), aor. ἐδιζησάμην (Heraclit. 101); new present δίζομαι (Herod.; see Schwyzer: 689).

    *DIAL Att. has ζητέω.

    *DER δίζησις (Parm.), cf. Porzig 1942: 197.

    *ETYM It was thought that δίζημαι goes back to Ἐδι-διᾶ-μαι, reflecting a verbal stem  further occurring in ▶︎ ζῆλος and ▶︎ ζητέω. However, Garcia Ramon (see ▶︎ Ζητήρ) has  shown that the basic root is *ieh,- 'to pursue, avenge, εἴς,

XXXXXδίζω = dic.

XXXXXδιηγανές --γάνυμαι.

XXXXXδιηνεκής [adj.] 'uninterrupted, definite, exact' (Il; on the mg. Luther 1935: 64f.).

    *VAR Artificially Attic (Dorianized) διᾶνεκής (Schwyzer: 190), -ἕως.

    *ETYM From δι(α)-ενεκ-ἤς with compositional lengthening (cf. ποδ-ηνεκής) to  ἐνεγκεῖν, ἐνεχ-θῆναι; see Schwyzer: 513. The simplex ἠνεκής (Emp.) arose by  decomposition. See also δουρηνεκής (s.v. ▶︎ δόρυ). On the long -1-, see Bonfante Riv. fil. class. 97 (1969): 189.

XXXXXδιητανές [adj.] - λιτόν, διατεταμένον 'simple, stretched (outy (H.).

    *ETYM From διά and teivw, τανύω with lengthening of the a (cf. διηνεκής).

XXXXXδῖθύραμβος [m.] name of a song at the festival for Dionysus (Archil.), also said of the god (E. Ba. 526 [lyr.]). «ΡΟ»

    *VAR  διθυραμιφος on a vase (SEG XVI (1959) no. 40).

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    *DER διθυραμβώδης (Ph.), -ἰκός (Arist.), -ἰος month name (Gonni), διθυραμβέω 'to  sing dithyrambs' (Hell.).

    *ETYM Like ἴαμβος and θρίαμβος, διθύραμβος is Pre-Greek (thus also Frisk and  DELG), See also Kretschmer Glotta 27 (1939): 219f., contra Brandenstein IF 54 (1936):  34ff., who connects the word with Skt. driga- 'member'.

XXXXXδιϊπετής [adj.] 'fallen from heaven', then 'heavenly' (h. Ven. 4, οἰωνοί 'birds', perhaps from the root *peth.- 'fly'), 'light, clear' (Emp.); see Leumann 1950: 311.

    *VAR Hom. only in διϊπετέος ποταμοῖο (verse end).

    *ETYM The older form for διϊπετής may have been διειπετής (as also suggested by  ancient sources such as sch. Od. 4, 477), like Διειτρέφης (inscr.) after Διξεί-φιλος  (epic δίίφιλος), where the dative was correct. See Bechtel 1914 s.v. On the verbal  second member, cf. Fraenkel 1910: 63, Risch 1937: 82. See also Schmitt 1968: 22:f.

XXXXXδικασπόλος [m.] 'judge' (IL). <GRe

    *DER Rare and late δικασπολία and δικασπολέω.

    *ETYM Formation like ▶︎ αἰπόλος, ▶︎ βουκόλος, but here with a remarkable acc.pl. as  the first member. δικασκόπος (Mytilene, Cyme, IV-III*) is formed after δικασπόλος. There is no relationship with Go. spillon 'to proclaim', etc. (pace eg. Lagercrantz  1938: 59). See ▶︎ δίκη.

XXXXXδικεῖν [v.] 'to throw' (Pi.) also 'to aim (on high) (E. HF 498) with ἄνδικε- ἀνάρριψον 'throw!, ἀνδικά- 6 βόλος 'throw, cast', ἀνδίκτης: TO ἀναριπτόμενον τῆς μυάγρας ξύλον 'the sprung holding bar of amousetrap' (Call; H.).

    *DER ▶︎ δίκτυον and ▶︎ δίσκος.

    *ETYM Connection with ▶︎ δείκνυμι is defended by Brugmann IF 39 (1917-1921): 144ff. and Gonda 1929: 216ff., but this is semantically problematic. See under ▶︎ δίκτυον and  ▶︎ δίσκος. Fur: 297 compares λιχάξαι: ῥῖψαι, βαλεῖν. Κρῆτες 'throw (Cret.) (H.),  which points to a Pre-Greek word. LIV' s.v. 2. *deik- 'werfen' connects the word with  Khot. diss- 'werfen'.

XXXXXδίκελλᾶ [f.] a two-pronged fork (trag., Delos III*). «ΡΟ»

    *DER δικελλίτης (Luc.).

    *ETYM A technical term without established etymology. A connection with μάκελλα,  μακέλη (IL) requires an analysis as di- and μά-κελλα, which is possible only for δί-  KeAAa: a prefix μα- (allegedly from IE *sem-) does not exist. The variation -e\)\a/-  ekn, as displayed by μάκελλα, μακέλη, is best explained from Pre-Greek *-aPa vel  sim. Therefore, μάκελλα, paxéAn is probably of Pre-Greek origin, and we can  reasonably assume the same for δίκελλα.

XXXXXδίκη [f.] 'custom, right, judgement, justice, lawsuit, trial, punishment' (IL).

    *COMP > δικασπόλος 'judge' with an acc. pl.

    *DER Diminutive δικίδιον (Ar; see Fournier 1946: 116). δίκαιος 'just, lawful' (11. with  δικαιότης 'justice' (X.) and δικαιοσύνη 'id.' (IA; see Porzig 1942: 225), secondary  δικαιόσυνος (of Zeus); denominative Sucatow 'consider to be right, claim, sentence'  (IA) with δικαίωμα 'act of right' and δικαίωσις 'lawsuit, punishment'; also

===Pag_382: Beekes_Página_0382.tiff=== XXXXXδίκτυον 33ς δικαιωτήριον 'place of punishment' (Pl. Phdr. χ494; like δεσμωτήριον, etc.) and δικαιωτής 'judge' (Plu.). δικανικός 'belonging to trials', often depreciative (Att.); the base form only in H.: δικανούς: τοὺς περὶ τὰς δίκας διατρίβοντας 'those who occupy themselves with justice' (H.). The long ἃ (Ar. Pax 534) is from νεᾶνικός acc. to Chantraine Anales de filologia cldsica 6 (1952): 45ff.; see also BjOrck 1950: 256f., 270f. ικαϊκός 'rightly' (M. Ant.). Denominative δικάζω 'to judge', med. 'to go to law' (Ils διαδικάζω Att); from it δικαστής 'judge' (IA) with δικαστικός 'belonging to a judge/justice' (Pl.) and dixaoteia 'office of δικαστής᾽ (inscr.); rare δικαστήρ 'id.' (Locr., Pamph., etc.), fem. δικάστρια (Luc.), with δικαστήριον 'law court' (IA) with the diminutive δικαστηρίδιον (Ar) and δικαστηριακός (Phid.); from δικάζω also δικαστύς (Epigr. Samos; Fraenkel 1910: 327), δικασμός (Ph.), δικασία (Aq; διαδικασία Att.), διαδίκασμα (Lys.), δίκασις (sch.). Privative compound ἄδικος 'unjust' with ἀδικία and ἀδικέω, whence ἀδίκημα (all IA). On the hypostasis ἀδικίου 'because of unjustice' see Wackernagel 1920-1924(2): 288; on ἀδίκιον Wackernagel and Debrunner Phil. 95 (1942): 190f.

    *ETYM Although it is morphologically identical with epic Skt. disa- 'direction, part of  heaven', δίκη is an independent formation. It is probably an extension of the root  noun seen in Skt. dis- 'cardinal point' and preserved in Lat. dicis causa (Wackernagel  in WH 1: 860). Pace Kretschmer Glotta 32 (1953): 2, the association with 'right' must  be old, as it is also found in Lat. dicis causa, itidex, and in Germanic; see δείκνυμι.

XXXXXδικλίδες [f-pl.] 'double folding' (θύραι 'doors', πύλαι 'gates', etc.) (Il); also substantivized (Theoc.).

    *VAR Late also sing.

    *ETYM Compound of δι- (see ▶︎ δίς) and κλι- in ▶︎ κλίνω, κλί-σις, Cf. δίκλεις, s.v. ▶︎ κλείς.

XXXXXδίκροος [adj.] 'forked, cloven' (IA; cf. Ilberg Arch. f Pap. 4, 281f.). «1Ὲ *(dui)-kr-ou-o- 'two-horned'.> «ΑΒ Gen. δίκρους. Also δικρόος, gen. δικροῦς, or (with hyphaeresis) δίκρος.

    *ETYM δίκροος goes back to *Si-kpof-og 'two-horned', from δι- (see ▶︎ δίς) and a  word for 'horn'. Nussbaum 1986: 2-18, assumes that there were forms without  laryngeal (e.g. Skt. ὁγήρα-, κάρνος H.) to explain the discrepancy between δίκροος  without reflex of *h, and kepa[f]-d¢ 'horned' (beside Lat. cervus 'deer', Av. sri-  'horn') from *kerh,-uo- with *h,. Note that κόρυς, κόρυμβα, etc. are not related, but  rather of Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXδίκταμνον [n.] plant name, 'Origanum Dictamnus' (Arist.).

    *VAR  Also δίκταμον (Arist.).

    *DER δικταμνίτης (οἶνος, Dsc.); cf. Redard 1949: 96. Note the town Aixtap(v)ov on  the north coast of Crete.

    *ETYM Formation like σφένδαμνος, κάρδαμον, etc. (Schwyzer: 524 and 494), and  therefore Pre-Greek (Fur.: 396). Chantraine 1933: 216 hypothesizes that the word is  from Aixtn, mountain on Crete, which is possible; cf. Stromberg 1940: 126.

XXXXXδίκτυον [n.] 'net, strick' (Od.).

===Pag_383: Beekes_Página_0383.tiff===

    *DIAL Myc. de-ku-tu-wo-ko /dektuworgos/.

    *COMP δικτυ-βόλος (AP, Opp.) beside δικτυο-βόλος (Poll) after δικτυ-αρχέω  (inscr.) with elided -o-?

    *DER Diminutive δικτύδιον (Poll.); δικτυεύς 'fisher (with a net)' (Str.) with δικτυεία  'fishing' (Ael.); also δικτυΐα, see Scheller 1951: 41. - δικτυώδης 'like a net' (Hp. Ep.),  δικτυωτός 'forming a net' (LXX); from δικτυόομαιξ (LXX). PN Δίκτυς.

    *ETYM Usually derived from an older u-stem derivative of ▶︎ δικεῖν 'throw' (δίκτυ  only EM 275, 27; from the plural δίκτυα, Schwyzer: 46of.). However, the verb need  not be related, and the Mycenaean form has -e- as a variant of -i-, which points to  Pre-Greek origin (see Bader 1965: §23; Chadwick 1964: 19-21; see under ▶︎ δίσκος; on  Pre-Greek u-stems, see Heubeck 1961: 36). Not with Chantraine REGr. 80 (1967): 1-5  or Ruijgh 1988: 450 should we explain the Mycenaean form from *deiktu-. The  connection of Van Windekens KZ 100 (1987): 3uf. with Hitt. ekt-, ikt- (catching)  net', which the initial 6- to be from δικεῖν, is implausible.

XXXXXδίκτυς 1, -υος [m.] name of an unknown Libyan animal (Hdt. 4, 192). «τὴν Libyan>

    *ETYM Unexplained. See Gsell 1913: 128 and Gsell 1915: 97f.

XXXXXδίκτυς 2 [m.] - ὁ ἰκτῖνος ὑπὸ Λακώνων 'kite (Lacon.) (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. Fur.: 392 connects ἰκτῖνος, assuming a Pre-Greek word with  é/zero. However, »ἰκτῖνος is rather an JE word. ▶︎ δίκτυς 1 probably refers to a  different animal.

XXXXXδίλαξ - ἡ ἀρία, τὸ φυτὸν. Λάκωνες (H.).

    *VAR  With prothetic vowel in MoGr. ἀζίλακες 'querens' (Fur.: 374).

    *ETYM The word is Pre-Greek on account of the variant with a prothetic vowel.

XXXXXδίλασ(σ)ον [n.] name of an article of clothing (BGU 814, 25; 816, 27 [II?]).

    *DER τετρά-λασ(σ)ον as attribute of Névti<o>v (PSI 8, 971, 17 [III-IV"]), of flax (Ed. Diocl. 28, 61).

    *ETYM The second member is perhaps connected to λάσιος 'hairy; cf. τετρά-βιβλος  from > βιβλίον, s.v.

XXXXXδινάκω [v.] 'to change, correct'? <?>

    *VAR Opt. δινακοι (Del? 412, Elis).

    *ETYM Unknown. See Bechtel 1921, 2: 863 and Schwyzer l.c.

XXXXXδίνη [f.] 'whirlpool, eddy' (11...

    *DIAL Myc. qge-qi-no-to /g'eg'indtos/, ge-qi-no-me-no /g'eg"indmenos/ 'endowed  with life'.

    *COMP βαθυδίνης (II.).

    *DER δινήεις 'whirling' (Il.), Dor. δινάεις, Aeol. διννάεις (Alc.); δῖνος [m.] 'id.', also  'round vessel' (IA, etc.) with δινώδης 'eddying' (Ὁ. Ο and δινωτός 'with 6.,  rounded, covered with circles' (Hom.; δινόω only Eust.). Verb divéw, aor. δινῆσαι, etc., also δινεύω, (δίννηντες ptc. pl. Sapph. 1, 11; cf. below)  'turn around' (both trans. and intr, Il.) with δίνησις (Arist), δίνημα (Man.), δίνευμα  (conj in Ar. Th. 122 and X. Eq. 3, τι; Orph.); rare δινέμεν (Hes. Op. 598), δινομένην

===Pag_384: Beekes_Página_0384.tiff=== XXXXXΔιόνῦσος 337 (Call.), ἀπο-δινωντι [subj.] 'thresh' (Tab. Heracl.; uncertain, to be changed to ἀποδιδῶντι); Aeol. Sivvw (Hdn.; Διννομένης Alc.), δινάζω (Artem. apud Ath.). Perhaps Atvwv month name (when the corn is threshed).

    *ETYM Perhaps an old nasal present *di-n-eu- (cf. kivéw beside κίνυμαι < *ki-n-(e)u-),  of which the nasal was generalized (cf. κλίνη : κλίνω); the Aeolic form divv- is from  -VF-. According to Garcia Ramon 1999b: 237-248, the Mycenaean forms are not related,  but belong to ▶︎ βίος instead, because they mean 'endowed with life' and because δι-  is not the expected reflex of *g'i-. The Homeric form δινωτός does not derive from  the verb δινόω; it simply meant 'ornamented, enlivened' and belongs to βίος as well,  acc. to Garcia Ramon (with replacement of the reflex of the initial *g'- to avoid  association with Bivéw 'futuere'). The initial element δι- has nothing to with ▶︎ δίεμαι, because the connection is  evident 'ni pour la forme, ni pour le sens' (DELG). In view of the lack of a good  etymology, we should rather consider the possibility of Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXδίξοος

    *VAR διξός. = δίς.

XXXXXδίον -- δείδω.

XXXXXΔιόνῦσος [m.] name of a god (Il.).

    *VAR Dialectal Διώνυσος (epic, lyr.), Διόννυσος (Thess., Cret.), Ζόννυσος (Aeol.),  ΔΙΕνυσος (Amorgos), Δεύνυσος (Anacr.). Hypocoristic vocative Διονῦ (Phryn. Com. 10); cf. διον(ν)ύς: ὁ γυναικίας καὶ παράθηλυς 'weakling, effeminate' (H., EM);  διοννύς: ἡ γυναικεία καὶ θῆλυς ἐσθής 'womanish clothing' (Eust.).

    *DIAL Myc. di-wo-nu-so-jo [gen.?] /Diwo*nusoio/, di-wo-nu-so [dat.].

    *DER Διονύσιος PN, fem. Διονυσιάς; ta Διονύσια [n.pl.] 'festival for A' (Att., etc.),  Διονυσιακός (Th.); diminutive Διονυσίσκος, denomination of a person with bone-  like outgrowths on the temples (medic.); denominative διονυσιάζω [v.] 'to celebrate  the A.' (Luc.), Atovvotactai [m.pl.] worshippers of A. (Nisyros, etc.), cf. Ἀπολλωνιασταί s.v. ▶︎ Ἀπόλλων.

    *ETYM The forms seem to point to ἔδιοσ-νυσος. Acc. to the tradition, Dionysus  would have come from Thrace, and his father would be Zeus, his mother ▶︎ Σεμέλη. As the first member seemed to be the genitive of the Thracian Zeus, Kretschmer  1896: 241f. assumed in the second member a Thracian word for 'son' (found in  Thracian names like Nica; further Νῦσαι, Νύσιαι the nymphs who cared for him)  and Nusatita (PN). This interpretation finds no support, however (see on ▶︎ νυός). Dunkel 1995: 1-21 assumed that the name contains *suH-nu- 'son', of which s and ἡ  were metathesized; this is improbable too. Garcia Ramon Minos 20-22 (1987): 183-200 concludes that Atevvvoia can represent  an old genitive *diues, whereas Διοννυσιαν continues *diyos. For the variants  Δινυσος and Διννυσος, no definitive interpretation can be given. Fur.: 250 recalls the PN Διονυτᾶς (beside -σᾶς on a coin from Teos; see Meyer 1896:  381) and stresses that the variation t/o points to a non-JE = Pre-Greek word. Since all  attempts to find an IE etymology have failed, we have to accept that it is a foreign  name. ;

===Pag_385: Beekes_Página_0385.tiff===

XXXXXδίοπος

    *ETYM From διέπω; see ▶︎ ἕπω.

XXXXXδῖος [adj.] 'belonging to heaven, godlike' (1].), also 'belonging to Zeus' (trag.); often as a month name (Thessaly, Macedonia, etc.).

    *DIAL Myc. di-wi-jo, di-u-jo /diwjos/; di-wi-ja, di-u-ja /diwja/.

    *ETYM Old adjective, identical with Skt. divyd- /divjya-/ 'heavenly', Lat. dius  'godlike', IE *diu-iHo-; see ▶︎ Ζεύς. The adjective may replace the genitive of the basic  word; see Schwyzer 1950: 176ff. The feminine was δῖα < *5if-1a, which first appeared  in the substantival function 'daughter of heaven, goddess', e.g. Sia γυναικῶν 'goddess  among women'; thence, δῖα θεάων, etc; see Schwyzer 1950: 116. The meaning  'belonging to Zeus' is preserved well in tragedy, and probably in I 538 (DELG).

XXXXXδιοσκέω [v.] 'to spy around constantly' (Anacr. 3, 3; not quite certain); acc. to H., διαβλέπειν συνεχῶς τὴν ὅρασιν μεταβάλλοντα, τίθεται δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ διαφορεῖσθαι τῷ σώματι καὶ τῇ ψυχῇ 'to stare at sth. which continuously changes its appearance; to be weakened in the body and the soul'.

    *ETYM See Schwyzer: 5417. DELG proposes *-ok'-sk-.

XXXXXΔιόσκουροι [pl.] 'sons of Zeus', name of the young gods Castor and Polydeuces (Ion. Hell.).

    *VAR  Att. Atooxdpw [du.]; also Διόσκοροι.

    *DER Διοσκο(ύ)ρειον, -ptov 'temple of the A' (Att, etc.), τὰ Διοσκο(ύ)ρίελα 'festival  of the A.' (inscr.), also -ΐα (after βασιλήϊα, etc.), Atooxovpiagtai name of the  worshippers (pap.), cf. Διονυσιασταί; Διοσκουριάς TN.

    *ETYM Univerbation of Διὸς κοῦροι (or κόρω), cf. Schwyzer: 427 and 445. See on  ▶︎ Ζεύς and ▶︎ κόρος 2. The Dioscuri are the sons of Tyndareos and parallel to the  Indic Agvins. They are saviors and rescuers from danger, both at sea and in battle. In  Lithuanian, they are called Diévo sunéliai, sons of God. See the most recent  treatment of the Dioscuri in West 2007: 186ff.

XXXXXδιόσπυρον [n.] fruit of the nettle-tree', name of the cherry-like fruit of the Celtis australis (Thphr.).

    *VAR  Also διόσπυρος [m.] = λιθόσπερμον 'gromwell' (Dsc.).

    *ETYM Univerbation of Διὸς πυρός with transition to the neuter gender, as in  bahuvrihi compounds like βούγλωσσον. Semantic parallels are recorded by  Stromberg 1940: 128.

XXXXXδίπλαξ, -κος [adj.] 'in two layers, double' (Il.); as a fem. substantive 'a mantle' (Hom., A. Pers. 277 [lyr.], Lyd.). <18 *dui-plk- 'two-fold'>

    *DER Cf. τρίπλαξ 'threefold' (Il.).

    *ETYM Identical with U tuplak (n.] 'duplex' = 'furca', Lat. du-, tri-plex 'two-, three-  fold'. The word is a bahuvrihi compound, the second member of which was  considered unclear by Frisk, who compared πλάξ 'flatness', πληγή 'hit' (cf. ἀ-πληγίς  'single mantle' [Herod.], δι-πληγίς 'double mantle' [Poll.]). However, the word is  more probably connected with πλέκω 'to twine'; see De Vaan 2008 s.v. duplex. Cf. ▶︎ δίπλος and ▶︎ διπλάσιος.

===Pag_386: Beekes_Página_0386.tiff=== XXXXXδίσκος 339

XXXXXδιπλάσιος [adj.] 'twofold, double' (Thgn.).

    *VAR  Also διπλασίων (Arist.); lon. διπλήσιος.

    *DER διπλασιάζω [v.] 'to double, reduplicate' (Att. etc.), whence διπλασιασμός and  διπλασίασις, διπλασιαστικός.

    *ETYM From a verbal adjective *5i-mAatoc, extended after the adjectives in -to- (like  ἀμβρόσιος from ἄμβροτος, διφάσιος from δίφατος, etc; Schwyzer: 466, Chantraine  1933: 41). The basis is a verb meaning 'to fold' (IE *pel-; cf. ▶︎ ἀπλόος, etc.). Additionally, Go. ain-falps 'one-fold > simple' and other Gm. formations also  contain a word for 'fold', eg. ON faldr < PGm. *falpa- < IE *pdl-to-. Ion. διπλήσιος is  an innovation after παραπλήσιος, etc; Hell. διπλασίων, after the comparatives in  -iwv (Schwyzer: 598, 536); and διπλάδιος (AP, pap.), after διχθάδιος, etc. (Schwyzer:  467). Cf. ▶︎ δίπλαξ.

XXXXXδιπλόος

    *VAR διπλοῦς. Ξρἀπλόος.

XXXXXδιρκαία [f.] = κιρκαία, 'Vincetoxicum nigrum' (Dsc.).

    *VAR  δίρκαιον [n.] (Ps.-Dsc.) = »δαῦκος and στρύχνον ὑπνωτικόν, 'Withania  somnifera'.

    *DER δίρκος [m.] 'seed of pine' (Paus. Gr.).

    *ETYM According to Dsc. 4, 75, the plant was named after the sorceress Circe, ἐπειδὴ  δοκεῖ ἡ pila φίλτρων εἶναι ποιητική 'because the root seems to produce philtres'. We  do not know which of the two forms is original. διρκαι- may derive from the source  Aipxn. See Strémberg 1940: 93 and 152. Fur.: 255 points to Pre-Greek names in -ato-.

XXXXXδίς [adv.] 'twice' (Od.). <1 *dui-s- 'twice'>

    *VAR As a first member &- 'two-' (II.).

    *COMP As a first member διχο-.

    *DER Denominative δίζω 'hesitate' (II 713, Orac. apud Hat. 1, 65). Further διξός  (Ion.), δισσός, Att. διττός 'twofold, double' with δισσαχοῦ, -tt-, etc. (see below);

XXXXXδίχα [adv.] ([prep.]) 'apart, separated' (Il.) with διχῇ, διχοῦ, etc; διχάς [f.] 'half, middle' (Arat.; after μονάς, etc.) and the denominative διχάζω 'distribute' (Pl.) with διχασμός, δίχασις (Hell.}, διχαστῆρες ὀδόντες 'the cutting teeth' (Poll.); also διχάω (Arat.), διχαίω (Arat.). διχθά 'apart, in two' (Hom.) with διχθάδιος 'twofold, double' (Hom.), διχθάς [f.] (as an [adj.]) 'double' (Musae.). Isolated δισκάζεται: διαφέρεται 'quarrels [or: carries over, vel sim.]' (H.); for "διξάζεται, or dissimilated from διστάζεταιξ

    *ETYM In its formation, δίς is identical with Skt. dvih, Lat. bis (OLat. duis), MoHG  zwir 'twice'; as a first member, *di- = Skt. dvi-, Lat. bi- (cf. on ▶︎ δύο), Go. twi-, Lith. dvi-. Examples include δί-πους, Skt. dvi-pad-, and Lat. bi-pés. The velar derivation is  unclear; beside Gr. diya, we have Skt. dvi-dhda 'twofold', the dh of which might be  found in δι-χ-θα. διξός and δισσός also presuppose velar derivatives: *51y8-10-, διχ-  to-? See Schwyzer: 598. After δίχα, διχθά were formed τρίχα, τριχθά, etc. (Schwyzer  ibid.). See further ▶︎ διά, ▶︎ δοιοί.

XXXXXδίσκος [m.] 'discus' (1].λ.

===Pag_387: Beekes_Página_0387.tiff===

    *COMP Compound δίσκ-ουρα [n.pl.] (¥ 523) 'throwing distance', from δίσκου οὖρα  (¥ 431), see ▶︎ οὖρον 2.

    *DER Diminutive δισκάριον (Orib.); further δισκεύς name of a comete (Lyd.; see  Scherer 1953: 107). Denominative δισκέω 'to throw the discus' with δίσκημα 'throw,  what is thrown' (cf: the nouns in -(1)pa in tragedy, Chantraine 1933: 184ff.); also  δισκεύω 'id? with δισκευτής (Arist. comm.). Unclear δίσκελλα' σπυρίς 'large basket'  (H.), for which a Latin suffix (Frisk: cf. synonymous fiscella) seems improbable.

    *ETYM Fur.: 297 pointed out that the traditional derivation of *8ix-oxog from δικεῖν  'throw' (Frisk, DELG) is hardly possible: the suffix -σκο- is rare. in nominal  derivation, and an ox-present from which it could have been taken is not attested. Therefore, Furnée concluded that we have to start from ἔδικσ-, a variant of δικ-εῖν,  which has Pre-Greek origin. See under ▶︎ δίκτυον.

XXXXXδισσός

    *VAR διττός. = dic.

XXXXXδιστάζω ἵν.) 'to hesitate, be uncertain, doubt' (P1.). «1Ὲ *dui-s- 'double'>

    *VAR Fut. διστάσω.

    *DER Analogical δισταγμός (Agatharch.), diotaypa (Phid.), διστακτικός (A. D.),  διστάξιμος (Ptol.), διστασμός (Thphr.).

    *ETYM Since Solmsen KZ 37 (1904): 20f. and Solmsen IF 14 (1903): 437, the word has  been considered to be a denominative of *61-ot-oc¢ = Skt. dvi-sth-a- 'double', ON tvi-  st-r 'sad', properly *'split in two', from IE *dui-sth,-o-, containing *dui- (see ▶︎ δίς)  and *steh,- 'stand' (see ▶︎ ἵστημι); cf. ▶︎ δύστηνος. However, it could also be a  derivation of δίζω; cf. ἑρπυστάζω beside ἑρπύζω, κλαστάζω beside KAdw, etc. (Schwyzer: 706).

XXXXXδίστροπον [n.] name of a vase for libations (pap.). <?>

    *ETYM Unclear.

XXXXXδιττάμενον [n.]? - ἀρνούμενον. Κρῆτες 'refusing, denying (Cret.) (H.). «ἢ

    *ETYM Unknown. See Bechtel 1921(2): 783.

XXXXXδίφακος [m.] - εἶδος βοτάνης 'kind of plant' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Fur. 326 connects the word with δίψα 'thirst', but this is uncertain.

XXXXXδιφάσιος [adj.] 'twofold, double' (Hdt.); cf. τριφάσιος 'threefold' (Hdt.), also explained by H. as τρίφωνος 'three-voiced'. <?>

    *DER δίφατον: διφάσιον, δισσῶς λεγόμενον 'said ambiguously' (H.) and τρίφατος  'threefold' (Nic. Th. 102).

    *ETYM Based on 4i-, tpi-patoc (cf. ▶︎ διπλάσιος), but the second member is  uncertain. On the basis of δισσῶς λεγόμενον and tpigwvoc in H., a connection with  φημί could be suggested (e.g. von Skutsch IF 14 (1903): 488ff., who refers to Lat. bifariam), whereas Brugmann IF 17 (1904-1905): 367 and Brugmann-Delbriick 1897-  1916: 1, 186 rather connected πεφνεῖν, φόνος, θείνω, as in apryt-patocg 'killed in battle',  ie. 'slayed twice' (cf. on δίπλαξ). However, in either case are the semantics  compelling. No better is the connection with gaivw as 'twice visible' (Walde 1910: 90,

===Pag_388: Beekes_Página_0388.tiff=== XXXXXδίφρος 341 Brugmann-Delbriick 1897-1916: 2, 71) since one would rather expect *digavtos, like ἄφαντος (Il.).

XXXXXδιφάω [v.] 'to search after' (Π 747).

    *VAR  Only present, except δ[ε)ιφήσαντες: ψηλαφήσαντες 'one who searched after'

    *DIALAIso διφέω (AP).

    *DER διφαλέος 'searching' (Hymn. Is. 10), διφήτωρ (βυθῶν) 'who explores (the  depths) (Opp.), ἀστρο-δίφης 'astronomer' (Herod.). Denominative διφαδεύςσρει:  ἐξελεῖται 'will take out, choose' (H.), from *dipac? Cf. φυγαδεύειν : φυγάς. Further digac 'a snake' (Artemid. 2, 13), dipa<v>- τὸν ὄφιν. Κρῆτες 'serpent (Cret.y  (H.); δίφατον ὄφιν (cod. corr. Salm.); Latte comments ad loc: 'scil. a rimas  scrutando appellatus'. Also δίβαν' ὄφιν. Κρῆτες (H.); cf. the snake name παρείας and  the other names of animals in -dc, -ης in Chantraine 1933: 3of.

    *ETYM Sigaw has no established etymology. The restoration of the H. entry to  diga<v> is uncertain: Fur. 325 prefers to maintain digatov of the manuscript. Rather than being a mistake, the B of δίβαν is to be taken at face value; the variation  between B and suggests Pre-Greek origin. However, a connection with δέφω (as  suggested by Fur.: 315, 355) lacks semantic justification, whereas the appurtance of  ▶︎ δίφακος remains in any event uncertain.

XXXXXδιφθέρα [f.] 'prepared skin, hide, leather', also of leather objects (1A). < PG(V)>

    *DIAL Myc. di-pte-ra (also di-pte-ra,) 'leather' /dip*t®era(i)/; di-pte-ra-po-ro  /dip*t*era-p*oros/(2).

    *DER Diminutive διφθέριον (Theognost.); διφθερίς = διφθέρα (AP); διφθέρωμα 'id'  (Thd.); διφθερίας 'man dressed in leather, farmer, etc' (Com.); fem. διφθερῖτις  (Poll.); διφθεράριος 'parchment maker' (Edict. Diocl. Asin.); διφθέρινος 'made of 5.,  of leather' (X.). Denominative διφθερόομαι 'to be dressed in hides' (Str.). Note  διψάρα' δέλτος, οἱ δὲ διφθέρα 'writing-tablet; piece of leather' (H.). (cf Schwyzer:  326).

    *ETYM Possibly, διφθέρα is with De Saussure MSL 7 (1892): 91 related to ▶︎ δέφω and  déyw, but the alternations ε ~ τ and φθ ~ wy, typical for Pre-Greek, are proven by the  variant δίψαρα in any case (Fur.: 308, 326). On Iranian loans from διφθέρα, like MoP  daftar 'office', see Bailey TPS 1933: 50. Lat. littera, too, ultimately derives from the  Greek, perhaps via Etruscan (cf. διφθεραλοιφός: γραμματοδιδάσκαλος παρὰ  Κυπρίοις 'teacher of writing in Cypr.' [H.]).

XXXXXδίφρος [m.] 'seat, chair, chariot-board, chariot' (11... 418 dui-br-o- 'two-bearer'>

    *DER Diminutives: διφρίσκος (Ar.), Sippiov (Tim. Lex.), διφρίδιον (EM). δίφραξ  'chair' (Theoc.; cf. Chantraine 1933: 379), δίφρακον 'id.' (Samos ΓΝ; see also  Chantraine 1933: 384); δίφρις: ὁ ἑδραῖος, καὶ καθήμενος ἀεί, οἷον ἀργός 'sedentary,  sitting all the time, as in idle' (H.).; cf. τρόχις 'runner', etc. Adjective δίφριος (AP). Denominative διφρεύω 'to drive in a car' (E.) with διφρευτής 'chariot-driver' (S.),  διφρευτικός (Ephor.), διφρεία 'driving a chariot' (X.); more common διφρ-ηλάτης  (Pi.) with διφρηλατέω and διφρηλασία.

===Pag_389: Beekes_Página_0389.tiff===

    *ETYM Properly meaning 'two-bearer' (from δίς and φέρω), the δί-φρ-ο-ς was  originally a chair with two handles carried by two people (one on each side); later it  came to be used for the box of a chariot (cf. Fraenkel 1923: 282). The initial δι- (<  ἔδει") of δίφρος never makes position in Homer (Solmsen 1901: 211f.), which may be  due to dissimilation from the following labial g, or to the fact that as a vernacular  word, δίφρος (like ἱδρώς; Schwyzer: 222°) originally was not part of the epic  language.

XXXXXδίχα

    *VAR διχθά. Sic. diwa, -ης [f.] 'thirst' (11). <PG(v)>

    *VAR Rarely diyn (A. Ch. 756), also δίψος [n.] (Th.), after πνῖγος 'stifling', ῥῖγος  'frost', etc. (see Chantraine 1933: 420).

    *DIAL Myc. di-pi-si-jo and di-pi-si-je-wi-jo (from "διψιευς).

    *COMP πολυ-δίψιος 'very thirsty, arid', of Argos (Hom.); metrical for "πολύ-διψος.

    *DER Stytog 'thirsty, dry' (trag.), διψηρός 'id' (Hp. after αὐχμηρός), διψώδης 'id'  (Hp.), διψαλέος 'id,' (Hell. and late; after ἀζαλέος, etc.), διψάς [f.] 'id.' (Thphr.), also  name of a snake, whose bite caused a strong thirst (cf. Chantraine 1933: 354f.).

XXXXXδίψακος [m.] the name of diabetes (medic.), because of the drinking of the patients, Stromberg 1944: 89; also the plant name 'Dipsacus silvestris' (Dsc., Gal.), see Stromberg 1940: 78, with διψακερός 'thirsty' (EM), acc. to H. = ταλαίπωρος 'suffering'; διψοσύνη = δίψα (Orac. apud Porph.). Verbal forms: ptc. διψᾶων (A 584), inf. διψῆν (Hdt.), 358. διψῇ (Pi, Pl), Hell. also διψᾶν, -4; also Styéw (Archil.) and διψώω (Tryph.); with δίψησις (Ath. 1, 10b; doubtful) and διψητικός (Arist.). Beside these, there are forms with διφ-, like Sipac 'a kind of snake' (Artemid. 2,13), digatov and δίβαν- ὄφιν. Κρῆτες 'serpent (Cret.)' (H.); see ▶︎ διφάω.

    *ETYM For διψᾶἄων, διψῆν, compare πεινᾶων, πεινῆν, which are close in meaning; the  forms Styawv, metvawv might be (Aeolic?) analogical formations based on the  normal epic ending -Gwv, whereas διψῆν and πεινῆν are unexplained (Chantraine  1942: 21 and 362, Leroy 1954: 288[.; improbably, Meister 1921: 89 on διψῆν, πεινῆν; cf. further Fraenkel 1937: 376f.). Under an analysis δίπ-σα, the final element can hardly  be IE. Therefore, it is probably a Pre-Greek word, which is further made likely by the  variants with @ and β (Fur.: 326).

XXXXXδῖψαι [v.] - βλάψαι 'to damage' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM DELG suggests that the form was coined by grammarians to explain diytov,  which was explained as βλαπτικόν (H.) or βλαβερόν (Ap. Soph.); Chantraine adds:  'cf. encore Hsch. sous diytov Ἄργος avec 5. fr. 296.'    δίω --δείδω and Stepan.

XXXXXδιώκω [v.] 'to pursue, drive away, prosecute' (IL). <?>

    *VAR Aor. διῶξαι, διωχθῆναι, fut. διώξω, etc. (post-Hom.).

    *COMP Compounds with amo-, ἐκ-, ἐπι-, etc.

    *DER δίωγμα 'pursuit, what is pursued' (trag., Pl.), διωγμός 'pursuit' (trag., X.) with  διωγμίτης 'policeman' (inscr. ΠΡ; cf. Redard 1949: 45), διωγμιτικά = persecutiones

===Pag_390: Beekes_Página_0390.tiff=== XXXXXδνόφος 343 (Cod. Just.); δίωξις 'persecution' (Att.), διωκτύς 'id. (Call; cf. Benveniste 1948: 72). Agent noun διώκτης 'pursuer' (NT), in γνωμιδιώκτης (haplological for γνωμιδιο-δι- Cratin. 307), see Fraenkel 1912: 81'; διωκτήρ 'id' (Babr.). διωκτός (S.), διωκτικός (lamb.). Lengthened διωκάθειν (-eiv?), ἐδιώκαθον (Att.); cf. Schwyzer: 703° (διωκαθεῖνϑ).

    *ETYM διώκει stands beside δίεμαι as ειώκει (Cor.) beside μίεμαι (see ▶︎ ἵεμαιλ. The  origin of the w is unclear (unconvincingly, Meillet MSL 23 (1923): 5of.). A κ-  enlargement is also found in épv-Kw, ὀλέ-κω, etc.; see Schwyzer: 7025.

XXXXXδιωλύγιος [adj.] uncertain (Pl. Tht. 162a, Lg. 8906); διωλύγιον 'immense', acc. to H. = ἠχοῦν ἐπὶ πολύ, μέγα, Kai σφοδρόν, διατεταμένον 'resounding much, heavily, etc.'; acc. to the sch. on Pl. = περιβόητος 'much discussed' and σκοτεινός 'dark, obscure', ie. connected with ὀλολυγή 'loud cry' and ἠλύγη 'shadow'. <?>

    *ETYM The occurrences in Plato (διωλύγιος φλυαρία and μήκη διωλύγια) are  ambiguous.

XXXXXδμώς, -ωός [m.] 'slave, servant' (Il; see Kretschmer Glotta 18 (1930): 71f.),

    <IE *dem-  'house', *dm-6u->

    *VAR  Also thematicized διιῶος (Hes. Op. 430; also Call. Hec. 1, 4, 15 acc. to  Gomperz); δμω-ιαί (δμῳαί) [f.pl.] 'slave-women' (Il.), secondary sing. δμῳή (0. S.),  for *5ud@-14, *6u@a? For the accent, cf. dyvia: ἀγνιαί and Wackernagel Gétt. Nachr.

1914: 18f; also Suwic (A.) and dtwidc, δμῳάς (0. S.).

    *COMP On the compound ὑπο-δμώς ὃ 386 see Sommer 1934: 26.

    *DER Adjective δμώ-ἴος (AP). Abstract μνώ-ια (μνο-ΐα, μνῴα) serfs in Crete (Str.)  with μνωΐτης, μνοΐτης, μνῴτης (Hermon apud Ath. 6, 267c, Poll; cf. Bechtel 1921, 2:  790); on Skt > μν cf. μεσό-μνη < μεσό-δμη; see Schwyzer: 208.

    *ETYM Related to δόμος 'house', with the same formation as in πάτρως (du-stem;  Schwyzer: 479f.). See also Fraenkel Glotta 32 (1953): 23 and De Vaan 2008 s.v. domus,  dominus.

XXXXXδνοπαλίζω [v.] 'to shake, fling down' (A 472, ξ 512, etc.).

    *VAR Fut. δνοπαλίξω.

    *DER δνοπάλιξις (sch. Opp.).

    *ETYM The word has been analyzed as formed from the roots of Sovéw and πάλλω,  respectively, but the type of formation required is very improbable (see Schwyzer:  645"). Rather, I take the group ὄν- as typical of Pre-Greek words; perhaps we have to  analyze as Svom-aA- instead. See also Chantraine 1942: 340.

XXXXXδνόφος [m.] 'darkness' (Simon.).

    *VAR In Hell. times ▶︎ γνόφος, etc. with dv > yv (Schwyzer: 208, Niedermann WuS 8  (1923): 64"; Bq. s.v.; Lejeune 1972: 78%).

    *COMP Compound δνοφο-είμων 'in darkclothes' (Attica II).

    *DER δνοφερός 'dark' (11), also δνόφεος (B.), δνοφόεις (Emp.), δνοφώδης (E.), cf. 5. Schmid 1950: 48. '

    *ETYM A form "δνέφος [n.] is presupposed by ἰο-δνεφής 'violet-dark' (δ 135, τ 426; cf. Porzig 1942: 300), but it is further isolated. The word recalls »" ζόφος as well as

===Pag_391: Beekes_Página_0391.tiff===

▶︎ κνέφας and ▶︎ ψέφας, but these words have not been explained (see Giintert 1914: u12ff; Petersen Am) Ph. 56: 57ff.). Note δνόψ' χιτῶνος εἶδος βαθέος 'kind of depth (?) mantle', thus Latte (H.) As in ▶︎ δνοπαλίζω, the group δν- seems to point to Pre- Greek origin.

XXXXXδοάν = div.

XXXXXδοάσσατο -5δέατο.

XXXXXδοθιήν, -ῆνος [m.] 'small abscess' (Hp.).

    *VAR Also δοθιών, -όνος (medic., Hdn. Gr.).

    *DER δοθιηνικόν 'medicine against 5.' (Paul. Aeg.).

    *ETYM Cf. λειχήν, ἀδήν, πυρήν, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 166f., Schwyzer: 487) and  βουβών, μυών (Chantraine 1933: 162, Schwyzer: 488); the word is further unclear. See  Solmsen 1909: 137f. The retention of θι (as opposed to the development in e.g. péa(a)os < ᾿μέθιος) suggests borrowing. Fur.: 172", 355 plausibly points out that -ἣν  is frequent in Pre-Greek words, and compares δολεών' ὁ δοθιήν (as a variant  deriving from *606-).

XXXXXδοίδυξ, -ῦκος [m.] 'pestle' (Ar.).

    *COMP As a first member in δοιδυκο-ποιός (Plu.) and in parodizing δοιδυκο-φόβα  (Luc.).

    *DER Denominative διαδοιδυκίζω 'clench the fist like a pestle' (Com. Adesp.),  ἀναδοιδυκίζειν: ἀναταράσσειν 'to disturb' (H., EM).

    *ETYM No etymology. The suffix -ῦκ- is typical of Pre-Greek (Pre-Greek, suffixes).

XXXXXδοιοί [pl.] 'two, both' (Il.).

    *VAR Sow [du.].

    *DIAL Myc. PN du-wo-jo /dwoios/.

    *DER δοιός [sg.] 'double' (Emp.). δοιάς [f] 'group of two' (gloss; after μονάς, etc.)  and denominative δοιάζω, -ομαι, aor. δοιάξαι, also δοάσσαι (through blending with  δοάσσατο) 'linger, deliberate', also (after δοάσσατο) 'imagine, believe' (B.). Fixed  expression ἐν δοιῇ 'in dubio, in hesitation' (I 230), whence ἐνδοιάζω 'hesitate' (Th.)  with ἐνδοιαστός, -ὥς 'doubtful (Ion., Th.) and late derivations ἐνδοίασις, -doyoc,  -ασμός, -αστής, -αστικός.

    *ETYM δοιοί is an old derivative of ▶︎ δύο (related to ▶︎ dic), in its formation identical  to Skt. dvayd-, OCS devo jp 'twofold', OHG zweiio, Go. twaddje, ON tveggja [gen.pl.],  IE *duoiH6-. The retention of the intervocalic τ in Greek, the short a of the Skt., and  the Germanic 'Verscharfung' (Go. ddj, ON ggj) point *-iH-.

XXXXXδόκανα

    *VAR δοκάνη. > δοκός.

XXXXXδοκέω [v.] 'to seem, be of the opinion' (Il.).

    *VAR Aor. δοκῆσαι, fut. δοκήσω (Od.), δόξαι, δόξω (Pi, h. Merc; see below), perf. δεδόκημαι (Pi.), δέδογμαι (Hdt.), δοκεῖ μοι 'it seems to me' (1].); δοκεύω [v.] 'watch,  observe' (Il.); προσ-δοκάω, aor. προσδοκῆσαι 'await' (Hdt.).

    *DER δόκησις 'belief, opinion, appearance' (Hdt.), δοκησι-δέξιος, -vouc, -σοφος  'appropriate [etc.] in one's own opinion' (Com.). δόκημα 'image, delusion' (E., see

===Pag_392: Beekes_Página_0392.tiff=== XXXXXδολιχός 345 Chantraine 1933: 184ff.), 'decision' (Argos). δόγμα 'opinion, decision' (Att., Hell. to δόξαι, δόξω after τάξαι, τάξω : τάγμα, etc.) with doypatucds 'dogmatic', δογματίας 'who pronounces δόγματα᾽, δογματίζω 'give an opinion' (Hell. and late). Further δόξα 'opinion, consideration, excellence, glory', δόξις = δόξα (Democr.; after γνῶσις, Schwyzer: 505). δοκώ [f.] 'id' (E. El. 747; Chantraine 1933: 116), δόκος [m.] 'id' (Xenoph.), δοκή 'id.' (Hdn.). δόκιμος 'reliable, approved, distinguished, etc.' (1A, Dor.); compounds ev-, ἀ-δόκιμος ; with δοκίμιον, δοκιμεῖον 'proof (Ρ].) and the denominatives δοκίμωμι (Aeol.), δοκιμόω (Parm.) 'to believe', δοκιμάζω 'to try, approve' (IA) with δοκιμασία 'test' (Att), δοκιμαστής, δοκιμαστήρ, -rptov, δοκιμαστός, -τκός (Att., etc.); also deverbal δοκιμή 'test, proof (Ep. Phil., Ep. Cor.). εὐδοκιμέω 'to have a good reputation' (Thgn.) with εὐδοκίμησις (Pl). δοκικῷ = δοκῶ (Hermipp. 12) humorous extension, cf. Bechtel Glotta 12 (1923): 211. From προσδοκάω : προσδοκία 'expectation' also προσδόκημα (PI. Phlb. 32c), προσδόκιμος (IA).

    *ETYM δοκέω (and προσδοκάω) are deverbative derivations of primary  (ιροσ-)δέκομαι (see ▶︎ δέχομαι). Like all secondary verbs, it originally occurred only  in the present; for the other tenses, the primary verb was used. δόξαι, δόξω could  belong to that primary verb if they have their -o- after δοκέω and derive from older  Ἰδέξαι, *5Ew (Wackernagel KZ 33 (1895): 37; further, Schwyzer: 718). Because of their  meaning, δοκεύω and δοκάζω 'to await' (Sophr., 5. Fr. 221, 23) might alternatively  rather belong together with -δοκάω, ▶︎ δέχομαι. The semantic relations are difficult to  account for in detail. δοκέω agrees with Lat. doceé 'learn' (causative IE *dok-éie-). On δοκέω in general, see Fournier 1946 passim, especially 166f. For other IE  cognates, see ▶︎ δέχομαι and ▶︎ δοκός.

XXXXXδοκός [f.] 'bearing-beam' (Il.). «GR, PG?>

    *VAR Late also msc.

    *DER Soxic (Hp.), δοκίον (Arist., Delos IV*), δοκίδιον (Harp.). δοκίας (Phlp.), δοκεύς  (Heph. Astr.) name of a comete (like δοκός, Soxic; Scherer 1953: 107). δοκώδης 'like a  beam' (gloss.). δοκόομαι 'to be fitted with beams' (pap., 5. E.) with δόκωσις (LXX). From δοκός also δόκανα [n.pl.] name of two upright beams constructed with a  cross-beam (Plu.), δοκάναι- αἱ στάλικες, αἷς ἵσταται τἀ λίνα, ἢ κάλαμοι 'stakes on  which hunting nets are fastened, or reeds' (H.); cf. tool names in -avov, -άνη in  Schwyzer: 489f., Chantraine 1933: 198f.

    *ETYM Connected to δέκομαι as an agent noun, so properly 'which takes on [the  covering]'. Benveniste RPh. 58 (1929): 127, thinks that δοκός and δόκανα are Pre-  Greek.

XXXXXδολιχός [adj.] 'long' (1].). <1E *d(o)lh,g"6- 'long'>

    *DIAL Myc. PN do-ri-ka-o /Dolik*a6n/, do-ri-ka-no /Dolik'-anor/.

    *COMP Often as a first member of compounds; note δολιχό-σκιος (Hom.) 'with a  long shadow', of ἔγχος 'lance'.

    *DER With regular accent change (Schwyzer: 420) δόλιχος [m] 'the long course'  (Att, etc.) with δολιχεύω 'run a long course', δολιχεύς 'long course runner' (Sparta  II'); on δόλιχος as a plant name (Thphr.) see Stromberg 1937: 107', Strémberg 1940:

===Pag_393: Beekes_Página_0393.tiff===

1. Poetical form with metrical lengthening δουλιχόεις (AP); TN Δολιχίστη, island before Lycia, properly a superlative, and Δουλίχιον island in the Ionic Sea (Hom.), cf. Seiler 1950: 101.

   *ETYM Within Greek, we may further compare ἐνδελεχής 'continuous' (Att., etc.),  together with ἐνδελέχεια, ἐνδελεχέω, -ίζω, -ισμός (like ἐν-τελής, ἐμ-μελής, etc.).
   

XXXXXδολιχός is related to Skt. dirgha-, Av. daraya-, OCS dlage, Serb. diig, Lith. ilgas (with unexplained loss of d-), Hitt. talugi- (on the vocalism see Kloekhorst 2008 s.v. taluki-), which derive from PIE d(o)IH-g'o-. Further related are e.g. Lat. indulged 'be kind, indulgent', Go. tulgus 'firm, steadfast', and Alb. glaté, gjaté 'long' (with secondary -té?).

XXXXXδόλος [m.] 'bait, any trick or device for catching, trick' (IL).

    *DER δόλιος 'deceiving, tricky' (Od.) with δολιότης (LXX), δολιεύομαι 'deceive'  (LXX) and δολιόω 'id? (LXX); δολερός 'id' (IA), δολόεις 'cunning' (Od.). Lengthened δόλευμα 'trick' (Aen. Tact. see Chantraine 1933: 186f.). Denominative  δολόω 'to beguile' (Hes.) with δόλωσις (X.) and δόλωμα (A. Chantraine 1933: 1868)  also δολίζω 'to falsify' (Dsc.). Here also δολία = κώνειον 'hemlock' (Ps.-Dsc.), cf. Stromberg 1940: 64; cf. Latte ad loc; doAdva- μαστροπός. «Λάκωνες: 'pimp  (Lacon.y (H; cf. Chantraine 1933: 199); also δόλοπα: κατάσκοπον, μαστροπόν 'spy,  pimp' with δολοπεύει: ἐπιβουλεύει, ἐνεδρεύει 'plots, lies in wait for' (H.). On  δολεών: ὁ δοθιήν 'small abscess' (H.), see ▶︎ δοθιήν.

    *ETYM The identity of δόλος and Lat. dolus, Osc. dolom, -ud [acc., abl.] seems  evident; yet the Italic word might have been borrowed from Greek. A group of  Germanic words, ON ἐάϊ [f.] 'deception, trick', OE tél [f.] 'blame, slander, derision',  OHG zala [f.] 'danger', which would require a lengthened grade *déld- (see  Brugmann-Delbriick 1897-1916: 1, 153f.) is rather not related. Likewise, a connection  with ▶︎ δαιδάλλω is quite hypothetical. Given its concrete basic meaning, it could well  be a Pre-Greek word. The gloss δόλος: πάσσαλος 'stake, penis' (H.) is unclear (cf. Specht 1944: 157 and 219); cf. further ▶︎ δόλων.

XXXXXδόλπαι [f.] - πλακούντια μικρὰ. Κῷοι 'little flat cake (Coan) (H.).

    *VAR Cf. SoABai- θύματα: οἱ δὲ μικτὰ πλακούντια '[sacrificial] cake; mixed, little flat  cake' (H.).

    *ETYM Neumann 1961 compares Hitt. turpa 'kind of cake' (for offering); Anatolian or  Pre-Greek origin thus seems likely.

XXXXXδόλων, -ωνος [m.] 1. name of a front sail (Plb., D. 5.) or the spar on such a sail (Poll.), Lat. loan dolé (Liv.); adj. δολωνικός (pap.). 2. 'secret weapon, stiletto' (Plu. TG 10). «ΟΕ ΠΡ

    *DER Diminutive δολίσκος- δόλων, παραξιφίς 'dirk' (H.); Lat. dolo 'id' (Varro).

    *ETYM In the meaning 'secret weapon', δόλων (2) could be derived from ▶︎ δόλος. In  the meaning 'sail', the origin is unclear; in any event, the connection with ▶︎ δέλτος,  MoHG Zelt 'tent' is very weak. DELG unconvincingly argues that δόλων 1. and 2. are  actually the same word. Cf. Rougé 1966: 59.

XXXXXδόμος [m.] 'house, living, roony' (11. also 'layer' (Hdt.). «1Ὲ dém, domo- 'house'>

===Pag_394: Beekes_Página_0394.tiff=== XXXXXδόξα 347

    *COMP Compounded substantives like ὀπισθό-, πρό- and adjectives like ἀγχί-, ἰσό-.

    *DER δομόομαι 'be supplied with a house' (pap. VI').

    *ETYM δόμιος is related to Skt. dama- [m.] 'house' and Lat. domus. Beside this  obviously secondary o-stem, an old u-stem is found in Skt. ddmit-nas- [m.]  'roommate' and Arm. tanu-tér 'house-lord'. However, the u-stem inflexion of Lat. domus replaces older o-stem inflexion because of its feminine gender (De Vaan 2008  s.v.). See also »duwe. The root noun *dém, gen. *dems, found in ▶︎ δεσπότης,  > δάπεδον (but less certainly in ▶︎ δάμαρ), is archaic. Originally, δόμος (just like  ▶︎ S@pa) is an adaptation of this root noun rather than a verbal abstract from ▶︎ δέμω.

XXXXXΔ(αλμία, Mvia s.v. ▶︎ Δημήτηρ are unclear.

XXXXXδόναξ [m.] 'pole-reed, what is made of it, shaft of an arrow, pipe' (II.).

    *VAR Also δῶναξ, δοῦναξ, gen. -ακος (see below).

    *DER δονακεύς 'thicket of reeds' (2 576 -κῆα, lengthening at verse end?; cf. BoShardt  1942: 21f.), also 'bird-catcher' (Opp. K. 1, 73), deverbal to δονακεύομαι 'catch birds  with a lime-stick (AP); δονακών 'thicket of reeds' (Paus.); δονακήματα: αὐλήματα  'compositions for the flute' (H.); see Chantraine 1933: 178. Sovaxwédng 'rich in reed'  (B.), δονακόεις 'id. (E.), δονάκινος (H. s.v. κερκίδας; uncertain); δονακῖτις 'made of  reed', also plant name (AP; Strémberg 1940: 36); δονακηδόν 'reed-like' (A.D.). Uncertain Δονάκτας epithet of Apollo (Theopomp. Hist. 281), perhaps for  Δονακίτης (Redard 1949: 208).

    *ETYM Frisk (with lit.) explains the variants δῶναξ (Theoc. 20, 29 beside δόναξ Ep. 2,  3 and Pj. P. 12, 25) and δοῦναξ (AP) as hyperdialectisms (for δοῦναξ, Schulze 1892:  205 has proposed metrical lengthening as an alternative). However, this can hardly  be correct: more plausibly, they all are variants of a Pre-Greek word (see Pre-Greek  6.1 on vowels, where we find o/ ov and ov/ w). Pre-Greek origin is further confirmed  by the suffix -a& Non-Greek origin was already advocated by Nehring Glotta 14  (1925): 181. A connection with dovéw 'to shake' (see the parallels in Stromberg 1940:  76f.) is most doubtful, whereas Latv. duonis-'reed' cannot be compared because it  require long *6 (incompatible with δόναξ, which cannot have its short o from  dovéw). Nor is Go. tains 'twig', etc. related. As a semantic variant, δόναξ may also  refer to the fish σωλήν (Ath.).

XXXXXδονέω [v.] 'to shake' (11... <?>

    *VAR Aor. δονῆσαι.

    *COMP As a second member e.g. in ἁλί-δονος 'driven around on sea' (A.).

    *DER δόνημα (Luc.).

    *ETYM No etymology.

XXXXXδόξα [f.] 'opinion, glory, splendour' (II. since K 324).

    *DER Diminutive δοξάριον (Arr.); denominative δοξάζω 'to deem, praise' (trag., Th.)  with δόξασμα, δοξασμός, δοξαστής, -αστός, -αστικός (Att, etc), also δοξασία (D. C.) and δόξασις (Simp.); δοξόομαι 'to have the name' (Hdt.).

    *ETYM The word is connected with δοκέω, but of unclear formation. Leamann 1950:  173ff. rejects the older proposals "δόκ-τιᾶ, Ἰδόκ-σᾶ, but his own theory is also

===Pag_395: Beekes_Página_0395.tiff===

improbable (see Fraenkel Gnomon 23 (1951): 374). With its short final -a, the word could be Pre-Greek (cf. Pre-Greek: C 3.1). Cf. Szemerێnyi 1964: 376+.

XXXXXδορά [f.] = δοκός 'beam' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM The gloss Cret. δορά = δοκός (EM, H.) is considered uncertain; see Latte. Derivation from δόρυ is difficult to maintain.

XXXXXδορίαλλος [m.] (Ar. Fr. 367) ἔστι δὲ τὸ γυναικεῖον αἰδοῖον ἐφ᾽ ὕβρει τραγῳδοποιοῦ Δορίλλου 'female genitals with reference to the insolence of the tragic poet Dorillos' (Et. Gen., Et. Gud. 375,8, EM 283, 46). H. has δορύαλλος. <?>

    *VAR Also δόριλλος.

    *ETYM Unexplained. See Maas KZ 58 (1930): 127f. and Taillardat 1962: $105. The  name of the poet is given as Δοριλᾶος in the life of Euripides of Satyros (P.Oxy. 9,  1176).

XXXXXδόρκαι [f.] · κονίδες 'eggs of lice, fleas and bugs, nits' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. Frisk compared δερκύλλειν: αἱμοποτεῖν 'suck blood' (Η:; beside  δερμύλλειν from δέρμα).

XXXXXδορκάς, -άδος [f.] 'a kind of deer, roe, gazelle' (Hdt. 7, 69). «τὴν Celt.>

    *DER Other forms: δόρξ (Call; acc. δόρκἂᾶν E. H. F. 376 [lyr.]; δόρκα Dindorf),  δόρκος (Dsc.), δόρκων (LXX); also ζορκάς (Hat. 4, 192), ζόρξ (Call.); ἴορκος (Opp.),  topxec, ἴυρκες (H.). Diminutives: δορκάδιον (LXX, Delos III*), also a plant (André  1958 s.v.); δορκαλίς (Call; on -αλ-ιδ- Chantraine 1933: 251. 344); δορκαλῖδες 'dice  from the bones of δι᾽ (Herod; on -i5- see Chantraine 1933: 346f.); δορκαλίδες:  ὄργανόν ἐστι κολαστικόν τε' ἢ μάστιγες αἱ ἀπὸ ἱμάντων δορκάδων 'a corrective  instrument; whips from the leather straps of deer' (Suid.); δορκάδε(ι)ος 'made from  the bones of 5.' (ἀστράγαλος, Thphr., inscr., pap. see 5. Schmid 1950: 52), δόρκειος  (Theognost.), δόρκιος (Edict. Diocl.). PN Aopxets, etc., see BoShardt 1942: 130.

    *ETYM Like δόρκος and δόρκων, δορκάς (built like κεμάς, etc.) was derived from the  root noun δόρξ. If we start from the forms with ζ-, it agrees with a Celtic word for  'roe', Co. yorch, Bret. iourc'h 'roe', MW iwrch 'caprea mas', which points to IE *iork-  o-. The 6-forms are perhaps folk-etymological, after δέρκομαι; ἴορκος, etc. may be a  Celtic (Galatic) LW. See Sommer 1905: 147f.

XXXXXδόρπον [n.] 'evening-meal' (Il.). «

    *VAR Hell. and late also -ος [m.].

    *DIAL Myc. do-qge-ja /dork'eja/?

    *DER δόρπιον 'time for dinner' (Hp. Epid. 5, 22 v.l.), δόρπιος 'ptng. to the 6.' (Nonn.);

XXXXXδορπήϊα [n.pl.] 'food, meal' (Nic.; cf. ξεινήϊα), Δορπία [f.] 'evening before a festival, especially the Apaturia' (Hdt.). Denominative Sopméw 'take the evening meal' (Hom.), δορπιάζειν: δειπνεῖν 'to take a meal' (H; cf. συμποσι-άζειν). δορπηστός [m.] (scil. καιρός) 'time for dinner' (Hp.), cf. δειπνηστός s.v. ▶︎ δεῖπνον.

    *ETYM δόρπον could be combined with Alb. darké 'evening (meal) as a hypothetical  *dork*-o- (Mann Lang. 26 (1950): 384f., Porzig 1954a: 178). Further connections are  unknown. The limited distribution of the word (only Albanian and Greek) suggests  that it is a borrowing of some sort.

===Pag_396: Beekes_Página_0396.tiff=== XXXXXδοῦλος 349

XXXXXδόρυ [n.] 'wood, tree (trunk), spear' (II; on the epic use Triimpy 1950: s2ff.).

    *VAR  Gen. δόρατος (Att.), δορός (trag.), δουρός and δούρατος (Hom.); dual δοῦρε  (Hom.), plur. δόρατα, δοῦρα, δούρατα.

    *COMP As a first member in several compounds (many PNs), beside δορυ- (δορατο-,  dovpo-) also do(v)pt-; as a dative (instrumental) in δουρι-κλειτός, etc., also  analogical without case function. Note δορυ-σσόος 'throwing a spear' (Hes. Sc. 54; to  ceiw), δουρηνεκές < *Sopf-ryvexéc [adv.] 'a spear's throw distant' (K 357, to ἐνεγκεῖν,  cf. διηνεκής). Also δωρι- in PNs, eg. in Δωρί-μαχος (Dor., Boeot.), Δωρι-κλῆς (Arc. Dor.); also ▶︎ ἀσχέ-δωρος, s.v.; (-)δωρ- is regular for -Sopf-oc¢ in some Doric dialects,  and these names were probably borrowed by the other dialects.

    *DER Diminutives δοράτιον (Hdt.), δορύδιον (auct. apud Orib. 47, 17, 5), δορύλλιον  (Suid.); adjectives δουράτεος 'wooden' (Od; of innos, etc.), also δούρειος (E. Tr. 14),  δούριος (Ar. Av. 1128), δορήϊος (AP 15, 14); epic reminiscences, see Schulze 1892:  102", ᾿  Denominative verb δορατίζομαι 'fight with the spear' (H.) with δορατισμός (Plu.). Uncertain ▶︎ dopa (< 'δορρ-ά) = δοκός. PNs AopbAaoc, Δορίμαχος; with Doric  lengthening upon loss of Ε: Δωρίμαχος, Δωρικλῆς (see above). Short names: Δοῦρις,  Δορίης, etc.

    *ETYM δόρυ is related to Skt. daru, Av. dduru 'wood', Hitt. taru 'wood' and ToAB or  'id' (with loss of *d- in forms with *dr-), which reflect PIE *doru, gen. *dreus. Beside  this old 'neuter originally denoting only 'wood', there was a feminine word for 'tree,  oak': ▶︎ δρῦς. Cf. also ▶︎ δρυμά and ▶︎ δένδρεον.

XXXXXδορύκνιον [n.] plant name, 'Convolvulus oleofolius', etc. (Dsc.).

    *DER Diminutive δορυκνίδιον (Gal.).

    *ETYM No etymology. Fur.: 183 compares ▶︎ στρύχνον, ▶︎ τρύχνον (Nic., Gal.; see s.v),  τος (Theocr.). He remarks that, after σ-, we often find the voiceless variant. On the  epenthesis, cf. (a)xovula/ κνύζα, κολυμβάς! κλύβατις (ibid. 183°); thus he assumes  that this word stands for *dpux(y?)mov.

XXXXXδοῦλος [m.] 'slave, servant', also as an adjective with compar. SovAdtepoc (Hdt.);

XXXXXδούλη [f] 'slave-woman, maid' (Il.); on the spread see E. Kretschmer Glotta 18 (1930): 74f.

    *VAR δῶλος Cret.

    *DIAL Myc. do-e-ro, do-e-ra /dohelos/, /dohela/.

    *COMP Many substantival and adjectival compounds.

    *DER δουλίς [f.] (Hyp. cf. Schwyzer: 127 and 465) with δουλίδιον (H.), δουλάριον  (Ar.). δουλοσύνη 'servitude' (Ion., Od.) with δουλόσυνος (E. Hec. 448 [lyr.]); see  Frisk Eranos 43 (1945): 220. δούλιος, -ειος 'slavish, of a servant' (Hom.), δούλεος 'id.'  (A. R.), δουλικός 'id.' (Att. etc.), δουλικά (σώματα) [n.pl.] 'slaves' (Peripl. M. Rubr.,  pap.). Denominative verb δουλεύω 'to be a slave, serve' (IA) with δουλεία, Ion. -yin  'servanthood', δούλευμα 'id.' (trag; see Chantraine 1933: 186), δουλεύτρια 'female

===Pag_397: Beekes_Página_0397.tiff===

servant' (Eust.); δουλόομαι, -όω 'to be made: Ξξεγναηΐ (IA) with δούλωσις (Th.) and δουλωτικός (Plu.).

    *ETYM The Mycenaean forms point to *5deAoc, probably from *dohedoc. δοῦλος is  certainly not inherited (pace e.g. Neumann 1986: 489-496), although a borrowing  from Carian or Lydian (as argued by Lambertz Glotta 6 (1915): iff. Benveniste  RELat. 10 (1932): 438f.) is difficult to account for chronologically, since the word  appears already in Mycenaean (Risch Kratylos 29 (1984): 96f.). Conversely, Pre-  Greek origin is a good possibility.

XXXXXδοῦμος [m.] an Anatolian religious community, connected with the Magna Mater (Hippon., inscr., AP). «τῶν Phr>

    *ETYM A Phrygian word; it has been connected with Gr. θωμός 'heap' and Gm. words like Go. doms 'judgement', but without further confirmation. Cf. Wikander  1946: iff. Masson found the word in Hipponax (ed. 123). Cf. bibliogr. Bull. Ep. 1992 n°  202. The idea of Neumann 1999: 345-353 that the word primarily indicated the  building in which the meetings are held is rejected by Lubotsky 19974: 124-125.

XXXXXδοῦπος [m.] 'dull, heavy sound' (Il.).

    *COMP In ἐρί-δουπος, also ἐρί-γδουπος 'thundering loud' (IL.); anlaut γδ- also in  ἐγδούπησαν (A 45) and μασίγδουπον βασιλῆα: μεγαλόηχον 'with heavy sound', ... (H.), and also in ἀλί-, βαρύ-, μελί-γδουπος. Other compounds have -δουπος.

    *DER δουπέω, aor. δουπῆσαι, perf. ptc. δεδουπότος [gen.sg.] (¥ 679; innovation, see  Schwyzer: 771) 'sound heavily', secondarily (through misunderstanding δούπησεν δὲ  πεσών, Leumann 1950: 217) 'fall in battle' (1].).

    *ETYM δουπέω is an intensive like βρομέω, etc. It shows some resemblance to Latv. dupétiés 'sound dead', SCr. diipiti 'slay (with sound)', and ToAB tap- 'give a loud  sound, announce', but the initial *gd- (found in the compounds) is not known from  PIE. Therefore, the word is probably Pre-Greek. Cf. ▶︎ κτυπέω, ▶︎ κτύπος.

XXXXXδοχμός [adj.] 'oblique, slanted' (IL, Delphi II). <1: dh,gmo- 'oblique'>

    *DER δόχμιος 'id. (Ar.), also in metre 'versus dochmius' (Choerob.) together with  δοχμιακός, δοχμικός, δοχμαικός, δοχμιάζῳ (sch.). δόχμη or δοχμή 'breadth of the  hand', from 'oblique'. Denominative δοχμόομαι (δοχμωθείς) 'to turn sideways'  (Hes., h. Merc.), aor. act. and med. δοχμῶσαι, -ώσασθαι (Nonn.). δοχμαλόν'  χαμαίζηλον, ταπεινόν 'ow' (H.), after χθαμαλός.

    *ETYM In its formation, δοχμός is identical to Skt. jihmd- 'oblique', from PIE  *dh,g"mo-. In Skt. jihmd-, the j- from d- must be due to assimilation to the velar  (PIlr. *jif*md- < *dij'md-; see Mayrhofer EWAia sv. jihma-).

XXXXXδραγατεύω [v.] probably 'to oversee a land with cereals or a vineyard' (Thess. III*). «ἢ

    *ETYM From δραγάτης 'cutter, laborer in the fields', MoGr. 'id. (ἀρχιδραγάτης,  Ankyra ΠΡ); connected by Zingerle Glotta 15 (1927): off. to ▶︎ δράσσομαι after  ἐργατεύομαι : ἐργάτης. Zingerle adduces δραξών' ἐν Σικελίᾳ ἱερόν ..., εἰς 6 οἱ  γεωργοὶ εὐχὰς ἔπεμπον, ὅθεν καὶ δραξόνες (δρασοντες cod.) ἐκλήθησαν 'temple in

===Pag_398: Beekes_Página_0398.tiff===

Sicily, to which farmer sent prayers; because of that, they were called 5.' (H.); see Latte ad loc. See Georgacas Orbis 4 (1956): o1ff.

XXXXXδραϝōες [acc.pl.f.] name of something dedicated to Athena (SGDI 1537, Phocis [VI")). <?>

    *ETYM The word has been compared with dpatov: μάκραν, πύελον 'bath tub, trough'  (H.) and  Spoitn, but this is quite hypothetical.

XXXXXδράκων, -ovtosg [m.] 'dragon, serpent' (Il), also a fish, ''Trachinus' (Epich., cf. Strémberg 1943: 121f.).

    *VAR  Fem. δράκαινα 'female dragon' (h. Ap., A.) with Spaxauvic a fish name (Com.);  see below.

    *DER Diminutive δρακόντιον (Delos III*), also a plant 'Arum dracunculum' (Hp.;  after the color, Strémberg 1940: 38); Spaxovtic name of a bird (Ant. Libs see  Thompson 1895: 91); Spaxovtia a plant (Ps.-Dsc.); Spaxovtiag (πυρός, σίκυς,  πελειάς, Thphr.); 'δρακοντίτης (λίθος; Ptol. Chenn, see Redard 1949: 54). δρακόντειος and δρακοντώδης 'like a dragon' (E.). Spaxovtiacic name of a disease  (Gal.) as if from ᾿δρακοντιάω, after the words in -ίασις, cf. Holt 1941: 137°.

    *ETYM On the assumption that the dragon was named after his paralyzing sight  (despite doubts by Fick BB 18 (1892): 99), Spakwv is probably related to δέρκομαι. It  could then be an original n-stem (cf. Spaxatva) of a root noun *d5pa(k) = Skt. dfs-  'view (cf. ▶︎ ὑπό-δρα s.v.), whereas the nt-stem was formed after the participles  (Schwyzer: 526; Chantraine 1933: 268).

XXXXXδράλαινα [adj.] -λαμυρά. Κῷοι 'full of abysses (Coan) (H.). <?>

    *DER PN Δραλᾶς (Maeonia) and Δράλιος (Ceos, Schwyzer: 764).

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXδραμεῖν [v.aor.] 'run' (1].λ. «1Ὲ *drem- 'run'>

    *VAR  Fut. δραμοῦμαι (1A), perf. δέδρομα (Od.), δεδρόμᾶκα (Sapphs see below),  δεδράμηκα (1A); aor. to τρέχω. |

    *DER ▶︎ δρόμος 'course' with δρομή (Hdn.), δράμημα 'id? (Hdt.), also δρόμημα (APL). Deverbative δρομάασκε (Hes. Fr. 117 ν.1.); δρομήσασα (Vett. Val.); δεδρόμᾶκε [perf.]  (Sapph., fr. 31 LP; Aeolic zero grade?), δρομάσσειν' τρέχειν 'to run' (H.); also δρωμᾷ:  τρέχει and δρωμίσσουσα' τρέχουσα (H.); see Schwyzer 718f.

    *ETYM The aorist and perfect stem δραμ-, Spou- are found beside Spa- in ἔ-δρᾶ-ν,  etc. (see ▶︎ ἀπο-διδράσκω), just as the present stem Bav- < *Bap- in βαίνω is found  next to Ba- in -Bn-v. Outside Greek, a good match is offered by Skt. pres. dramati  (gramm.), intensive ptc.med. dandramyamdna- 'run'. However, the connection with  OE trem 'footstep', etc. is uncertain. Thus, we have IE *drem- : dreh,- like *g'em- :  g'eh,-; see ▶︎ Baivw. A third variant is seen in Skt. drévati 'run' < *dreu-. As a present  of δραμεῖν, Greek has τρέχειν; on the aspect, see Benveniste 1935: 120.

XXXXXδράμις [f.] kind of bread, Macedonian acc. to Seleuc. apud Ath. 3, 1140. <?>

    *ETYM The word is reminiscent of ▶︎ δαράται; further details are unknown. Cf. Pisani  Rey. Int. ἐξ. balk. 3 (1937): 11, and Kalléris 1954: 158f.

===Pag_399: Beekes_Página_0399.tiff===

δραπέτης -'διδράσκω.

XXXXXδράσσομαι [v.] 'to grasp, take handfuls' (II, IA). <1E? *dreg"- (LIV? 126)>

    *VARAtt. δράττομαι; aor. δράξασθαι, perf. δέδραγμαι.

    *COMP Compounds with dta-, év-, κατα-.

    *DER δράγμα 'handful, especially of corn stalks' (Il.), together with dpaypievw 'collect  sheaves' (2 555) as if from δραγμός (E. Cyc. 170) for metrically impossible  δραγματεύω (Eust. 1162, 17); also Spaypic 'small handful' (Hp. Morb. 2, 55, v.l. of  δραχμίς), δραγμή 'id.' (EM); on ▶︎ δραχμή s.v.; δράγδην 'grasping with the hand'  (Plu, Q. S.). Retrograde formation δράξ, -κός [f.] 'handful' (LXX); with metathesis  δάρκες: δέσμαι 'handful' (H.). On ▶︎ dpayatevw (δραξών), see sv. Unclear δρακτόν  'small vase' (inscr.).

    *ETYM δράσσομαι is a yod-present from a root *Spak- or *5pax-, of which the zero  grade was generalized throughout the paradigm. A relationship with Arm. trc-ak  'Reisigbiindel' has been considered, where the original word-final -c' is supposed to  continue a sequence of velars; an IE ὃ or 6 (PArm. i or wu) must have disappeared  between ¢- and r (or between r and c'). OCS po-drago 'edge, border of cloth' is not  related (rather, to Ru. dérgat' 'pull, tug' and OE tiergan 'annoy', etc.). LIV? s.v. *dreg'- connects the word with Av. drazaite 'holds', etc., and analyzes the Greek as a  formation *dr-n-g"-ie- or *drg'-ie-. The latter solution seems the most attractive. See  under ▶︎ δραχμή.

XXXXXδραχμή [f.] 'drachm', weight and coin (IA).

    *VAR δαρχμα (Arc., El., Cnossos), Sapk va (Gortyn, /-k"nd/, < -χμά Schwyzer: 215f.).

    *DER δραχμιαῖος 'worth a 6.' (Att., etc, after ἡμιωβολιαῖος, etc., see Chantraine 1933:  49), also δραχμαῖος, -ἠΐος (Nic.); Diminutive δραχμίον (Aristeas).

    *ETYM Usually taken as a verbal noun in -(σ)μιγζᾶ from ▶︎ δράσσομαι, properly  meaning 'grasp of the hand, handful' (of oboles), based on comparison with  σπιθαμή, πυγμή, etc., with Spay- and dapx- in the zero grade. However, the two  variants Spay- and Sapy- suggest that this is not a zero grade from PGr. *drk"., and  therefore, that it is a Pre-Greek word (cf. also Sdpxec s.v. ▶︎ δράσσομαι); this is not  noted in Fur.: From δραχμή comes Arab. dirham, Arm. dram, etc.; see Bailey BSOAS  13 (1949-1950): 128f.

XXXXXδρᾶω [v.] 'to make, do' (Od.; Att. prose has πράττω and ποιέωλ <?>

    *VAR Aeol. 3sg. δραῖσι, aor. δρᾶσαι, etc.

    *COMP Compounds with dva-, ἀντι-, ἐπι-, παρα-, ovv-, ὑπο-.

    *DER δρᾶμα 'action, spectacle, drama' (A.) with diminutive δραμάτιον (Plu.) and  δραματικός 'dramatic' (Arist.); with analogical o (cf. Sprotip below): δρασμάτων:  πανουργημάτων 'tricks, villanies' (H.) and δρασματικός = δραστήριος (Cat. Cod. Astr.); lengthened form δραμοσύνη 'holy service' (Attica IV), beside δρησμοσύνη  'id' (h. Cer. 476) from "δρήσμων, cf. Chantraine 1933: 174. δρᾶσις 'action, strength'  (A. Ὁ.) with τὸ δράσιμον (A. Th. 554). Wwith analogical σ (Schwyzer: 531): δρηστήρ,  fem. δρήστειρα (Od.), δρήστης, δράστης, δράστας (Archil., Pi.) 'servant (maid)'  (Fraenkel 1910: 167f.) together with δραστήριος 'active' (A.), δραστηριότης (Eust.)  and δραστηριώδης (Gal.), δραστικός 'active' (Pl.), δρηστοσύνη 'obligingness' (0 321);

===Pag_400: Beekes_Página_0400.tiff=== XXXXXδρέπω 353 denominative δρηστεύω 'to serve (at a sacred act) (Lesbos). Desiderative δρᾶσείω 'want to do' (S.). Beside paw, we find dpaivw (formed after Baivw, φαίνω, etc.) 'want to do, can do' (K 96, Herod; an Ionism acc. to Bechtel 1914, Chantraine 1942: 343) with OAtyo-Spavéwv 'who can do little' (Il; from ὀλίγα Spaivetv to ὀλιγηπελέων, cf. Schwyzer: 724, Chantraine 1942: 349; different analysis in Bechtel 1914 s.v. ὀλιγοδρανέω), with oAryodpavia (A.), ὀλιγοδρἄνής (Ar.); innovation ἀδρᾶνής (LXX, Arr.) with ἀδράνεια (Hdn.), ddpavin (A. R.), ἀδρανέω 'be inactive' (Arat.), ἀδρανίζω 'id' (sch.); as backformation δράνος: ἔργον, πρᾶξις, ὄργανον, ἄγαλμα, κατασκεύασμα, δύναμις 'work, action, tool, sculpture, work of art, ability' (Η:; also MoGr. δράνα 'tendril'?, Bogiatzides Apy. Ἐφ. 27 (1888): 115ff.), Spaveic: δραστικοί 'active' (H.).

    *ETYM If Spaivw is a younger form, then the root was dpa- (cf. κρᾶ-, TAG-, etc.). Connection with Baltic words like Lith. darai, daryti, Latv. darit 'do, make, build' is  quite uncertain (cf. Schwyzer: 675): Fraenkel 1955 (s.v.) considers daryti to be a  causative of deru, deréti 'be useful', and further connects Skt. dhdr-ma-, dhardyati  'hold', etc. On δράω, δρᾶμα, see Snell Phil. Suppl. 20:1 (1928): 1ff. and Snell Phil. 85  (1930): 141{{    δράω 2 [v.] 'to see' (A.D. Adv. 139, 8, EM 287,7). <GR>

    *DER δρᾶσις = βλέψις; οἱ Spatoi = ὀφθαλμοί.

    *ETYM These forms were invented by grammarians to explain ὑπόδρα.

XXXXXδρέπω [v.] 'to pluck, cut off (Od.). «1Εὖ *drep- 'pluck'>

    *VAR Aor. δρέψαι (also δραπών Pi., δρόπωσιν [subj.] Alc.); pres. δρέπτω (Mosch.).

    *COMP Compounds with dva-, ἀπο-, ἐπι-, kata-. In composition often -n- for -o-,  e.g. δρεπανη-φόρος 'sickle-carrying' (X.); cf. Schwyzer: 438f.

    *DER δρεπάνη (Il.), δρέπανον (Od.) 'sickle' (Spanavov epigr.) together with  dpenavnic 'id' (Nic. Chantraine 1933: 346), δρεπάνιον (Seleuc. apud Ath.); Spenavic  the bird 'Alpine swift' (Arist., after the shape of the wings, Thompson 1895 s.v.; H. also has Spanavidec: εἶδος ὀρνέου 'a kind of bird'), δρεπανώδης 'sickle-shaped'  (Agath.). δρέμμα: κλέμμα ('about stealing fruit?', von Blumenthal 1930: 35, unless  for κλῆμα), οἱ δὲ κλάσμα 'fragment' (H.). δρεπτεῖς (H.), δρεπεῖς (EM) = τρυγηταί,  'νἱπίαροῖθ᾽, see Bofhardt 1942: 81. Beside δρέπω stands (with lengthened grade)

XXXXXδρῶπαξ [m.] 'ichthyol', together with δρωπακίζῳ 'apply a depilatory' and δρωπακισμός, -ιστής, -iotpta (medic.). Also δρώπτης: πλανήτης, πτωχός 'wanderer, beggar' (H.) ?

    *ETYM The lengthened grade of δρωπ- is matched by a Slavic word for 'scratch, tear', -  eg. Ru. drdpat' (secondary drjap-), Pol. drapaé, SCr. drapam, drdpati, etc. (the ὅ-  grade points to an old root noun, which may be secondary in Slavic); the zero grade  (δραπών, etc.) occurs in Bulg. dérpam, SCr. dfpdm, drpati. Very uncertain is the  relation with ON trof [n-pl.] 'fringes', etc. (< IE *drop-) and Gallo-Rom. drappus  'cloth, linen', etc. δρέπω might be an extension of δέρω as *dr-ep-; compare ▶︎ τρέπω,  > κλέπτω. A parallel of δρεπάνη is Arm. artevan, -anac' 'eyebrow (named after its  shape); see De Lamberterie REArm. 17 (1983): 21f. and discussion in Clackson 1994:  109-112 (an old loan from Greek?). Alb. drapén 'sickle' is aloan from Greek.

===Pag_401: Beekes_Página_0401.tiff===

XXXXXδρηστεύω

    *VAR δρηστήρ, etc. = δράω.

XXXXXδρῖλος [π|.] 'circumcised man', = verpus in Latin glosses (AP, Amphissa; on the mg. Diels & Brugmann IF 15 (1903-1904): 4-6). <?>

    *DER Spidaxec: βδέλλαι 'leeches' (H.; Chantraine 1933: 380).

    *ETYM No etymology. M. Scheller (in Pok. 208) adduces δριάουσαν: θάλλουσαν  'flourishing' (H.), which, like Spidevta: χλωρά, is based on δρίος, plur. δρία 'bush,  shrubs'; the supposed meaning 'swelling' (whence both 'circumcised man' [: 'penis']  and 'leech') is a mere guess. See Kretschmer Glotta 14 (1925): 229, contra H. Petersson ( Arm. titern 'crocodile') . Other suggestions can be found in von  Loewenthal WuS 10 (1927): 186 and Sapir Lang. 15 (1940): 185. See also ▶︎ Κροκόδιλος.

XXXXXδρῖμύς (adj.] 'sharp, sour, bitter' (IL). «ΡΟ»

    *COMP δριμυλέων as a philosophical nickname (Gal.).

    *DER δριμύλος piercing' (Mosch.; diminutive, cf. ἡδύλος, etc., Chantraine 1933: 250);  δριμύτης, -ητος [f.] 'sharpness, etc.' (IA). Denominative δριμύσσω 'cause a biting  pain' (especially medic; Debrunner IF 21 (1907): 243) with δρίμυξις 'smarting' and  δριμυγμός 'pungency'; also δριμεύω 'to itch' (Anon. in EN).

    *ETYM The old interpretation (Persson 1912(2): 779) as 'splitting, cutting', from  δρίσ-μύς (replacing ᾿δρῖσ-μός), is not convincing. Since the word has no  etymology, we might consider Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXδρίος [n.] 'bush, shrubs' (ξ 353; cf. ἄλσος 'grove', τάρφος 'thicket', εἴς. <?>

    *VAR Plur. δρία; δρισι [dat.pl.] (16 14, 217: 43).

    *DER Perhaps δριών 'Sevdpwv ('thicket') in ἐν δριῶνας (Meineke; cod. ἐνδριώνας)"  δρόμος παρθένων ἐν Λακεδαίμονι 'maidens' race in Laconia' (H.).

    *ETYM Pedersen 1909: 80 compared Olr. driss 'vepres' (suffix -st-); this is unclear. The word is often combined with ▶︎ δρῦς, etc; the formation remains unclear in any  case. Not connected here (as per Osthoff 1901: 156ff.) is δρίς: δύναμις 'potential' (H1.). Also unclear are δράεντα' χλωρά 'green' and δριάουσαν: θάλλουσαν 'flourishing'  (H.).

XXXXXδροίτη [f.] 'bathtub' (A.), also 'cradle' (Alex. Aet.), 'coffin' (Parth.), name of a dance (H; see Lawler AmJPh. 71 (1950): 7off.). < PG?>

    *VAR  Cf. Soitpov- πύελον 'trough', σκάφην 'trough, tray' (H.), dissimilated from  *d5poitpov?

    *ETYM Although the word has no good etymology, its suffix -1ta suggests Pre-Greek  origin (Fur.: 2385). Not attractive is the connection with OE trig, MoE tray 'flat  trough, dish' (from PGm. *trau-ia-, IE *drou-io- of 'wood'); indeed, any relationship  with ▶︎ δρῦς) is probably due to secondary association. For example, the younger  form δρύτη could be due to the pronunciation v for oi, or else result from influence  of δρῦς. Lat. duréta 'wooden bath tub' is probably borrowed from the Greek  (Schwyzer KZ 62 (1935): 199ff.).

XXXXXδρόμος [m.] 'run, race, course' (Il.); = γυμνάσιον 'school' (Crete; cf. on δρομεύς below).

    <IE *drem- 'run'>

===Pag_402: Beekes_Página_0402.tiff=== XXXXXδρῦμά 355

    *DER δρομεύς 'runner' (Att.), ἔφηβος' (Cret.); δρομάς [f.] (also [m., n.J) 'running'  (S., cf. Schwyzer: 507, Chantraine 1933: 354), also used for the camel (D. S.), as a loan  Lat. dromas with: dromedarius, whence δρομεδάριος, δρομαδάριος 'dromedary'  (pap.); δρομαῖος 'running' (S.), δρομικός 'for running, quick' (Pl.) with δρομικότης  (Simp.); Δρόμιος epithet of Hermes (Crete), Δρομήϊος month name (Crete); late and  rare δρομίας name of a fish and a crab (Eratosth; see Strémberg 1943: σι. Thompson 1947 s.v. δρόμων); δρομαλός epithet of λαγωός 'hare' (H.), δρόμων 'light  ship' (Procop.), = ὁ μικρὸς καρκίνος 'the small crab' (H.), cf. on Spopiac; δρόμαξ  'good at running' (of κάμηλος 'camel', Gp.); δρόμιον 'running match' (T'ab. Defix. Aud., Rome IV-V?). δρομή = δρόμος 'run, race, course' (Hdn. Gr.).

    *ETYM Derived from >» δραμεῖν.

XXXXXδρόξιμα [n.pl.] 'uncooked, raw fruits' (pap. V-VIP). 4?

    *ETYM = τρώξιμα 'id. (from τρώγω), via a folk-etymological reshaping after δρόσος  'dew', δροσερός 'fresh' (e.g. of λάχανα 'vegetables' Ar. Pi. 298)?

XXXXXδροόν [adj.] - ἰσχυρόν. Ἀργεῖοι 'strong (Arg.) (H.).

    <IE *drou-'wood'>

    *ETYM From ἔδρορ-όν, properly 'made of heartwood', from the word for 'wood' in  ▶︎ δόρυ, ▶︎ δρῦς. Compare OE trig 'tray' < IE *drou-io- (see ▶︎ δροίτη); also, Go. trauan. The same word is supposed in PN Δρούθου [gen.], Telos II'. ἔνδροια- καρδία  δένδρου καὶ τὸ μέσον 'heart of the tree, the middle part' (H.) may stand for ἔνδρυα. See Osthoff 1901: 145ff.

XXXXXδρόσος [f.] 'dew', often of several fluids (Hdt., Pi.); in A. Ag. 141 (lyr. pl.) = 'young animals' (λεόντων), thus Call. Hee. 1, 2, 3; acc. to Bechtel 1914: 139 and Benveniste BSL 45 (1949): 102' metonymic; different Leumann 1950: 258'; cf. on ▶︎ ἕρσαι.

    *VAR On the gender see Schwyzer 1950: 324, 34°,

    *DER Adjectives mg. 'dewy, fluid': δροσόεις (Sapph.), δροσώδης (com.), δροσερός  (E.), δροσινός (AP), δρόσιμος (Plu.). Abstract δροσία (Orac. apud Luc. Alex. 53, Cat. Cod. Astr. also MoGr; on the mg. see Scheller 1951: 54f.). Hypocoristic δροσαλλίς  name of a Bithynian wine (Gp.); see Chantraine 1933: 252. Denominative δροσίζω 'to  sprinkle, make dew' (Ar.) with δροσισμός (Olymp. Alch.); δροσόομαι 'to be  sprinkled with dew' (Anacreont.).

    *ETYM The word is probably of Pre-Greek origin (note the intervocalic -o-; for older  views, cf. Bq; Sapir Lang. 15 (1940): 185).

XXXXXἸδροτῆτα (Π 857, etc.) = ἀνήρ.

XXXXXδρυάσαι = δενδρύω.

XXXXXδρῦμά [η.ρ].] 'wood, forest' (I].).

    *VAR  Late also δρῦμά, see below.

    *DER δρυμός 'bush, thicket' (SIG 57, 28 [V*}); δρυμώδης 'forested', δρύμιος 'who  passes a forest' (Cyprus); δρυμίους: τοὺς κατὰ τὴν χώραν κακοποιοῦντες (1.6. 'brigands living in the woods'); δρυμεῖτις (read -ittc?) scil. γῆ 'forested country'  (pap.); δρυμών -@voc 'forest' (J.). δρυμίς -i50¢ = δρυάς (An. Ox. 1, 225).

===Pag_403: Beekes_Página_0403.tiff===

    *ETYM Neutral collective of "δρῦμός = Skt. druma- [m.] 'tree', Ru. drom 'thicket,  forest', an IE derivation in -m- of the word for 'wood, tree'; see ▶︎ δόρυ and ▶︎ δρῦς. The length of the vowel, seen in the sing. δρῦμός and the masc. plural forms only, is  taken from δρῦς; see Wackernagel 1916: 184ff. On the ntr. plur., see Schwyzer: 581. Differently, Machek Listy filol. 72 (1948): 71.

XXXXXδρυμάσσω [v.] 'to tear up, crush', intrans. 'to creak' (= ληκεῖν Poll. 5, 93), also obscene uses; cf. H: δρυμάξεις: κυρίως μὲν σπαράξεις. χρῶνται δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ συνέσει καὶ προσομιλήσεις 'commonly: retching; also used for coition and sexual intercourse' (Com. Adesp. 986); δρυμάσσειν καὶ δρυμάξαι:' τὸ τύπτειν ξύλοις 'to beat with clubs'.

XXXXXἐδρύμαξεν' ἔθραυσεν, ἔσφαξεν 'he shattered, slayed'. ἀδρύμακτον: καθαρόν 'clear, clean'.

    *VAR Att. -trw; aor. δρυμάξαι, fut. δρυμάξω.

    *ETYM Expressive formation. Nevertheless, a cross of δρύπτω with another verb (e.g. μάσσω, ἱμάσσω, as suggested by Frisk) does not seem probable. Rather, a derivation  in -ax- from δρύπτω, with -μ- for -π- (see Fur.: 224f., and cf. 326 on dpug-, δρυψ-). The explanation of ᾿τύπτειν ξύλοις᾽ (H.) is probably folk etymological (based on  δρυμός).

XXXXXδρῦμός = δρῦμά.

XXXXXδρυπεπής (adj.] 'having ripened on the tree', about black olives (Ar. Lys. 564).

    *ETYM From dpv- and πέπων. δρύππιος, said of ἄγρος (16 9(1), 61), is unclear; so too  is δρύπεπα (AP 6, 191), which may be an isolated innovation. The same holds for  δρύππα (AP 6, 299); can it be a Latin form? Note that Ath. 56 said that the accus. plur. δρυππας is Roman. Δρυπετής would be a later change in the form; it may have  existed because of δρυπετεῖς: ἀπὸ δένδρου πεπτωκνίας 'fallen from the tree' (H.).

XXXXXδρύπτω [v.] 'to scratch', especially as a sign of mourning (IL).

    *VAR Aor. δρύψαι, opt. ἀπο-δρύφοι (¥ 187 = Ω 21), probably pres., cf. δρυφόμενοι:  φθειρόμενοι (H.).

    *DER ἀμφι-δρυφής, ἀμφί-δρυφος 'scratched on both sides (cheeks)' (I1.); Spurtic [f]  name of a thorn-bush (Thphr.), cf. Strémberg 1940: 76. Only lexical δρυφή: ἀμυχή,  καταξυσμή 'scratch', Spupddec: ὄνυχες, καταξύσματα 'talons, scratchings'. λῦπαι,  ὀδύναι 'pains'. ἢ τὰ ἀπὸ πληγῶν πελιώματα 'livid spots from blows', δρύφη: ξέσματα  'abrasion' (H.). δρυφάξαι: θακεῖν 'to sit' (H.). With -s-: δρύψαλα 'leaves', δρύψελα'  πέταλα δρυώδη 'tree-like leaves' (H.), δρύψια 'shavings'; δρυψόπαιδα: τὴν λαμυράν  'impudent female' οἱ δὲ ἁπαλόπαιδα ἢ ἐλεεινόν 'delicate child; pitiable' (H.);  δρυψογέροντας: τοὺς ἀτόπους πρεσβύτας καὶ οἱονεὶ ἀτίμους 'remarkable seniors, as  if dishonored' (H.).

    *ETYM Expressive form, usually connected with ▶︎ dépw, ▶︎ δρέπω. However, the word  was hardly reshaped after ▶︎ θρύπτω. The variants δρυφ-, δρυψ-, and ▶︎ δρυμ-άσσω  clearly point to a Pre-Greek word (and therefore it is improbable that it derives from  IE Sépw); see Fur. 326, 348, etc. Neither is the word Iranian (Schwarz 1970: 386).

XXXXXδρῦς, -vdc [f.] 'tree', especially 'oak' (I.). «IE doru, gen. dreus 'wood, tree'>

===Pag_404: Beekes_Página_0404.tiff=== XXXXXδρῶπαξ 357

    *DIAL Dialectal sometimes also [m.], see Schwyzer 1950: 377; Myc. du-ru-to-mo /dru-  tomoi/ 'woodcutters'.

    *COMP ▶︎ ἄδρυα 'upright pieces', ▶︎ ἁμάδρυα 'sloe', ▶︎ yepavdpvov 'old tree or stump',  ἔνδρυον - καρδία δένδρου, καὶ τὸ μέσαβον 'heart of the tree; leathern strap' (H.), also  Hes. (see below); μελάνδρυα 'hearts of oak', also 'slices of tunny'.

    *DER Opvivoc 'oaken' (Od.), Spuivac name of a snake living in oaks (Nic.); δρυΐτης  kind of cypress (Thphr.), name of a precious stone (Plin.); Δρυάς 'Dryad, tree-  nymph' (Plu.), also name of a snake (Androm. apud Gal. cf. Spuivac); them. lengthening in δρύου [gen.] 'bush' (POxy. 7, 1044, [7]; 8; 12, II-III'); but the them. endings in μελάν-δρυ-ον 'heart-wood', év-dpu-ov 'oaken peg' (Hes. Op. 469) belong  to δόρυ. The same holds for δρύ-οχοι [m.pl.] 'ribs of a ship' (Od; cf. Wackernagel  1916: 186), δρύ(ο)-κολάπτης 'woodpecker' (Ar.), etc.; parallel mgs. in Schwentner KZ  73 (1956): 112f.; short form (after animal names in -oy) δρύοψ (Ar. Av. 304); also as a  PN (¥ 455) and as a people's name, see von Wilamowitz 1931: 52". On ▶︎ δρύφακτοι,  see S.V. ᾿

    *ETYM Apart from the vowel length, which can be explained as from the feminine  gender (Wackernagel l.c.), δρῦς is identical with Skt. dru- 'wood', found eg. in dru-  sad- 'sitting on wood (on a tree), su-drii- 'of good wood'. Other cognates are OCS drova [n.pl.] 'wood', Alb. dru [f.] (< *druud) 'wood, tree', and Go. triu < PGm. *trewa- < IE *dreu-o-. The feminine δρῦς (gender after other tree names; cf. Wackernagel 1920-1924(2): 17) arose from the oblique case forms of the word for  'wood', Gr. δόρυ, Skt. daru- (gen. dru-n-ah next to dré-h). Janda 1997 assumes a  collective *druh,- (with -s in the nom.). The meaning 'firm, strong', found in Greek  in »δροόν - ἰσχυρόν, is frequent in Gm, eg. OE trum 'firm, strong, healthy'  (formally = δρῦμά 'wood', Skt. druma- 'tree'), Go. triggws (< *trewwa-, IE *dreu(u)-  o-) 'true, faithful'.

XXXXXδρύφακτοι ([m.pl.] 'railing or latticed partition, balcony, bar (in courtY (Ar.).

    *VAR  Rarely sing. -oc; also δρύφρακτοι (Lib.) with restored p, and τρύφακτοι (Hell. and late inscr., Hdn. Gr.), with t- acc. to Schwyzer: 257 from regressive assimilation,  but alternatively (Frisk) after τρυφή 'delicacy' by folk etymology; doubtful.

    *DER Denominative δρυφάσσω 'fence in' (Lyc.), δρυφάξαι- + δακεῖν 'to bite' (H; at  wrong alphabetical position). Also δρυθακτόω.

    *ETYM Generally taken as a combination of dpt- (in ▶︎ δόρυ) and ▶︎ ppdcow with a  suffix -to- (cf. eg. ἀκμό-θε-τον). However, the t- is hard to understand as  assimilation.

XXXXXδρωπάζειν [v.] - ἐμβλέπειν 'to look in the face' (H.), A. Ὁ. Adv. 139, 8; δρώπτειν' [διακόπτειν ἢ] διασκοπεῖν. Αἰσχύλος Ψυχαγωγοῖς '[cut through]; examine well [in Aeschylus's Psychagogoi]' (Fr. 278) (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Frisk suggests a cross of δέρκομαι, Spaxetv and ὄπωπα, ὄψομαι, which is not  very convincing. Comparable is δρωκτάζεις (Spox-)- περιβλέπεις, for which Latte  adduces the PN ApoxvaAog (Argolis), but this may stand for ApaxvAoc. See ▶︎ δράω 2  = ὁράω.

XXXXXδρῶπαξ --δρέπω.

===Pag_405: Beekes_Página_0405.tiff===

XXXXXδρώψ [m.] - ἄνθρωπος 'man' (H.). 4 PG>

    *ETYM Thought to be a compound *vp-wy 'with manly face' (see ▶︎ ἀνήρ), but the  absence of ἀ- is strange. Acc. to Latte, it is a creation of the grammarians. Kuiper  1956: 224f. accepts the gloss as Pre-Greek, explaining ἄνθρωπος as arising through  prenasalization and prothetic vowel. His solution is supported by Beekes Glotta 73  (1995-1996): 13-5. Pisani Rev. Int. ét. balk. 3 (1937): uf. considers Spwy to be  Macedonian (connected to ▶︎ τρέφω).

XXXXXδύβρις [9] - κατὰ γλῶσσαν ἡ θάλασσα 'sea [gloss]', sch. Theoc. 1, 118¢. <?>

    *ETYM If the word is Illyrian, one could connect Latv. dubra 'pit, marshy place', OCS  dobro 'abyss', as well as MIr. dobur 'water' and other words for 'deep', like Lith. dubus, Go. diups, etc. See Krahe 1955: 47. Acc. to Szemerényi Archiv. Linguist. 5  (1953): 77, also Lat. Tiberis (as Illyrian) is related. Cf. ▶︎ δύπτω.

XXXXXδύη [f.] 'misery, anguish' (Od.). <?>

    *VAR Dor. δύα.

    *COMP As a first member in δυη-παθής (A. R.).

    *DER δύϊος 'unhappy, painful (A. Supp. 829 [lyr.]), δυερός 'id, (metr. inscr., Attica);  causative present δυόωσι [3sg.] 'cause misery' (Ὁ 195), perf. ptc. δεδυημένη:  κεκακωμένη 'distressed' (H.), with derivations.

    *ETYM If it originally meant 'burning pain', δύη might derive from a zero grade of the  root *deh,u- 'burn', seen in Skt. dundti 'burn (trans.), torment' and OHG zuscen  'burn'. In Greek, this root is perserved in ▶︎ δαίω < *dau-je/o- and ▶︎ δήϊος, However,  this remains uncertain, of course.

XXXXXMyc. du-ma

    *ETYM Probably the name of an official, on which see Fauth KZ 102 (1989): 187-206.

XXXXXδύναμαι [v.] 'to be able, be equal to; to signify' (Il.). «?»

    *VAR Aor. δυνήσασθαι, δυνασθῆναι (IL), δυνηθῆναι (trag.), fut. δυνήσομαι (Od.),  perf. δεδύνημαι (Att.).

    *DER δύναμις [f.] 'strength, power' (Il; cf. θέμις and below) with δυναμικός  'powerful, effective' (Hell. and late), δυναμερός 'id' (medic.), δυναμοστόν a fraction  (Dioph.); δυναμόω 'make strong' (Hell. and late), with δυνάμωσις, δυναμωτικός,  δύνασις 'id? (Pi). δυνάστης [m.] 'lord, master' (14) with δυναστικός (Arist.),  dvvactetw (IA), with δυναστεία, δυνάστευμα, δυναστευτικός; fem. δυνάστις  (Demetr. Eloc.), δυνάστειρα (Tab. Defix. Aud. III'). δυνάστωρ 'id' (E. IA 280 [lyr.]). Verbal adj. δυνατός 'able; possible' (Sapph.) with Svvatéw 'be strong' (2 Ep. Cor. 13,  3); δυνητικός 'potential' (A. D.).

    *ETYM Probably to be analyzed as δύ-ν-α-μαι, a present with generalized nasal infix  (δυ-ν-ά-σθην for ᾿δυά-σθην, cf. λίναμαι : λιάσθην), δυ-ν-ήσομαι for ᾿δυή-σομαι, etc.,  as well as in nouns like δύναμις, etc. An -σ- was added in δυνά-σ-θην, δυνά-σ-της. LIV? reconstructs *deuh,- 'zusammenfiigen' and connects the word with ToB tsuwa  [3sg.pret.] 'join, adjust' and Go. taujan 'make'. This disyllabic root formally agrees  with that of ▶︎ δήν and ▶︎ δηρός but, semantically, a connection is difficult. Cret. γύναμαι (Gortyn) must be the same word. The v- may simply be due to assimilation.

===Pag_406: Beekes_Página_0406.tiff=== XXXXXδυσ- 359 duvdexaty.[num.] - ἡμέρᾳ δωδεκάτῃ 'on the twelfth day' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM According to Schulze 1892: 178, δυνδέκατος was formed after ἑνδέκατος, but  Latte implausibly corrects to δυοδεκάτῃ, contrary to the alphabetical order.

XXXXXδύο [num] 'two'. <1E duuo, duu-eh, (2) 'two'>

    *VAR Epic eleg. also δύω, Lacon., etc. also δύ(ε)ε (after κύν-ε, etc.), oblique forms  δυοῖν (Att. δυεῖν since IV-III*), δυῶν, Svoic(t), δυσί; also indeclinable (Il); see  Schwyzer: 588f.

    *DIAL Myc. dwo; du-wo-u-pi /dwoup*i/.

    *COMP As a first member (beside usual δι-, see ▶︎ δίς) eg. in δυο-ποιός 'making two'  (Arist.), and in univerbations like dvo-xai-dexa (Il., etc.).

    *DER δυοστός 'half (sch.), after εἰκοστός 'twentieth', etc.

    *ETYM The final short vowel of δύο is also seen in Arm. erko-tasan 'twelve' and in the  Skt. derivative dva-kd- 'in pairs' (Lat. duo is due to iambic shortening). *duuo is also  found in Go. twa and wit 'we two', as well as in Olr. da; see Cowgill MSS 46 (1985):  13-28, who demonstrates that the *duyo originally was an indeclinable next to the  dual δύω (= Skt. duva, OCS dova [m.}). A monosyllabic *dyd(u) is reflected in  δ(ε)ώ-δεκα, Skt. dva(u), Hitt. da- in dd-yuga- 'two years old', dan 'a second time'.

XXXXXδυοχοῖ [v.] - πωματίζει παρὰ Δημοκρίτῳ (Fr. 136), ἤτοι πωμάζει, σκεπάζει 'to cover (with a lid) [Democr.], to protect or shelter'; δυοχῶσαι: πωμάσαι (H.). <?>

    *ETYM The explanation as from ἔδυοχος 'lid' is rejected by DELG, both because the  meaning would not fit and because a compound with 6v(6)- instead of dw- is  improbable. Chantraine suggests reading *S5pvoyoi from δρύοχος, which is 'the  props or shores upon which the frame of a new ship is laid', or (LSJ Supp.) 'the ribs  of a ship' (DELG s.v. δρῦς); it is then the same as δρύακες (H.). However, this does  not seem to fit well for the present gloss.

XXXXXδύπτω [v.] 'to dive in', mostly intr. (Antim. [?], Lyc, A. R.). 42>

    *VAR Aor. δύψαι.

    *DER δύπτης [m.] 'diver', especially as a bird name (Call.); cf. Thompson 1895 s.v.

    *ETYM From ▶︎ dv, perhaps modelled after ▶︎ κύπτω; cf. also βύπτω (s.v. ▶︎ Bantw).

XXXXXδύρομαι [v.] 'to lament, bewail' (trag.). <?>

    *DER πάν-δυρ-τος 'wailing about everything' (trag. [lyr.]).

    *ETYM A variant of ὀδύρομαι, perhaps as a rhyme with μύρομαι (Giintert 1914: 150).

XXXXXδυσ- [pref.] inseparable prefix, 'mis-, un-, etc.' (Il.). Details in Schwyzer: 432, Wackernagel 1920-1924(2): 295ff.

    <IE *dus- 'wrong, mis-'>



    *COMP E.g. Svopevijc, see DELG.

    *ETYM Old element, also seen in Indo-Iranian (Skt. dus-, dur-, Av. dus-, duz-). Some  compounds are found in both branches, like δυσ-μενής = Skt. dur-mdnas-, Av. dus-  manah-; see also under ▶︎ δύστηνος. The element is also found in other branches, e.g. in Germanic (Go. tuz-werjan 'hesitate', ON OE tor-, OHG zur-), Celtic (Olr. du-,  do-), and Armenian (t-, e.g. t-gét 'unknowing'). The Slav. word for 'rain', OCS dozdo,  Ru. dozd', etc. is often connected with it (from 'bad daylight' vel sim.); see Derksen

===Pag_407: Beekes_Página_0407.tiff===

2008 s.v. dézdjv (dézdjv). IE dus- is mostly connected with δεύομαι 'lack' (see ▶︎ δέω 2).

XXXXXδυσ-ἃής [adj.] 'blowing violently, stormy' (Il).

    *VAR Ntr. -éc.

    *ETYM From δυσ- and ἄημι with metrical lengthening. Cf. ὑπερᾶής (of deAAa, A 297).

XXXXXδυσβήρης [adj.] - ὁ δύσβατος 'impassable' (EM 291, 43); δυσβηρές: δύσβατον, δυσχερές 'impassable, intractable' (H.); δυσβῆρες: οἱ δύσβατοι τόποι 'inaccessible places' (Suid.).

    *ETYM Acc. to EM, the form is syncopated from δυσβατήρης; however, it is rather  directly from βῆναι after the adjectives in -ήρης. Otherwise, is it a mistake for  δυσῆρες: δυσχερές (Suid.)? Such a solution is not in accord with von Blumenthal  1930: 3 (that the word is Illyrian, connected to φέρειν).

XXXXXδύσγω = dvw 2.

XXXXXδύσεα (n.pl.] - tod τοίχου τὰ πέριξ. Κύπριοι 'that which is around the wall (Cypr.yY (HL). <?>

    *ETYM Unexplained. See Solmsen 1909: 245.

XXXXXδυσηχής [adj.] of πόλεμος 'war' and θάνατος 'death', so perhaps 'that which causes great pain, grief to ἄχος 'distress', ἄχνυμαι 'to be distressed' (with Ap. Soph.). In h.Ap. 64 'of bad reputation'. Later mg. 'that which causes great noise'. < GR>

    *ETYM From ▶︎ ἄχος or from ▶︎ ἠχή.

XXXXXδύσκηλος [adj.] 'unquiet, agitated'? Of χθών 'earth' (A. Eu, 825 hapax), opposite to εὔκηλος 'still' (see ▶︎ ἕκηλος). *

    *ETYM See ▶︎ ἔκηλος. Not connected with κηλέω 'to bewitch'; see sch.

XXXXXδύσκολος [adj.] 'discontented, troublesome' (Hp., Att.). <?>

    *DER δυσκολία 'discontentedness'. Opposite εὔκολος 'content' with εὐκολία.

    *ETYM Unknown. Unconvincing are connections with > κέλομαι, ▶︎ πέλομαι, etc.

XXXXXδυσκρᾶής '-εὐκραής.

XXXXXδυσοίζω [v.] 'to wail, be in fear' (A. Ag. 1316, E. Rh. 724 and 805). <?>

    *VAR δυσοίζει: δυσχεραίνει, ὑπονοεῖ. Λάκωνες 'be unable to endure; suspect  (Lacon.) (H.), δυσοίζειν: φοβεῖσθαι, ὑττοτττεύειν 'be afraid; be suspicious' (H.);  δυσοίζοντος: οἰωνιζομένου καὶ ἄγαν ὑποπτεύοντος 'who takes [things] as omens  and is very suspicious'; δύσοικτος: δυσθρήνητος 'loud-wailing'; ἐδύσοιξα- ὑπενόησα  'he suspected' (H.).

    *ETYM Perhaps the explanation in H. with ὑπονοεῖν, ὑποπτεύειν, οἰωνίζεσθαι is based  on an erroneous connection with οἴομαι. Because of the nominal prefix and the  augmented aorist, we should start from δύσοικτος, which comes either from οἶκτος  or from *oixtdc to οἴζω (A. D.). See Debrunner GGA 172 (1910): 7 and Fraenkel 1950  ad 1316.

===Pag_408: Beekes_Página_0408.tiff=== XXXXXδύω 2 361

XXXXXδυσπέμφελος [adj.] of the sea (II 748, Hes. Th. 440), sailing (Hes. Op. 618), a man (Hes. Op. 722), etc., perhaps 'stormy, rough, raw'. <?>

    *ETYM Expressive word without etymology. The word recalls πέμφιξ, πομφός,  πομφόλυξ, which are also semantically relatable. Further suggestions are found in  Bechtel 1914 s.v. and in Schwyzer: 423, who assumes reduplication.

XXXXXδύστηνος [adj.] 'unhappy, wretched' (IL; cf. von Wilamowitz 1889 ad 1346); δυστηνία' μοχθηρία 'bad condition' (H.). «18? *steh,- 'stand'>

    *VAR Dor. δύστανος.

    *DER ▶︎ ἄστηνος 'miserable', s.v.

    *ETYM Probably 'who has a bad standing', from δυσ- and ᾿στῆ-ν-, *otd-v-,  corresponding to Skt. sthdna- [n.], Av. OP stdna- [n.] 'stand, position'. Slavic has an  old u-stem, e.g. CS stan 'lair', Ru. stan 'stature, standplace, camp'; other forms are  mentioned in Derksen 2008 s.v. *stans. The form δύστος = δύστηνος, given by Hdn. Gr. 1, 217, may derive from *dus-sth,-o-. See Osthoff 1901: 126, Bechtel 1914 s.v. δύστηνος.

XXXXXδυσχερής [adj.] 'discontent, annoying, vexatious, unpopular' (IA).

    *DER Svoxépeta 'annoyance, disgust' (Att. Hell.), denominative δυσχεραίνω 'to be  displeased with, be disgusted at' (Att., Hell; see Leumann 1950: 111) with δυσχέρασμα  (PL), δυσχερασμός (Phld.), δυσχέρανσις (Hell. and late), δυσχεραντικός (M. Ant.). -  Opposite εὐχερής 'tractable'.

    *ETYM Not related to χείρ; see Leumann Phil. 96 (1944): 16:ff., who correctly  connects the word with ▶︎ χαίρω. We must depart from a form with -e-, like *yépoc  (cf. δυσ-μενής to pévoc), or from a full grade of the verb, which is not preserved in  Greek.

XXXXXδυτη [f.] mg. uncertain, 'pit'? «IE? *deu- 'enter'>

    *VAR Accentuation unknown. Also δυτὰ (Thebe, Troezen IV-III*).

    *ETYM Perhaps the word must be connected with ἄ-δυτον 'place one may not enter,  most sacred', from δύω, δύομαι 'enter'. See Frisk 1938: 16f. This contradicts the  hypothesis of von Blumenthal Glotta 18 (1930): 154, who relates it to θύω as an  Illyrian word for 'place for sacrifice'.

XXXXXδύω 1 = dbo.

XXXXXδύω 2 [v.] 'to enter, dive', trans. 'to plunge', intrans. 'to get into, slip into, put on' (Il.). «18 *deu- 'go in, enter'>

    *VAR δύομαι, δύνω, aor. δῦσαι, δύσασθαι, δῦναι, perf. δέδῦκα, aor. pass. δυθῆναι, fut. δύσω, δύσομαι, δύθήσομαι, unclear epic pret. δύσετο (cf. Chantraine 1942: 416f.); if  trans. (δύω, δῦσαι, δύσω) mostly with prefix ἀπο-, éx-, év-, κατα-δύω; otherwise  intrans. (δύομαι, δύνω), often with prefix ava-, ἀπο-, ὑπο-δύομαι, -δύνω, etc. (but  rarely -δύω).

    *COMP Often with nominal first member in compounds like τρωγλο-δύτης 'cave-  dweller' (Hdt.) with -δυτικός, -δυτέω, λωτιο-δύτης 'one who goes in other people's  clothes, thief (of clothes) (Att., etc.) with -δυτέω, -δυσίου (in), -δυσία; cf. Fraenkel  1910: 225f. ᾿

===Pag_409: Beekes_Página_0409.tiff===

    *DER δύσις 'setting of sun and stars, West' (Hecat.) with δυτικός; often to the  prefixed verbs ἔκ-, év-, κατά-δυσις, etc. in different mgs; δῦμα (POxy. 6, 929, 8; 15,  II-III?) = ἔνδυμα 'garment' (V*), also ὑπόδυμα. δύτης 'diver' (Hat. 8, 8); in different  mgs. év-, ὑπεν-, ἐκ-δύτης, etc. with ἐκδύσια [pl.] name of a festival in Crete (Ant. Lib.); ἐνδυτήρ 'for putting on' (5. Tr. 674 of πέπλος) with ἐνδυτήριος (S.), also ὑποδυτήρια [pl] (Str. 14, 5, 6 v.l. ὑποδεκτ.). δυσμαί [pl] (rarely [sg.], see Schwyzer  1950: 43) 'setting of sun and stars, West' (IA) with δυσμικός (Str.); also δυ-θμαί, -θμή  'id, (Call; on the suffix Chantraine 1933: 148f.). Cf. further ▶︎ δυτη. δυτῖνος name of a  waterbird (Dionys. Av.; like ἰκτῖνος, κορακῖνος, etc.). δυτικός 'suitable for diving,  westerly' (Arist.). Verbal forms with extension: ▶︎ δύπτω; δύσγω: ἀποδύω 'to put off  (HL), after μίσγω 'to mix' (Wackernagel KZ 33 (1895): 39); cf. also φύσγων (Alc.,  POxy. 18, 2165; see Specht KZ 68 (1943): 150).

    *ETYM δύω is related to the rare Sanskrit verb upd-du- 'to put on' (only gerundive  Ved. upddtitya-); see von Schroeder WZKSM 13 (1899): 297f. and Brugmann IF 1  (1900): 274. The same root is possibly found in ▶︎ δείελος, etc. On the intransitive  nasal present δύνω, see Schwyzer: 696 and Schwyzer 1950: 230. Cf. also ▶︎ ἀλιβδύω.

XXXXXδῶ [n.] 'house' (1].). «1Ὲ *dom 'house'>

    *VAR In Hom. always at verse end, always as accus. (ἡμέτερον δῶ, ἐμὸν ποτὶ  χαλκοβατὲς δῶ, etc.) except a 392 δῶ / ἀφνειόν, where it has the nominative; further  Hes. Th. 933 χρύσεα δῶ 'golden houses' [acc.pl.] (innovation).

    *ETYM The ancients saw the word as a shortened form of δῶμα (6@- δῶμα, οἴκημα,  σπήλαιον H.). Schmidt 1889: 222ff. derived it from *dém, the root noun belonging to  ▶︎ δόμος, etc; thus, Schwyzer: 569 and (hesitantly) Chantraine 1942: 230, as well as  Bartholomae 1895: 214 (*dém = Av. dgm as an old locative). Fick 1874-1876(1): 458  and Brugmann-Delbriick 1897-1916: 1, 136, as well as Risch 1937: 359f., thought it was  a local particle (adverb); cf. ἡμέτερόν δε = ἡμέτερον δῶ), thus *dé 'to(wards)', seen  in OS ἐδ, OHG zuo, and perhaps even in Lat. en-do. In Greek, it is simply a  substantive. Cf. ▶︎ δῶμα.

XXXXXδώδεκα [num.] 'twelve' (II). 415 *duoHdekm 'twelve'>

    *VAR Epic Ion. Dor. also δυώδεκα, Arc. Svddexo; Hell. also δεκαδύο.

    *COMP δυωδεκά-βοιος 'worth twelve cows' (II.), etc.

    *DER δωδέκατος (Svw-; on ▶︎ δυνδεκάτῃ s.v.) 'the twelfth' (Il.) with δωδεκαταῖος 'of  twelve days' (Hes.) from δωδεκάτη (ἡμέρα), and δυωδεκατεύς (μήν) 'the twelfth  month' (Tauromenion); δωδεκάς (Svw-) [f] 'group of twelve, the twelfth part' (PL)  with δυωδεκαδικός; δωδεκαΐς, -ηἷς (Suw-) 'sacrifice of twelve animals', also name of  a festive deputation (Delphi V', etc.; cf. Πυθαΐς); δωδεκεύς: χοεύς a measure, 'twelve  cotylae' (H.); δωδεκάκις 'twelve times' (Ar.).

    *ETYM From ᾿δεώ-δεκα = Skt. dva-dasa. It also appears as δυώδεκα, as in Lat. duodecim. See ▶︎ δύο.

XXXXXδῶμα [n.] 'house, home, temple', often plur., see Schwyzer 1950: 43 (II; also Arc. [Tegea Ν᾽] as 'temple'). <1E *dem- 'house'>

    *DER δωμάτιον 'small house, room, chapel' (Att.); δωματίτης, fem. -ἴτις 'belonging to  the house' (A.); δωματόομαι 'provide with houses' (A. Supp. 958).

===Pag_410: Beekes_Página_0410.tiff=== XXXXXδῶρον 2 363

    *ETYM Derived from IE *dem-, also seen in ▶︎ δεσπότης. The nearest cognate is the  Arm. n-stem tun 'house' < *dom, gen. tan. See also ▶︎ δῶ.

XXXXXδωμάω -'δέμω.

XXXXXδωράκινον 'kingstone', ἃ kind of peach (Gp. 3,1, 4). <LW Lat»

    *ETYM From Lat. déracinum. See André 1956 s.v. MoGr. has ῥωδάκινον.

XXXXXΔωριεῖς [m.pl.] 'Dorians', since τ 177 -ἰέες, which is metri causa acc. to Debrunner 1923: 33°. <?>

    *VAR  Att. -τῆς. Sing. Awptetc, as a PN (Hdt.) and as an adjective 'Dorian' (Pi.);  thence Δωρίεια (Cnidos), A@peta (Cos) [n.pl.] names of festivals.

    *DIAL Myc. do-ri-je-we /D6riéwes/.

    *DER Δώριος (Pi.), δωρικός (Hdt.), δωριακός (Orac. apud Th. 2, 24, metrically  determined), see Chantraine 1956a: 107; fem. Awpic (Hdt.); δωρίζω 'to speak Dorian'  (Theoc.), δωρισμός, δωριστί; δωριάζω 'to clothe oneself like the Dorians'

    *ETYM Some older proposals started from the IE word *doru for 'wood, tree', or (in  Greek) 'spear' (see Frisk s.v.), but this may be doubted.

XXXXXδῶρον 1 [n.] 'gift, present' (I1.).

    *COMP δωρο-δόκος 'accepting presents, corruptible' (see ▶︎ δέχομαι) beside  δωροδοκέω 'accept presents, be corruptible' (IA) with δωροδόκημα, δωροδοκία  'corruption'.

    *DER Diminutive δωρύφιον (pap.). Denominative δωρέομαι, dwpéw 'give presents'  Cl; on the diathesis Schwyzer 1950: 234) with δώρημα 'present' (Hdt.) and  δωρηματικός (Ὁ. H.), δωρητής 'giver, benefactor' (Nesos IV) and δωρητικός (PI.),  δωρητήρ 'id' (AP), δωρητός 'prepared to accept presents' (I 526), 'presented' (S.). Also δωρύττομαι (Theoc. 7, 43; ad hoc formation; Debrunner IF 21 (1907): 242f.);  perhaps also Thess. δούρραντα = δωρήσαντα like Hom. gitato beside φιλεῖν  (Fraenkel Glotta 35 (1956): o1f.)? Beside δῶρον and δωρέομαι stands δωρεά, older  τειά (Attica V*), Ion. -εή 'gift, present' (Hdt.) with unclear formation; thence  δωρεακός 'official of a fief (pap. III*), δωρεαστικός, -ρετικός 'concerning presents'  (pap. VIP).

    *ETYM Old word, identical with Arm. tur, OCS daro 'gift', from PIE *deh,-ro-. It also  appears with a suffix -no-: Lat. dénum = Skt. ddna- (n.]. For further details, see  ▶︎ δίδωμι.

XXXXXδῶρον 2 [n.] 'breadth of the hand' (Nic., Milete). <?>

    *COMP As a second member in ἑκκαιδεκά-δωρος 'sixteen hands long' (A 109), δεκά-  δωρος (Hes. Op. 426), ὀρθό-δωρον 'Tength of a hand' = 'the distance between the  root of the hand and the finger ends' (Poll., acc. to H. also = σπιθαμή 'span between  thumb and pinky').

    *DER Sdpiv- σπιθαμήν. Ἀρκάδες (i-stem) and ▶︎ δάρίε]ιρ.

    *ETYM The word has been compared with Alb. doré (see La Piana IF 58 (1942): 98),  which is, however, rather related to ▶︎ χείρ (see Demiraj 1997). Further Celt. words,  like Olr. dorn, as well as Latv. dure, diris 'fist', have been connected, but both  branches point to PIE *u, which excludes any relationship with δῶρον.

===Pag_411: Beekes_Página_0411.tiff===

===Pag_412: Beekes_Página_0412.tiff=== XXXXXΕ

XXXXXἔ ἔ [interj.] expressing pain (trag., com.). 4ONOM>

    *VAR Also repeated ἢ ἔ, ἔ ἔ

    *ETYM Onomatopoeic formation. Cf. Schwyzer 1950: 600.

é- (pref.] the augment (1].).

    <IE *h,e- augment>

    *VAR Rarely ἡ- (see below).

    *DIAL Rare in Mycenaean, only a-pe-do-ke /ap-e-dokel.

    *ETYM Old element indicating the past tense, also found in Indo-Iranian a-, a- (< ἴα  + root-initial *H-), Armenian e- and Phrygian e-, e.g. ἔ-φερε = Skt. d-bharat, Arm. e-  ber; cf. further OPhr. e-daes, NPhr. ε-δαες ᾿ἔθηκε᾽, See Schwyzer: 65xff.; on the  variant t)-, see Rix 1976: 226ff. Greek often gets a long vowel by contraction: *h,e-  h,eg-e-t > ἦγε. From cases like ἤθελον < *h,e-h,d'el- next to pres. (ἐ)θέλω, long  augments arose analogically, e.g. in ἠβουλόμην. Probably all long augments are  analogical; see Ruijgh Lingua 28 (1971): 166.

é, ἑ [refl. pron.] 'se', epic also 'eum, eam, id', 38g. accus. of the reflective (and enclitic) anaphoric pronoun (Il.). 418 *se, sue 'himself>

    *VAR Lesb. fe, Pamph. fhe, epic also ἑέ; gen. ob (ob), epic ἕο (elo), eb (Eo, eb), ἕθεν,  Lesb. FéBev, Locr. Féoc; dat. (and gen.; Schwyzer 1950: 189 with lit; cf. Latte Glotta 35  (1956): 296) of (oi), epic also ἑοῖ, Lesb., etc. Foi, Cret. (Gortyn), etc. Flv, Boeot. (Corinna) éiv. For the plur. see ▶︎ σφεῖς.

    *DER Hence the possessive dc, epic also ἑός, Dor., etc. Fécg 'suus, one's own' (also  referring to the first and second person), 'eius'.

    *ETYM The epic forms ἑ, ev, ἕθεν, oi, where we find no trace of a digamma  (Chantraine 1942: 146ff.), have been supposed to derive from an JE reflexive stem  *se-, as seen in Lat. sé, OCS s¢ 'se', and Go. si-k. Additionally, it was thought that oi <  *soi corresponds to OP -Saiy, Av. hé, Prakr. se; on the other hand, ἕο would be from  *se-so (cf. τέο < *k"e-so to ▶︎ tic). However, it is now maintained that IE had only *sye; see Petit 1999: 126-8. In Greek,  we find fhe, foi < *sue, *suoi = Skt. sva- 'himself (only in derivations and in  compounds, e.g. sva-jd- 'born from himself). A disyllabic full-grade variant seems to  be found in & < *seue. Adjectivized *sue, *seue gave rise to the possessive *st-o-,  *seu-o-, which yielded μός, ἑός = Skt. svd- 'suus', OLat. sovos > Lat. suus. Further details are in Schwyzer: 60off. Cf. »éavtot, ▶︎ ἑκάς, ▶︎ ἕκαστος, ▶︎ σφεῖς and  ▶︎ σύ.

===Pag_413: Beekes_Página_0413.tiff===

XXXXXἔα [interj.] expressing surprise and rejection (trag.).

    *ETYM Originally just the 256. ipv. of ἐάω, but later taken as an independent  interjection. See Schwyzer KZ 60 (1933): 141f.

XXXXXἐάν [conj.] 'if (Att.), Hell. and late also modal pcl. = dv.

    *VAR With crasis ἄν (Att.), ἤν (epic Ion; also Att.?).

    *ETYM From univerbation or crasis of ▶︎ ciand ▶︎ dv. The long vowel in ἐᾶν can be due  to a contamination of é&v and ἄν; see Lejeune 1972: 323.

XXXXXἑᾶνός 1 [m.] a woman's cloth (II). <1 *wes- 'wear clothes'>

    *VAR Verse-initially εἰανός (TI 9); late also ἑᾶνός.

    *DIAL Myc. we-a,-no-i /wehanoi*i/ [dat.pl.].

    *ETYM From *feo-avdc, a verbal noun of ▶︎ ἕννυμι; for the suffix, cf. στέφανος, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 196ff.).

XXXXXἑᾶνός 2 [adj.] of clothes (Aiti, πέπλος, ἱμάτιον), also of tin (1]., inc. auct. apud Greg. Cor., see Sapph. fr. 156). Mg. uncertain: 'supple'? Or 'fine'? <?>

    *ETYM No etymology. Cf. ▶︎ iavoyAégapoc.

XXXXXἔαρ 1, -ρος [n.] 'blood', metaph. 'sap' (Call.; Cyprian acc. to H.). 41Ε *h,esh.-r 'blood'>

    *VAR Also eiap, hap.

    *COMP As a first member in εἰαροπότης: αἱμοτίότης, ψυχοπότης 'blood-drinker,  breath-drinker' (H.); acc. to sch. T, εἰαροπῶτις is vl. for ἠεροφοῖτις (Eptvic) T 87  (Fraenkel 1910: 114).

    *DER None

    *ETYM Old word for blood: Hitt. eshar, gen. ishandi, Skt. dsrk, gen. asndh, Lat. aser  (gloss., Paul. Fest. form uncertain), ToA ysdr, ToB yasar, Latv. asins. An extended  form occurs in Arm. ar-iwn (Kortlandt 2003: 131f: < *esar-). The original r/n-stem is  maintained in Hitt. and Skt. The length in eiap, fap is metrical (but archaic, acc. to  Schulze 1892: 165f.). Like in Greek (s.v. ▶︎ αἶμα), the word was replaced in Latin and  Sanskrit (sanguis, rudhirdm; cf. under ▶︎ ἐρυθρός), though Lat. san-guis probably  contains the oblique stem *h,sh,-en- as its first element (cf. De Vaan 2008).

XXXXXἔαρ 2 [π.] 'spring (11; cf Schwyzer: 251). 41Ε *ues-r- 'spring'>

    *VAR  Gen. ἔαρος, also ἦρος, dat. ἦρι (Att, also Ion. and Alc.), with new nom. fp  (Alcm.).

    *COMP As a first member in éapi-Spentoc 'plucked in spring' (Pi.), ἐαρο-τρεφής  (Mosch.), etc.

    *DER ἐαρινός (also εἰ-, 1)- like εἴαρος through metrical lengthening), poet. also ἠρινός  'belonging to the spring' (Il.); likewise éaptepoc (Nic. Th. 380, with contrasting  -tepoc, Schwyzer 1950: 183); ἐαρίδας: τὰς κανθαρίδας 'beetles' (H.); on the semantics  Stromberg 1944: 13. Denominative verb ἐαρίζω 'to bloom as in spring, etc.' (Pl.).

    *ETYM Both the form yéap: ἔαρ (H.) and Homeric prosody (Chantraine 1942: 128)  point to older féap, from PGr. *wéhar, an old r/n-stem: Av. loc. vayri < *vasr-i 'in  spring', Arm. gar-un 'spring', Lith. vasar-a 'summer'; OCS, etc. vesn-a 'spring', Skt. vasan-ta- 'id' (cf. heman-td- 'winter'; see ▶︎ χειμών). On the Celtic forms, see  Matasovi¢ 2008 s.v. *werr- / *wesn-. Beside IE *ues-r-, *ues-n-, we have Lat. vér and

===Pag_414: Beekes_Página_0414.tiff=== XXXXXἐάω 367 ON var (n.] (o-stem). Porzig 1954a: uof. suggests that Lat. and Gm. created uér- after the word for 'year', IE ieh,r- (see ▶︎ ὥρα). The formation of ἐαρινός is mirrored in Lith. vasarinis 'of the summer' and Lat. vernus (like hibernus, hornus). éapa [pl.]? Mg. unknown (JG 12(3), 450: a1 [Old Theraean])). <?>

    *VAR Cf. ἐαρόν: λουτῆρα ἢ πρόχουν 'washing-tub or vessel for pouring out' (H.).

    *ETYM Unexplained. See Sommer 1905: 119, who connects the word to U vestikatu  'libato'.

XXXXXἑαυτοῦ [refl. pron.] 'himself (1A), 3rd sing. and plur. (but also referring to the first and second persons).

    *VAR Fem. -τῆς; dat. -τῷ, -τῇ, etc., Ion. ἑωυτοῦ (Ewtod), wdtod, Att also αὑτοῦ, etc.,  Hell. also ἑατοῦ, ἁτοῦ, Cret. ριαυτοῦ.

    *DER ἑαυτότιης 'being oneself (Procl.).

    *ETYM A univerbation of the reflexive ▶︎ é, éol, etc. and ▶︎ αὐτός, -τόν, etc: ἕο αὐτοῦ >  Ion. ἑωυτοῦ, Att. ἑαυτοῦ, ἑοῖ αὐτῷ > Ion. ἑωυτῷ, Att. ἑαυτῷ, etc; thus also  ἐμεωυτοῦ, σεωυτοῦ, ἐμᾶυτοῦ, o(e)avtod, etc. (Hom. ἕ αὐτόν, ἔμ᾽ αὐτόν, ἕο αὐτοῦ,  ἐμοὶ αὐτῷ, etc.). Details are included in Schwyzer: 607 and 402 and Schwyzer 1950:  193ff. A remarkable parallel is found in Phrygian: OPhr. ven avtun, NPhr. oe avtat.

XXXXXἑάφθη [v.aor.] Mg. uncertain (of ἀσπὶς καὶ κόρυς N 543, I 419).

    <IE? *seng™- 'sing'>

    *ETYM The word was already unknown in antiquity: it was explained as 'ἥφθη᾽ by  Tyrannion (ap. sch. A); Aristarchus connected it with ἕπομαι; acc. to H. = ἐκάμφθη,  ἐβλάβη. All of these are just speculations. Modern scholars proposed different  explanations: that the word is connected to ▶︎ iantw (Meister 1921: 1107), to Go. sigqan  'to sink', etc. (Schmidt 1895: 62ff.). Meier-Briigger MSS 59 (1989): 91-96 explains the  forms from the root *seng'"- in »ὀμφή 1 'song'. So it meant 'they sang', said of a  shield and helmet. In a similar vein, »Gamto¢g would mean 'unsingbar'. None of  these proposals is very convincing.

XXXXXἑάω [v.] 'to let (go), allow, leave alone' (IL). <?>

    *VAR Ipf. εἴων, aor. ἐᾶσαι (ind. εἴασα), fut. ἐάσω (originally ἐᾶσ(σλαι, resp. ἐάσ(σγ)ωξ,    see below); younger perf., etc. elaxa, εἴαμαι, εἰάθην (D., Isoc.).

    *COMP Rarely παρ-, εἰσεάω.

    *DER None.

    *ETYM The glosses ἔβασον- ἔασον. Συρακόσιοι (H., EM; Συρακούσιοι «καὶ Λάκωνες»  Latte) and εὔα- ... ἔα (Η.) assure a digamma for ἐάω; the diphthongal augment    points to an initial consonant (so probably o-), but the absence of aspiration is  unexplained (cf. Lejeune 1972: 93*). We have to assume ἃ disyllabic root *(o)eFa-,  like ἐλᾶ-, teAG-, etc., within the aorist *(o)efdoat > ἐᾶσαι, or ἐᾶσσαι with analogical  -σσ- (like ἐλάσί(σλαι, etc, after τελέσ-(σλαι, etc.), fut. ἐάσ(σ)ω, forms that can be  found in Hom. (ἐάσουσιν φ 233, εἴάσεν K 299 as ν.1.); thus, one could read ἐάσσαι for  ἐᾶσαι (A 42), etc, like ἐάσσω (v. 1.) in Parm. 8, 7. Additionally, ἐάσομεν, ἔασον in  Hat. are understandable (cf. ἔησον: ἔασον H.). The length in ἐᾶσαι, etc. would then    we    be from the denominatives in -dw. Therefore, the unique form ἔᾶ (E 256) would be    uy    the 3sg. of an athematic Aeolic ἔἄ-μι. Previously, ἐάω was traced to IE *sewH-, with

===Pag_415: Beekes_Página_0415.tiff===

Skt. savi- in savi-tdr- 'impeller, etc', pres. suvdti 'impel', but the semantics do not really fit. Now Nussbaum 1998 reconstructs a root h,ueh,- and connects the word with Lat. vanus 'devoid', Gr. εὖνις 'bereft' (although the latter seems phonetically difficult). He explains forms with initial cia- as renditions of older EA-, with metrically long E; cf. θείομεν for OEOMEN, from older *Ojopev (> Att. θέωμεν). Cf. on ▶︎ εἰαμένη

XXXXXἑβδομήκοντα [num] 'seventy' (Hdt.). «1Ὲ *septm-dkmt- 'seventy'>

    *VAR Dor. (Delphi, Tab. Heracl. IV*) éBdep-.

    *COMP Asa first member e.g. in ἑβδομηκοντ-άρουρος (pap.), etc.

    *DER ἑβδομηκοστός 'the seventieth' (Hp.), ἑβδομηκοντάκις 'seventy times' (LXX).

    *ETYM From "ἑβδμήκοντα, in turn from IE *sebdm-dkmt-, where the vocalic -m-  followed by the (glottalic element of the) preglottalized -d- yielded -un-, just like  -mh,-. See Kortlandt MSS 42 (1983): 97-104. See further under »éBdopoc. Cf. ▶︎ ἐνενήκοντα and ▶︎ ἑκατόν.

XXXXXἕβδομος [num.] 'the seventh' (11). 418 *s(e)ptm-os 'seventh'>

    *VAR OCor., Delph. ἑβδέμᾶ(ν).

    *COMP ἑβδομ-ἄγέτης 'leader of the seven'; ἑβδομᾶ-γενής 'born on the seventh day',  epithet of Apollo (Plu. 2, 717d).

    *DER ἑβδομαῖος (éBdeu- Epid.) 'appearing on the seventh day, seventh-day fever'  (Hp., εἰς.) -aiov [n.] name of a festival for Apollo (Chios, Milete),; ἑβδόμειος  'honoured on the seventh day' (of Apollo, IG 2, 1653), ἑβδομεύομαι 'to receive a  name on the seventh day' (Lys.). ἑβδόματος (Il.) after δέκατος, ἑβδεμάται [dat-f.]  (Argos; Herzog Phil. 71 (1912): 6). ἑβδομάς [f.] 'number of seven (days, etc.) (Sol.,  Hp.) with ἑβδομαδικός 'belonging to the week' and ἑβδομάζω 'to keep the sabbath',  ἑβδομάκις 'seven times' (Call.).

    *ETYM The ordinal ἕβδομος, ἕβδεμος is from earlier *sebdmos with a Greek prop-  vowel; the cluster -bd- arose by assimilation from *s(e)ptmos to *septm 'seven'. The  same form is reflected in OCS sedme 'seventh'. With influence of the cardinal, we  have Lat. septimus, Skt. saptamd-, and Hitt. Siptamiia- (a drink, < *septm-io-; see  Kloekhorst 2008 s.v.); with loss of the *t and pm > km OLith. sékmas. Cf. ▶︎ ἑπτά.

XXXXXἔβενος [f.] 'ebony (tree) (Hdt.). «τὴν Eg.>

    *VAR Also msc,; rarely also ἐβένη [f.].

    *COMP ἐβενό-τριχον = adiavtov (Ps.-Dsc.; cf. Stromberg 1940: 38, 158).

    *DER ἐβένινος 'of ebony' (Str.), ἐβενῖτις 'kind of germander, πόλιον τὸ ὀρεινόν᾽ (Ps.-  Dsc.; see Redard 1949: 71).

    *ETYM From Eg. hbnj 'ebony', ultimately perhaps Nubian (Spiegelberg KZ 41 (1907):  131); thence, Hebr. hobnim (Lewy 1895: 35f.). From ἔβενος comes Arab. 'abniis and  Lat. ebenus, whence OHG ebenus, MoE ebon(y).

XXXXXἐβρατάγησεν [v.] - ἐψόφησεν 'produced a sound' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Cannot be separated from ῥάθαγος: τάραχος ... ψόφος (H.), but further  details are unclear.

===Pag_416: Beekes_Página_0416.tiff=== XXXXXἐγγύς 369

XXXXXἔβρος [m.]-- τράγος βάτης: καὶ ποταμὸς Θράκης 'a he-goat that treads; ἃ river of Thrace' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM No etymology. Cf. Wahrmann Glotta 19 (1931): 186f.

XXXXXἐγγαρεύω

    *VAR Also -éw, -ia. > ἄγγαρος.

XXXXXἐγγαροῦντες [v.] mg. uncertain (Inscr. Olymp. 335). «ὯὉ

    *ETYM Acc. to Dittenberger = ἐπιδημοῦντες, as a denominative of "ἔγγαρος =  ἔγγειος; thus, Schwyzer: 482. Bechtel Gétt. Nachr. 1920: 247f. prefers to identify  τγαρος with Ion. (Att.) yenpdc 'earthly'. DELG holds that the meaning was  'transporting' and supposes it could be from the verb éyyapetw, as do Ernaut-  Hatzfeld REA 14 (1912): 279-82.

XXXXXἔγγραυλις, -εως [f.] kind of anchovy (Ael., Opp.), also called ἐγκρασίχολος. <?>

    *ETYM Unexplained. Stromberg 1943: 68 starts from a verb *éy-ypavailetv , beside  γρυλίζειν 'grumble';. thus, ἔγγραυλις would mean 'the grumbling one' (several  examples of such fish names are found in Strémberg 1943: 63ff.). However, the  variation av ~ v is not convincing. The MoGr. name is γαῦρος; see Hatzidakis Glotta  2 (1910): 298.

XXXXXἐγγυαλίζω --γύαλον.

XXXXXἐγγύη [{1] 'surety, guarantee; nuptial contract' (Od.). «1Εῇ *g™ou- 'hand'>

    *COMP In ὑπ-έγγυος 'under surety, responsible' (A., Hdt.), mpo-éyyvoc, mpwyyvoc  'guarantee' (Heraclea, etc.) with mpo-eyyvdopal, πρωγγυεύω, προεγγύησις and in  φερ-έγγυος 'giving surety, guaranteeing' (Hdt.), éx-€yyvoc 'giving surety, reliable'  (S.).

    *DER Eyyvdw, -άομαι 'give surety, be surety, guarantee marriage, get engaged' (Od.),  also 61-, ἐξ-εγγυάω, etc., with ἐγγύησις (δι-, ἐξ- ~) 'surety, engagement, etc.' (D., Is.),  ἐγγύημα (δι- ~) 'id' (pap.), ἐγγυητής 'surety' (1A; cf. Fraenkel 1910: 183 and 226f.),  fem. ἐγγυήτρια (pap.); ἐγγυητή 'engaged' (Att.); ἐγγνητικός 'ptng. to the surety'  (Heph. Astr.); deverbal ἔγγυος [m.] 'guarantor' (Thgn., inscr.), as an adjective  'guaranteed' (Them see below). Beside éyyvaw also éyyvetw (Delph.).

    *ETYM It is usually assumed that ἐγγύη and ἐγγυάω contain the preposition ἐν and a  lost word for 'hand', which is preserved in YAv. gauua- 'hand', as well as in ὑπό-  yu(jog 'imminent, sudden', prop. 'under the hands, at hand?' (IA). The YAv. form is  ambiguous, however, as it can also continue *gab'a- and be related to Skt. gabhasti-  'hand, forearm'. This makes the etymology doubtful. Further, Greek has ▶︎ γύαλον,  > γύης, ▶︎ γυῖα, and from other languages, we may adduce Lith. gduti 'get, obtain'. On  the meaning of éyytn, ἔγγυος, ἐγγυητής, cf. Kretschmer Glotta 18 (1930): 89f. and  Gernet 1937: 395. See also ▶︎ ἐγγύς.

XXXXXἐγγύς [adv.] 'near', both spacial and temporal (II.). <?>

    *VAR  Compar. and superl. ἐγγυτέρω, -tatw (-btepov, -ὕταταλ, also ἔγγιστα, ἔγγιον  (see Seiler 1950: 107ff.); late adjective ἐγγύτερος, -tatoc (LXX).

    *DER ἐγγύθι 'nearby' (IL), ἐγγύθεν 'from nearby' (1].); ἐγγύτης [f] 'proximity' (A. D.); ἐγγύδιον: ἔγγιον, πλησίον, προσῆκον 'nearer, near, at hand' (H.) after the

===Pag_417: Beekes_Página_0417.tiff===

diminutives in -ὕδιον; denominative ἐγγίζω [v.] 'come near', trans. 'bring closer' (Arist., Hell.).

    *ETYM Adverb in -ς like εὐθύς, dAtc, etc. (Schwyzer: 620). In view of Lat. comminus,  scholars often see in ἐγγύς an old word for 'hand' (in accordance with Bezzenberger  BB 4 (1880): 321°), also attested in ἐγγύη, -άω. The first syllable seems to be the  preposition (adverb) ἐν, but further interpretation is uncertain. Pisani RILomb. 73:2  (1939-40): 47 connected the word with Baivw as 'colui che va innanzi'. This may  chiefly be correct, but the second element is rather the neuter (= absolutive) of the  root *g'eu- 'to go', 'en allant vers, au milieu'; cf. De Lamberterie 1990: 326-37, who  compares > με(σ)σηγύζ(ς).

XXXXXἐγείρω [v.] 'to awaken, rouse, raise'.

    *VAR Aor. ἐγεῖραι, fut. ἐγερῶ, late perf. ἐγήγερκα; med. ἐγείρομαι, aor. ἐγρέσθαι 'rise'  with new present ἔγρομαι, ἔγρω (E.), perf. ἐγρήγορα 'I am awake' with epic forms  ipv. ἐγρήγορθε, inf. -θαι, 3plind. -θᾶσι, ptc. -opdwv (see Chantraine 1942: 429 and  359; Schwyzer: 800° and 5404); new pres. ypryyopéw (Hellenistic; Schwyzer: 768), also  éypnyopéw (Debrunner IF 47 (1929): 356).

    *COMP Often with prefix: ἀν-, δι-, ἐξ-, ἐπ-, etc. As a first member in ἐγρε-κύδοιμος  (Hes.), ἐγρε-μάχᾶς (S.), etc; cf. ἐγερσι- below.

    *DER ἔγερσις 'awakening' (IA) with ἐγέρσιμος (ὕπνος Theoc. 24, 7; Arbenz 1933: 102),  often with prefix av-, δι-, ἐξ-, ἐπ-έγερσις; also as a first member in late compounds  like ἐγερσι-μάχᾶς (AP); ἐγερτήριον 'awakening' (Ael.); ἐξ-εγέρτης 'who rises' (pap.);  (δι-, ἐπ-)ἐγερτικός 'raising' (Pl.); av-eyéppwv 'vigilant' (AP); éyepti [adv.] 'id?  (Heraclit.). From the perfect: ἐγρήγορσις 'watch' (Hp., Arist.), ἐγρηγορικός  'watching' (Arist.), ἐγρηγορότως [adv.] 'id' (Plu., Luc.), ἐγρήγορος 'id.' (Adam.),

XXXXXἐγρηγορτί [adv.] 'awake' (K 182). Enlarged present ἐγρήσσω 'to be awake' (πάννυχοι ἐγρήσσοντες A 551) after the verbs in -cow like πτήσσω, κνώσσω; see Chantraine 1942: 335 (doubtful Schwyzer: 648).

    *ETYM The perf. ἐγρήγορα is an old formation, parallel to Skt. jagdra, YAv. jaydra 'is  awake', from *h,g(rne-hgor- (perhaps -yp- from the aorist éypéo@at?). Uncertain is  Lat. expergiscor. The word has also been connected with Alb. ngre 'rise'. See LIV? s.v. *hger-'erwachen'.

XXXXXἔγκαρ [3] = φθείρ 'louse' (Eust. 757, 27). «ΟΕ»

    *ETYM Uncertain. From the word for 'head'?

XXXXXἔγκαρος [m.] 'brains' (AP, Lyc.).

    *ETYM Scholarly hypostasis from ἐν and ▶︎ κάρᾶ, κάρη 'head', after ἐγκέφαλος :  κεφαλή. Cf. »ἴγκρος.

XXXXXἐγκάρσιος ''ἐπικάρσιος.

XXXXXἐγκάς [adv.] 'deep inside' (Hp., Gal.). <?>

    *VAR Also ἔγκας.

    *ETYM Related to ▶︎ ἔγκατα; formation like ἀγκάς, ἐντυπάς, etc. (Schwyzer: 631). DELG considers an analysis in év- and -Kac, as in &-Kac, ἀνα-κάς.

===Pag_418: Beekes_Página_0418.tiff=== XXXXXἐγκρίς, -ίδος 371

XXXXXἔγκατα [π:}}.} 'intestines' (IL). «σῇ» ΑΚ Dat.pl. ἔγκασι (A 438); as a back-formation later sing. ἔγκατον (LXX, Luc.).

    *DER ἐγκατόεις 'containing intestines' (Nic.), ἐγκατώδης 'like intestines' (sch.).

    *ETYM Uncertain. Leumann 1950: 158° derives it from *&yxatog 'interior', which  contains év- just as ἔσχατος contains ἐξ-; ἔγκασι would then be an innovation based  on γούνασι, etc. Lacon. ἔγκυτον' ἔγκατον (H.) is folk-etymological, based on ▶︎ κύτος  'skin, trunk, body'.

XXXXXἐγκίλλαφον [9] - οὐρά 'tail', also ἔγκιλλον- οὐράν (H.). <?>

    *ETYM The word has been compared with ▶︎ κιλλός 'grey' (κίλλος 'donkey, ie. the  grey one'), or ▶︎ KiAA<o>vpoc: σεισοπυγίς 'wagtail' (H.). On -@oc, see Chantraine  1933: 264.

XXXXXἐγκλίς [f.] - ἡ καγκελλωτὴ θύρα 'entrance furnished with a railing', (EM 518, 22). <?>

    *ETYM Related to ἐγκλίνω, with the same formation as in δικλίς; see ▶︎ δικλίδες. Cf. also Stromberg 1944: 15.

XXXXXἐγκοακίσαι [?] - ἐγχέαι λάθρα 'pour in secretly' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Groéelj Ziva Ant. 4 (1954): 169 compares Kota κλέψημα (H.).

XXXXXἐγκοιωταί [f.pl.] scil. δαρκναί, 'deposited money' (Gortyn).

    *ETYM Derived from "ἐγκοιόω, -dopat, which is probably a denominative from  *8yxoioc, which belongs to κοῖον: ἐνέχυρον 'pledge' (H.). See there for further  etymology.

XXXXXἐγκονέω [v.] 'to hurry, be quick and active in service' (I].).

    *DIAL Perhaps here Myc. ka-si-ko-no.

    *DER ἐγκονητί [adv.] 'quickly' (Pi.), ἐγκονίς 'servant' (Suid.). Beside ἐγκονέω stands  διακονέω (with ▶︎ διάκονος, s.v.); further perhaps ayxovéw 'hurry' in Ar. Lys. 1311;  thence ἀγκόνους' διακόνους, δούλους 'servants, slaves' (H.). The simplex only in H. κόνει: σπεῦδε, τρέχε 'hasten, run [ipv.} and koveiv- ἐπείγεσθαι, ἐνεργεῖν 'to hurry  oneself, be in action' with κονηταί: θεράποντες 'attendants'. Note κοναρόν- ... δραστήριον and kovapwtepov: Spactikwtepov 'more efficient' (H.). Uncertain is ἀ-  κονῖτί (Olympia, Th.); cf. on ▶︎ κόνις.

    *ETYM Iterative-intensive verb, mostly connected with Lat. conor, cOnari 'exert  onself, try' (see De Vaan 2008 s.v.). Tremblay Sprache 38 (1998): 14-30, connects  these words with the root *ken- 'to rise', assuming a lengthened grade adjective for  Latin. Other comparanda come from Celtic, eg. MW digoni 'to make', W dichon,  digon 'can' (Pok. 564).

XXXXXἐγκρασίχολος [m.] 'kind of anchovy' (Arist.).

    *ETYM So called because the intestines are attached to the head? See Thompson 1947  S.V.

XXXXXἐγκρίς, -ίδος [f.] 'cake made of oil and honey' (Stesich., com.). <?>

    *COMP ἐγκριδο-πώλης 'seller of &.' (com.).

===Pag_419: Beekes_Página_0419.tiff===

    *ETYM A back-formation from ἐγκεράννυμι, ἐγκεράσαι 'mix in' is formally  impossible. Neither is it connected to ἐγκρίνειν (Stromberg 1944: 15).

éykvti [adv.] 'to the skin' (Archil., Call.).

    *VAR ἐγκυτίς (Hdn.). = κύτος.

XXXXXἐγρήσσω ''ἐγείρω.

XXXXXἔγχελυς, -υος [f.] 'eel' (1].λ.

    *VAR Att. plur. -εἰς (to which nom.sg. -λις [Arist.]?).

    *COMP ἐγχελυο-τρόφος 'nourishing eels' (Arist.), ἐγχελυ-ωπός 'with eyes like eels'  (Luc.). .

    *DER Diminutive ἐγχελύδιον (middle com.), ἐγχελεών, -υὧν 'eel-trap' (Arist.),  ἐγχέλειος 'of an eel', mostly substantivized -e1a [n.pl.], scil. κρέα, τεμάχη, etc. (com.).

    *ETYM Gr. ἔγχελυς recalls other words for 'eel', like Lat. anguilla, Lith. ungurys, etc.,  but no IE pre-form can be reconstructed. Acc. to an old interpretation, ἔγχελυς is a  cross between ἔχις and a word like Lat. anguis (whence anguilla) 'snake'. Katz 1998  assumes taboo transformations. Note further Lesb. ἴμβηρις: ἔγχελυς. Μηθυμναῖοι H.,  beside which there is λέβηρις 'skin of a snake'. The words are no doubt non-IE. Cf. further Pok. 43ff. and Thompson 1947 s.v., as well as Stromberg 1943: 1off.

XXXXXἐγχεσίμωρος [adj.] usually understood as 'famous for his spear' (Il.).

    *DER Cf. ἰό-μωρος, epithet of the Apyeiot (A 242, Ξ 479). Imitation in ὑλακό-μωρος,  of κύνες (ξ 29, π᾿ 4; cf Porzig 1942: 239); see also ▶︎ σινάμωρος.

    *ETYM The second member is usually connected with Celt. Gm. and Slav. PNs like  Gaul. Nerto-marus, OHG Volk-mdar, Slav. Viadi-mére, from IE *-moh,-ro-, *-meh,-  ro-. Further one compares a denominative Gm. verb for 'proclaim', Go. merjan, etc. with waila-mereis [adj.] εὔφημος᾽, OHG mari famous', etc. and a Celt. adjective for  'great', e.g. Olr. mdr. The 6-vocalism in Greek and Celt. agrees with the type ἄ-φρων  : φρήν (Schwyzer: 355). The form of the first member may be metrically conditioned  (cf. ἐγχέσπαλος s.v. ▶︎ ἔγχος). Ruijgh 1957: 93 wonders whether this compound could  contain μωρός 'foolish'. Cf. Leumann 1950: 37 and 272'.

XXXXXἐγχίδιον [2] - ἔγγιον 'nearer'; ἐγχόδια- ἀθρόα 'crowded together' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM The former word could be a cross of ἐγγύς and ἀγχίδιος, the latter that of  ἐγγύς and ἀγχοῦ, -όθι, acc. to Baunack Phil. 70 (1911): 379f., but this does not explain  much. Latte considers these forms to be mistakes.

XXXXXἔγχος [n.] 'spear, lance' (II.), also 'weapon' in general (Pi, S.); on the mg. Schwyzer Glotta 12 (1923): u, Triimpy 1950: 52ff.

    *COMP  As a first member in ἐγχέσ-παλος 'spear drilling' (Hom.), -φόρος 'carrying a  spear' (Pi.); ▶︎ ἐγχεσίμωρος; after it ἐγχεσί-μαργος: ἔγχει μαινόμενος 'raging with a  spear' (H., EM), ἐγχεσί-χειρες [pl.] 'weaponed with a spear' (Orph. Fr. 285, 18).

===Pag_420: Beekes_Página_0420.tiff=== XXXXXἔδεθλον 373

    *DER Also ἐγχείη (Hom.), probably formed after ἐλεγχείη : ἔλεγχος, ὀνειδείη :  ὄνειδος, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 86f.). Different Tovar Emerita 11 (1943): 431ff. Unclear  is Ἐγχώ- ἡ Σεμέλη οὕτως ἐκαλεῖτο.

    *ETYM No etymology. See Schwyzer Glotta 12 (1923): 10ff. (to ἀκαχμένος), as well as  Tovar Emerita 11 (1943): 431ff. The word is possibly Pre-Greek.

éyw [pers. pron.] Τ᾿. «1Ὲ *h,eg- + -e/oH, -h,om ΤΡ

    *VAR Lesb. epic Dor. also ἐγών, Lacon. Tarent. ἐγώνη, Boeot. iw(v), ἰώνει (i-?).

    *ETYM Beside ἐγώ = Lat. eg6, we find Venet. exo (length of the -o uncertain), Lat. ἐσ  with secondarily short final vowel, as in the Gm. forms, e.g. ON ek (but see below);  neither is there vocalic auslaut in the Balt, Armen. and Hitt. forms: OLith. es, Arm. es, Hitt. uk (though in Armenian, - may have been lost). Indo-Iranian and Slavic  have forms in IE *-h,-om, e.g. Skt. ahdm (aspiration from *-g- + -H-), OP adam, OCS  az (lengthening by Winter's Law); enclitic ON -(i)ka (like proclitic ek, ik?), perhaps  from IE *h,egom. Were the variants *h,egd, *h,egh,om reshaped after the 1sg. verbal  endings -o (thematic), -om (secondary), or is -om a particle which is frequent in Old  Indic (cf. tuvdm 'thou', etc.)? Gr. ἐγών seems to be a compromise between -ῦ and  -om (or is it shaped after ἔγνων, "ἔδων, etc.?); in ἐγών-η (or €yw-vn? Cf. τύνη), -νη is  a deictic element; cf. ἔγω-γε. See ▶︎ ἐμέ.

XXXXXἑδανός [adj.] of ἔλαιον Ξ 172 (ἐλαίῳ / ἀμβροσίῳ ἑδανῷ). <?>

    *ETYM De Lamberterie 1999 adduces a second attestation in Nic. Alexiph. 162, 181,  where ἑδανός qualifies two kinds of wine, and the gloss ἐδανός: εἶδος ἀμπέλου,  perhaps to be corrected to ἑδανός. The meaning 'sweet' is quite possible for these  contexts. De Lamberterie then proposes a reconstruction *sueh,d-no- with IE loss of  laryngeal before voiced (= glottalic) stop plus resonant (cf. Lubotsky's Law in Indo-  Iranian). A parallel case in Greek would be ▶︎ κεδνός < *keh,d-no-.

XXXXXἔδαφος [n.]. 'ground, bottom' (e 249; see Richel 1936: 212ff.), also 'text' (Gal.) as opposed to the commentary. <?>

    *COMP  ἐδαφο-ποιέω 'equalize the ground' (J.).

    *DER Late: ἐδάφιον 'text' (Arist.); ἐδαφικός 'belonging to the ground' (pap.),  ἐδαφιαῖος 'id.' (sch., Tz.), ἐδαφίτης (Tz.). Denominative verbs: ἐδαφίζω 'to equalize,  give a foundation' (Arist., Hell); ἐδαφόω in ἠδάφωται: κατῴκισται 'has been  established' (H.).

    *ETYM For the nouns in -(a)@oc, see Chantraine 1933: 262ff. and Schwyzer: 495. Is the  word to be connected to ἕδος (see ▶︎ &Copat)?

XXXXXἐδέατρος [m.] 'seneschal at the Persian court, steward'. <?>

    *VAR  Also accented -tpdc?

    *COMP ἀρχ-εδέατρος 'upper seneschal at the Ptolemeian court' (Hell.)

    *ETYM Reformation of ἐλέατρος (see ▶︎ éhedv) after ἔδω. See Giintert 1914: 155 and  Kuiper Glotta 21 (1933): 272}.

XXXXXἔδεθλον [n.] 'ground, bottom, foundation' (Antim,; probably also A. Ag. 776 instead of ἐσθλά; or ἕσθλα, from ᾿ἐδ-θλαΐ). GRE

    *DER Also ἐδέθλιον 'id.' (Call.).

===Pag_421: Beekes_Página_0421.tiff===

    *ETYM From the verb for 'sit' (see ▶︎ ἔζομαι), with a suffix -εθλο- (Schwyzer: 533,  Chantraine 1933: 375) and breath dissimilation.

XXXXXἕδνα [n.pl.] 'dowry' (11; on the mg. Késtler Wien. Ak. Anz. 81 (1944): 6ff., Theiler Mus. Helv. 7 (1950): 114). 41E *h,ued- 'dowry'.

    *VAR Hom. also ée5va (see below), rarely sing. ἔδνον (Pi., Call.).

    *COMP ἀνάεδνος 'without ἔν (I; on the prefix Schwyzer: 432, Chantraine 1942: 182).

    *DER Also ἄεδνον' ἄφερνον ἢ πολύφερνον 'without dowry; richly dowered' H.; é5vo-  φορέω 'bring dowry' (Eust.). Old denominative ἑδνόομαι (éedv-), -dw 'to give dowry  to one's daughter' (β 53) with ἐεδνωτής 'bride's father' (N 382). Several glosses in H.:  ἔδνιος χιτών: ὅν TPTOV ἡ νύμφη τῷ νυμφίῳ δίδωσιν 'first thing the bride gives to  the bridegroom'; ἑδνάς: ἡ ἀπὸ τῶν ἔδνων ἐδητύς 'food from the wedding-gifts',  ἑδνεύειν' ἐνεχυράζειν 'to take ἃ pledge from'.

    *ETYM édva, ἕδνον, from IE *h,ved-no- (on the aspiration, see Schwyzer: 227), can be  compared with a Slav.and WGm. word for 'bride-price', e.g. ORu. véno < *h,ued-no-  (lengthening due to Winter's Law); OE weotuma, OHG widomo m., from PGm. *wet-man-, IE *h,ued-mon- (the Gr.-Slav. suffix -no- may reflect -mno-,  thematization of -mon-). This old word for 'bride-price' is often derived from a verb  meaning 'to take home, to marry (of the man)', seen in Lith. vedu, Ru. vedi (from  *ued"- because of the short e), and Olr. fedid, and to which Skt. vadhu- 'bride, young  woman, daughter-in-law' also belongs. However, this is impossible because of the  *d*. It is clear that ἔδν- is the younger and ἔεδν- the older form. The 'prothesis'  (from *h,-) must be old, while the -a- in ἀνάεδνος is somehow secondary (vowel  assimilation is impossible).

XXXXXἕδος ''ἔζομαι.

XXXXXἕδρᾶ [f.] 'seat, abode (of the gods), temple' (II.).

    *COMP Many compounds: καθέδρα 'seat, chair' (Hp.); also épédpa, Ion. ἐπέδρη  'siege' (ἐφ-έζομαι), ἐνέδρα 'ambush, postponement' (ἐν-έζομαι, ἐν-ιζάνω), see Risch  IF 59 (1949): 45f5 but ἐξ-έδρα 'seat outside the house' (E., Hell.). Bahuvrihi with  adverbial first member ἔφ-εδρος 'who sits by the side, reserve' (Pi.); thus πάρ-εδρος  'assistance' (nap-éCopat), ἔν-εδρος 'inhabitant', σύν-εδρος 'id.'; ἔξ-εδρος 'far from  his residence' (S.); πολύ-εδρος 'with many seats' (Plu.).

    *DER From ἔδρα: ἑδραῖος 'sedentary, fixed, steady' (IA) with ἑδραιότης and ἑδραιόω,  ἑδραίωμα, -wotc; ἑδρικός 'belonging to the anus' (medic.), édpitng 'fugitive' (Suid.,  EM); πρωτοκαθεδρίτης 'president' (Herm.). Denominative verbs: ἑδρ-τΙάομαι 'to sit  down' (Hom.), -πάω 'id.' (Theoc.); see Schwyzer: 732, Chantraine 1942: 359; ἑδράζω  'to set, fix (Hell. and late) with ἑδρασμός, ἑδραστικός, ἀν-έδραστος; ἔδρασμα = ἔδρα  (E.), after στέγασμα (see Chantraine 1933: 177). But ἐφ-, év-, παρ-, ovv-edpebw from  ἔφ-εδρος. In H.: ἑδρήεσσα' βεβαία 'steady', after τελήεσσα; see Schwyzer: 527, edpiac:  del πνέων 'always blowing', after wind names in -lac; ἔδρια- συνέδρια, ἑδρίς: ἑδραῖος. After words in -avov arose ἔδρᾶνον = ἔδρα (Hes.); ἐδρανῶς = στερεῶς (Eust.).

    *ETYM Derivative in -pa of »ἔζομαι (*sed-reh,-); cf. χώρα. No exact parallel  formations.

===Pag_422: Beekes_Página_0422.tiff=== XXXXXἐέλδομαι 375

XXXXXἔδω [v.] 'to eat' (IL). <1E *h,ed- 'eat'>

    *VAR Athem. inf. ἔδμεναι (Hom.), fut. ἔδομαι (IL), perf.ptc.act. ἐδηδώς (P 542), med. ἐδήδοται (χ 56; after πέποται), with act. ἐδήδοκα (Att.); aor. pass. ἠδέσθην, perf. med. ἐδήδε(σγμαι (Att.); new pres. ἔσθω (IL), ἐσθίω (Od.).

    *COMP With prefix kat-é5w, -εσθίω (-éo0w), -é5opat 'to eat up' (IL), ἀπ- εἐσθίω,  -έδομαι 'id.' (Att.).

    *DER εἶδαρ < "ἔδ- ἔαρ 'food' (IL; on é5ap- βρῶμα H. see below). ἐδωδή 'food, meal'  (IL), ἐδώδιμος 'edible' (Hdt; see Arbenz 1933: 50f.), ἐδωδός 'usable as food' (Ηρ...

XXXXXἐδητύς [f.] (only gen. -τῦὕος) 'food' (Hom.); -n- unclear, but cf. βοητύς, ἀγορητύς; see Porzig 1942: 183f., Benveniste 1948: 67. ἔδεσμα 'food' (Att.) with ἐδεσμάτιον (Procl.); ἐδεστής 'eater' (Hdt.). ἐδηδών' φαγέδαινα 'cancer' (H.), cf. ἐδηδώς.

    *ETYM The old athematic present, seen in the inf. ἔδμεναι, in the fut. = subj. £5-o-pat,  and perhaps also in the ipv. ἔσθι (p 478%; see Chantraine 1942: 292), is found in  several languages: Hitt. edmi [1sg.] 'eat', Skt. ddmi 'id', 356. dtti, Lat. ést, Lith. ésti,  OCS jaste 'to eat'; all of these are from IE *ed-mi, -ti, with lengthening in BSL acc. to  Winter's Law. On younger thematic forms (cf. Go. itan, 3sg.pres. it-ip), see Chantr. lic. Acc. to Schwyzer: 713°, the secondary presents ἔσθω and ἐσθίω developed from  the ipv. ἔσθι (= Skt. addhi), but Hamp Glotta 59 (1981): 155f., simply derives ἔσθω  from ἔδ-θ-. The other forms are Greek innovations: ἠδέσθην, ἐδήδε(σ)μαι (after  ἐτεϊέσθην); thence ἔδεσμα, ἐδεστής (cf. ὠμηστής), ἐδεστός. As a suppletive aorist,  Greek used φαγεῖν. The r/n-stem εἶδαρ < Ἰἔδραρ, plur. εἴδατα can be compared with  Skt.vy-advar-d- m. 'rodent' and agrddvan- 'eating first' (agra-ad-van-). See also  ▶︎ ἄριστον and δείπνηστος (s.v. ▶︎ δεῖπνον) Further, ▶︎ ὀδούς (ὀδών), ▶︎ ὀδύνη, and  > ὠδίς are traditionally connected with ἔδω, which is incorrect.

XXXXXἑδώλια [n.pl.] 'seat (especially of rowers in a ship); thwart, habitat' (Hdt.).

    *VAR Rare sing. -tov.

    *DER Backformation ἔδωλα 'thwarts' (Lyc.). Reshaped after the nouns in -wAr is  ἑδωλή (Naucratis). Denominative ἐδωλιάζω [v.] 'to provide seats' (Delos III',  Lycurg.). Also ἑδωλός: λόχος Λακεδαιμονίων οὕτως ἐκαλεῖτο 'name of the Spartan  camp' (H.).

    *ETYM An /-derivative from the verb 'sit' (see ▶︎ ἔζομαι) is known in several languages:  Lat. sella (< *sed-leh,-) 'chair' = ἔλλα: καθέδρα, Λάκωνες H; Gaul. caneco-sedlon  (unknown first member); Go. sitls, OHG sezzal 'seat' (PGm. *set-la-); cf. also Arm. ett 'place, position' (the Slavic word, eg. ORu. sedv-lo, Ru. sed/6é 'saddle', is a  borrowing from Germanic; cf. Derksen 2008: 443). The basis is an ablauting /-stem  *sed-ol, oblique *sed-I- (Schwyzer: 483), of which Greek has preserved both ablaut  grades.

XXXXXἐέλδομαι [v.] 'to desire, want, long for (Il.).

    *VAR Only present stem.

    *COMP Compound ἐπι-έλδομαι (A. R. 4, 783).

    *DER ἐέλδωρ [n.] (only nom.acc.) 'desire, wish' (IL; ἔλδωρ Hdn., H.), also ἐέλδω [f.]  (Ibyc. 18; if correct).

===Pag_423: Beekes_Página_0423.tiff===

    *ETYM From é(F)éASouat (Chantraine 1942: 133 and 182). No cognates outside Greek. Homer has é\6- only three times (E 481, Ψ 122, y 6); these may have undergone  influence by ▶︎ ἔλπομαι. The form with 'prothesis' is the original one, as is proven by  ἐέλδωρ; see Beekes 1969: 631.

XXXXXἕζομαι [v.] 'to sit down)' (IL). <1E *sed- 'sit down'>

    *VAR With terminative prefix (see Brunel 1939: 83ff., 257ff.) καθ-έζομαι (1].) 'to sit  (down)'. Fut. καθεδοῦμαι (Att.), later καθεσθήσομαι (LXX), καθεδήσομαι (D. L.);  aor. καθεσθῆναι (Paus.); other presents iCw, ἱζάνω (Schwyzer 700) 'to make sit, set',  with ἵζησα, ἵζηκα (late), prefixed καθ-ίζω (IL), Ion. κατ-ίζω, καθ-ιζάνω, Aeol. κατ-  ισδάνω 'to put down, sit down', med. καθ-ίζομαι 'sit down', with fut. καθιῶ (D.),  καθίσω (Hell.), katiow (Ion.), καθιξῶ (Dor.), med. καθιζήσομαι (Att.), καθιοῦμαι  (LXX), καθίσομαι (NT., Plu); aor. καθίσ(σλαι, καθίσί(σγασθαι (X., wrong for  καθέσ(σλαι in Hom., see below), κατίσαι (Hdt, for κατέσαι), καθίξαι (Dor.),  καθιζῆσαι (late.); late perf. κεκάθικα, late aor. ptc. pass. καθιζηθείς. Beside these present forms and the aorists, there is a sigmatic aorist εἶσα 'I set', inf. ἕσ(σλαι, med. εἰσάμην, ἕσίσγ)ασθαι, καθ-εῖσα, καθ-ἐσίσ)αι (thus also in Hom. to be  read for καθίσ(σλαι; and also κατέσαι for κατίσαι in Hdt.); also fut. καθέσω (Eup.);  see Wackernagel 1916: 63ff.

    *COMP Often with prefix: dva-, év-, ἐπι-, Tapa-, ovv-, etc.; these were also prefixed to  καθέζομαι, καθίζω, which were considered simplices (see Schwyzer: 656, Schwyzer  1950: 429).

    *DER ἕδος [n.] 'seat' (see on ▶︎ εὐρυόδεια). The verbal nouns are largely independent  from the verb, see on ▶︎ ἕδρα, ▶︎ ἑδώλια, »ἕλλα; also ▶︎ ἔδαφος and ▶︎ ἔδεθλον; note  ἕσμα 'stalk, pedicle' (Arist.) < *sed-sm-. Probably unrelated is ▶︎ ὄζος. Cf. also  > idptw.

    *ETYM Both ἕζομαι and ἵζω are IE formations; ἕζομαι is a thematic yod-present *sed-  ie/o-, also found in Gm, eg. ON sitia, OS sittian, OHG sizzen 'to sit'; ἵζω derives  from reduplicated *si-sd-e/o- = Lat. sid6, U sistu 'sidito', Skt. sidati. As the preterite  ἑζόμην is often an aorist in Homer, it might derive from a reduplicated aorist *se-sd-;  it could even represent zero grade *h,e-sd- with an augment and secondary  aspiration. In Homer, a present is furnished only by ἕζεαι (k 378). Cf. Schwyzer: 652°  and 716? and Chantraine 1942: 336. The aorist eioa from IE *h,e-sed-s-m (with  secondary aspiration) agrees with Skt. nf... sdtsat [subj.]. As a resultative perfect of  (καθ- ἕζομαι, (καθ-)ἵζω, Greek uses > ἦμαι, κάθ-ημαι (see Schwyzer 1950: 258).

XXXXXἔθειραι [f.pl.] 'manes of a horse, crest' (II.), 'hair on the head', also sing. (h. Ven., Pi.); 'manes ofa lion, bristle of a boar', etc. (Theoc.). <?>

    *COMP xpuco-é8elpoc 'with golden hair' (Archil.), εὐ-έθειρα [f.} (Anacr.), etc.

    *DER ἐθειράδες 'hair of the beard' (1 176 v.I. for γενειάδες); ἐθειράζω 'to have long  hair' (Theoc.); also ἐθείρεται 'is covered (with scales) (Orph. A. 929; see Schwyzer:  722f.).

    *ETYM Uncertain. Taken with ▶︎ ἔθων 'pushing, tossing' vel sim. as 'that which  waves', formally like πίειρα to πίων. Frisk sv. assumed a connection with the r-stem  found in ▶︎ ἔθρις, and further connected ὄθη φροντίς, ὥρα, φόβος, ldyac 'worry,

===Pag_424: Beekes_Página_0424.tiff=== XXXXXἔθνος 377 care, fear, consideration' (H.), comparing Lat. iuba, crista, crinis for the meaning. This is very unlikely. Perhaps the word is rather from *ued"-, as per Chantraine 1942: 151and DELG sv.

XXXXXἐθείρω [v.] Mg. unknown, mostly taken as 'to care for (see H.: ἐθείρῃ: ἐπιμελείας ἀξιώσῃ 'deem worthy of care'), or 'to work, cultivate'. <?>

    *VAR only ® 347 χαίρει δέ μιν (sc. ἀλωήν) ὅστις ἐθείρῃ.

    *ETYM Etymology unknown. On ἐθείρεται 'is covered', see ▶︎ ἔθειραι. See also  Debrunner IF 21 (1907): 203.

XXXXXἐθέλω [v.] 'want, wish' (I1.).

    *VAR With aphaeresis θέλω (Aeol. Ion. Hell.; in Hom. only o 317), aor. (ἐ)θελῆσαι,  fut. (ἐ)θελήσω (IL), perf. ἠθέληκα (X.), τεθέληκα (Hell.).

    *COMP As a first member in ἐθελο-κακέω 'to play the coward, resign to the enemy'  (Hdt.), 'to deliberately do wrong' (Ph.) with ἐθελοκάκησις (PIb.), cf. μνησι-κακέω,  etc. ἐθελό-δουλος 'voluntary slave' with -δουλεία (PI.), ἐθέλ-εχθρος (Crat.), etc. PNs  Ἐθελο-κράτης, etc. (inscr.).

    *DER (ἐ)θελημός 'voluntary' (Hes.), (ἐ)θελήμων 'id.' (PI) with ἐθελημοσύναι [pl.]  (PMag. Par.); θέλημα 'will? (Antipho Soph.; θελήμη Theognost.) with θελημάτιον;  -τικός, θέλησις, -ητής, -ητός (LXX, etc.). From the ptc. stem ἐθελοντ-: ἐθελοντής  'volunteer' (Hdt.) with -τήν [adv.] (Hdt.); rarely θελοντής (Hdt. ν.1.); Hom. has  ἐθελοντῆρας ( 292); ἐθελούσιος 'voluntary' (X., after ἑκούσιος). Adverbs ἐθελοντί,  -τηδόν 'voluntarily' (Th.), ἐθελόντως (sch.). Isolated: θέλεος ἀθέλεος 'volens nolens'  (A. Supp. 862 [lyr.]), poetic formation after the adjectives in -eoc.

    *ETYM (ἐ)θέλω is a primary thematic present indicative, which was extended by -n-  in all non-presentic forms. It corresponds to OCS Zeléjo, -éti 'wish, desire', from  *hgel-. The gloss φαλίζει- θέλει (H.) is unclear.

XXXXXἐθμή [f.] - ἀτμός, καπνὸς λεπτός, ἀτμή 'vapor, fine smoke' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM No etymology.

XXXXXἐθμοί [π1.] - πολλοί, δεσμοί, πλόκαμοι 'multitudes, bonds, locks (of hair)' (H.). «Ὁ

    *ETYM Lagercrantz ΚΖ 35 (1899): 273 assumed *ued*-mo-, related to Go. ga-widan  'συζευγνύναι, to connect', etc.

XXXXXἔθνος [n.] 'group, crowd, swarm' (of people, animals; Hom. Pi.), 'class, people' (Hdt.), 'foreign people' (Arist.), ta ἔθνη 'the pagans' (NT); on the mg. Chantraine BSL 43 (1946): 52ff. <?>

    *COMP As a first member in ἐθν-άρχης 'governor, prince' (LXX, J., NT), as a second  member in ὁμο-εθνής 'belonging to the same people' (Hdt.), ἀλλο-εθνής (Hell.), etc.

    *DER ἐθνικός 'belonging to a (foreign) people, national, traditional, heathen' (Hell.),  cf. γενικός to γένος; ἐθνίτης 'belonging to the same people' (Eust., Suid.), ἐθνισταί: οἱ  ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ ἔθνους 'those who are from the same tribe' (H.); ἐθνυμών mg. unknown (Hdn. στ᾿; after Sartupiwv?); ἐθνηδόν [adv.] 'per people' (LXX).

    *ETYM Etymology unclear. If -vog is a suffix (cf. ἔρνος, σμῆνος; see Chantraine 1933:  420 and Schwyzer: 512), we may compare ▶︎ ἔθος and reconstruct *sued"-nos-, which  may be based on the reflexive *sue (see ▶︎ é, €). The word has also been connected

===Pag_425: Beekes_Página_0425.tiff===

with ▶︎ ὀθνεῖος 'foreign, alien' (Democr., Ρ].) as 'belonging to the ἔθνος (Fraenkel Gnomon 22 (1950): 238); but in this case, it can hardly be from *sue-. The word could be of foreign origin. From ἔθνος (pronounced ἔθνος) comes Copt. he6voc, Arm. het'anos, and also Go. haipno 'heathen' (whence the other Gm. words).

XXXXXἔθος [n.] 'custom, usage' (IA).

    <IE? *swed"- 'custom, character'>

    *DER Old only ἐθάς [m., f.] 'used (to) (Hp., Th.); late ἔθιμος 'usual' (Amorgos I*, Ὁ  S., etc; after νόμιμος, Arbenz 1933: 99), ἐθικός 'usual' (Plu.), ἐθήμων 'id.' (Musae.)  with ἐθημο-λογέω 'to collect as usual' (AP), ἐθημοσύνη (H., Suid.). Denominative  verb ἐθίζω (not with Schwyzer 716 from "ἔθω, see ἔθων and εἴωθα) with ἔθισμα  'usage' (PI.), ἐθισμός 'custom' (Arist.).

    *ETYM If we assume *Fé8oc, from IE *sued"os (with dissimilation by Grassmann's  Law), the word can be compared with Skt. svadha- 'custom, nature'. Further, there is  the Gm. word for 'custom', Go. sidus [m.], etc, which goes back to IE *sed"u-. Additionally, Lat. sodalis 'comrade' has been compared as a reflection of *sued"- with  an Italic suffix -dlis. The basis of sued"., sed". may be the reflexive *s(u)e (see ▶︎ ἔ, ἐδ;  the enlargement *d" may derive from the root *d'eh, 'to put, situate' (see ▶︎ τίθημι). See ▶︎ εἴωθα, ▶︎ ἦθος; also ▶︎ ἔτης and ▶︎ ἔταρος.

XXXXXἔθρις [adj.] - τομίας, κριός 'castrated ram' (H.). <?>

    *VAR  Cod. ἐθρίς; cf. ἴθρις: σπάδων, τομίας, εὐνοῦχος 'eunuch' (H.) and ἄθρις (Suid.),  ὄθρις (Zonar.).

    *ETYM Traditionally, the word has been compared with Skt. vddhri- 'castrate'. Some  suppose an r/n-stem, seen in Skt. vadhar-, Av. vadar- [n.] the weapon of Indra, but  Mayrhofer EWAia 2: 498 rejects the connection with vddhri-. Frisk assumed that the fluctuating vocalism was due to the non-literary character of  the word. He thinks ἐ- is old, while 6- was created after ▶︎ ὠθέω, and ἀ- by  association with privative ἀ-. Finally, i- is explained away by vowel harmony. This is  hardly credible. Given the variation of the initial vowel, it seems conceivable that the  word stems from Pre-Greek. Both εἰ τ and a/ o are frequent in such words. See  > wv. x

XXXXXἔθων [adj.] in χλούνην σῦν ἄγριον ... ὅς κακὰ πόλλ᾽ ἔρδεσκεν ἔθων Oivijac ἀλωήν (I 540), plur. σφήκεσσιν ἐοικότες ..., οὕς παῖδες ἐριδμαίνουσιν ἔθοντες (Π 260). <?>

    *ETYM Acc. to sources from antiquity, it means βλάπτων 'damaging', φθείρων  'destructive', or ἐρεθίζοντες 'annoying'; additionally, there is the gloss ἔθει: φθείρει,  ἐρεθίζει (H.). Others analyzed it as a present ptc. of ▶︎ εἴωθα 'to be used to'. Contrary  to the last interpretation, it can be stated that the old perfect εἴωθα, indicating a  situation, has no present form; moreover, a present in the same meaning would be  rather strange. Also, the construction conflicts with that of εἴωθα, and the translation  'acting in conformity with one's character' is a bit strange in these passages (of a  swine and wasps). The hypothesis of Schmidt KZ 45 (1913): 231ff., which connects ἔθων as a primary  present to ▶︎ ὠθέω, is doubtful. Cf. also Leumann 1950: 212f. Bechtel 1914 s.v. connected ἔθω to εἴωθα, ἔθος.

===Pag_426: Beekes_Página_0426.tiff===

DELG prefers the interpretation βλάπτων (which seems, however, to conflict with ἐριδμαίνουσι). Not related to ▶︎ ἔθρις.

XXXXXεἰ [pcl.] 'if, introducing a wish, condition, or question (IA, Arc.). <?>

    *VAR Aeol. Dor. ai, sometimes eix, aix (after οὐ : οὐκ) Cypr. Dor. ἡ.

    *ETYM Uncertain. For interjective origin of ai (partly also of ei), see Schwyzer 1950:  557 and 683. Perhaps a demonstrative ei 'then' also existed (Brugmann-Thumb 1913:  616), with which compare ei-ta, and which would originally be a locative of the  demonstrative *h,e-, h,o- (Schwyzer: 550). See Schwyzer 1950: 557 and 683.

XXXXXεἶα [interj.] adhortative 'hey, come on' (Att.).

    *VAR See Hdn. Gr. 1, 495, 14.

    *DER εἰάζω 'call ela' (E. Fr. 844; cf. aidlw).

    *ETYM Onomatopoeic; comparable with Lat. (A)eia and other cries. Cf. ▶︎ εἶέν.

XXXXXεἰαμενή [f.] 'lowlands, humid pasture' (Il.).

    *VAR ἴαμνοι [pl.] 'id' (Nic. H.). Cf. ἰαμενή, -ai, also εἱαμένον: νήνεμον, κοῖλον,  βοτανώδη 'without wind, hollow [valley], herbaceous' (H.).

    *ETYM Frisk s.v. and others assume a participle, with accent shift as in ▶︎ δεξαμενή. Is  initial ei- for i- metrical? The word is probably Pre-Greek, given the variation -ev-/-  μν- which could not occur in a participle.

XXXXXεἴβω [v.] 'to drip, spill', med. 'to trickle down' (IL).

    *VAR Mostly κατ-είβω, -ομαι; only present.

    *DER Beside this (itacism or ablaut?) ἰβάνη: κάδος, ἀντλητήριον 'vessel for water or  wine, bucket'; ἴβανον: κάδον, σταμινίον, χαλκίον 'id., wine-jar, copper vessel' with  ἰβανεῖ (for -G?)- ἀντλεῖ 'draw water' and iBavatpic: ἱμητήριον 'rope of a draw-well'  (all H.); also ἴβδης 'peg to let out the water' (Eust.).

    *ETYM Frisk suggests a cross of λείβω and »ἰκμάς with "εἴκω. See Gtintert 1914: 148,  Walleser WuS 14 (1932): 165f. All of these are rather improbable guesses. ἴβδης may  be unrelated, given the meaning. Is εἴβω Pre-Greek, with its B, interchange εἰ! τ, and  suffix -av-?    εἰδάλιμος --εἶδος.

XXXXXεἰδαλίς [1] - ὄρνις ποιός 'kind of bird' (H.). <?>

    *VAR Also ἰδάλιος.

    *ETYM Unexplained.

XXXXXεἶδαρ -ο"ἔδω.

XXXXXεἴδημα «να εἴδησις. = οἶδα.

XXXXXεἴδομαι [v.] 'to appear, seem, resemble' (Il.). <1E *ueid- 'see'>

    *VAR Aor. εἴσασθαι (ptc. also ἐ-(β)εισάμενος, Chantraine 1942: 182).

    *COMP δια-είδομαι with factitive fut. δια-είσομαι 'make appear' (© 535; see  Chantraine 1942: 442).

===Pag_427: Beekes_Página_0427.tiff===

    *DER εἶδος 'appearance, species, form, etc.', εἰδύλλιον 'poem, single song', εἰδάλιμος  'with beautiful appearance'; εἴδωλον 'picture, image', -λάτρης 'who reveres idols',  εἰδάλλεται' φαίνεται 'appears' (H.).

    *ETYM Beside (F)eiSouc and the s-aorist, there is the thematic aorist »ideiv and the  perfect ▶︎ οἶδα, both of which are old. There is no exact equivalent of εἴδομαι in other  branches; comparable are Celt. and Gm. forms like Olr. ad-féded 'narrabat', Go. fra-  weitan 'to revenge', both from IE *uweid-, but with rather different meanings. Semantically, εἴδομαι agrees well with inherited εἶδος, by which it may have been  influenced (or is it a back-formation from εἶδος). εἶδος itself corresponds exactly to  BSI. forms like Lith. véidas 'face' and OCS vids 'appearance', as well as to OHG wisa  'way, manner' and other Gm. words, which were built on the IE s-stem *ueid-s-. Formally identical, but semantically farther off is Skt. védas- 'knowledge, insight'. The form ἐεισάμενος is found only in the formula (verse initial) τῷ μιν ἐ. προσέφιη; it  is therefore probable that an accident led to this unusual form: the formula must  have had tw δε fe ξεισάμενος. See Beekes 1969: 59[. Incorrect analysis in RPA. 71  (1997): 157. Cf. also ▶︎ ἰνδάλλεται.

XXXXXεἴδωλον ⟹ εἴδομαι.

XXXXXεἶἑν [interj.] 'okay, alright? (Att.).

    *VAR On the interaspiration, indicated by grammarians and the cod. Rav. of Ar.,  Schwyzer: 219 and 303.

    *ETYM Froehde BB 10 (1886): 297 connected the word with Skt. evdm 'okay', but  perhaps this rather belongs to ▶︎ ela; was the ending taken from pév? Differently, von  Wilamowitz 1889: 320; cf. Barrett 1964: 297.

XXXXXεἶθαρ [adv] 'immediately' (II.). <?>

    *ETYM Was the word originally a neuter noun in -ap? It is difficult to connect it with  ἰθύς, which has a long i-; see Schwyzer: 350 arid 519 and Schwyzer 1950: 70. Incorrectly, Pok. 892; there is no etymology.

XXXXXεἴθε [pcl.] 'utinam, o that', in wishes (IL). <1E (h,)e(i) dem. pron. + g'"e pcl.?>

    *VAR AIso αἴθε (see ▶︎ el).

    *ETYM From εἰ, ai (see ▶︎ εἴ and a particle -Oe; however, the latter has no clear  etymology. Meillet MSL 8 (1894): 238 compared the particles Skt. gha and OCS Ze;  thus, is it from IE *g''e? Further, see Schwyzer 1950: 561'.

XXXXXεἰκάζω [v.] 'to picture, compare, suspect' (IA); on the mg. cf. Brunel 1939: 71, 155, 174, 184.

    <IE *ueik- 'resemble'>

    *VAR Lesb. ἐϊκάσδω; aor. εἰκάσαι, fut. εἰκάσω, perf. pass. εἴκασμαι (ῇ-).

    *COMP Prefixed especially with an-; also with é&-, én-, mpoo-, etc.

    *DER (dm-)eikaoia 'picture, comparison, conjecture' (IA; on the formation Schwyzer:  469) with εἰκάσιμος 'aestimabilis' (gloss; Arbenz 1933: 99), (ἀπ-)εΐκασμα  'representation' (A. Pl.), (ἀπ-, ἐπ-)εϊκασμός 'supposition' (Ὁ. H., Str.); εἰκαστής  'conjecturer, diviner' (Th. 1, 138; see Fraenkel 1912: 73f.), 'who represents' (Ὁ. H.);  εἰκαστός 'comparable' (S., etc.), εἰκαστικός 'ptng. to portraying' (PL, etc.).

===Pag_428: Beekes_Página_0428.tiff===

    *ETYM Like the synonymous Hom. (ξ)ε(Ε)ίσκω, tetrasyllabic ἐϊκάσδω presupposes an  original ἐξερικάζω. Both formations are recent factitive presents of the perf. (F)é-  (F)otk-a 'be like, resemble', with zero grade in (F)é-(F)ix-tov [du.], (ξλ)έ-(Ελικ-το  [plpf.med.] (Schwyzer: 735). See ▶︎ ἔοικα on the etymology.

XXXXXεἰκάς ⟹ εἴκοσι.

XXXXXεἰκῇ [adv.] 'just so, without deliberation', late also 'in vain' (IA).

    *COMP As a first member in εἰκο-βολέω 'shoot just so' (E.) with εἰκοβολία (Phld.).

    *DER εἰκαῖος 'without plan, at random' (S.) with εἰκαιότης (Phid.) and εἰκαιοσύνη  (Timo). Cf. σπουδῇ, κομιδῇ, etc; so a nominal dative Schwyzer: 622).

    *ETYM Incorrectly, Wackernagel 1916: 137' who, based on Indic parallels, assumes *é-  Εεκῇ 'arbitrarily' from »éxwv; this is impossible because of the prothetic vowel  assumed. Ruijgh Lingua 28 (1971): 169 starts from *ueik- 'resemble, seem', which  seems possible.

XXXXXεἴκοσι [num.] 'twenty'. «1Ὲ *dui-dkmt-i(H) 'twenty'>

    *VAR Hom. also ἐείκοσι (see below), Dor. είκατι.

    *COMP As a first member often εἰκοσα-, eg. ἐεικοσάβοιος 'worth twenty cows' (Od.;  after ἑπτα-, tetpa-, etc.). On εἰκοσινήριτος (X 349) see ▶︎ νήριτος.

    *DER εἰκοσάκις 'twenty times' (IL), εἰκοσάς [f.] 'twenty pieces' (late; cf. εἰκάς below),  (ἐδεϊκοστός (Boeot. ρικαστός) 'the twentieth' (Il.); fem. εἰκοστή 'the twentieth' with  εἰκοσταῖος 'belonging to the twentieth day' (Hp,; like δευτεραῖος, etc.); also εἰκάς [f.],  Dor. ikdc, Ther. hixdc 'the number twenty, the twentieth day of the month' (Hes.),  after δεκάς, τριακάς, etc. (not an original formation to (€)ikati, as per Schwyzer:  597); from here εἰκαδεῖς the members of a society that met on the 20th, eponymous  founder Εἰκαδεύς (Athens; Fraenkel 1912: 71 and 180, von Wilamowitz 1932: 368°),  εἰκαδισταί epithet of the Epicureans (Ath.), cf. δεκαδισταί to δεκάς (see ▶︎ δέκα).

    *ETYM Hom. ἐείκοσι stands for é&fF)tkooi (the prothetic vowel derives from the  glottalic feature of the *d-; see Kortlandt MSS 42 (1983): 97-104). It was graphically  influenced by contracted εἴκοσι; likewise, Heracl. ξείκατι. The o-vowel in εἴκοσι is  difficult to account for: it may have been taken from εἰκοστός (differently, Meillet  MSL 16 (1910-1911): 217ff.; see Schwyzer: 344), which itself took it from τριακοστός,  εἴς, with -o- as in τριάκοντα, etc. PGr. ὠρίκατι, ()εἴκαστός gave Dor., Boeot. εἴκατι after the loss of the first laryngeal  by dissimilation; see Kortlandt MSS 42 (1983): 97-104. The word is identical with Av. visa'ti, as well as with Skt. vimsati- [f.], which has secondary nasalization and i-  flexion, as well as secondary stress. The -g- in Lat. viginti is difficult to explain; see  Kortlandt MSS 42 (1983): 101, who states that it results from voicing after a nasal in  the words for '70' and 'go', and subsequent analogical introduction in the other  decades. The dual IE *dui-dkmt-i(H) properly meant 'two decades', from IE *dui- 'two' and  ▶︎ δέκα. See also under ▶︎ ἑκατόν.

XXXXXεἴκω [v.] 'to give way, yield'.

===Pag_429: Beekes_Página_0429.tiff===

    *VAR Aor. εἶξαι (ἔ(ελ)ειξε Alcm., γῖξαι [1.6. ξεῖξαι]: χωρῆσαι 'to give way H.), fut. εἴξω,  τομαι (IL; cf. Triimpy 1950: 220f.), perf. ptc. ἐεικώς (Chron. Lind.).

    *COMP With prefix: ὑπ(ο)-, nap-, ovv-eikw, etc. Lengthened form (ὑπ-, παρ-)εἰκάθειν  or -θεῖν (S., PL; Schwyzer: 703°).

    *DER ὕπειξις 'yielding' (Pl; cf. Holt 1941: 164; εἶξις Plu.) with ὑπεικτικός (Arist,  εἰκτικός Phid.).

    *ETYM Among the many verbs based on IE *weik-, there is no semantically  convincing connection. Semantically, however, Skt. vijdte (younger vejate) 'flee, give  way and the Gm. pres. OS wican, OHG wihhan 'give way, etc.' agree very well with  (F)eikw. As the former must go back to PIE *ueig-, not to *ueik-, we should assume  that the different velar was generalized from forms with consonantal endings (cf. the  Skt. aorist forms vik-thds, vik-ta) or from the o-aorist. Thus, Frisk s.v. and LIV? sv. *yeig-. TOAB wik- 'disappear; abstain from' belongs here as well. See also ▶︎ ἐπίεικτος.

XXXXXεἰκών, -όνος [f.] 'representation, picture, resemblance' (IA). 4 IE *ueik- 'resemble'>

    *VAR Cypr. ξεικονα, Ion. also εἰκώ, -οὖς [f.].

    *COMP As a first member in eixovoAoyia 'speaking in resemblances, figuratively'  (PL).

    *DER Diminutive eikéviov (Hell) and -idtov (late); εἰκονικός 'picturing' (Hell.),  εἰκονώδης (gloss.). Denominative verb (ἐξ-)εἰκονίζω 'imitate, record in documents'  (LXX, pap., Plu; cf. Mayser 1906-1938, 1: 3: 146) with εἰκόνισμα = εἰκών (S. Fr. 573; cf. Chantraine 1933: 188), εἰκονισμός 'picture; description of persons' (pap. Plu.),  εἰκονιστής name of an official, 'registrator' (pap.).

    *ETYM Formation in -wv (Chantraine 1933: 159f.) as an agent noun related directly to  ▶︎ ἔοικα, with the same vocalism as in eikwe, -dc, εἴκελος. On the innovation εἰκώ, see  Schwyzer: 479%.

XXXXXεἰλαμίδες [f.pl.] name of twocerebral membranes (Poll. 2, 44). IE *uel- 'turn, wind'>

    *DER Diminutive of "εἴλαμος (as πλόκαμος, etc.).

    *ETYM The word is related to eihéw 'turn, wind', 'ὅτι περὶ μυελὸν εἰλοῦνται᾽ 'because  they were wrapped around the marrow', with ei- (for *Fé-aploc) as in ▶︎ εἰλεός.

XXXXXεἰλαπίνη [f.] 'drinking-bout, festive eating' (Il; Ael. ελ(λ)απίνα Hoffmann 1893: 487).

    *DER εἰλαπινάζω 'to feast' (IL; only present) together with εἰλαπιναστής (P 577).

    *ETYM No etymology. A cultural word that may well be of Pre-Greek origin; cf. under ▶︎ δεῖπνον. Initial ei- is perhaps due to metrical lengthening; a suffix -amt- can  hardly be IE.

XXXXXεἶλαρ [n.] probably 'parapet, protective wall', εἷλαρ νεῶν [νηῶν Leaf] te καὶ αὐτῶν 'shelter of the ships and of themselves' (H 338 = 437; Ξ 56 = 68, of πύργοι, and τεῖχος), κύματος εἷλαρ 'protection of a foetus' (ε 257, ῥῖπες οἰσύϊναι 'mat of wicker- work'); in H. also ἔλαρ' βοήθεια 'aid'. <1E? *ueru- 'defend'>

    *VAR Only nom. and acc.

    *ETYM Often considered to be an action noun "ξέλ-Εαρ (with dissimilation to *é)-  fap?). Perhaps from ν» εἰλέω 1, aor. (F)éAcat 'press together', but this does not fit very

===Pag_430: Beekes_Página_0430.tiff=== XXXXXεἰλέω 1 383 well. Note βήλημα- κώλυμα, φράγμα ἐν ποταμῷ 'impediment, defence in the river' (H.). Neither is it related to ▶︎ εἰλέω 2 'roll, wind'. See Schulze 1892: 121, Bechtel 1914 s.v. Chantraine 1942: 131, and Porzig 1942: 348. Blanc RPh. 70 (1996): 115f. proposes to derive the word from fepf-ap, to ἔρυ-μα, etc. however, the dissimilation to A would then be difficult to account for. Cf. also Blanc BAGB 1 (1996): 4-5.

XXXXXΕἰλείθυια [f.] name of the goddess(es) of birth, often in plur. (IA). Also'EAci#uia (Pi, inscr.), Εἰλήθυια (Call, Paus.), Ἐλεύθυια (Cret.), Ἐλευθίη (Paros), Ἐλευθία, with assibilation Ἐλευσία (Lacon.), and other variants. Short form Ἐλευθώ (AP) and (quite different) Εἰλιόνεια (Plu. 2, 2770; is it correct?). On the forms see Kalén 1918: 8.

    *DIAL Myc. E-re-u-ti-ja.

    *DER EihevOu(t)atov 'temple of E.' (Delos), Ἰλύθνιον (ibid.).

    *ETYM It has been assumed, starting from the assumption that Ἐλεύθυια is the old  form, that Ἐλείθυια would have arisen by dissimilation and thence Εἰλείθυια with  metrical lengthening. Schulze 1892: 260f. then connected ἐλευθ- with ἐλεύσομαι,  ἤλυθον. Wackernagel too started from Ἐλεύθυια, but he considered it to be Pre-  Greek because of the ΡΝ Ἐλευθέρνα. Giintert 1919: 38%, 258 also takes E@)AciOua as  Pre-Greek, with secondary adaptation to ἐλεύθω 'to bring' (Dor.), in the sense 'she  who brings forth'. Beekes 1998: 2.4f. shows that the suffix -via is Pre-Greek.

XXXXXεἰλεός [m.] 1. as a medical expression 'intestinal obstruction, Bauchgrimmen' (Hp.; Lat. ileus); 2. (rarely) name of a vine (Hippys Rheg. [V*?]); 3. 'den, hole of animals, especially of snakes' (Theoc. 15, 9, Arc. Poll.).

    <IE? *welu- 'turn, wind, cover,  protect'>

    *VAR ἰλεός.

    *DER From 1: εἰλεώδης 'ptng. to intestinal obstruction' (Hp.).

    *ETYM Formation like φωλεός, κολεός, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 51). An original  meaning 'winding' (cf. Η.: εἰλεός: ἡ τοῦ θηρίου κατάδυσις Kal στρόφος 'lair of a wild  animal, cord'), from εἰλέω 'to roll, wind', explains meanings 1. and 2. Also, the 'den'  can be combined with 'winding'; however, note that eiAudc (A. R.), like synonymous  εἰλυθμός, is based on εἰλύω 'to envelop, cover'.

XXXXXεἰλέω 1 [v.] 'to press together, draw together, fence in' (Hom.).

    <IE *uel- 'press  together'>

    *VAR Epic Delph. also εἴλομαι in εἰλόμενος, εἰλέσθω(ν), Dor. ΕἸ. ξηλέω, Att. sometimes ἴλλω, εἴλλω (cf. below), aor. ἔλσαι, ἐέλσαι (Ep.), med.-pass. ἀλήμεναι,  ἀλῆναι, ἀλείς, perf. med. ἔελμαι, -μένος (Ep.), perfect preterite ἐόλειξ (Pi, see  below); thence the new forms εἰλῆσαι, εἰλήσω, εἴλημαι, εἰλήθην (Ion. Hell).

    *COMP With prefix ἀπίο-), e.g. ἀπο-εηλέω (El); ἐξ-, eg. ἐγ-εηληθίωντι (Her.) = ἐξ-  ειληθῶσι; Kat(a)-, eg. Kata-fedpévoc (Cret.); also mpoo- (mpoti-), συν-ειλέω,  -(€)iAXw, etc. with various shades of mg.

    *DER Most of the derivatives have become formally and semantically independent:  ▶︎ ἁλής, ▶︎ ἀολλής, ▶︎ ἐξουλή, »ἴλη (εἴλη), ▶︎ οὐλαμός. Further: βήλημα: κώλυμα,  φράγμα ἐν ποταμῷ 'impediment, defense in ἃ river' (H.), ie. ξήλημα; Mess. ἤλημα,

===Pag_431: Beekes_Página_0431.tiff===

κατ-, συν-είλησις 'pushing together, what is pressed' or 'what is drawn together' (Epicur. or Ael.), εἰληθμός (εἰδ- cod.) συστροφή, φυγή 'mass [of people], flight' (H.). From (F)iAAw probably FiAcuoc [gen.] 'adversity' (Pamph. IV*); unclear ἰλλάς 'pressed together (?) (δ. Fr. 70, E. Fr. 837), cf. on ▶︎ εἰλέω 2; lengthened ἰλλίζει, see ibid. See also ▶︎ εἶλαρ.

    *ETYM A nasal present *feA-véw can be posited on the basis of εἰλέω, ξηλέω, and also  on account of ἀπελλεῖν (?, cod. -etv) ἀποκλείειν 'shut out (Aeol.) (H.). This *feA-  véw may be a variant of ethw < ἐξέλ-νω (Schwyzer: 720, see also 693, and Chantraine  1942: 130). Moreover, there is reduplicated TAAw < *fi-FA-w (mostly from ν εἰλέω 2,  like ἰλλόμενος A. R. 2, 27). For εἴλλω, a prothetic vowel used to be assumed (so *é-  FéA-vw or ἐ-Εέλ-ιω), but this is no longer possible. It is probable that there was  simply (graphical) influence by εἰλέω. Originally, the non-presentic forms were  primary, as is to be expected: aor. (f)éA-oat, perf. *(F)é-(F)oAa in ἐόλει 'Cop)pressed'  (Pi. P. 4, 233; a conj. by Boeckh)?, middle with secondary full grade (F)é-(F )eA-pat,  intrans. aor. with zero grade (ξ)αλῆ-ναι; these forms were replaced by the  innovations εἰλῆσαι, etc. Within Greek, it is not always possible to distinguish εἰλέω  'press (together)' from εἰλέω 'wind'. On the whole group of words, see Solmsen 1901:  224ff., 285ff. Many IE words contain an element *uel-, but there is no obvious  counterpart to εἰλέω 1. For example, Balto-Slavic formations like Lith. veliu, vélti  (Ru. valjat' 'to felt, full', Ru. vdlom [ins.] 'in mass' (from a noun *valo), Lith. su-val pti  'to collect (grain), reap (together)' require a set root, for which there is no evidence  in Greek. LIV? s.v. 1. wel- 'einschliefSen, verhiillen' remarks that 'Eine detaillierte  Untersuchung aller *yel-Wurzeln ware hilfreich'. They connect Skt. var- [2] 'to  cover, enclose, ward off, but Lubotsky 2z000a pleaded against this connection  because the Indo-Aryan evidence points to an initial laryngeal.

XXXXXεἰλέω 2 [v.] 'to roll, turn, wind, revolve' (mostly Hell.).

    *VAR ἴλλω, εἴλλω (Att; see below). The non-presentic forms, most of which are  compounds, are based on the presents: εἰλῆσαι, εἰλήσω, εἴληκα, etc; from tAAw only  ἰλλάμην (16 5(2), 472: 11; Megalopolis II-II).

    *COMP Often with prefix, especially ἐν- and περι-ειλέω (X., Hell.), -(εΐλλω (Th. 2, 76;  codd. Ar. Ra. 1066), also ἀπ-, δι-, &&-, ἐπ-, kat-, παρ-ειλέω (Hell.), ἐξ-, καττίλλω (X,,  Hp.).

    *DER From εἰλέω : ▶︎ εἰλεός (s.v.5 secondarily adapted?); further (év-, &&-, ἐπ-, Kat-,  περι-)γεΐλησις 'winding, etc. (PL), (év-, περι-)εΐῖλημα 'id. (J, Poll.), προσείλημα  (κεφαλῆς) 'turban' (Creon Hist.); εἰλετίας kind of reed (Thphr.), εἰλητάριον  'winding, roll' (Aét.), εἰληδόν [adv.] 'in windings' (AP). From ἴλλω: »ἰλλός  'squinting' with many derivations; ἰλλάς [f.] 'snare, rope' (N 572; Chantraine 1933:  351) with ἰλλίζει: δεσμεύει, συστρέφει, ἀγελάζει 'fetters, presses together, drives  together' (H.). (also to ▶︎ tAAw 1); unclear ἰλλάδας γονάς: --ὠπσπ;Ἴλγελειὰς kal συστροφάς  'herds; dense masses' (H:: S. Fr. 70 and E. Fr. 837); probably to ▶︎ εἰλέω 1. Here also  belong several nouns that have become independent from the verb: see ▶︎ ἕλιξ,  ▶︎ ὅλμος, ▶︎ οὖλος 2; further perhaps ▶︎ ἀλινδέω, ▶︎ ἑλάνη, ▶︎ eiAtyyog finally the u-  enlargement ν εἰλύω with many derivatives. Not here ν ἕλμις, ▶︎ evAnpa, ▶︎ λῶμα,  > εὐλή, ▶︎ αἰόλος.

===Pag_432: Beekes_Página_0432.tiff=== XXXXXεἴλιγγος 385

    *ETYM As in > εἰλέω 1 and (ἐΐλλω 'press', a nasal present is also continued in εἰλέω  'roll, turn' < Ἐξελ-νέω; a reduplicated formation *fi-FA-w is found in ἔλλω. The  formal coalescence often led to semantic interference as well; for example,  ἰλλόμενος, in A. R. 2, 27 λέων ... ἰλλόμενός περ ὁμίλῳ, must have been identical with  the ptc. in 1, 1229 δεσμοῖς ἰλλόμενος, even if it originally did not mean 'surrounded',  but 'pressed'. In the other branches, there are many words that go back to the  unstable notion 'turn, wind, revolve', etc: eg., Olr. fillim 'to turn, bend' (see  Matasovic 2008 s.v. *wel-n-o-). A special group are the u-enlargements; see ▶︎ εἰλύω  and LIV? sv. 2. *wel- ''drehen, rollen'. Further, cf. Arm. gelum, aor. 3sg. egel 'turn' <  *uel-.

XXXXXεἴλητ in. εἵλη 2 [f.] 'warmth, heat of the sun' (Ar. Ve. 772 [ν.1. ἕλη], Luc.). <1E *suel(H)- 'burn, singe'>

    *VAR Also ein, ἕλη; βέλα (Ξρεέλα):" ἥλιος, καὶ αὐγή, ὑπὸ Λακώνων 'the sun; sunlight  (Lacon.) (H likewise to ἔλα); unclear is the appurtenance of γέλαν (=féAave)-  αὐγὴν ἡλίου 'light of the sun', because of γελεῖν' λάμπειν, ἀνθεῖν 'to shine, to bloom'  (H.), perhaps rather to ▶︎ γελάω, ▶︎ γαλήνη; but yedodutia- ἡλιοδυσία 'sunsets' (H.)  belongs to ρέλα.

    *COMP As a first member in εἱλη-θερής 'warmed by the sun' (Hp., Gal.), ἐλαθερές:  ἡλιοθαλπές 'warmed by the sun' (H.), rather to θέρομαι then to θέρος (see Schwyzer:  513); from there εἱληθερέω, -ἔομαι 'warm (oneself) in the sun' (Hp.); ▶︎ εἰλικρινής,  ▶︎ εἱλόπεδον. As a second member in πρός-ειλος 'exposed to the heat of the sun,  sunny' (A.), εὔ-ειλος 'id' (Ar.), ἄ-ειλος 'sunless' (A. Fr. 334).

    *DER εἰλήϊον: ἐν ἡλίῳ θερμανθέν 'heated in the sun' (H.; false explanation of Ἰλήϊον  Φ 558 7); denominative verb εἰλέω 'warm in the sun' (Eust.), pass. aor. ptc. εἰληθέντες; also ἐλᾶται: ἡλιοῦται 'is exposed to the sun', fut. Bed[A]dcetat  ἡλιωθήσεται (H.).

    *ETYM From PGr. *hréda, whence féAa, ἕλᾶ, beside which a form with a prothetic  vowel used to be assumed (*é-fhéAG > etn, efAn), which however is impossible. These belong as a verbal noun to a verb 'to singe (intr.), burn without flame', which  still exists in Gm. and Balt., e.g. OE swelan, MoHG schwelen (with full grade), Lith. svilti (with zero grade of a root *suelH-), with many derivatives. The Greek forms  exhibit etA- beside é-. There is no explanation for this, as a by-form *hwel- from a  root *suel- is hardly possible. Unless there is an unknown phonetic development, the  problem cannot be solved. Could there have been an analogical spread of eiA-? From  Greek, ▶︎ ἀλέα 1 (ἀλ-) 'heat of the sun' can also be connected. OHG swelzan 'to burn',  OE sweltan 'to die', and ON svelta 'to starve, die' belong to an independent root IE  *sueld- (also Arm. k'atc').Cf. also ▶︎ ἥλιος 'sun' and ▶︎ ἑλάνη 'torch'.

XXXXXεἴλιγγος [m.] 'dizziness', often plur. (Hp., Pl), 'whirl(pool) (Peripl. M. Rubr., A. R.). <?>

    *VAR εἴἶλιγξ, -γγος [m.] (D. 5., etc.); also ἴλ-, -.

    *DER Denominative verb εἰλιγγ-ιάω (iA-) 'get dizzy' (Ar.); with εἰλιγγιώδης 'dizzy'  (gloss.).

===Pag_433: Beekes_Página_0433.tiff===

    *ETYM Form in -tyy(o)- (Schwyzer: 498, Chantraine 1933: 398ff.), either directly from  ▶︎ εἰλέω 2 'to turn, wind' or via an unknown noun. Initial εἰ- was taken from the  present (cf. ▶︎ εἰλέω 2); it is superfluous to assume a prothetic é-. On iA- for eiA-, cf. ▶︎ ἴλη. ToB wai walau 'vertigo' (cited by Frisk s.v.) is a mistake for waipalau, from    wip- 'shake'. On account of the suffix, one could separate the word from εἰλέω as  Pre-Greek.

XXXXXεἰλικρινής [adj.] 'pure, absolute, genuine' (Hp., Att.). <?>

    *VAR Also el-.

    *DER εἰλικρίνεια 'purity', εἰλικρινέω 'purify (Hell.), εἰλικρινότης (gloss.).'

    *ETYM Expressive word without a convincing etymology. It is mostly taken as a  compound of κρίνω and εἴλη (with compositional -t? Schwyzer: 447f.), in which case  it would properly mean 'distinguished in/by the sun' (Frisk); one should then take  εἴλη not as 'heat of the sun', but as 'sunlight'. However, such a meaning is only  known for Dor. ξέλα and cannot be old. This makes the proposal highly improbable. Connection with εἰλέω (a or 2) seems to make no sense either. DELG sv. offers a  difficult hypothesis.

XXXXXεἰλίονες --ἀέλιοι.

XXXXXεἰλίπους [adj.] mg. uncertain, in Hom. only dat. and acc.pl. -πόδεσσιν, -ποδας of βόες; later (Anacr., Eup.) also of other nouns. <?>

    *VAR εἰλιπόδης (Nonn.); on the formation see Schwyzer: 451.

    *ETYM Because the meaning is unclear, the proposed etymologies are uncertain, as  well. As ἀερσίποδες ἵπποι (Σ 532) 'foot-lifting horses' suggests a contrastive use as  'dragging the feet', Osthoff BB 22 (1897): 255ff. assumed that the first member  contained an element related to Lith. selu, seléti 'drag', Skt. tsérati 'to sneak, steal';  thus, εἰλίπους would mean 'with sneaking feet'. This interpretation, however, is not  as convincing as the inner-Greek connections. There seems to be no trace of  digamma (Chantraine 1942: 132); however, see Shipp 1967: 60 (who suggests that it is  a late formation without an old tradition). One might think of 'pressing the feet'  (from εἰλέω 'press') as 'turning the feet' (from εἰλέω 'to turn'; thus also H.: διὰ τὸ  ἑλίσσειν τοὺς πόδας κατὰ τὴν πορείαν 'because of their turning the feet in their  mode of walking'). ei- can be metrical or taken from the present. On the - in  compounds, see Schwyzer: 447f. and Knecht 1946: 31. The unclear gloss ἀνελλίπους:  ὁ τοῖς ποσὶ μὴ ἀλελρόμενος, ἤτοι χωλός 'not leaping with his feet, limping' (H.)  does not help. See also ▶︎ εἰλιτενής.

XXXXXεἰλιτενής [adj.] said of ἄγρωστις (i.e. 'dog's tooth grass'), mg. unknown (Theoc. 13, 42). <?>

    *ETYM Poetic formation, modelled after εἰλι-κρινής, -πους; the second member is  probably related to ▶︎ teivw (cf. ἀτενής), while the first member has been connected  with εἰλέω 'turn, wind' (Frisk), but 'die sich windend ausdehnende' is just a guess. Differently, Osthoff; see ▶︎ εἰλίπους.

===Pag_434: Beekes_Página_0434.tiff=== XXXXXεἰλύω 387

XXXXXεἱλόπεδον [n.] in 1123 ἀλωή ... 'vineyard' / τῆς ἕτερον μέν θ᾽ εἱλόπεδον ... / τέρσεται ἠελίῳ 'dry up in the sun', read by Doederlein (details in Bechtel 1914, Leumann 1950: 44), for traditional θειλόπεδον. <?>

    *ETYM Analyzed in antiquity as 'sunny spot', with eiAn 'heat of the sun' as a first  member. The reading θειλόπεδον (thought to be false; see Frisk) was already  accepted in antiquity (AP, Dsc.); thence θειλοπεδεύω 'to wither in the sun' (Dsc.). See also Ure Class. Quart. 49 (1955): 227. Nonetheless, an inscription in Mylasa has  θειλοπεί, which rather suggests that θειλόπεδον was the correct reading after all; see  Dubois RPh. 71 (1997): 162. See ▶︎ εἵλη.

XXXXXεἰλυσπάομαι [v.] 'to sneak like a snake or a worm' (Hp,, Pl.). «GRE

    *VAR Also ἰλ-.

    *DER εἰλύσπασις and -σπαστικός (Arist.).

    *ETYM Expressive verbal dvandva-compound from εἰλύομαι and σπάομαι (Schwyzer:    645).

XXXXXεἰλύφάω [v.] 'to roll, whirl about' (IL). <?>

    *VAR Only ptc. -φόων, -φόωντες (A 156, Hes. Th. 692, trans.; Nonn. D. 30, 81 intr.),  -ὑφάζω only present (Y 492 trans.; Hes. Sc. 275 intr.).

    *ETYM Iterative-intensive formation in -aw with lengthening to -άζω (Schwyzer: 734,  Chantraine 1942: 337), from εἰλύω, though unclear in detail (εἰλύω : "εἰλύπτω :  εἰλυφάω like ἅπτω : dpaw?). Schwyzer 1937: 66* incorrectly believes that it consists of  εἰλύω and ὑφάω; neither did it arise via an intermediate noun in -goc, -φη (Solmsen  1901: 235, Bechtel 1914). The varying length of the -v- is metrically conditioned  (Chantraine 1942: 360).

XXXXXεἰλύω [v.] 'to wrap around, envelop, cover' (Il.).

    *VAR (Arat. 432; kataeiAvov Ψ 135 v.l. for -νυον, -νυσαν), perf. med. εἴλῦμαι, fut. κὰδ  δέ ... / εἰλύσω Φ 319, aor. κατ-ειλύσαντε (A. R. 3, 206); εἰλύομαι 'to wind itself and  curl, crawl forward' (5. Ph. 291 and 702), 'to swarm' (Com.), aor. pass. ἐλύσθη  'rolled', ἐλυσθείς 'ducking' (Il; Theoc. 25, 246 has εἰλυθείς instead; A. R. 3, 296  εἰλυμένος).

    *COMP Some prefixed compounds: κατ-ειλύω (Hdt.), δι-ειλυσθεῖσα 'sneaking  through' (A. R. 4, 35), ἐξ-ειλυσθέντες (Theoc. 24, 17), συν-ειλύω (EM 333, 42).

    *DER From ἐλῦ-: b-tpov 'envelope, shell, container' (IA) with ἐλυτρόομαι (Ηρ.);  ἔλῦμα 'plough-beam' (Hes., secondary length, see below), in H. also = νύσσα  'turning point' καὶ τὸ ἱμάτιον 'mantle', cf. ἐἴλυμα; ἔλῦμος a Phrygian pipe (S., Com.),  in H. also 'envelope'; ἔλυστα' ἄμπελος μέλαινα 'dark vine' (H.; -σ- like in ἐλύσθη, see  below); deverbative ἐλύσσει: εἰλεῖται 'draw oneself up' (H.). From εἰλῦ-: eAdpa  'envelope' (ζ 179, etc. cf. ἔλυμα); εἰλυθμός 'hiding-place, hole' (Nic.), in H. = ἕλκος,  τρόμος 'wound, trembling', to εἰλύομαι; εἰλυός = ▶︎ εἰλεός 5.ν.; εἴλυσις 'sneaking  forward' (sch. on εἰλύομαι); εἰλύτας, ἐλλύτας name of a cake' (inscr., Η., ἐλύτης  gramm.; see Fraenkel 1910: 171f.); deverbative εἰλύσσεται- εἰλεῖται (H.), cf. ἐλύσσει  above, with εἰλυστήριον (gloss.). From aAv- (zero grade): ▶︎ ἅλυσις, ▶︎ ἀλύτας. See  also ▶︎ πέλλυτρον and ▶︎ γολύριον.

===Pag_435: Beekes_Página_0435.tiff===

    *ETYM The gloss γέλουτρον' ἔλυτρον, ἤγουν λέπυρον 'pod' (H.) points to PGr. ρέλυ-  tpov, identical with Skt. varu-tra- [n.] 'over-garment' (gramm.). Theoretically, εἰλύω  could derive from PGr. *feA-v-b-w and agree with Skt. vrnoti 'envelop, cover' < IE  *ul-ne-u-ti, but the Greek word is late and rare, which makes the identification less  probable; even less so, when we consider that the Skt. root contains an initial  laryngeal (see Lubotsky 2000a). Disyllabic FeAv- in (F)eAv-o-8n, etc. (with analogical  -o-; Schwyzer 761) is also found in Arm. gelu-m 'to turn' (formation uncertain) and  in Lat. volv6; an iterative formation in Go. walwjan, OE wealwian 'to revolve' <  *uolu-eie-. Note (ε)έλῦ-μα, with the same secondary long vowel as in Lat. voliimen;  further, Arm. gelumn 'turning'. In the formation of the Greek system, the perfect  εἴλῦμαι < ᾿ξέ-ελῦ-μαι (with long vowel; initial f- is uncertain, on which see  Chantraine 1942: 131 and Schwyzer: 649e) played an important role; the late forms  εἰλῦσαι and εἰλυσθείς and the many nouns in εἰλῦ- are derived from it. See LIV? s.v.

1, and 2. yel-.

XXXXXεἴλω -οεἰλέω 1.

XXXXXεἶμα --ἕννυμι.

XXXXXεἷμάδες [pl.?] - ποιμένων οἰκίαι 'houses of shepherds' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Formation like δειράς, etc; is the word derived from "ξεῖμα = Lat. vimen 'rod,  wickerwork'?

XXXXXεἶμι [v.] 'to go' (perfective; cf. Schwyzer 1950: 265). 41Ε *h,ei- 'go'>

    *VAR Only present active; inf. ἰέναι.

    *DIAL Myc. i-jo-te /iontes/.

    *COMP Very often with prefix: dv-, ἄπ-, δί-, εἴσ-, ἔξ-, etc.

    *DER From the simplex: ἴτθματα [pl.] 'step, pace' (E 778 = h. Ap. 114, of doves), = 'feet'  (Call. Cer. 58); on the formation Schwyzer: 492', 523); ▶︎ ἰσθμός, also ἰταμός, »ἴτης;  cf. oitog, οἶμος. From the compounds: εἰσ-ί-θμη 'entry (ζ 264, Opp.; cf. ἴθματα and  Porzig 1942: 283); ἐξ-ί-τηλος 'perishable' (IA), acc. to H. ttnAov: τὸ ἔμμονον, καὶ οὐκ  ἐξίτηλον 'abiding, not going' (A. Fr. 42); εἰσ-ί-τημα 'revenue' (Delos, Delphi); eic-,  ἐξ-, κατ-ι-τήριος (D.); δι-, συν-ι-τικός (Arist.). On ▶︎ ἀμαξει-τός, see s.v; on the  univerbation ἀταρπιτός see ▶︎ ἀτραπός. Iterative ἰτάω in itntéov 'eundum est' (Att.)  and ἐπανιτακώρ = ἐπανεληλυθώς (Elis); thence εἰσ-ιτητήρια [n.pl.] 'initiation  sacrifice for an official' (Att.; also εἰσ-ιτήρια, see above), εἰσ-ιτητός 'accessible'  (Alciphr.) and ἰτητικός = ἰταμός (Arist.). As a verbal noun to εἶμι, especially to the  compounds, serves ὁδός (ἄν-οδος, etc.), Schwyzer 1950: 75, Porzig 1942: 201. See also  ▶︎ φοιτάω.

    *ETYM Old athematic root present with exact correspondences in several languages:  εἶ-μι, εἶ (< *el-hi), ei-o1 = Skt. é-mi, é-si, é-ti, Lith. ei-mi, ei-si, ei-ti, Hitt. pai-mi, pai-Si,  pai-zi (with preverb pe-, pa-), Lat. i-s, i-t (replacement of isg. with ed < *ei-6), all of  which are from IE *ei-mi, -si, -ti. pl. ἴτμεν : Skt. i-mds; ipv. ἴ-θι = Skt. i-hi : Hitt. i-t;  impf. Hom. ἤϊα = Skt. ayam from IE *h,e-h,ei-m. Iterative ἰτάω = Lat. itdre, MIr. ethaim. Further details are in Schwyzer: 674, etc. On the relation between εἶμι -  ἔρχομαι - ἦλθον and other verbs of going, see Bloch 1940: 22ff.

===Pag_436: Beekes_Página_0436.tiff=== XXXXXεἴργω 389

XXXXXεἰμί [v.] 'to be'.

    *VAR Inf. εἶναι (IA), Dor. ἠμί, inf. ἤμεν, Aeol. ἔμμι, inf. ἔμμεν, -at; only present stem  (with future).

    *COMP Often with prefix: ἄπ-, év-, ἔξ- (ἔξεστι), ἔπ-, πάρ-, σύν-, etc.

    *DER ἐστ-ώ [f.] (to ἐστί) = οὐσία (to wv) 'substance' (Archyt. Philos.), ἀπ-εστώ  'absence' (Hdt. 9, 85; ovv-eotw 6, 128 vl. to συνεστίη), see Schwyzer: 478 ,  Chantraine 1933: 117; cf. also on eveo ta; ἀπεστύς: ἀποχώρησις 'retreat; voidance' (H.;  Chantraine 1933: 291). From the ptc. dv, ὄντ-ος : οὐσία (see above) with ἀπ-, ἐξ-,  παρ-, συν-ουσία, etc. from ἀπ-ών, etc; thence e.g. συνουσιάζω with συνουσιαστής,  -αστικός, etc.

    *ETYM Old athematic root present with exact correspondences in several languages:  εἰμί, εἶ (epic and Dor. ἐσσί), ἐστί = Skt. dsmi, dsi, dsti, OLith. esmi, esi, ésti, Hitt. esmi,  es3i (esi), eSzi, Go. im, is, ist, Lat. es(s), est (sum is an innovation), IE *es-mi, *esi (<  *es-si, sometimes restored by analogy), *es-ti; 3pl. with zero grade εἰσί, Myc. e-e-si  /e*ensi/, Dor. évti (with psilosis after εἰμί, etc.) = Skt. sdnti, U sent, Go., etc. sind, all  of which are from IE *h,s-enti. Hom. ἦα [ipfasg.] = Skt. dsam, IE *h,e-h,es-m, Dor. Aeol. Arc. Cypr. ἧς [3sg.] = Skt. (Ved.) ἄς, IE *h,e-h,es-t. Further forms are  mentioned in Schwyzer: 676ff. eivatépes, -épwv [f.pl.] 'wife of the husband's brother' (Il.) «1Ὲ *(A)ienh,-ter- 'wife of  husband's brother'>

    *VAR Also sing. évatnp, -τρι, -τερα (late Anatolian inscr.), voc. elvatep, gen. -τερος  (Hdn.).

    *ETYM Old, disappearing kinship term denoting a member of the extended family  (see Risch Mus. Helv. 1 (1944): 117). Epic eiv- is a metrical lengthening of psilotic év-. The acc. tavatepa is not Phrygian, but Greek. The etymon is also seen in Lat. ianitricés (after genetricés, etc; the vocalization -a(n)-  in the root is not quite clear), OLith. jenté, CS jatry (ending after svekry 'mother-in-  law'), and in Skt. yatar- (with zero grade of the root: *iyh,-ter-). Arm. ner (also nér),  gen. niri is difficult to explain; see Kortlandt 2003: 120 and 163 on this word.

XXXXXεἰνοσίφυλλος -Ξ-ἔνοσις.

XXXXXεἶπον [v.aor.] 'say, speak' (IL). «1Ὲ *h,e-ue-uk'-om Ἵ said'> VaR Epic ἔειπον, Ion., etc. also εἶπα, inf. εἰπεῖν, εἶπαι, Cret. ρεῖπαι.

    *COMP Often with prefix, e. g. an(o)-, ἐξ-, μετ(α)-, παρ-, προ-(β)ειπεῖν, -(ξ)εῖπαι

    *ETYM The Skt. aorist d-vocam 'I spoke', from *h,e-ue-uk'-om, points to a Greek pre-  form *e-weuk'om, whence by dissimilation *eweik'om > ἔ(ρ)ειπον. On an uncertain  trace of the digamma in an antique edition of Homer, see Kretschmer 1923: 190ff. Further, see ▶︎ ἔπος. On the meaning, use and inflexion, see Fournier 1946: 3ff., 99f.,    227ff.

XXXXXεἴργω [v.] 'to fence in, shut out' (on the mg. Brunel 1939: 27f., 122).

    *VAR  Also eipyw; eipyvupu, epic éépyw, ἐέργνυμι, epic Ion. Epyw, ἔργνυμι, s-aor. εἶρξαι (also eip-, ép-, ép-), them. aor. kat-Efopyov (Cypr.), pass. εἰρχθῆναι (elp-,

===Pag_437: Beekes_Página_0437.tiff===

etc.), fut. εἴρξω (εἵρξω, Heracl. ag-, ἐφ-έρξοντι, ovv-hépovtt), perf. med. εἶργμαι, ἔεργμαι (Epypat), epic 3pl. ἔρχαται, -ato with artificial extension ἐρχατόωντο & 15 (see Leumann 1950: 179ff.), lengthened pret. εἰργαθεῖν (-a8etv?; Schwyzer: 703). eCompP Often with prefix: ἀπ(ο)-, ag-, Ot-, εἰσ-, ἐφ-, ἐξ-, kat- (kaO-), συν-, etc.

    *DER εἱρκτή (ép-), often plur. 'enclosure, prison, women's apartments' (IA); εἱργμός  'prison' (Pl); (σύν-, κάθ-, ἔξ-γεῖρξις 'shutting in, etc.' (PL) with -ειρκτικός; ἄφ-  epktos 'shut out' (A. Ch. 446 [lyr.]).

    *ETYM Except for the zero grade thematic aorist Cypr. kat-Efopyov (-é- or -1-3  Schwyzer 653 8), all forms, including the nouns, go back to a full grade ἐ-(ξ)έργω,  eipyw; acc. to Sommer 1905: 127f., the aspiration in εἶρξαι, ἕρξω, elpyw, etc. arose  before voiceless p in épxt-, ép&-(?). Details are included in Solmsen 1901: 221ff. There  are no directly comparable formations in the other languages. Av. varaziign [opt.]  'they should fence in' is perhaps cognate; Lith. verZiu, verZti 'to narrow in, string' is  not, but rather from *uerg"- (see LIV? s.v. *yerg"-). Further, there are some related  Indo-Iranian nouns: Skt. vrjdna- [n.] 'enclosure' = Av. varazana-, varazdna-  'community', OP vardana- 'town'; Skt. vrajd- [m.] 'fence' (as if from *h,ureg-o-). It is  unclear whether to connect it with an Irish word for 'wall, εἴς: Olr. fraig, Molr. fraigh 'wall of wickerwork, roof, fence'. Within Greek, the word has been compared  with Myc. we-re-ke /wreges/ 'fences'; see Tichy 1983: 286 with fn. 163. This would  presuppose that the prothetic ἐ- is secondary.

XXXXXεἴρερον [acc.] 'imprisonment, servitude' (6 529). <?>

    *ETYM Etymology uncertain. Frisk Eranos 50 (1952): Off. argues against the  connection with Lat. servus, instead suggesting a basis *fepfepov, and connecting the  word with Arm. gerem 'to take prisoner'. It is probably not related to ▶︎ εὑρίσκω 'to  find' or "»ἀρύω 'to draw water', although based on the meaning the word has been  compared with Skt. grdha-, grdhana- 'taking, emprisonment, scooping'. Other  suggestions are in Bechtel 1914 and Brugmann IF 19 (1906): 382ff.

XXXXXεἰρεσία -»ἐρέτης.

XXXXXεἰρεσιώνη [f.] 'an olive or laurel twig adorned with red and white bands and decorated with fruits', as a symbol of fertility (Ar.), 'a song when carrying this twig around' (Hom. Epigr., Plu.), 'wreath (of honour) (Hell.). <?>

    *VAR Also εἰρυσιώνη (Delos 15). folk-etymological reshaping after εἰρύομαι 'protect'.

    *ETYM For the formation, cf. the plant names in -wvn in Chantraine 1933: 207f,  Stromberg 1940: 81 points to ἰασιώνη, but further comparanda are unknown. The  word is often derived from eipoc, but without much reason. Chantraine thinks of  Ἐρέσιος epithet of Apollo (H.); cf. Myc. We-we-si-je-ja /Werwes-/. Differently,  Schénberger Glotta 29 (1942): 85ff. and Grogelj Ziva Ant. 1 (1951): 122f,; cf. Meid IF 62  (1956): 277'.

XXXXX*sipry [f.] taken as 'place of speaking or gathering', acc. to H. = ἐρώτησις, φήμη, κληδών 'questioning, speech, omen', acc. to EM 483, 3 = ἐκκλησία 'assembly' and μαντεία 'prophesying'. <?>

    *VAR Only εἰράων Σ 531 (verse-initial), also εἰρέας Hes. Th. 804 (conj. εἴραις, εἴρας).

===Pag_438: Beekes_Página_0438.tiff===

    *ETYM Traditionally connected with ἐρῶ, εἴρηκα (εἴρω) 'say', but with an unclear  base form; is the nom. *gipa < *fép-1a? See also ▶︎ εἰρήνιη.

XXXXXεἰρήν [m.] name of the full-grown youths in Sparta, κόρος τέλειος᾽ 'full-grown boy' (H., IG 5(2), 279, Plu. Lyc. 17, etc. on the mg,, etc. Solmsen IF 7 (1897): 37ff.). <?>

    *VAR Also εἴρην, ἴρην, -ἦν; gen. -Evoc.

    *COMP As a second member in μελλ-είρην 'a youth becoming εἰρήν᾽ (Plu. Lyc. 17)  together with peAAetpeveta (Sparta), tpitipeves [pl.] 'third-year εἰρένες᾽ (Messen.).

    *ETYM Uncertain. Acc. to Solmsen IF 7 (1897): 37ff., the word is from *épotyy, and  therefore differs from Ion. ▶︎ ἔρσην 'man, male' only in accent; the loss of *s with  compensatory lengthening would be due to the oxytone accent (Wackernagel KZ 29  (1888): 127ff.). However, as a strictly Laconian form, one would expect ᾿ἠρήν, as  Bechtel 1921, 2: 37of. notes. Neither related to ▶︎ ἦρι 'early', nor to ▶︎ εἰρήνη.

XXXXXεἰρήνη [f.] 'peace, time of peace' (IL), cf. Triimpy 1950: 183ff., later 'peace treaty', in the LXX also '(wish) of blessing' as a Hebraism (Wackernagel IF 31 (1912/13): 263f.); as a goddess, daughter of Zeus and Themis (Hes.). «ΡΟ»

    *VAR  ipdva (Dor., Boeot., Arc., etc.), also ἰρήνα (Gort. II*: χ[ρήνας [gen.] with  secondary aspiration), ipeiva (Thess.), εἰρήνα (Delph. IV4, Pi., B.), εἰράνα C(NWGr.,  etc.), εἴρηνᾶ (Aeol., gramm.), Εἰρήνα, -άνη (PN, Lycia).

    *COMP As a first member in εἰρηνο-ποιός (X.), εἴς.

    *DER εἰρηναῖος 'peaceful' (Hdt.), εἰρηνικός 'belonging to peace' (Att. Hell; after  πολεμικός; Chantraine 1956a: 151);.denominative εἰρηνεύω [v.] 'keep peace, live in  peace' (Ρ].) with εἰρήνευσις (Iamb.), elpnvéw 'id.' (Arist. after πολεμέω). On the  Lacon. PN feipéva see Kretschmer Glotta 7 (1916): 332, Bechtel 1923: 155.

    *ETYM The many dialectal forms cannot be combined under one form, but must be  loans with incomplete adaptation (Leumann 1950: 277). The original anlaut is  perhaps, according to the hesitant suggestion of Wackernagel IF 25 (1909): 327', open  ip- in Ionic and elsewhere, which was first rendered in Attic by é-, later by eip-; the  Attic orthography became dominant. The occurrence of -ρήνη (also Att.) versus  -paiva was explained by Whitney Tucker TAPA 93 (1962): there was an early  dissimilation of *# to *é before ᾿ξ in one of the following syllables. This prevented  the so-called Attic Rtickverwandlung of *r@ to pa. No etymology; Pre-Greek origin  is very probable, principally because of the ending (cf. Ἀθήνη, Μυκήνη, etc.); thus  also Chantraine 1933: 206.

XXXXXεἴρομαι [v.] 'to ask' (IL). <1E *h,r(e)u- 'ask, inquire'>

    *VAR Also ἐρέομαι, ἐρέω (epic), subj. (with short vowel) épeiopev, imp. med. épeto  (from *épevo? Chantraine 1942: 297), aor. ἐρέσθαι (Od.), fut. εἰρήσομαι (Od., Ion.),  ἐρήσομαι (Att.). See Chantraine 1942: 394.

    *DIAL Myc. e-re-u-te-re /ereutéres/.

    *COMP With prefix: av-, δι-, ἐξ-, ἐπ-.

    *DER Agent noun épevtai 'ητηταί, inquirers,, name of the state exactors on Crete  (inscr.); secondary presents > ἐρεείνω, ▶︎ ἐρευνάω, ▶︎ ἐρωτάω.

    *ETYM The verbal noun épev-tat beside épeve: ἐρεύνα 'search (Aeol.) (H.) and the  subjunctive ἐρείομεν (A 62, from *épéf-o-pev) lead to the reconstruction épé(F)-w,

===Pag_439: Beekes_Página_0439.tiff===

athematic ἔρευ-μι. Therefore, εἴρομαι is derived from-zero grade épf-opat; for the aorist ἐρέσθαι, one also supposes "ἐρε-έσθαι (with Attic development): both of these are from IE h,ru-e-. The shifting accentuation (ἔρεσθαι beside ἐρέσθαι, but also én- ειρέσθαι) shows the uncertainty of the speakers regarding the function of the zero- grade forms. There are no direct cognates outside Greek. The form is perhaps seen in ON raun [f.] 'attempt, test', IE h,rou-neh,-; further, see ▶︎ Epevvaw and > ἐρεείνω.

XXXXXεἶρος [n.] 'wool' (Od.), also a plant name = γναφάλλιον 'cotton weed' (Ps.-Dsc.; on the name Strémberg 1940: 105) and name of a fever (Hp. apud Erot.; because of the temperature?, cf. Stromberg 1944: 74ff.).

    <IE *ueru-os- 'wool'>



    *DIAL Myc. we-we-si-je-ja /werwesieiai/ 'women who work the wool', from we-we-si-  jo(-) /werwesios/.

    *COMP As a first member e.g. in εἰρο-πόκος 'with woollen fleece', -κόμος 'preparing  wool (both IL). Asa second member in εὔ-ειρος (Ηρ. AP), Att. eb-epoc (with evep-ta [Pl. Com.]) 'with beautiful wool', ἔπ-ερος 'sheep' (Del? 644, 15, appr. 300%, Aeolic  Asia Minor); on the phonetics Schulze 1933a: 367f., Forster 1950: 41; on the second  member (for *ev- and ᾿"ἐπ-ειρής) see Sommer 1948: 112; on uncertain εὔειρας acc. pl. f. (S. Fr. 751, v. k.) Fraenkel 1910: 130.

    *DER εἴριον (epic Ion.), Att. Cret. ἔριον 'wool', ἔρι (Hell. poet) with artificial  abbreviation (Schwyzer: 584°); thence εἰρίνεος 'of wool', Att, etc. ἐρεοῦς, ἐρειοῦς (for  -tobc) 'id.', with cross ἐρεινοῦς (pap. V-VIP); épéa 'wool' (Hell; after aiyéa et al.;  Chantraine 1933: 91); on the derivations Schwyzer: 468.

    *ETYM Most interesting among the words compared with eipoc is Lat. vervéx, -écis  'wether', a derivation in k- of ueru- (see De Vaan 2008 s.v.). εἷρος ultimately  continues ᾿ξέρρος, a form now proven by Myc. we-we-. See further ▶︎ ἀρήν.

XXXXXεἶροψ ⟹ μέροψ.

XXXXXεἴρω 1 [v.] 'to string, attach' (Pi.).

    *VAR  Mostly present; aor. εἶραι, ἔρσαι (IA; cf. Schwyzer: 753), perf. med. pte. ἐερμένος, εἰρμένος (Ion., etc.), plpf. ἔερτο (Hom.), perf. act. δι-εῖρκα (X.).

    *COMP Mostly with prefix, especially συν-είρω 'connect'; also with év-, ἀν-, δι-, ἐξ-,  etc. (IA).

    *DER ἕρματα [pl] 'earrings' (Od.), 'sling' (Ael.), also καθέρματα (Anacr.); ἔνερσις  (éveipw) 'insertion, fitting' (Th. 1, 6), δίερσις 'sting through' (Hell.); from the present  εἰρμός 'connecting' (Arist; on the spiritus asper see below), συνειρμός (Demetr. Eloc. 180); with o-grade ▶︎ ὅρμος 'chain, collar', whence ὁρμιά, ὁρμαθός.

    *ETYM Beside the full grade yod-present εἴρω (as a simplex only in Pi. and Arist.),  Latin has a thematic present serd, and Arm. y-e7um 'to tie, link, string together',  which probably derives from *ser-s- or *ser-nu- (Martirosyan 2010 s.v.). This  etymology presupposes that eipw lost the spiritus asper; this can be understood from  the fact that the simplex is rare in comparison with ovv-eipw, etc. An aspirated efpw  is mentioned by EM 304, 30 (see Solmsen 1901: 2927); the verbal nouns may also have  the old aspiration. Further traces of the verbal root and nouns are found in Italic  (Osc. aserum 'asserere'), in Celtic (Olr. sern(a)id 'serit', a nasal present which

===Pag_440: Beekes_Página_0440.tiff=== XXXXXεἴρων 303 coincided with sern(a)id 'sternit'; see Thurneysen 1946: 133), and in OLith. séris 'thread'; further, ON servi [n.] 'collar' < PGm. sarwija-, which belongs to the old Gm. word for 'weapon, equipment', e.g. Go. sarwa [n.pl.] < PGm. sarwa-, IE *sor- uo-. ἔνερσις and Lat. insertié are due to parallel innovation.

XXXXXεἴρω 2 [v.] 'to say'. 41Ε uerh,- 'speak (solemnly)'> 'ΑΒ only 185. pres. (Od.) and 3sg. eipev as an aorist (B. 16, 20; 74), but εἴρετο (A 513), -ovto (A 342) rather mean 'asked' (cf. Chantraine 1942: 3415), εἴρεται (Arat.) for εἴρηται like sporadic Hell. etpexa for εἴρηκα (to ἐρρέθην), fut. epic Ion. ἐρέω, Att. ἐρῶ, perf. med. εἴρηται (Il; Arg. fefprpévoc, Cret. ξερημένος), with fut. pass. εἰρήσομαι (epic Jon. 1].), perfact. εἴρηκα (A. Ar.), aor. pass. ptc. ῥηθείς (Od.), eipéOnv (Hdt.), rather after εἴρηται (Lejeune 1972: 157) than from "ἐρρέθην (Schwyzer: 654); Att. ἐρρήθην, Hell. innovation ἐρρέθην, fut. ῥηθήσομαι (Att.). As an aorist, εἶπον is used, as a present, φημί, λέγω, Hell. also ἐρῶ (Schwyzer: 784*) with ipf. ἤρεον (el-) 'said' (Hp.).

    *COMP Often with prefix: mpo-, mpoo-, kat-, also av-, ἀπ-, δι-, ἐπ-, ovv-, ὑπ-ερῶ, etc.

    *DER Action nouns: ῥῆσις (LA φ 291), Arc. βρῆσις 'pronunciation, speech' (on the mg. Chantraine 1933: 283, further Holt 1941: 87f.), often to the prefixed verbs: ava-, ano-,  διά-, ἐπί-, κατά-, παρά-, mpd-, πρόσ-ρησις (cf. Holt, see index); ῥῆμα 'statement,  word, story' (Ion. Archil.), as a grammatical term 'predicate, verb', also ἀπό-, ἐπί-,  πρό-, πρόσ-ρημα; ῥήτρα, -ἡ (ξ 393, X., Dor.), El. fpatpa (Schwyzer: 679), Cypr. with  dissimilation fpryta (from where εὐρρητάσατυ) 'agreement, treaty, law,  pronunciation' (Chantraine 1933: 333), with ῥητρεύω 'pronounce' (Lyc.); on the  suffix -tpa- cf. ῥητήρ, ῥήτωρ. Agent nouns: ῥητήρ 'speaker' (I 443), ῥήτωρ 'speaker', especially 'orator' in state  affairs (γὰρ. Att.). Verbal adj. ῥητός 'agreed, settled' (D 445) < *urh,-to-; cf. Ammann 1956: 20, 'what  can be said' (A, S.), often opposed to dppntoc (e.g. Hes. Op. 4), ἀπό-, éni-, mpd-  ρρητος; παρα-ρριηχτός 'convincing' (Il; to παρά-φημι, -ειπεῖν). Adverb δια-ρρήδην  'expressly' (h. Merc., εἴς.; Schwyzer 1950: 450), ἐπι-ρρήδιην 'open' (Ηε|].), ῥήδην only  A. Ὁ. EM (from δια-ρρ.). Note the juridical and official mg. of many of the nouns (cf. the outer-Greek  cognates below); see Porzig 1942: 265f., Fournier 1946: 5ff., 94ff., 224}.

    *ETYM All forms derive from a disyllabic root *uerh,-, including (F)eipw < *uerh,-ie-  by Pinault's rule (loss of laryngeal in the sequence *CHiV), to which we may  compare the Hitt. yod-present yeriie/a-* 'to call, name, order'. Hitt. also has the  particle -wa(r)- that indicates direct speech, properly 'said (he)'; additionally, Ru. vrat', sg. vru 'to lie' (< *vero, *verati) has been connected. Among the nouns,  compare Av. uruudta- [n.] 'pronouncement, order', from IE *ureh,-to-? See also  ▶︎ εἴρων.

XXXXXεἴρων [m., f.] 'who suggests not to know what he does' (Ar., Arist.; cf. the description in Thphr. Char. 1,1). <?>

    *DER εἰρωνικός 'like an εἴρων᾽ (Pl; cf. Fournier 1946: 88); denominative εἰρωνεύομαι  [v.] 'simulate' (Att., Arist.) with εἰρωνεία 'irony' (Att. Hell; cf. Biichner Herm. 76

===Pag_441: Beekes_Página_0441.tiff===

(1941): 3396), εἰρωνεύματα [pl.] 'id' (Max. Tyr.), εἰρωνευτής = εἴρων (Timo) and εἰρωνευτικός (sch.); also eipwviCw 'id. (Philostr. VS 7, 1; v.l).

    *ETYM Substantivizing and individualizing fomation in τῶν (Chantraine 1933: 161; see  also Hoffmann MSS 6 (1955): 35ff.) from an unknown basis. Solmsen 1901: 263  connected the word with ▶︎ εἴρω 'say' as 'one who only says sth. (but does not mean  it)'; is it derived from the present? Taken by Prellwitz 1892 as 'one who asks', from  εἴρομαι 'ask'.

XXXXXεἰς [prep., adv.] 'towards' (epic IL, IA, Lesb.).

    *VAR Epic Ion. also ἐς < ἐνς (Cret., Arg.); details in Schwyzer 1950: 455f.

    *ETYM Exists beside ἐν as ἐξ beside ἐκ, and was perhaps formed based on this  opposition. Hence εἴσ-ω, ἔστω [adv.] 'towards' (Il.), with added -w (cf. ἄνω sv. ▶︎ ἀνά).

XXXXXεἷς [num.] 'one'.

    *VAR Dor. ἧς; fem. pia, ntr. ἔν, gen. ἑνός, μιᾶς, etc.

    *DIAL Myc. e-me dat. /"emei/.

    *ETYM The pre-form "ἔνς (still visible in Gort. ev[6] 5- < ἔνς 5-) derives from "ἔμ-ς,  IE *sem-s, beside which is a zero grade fem. ▶︎ μία < *sm-ih,. The gen. év-dc¢ replaced  *éu-dc after *évc, ἔν. An old numeral, found in Lat. sem-per 'in one stroke, ever' and  (though unclear in detail) in ToB se(me), A sas [m.], etc; in Gm., it probably occurs  in Go. sin-teins 'daily', etc, as well as in Arm. mi 'one' (generalized from the  feminine). An ablauting variant is ▶︎ ὁμός, ἀμός, ▶︎ ἅμα with derivatives; note further  ἴγγια: εἷς. Πάφιοι H., with a velar suffix as in Lat. singuli.

XXXXXἐίσκω >éolka.

XXXXXεἴσομαι 1 =oida.

XXXXXεἴσομαι 2 ''εἴδομαι.

XXXXXεἴσομαι 3 [vfut.] 'set oneself in movement, hurry'.

    *VAR Aor. (€)eioato. «comp Also with prefix: ém- 'hasten against', kata- 'hasten down', μετ- 'drive  inbetween' (Hom.).

    *ETYM Originally from (F)iepa, acc. to Bechtel 1914 s.v., so perhaps the word must be  understood as (F)ioopa, é(F)ioato, (F)ioato; the loss of the digamma facilitated the  (semantic) connection with εἶμι 'go' (Chantraine 1942: 293 and 412). See > tepat and  LIV? sv. *yeih, 'sein Augenmerk richten auf, trachten nach'. :    εἴσω

    *VAR ἔσω. = εἰς.

XXXXXεἶτα [adv,] 'then, thereupon'. <IE *h,e(i)- dem. pron}

    *VAR Ion. Mess. Boeot. eitev; also ἔπ- ιτα, Ion. Dor. é1t-e1Te(v).

    *ETYM From ▶︎ εἰ and an adverbial element -ta, -te(v); there are no direct parallels  outside Greek. Cf. Schwyzer: 629.

XXXXXεἴτε 'sive - sive, whether — or', etc. (IL). <1E *h,e(i)- dem. pron.>

    *VAR Dor. aite; often repeated εἴτε -- εἴτε.

===Pag_442: Beekes_Página_0442.tiff=== XXXXXἕκαστος 395

    *ETYM From ν εἰ (Dor. ai) and enclitic ▶︎ te < *k'e.

XXXXXεἴωθα [v.] 'to be used to, use' (Il.). 41Ε *sue d'eh,- 'character, custom'>

    *VAR ἔωθα (see Wissmann MSS 6 (1955): 124ff.), Lesb. εὔωθα, plpf. εἰώθειν, Ion. ἐώθεα.

    *ETYM Old intransitive perfect of state. The denominative ἐθίζω (from ▶︎ ἔθος)  functions as a transitive present with a complete inflexion (aor. ἐθίσαι, etc.); on  supposed intr. *8w, see ▶︎ ἔθων. H. offers the unclear glosses εὐέθωκεν' εἴωθεν (from  *806w?, Bechtel 1921, 1: 88; 369; from *effe8-), ἐθώκατι' εἰώθασιν; cf. Schwyzer: 775. The unexplained long vowel in *oé-cfw0-a, whence εἴωθα (with Grassmann's  dissimilation), etc. is also found in yé-ywv-a 'I can be heard', which is old, too. The  long vowel also appears in ▶︎ ἦθος beside ▶︎ ἔθος. Cognate verbs are unknown, but the  same univerbation of *sue 'self and *d'eh, 'to posit' is found in nominal formations:  Lat. soddlis 'member of a fraternity' and Skt. svadha- [f.] 'custom, peculiarity, εἰς.

XXXXXἐκ ek.

XXXXXἑκάεργος [adj.] epithet of Apollo (IL), also of Artemis (Ar. Th. 972 [lyr.]).

    *ETYM Interpreted by the ancients as 'protecting at distance' or 'working at distance'  (ἑκάς and eipyw or ἔργον), but the word rather means 'freely working': i.e., it is a  bahuvrihi compound of *éka < *péxa, an adverb in -ἅ (σάφα, etc.) of ▶︎ ἑκών, and  ἔργον. See Bechtel 1914 s.v., as well as Schwyzer: 439°. Cf. ▶︎ ἑκηβόλος. ἑκα- appears in    a few PNs, such ἃς Ἑκα-μήδη (Hom.) Ὧη4 Ἑκά-διος (Teos) (but Boeot. Fhexd-dap10¢,  together with Thess. rexé-Sapoc and Att. ▶︎ Ἀκάδημος is rather Pre-Greek).

XXXXXἑκάς [adv.] 'far, far away', both local and temporal (II.); βεκάς: μακράν 'far' (H.). 41Ε *sue-kns ὃν

    *COMP Compar. ἑκαστέρω, superl. ἑκαστάτω.

    *DER ἔκἄ-θεν 'from afar' (IL; cf. ἑκά-τερος), ἀφ-εκάς far off (Nic.).

    *ETYMCf. ἀνδρα-κάς 'man for man' (v 14); the word is from the reflexive/anaphoric  pronoun ▶︎ ἔ, é, so properly 'on itself? The same distributive suffix also occurs in  Sanskrit, eg. parva-Sds 'limb by limb', Sata-sds 'in hundreds, hundred by hundred'  (AV+); cf. Schwyzer: 630 and Klingenschmitt 1975. The word εκαδι [dat.] (Dura,  Hell.), name of an estate, is unclear; see Cumont RPh. 48 (1922): 104.

XXXXXἕκαστος [pron.] 'every one' (Il.).

    *VAR Fékactos (Gort., El, NWGr., Arc.).

    *DER Several adverbial derivatives: ἑκάστοτε 'every time' (IA), ἑκάστοθι 'in every  place' (y 8), ἑκασταχοῦ 'everywhere' and several formations with a suffix -x-, further  ἑκαστάκις 'on every occasion' (Corc.), etc.

    *ETYM The solution of Wackernagel KZ 29 (1888): 144ff. is probably correct (see also  Schwyzer: 630%): viz., that the word is from "ἑκάς τις 'every one for himself (cf. εἷς  τις 'unusquisque'). From *ékdc teo > ἑκάστου, *EKds τῳ > ἑκάστῳ, the other cases  (like ἕκαστος, etc.) were formed, along with the superlative in -totoc. When ἕκαστος  was analyzed as ἔκα-στος, this led to the creation of ἑκάτερος (IA), ξεκάτερος (Gort.,  Delph.) 'each of both' (based on ἅτερος, πότερος, etc.), with several adverbial  derivatives like ἑκατέρωθεν, -w6t, -woe (IA, etc.); note the form ἑκάτερθε(ν) 'on both

===Pag_443: Beekes_Página_0443.tiff===

sides' (Il.), based on ὕπερθεν, ἔνερθεν, etc., for metrically awkward ἑκατέρωθεν. See Schwyzer: 627f., Lejeune 1939: 223f., Mastrelli Stud. ital. fil. class. 27 (1956): 8, and Lazzeroni Ann. Pisa 2:25 (1956): 136ff.

XXXXXἙκάτη [f.] popular goddess originating from Anatolia (Hes. Th. 4uff.; h. Cer.), more specifically from Caria, and identified with Artemis (E. Supp. 676 [lyr.]); cf. Nilsson 1941: 722ff. < PGP

    *DER Ἑκαταῖος 'belonging to H.' (S., D.), also Ἑκατήσιος and Ἑκατικός 'id.' (late);

XXXXXἙκάταιον [n.] effigy of Hecate, which was put up in front of houses or on three- forked roads (Ar.), Ἑκατήσιον 'id? (Plu.), Ἑκατήσια [n.pl.] festival in Cos. Several Anatolian ΡΝ5: Ἑκαταῖος, Ἑκατήνωρ, Ἑκατᾶς, etc. (Bechtel 1917): 150f.).

    *ETYM Originally an epithet, assumed to have resulted from a cross of »ἑκατηβόλος  or ▶︎ ἑκηβόλος. However, I see no reason to assume that it had an initial digamma. More probably, of Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXἑκατηβελέτης [adj.] epithet of Apollo (A 75, Hes. Sc. 100, h. Ap. 157; always in gen. -έταο). < GRE

    *VAR After this ἑκατηβελέτις (Theol. Ar).

    *ETYM Either from the old full-grade aorist stem *g'elh,- of ▶︎ βάλλω, or (better) for  older "ἑκατη-βελής, with enlarging -τὴς as in αἰει-γενέτης, for "αἰει-γενής, etc. after  the example of cases like ἀκαλα-ρρερέ-της (> ἀκαλαρρείτης), veped-ryyepe-ta, etc;  cf. Schwyzer: 451f. The synonymous ἑκατη-βόλος, Dor. -a- (IL) is a compound with  βάλλω. The word ἑκατηβελέτιης was already compared with ἑκη-βόλος by the  ancients, and interpreted as 'hitting from afar' or as 'with a hundred shots'. Contrary  to the latter sense -- which was proposed by Wackernagel IF 45 (1926): 314ff., who  translated 'hitting hundreds' -- it must be objected that one would rather expect  éxatou- as a first member; cf. the old word ἑκατόμ-βη. The attractive connection  with ἑκη-βόλος suggests that ἑκατη-βελέτης, -βόλος are metrically lengthened  'Streckformen', perhaps adapted to ἑκατόν. The word ἑκατη-βόλος could be a cross  of ἑκη-βόλος and the Apollonian epithet Ἕκατος (IL); compare eg. Ἴφι-τος for Ἶφι-  κράτης, -κλῆς, etc. Acc. to von Wilamowitz 1931: 325, Ἕκατος, Ἑκάτη are from an  Anatolian language and adapted by the Greeks to ἑκατηβόλος, ἑκηβόλος; however,  éxd-epyos is certainly Greek. See further Schwyzer: 439° and Kretschmer Glotta 18  (1930): 235f.

XXXXXἑκατόμβη [f.] name of a large, official festive sacrifice (IL). <1 *dkmtom-g'u-eh,- 'sacrifice of hundred cows'>

    *DER Ἑκατόμβαια [n.pl.} (Delph., Arg.) with the month name Ἑκατομβαιών, -ὥνος  (Att, etc.), also Ἑκατομβεύς (Lacon.);"ExatopBatoc epithet of Zeus and Apollo (H.,  EM).

    *ETYM Collective bahuvrihi of ἑκατόν and the zero grade of βοῦς, gen. βο(ε)ός, with  a suffix -d- (Schwyzer: 450, Sommer 1948: 76); originally, "ἑκατόμ-βε-ἃ. A  counterpart is found in Indo-Iranian, eg. Skt. Sata-gu- 'possessing hundred cows',  possibly through *Sata-gv-a-, Sata-gv-in- 'id'; counterparts with a thematic vowel are  the PNs DdSa-gv-a-, Ndva-gv-a- 'having ten (nine) cows'. The word is traditionally  explained as the 'sacrifice of a hundred cows'; cf. Oettinger 2008b. Differently,

===Pag_444: Beekes_Página_0444.tiff=== XXXXXἐκεχειρία 397 Thieme 1952: 62ff., who translates it as 'winning a hundred cows' (scil. δαίς). On the form, see Wackernagel IF 45 (1926): 319. After ἑκατόμβη was built the late (Jul.) χιλιόμβη.

XXXXXἑκατόν [num.] 'hundred'.

    *VAR Arc. EKOTOV.

    *COMP As a first member in many compounds, like ἑκατόμ-πεδος 'measuring one  hundred feet' (¥ 164; see Sommer 1948: 28ff.); also éxatovta- (after -Kovta-), e.g. éxatovta-étng 'one hundred years old' (Pi.).

    *DER ἑκατοστός 'the hundredth' (IA) with ἑκατοστύς 'the hundred' (X.); ἑκατοστή  [f.] 'contribution of one percent' with ἑκατοστ-ήριος, -npia, -tatoc, -ebw (Att.).

    *ETYM Based on the comparison with Skt. fatdm, Av. satam, ToB kante, Lat. centum,  Olr. cét, Go. hund, Lith. sivttas, and OCS soto, we arrive at IE *kmtém. It is likely,  however, that this had an initial *d- because of the relationship with *dekm, etc. 'ten'  (see ▶︎ δέκα), so properly *dkmtém. This *d- was a preglottalized stop (*d-), which  was reflected as e- in Gr. ἑκατόν (on Arc. ἑκοτόν, see Schwyzer: 88, 344); see  Kortlandt MSS 42 (1983): 97-104. The aspiration was then taken from év 'one' (see  > ἕβδομήκοντα).

XXXXXἐκεῖ [adv.] (over) there, to there' (Hdt.). <1E *(h,)e-ke(i)- 'there'>

    *VAR ket (Archil., Herod.), κῆ (Sapph.), an old instrumental. From there (ἐλκεῖθι,  κῆθι 'id.', (ἐγκεῖθεν 'from there', (ἐλκεῖσε 'to there'.

    *ETYM Ending as in πεῖ, πῆ 'where?', τεῖ-δε, τῆ-δε 'here', etc. (Schwyzer: 549f.) and,  like these, probably an old locative/instrumental. The basis is a deictic particle, IE  *ke, *ki, seen e.g. in Lat. ce-do, hi-c, ci-s and with pronominal function in Hitt. ki  'this', Lith. Ss 'this', etc. (see also ▶︎ τήμερον); the 3rd person deixis must then be a  Greek innovation (cf. ▶︎ ἐκεῖνος). The initial é- (cf. ἐ-κεῖνος, é-x8éc) is an inherited  demonstrative particle, as well: Oskc. e-tanto 'tanta', Ru. é-tot 'this', Skt. a-sdu 'that'  (see ▶︎ οὗτος).

XXXXXἐκεῖνος [dem. pron.] 'that one (over there), ille' (Il.), on the use Schwyzer 1950: 208f. «1Ε *h,eno- 'that'>

    *VAR Also κεῖνος (Il.), κῆνος (Aeol., Dor.; Dor. also τῆνος); with added deictic pcl. éxetvoo-{ (Att.).

    *DER ἐκείνως, -νῃ; κήνο-θεν (Alc.), τηνῶθε(ν) (Dor.) ᾿ἐκεῖθεν᾽, material adjective  ἐκείν-ινος 'from that material' (Arist.).

    *ETYM The formation consists of several demonstrative elements: *é-xe-evoc (or *é-  κεῖ-ενος, acc. to Ruijgh Lingua 28 (1971): 169); the last element *h,eno- also occurs in  the frozen form ▶︎ évn 'the third day', OCS ono 'that', the Hitt. demonstr. pron. asi-,,  uni-, and Lat. enim 'for' (De Vaan 2008 s.v.). On ἐ-κε-, see ▶︎ ἐκει.

XXXXXἐκεχειρία [f.] 'truce, festive time' (Th., Att. inscr., etc.).

    *VAR Dor. éxeynpia.

    *DER Hence ἐκεχειρο-φόρος 'who transfers an ἐκεχειρία, mediator' (Max. Tyr., Poll.). Backformation (cf. ▶︎ βίβλος) ἐκέχειρον, -xnpov [n.] 'travel permit when transferring

===Pag_445: Beekes_Página_0445.tiff===

a truce' (Hell.), also ἐκεχείριον (Hell.); also év-exéxeipov, -χηρον 'id.' (Hell.); and μετ-εκέχηρον 'period between two festive times' (Olympia 24°).

    *ETYM From ἔχειν χεῖρας, with the suffix -ia (cf. Schwyzer: 441; on the dissimilation,  261). Cf. Sommer 1948: 118f.

XXXXXἑκηβόλος [adj.] epithet of Apollo (I1.), later also of Artemis (S.), again later of objects. IE *uek- 'wish, want'>

    *VAR Boeot. ξεκαβόλος.

    *DER ékn Bodin, -a (E 54 in plurs Call, Str.) and denominative ἑκηβολέω (Max. Tyr.). Also ἐκηβελέτης 'id' (Orph. Fr. 297, 11; cf. ἑκατηβελέτηςλ.

    *ETYM Metrical lengthening for *éxa-Bodoc, taken with ἑκάς in antiquity and  interpreted as 'shooting/striking from afar' (thus Belardi Doxa 3 (1950): 203f.). It is  rather from ἑκών, as 'striking at will (see ▶︎ ἑκάεργος); ἑκηβολίη means 'accuracy,  precision', but was probably already taken as 'shots from afar' by the poet of E 54  (Triimpy 1950: 114; see also Porzig 1942: 204 and 210).

XXXXXἔκηλος [adj.] 'untroubled, at one's ease, quietly'. <1 *uek- 'wish, want'>

    *VAR Dor. ἔκαλος.

    *DER Also εὔκηλος, εὔκᾶλος (IL). From it éxnAia- φιλοτησία 'of friendship', εὐκαλία"  ἡσυχία 'quietness', εὐκαλεῖ' ἀτρεμίζει 'keeps quiet' (H.).

    *ETYM Uncertain. The word is best taken, as per Buttmann 182571: 141, as *PékGAoc (=  γέκαλον: ἥσυχον H.; on the digamma, see Chantraine 1942: 129f.), from *féxa in  ▶︎ ἑκάεργος, etc., with suffixal -ἅλος, -ηλος (Chantraine 1933: 241f., Schwyzer: 484). Thus, it would properly mean 'at will'. εὔκηλος was formed after the numerous  compounds with ev-; ▶︎ δύσκηλος was modelled after it. The semantically attractive  connection with Skt ticyati 'to find pleasure, be used to', dékas- [n.] 'abode,  residence', etc. would be fine for εὔκηλος (root *h,euk- 'get used to', see LIV'), but  does not explain the form ἔκηλος.

XXXXXἔκητι [adv.] 'by the will of, for the sake of (Od.). <1 *uek- 'wish, want'>

    *VAR  Also ἔκᾶτι.

    *COMP ἀέκητι 'against the will (Hom.).

    *ETYM Related to éxa-, ἑκών and ἀέκων, but the formation is unclear. See Leumann  1950: 251ff., who states that it was created after (θεῶν) ἰότητι for (θεῶν) ἀεκόντων.

XXXXXἔκπαγλος [adj.] 'terrible, surprising, tremendous' (II.). «GRE

    *DER ἐκπαγλέομαι 'be surprised' (Hdt., trag.).

    *ETYM Both ἔκπαγλος and ἐκπλαγότητα- ἐξαισιότητα (H.) are usually derived from  *éxmtday-Aoc, related to ἐκπλαγ-ῆναι 'frighten' with dissimilatory loss of the first 4;  this is quite possible.

XXXXXἐκποδών [adv.] 'out of the way, away, far' (IA).

    *ETYM From ἐκ ποδῶν with a shift of accent (Schwyzer: 389 and 625). Cf. ▶︎ ἐμποδών.

XXXXXἑκτικός [adj.] 'regarding the ἔξις, 1.6. the situation, the state of the body, regarding the state, usual, skillful (Hell.); also name of a continuing (literally 'hectical') fever (medic, cf. Strémberg 1944: 85f.).

===Pag_446: Beekes_Página_0446.tiff=== XXXXXἐκ-φλυνδάνω 399

    *DER ἑκτικεύομαι 'suffer from ἑκτικός (nupetdcy (Alex. Trall.).

    *ETYM From ἕξις, related to ▶︎ ἔχω.

XXXXXἐκτός [adv.] and [prep.] 'outside, far from' (IL). <1E *h,eg'-s 'out'>

    *VAR ἐχθός (Locr., Delph.), [ἐϊκθός (Arg.).

    *DER ἔκτο-θι 'id.' (IL), Exto-Bev (Od.), Extoo-Be(v) (I.) 'from outside', ἔκτο-σε (10)  outside' (ξ 277); ἐχθο-δαπός 'foreign, inimical' (Pergam. ΠΡ, after ἀλλο-δαπός;  associated with ἔχθος, éxOpdc?), ἐχθόσ-δικος δίκα 'trial against a foreigner' (Arc. IIE;  cf. Schwyzer 1950: 538); ἔχθοι 'outside' (Epid,; after οἴκοι, etc.), ἔχθω = ἔξω (Delph.). ἐκτό-της, -ητος [f.] 'absence, being far away' (Gal.).

    *ETYM From ἐκ, shaped after év-tdc; ἐχθός derives from *éxo-tdc. See Schwyzer: 326  and 630 and Lejeune 1939 (see index). Cf. ▶︎ ἐξ and ▶︎ ἐχθρός.

XXXXX'Extwp, -ορος [m.] son of Priamos and Hekabe, the greatest hero of the Trojans (1].).

    <IE *seg"- 'hold'>



    *DER Ἑκτόρεος 'regarding Hektor' (Il.), perhaps Aeolic for -pioc (see e.g. Wathelet  1970: 159}. Patronymic Ἑκτορίδης = Astyanax (IL).

    *ETYM Derived from the root of ▶︎ ἔχω, and identical with the agent noun ἔκτωρ (see  on »ἔχωλ. The root originally meant 'to overpower, keep in check', thence 'to hold'  in Greek.

XXXXXἑκυρός [m.] 'father of the husband, father-in-law' (IL).

    *DER ἑκυρά, -ἤ 'mother of the husband, mother-in-law' (1].). Denominative Boeot. ἑκουρεύω 'be father-in-law' (Corinn.).

    *ETYM Old kinship term, preserved in many languages: Skt. Svdsura- (assimilated  from *svas-), YAv. x"asura-, Lat. socer, OHG swehur, Lith. sésuras (assimilated from  *seS-), all of which are from IE *suékuro-; the original anlaut can still be seen in the  meter: φίλε (Fh)éxvpé Γ 172 (cf. Schwyzer: 304 and Chantraine 1942: 146). The  oxytonesis must be a Greek innovation (after ἑκυρά; cf. also mevOepdc). To ἑκυρά  corresponds Arm. skesur (< *kuekurd- with assimilation from *suek-), with the ἄ-  stem replacing an older #-stem; cf. Skt. fvasri-, MoP xusri, Lat. socrus, MW chwegr,  OHG swigar, OCS svekry, and IE *suekruH- [f.]. Another innovation is Go. swaihro  = ON svera (6n-stem), whence the new msc. Go. swaihra. In other languages, as  well, the word for 'father-in-law' is sometimes derived from that for 'mother-in-law':  thus clearly in Arm. skesr-ayr, lit. 'husband of the mother-in-law', MW chwegr-wn,  MoHG Schwiegervater from Schwieger(mutter); and probably in OCS svekrs. This  explains the oxytonesis in ἑκυρός. The word probably contains the reflexive *sue (cf. ▶︎ ἀέλιοι); however, the ending is obscure. On ὑκερός, -4 with vowel metathesis  (Lydia), see Schulze KZ 52 (1924): 152.

XXXXXἐκ-φλῆναι [v.aor.] 'bubble forward' (E. Fr. 470). <1E?? *b"leu- 'flow'>

    *ETYM Cf. the opposite ἀπο-σκλῆναι 'dry up', related to ▶︎ oxéAAw; further forms are  unknown. The word has been connected with ▶︎ φλέω, ▶︎ φλύω 1. See also ▶︎ φελλός,  φληνύω s.v. ▶︎ φληναφάω and ▶︎ ἐκ-φλυνδάνω.

XXXXXἐκ-φλυνδάνω [v.] 'to break out, burst up' (Hp.). 'φλύω 1.

===Pag_447: Beekes_Página_0447.tiff===

XXXXXἑκών [ptc.] 'deliberate(ly)'.

    *VAR Cret., Locr. fexwv; fem. ἑκοῦσα (Cyren. IV* éxacoa, Cret. fexa0<O>a in  γεκαθά: ἑκοῦσα 'willing' H.), ntr. éxév; opposite ἀέκων, Att. ἄκων, ἀέκουσα, ἄκουσα  (Dor. ἀέκασσα in <dé>Kacoa: ἄκουσα H.), ἀέκον, dxov 'involuntary, unwittingly'  (..

    *DER ἑκούσιος [adj.] 'voluntary' (IA) with ἑκουσιότης (late), ἑκουσιάζομαι '(be)  sacrifice(d) voluntarily' with ἑκουσιασμός 'voluntary sacrifice' (LXX); ἀεκούσιος,  ἀκούσιος 'unvoluntary, reluctant, forced' (IA); éxovt-i, -ν, -ηδόν 'voluntarily'  (post-classical), ἑκοντής [m.] 'volunteer' (Epict.), like ἐθελοντής; Denominative ἀεκαζόμενος [ptc.] (Od., h. Cer.), after ἀναγκαζόμενος (Wackernagel IF 45 (1926):  314').

    *ETYM Old participle (cf. Wackernagel 1920-192.4(1): 283 and 286), identical with Skt. us-dnt-, fem. us-at-i (cf. Cyren. ἑκασσα < *feKx-yt-1a) except for the root vocalism  (on the spiritus asper, see Schwyzer: 227). The Greek full grade must originate from  the lost indicative *féx-tu = Hitt. wekmi, Skt. vdsmi 'want, desire'. The origin of éxa-  (*uek-nt-?) is unclear. Cf. ▶︎ ἑκάεργος and ▶︎ ἔκητι.

XXXXXἐλαία [f.] 'the olive (tree)' (Od.), rare ἔλαιος [m.] '(wild) olive' (Pi. Fr. 46, 5. Tr. 1197). <PGPr

    *VAR Att. also ἐλᾶα, Ion. ἐλαίη; Cypr. ἔλαιρον (Kadmos 3, 1965, 148).

    *DIAL Myc. e-ra-wa, -wo /elaiwa/, /-won/.

    *COMP Many compounds, especially since Hellenistic times. As a first member  ἐλαιο- does not only refer to ἔλαιον, but also to ἐλαία, e.g. ἐλαιότφυτος 'planted with  olives' (A.). As a second member in bahuvrihis like ἄν-ελαιος 'without oil (olives)'  (Thphr., Str.); in determinative compounds like ἀγρι-έλαιος = ἄγριος ἔλαιος  (Thphr., etc.), χαμ-ελαία 'Daphne oleoides' (Nic.), cf. Risch IF 59 (4949): 257,  Strémberg 1940: 110; γλυκ-έλαιον 'sweet oil', ὑδρ-έλαιον 'water-oil', ie. 'oil mixed  with water' (late).

    *DER ἔλαιον [n.]} 'olive oil, oil in general' (IL); on the pair ἐλαία (-ος) : ἔλαιον  (distinguishing the tree from the product), see Wackernagel 1920-1924(2): 17,  Schwyzer 1950: 30. Substantives: ἐλᾶϊς [f.], ἐλᾷδας [acc.pl.] 'olive trees' (Att; see  Chantraine 1933: 344), diminutive ἐλάδιον (-idtov) 'small olive tree', also (from  ἔλαιον) 'a little oil' (Com., pap.); ἐλαιών, -ὥνος [m.] 'thicket of olives' (LXX, pap.),  'the olive mountain' (NT, J.), diminutive ἐλαιωνίδιον (pap.); ἐλαιεύς 'id.' (Chalkis;  see Bofhardt 1942: 21f.). Adjective ἐλαίϊνος, ἐλᾶϊνος 'of olive wood, belonging to the  olive' (II.), 'of olive oil' (Orph. L. 717); -ίνεος 'of olive wood' (1 320 and 394; metrically  convenient contamination of -tvog and -eoc, Risch 1937: 122, 5, Schmid 1950: 38);  ἐλαϊκός 'of olive' (Aristeas, pap.); ἐλαιηρός 'regarding oil' (Hp., Pl. pap; see  Chantraine 1933: 232); ἐλαιώδης 'oily (Hp., Arist.); ἐλαιήεις 'belonging to the olive'  (S.5 on the formation Schwyzer: 527). Denominative verbs: ἐλαΐζω 'to cultivate olives'  with ἐλαιστήρ, -τής 'collector of olives' (Poll) and ἐλαιστήριον 'olive press' (Mylasa);  ἐλαιόομαι 'to be oiled' (Arist.) with ἐλαίωσις (Zos. Alch.).

    *ETYM Lat. oliva, which was borrowed from Greek, proves a basic form *éAaifa, with  ἔλαιρον (which is now found in Cypriot) corresponding to Lat. oleum. All other

===Pag_448: Beekes_Página_0448.tiff=== XXXXXἐλαύνω 401 European forms derive from Latin (see WH 2, 205f.). The word is no doubt Pre- Greek. Arm. ewt 'oil' may derive from the same source.

XXXXXἐλαίαγνος [m.] name of a shrub, Salix Capra (Thphr. HP 4, 10, 1; 2; Boeot.).

    *VAR Also éAé- (H.).

    *ETYM Perhaps a determinative compound from »éAaia and »ἄγνος; cf. Bechtel  1921, 1: 305 and Strémberg 1937: 72.

XXXXXἑλάνη [f.] 'torch from reed, reed bundle' (Hell.). < PG(S,v)>

    *DER Also ἑλένη: λαμπάς, Seth 'torch, reed' (H.), also a twisted basket containing the  sacred utensils for a festival of Artemis Brauronia, the so-called Ἑλενηφόρια (Poll.);  to this ἑλένιος: ἀγγεῖον χωροῦν τέταρτον 'vessel containing a quarter' (H.).

    *ETYM The plant name é\éwov is uncertain; see ▶︎ 'EAévn. For the instrument suffix  -avn, cf. σκαπάνη, πλεκτάνη, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 199). Since -€vn is very rare (only  in ὠλένη and Aeol. pepeva), assimilation from ἑλάνη was assumed (Schwyzer: 255f.). Because of the meaning 'reed-bundle, twisted basket', ἑλάνη, -évn is usually related  to »eihgw 'turn, wind', which can also account for the meaning 'torch' (cf. δεταί  'λαμπάδες, Spdypata'). Nevertheless, this etymology must be wrong, as ἑλάνη is  most probably a Pre-Greek word (suffix -av-, variation a/e, meaning).

XXXXXἔλανος [m.] - ἰκτῖνος 'kite' (H.).

    *ETYM Unknown. It is hardly related to ἐλαύνω, thus probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXἐλάργει [v.] - ἔλαβεν, Emdpnoev, καθεῖλεν 'took, destroyed, reduced' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Acc. to von Blumenthal 1930: 35, the word is a denominative of *Aapydc = Lat. largus (2). Unknown.

XXXXXἐλασᾶς [m.] 'chaser', name of an unknown bird (Ar. Av. 886). < PG?>

    *VAR Accus. -a.

    *ETYM Acc. to W. Petersen Class. Phil. 32 (1937): 129, the word is a formation in -ἂς  from ἐλάσαι, just as τρεσᾶς, χεσᾶς; it is hardly from "ἔλα-σος (Solmsen 1909: 245,  Fraenkel 1912: 15f., Schwyzer: 461). Possibly Pre-Greek. DELG thinks that the word  was coined by Aristophanes. See ▶︎ ἐλέα.

XXXXXἐλάτη 1 [f.] 'pine, fir', metonymical 'rudder, ship', etc. (11... <?>

    *DER ἐλάτινός (metrical lengthening εἰλ-) 'made of fir' (IL), ἐλατηΐς [adj., f) 'like fir  (Nic, on the formation Chantraine 1933: 345f.).

    *ETYM No certain etymology. If we reconstruct *h,yteh,, ἐλάτη might be connected  with OHG linta 'linden', Lith. lenta 'board, plank', Lat. lentus 'pliant, flexible', etc. (cf. De Vaan 2008: 335).

XXXXXἐλάτη 2 [f.] 'the fruit enclosed by the spathe of the palm' (Dsc. 1, 109, 5). «?»

    *ETYM Etymology unknown. See DELG, Supp. éXativn 'cankerwort, Linaria spuria' (Dsc. 4, 40). <?>

    *ETYM Etymology unknown.

XXXXXἐλαύνω [v.] 'to drive, push, forge (metal)', intr. 'to drive, ride' (on the mg. in the Epic see Triimpy 1950: 95f., 115f:).

    <IE *h,elh,- 'drive, move'>

===Pag_449: Beekes_Página_0449.tiff===

    *VAR Also ἐλάω in ἐλάᾶν [inf.], ἐλάων [ptc.]; impf. ἔλων (Hom.), ipv. ἔλα (Pi.),  ἐλάτω, -dvtw, -άσθω (Dor. inscr.), etc. (further Schwyzer: 681f.); aor. €Ado(o)at,  -ασθαι, fut. ἐλάω, perf. med. ἐλήλαμαι (II.), -ασμαι (Hp. etc.), act. ἐλήλακα (Hdt.),  aor. pass. ἐλα(σ)θῆναι (Hdt.).

    *COMP Often with prefix: ἀπ-, 51-, eio-, 2&, én-, περι-, Tpo0-, etc.

    *DER Action nouns: ἔλασις 'march (of an army), ride, expulsion, etc.' (IA), often to  the prefixed verbs: δι-, ἐξ-, ἐπ-, περι-έλασις, etc; rare ἐλασία 'ride, march' (X.) with  am-, ἐξ-, ἐπ-ελασία (Hell.), after Bo-nAacia, etc. (from Bo-nAatéw, -άτης), cf. Schwyzer: 468f., Chantraine 1933: 83f; ἔλασμα 'chased metal, tin, (medic.) probe'  (Ph. Bel. Gal.) with ἐλασμάτιον (Delos II*, Dsc.); ἐλασμός = ἔλασμα, ἔλασις  (Aristeas); ἔλατρον 'flat cake' (Milete V*), cf. ἐλατήρ. Agent nouns: ἐλατήρ 'driver'  CL) with ἐλατήριος 'driving off (A. Ch. 968 [lyr.]), normally 'carrying away,  purging', ntr. 'purgative (Hp; see Andre Les ét. class. 24, 41); ἐλατήρ 'flat cake'  (Com.); ἐλάτης 'driver' (E. Fr. 773, 28 [lyr.]) from βοηλάτης (with BonAatéw, -σία,  see above), ἱππηλάτης, Fraenkel 1912: 31{; ἐλάστωρ 'id' (App. Anth. 3, 175); ἐλαστής  'id' (EM); ἐλατρεύς: ὁ τρίτην πύρωσιν ἔχων τοῦ σιδήρου παρὰ τοῖς μεταλλεῦσιν  'thrice-forged iron' (H.); see BoShardt 1942: 82f; also as a PN (θ 111); see BoShardt  1942: 120. Verbal adjective: ἐλατός 'malleable, beaten' (Arist.), ἐξτήλατος 'beaten' (M  295; several compounds like ἱππ-ήλατος, θε-ήλατος (IA); ἐλαστός 'id.' (pap.). Desiderative ἐλασείω (Luc.), iterative pret. ἐλάσασκεν (B 199). Cf. also ▶︎ ἐλασᾶς and  "»Ελάστερος.

    *ETYM The verbal root is ἐλᾶἄ- < *h,elh,-; ἐλαύνω derives from a verbal noun *éAa-  fap, &\a-vv-oc¢ (related to ἐλά-ω like *dAe-fap, ἀλέ-(ξΕ)λατα to ▶︎ λέω; sv.). A  secondary formation is ἐλαστρέω (see ▶︎ Ἐλάστερος). There are no certain cognates;  connection with Arm. efanim 'to become' is improbable, whereas Arm. elanem 'to go  out, go up' belongs to the verbs in -anem = Gr. -4vw. The Celtic nd-present Olr. ad-  ellaim 'to go to, visit' could belong to ▶︎ πίλναμαι. Other Celtic forms point to *(p)el-.

XXXXXἔλαφος [m., f.] 'deer, deer cow' (II.). «1ὸΟ *h,el-en- 'deer>

    *COMP Note ἐλαφη-βόλος (with rhythmically preferable -n- for -o-, Schwyzer 438f.)  'killing deer' (2 319, etc.) with ἐλαφηβολία 'deer hunt' (S.), ἐλαφηβόλια (sc. ἱερά)  [n.pl.] name of a festival for Artemis (Phocis), whence the month name  Ἑλαφηβολιών (treaty in Th. 4, 118). As a second member in determinative  compounds like τραγ-έλαφος 'buck deer' (Ar, Pl; cf. Risch IF 59 (1949): 56), also  inn-, ὀν-, ταυρ-έλαφος (Arist.).

    *DER Diminutive ἐλάφιον (Ar. Th. 1172), ἐλαφίνης 'young deer, deer calf (Aq., H.;  see Chantraine 1933: 203); ἐλαφῆ 'deerskin' (Poll.); ἐλαφίαι: οἱ τῶν ἐλάφων  ἀστράγαλοι 'the neck vertebrae of the deer' (H.); ἐλαφίς name of a water bird  (Dionys. Av. 2, 11); see Thompson 1895 s.v.; ἐλάφειος 'of a deer' (X., Arist.); ἐλάφειον  and ἐλαφικόν as plant names (Ps.-Dsc.), see Stromberg 1940: 118, Stroémberg 1944: 50. On Elaphe as a name ofa kind of snake and on MoGr. dialectal forms λαφιάτης, etc. see Georgacas 1956: 119f., 1241.

    *ETYM The by-form ἐλλός 'deer-calf (τ 228, Ant. Lib. 28, 3), which (with Aeolic  development?) may stand for *é\-vog (Lejeune 1972: 153, Schwyzer: 284), can be  connected with a widespread name for 'deer': Arm. etn, gen. etin, Lith. élnis, OCS

===Pag_450: Beekes_Página_0450.tiff=== XXXXXἐλάω 403 jelenv, MW elain, the Gaulish month name Elembiu (:- Ἐλαφηβολιώνξ), ToA yal, ToB yal 'gazelle'. Note also ἔνελος: νεβρός (H.) (if metathesized from elen-); the n-stem is probably also in ἔλαφος < h,ely-b*o- (cf. Skt. vfsan- : vrsa-b'd- and see Schwyzer: 495 and Chantraine 1933: 263).

XXXXXἐλαφρός [adj.] 'light, nimble, quick, small (Il.).

    <IE *h,leng'*-ro- 'light (of weight,  movement)'>



    *COMP As a first member in ἐλαφρο-τοκία 'low rate of interest' (Pergamon 115).

    *DER ἐλαφρότης 'lightness, speed' (PL, Plu.); ἐλαφρία 'lightness' (NT); Ἐλάφριος  (μήν) month name (Cnidos); denominative verbs: ἐλαφρίζω 'enlighten, lessen', intr. 'be quick' (Archil, E.); ἐλαφρύνω 'enlighten' (late; after βαρύνω; Debrunner IF 21  (1907): 84); ἐλαφροῦται H. as an explanation of ἀλεγύνεται.

    *ETYM Identical with a Gm. word: OHG lungar, OS lungor 'quick', OE lungre [adv.]  'quickly, soon' < IE *h,/ng'"-ro-. The root is also found in Skt. r@rahdna- < *hle-  hlng*"- (Garcia Ramon Sprache 34 (1988-90): 30); see further ▶︎ ἐλαχύς. Krahe 1955:  94 connects the Illyrian HN Lambros (Upper Italy) = ἐλαφρός.

XXXXXἐλαχύς [adj.] 'small' (Call. Hec. 3 K.). «1 *hilng'-u- 'light, quick'> ΑΚ ἐλάχεια ΠΑΡ. 197 (on the accent Wackernagel Gétt. Nachr. 1914: usf., Schwyzer: 379; ι 116, Κ 509 as a v.l. to λάχεια; cf. Leumann 1950: 54), ἐλαχύ (AP); msc. also ἔλαχος (Call., see Leumann 1950: 54).

    *COMP As a first member in ἐλαχυ-πτέρυξ, [ἐλα]χύ-νωτος (Pi.).

    *DER Grades of comparison: ἐλᾶσσων, -ttwv [compar.] (Il.), ἐλάχιστος [superl.]  (IA). From ἐλάσσων, -ttwv (Schwyzer: 731f.): denominative ἐλασσόομαι, -ττόομαι  'to become smaller, be inferior, be damaged' (IA), -6w 'to diminish, damage' (Lys.,  Isoc.) with ἐλάττωσις 'diminution, disadvantage, want, loss' (Antipho Soph, Pl. Def,  Arist.) and ἐλαττωτικός 'not insisting on his rights, diminishing' (Arist.), ἐλάσσωμα,  -ττωμα 'id? (D.). From ἔλασσον-, -ttov- : ἐλαττον-άκις 'less often' (PI, Arist., after  πλεον-άκις), ἐλαττον-ότης 'be inferior' (lamb.; beside μειζον-ότης); ἐλασσον-έω,  -ttovéw 'have or give less, to be defective' (LXX, pap.), 2Aattov-6w 'diminish'  (LXX). From ἐλάχιστος: ἐλαχιστ-άκις 'very rarely' (Hp.), ἐλαχιστ-ιαῖος 'of smallest  size, infinitesimal' (Diog. Oen. 2).

    *ETYM Old adjective, identical with Skt. laghu-, raghti- 'quick, light, small', YAv. rauui- [f.] 'agile, fast, quick' (< *rayyi-), all of which are from an IE zero grade  *hIng"41-. The full grade of the root *h,leng'" is found in Av. ranjiid [compar.], in  Lith. léngvas, in Go. leihts 'light, easy' (if it derives from PGm. *Jinxta- [IE *h,leng'"-  to-]), and in ToB Jank.,tse 'light'. A form without the nasal and with short e is Lat. levis light, small, quick'; with problematic root vacalism, OCS lngo-ke 'light'; with a-  vowel, Celt, e.g. Olr. Iaigiu 'smaller, worse' [compar.] < ΡΟ]. *lag-ids. There is no  uniform explanation for all these forms, although it seems that the nasalless root is  the oldest (cf. De Vaan 2008). We then have to assume that the forms with nasal  were influenced by the old nasal present seen in Skt. rdmhate 'hastens', Olr. -ling 'to  leap'. In Greek, the long vowel in ἐλάσσων is secondary; see Schwyzer: 538 and Seiler  1950: 43f.

XXXXXἐλάω = ἐλαύνω.

===Pag_451: Beekes_Página_0451.tiff===

XXXXXἔλδομαι = ἐέλδομαι.

XXXXXἐλέα [f.] kind of singing bird, perhaps 'reed warbler, Salicaria arundinacea' (Arist. HA 616b 13). See Thompson 1895 s.v.

    *VAR ἔλεια (Call. Fr. 100c 14), ἐλεᾶς [m.] (Ar. Av. 302; on the formation Schwyzer:  461, Chantraine 1933: 31); also ἔλαιος [m.] (Alex. Mynd. apud Ath. 2, 65b).

    *ETYM Formation and origin unclear. Compared with the Italo-Celtic name of the  swan, Lat. olor, Olr. elae, as well as MoSw. al()a, al-fdgel 'Fuligula glacialis' (Lidén  Arkiv f. nord. Fil. 13 (1897): 30f.). Other European words for 'swan' have also been  adduced, such as Ru. /ébed' and OHG albiz, of which the analysis is unclear. If the  latter really contained an element *al-, one may assume European substrate origin  (acc. to De Vaan 2008 sv. olor). However, the word is probably Pre-Greek (note e/  ει! at).

XXXXXἐλέατρος = ἐλεόν.

XXXXXἐλεγαίνειν [v.] = παραφρονεῖν, ἀσελγαίνειν, ἀκολασταίνειν 'to be beside oneself, behave licentiously, be licentious', EM 152, 51; 327, 6.

    *ETYM Reminiscent of λέγαι, an attribute of γυναῖκες (Archil. 179), which was  connected with λάγνος by Solmsen 1901: 11. The word was subject to folk-  etymological influence by ἔλεγος; cf. EM 327, 6: kai τὸ ἐλεγεῖον μέτρον and τούτου  κληθῆναι τινὲς νομίζουσιν 'the elegiac meter was also named after this, according to  some', but this is a mere guess. The word is probably Pre-Greek because of the  prothetic vowel (Fur.: 376).

XXXXXἔλεγος [m.] 'mourning song (accompanied by flute) (E., Ar.).

    *COMP Compounds ἰαμβ-ἕλεγος and éAey-lauBoc, names of verses (gramm.); see  Risch IF 59 (1949): 284f.

    *DER ἐλεγεῖον a verse, 'distichon', and a poem following this scheme; poetical  'inscription' (Att, etc.) with ἐλεγειο-ποιός, -γράφος (Arist.); diminutives  ἐλεγ(ελίδιον and ἐλεγ(ε)ιδάριον (late); adj. ἐλεγειακός (Ὁ. H., Ath.); also ἐλεγεία  (Str., Plu.) and, as an adjective, ἐλεγεῖον (δίστιχον, Ael.); also a fish, ἐλεγῖνος (Arist. HA 610b 6), named after its sound? See Stromberg 1943: 74.

    *ETYM Anatolian (Phrygian?) origin was considered by Hommel RhM 88 (1939): 194. Incorrectly, Theander Eranos 15 (1915): 98ff. (who believes the word is related to  ἐλελεῦ, ὀλολύζω); cf. Kretschmer Glotta 9 (1918): 228 and Kretschmer Glotta 12. (1923): 220. From ἐλεγεῖον was borrowed Lat. dogium (influenced by λόγος); see  WH s.v. The word is probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXἐλέγχω [v.] 1. 'to revile, disgrace' (Hom.); 2. 'to cross-examine, bring to proof, accuse, question' (Hdt,, Pi., Att.); on the mg. Daux REGr. 55 (1942): 252ff. <1E? *h,leng"- 'revile'?>

    *VAR ἐλέγξαι (IL), fut ἐλέγξω, aor. pass. ἐλεγχθῆναι with ἐλεγχθήσομαι, perf. ἐλήλεγμαι, 355. -γκται (Att.).

    *DER To 1. ἔλεγχος [n.] (like ὄνειδος) 'revile, disgrace' (Hom., Hes., Pi.), plur. also of  persons, 'coward'; msc. ἐλεγχέες (A 242, Q 239; but see Bechtel 1914 s.v. ἐλεγχής,  Frisk 1935: 19f., Sommer 1948: 137); superlative ἐλέγχιστος (Hom.; Seiler 1950: 83f.);

===Pag_452: Beekes_Página_0452.tiff=== XXXXXἐλειός 405 from ἔλεγχος also ἐλεγχείη 'id' (11. To 2. ἔλεγχος [m.] (like λόγος) 'proof, refutation, examination' (Hdt, Pi., Att.); ἔλεγξις 'id'? (LXX, NT, Philostr.) together with jocular ἐλεγξῖνος (Ὁ. L.); ἐλεγμός 'id' (LXX, NT); ἐλεγκτήρ 'who proves' (Antipho; Ionic? See Fraenkel 1912: 52); ἐλεγκτικός 'fit for ἐλέγχειν᾽ (Att, etc.).

    *ETYM The word used to be connected with ἐλαχύς, which is possible semantically  (MoHG schmdahen, 'disgrace', OHG smahen 'make small', from smahi 'small'), but  phonetically, the etymology would imply that ἐλέγχω (for *éAéuqw < IE *h,leng'"-)  has its -y- from ἐλαχύς, ἐλάσσων (< "ἐλάχ-ιων), ἐλάχιστος. This is not very likely. Nowadays, it is mostly accepted that Hitt. li(n)k-" 'to swear' is related (see  Kloekhorst 2008 s.v.), as wellas OHG ant-lingen 'to answer (Tischler).

XXXXXἑλεδώνη [f.] a kind of octopus (Arist. ΗΑ 525a 17), cf. Thompson 1947 s.v.

    *VAR Also éA-. Further δελεδώνιη ὁ μύλλος ἰχθύς 'the fish Sciaena umbra'.

    *ETYM Formation in -ώνη (seen in plant names; cf. χελώνη, γογγρώνη, etc.); further  unknown. 'Ohne Zweifel Mittelmeerwort' (Frisk).

XXXXXἑλεῖν [v.aor.] 'to take, seize', med. 'to take for oneself, pick out, choose' (IL).

    *VAR Iterative preterite ἕλεσκον. \

    *COMP Often with prefix: dg-, av-, ἐξ-, mpo-, etc. As a first member in ἐλέ-πί(τ)ολις  'conquering cities', epithet of Helena (A. Ag. 689 [lyr.]); also name of a siege  machine (Ph. Bel.); é\éva<u>c (A. ibid.) with reference to Helena.

    *DER ἕλωρ [n.] (only nom.acc.sg. and pl.) 'plunder, capture, booty' (I1.); also ἑλώριον  'id' (Schwyzer: 470°).

    *ETYM As some attestations suggest an initial F- (differently, Solmsen 1901: 251'),  Chantraine 1933: 219, Chantraine 1942: 152 has proposed an alternation *syel-/ sel-  and connection with ἁλίσκομαι, Lat. velld, but this is impossible since the aor. ἑάλων  points to *-h, (see LIV' s.v. *yelh,-). Beside ἑλεῖν, Gm. has a yod-present in Go. saljan 'to offer, sacrifice', ON selja 'to render, sell', OHG sellen 'to render, give up',  etc. with the deverbal nouns ON sal(a) 'rendition, sale', OHG sala 'rendering', etc. Because of its meaning, this Gm. word is generally considered a causative of ἑλεῖν  ('nehmen machen'), but this is unnecessary; cf. ▶︎ αἴνυμαι 'to take' next to related  ToA e-, ToB ai- 'to give', and also e.g. ON fd (= Go. fahan) 'to take' and 'to give'. The  appurtenance of OCS salati 'to send' and Lat. cén-silium 'counsel' is possible; see  Derksen 2008 s.v. *sblati and De Vaan 2008 s.v. consuld, as well as LIV' s.v. *selh,-  ''nehmen'. As a suppletive verb of ἑλεῖν, Greek has ▶︎ aipéw. Acc. to Schrijver 1995:  437', Olr. selb and W helw 'possession' are perfect cognates of Gr. ἑλεῖν. De Vaan  (ibid.) also mentions Olr. ad-roilli, do-sli 'to earn', MW dyrllid 'to earn', Co. deleth  'to be appropriate', and MBret. dellit 'to earn' (< *tu-ari/ro-) < PCI. *-sliie/o- (<<  *s(e)lh,-e/o-).

XXXXXἐλειός [m.] 'a kind of dormouse, Myoxus glis' (Arist. HA 600b 12); also = εἶδος ἱέρακος 'kind of hawk (H.) (7)

    *VAR Also ἑλ-.

    *DER Beside it ὄλιος: σκίουρος, ἐλειός 'squirrel, ἐν (H.), together with lower Ital. oddio, etc. 'id.'; Rohl fs 1930: Nr. 621.

===Pag_453: Beekes_Página_0453.tiff===

    *ETYM Unknown. Probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXἐλελεῦ [interj.] cry of pain (A. Pr. 877), battle cry (Ar. Av. 364: ἐλελελεῦ), cry in general (Plu. Thes. 22).

    *DER ἐλελίζω, aor. ἐλελίξαι 'raise a cry of pain or of war (ἐλελεῦ} (Ar., E); also  ἐλελύσδω (Sapph. 44, 31 LP; ν.]. ὀλολύσδω).

    *ETYM Onomatopoeic interjection; cf. ἀλαλά, -άζω, and ὀλολύζω. See Schwyzer 716  and Schwyzer 1950: 60of.

XXXXXἐλελίζω [v.] 1. 'to shake', med.-pass. 'to tremble, be shaken', 2. 'to turn round (trans. and intr.)' (IL). <1E *h,leig- 'tremble'>

    *VAR Aor. ἐλελίξαι, pass. ἐλελιχθῆναι, 3sg.pret. ἐλέλικτο, perf. med. ἐλέλιγμαι (Hell.).

    *COMP Asa first member (cf. Schwyzer: 444: 3) in ἐλελί-χθων 'shaking the earth' (Pi. P. 2, 4), 'earth-shaker', epithet of Poseidon (Pi. P. 6, 50), of Dionysus (S. Ant. 153);  also in ▶︎ ἐλελίσφακος, -ov.

    *ETYM To be distinguished from ἐλελίζω 'to raise a cry' (see ▶︎ ἐλελεῦλ Two verbs  seem to have merged in the aorist forms ἐλέλιξα, ἐλελίχθην: 1. a reduplicated present  ἐλελίζω 'to shake'; 2. an augmented *é-fédtta from the present (F)eAioow 'to turn'  (see ▶︎ ἕλιξ). The pret. ἐλέλικτο refers to a snake in A 39 and therefore belongs to 2. as  "ξερέλικτο 'twisted itself; the expression ἔγχος ... σειόμενον ἐλέλικτο N 558 may  represent the turning or whirling, as well as the shaking movement. It is no longer  possible to distinguish the two. Cf. Chantraine 1942: 132, as well as Bechtel 1914 s.v. ἐλελίζω. In the meaning 'to shake', ἐλελίξαι, ἐλελίζω is connected with Skt. réjate 'to  tremble, shake', réjati 'to make tremble', Khot. rriys- 'to tremble', Go. laikan 'to  jump', etc. it presupposes that -i€au, -iw is part of the root, on which see Risch 1937:  298ff. Formerly, a reduplicated aorist ἐ-λέ-λιξ-α was reconstructed, to which the passive  aorist ἐ-λελίχ-θην was formed, but the é- in the present ἐ-λελίζω cannot be explained  in this way; the root had an initial laryngeal, *h,leig-. The reduplication may be a  Greek innovation. Note the similarity in the formation of Skt. rejata ksah 'the earth  quaked' (RV) with Gr. ἐλελί-χθων.

XXXXXἐλελίσφακος [m.] kind of sage, 'Salviatriloba' (Thphr.).

    *VAR ἐλελίσφακον [n.] (Dsc.). On the gender see ▶︎ διόσπυρον.

    *DER ἐλελισφακίτης (οἶνος; Dsc., Plin.; Redard 1949: 96).

    *ETYM Properly 'trembling sage-apple', related to ▶︎ ἐλελίζω, because of the  trembling fruits (Stromberg 1940: 76). On the apocopated form λελίσφακος (Dsc.)  and MoGr. ἁλισφακιά (after ἄλς 'sea'), etc. see Stromberg 1944: 44.

XXXXXἔλεμος --'ἔλυμος.

XXXXXἙλένη [f.] daughter of Zeus and Leda, sister of the Dioskouroi, wife of Menelaos (1].). <?>

    *VAR Ἑλένεια- ἑορτὴ ἀγομένη ὑπὸ Λακώνων 'a festival celebrated by the Laconians'

    *ETYM Nilsson 1941(1): 315 assumes that Helena is an old Minoan goddess of  vegetation, who was connected with the tree-cult. The plant name é\éwov (Thphr.,

===Pag_454: Beekes_Página_0454.tiff=== XXXXXἑλεσπίδας 407 Dsc.) was derived from this use, acc. to Strémberg 1940: 130. Connection with the appellative ἑλένη (see ▶︎ ἑλάνηλ) is rather uncertain. See eg. Linsay 19747 209ff. De Simone Glotta 56 (1978): 40-42 argues that the form had a F- and goes back to suel- (Skt. svarati 'lights'), with a variant with s-.

XXXXXἐλεόν [n.] 'table on which the roasted meat was put' (I 215, ξ 432 ἐλεοῖσιν, Ar. Eq. 152, 169 τοὐλεόν). <?>

    *COMP ἐλεο-δύτης 'cook at the Delian sacrifices' (Ath. 4, 1738: διὰ τὸ τοῖς ἐλεοῖς  ὑποδύεσθαι διακονοῦντες ἐν ταῖς θοίναις 'because they dive under the ἐλεοί when  serving at the meals'.

    *DER ἐλέατρος 'seneschal, steward' (pap. II]*), εἰλέατρος (Pamphil. in Ath. 4, 171b,  metrically lengthened?), or oxytone -τρός as in δαιτρός, etc.

    *ETYM Technical word without etymology. On the formation, cf. κολεόν, στελεόν,  θυρεός, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 51); on the meaning, Kuiper Glotta 21 (1933): 272ff.

XXXXXἔλεος 1 [m.]} 'compassion, pity' (IL); acc. to Schadewaldt Herm. 83 (1955): 131ff. rather 'pain, lament, commotion' than 'compassion'; criticism by Pohlenz Herm. 84 (1956): 4off. «1εῦ *hJeu- 'compassion'?>

    *VAR Hell. also ntr., see Schwyzer 1950: 38.

    *COMP As a second member in νηλ(ε)ής, -ἐς 'without compassion, merciless' (IL) <  *y-h,leu-es-; beside it ἀν-ηλεής 'id' (And., Hell.).

    *DER ἐλεόν [adv] 'pitiful' (Hes. Op. 205), EA(e)etvdc 'rousing compassion, plaintive'  (Il.), (after ἀλ(ε)γεινός and the adjectives in -εινός (Chantraine 1933: 195f.) rather  than from late τὸ ἔλεος; ἐλεήμων 'compassionate, pitiful' (ε 181, Att, Hell.), from  éheéw (cf. Chantraine 1933: 173), with ἐλεημοσύνη 'compassion' (Call.), 'alms' (LXX,  NT); with internal shortening ἐλεημο-ποιός 'giving alms' (LXX); ἐλεητικός =  ἐλεήμων (Arist; from ἐλεέω). Denominative verbs: ἐλεέω, aor. ἐλεῆσαι 'show  compassion' (Il.) with ἐλεητύς = ἔλεος (ξ 82, ρ 451; Porzig 1942: 182; on the semantics  Benveniste 1948: 66); ἐλεήμων, ἐλεητικός see above; ἐλεαίρω 'id.' (IL; ἐλέηρα A. R. 4,  1308) after ἐχθαίρω etc. (Risch 1937: 286; not from *éde-fap as per Benveniste 1935:  112 and Schwyzer: 724); βλεερεῖ: οἰκτείρει. Βοιωτοί 'to pity (Boeot.)' (H.), mistake for  éheaipet?

    *ETYM No etymology. Origin as an interjection (cf. ▶︎ ἐλελεῦ, ▶︎ ὀλολύζω, etc.) is  possible (see Pok. 306).

XXXXXἐλεός 2 [m.] an owl (Arist. ΗΑ 592b 11, see Thompson 1895 s.v.). <?>

    *ETYM Unexplained. Onomatopoeic? Cf. e.g. Lat. ulula and ▶︎ ἐλελεῦ, ▶︎ ὀλολύζω.

XXXXXἑλεσπίδας [acc.pl.] of πίσεα, perhaps 'marsh-lands, swamp lands' (A. R. 1, 1266). <?>

    *ETYM The analysis in ἕλος 'swamp' and a root noun 'onic ("ἐλε[σ] -σπίδ-), which  would be cognate with ▶︎ σπίδιος, ▶︎ ἀσπιδής, and even with ▶︎ ἀσπίς, is  morphologically far from convincing. See Bechtel 1914 s.v. ἀσπίς and Schwyzer: 507. The connection with the gloss λέσπιν: μεγάλην, ὑδρηλήν 'large, moist' remains  unclear. Δίδυμος τὴν καταδνυομένην εἰς πέλαγος πέτραν. οἱ δὲ τὴν νοτεράν 'In Ὁ. a  rock submerged into the sea, others: a wet [rock]'. ἄλλοι δὲ σπίδα (leg. λέσπιδαξ)  βαθεῖαν 'a deep cave[?]'. of δὲ λόχμην 'a lair' (H.). See Taillardat REGr. 73 (1960): 13.

===Pag_455: Beekes_Página_0455.tiff===

Perhaps -πιδ- is the same element as contained in πίδαξ 'source, geyser' (Van Beek p.c.). See ▶︎ ἕλος.

XXXXXἐλεύθερος [adj.] 'free, free man', opposed to δοῦλος 'slave' (II.). «IE h,leud- 'grow up, come out'>

    *DIAL Myc. e-re-u-te-ro /eleut*eros/.

    *COMP Rarely as a first member, e.g. ἐλευθερό-στομος 'with free mouth' (A.); as a  second member eg. in ἀπ-ελεύθερος 'freed man' (Att.), mostly taken as deverbal to  an-ehevBepdw 'liberate, make into a freed man' (Pl, Arist.); Schwyzer: 421,  Stromberg 1946: 30f. with litt.

    *DER ἐλευθερία 'freedom' (Pi.) with ἐλευθεριωτικός 'proclaiming freedom' (Him.);  denominative verbs: ἐλευθερόω 'liberate' (IA) with ἐλευθέρ-ωσις, -ωμα, -ωτής;  ἐλευθερεσθείς (Thess., Schwyzer 736 with lit.); ἐλευθέριος 'as a free man' (TA), also as  an epithet of Zeus (Pi., Hdt., because of the victory on the Persians) with Ἐλευθεριών  month name (Halicarnassus); ἐλευθεριότης 'open-heartedness, liberality' (Ρ].) and  the denominative ἐλευθεριάζω 'speak and act as a free man' (Ρ].); ἐλευθερικός  'belonging to a free man' (Pl. Lg. 7o1e beside δεσποτικός; 919e beside the bahuvrihi  ἀν-ελεύθερος; cf. Chantraine 1956a: 146). Cret. ἐλούθερος with secondary voalism  (Schwyzer: 194).

    *ETYM An adjective in the meaning 'free' is also found in Lat. liber, -era; as a  theonym = Venet. Louzera, Pelign. loufir, Osc. (Itiveis) Luvfreis = (Iovis) Liberi; cf. Falisc. oferta = liberta, OLat. loebertat-em = Falisc. loifirtat-o. The starting point was  an old word for 'people', which is found in Gm. and BSL: OHG liut 'people', liuti  [pl.], OE Jéod 'people', Lith. lidudis 'lower people', OCS Ijudije, Ru. ljudi [pl.] 'men,  people', all of which are from IE *h,leud'-o-, -i-; from the same root with different  suffixes are also Burgund. leudis 'a free man', OCS [judino 'free man', so that  ἐλεύθερος, liber (< IE *h,leud'-ero-) must originally have meant 'belonging to the  tribe', as opposed to subjected peoples. The root is probably the same as that of  > ἐλεύσομαι; see LIV' s.v. *h,leud"- 'steigen, wachsen', who assume a development  'frei' < 'rechtsmiindig' + *'erwachsen' for ἐλεύθερος. A reflex of the initial laryngeal  is also seen in Skt. vi-ruidh- 'plant', ani-riidh- 'growing along' (Mayrhofer EWAia 2:  467ff.). Of foreign origin, but perhaps reshaped after ἐλεύθερος and with oppositive  accent, is the PIN'EAev@epai, whence EXev@epetc as an epithet of Dionysus; cf. on  Εἰλείθυια and'EXevoic. On the semantics, see Benveniste 1969:1: 321ff.

XXXXXἐλεύθω -ο'ἐλεύσομαι.

XXXXXἐλεύσομαι [v.fut.] 'come, go' (epic Ion., trag.).

    *VAR Aor. ἤλυθον, perf. εἰλήλουθα ('Attic reduplication' from *h,le-h,loud'-, with  metrical lengthening), ptc. ἐζἡληλουθώς (epic), ἐλήλυθα (post-Hom.), plur. also  ἐλήλυμεν, -te (Att. Com.), Cyren. ptc. κατ-εληλευθυῖα (Fraenkel Glotta 20 (1932):  88f.). Rare trans. (factitive) forms in Doric: ἐλευσίω- οἴσω 'I shall carry' (H.), 3pLaor. ἐλεύσαν (Ibyc.), ἐπ-ελευσεῖ, ἐπ-ελεῦσαι (Gortyn) 'bring'. As a present, ▶︎ ἔρχομαι is'  used.

    *COMP Often with prefix: av-, ἀπ-, δι-, elo-, ἐξ-, Kat-, etc.

===Pag_456: Beekes_Página_0456.tiff=== XXXXXἐλέφᾶς, -αντος 409

    *DER ἔλευσις 'arrival' (Act. Ap. 7, 52), also from the compounds (mostly rare, all late),  e.g. ovv-, ἐπ-έλευσις. Older the common noun ἤλυσις 'walk, way' (E.), ἐξ-, περι-  ήλυσις (Hdt.), etc. (cf. Holt 1941: 58 and149) with compositional lengthening (ἤλυσις  after the compounds), and the same vowels as in the compounds νέ-ηλυς, -δος  'newly arrived' (Il.), ἔπτηλυς 'immigrated, foreigner' (Hdt., ἐπ-ηλύ-της Th.), etc. προσ-ήλυ-τος 'newly arrived, proselyte' (LXX, NT), etc. further the abstracts én-  nAvoin (h.Hom.), kat-, ovv-nAvoin (Hell.).

    *ETYM The best agreement (semantically and formally) to this old ablauting verb is  found in Celtic, with the Olr. preterite lod, Iuid 'I, he went' (< *hlud'-om, -et :  ἤλυθον, -€); formally as good, but semantically less convincing, is the further  comparison with Skt. ré(d)hati, Go. liudan 'to grow, rise' (whence the old word for  'people', OHG liut, etc; see ▶︎ ἐλεύθερος). One must assume that -θ- (IE *-d"-)  disappeared analogically in ἤλυσις, ἐλήλυμεν, -τε as well as in (vé)-, (προσ)ήλυτος  (in other words, these are built secondarily on ἐλεύσομαι); cf. Schwyzer: 704', 769'. It  seems less probable: that the dental of Celtic, etc. was a secondary enlargement. Connection with Arm. eluzanem 'extract' is further possible. Cf. also ▶︎ ἐλθεῖν.

XXXXXἐλεφαίρομαι [v.] 'to deceive' (¥ 388, τ 565), also 'to damage, destroy' (Hes. Th. 330). <?>

    *VAR Aor. pte. ἐλεφηράμενος.

    *DIAL Myc. PN e-re-pa-i-ro /Elep*airon/?

    *ETYM In H. there are also active forms (ἐλεφαίρειν, ἐλεφῆραι), explained v with  (ἐξ)απατᾶν, βλάπτειν, ἀδικεῖν 'deceive, damage, do injustice'. Old, rarely occurring  epic expression with unstable meaning, of unclear formation und uncertain  etymology. The ending -aipw seems to point to an r-stem (*éAepap?), but could also  be suffixal. The stem recurs in ΡΝ Ἐλεφ-ήνωρ, but possibly stands for *EXepnp-fvwp  with dissimilatory shortening (Sommer 1948: 1707). Within Greek, it is compared to  ὀλοφώτϊος 'deceitful, noxious', which itself is unclear. An acceptable connection would be with Lith. vilbinti 'allure, befool'. Cf. Bechtel  1914 s.v. and Schwyzer: 724. Got6 1995: 365-370 suggests that it be connected with  Skt. upa-valhate 'to puzzle, confuse by means of riddles', if Skt. -valhate goes back to  *-valbhate. However, if the Mycenaean PN is related, the comparisons with Skt. and  Lith. are impossible (Myc. has no initial y-).

XXXXXἐλέφᾶς, -avtos [m.] 'ivory, elephant tusk' (1I.), 'elephant' (Hdt.), also as the name of a disease = ἐλεφαντίασις, see Stromberg 1937: 193. 4 LW Eg >

    *DIAL Myk. e-re-pa, e-re-pa-to, e-re-pa-te /elep*ans/, etc.

    *COMP As a first member in both mgs., ἐλεφαντό-πους 'with ivory feet' (Pl. Com.), ~  -μάχος 'fighting elephants' (Str.).

    *DER Diminutive ἐλεφαντίσκιον 'young elephant' (Ael.); adjectives ἐλεφάντινος 'of  ivory' (Alc. Att.), -iveog 'id' (inscr; on the formation cf. Chantraine 1933: 203),  ἐλεφάντ-ειος 'belonging to an elephant' (Dsc., Opp.), -ώδης 'elephant-like' (medic.),  «ιωδής 'suffering from [the disease] é-. (medic.); substantives ἐλεφαντιστής  'elephant driver' (Arist.), also 'shield from elephant skin' (App.), ἐλεφαντεύς 'ivory  worker' (pap.). Denominative verbs: 1. ἐλεφαντ-ιάω 'suffer from [the disease] é-.'

===Pag_457: Beekes_Página_0457.tiff===

(Phid., medic.) with -ίασις, also -ἰασμός (EM); 2. -όω 'inlay with ivory' with -ωτός (inscr.).

    *ETYM Like Lat. ebur, ἐλέφας is a foreign word. Except for the vt-suffix, the final part  recalls Eg. ab(u), Copt. eB(o)v 'elephant, ivory'; the beginning recurs in Hamit. elu  'elephant' (whence through Egyptian mediation [article p-] MoP pil, Arab. fil); the  details remain unclear. From ἐλέφας comes Lat. elephds, elephantus, whence the Gm. and Romance forms. See Lokotsch 1927: Nr. 605 and Mayrhofer EWAia(3): 28.

XXXXXἐλθεῖν [v.aor.] 'to come, go' (IL). <?>

    *VAR Ind. ἦλθον, epic lyr. also ἤλυθον (see ▶︎ ἐλεύσομαι), subj. ἔλθω, etc.'

    *DIAL See also on Dor. ▶︎ évOeiv.

    *COMP Often with prefix av-, ἀπ-, dt- εἰσ-, &&-, κατ-, etc.

    *ETYM Because of their semantic and functional identitity, ἤλυθον and ἦλθον can  hardly be separated from each other. As ἤλυθον is limited to the epic and lyrics, and  has an acceptable IE etymology, it is generally regarded to be the original form. Improbable suggestions about the origin of ἦλθον are given in Frisk s.v. (by  Johansson, Wackernagel, Schulze). Szemerényi 1964: 3 takes ἐλθεῖν to be syncopated  from ἐλυθεῖν. It is often believed that the v was lost in the imperative ἐλθέ, which  had oxytone accent. The form ▶︎ ἐνθεῖν probably arose by a dialectal Doric  development, but it has also been connected with Skt. ddhvan- 'road', OAv. aduuan-  (both from *h,gd'-uen-).

XXXXXἑλίκη 1 [f.] 'willow (IG 1°, 864: hopog Βελικης Att.); acc. to Thphr. HP 3, 13, 7, Arcadian for ἰτέα, <?>

    *DIAL Myc. e-ri-ka /helika/.

    *DER Ἑλικών, -ὥνος (Hes. Op. 639, ξελ- Corinna) 'willow-mountain, Viminalis'  (Boeotia) with Ἑλικών-ιος, [f.] -ιάς, -i¢ (CY 404 Ἑλικώνιος ἄναξ of Poseidon, s.v. von  Wilamowitz 1931: 213 and 336%, Nilsson 1941(1): 447°) Hes., Pi; on Ἑλικωνιάς as a  plant name Strémberg 1940: 126.

    *ETYM Boeot. feAtkwv precludes the connection with Lat. salix. Furthermore, the  comparison with an old WGm. word for 'willow', OE welig, OS γνησία, MHG wilge, is  impossible because of the Mycenaean form. DELG reconstructs *syel- / *sel-, which'  solves nothing.

XXXXXἑλίκη 2 -οἕλιξ.

XXXXXἑλίκωψ [adj.] said of the Ἄχαιοι (1]., verse-final). ὍΝ ΑΒ Always plur. nom. or acc. -witec, -wnac, fem. ἑλικῶπις, -ιἰδος (A 98 κούρη, Hes. Th. 298 νύμφη; also Sapph., Pi.).

    *ETYM From ν ἕλιξ and ὧπ- (on the second member, see Schwyzer: 4264 and Sommer  1948: 1), so properly 'with eyes that constitute a winding', ie. 'with winding eyes',  formed like éAixo-BAégapog (h. Hom. 6, 19, etc.) and expressing beauty (cf. H. ἑλικοβλέφαρος: KaAAIBAE@apoc)? See Bechtel 1914, Diintzer KZ 12 (1863): 17. Differently, Prellwitz Glotta 15 (1927): 128ff. reads 'with curls' (comparing H. ἑλίκωτπιες: οὐλότριχες 'curly-haired').

===Pag_458: Beekes_Página_0458.tiff=== XXXXXἑλίχρυσος 4u On the basis of ἑλίκωπες as μελανόφθαλμοι 'black-eyed' in H., an adjective ἑλικός = μέλας was coined; thus not only H., but also Call. Fr. 299, etc, on which see Leumann 1950: 152°,

XXXXXἕλϊνος [m.,, (1 'tendril, vine' (Hell.).

    *VAR ἐλενοί: κλήματα τὰ τῶν ἀμπέλων 'twigs of vines' (H.).

    *ETYM The word has been connected with ἕλιξ, ἕλμις, ἑλένη, etc. and meiA€w 2 'turn,  wind', from an t-stem; cf. γέλιν (= F-) ὁρμιάν 'fishing line of horse hair' (H.). However, the interchange e/ rather points to a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXἐλϊνύω [v.] 'to rest, pause, stop doing something' (Ion.).

    *VAR Aor. ἐλινῦσαι, fut. ἐλινύσω. Cf. ὀλινύει' λήγει, ἀργεῖ 'to stop, be idle' (H.).

    *DER ἐλινύες [f.pl.] (scil. ἡμέραι) 'festive days' (Plb. 21, 2, 1, = Lat. supplicatio).

    *ETYM Etymology unknown. All earlier proposals are impossible or highly  questionable. The variant in Hesychius may point to a Pre-Greek word (Fur.: 376).

XXXXXἕλιξ, -κος [f.] 'convolution, volute, tendril, curl, spiral' (IL); also as an adjective of βόες et al. (ποταμός, δρόμος), see below. «ΡΟ»

    *COMP As a first member in »édikww, ἑλικ-άμπυξ (Pi.), ἑλικο-στέφανος (B.) et al.,  also (referring to ἑλίσσω) ἑλι- in ἑλί-τροχος 'turning a wheel (A. Th. 205 [lyr.]); cf. further ▶︎ ἑλίχρυσος. As a second member in τετρα-ἕλιξ kind of thistle (Thphr., H.),  also in ἀμφι-έλισσα, epic adj. of νηῦς (Hom.), later also of other things (e.g. ἱμάσθλη), properly 'forming a ἕλιξ on both sides'.

    *DER »ἑλίκη 1 'willow' s.v.; EAikn 2 'spiral, turning' (Arist.), also name of the Great  Bear (because of its turning movement; cf. Scherer 1953: 133, but not as an adjective);  3. εἱλικόεις 'provided with coils' (Nic, Opp. metrically lengthened). Denominative  verb ἑλίσσω, -ittw, Ion. also εἰλίσσω after εἰλέω (not with Solmsen 1901: 230ff. from  *é-redioow), aor. ἑλίξαι, εἰλίξαι 'make a turning, wind, turn' (1].); also with prefix év-,  περι-, etc. from there ἑλιγμός (ei-) 'turning, whirl' (Hdt.), ἕλιγμα (εἴ-) 'bracelet, curl  (Sapph. [?], Com.), ἕλιξις 'turned binding, turning' (medic.), ἑλικτήρ 'ear-pendant'  (Att.), -ελίκτης in compounds like ἱμαντ-ελίκται 'turner of straps' (Democr.), see  Fraenkel 1910: 244; ἑλίγδην (εἰ-) [adv.] 'turning'. Cf. ▶︎ ἐλελίζω in its second mg.

    *ETYM Formation like ἦλιξ, χόλιξ, δέλφιξ et al. (Chantraine 1933: 382f.), so probably  from a noun, which was perhaps derived from ▶︎ εἰλέω (*fed-vé-w) 'turn, wind'. The  epic epithet ἕλιξ is probably (cf. Bechtel 1914 s.v. and Risch 1937: 162) a shortened  compound ("ἑλικό-πους, -Kpaipa?). Note that the suffix -ἰκ- mostly makes Pre-  Greek words (like -v«-; cf. on κῆρυξ).

XXXXXἑλίτροχος --ἕλιξ.

XXXXXἑλίχρυσος [m.] plant name 'Heliochrysum siculum, goldflower' (Alcm., Ibyc.); also ἐλειόχρυσος (Thphr.).

    *VAR Also -ov [n.] (see on ▶︎ βούτυρον).

    *ETYM Named after its golden yellow flower (Stroémberg 1940: 25). Like e.g. ἑλειοσέλινον, ἐλειόχρυσος is understandable as a compound of ἕλειος and χρυσός  (related to €\0c?), after the compounds in aypi(o)-, e.g. ἀγρι-έλαιος = ἄγριος ἔλαιος  (see Risch IF 59 (1949): 257). The form éAt- is a further shortening after dypt-, αἰγι-,

===Pag_459: Beekes_Página_0459.tiff===

καλλι-, εἴς. Stromberg 1940: 153 thinks it is a loan. The locus in Aleman (16) has no digamma; cf. Solmsen 1901: 146. DELG considers the variant ἑλειό- either a mistake or an 'étymologie populaire déraisonnable'.

XXXXXἕλκος [n.] 'wound, ulcer' (II.). 1Ὲ *h,elk-os 'ulcer'>

    *COMP  As a first member in ἑλκο-ποιός 'making wounds' (A.) with ἑλκοποιέω  (Aeschin.).

    *DER Diminutive ἑλκύδριον (Hp., Ars on the suffix Chantraine 1933: 72f.); ἑλκώδης  'ulcerated' (Hp. E.), ἑλκήεις 'id' (Man.); denominative verbs: ἑλκόομαι 'to fester',  -6w 'to wound' (Hp., E; also with prefix: ἀν-, ag-, ἐξ-, ἐφ-, καθ-, mpo-); thence (ag-,  ἐξ-, ἐφ- ἕλκωσις 'festering' (Hp. Th.) together with ἑλκωτικός, ἕλκωμα 'wound,  ulcer' (Hp., Thphr.) with ἑλκωματικός; from ἐφελκόομαι also ἐφελκίς 'scab of a  wound' (medic.); ἑλκαίνω 'fester' (A. Ch. 843) with deverbal Exava: τραύματα  'wounds' (H.); also ἑλκανῶσα: ἡλκωμένη ἢ ἡλκοποιημένη ὑπὸ πυρός 'wounded by  fire' (H.; Schwyzer: 700).

    *ETYM Old noun, identical with Lat. ulcus, -eris (< *h,elkos-) 'ulcer', Skt. drgas- [n.]  'haemorrhoids'. Is the spiritus asper from ἕλκω 'draw'?

XXXXXἔλκω [v.] 'to draw, drag' (I.). <IE *selk- ἄγαν»

    *VAR The non-presentic forms show three stems: 1. a lengthened stem éAxn-:  ἑλκήσω, ἑλκῆσαι, ἑλκηθῆναι (Hom.), with ipf. εἴλκεον (P 395; cf. Chantraine 1942:  348; see also below); 2. ἑλκυ- (after synonymous ἐρύσαι): ἑλκύσαι (Pi, Att),  ἑλκυσθῆναι, εἵλκυσμαι (IA), ἑλκύσω (Hp.), εἵἴλκυκα (D.); 3. ἑλκ-: fut. ἔλξω (A.) and  late aor. ἕλξαι, ἑλχθῆναι; details in Schwyzer 721.

    *COMP Often with prefix: dv-, ἀφ-, ἐξ-, map-, etc. As a first member in the epithets  ἑλκε-χίτωνες, ἑλκεσί-πεπλος, and éAxe-tpiBwv (PL), ἑλκεσί-χειρος (AP); on  édxe(ot)- Knecht Τερψίμβροτος 29.

    *DER From éAx-: (€p-)éA€ic 'drawing, dragging' (Hp., Pl.) with (ἐφ-)έλκτικός (PL)  and the plant names ἐλξίνη, ἑλξῖτις 'bindweed' (Dsc., Ps.-Dsc., Redard 1949: 71), also ἑλκίνα [acc.?] (Ps.-Dsc. 4, 85), ἕλκιμος 'what can be drawn' (Olymp.; cf. Arbenz 1933:  76, directly from €Axw); with o-vocalism ▶︎ ὁλκός, ὁλκή, see s.v. From ἑλκη- (old but  rare) ἑλκηθμός 'the drawing' (Z 465; cf. Benveniste 1935: 201, Porzig 1942: 236f.),  ἕλκημα 'what was dragged, booty' (E. HF 568; Chantraine 1933: 178), ἕλκηθρον  'coulter' (Thphr. HP 5, 7, 6; Strémberg 1937: 170); ἑλκητήρ 'drawer' (AP 6, 297);

XXXXXἑλκηδόν [adv.] 'drawing' (Hes. Sc. 302). From ἑλκυ-, mostly late: (ἀφ-, ἐφ-, nap-)édkvotg 'the drawing' (LXX, Aret.), ἕλκυσμα = ἕλκημα (Man.), also 'dross (of silver)' (Dsc., Gal.), (ἐξ-, ἐφ-, dt-)éAxvopide 'attraction, etc.' (Chrysipp., medic., pap.); ἑλκυστήρ 'drawer', 'instrument for drawing out, etc. (Hp.), ἕλκυστρον 'id.' (Apollod. Poliorc.); ἑλκύσιμος, ἑλκυστήριος; secondary verb ἑλκυστάζω 'draw' (¥ 187 = Q 21), expressive form after ῥυστάζω (Schwyzer: 706, Risch 1937: 298).

    *ETYM A cognate verb is ToB sédlk*- 'to draw out' (pret. sdlkate; innovated nasal  present slanktdér); nominal formations are found in Arm. helg 'slow' (a-stem), Lat. sulcus 'furrow' (see ▶︎ ὁλκός), and OE sulh 'furrow, plow'. An old iterative is perhaps  reflected in Alb. helq, heq 'draw (οὔθ᾽, if from IE *solk-eie-; cf. Porzig 1942: 236f. Not  related to ▶︎ ἄλοξ.

===Pag_460: Beekes_Página_0460.tiff=== XXXXXἔλλοψ, -οπος 413

XXXXXἔλλα = Eda.

XXXXXἑλλέβορος [m.] 'hellebore, Helleborus, Veratrum album' (Hp., Ar; on the mg. Dawkins JHS 56 (1936): 3f.). < PG>

    *VAR Ion. ἐλ-.

    *COMP As a first member in ἑλλεβοροποσία 'drinking &' (Hp.); ἑλλεβορο-σήματα  plant name = λειμώνιον (Ps.-Dsc. 4, 16), an original bahuvrihi: 'plant that shows  symptoms of Helleborus', Strémberg 1944: 51.

    *DER ἑλλεβορίνη 'Herniaria glabra' (Thphr., Dsc.), ἑλλεβορίτης 'κενταύρειον τὸ  μικρόν᾽ (Ps.-Dsc.), also name of a wine (Dsc., Plin.), cf. Redard 1949: 71 and 96;  denominative verb ἑλλεβορίζω 'treat with hellebore, bring to sense' (Hp., D.) with  ἑλλεβορισμός (Hp.).

    *ETYM Taken as 'eaten by deer', from ἐλλός (ἑλλός) and BiBpwoxw (see ▶︎ Bopa); see  Strémberg 1944: 48ff. (full discussion). The compositional -e- remains problematic. Amigues RPh. 72 (1998 ): 125, stresses that the plant is fatally poisonous. It has been  suggested that the first element be identified with ἐσθλός; Girard 1988 assumes  original é\do-, which is hardly correct. The traditional etymology seems very  doubtful; the word could well be non-IE, i.e. Pre-Greek. The double -\A- may then  represent the phoneme -/'-, which at the same time explains the two first εἶδ: /a/ was pronounced [ä] in contact with the palatalized ἰ, and [ä] is reproduced by ε; after the  β, it may have been realized as o, which gives us a pre-form /alyabar-/.

XXXXXἐλλεδανοί [pl.m.] 'band for binding corn sheaves' (2 553, h. Cer. 456, Hes. Sc. 291). IE? *uel- 'press'>

    *VAR  Or -ά [n.}? All attestations have dat.pl. ἐν ἐλλεδανοῖσι, but H., Suid. have -oi,  -ός.

    *ETYM From Aeol. ἐλλέω < Ἐξελνέω 'turn, wind' (see ▶︎ εἰλέω 2) with suffixal -δανός,  possibly via "ἐλλεδών (cf. tupedwv beside tupedavoc). See Solmsen 1901: 244 and  Schwyzer: 530. Chantraine 1942: 131 objects that there is no evidence for F-.

XXXXXἔλλερα [44}.] said of ἔργα (Call. fr. 434); acc. to Hes. ἐχθρά, πολέμια, ἄδικα 'unfriendly, ptng. to war, unjust', acc. to Suid. φόνια, χαλεπά, κακά 'murderous, troublesome, bad'; details in Pfeiffer 1949-1953 ad loc. <?>

    *ETYM Unexplained. DELG adds that the etymologists explain the word as ὄλλυρα or  ὀλλύντα.

XXXXXἔλλετε = ἔρρετε (Call. fr. 1,17 [Pf]). Ξἔρρω.

XXXXXἐλλός 1 -οἔλαφος.

XXXXXἐλλός 2 >EAOW.

XXXXXἔλλοψ» -οπος [m.] 1. poetical epithet of ἰχθῦς (Hes. Sc. 212), in this function also ἔλλοπος (Emp. 117) and ἐλλός (5. Aj. 1297, Ath. 277d); also of κούρα (Theoc. Syrinx 18); 2. poetical for 'fish' in general (Lyc.); 3. name of a large, rare and expensive fish, which is compared (and identified) with the sturgeon (Arist.); in this mg. usually written hoy (Epich., Archestr., Plu.), Lat. (Welops; 4. name of a snake (Nic. Th. 490).

===Pag_461: Beekes_Página_0461.tiff===

    *DER Denominative ἐλλοπιεύω [v.] 'fish' (Theoc. 1, 42); note ἐλλόπιδας [acc.pl.]  (Crat. 408 acc. to H.; -οδες EM 331, 53), acc. to H. and others = τοὺς στρουθοὺς ἢ  νεοττοὺς ὄφεως 'sparrows or the young of a snake'; unclear is ἀλλοπίης, epithet of  τράχουρος (Numen. apud Ath. 7, 326a).

    *ETYM The ancients explained the word either as 'dumb' or as 'scaly', the former by  means of impossible etymological connections. The meaning 'scaly' is interpreted as  ἔλλοπος < "ἔν-λοπος, a prepositional bahuvrihi of λοπός 'scale'; the shortened form  ἔλλοψ would have been adjusted to animal names in -ow (metri causa?); a second  analogical shortening (cf. αἴθοψ : αἰθός) would then have given ἐλλός. Then the  single λ in EAoy, Lat. (h)elops remains; as this notation seems to indicate a special  fish, Xow could be of foreign origin. Acc. to Frisk, this could point to a cross of a  foreign fish name with an inherited adjective. Cf. Thompson 1947 s.v. and Strémberg  1943: 30f. However, the interchange \/.AA is frequent in Pre-Greek (Fur. 387);  further, we find e/a and π|β in ἀλ(λλάβης (Str. 17, 2, 4; Ath. 7, 312b; PTeb.) and ἔλαψ  (Gp.). An interchange of the suffix -af-/ -o7- is well known in Pre-Greek; see Fur:  107. In a similar vein, ἀλλοπίης can be understood. Therefore, we probably have a  pre-Greek word for a great fish. In Pre-Greek, I reconstruct *al'a/op-.

XXXXXἑλλύτας [m.] name of something baked, a kind of cake, 'pretzel' vel sim. (Thera).

    *VAR ἐλλυτίς (for -της)" πλακοῦς τις 'a flat cake' (H.), εἰλύτας [acc.pl.] (Boeotia),  ἐλύτης (gramm.).

    *ETYM Traditionally connected (see Frisk) with ▶︎ εἰλύω, either from the verbal stem  (FyeAv- or from the present stem ἔξελνυ- or the perfect stem *FefAD-. Other attempts  to accomodate the different forms by Solmsen 1901: 240, as well as Bechtel 1921, 1:  304. The connection with εἰλύω may well be wrong, however; the interchange λίλλ  rather points to a Pre-Greek word, in which case the word had initial *el'-.

XXXXXἕλμις [f.] 'intestinal worm, parasitic worm' (Hp. Arist.); MoGr. forms in Rohlfs ByzZ 37 (1937): 56f. < PG(S,V)>

    *VAR Gen. ἕλμινθος (to which a new nom. ἕλμινς Hp.), also ἕλμιγγος, etc; further  acc. ἕλμιθα (epid.); nom.pl. ἕλμεις (Dsc.); λίμινθες: ἕλμινθες. Πάφιοι (H.).

    *COMP As a first member in ἑλμινθο-βότανον 'herb used against worms' (medic.).

    *DER Diminutive éApiv0-tov; -ώδης [adj.] 'worm-like', -.4w [v.] 'suffer from worms'  (Hp. Arist.).

    *ETYM Traditionally connected with two other names for 'worm', Skt. kfmi-, Lith. kirmis, Olr. cruim, etc. < IE *k'rmi-, on the one hand, and Lat. vermis, Gm. *wurma-  on the other. Greek would have innovated its form by folk-etymologically adjusting  it to the root *vel- 'turn, wind' (see ▶︎ eiAéw 2), which gave two further forms for  'wornr, ▶︎ εὐλή and FaAn (spelled ὑάλη). It seems obvious, however, that the latter  forms are clearly unrelated to ἕλμις, Our word is not IE, as per Fur.: 290. It is unclear  why Fur: and DELG hesitate to take the -v@- as an indication of Pre-Greek origin. Note that the form ἔλμιγγος also shows typical Pre-Greek prenasalization (cf. acc. ἔλμιθα IG 4°(1), 122: 10), Epidauros). The form λίμινθες also suggests a Pre-Greek  variant. Was it *l'mi(n)t-, with prothetic vowel a- which became e- before the palatal

===Pag_462: Beekes_Página_0462.tiff=== XXXXXἔλπος 415 I (see Beekes 2008)? Note that the MoGr. forms λεβίθα, -ίδες confirm the vowel after the / (see DELG).

XXXXXἑλξίνη

    *VAR ἑλξῖτις. = ἕλκω.

XXXXXἕλος [n.] 'marsh meadow, marshy ground' (IL).

    *VAR ἕλη: σύνδενδροι τόποι 'thickly-wooded places' (H.); cf. the etymology below.

    *COMP As a first member thematically lengthened in ἐλεό-θρεπτος 'grown on  marshy meadows' (B 776), ἑλεο-σέλινον 'celery from marshy meadows' (Thphr.,  Dsc.), also ἑλειο- by contraction from ἕλειον σέλ.; also in ἐἑλειο-βάτης 'traversing  (living in) marshes' (A. Pers. 39 [anap.]), from τὰ ἕλεια or with metrical lengthening;  with elision in ἑλεορέω 'be a surveyor of marshes' (Erythrae IV*; or 'forester'? See  below), from *é\e0-(F)dpoc. Unclear ▶︎ ἑλεσπίδας; cf. also ▶︎ EXiypvaoc.

    *DER ἕλειος 'marshy' (IA), 'EAsia epithet of Artemis (Cos), ἑλώδης 14. (Hp., Th.),  ἐλείτης 'growing in marshes' (Dion. Byz.), also an epithet of Apollo (Cyprus; cf. Redard 1949: 12, 24, 208; on the formation see Schwyzer: 500); ἑλει-ήτης (λέων, Call. jr. 748).

    *ETYM Inherited word, identical with Skt. sdras- [n.] 'pond', IE *sélos-; Gr. ἕλειος =  Skt. sarastya-. Not related to Lat. silva or ὕλῃ, in spite of H. and Thess. bAopéwv  exists beside Erythr. ἑλεορέων; see Wahrmann Glotta 19 (1931): 165.

XXXXXἔλοψ > ἔλλοψ.

XXXXXἔλπομαι [v.] 'to expect, hope, suppose' (II.). «IE *uelp- 'expect'>

    *VAR  Act. ἔλπω 'make hope' only β 91 = v 380 πάντας μὲν (ξ)έλπει. Epic also  ἐέλπομαι (see below), perf. (with present mg.) ἔολπα, plpf. ἐώλπει (for *(F)e(F)OA Tel,  see below and Debrunner Mus. Helv. 2 (1945): 199, Chantraine 1942: 479f. with Add. et corr.).

    *COMP As a second member in ἄ-ελπ-τος 'unexpected, unhoped for' with ἀελπτ-ία,  τέω (II), also ἀ-ελπ-ής (€ 408); as a first member in Ἐλπ-ήνωρ (Od5 on the  formation Schwyzer: 441, Sommer 1948: 175 with lit.).

    *DER ἐλπωρή 'hope' (Od.; for -ωλήξ; cf. Porzig 1942: 235); ἐλπίς, -i5a¢ [f.] 'id.' (Gt 101 =  τ 84; cf. Porzig 353; on the mg. Martinazzoli Stud. ital. fil. class. N.S. 21 (1946): uff.)  with et-, ἄν-ελπις, etc; denominative ἐλπίζω [v.] 'id' (IA) with ἐλπιστικός, ἐλπισμός,  ἔλπισμα (Arist.). On ἐλπίς, ἔλπομαι 5εε Myres CI. Rev. 63: 46.

    *ETYM There is no counterpart to (F)éAnopia (see Chantraine 1942: 133 and 182) and  the old perfect with present meaning (F)é(F)oA7a in the other languages; Homer has  a few forms from ἐέλπομαι, after ἐέλδομαι (Beekes 1969: 64). A verbal adjective  connected with Gr. ἐλπίς is supposed in Lat. volup est 'it is pleasant to me' (whence  volu p-tas); IE *u(e/o)lp-i-.

XXXXXἔλπος [n.]? - ἔλαιον, στέαρ, εὐθηνία 'olive oil, rendered fat, abundance'; ἔλφος: βούτυρον. Κύπριοι 'butter (Cypr.) (H.).

    *DER On ▶︎ ὄλπη 'oil-bottle', see s.v.

    *ETYM The word has been compared with an IE word for 'fat', *selp-: Skt. sarpis- [n.]  'molten butter, lard', ToB salype 'fat, oil', PGm. *salba- 'salve', as well as Alb. σία! ρὲ  'butter'. Nevertheless, one. would expect a spiritus asper in Greek. The variation n/p

===Pag_463: Beekes_Página_0463.tiff===

rather points to a Pre-Greek word. Cypr. ἔλφος is unexplained; see DELG. The word > ὄλπη indicates a bottle, and therefore has nothing to do with the word for 'oil, fat'.

XXXXXἐλύδριον [n.]? = χελιδόνιον, 'celandine' (pap.). <?>

    *ETYM Formation in -¥dptov (Chantraine 1933: 72f.). It has been connected with  ▶︎ ἕλος 'marsh' ('somit nach dem Standort benannt', acc. to Frisk), but this has  Spiritus asper.

XXXXXἔλυμος 1 [m.] 'millet? (Ηρ. Ar.). <?>

    *VAR In H. also ἔλεμος: σπέρμα ὅπερ ἕψοντες Λάκωνες ἐσθίουσιν 'seed which the  Laconians boil and eat', Frisk (s.v. εἰλύω) notes that the word also means 'container':  καὶ ἡ τῆς κιθάρας Kai tod τόξου θήκη 'case for the kithara and the bow' (H; s.v. ~ vol).

    *ETYM Unknown (see Schwyzer: 494). Connection with ὄλυραι 'rice-wheat' and  οὐλαί 'barley groats' is uncertain. Fur. 246 suggests connection with ἐλίμαρ- κέγχρῳ ὅμοιον [ἐλινή] ἢ μελίνῃ ὑπὸ Λακώνων 'millet (Lacon.)' (H.), assuming F- > μ-;  however, this is very unclear. Perhaps Pre-Greek. See ▶︎ εἰλύω.

XXXXXἔλυμος 2. [f.(m.)] name of a Phrygian pipe (S.). <?>

    *ETYM There appears no reason for connection with > εἰλύω.

XXXXXἔλωρ 'ἑλεῖν.

XXXXXἐμβάδες --βαίνω.

XXXXXἔμβρυον --'βρύω.

XXXXXἐμέ [pron.] 'me'. «1ὲ *h,me 'me'>

    *VAR Encl. pe [acc.] 'me', ἐμοί (Dor. Phoc. éuiv), encl. μοι [dat.] (also gen.) 'to me'  ('mine'); varying genitive forms: Ion., etc. ἐμέο (Hom. also ἐμεῖο), ἐμεῦ, μευ, Att. contr. ἐμοῦ, μου; Dor. also ἐμέος, ἐμεῦς, etc; Lesb. Hom., etc. ἐμέθεν; more in  Schwyzer: 602.

    *ETYM Old pronoun: for με, cf. Lat. mé, Skt. md, Go., etc. mi-k (after ik 'T; not = "μέ  ye), IE *meé; μοι = Skt. me, Lat. mi (used as vocative), OLith. -mi, etc.; guiv after ἁμίν,  etc. The genitives are all innovations: ἐμέο (whence ἐμεῖο analogically or with  metrical lengthening), modelled after τέο, etc. (gen. of ▶︎ tic), whence ἐμέο-ς, ἐμέ-θεν  (like οἴκο-θεν, etc.). Adjectivized ἐμέ gave the possessive ἐμός 'meus'; likewise, Av. ma-, Hitt. -mis, Lat. meus. On the acc. *h,me, see Beekes, Sprache 33 (1987-9): 7-12; it  is also seen in Arm. im [dat.] 'mei'.

XXXXXἐμέω [v.] 'to vomit'.

    *VAR Aor. ἐμέσί(σλαι (I), perf. ἐμήμεκα (Hp. Luc.), fut. guéow (Ηρ.), ἐμῶ, ἐμοῦμαι  (Att.), pres. ἐμέθω (Hdn.).

    *COMP Prefixed with an-, ἐξ-, év-, bmep-, etc.

    *DER Verbal nouns: ἔμετος 'vomiting' (Ion., Arist.) with the bahuvrihis av-, δυσ-, ev-  έμετος, -ήμετος (Hp. et al; also, directly from ἐμέω, δυσ-, εὐ-εμής, -ημής),  κοτιριήμετος (Hp.); to ὑπερεμέω: ὑπερέμετος (Hp.). From ἔμετος: ἐμεσία 'qualm,  inclination to vomit' (Hp.), ἐμετ-ικός, -ώδης, -ἥριος, -ιάω (Hp. Arist. et al.); ἔμεσις

===Pag_464: Beekes_Página_0464.tiff=== XXXXXἔμπης 417 and ἔμεσμα 'id' (Hp.); ἐμίας 'spitter' (Com; see Chantraine 1933: 93). See also > ἐμύς and ▶︎ περιημεκτέω.

    *ETYM In Skt. there is the athematic vdmi-ti; additionally, Lat. vomit, vomimus  (beside vomi-tus), which were reinterpreted as thematic forms, with which compare  reg-i-mus. The disyllabic root is also represented in Lith. vémti (new yod-present  vemit). The root also occurs in North Gm., but only in metaphorical meaning, e.g. OSw. vami [m.} 'disgust'. Schwyzer: 222° sees an element of the living language in  ἐμέω, which would explain why the verb does not show a Ε- in Homer (a similar  explanation exists for lack of Ε in ▶︎ ἱδρώς, as well as in ▶︎ δίφρος).

XXXXXἔμμᾶνις -»μῆνις.

XXXXXἐμμαπέως 'immediately' (epic since I].).

    *ETYM From ᾿ἐμμαπής 'grasping', to "ἐμ-μαπεῖν. See ▶︎ μαπέειν.

XXXXXἐμματέω = p1aTEvw.

XXXXXἔμμοτος = |10TOc.

XXXXXἐμπάζομαι [v.pres.] 'care about something, for something' (Il; mostly with negation).

    *COMP Act. κατ-εμπάζω 'take hold of (ὁπόταν χρειώ σε κατεμπάζῃ Nic. Th. 695).

    *ETYM No good etymology. Connection with ▶︎ ἔμπης 'in any case' is semantically  difficult. In view of the MoSw. expression for 'care for something', fasta sig vid nagot,  properly 'to attach yourself to', one may consider (as Frisk does) an original "ἐμ-  πάγ-ιομαι, to ἐμ-πᾶγῆναι (lon. πᾶκ-τός, naxtobv). The gloss ἐμπαστῆρας μύθων-  πιστωτάς, μάρτυρας 'confirmers, witnesses' (H.) is unclear; Latte corrects it to  *gmlotijpas. Blanc RPh. 70 (1996): 1996 connects it with *peh,- 'protect' (Beekes  1969: 173); however, cf. Pok. 787 *peh.k/g- 'fit together'.

XXXXXἔμπαιος 1 [adj.] 'bursting in, sudden' (A. Ag. 187 [lyr.], also Emp. 2, 23). 4GR?>

    *ETYM From ἐμπαίω 'burst in' (S. El. 902; see ▶︎ παίω); cf. Schwyzer: 452: 2.

XXXXXἔμπαιος 2 [adj.] 'experienced, skillful (Ὁ 379, p 400; Lyc. 1321). 4GR?>

    *ETYM Not well explained. Schwyzer: 467° and 620 derives it from ἔμπης as *'fully  master of (related to ἐμ-πάομαι; see ▶︎ πάομαι). Differently, Lagercrantz KZ 34  (1897): 395; see also Sommer 1905: 80f.

XXXXXἔμπεδος > 1é50v.

XXXXXἔμπειρος Te ipa.

XXXXXἔμπης [adv.] 'in any case, really, all the same, nevertheless' (Il.).

    *VAR Dor. ἔμπας, also ἔμπαν, ἔμπά.

    *ETYM Origin uncertain. Acc. to Brugmann IF 27 (1910): 274ff., prop. a nom.-acc.ntr. 'validity, reality, truth', related to El. ἐμπάω (ἐμπῷ, ἐπ-εμπήτω) 'execute (a fixed  punishment), realize', πέπᾶμαι, πᾶς, etc. It is improbable that éu- is from IE *sem- in  εἷς (Schwyzer: 620). The ending of ἔμπα is like ἠρέμᾶ, ἀτρέμᾶ; ἔμπαν (ἃ or ἄ), as in

===Pag_465: Beekes_Página_0465.tiff===

ἄπαν (Brugmann IF 27 (1910): 274ff.); see also Bjrck 1950: 123f. Radt 1958: 200-208 suggests ἐν πᾶσιν 'inall cases'. ἐμπίς, -ίδος [f.] 'gnat' (Ar., Arist.).

    *ETYM Popular derivation from ἐμπίνειν 'to drink oneself full (of blood)'; cf. e.g. δικλίδες from κλίνειν. See Strémberg 1944: 14 for full argumentation. Older  interpretations, all wrong, are recounted in Strémberg and Bg. Cf. Gil Fernandez  1959: 26. Differently, Szemerényi 1964: 143°.

XXXXXἐμπλατία [f.] name of a kitchen (IG 5(2), 4 [IV*]). <?>

    *VAR Only Arc. ἰμπ-.

    *ETYM Perhaps related to πλάτος 'breadth', from ἐμπλατής (only Anon. in Tht. 30, 1)  or to ἐμπλατύνειν 'broaden' (LXX). It has been compared with ἐπίπλατορ-  πλακοῦντος εἶδος 'kind of flat cake' (H.), but is this really useful? Cf. on ▶︎ πέλανος.

XXXXXἔμπλην -»πλήν.

XXXXXἐμποδών --πούς.

XXXXXἐμπολή [f.] 'trade, trade goods, purchase, profit' (Pi, Att.). «1Εῖ *k'el- 'turn, move'>

    *VAR Arc. ἰνπολὰ (IV*).

    *COMP Compounds: on ἀπεμπολή see below. Also with prefix: ἀπ-, dt-, ἐξ-, map-,  προσ-.

    *DER Note ἐμπέλωρος: ἀγορανόμος 'clerk of the market' (H; probably for ἐμπολ-;  for Chantraine's opinion, see below). ἐμπολαῖος 'belonging to trade, etc.', epithet of  Hermes (Ar.), ἐμπολεύς 'buyer' (AP). Denominative verb ἐμπολάω, -άομαι 'trade,  buy, sell, win' (Od.), with impf. ἠμπόλων, aor. ἠμπόλησα (ἐνεπόλησα Is.),  ἠμπολήθην, perf. ἠμπόληκα (ἐμπεπόληκα Luc.), med. ἠμπόλημαι. ἐμπόλημα 'goods,  profit' (S.), (ἀπ-)ἐμπόλησις (Hp. Poll.), ἀπεμπολητής 'seller' (Lyc.); deverbal  ἀπεμπολήν' ἀπαλλαγήν, πρᾶσιν, ἐμπορίαν 'deliverance, sale, trade' (H.).

    *ETYM Also (ἐξ-)ἐμπολέω 'id' (Herod, J.). Cf. ἐντολή, ἐντομή, etc; based on a verb  *éunédw, -ομαι. It has been compared with the iterative (with lengthened grade)  πωλέω 'sell'. ἐμπολάω is a denominative, as appears from the augmented and  reduplicated forms. Connection with πέλομαι, -w 'turn, move' (root *k'el-) is  semantically possible; ἐμπολή would then be 'traffic. However, IE also has an old  root *pel- 'sell, earn, etc.' in several nominal derivatives, e.g. Skt. pana- [m.] 'salary'  (with panate 'trade, buy'), Lith. pel nas 'wages, salary', OHG fali, ON falr 'sal(e)able';  it has been.connected with πωλέω, as distinct from ἐμπολή. See Schwyzer: 720°. On  ἐμπολή, ἐμπολάω, see Chantraine RPh. 66 (1940): uff. with various suggestions  (πελάζω, πέλας, etc.). Recently, De Lamberterie has argued for connection with  *k'el- and πωλέομαι (see DELG Supp. s.v. πωλέω).

XXXXXἔμπορος [m.] 'who travels on a ship, passager' (Od.), 'traveller' in general (B., trag.), usually 'merchant' (IA; on the mg. beside κάπηλος, ναύκληρος Finkelstein Class. Phil. 30 (1935): 320ff.). «GRP

    *COMP Several compounds, e.g. ovv-, oiv-, μικρ-έμπορος.

===Pag_466: Beekes_Página_0466.tiff=== XXXXXἔναντα 419

    *DER ἐμπορία 'sea-trade, wholesale trade' (Hes.), ἐμπόριον 'commercial town' (IA),  ἐμπορικός 'belonging to a merchant (to trade)' (Stesich., IA; see Chantraine 1956a:  115); denominative verb ἐμπορεύομαι 'be ἔμπορος, travel, trade' (1A), also 'be (more)  cunning' (2 Ep. Pet. 2, 3), with ἐμπόρευμα, -εῖον, -ευτικός.

    *ETYM Hypostasis from ἐν πόρῳ (dv), 'being in transit'; see ▶︎ πόρος and Porzig  1942: 258. See De Lamberterie RPh. 71 (1997): 159.

XXXXX"Eunovoa [f.] name of a popular phantom (Ar., D.).

    *ETYM Probably a Pre-Greek figure, see Fur: 197°; for the use of the suffix, cf. αἴθουσα, ἄγχουσα, kadovoa, νήθουσα, Axidovoa; Κηλοῦσα = Κήλωσσα.

XXXXXἔμπροσθε(") «ΝΑΚ ἔμπροσθα. -᾽πρόσθεν.

XXXXXἐμπυριβήτης, -ου [m.] 'which goes into the fire', of a τρίπους Ψ 702.

    *ETYM Compound of the prepositional phrase ἐν πυρί and βῆ-ναι, with suffix -τη-; cf. Schwyzer: 452. Cf πυριβήτης Arat. 983, a false archaizing form. On the matter, see  . Brommer Herm. 77 (1942): 366f.

XXXXXἐμύς, -ύδος [f.] 'freshwater tortoise' (Arist.) (in LSJ only in Suppl.)

    *VAR Also é- (LSJSuppl.), msc. and fem. Also ἀμύς 'id.' (Archig. apud Gal. 12.575).

    *ETYM See Chantraine 1933: 126 and 347; origin unknown. Sommer 1905: 100 derives  it from ἐμέω because the animal, when breathing out below the surface of the water,  continuously releases air bubbles. However, *-ud- is not an JE suffix, so the word is  probably Pre-Greek; see Chantraine 1933: 348: πηλαμύς 'sans doute préhellénique',  χλαμύς 'arrangement d'un mot emprunté.' Cf. also Pre-Greek on the suffix -v6-. It  has apparently escaped researchers that there are two forms; this probably points to  Pre-Greek origin (cf. Fur. 346f.), where the variants d-/ é- are different reflexes of a  single Pre-Greek phoneme. There is no support for the suggestion that πηλαμύς  contains ἐμύς as a second member, but this makes no difference for our  interpretation.

XXXXXἔμφωτον -οφῶς.

XXXXXἔν [adv., prep.] 'in, within' (Il.), as a preposition usually with the dat. (loc.) to indicate the rest at the attained goal; in NWGr., El, Arc., Cypr., Thess., Boeot. also with accus. indicating the direction, for which the other dialects have ἐν + ¢, see ▶︎ εἰς.

    *VAR  Also ἔνι; as a preposition ἐν, poetic évi, metrically lengthened eiv(i), Arc. Cypr. Cret. iv.

    *ETYM Old adverb, also seen in OLat. en (> in), Osc.-U en, Gm. (e.g. Go.) in, Olr. in,  OPr. en, Arm. i, etc., all from JE *h,en, *h,eni (identical with the loc. in -i, like ἔπι,  πέρι, etc.?). On ἔνι as a copula (certainly since V-VI?), whence MoGr. εἶναι (εἶνι, ἔνι,  etc.) 'is, are', see Debrunner Mus. Helv. 11 (1954): $7ff.

XXXXXἔναγχος --ἄγχι.

XXXXXἐναλίγκιος -»ἀλίγκιος.

XXXXXἔναντα

    *VAR ἔναντι, ἐναντίος. -ρἄντα and ἀντί.

===Pag_467: Beekes_Página_0467.tiff===

XXXXXἐναντίβιον = fia.

XXXXXἔναρα [n.pl.] 'the weapons of a fallen opponent' (1]., Hes. Sc. 367). «Ὁ

    *COMP As a first member in ἐναρο-κτάντας, of death (A. Fr. 15 [lyr.]), ἐναρη-φόρος  'carrying the ἔν (API); also ἐναρσ-φόρος epithet of Ares (Hes. Sc. 192), also name of  ahero (Alcm.) with o in the compound after ἐγχεσπάλος (Leumann Glotta 15 (1927):  155f., Schwyzer: 336).

    *DER Denominative verbs: évaipw, aor. ἐναρεῖν (ἐξ- Hes. Sc. 329) 'take away the &',  euphemistic for 'kil (Il.); also évapi-uBpotocg 'killing men' (Pi; after φθεισί-  uBpotoc); (younger) évapitw, aor. ἐναρίξαι (Il; in Hom. often é&-; also ἀπ-, ἐπ-,  κατ- 'id'.

    *ETYM Unknown. Schwyzer IF 30 (1912): 44of. compared Skt. (1x) sdnara- (RV 1, 96,  8), of uncertain meaning. Connection with Skt. sandéti 'win' (cf. ▶︎ ἄνυμ) would  impart ἔναρα the original meaning 'gain, booty'; one would have to accept psilosis. Hardly an r/m-stem, as per Schwyzer: 518. On the meaning, see Triimpy 1950: 86ff. See also ▶︎ ἔντεα.

XXXXXἐναργής, -ἕς [adj.] 'clear, visible, recognizable, living' (Il.); on the mg. Milder RhM 79 (1930): 29ff. «1Ὲ *h,erg- 'shining, white'>

    *DER ἐνάργεια 'clearness' (Pl, Hell.), ἐνάργημα 'outward appearance', also in plur. -ήματα 'recognizable facts' (Hell; cf. Chantraine 1933: 190); ἐναργότης (Poll.); also  ἐναργώδης (Aret.).

    *ETYM Formations like ἐν-τελής from τέλος demonstrate for the second member of  ἐν-αργής an s-stem *dipyoc 'shining', which is also found in ἀργεστής and ἀργεννός  (see ▶︎ dpyOc 1 and Schwyzer: 512). Further details are difficult to ascertain, but it is  probably a bahuvrihi with adverbial first member: 'having dpyoc, having splendor'. See Strémberg 1946: 118f,; differently, Sommer 1948:108.

XXXXXἐνάτηρ —eivatépec.

XXXXXἐναυλίζομαι = Evavr0¢ 3.

XXXXXἔναυλος 1 [m.] 'bed of a stream, torrent' (1].); post-Hom. 'hole, grotto, ravine' (Hes., ἢ. Ven. 74, 124, E. [lyr.]), also in sea (Opp.). «IE *h,eulo- 'tube, longish hole'>

    *ETYM Properly 'with ▶︎ αὐλός', so 'hollow area', from αὐλός 'hole, tube'. For the  meaning 'torrent', cf. the analogous development of χαράδρα (properly related to  > χέραδος 'gravel').

XXXXXἔναυλος 2 [adj.] 'accompanied by the flute' (Att.). <1E *h,eulo- 'tube, longish hole'>

    *ETYM Bahuvrihi compound of ▶︎ αὐλός and adverbial ▶︎ ἔν.

XXXXXἔναυλος 3 [adj.] 'sleeping in the open air' (E.).

    <IE *h,eu- 'pass the night'>

    *DER Also évavAtoc with the substantive évavAtov 'abode' (Hell.).

    *ETYM Hypostasis of ἐν αὐλῇ (dv) 'living in the open air'; also, of λέοντες (E. Ph. 1573  [lyr.]).

XXXXXἐνδάπιος [adj.] 'indigenous' (Hell.).

===Pag_468: Beekes_Página_0468.tiff=== XXXXXἔνδον 421

    *ETYM From ἔνδον, modelled after ἀλλοδαπός, τηλεδαπός, etc., and reshaped after  the adjectives in -ἰος (ἐντόπιος, etc.). Cf. Schwyzer: 625.

XXXXXἐνδελεχής -''δολιχός.

XXXXXἔνδινα [n.pl.] 'intestines'. «Ἰεῦ *h,endo- 'in(side)?>

    *VAR Only ἐνδΐνων [gen.pl.] (¥ 408).

    *ETYM Derived from ἔνδον with a suffix -.vo-. Metrical lengthening (as per Schulze  1892: 253)? Cf. Chantraine 1933: 204 and Meid IF 62 (1956): 275". Vendryes MSL 15  (1908/09): 358 accentuates ἐνδῖνος like ἀγχιστῖνος, etc; differently, Brugmann-  Delbriick 1897-1916 2:1, 176 (accent as in ἔντερα).

XXXXXἔνδιος [adj.] 'in (of) the afternoon' (Il), as a substantive -ov [n.] (-o¢ [m.]) '(after)noon' (Call., A. R.); rarely 'belonging to heaven, coming from heaven' (ὕδωρ, Arat. 954), 'in the air' (AP 9, 71); in Hom. i, later (from etdtoc?) also I, see Sommer 1948: 75° with litt.

    *ETYM Hypostasis of "ἐν dipi (: ἔν-διρι-ος, cf. ἐν-νύχι-ος), locative of the word for  'bright sky, day' (see ▶︎ δῖος, ▶︎ Ζεύς). Whether the expression ἔνδιον ὕδωρ (Arat.),  etc. contains a trace of 'heaven' is doubtful; it rather arose by blending with δῖος.

XXXXXἐνδεδιωκότα -Θβίος.

XXXXXἐνδοιάζω -'δοιοί.

XXXXXἔνδον [adv.] 'inside, at home' (I].). IE *h,endon 'inside'>

    *COMP  As a first member e.g. in ἐνδο-μάχᾶς 'fighting at home' (Pi.), ἐνδό-μυχος  'who has his hiding place inside' (S.), -μενία, évSovyia 'furniture, movables' (Plb,;  ἐνδυμενία Phryn., pap. after δύομαι 'enter'?).

    *DER ἔνδο-θεν (like οἴκο-θεν, etc.) from inside, from the house' (Il.), ἔνδο-θι =  ἔνδον (Hom.); on ἐνδοθίδιος see below; évdoce (acc.?) = εἴσω (Keos), ἔνδω (Delph;  after ἔξω). Compar. and superlative ἐνδοτέρω (Hp. post-classical), -tatw  (postclassical); late ἐνδότερος, -τατος (VIP). By confusion with ἐντός arose ἐνδός  (Dor,; cf. Kretschmer Glotta 27 (1939):11) with ἐνδοσθίδια [pl.] 'intestines' (Epidaur.),  with Cretan development ἐνδοθίδιος 'living at home' (Gort.), ἐνδόσθια (LXX) =  ἐντόσθια. After οἴκοι et al ἔνδοι (Lesb. Dor; see Solmsen 1909: 114); on ▶︎ ἐνδάπιος  s.v3 unclear is ἐνδύλω: ἔνδοθεν (H.), like μικκύλος, δριμύλοςξ See Baunack Phil. 70  (1911): 383. On ▶︎ évétva, see s.v.

    *ETYMév6ov is identical with Hitt. andan 'within; also, anda 'id' = Lat. endo. Often  explained as 'indoors', from ἐν and an endingless locative of the root noun for  'house' found in ▶︎ δάπεδον, ▶︎ δεσπότης, ▶︎ δόμος; the expression Διὸς ἔνδον  ἀγηγέρατο (Υ 13) has been adduced, but the genitive can just as well be elliptic, on  which see Vendryes MSL 15 (1908/09): 358ff. See Schwyzer: 625f., Schwyzer 1950:  546f., Lejeune 1939 (see index), and Brugmann-Delbriick 1897-1916 2:2, 723. DELG rejects this view: it fits neither the form nor the meaning. Cf. Meid AAHG 27  (1974): 54. Leumann 1977: 562 assumes that endo was borrowed from Greek: indigena  would be a calque on Gr. ἐνδογενής, after which endo became separated. Acc. to De

===Pag_469: Beekes_Página_0469.tiff===

Vaan 2008 s.v. endo, this 'seems unlikely in view of the recent date of indigena, and because of the generally archaic look of the words indi/u- is combined with.'

XXXXXἔνδορα [n.p].] properly 'what is wrapped in the skin [when sacrificing]' (SIG 1025, 48; 1026, 8); Cos: ἔνδορα ἐνδέρεται. <1E *der- 'flay'>

    *ETYM From ἐνδέρομαι 'wrap in the skin', referring also to δορά; note the  explanation of ἔνδρατα (after éyxata?) in H.: τὰ ἐνδερόμενα σὺν τῇ κεφαλῇ Kal τοῖς  ποσί 'what is wrapped in the skin together with the head and the feet'. Stengel Herm. 54 (1919): 208ff. explained it as σπλάγχνα 'internal organs'; however, his connection  with déptpov 'retina' is correctly rejected by Kretschmer Glotta 12 (1923): 220f. The  word is a hypostasis of ἐν Sopa, acc. to Jones Class. Rev. NS 9 (1959): 132. See ▶︎ δέρω.

XXXXXἔνδρυον ⟹ δρῦς.

XXXXXἐνδυκέως [adv.] 'careful' (II), explained in Hp. as 'continuously'. <?>

    *DER Also ἐνδυκές (Nic. Th. 263, H. [beside ἐνδύκιον]); probably also A. R. 1, 883 for  metrically impossible -éwe).

    *ETYM Perhaps related to ▶︎ ἀδευκής with uncertain analysis; both a verb *év-duxetv  and a noun *d0xn are possible. Cf. Stroémberg 1946: 90; on the meaning, see  Leumann 1950: 3u:f., who explains its use in Hp. as from a false interpretation of  Homer.

XXXXXἐνεγκεῖν [v.aor.] 'bring', resultative (Att., Pi., B., Hp.). <1E hnek- 'bring' and h,nek- 'attain, reach'>

    *VAR Also ἐνέγκαι; aor. pass. ἐνεχθῆναι with fut. ἐνεχθήσομαι, perf.act. ἐνήνοχα,  med. ἐνήνεγμαι; as a present there is φέρω, as a fut. οἴσω.

    *COMP Often with prefix: ἀπ-, εἰσ-, ἐξ-, κατ-, mpoo-, etc. As a second member with  compositional lengthening in δι-, dovp-, ▶︎ ποδηνεκής, etc. (cf. also ▶︎ δόρυ).

    *DER Verbal noun ▶︎ ὄγκος, s.v.

    *ETYM Beside éyx- (old zero grade *h,nk-), there is also évex- (old full grade *h,nek-). With old o-grade, Attic reduplication, and aspiration, we have ἐνήνοχ-α < *h,ne-  hnok- (but no reduplication in κατ-ήνοκα H.). The crossing of éyx- and évex-  yielded ἐν-ήνεγκται; influence of ἐνεῖκαι resulted in ἐν-ἤνειγκ-ται, ἤνειγκαν, etc. (Att. inscr.). There are no exact parallels in other languages: Skt. has the reduplicated  perf. an-dms-a 'I have attained' (*He-Hno(n)k-); however, an additional problem is  that there were probably two roots, *h,nek- 'carry' and *h,nek- 'reach, attain' (see  LIV? s.vv. for various forms in the separate branches). There is a fundamental discussion of the separation of these two different roots and  their respective semantics in Garcia Ramon 1999a: 47-80. The Greek verb derives  from *h,nek- 'bring, carry', like a BSI. verb (Lith. ne§-1%, OCS nes-9 'I bring'), while  most Indo-Iranian forms (Skt. ndgati 'attains' < IE *h.nek-, ag-né-ti 'reaches' <  *hnk-) derive from the second root meaning 'reach, attain', as do Go. ga-nah 'apxei,  it suffices, 'es reicht', Olr. t-anac 'I came' < *(-)h,e-h.nok-, Lat. na-n-c-iscor (nasal  infix present), nactus sum 'attain', and Arm. has-anem, aor. has-i 'reach'. ToB erik-,  ToA ents- 'take' (LIV? s.v. *h,nek-) have also been included with the etymon *h,nek-,  although the semantics are not straightforward. Gr. ▶︎ διᾶνεκής probably belongs to

===Pag_470: Beekes_Página_0470.tiff=== XXXXXἐνεός 423 hnek-. The aorist ἐνεγκεῖν is most difficult. A basic form h,ne-h,nk-o- would develop into ἐνεγκ- with shortening of the vowel by Osthoff's Law; cf. Beekes MSS 38 (1979): 18ff. See LIV' s.v. for further litt.

XXXXXἐνεῖκαι [v.] 'to carry (off «1Ὲ *hnek- 'take away'>

    *VAR Aor. ind. ἤνεικα (II.), also ἤνικα (Lesb. Dor. partly = ἤνϊκα for ἤνεικα) subj. with short them. vowel ἐνίκει (Cyren.); sigmatic 3pl. εἴνιξαν (Boeot. for ἤνειξαν); aor. pass. év(e)tyOijvat, perf. med. ἐνήνειγμαι. Also συν-ενείκομαι (Hes. Sc. 440).

    *COMP Also with prefix: dv-, ἀπ-, eio-, ἐξ-, etc.

    *ETYM Derived from év-eikat (related to »ikw) by Frisk et al; see also Chantraine  1942: 395. However, ἐνεῖκαι is discussed by Meier-Briigger KZ 100 (1987): 313-322. He  concludes that éveyx- is the original form, and évetx- a secondary development,  pointing out that nominal derivations are from éveyx-. The root is now  reconstructed as *h,nek- 'to take away', and the Greek form reconstructed as a  reduplicated aorist *h,ne-hnk- > *enénk-, in which the long vowel was shortened by  Osthoff's Law. On demarcation against *h,nek- 'to reach', see Garcia Ramon 1999:  47-80.

XXXXXἕνεκα [postp.] 'because, because of (1].), with gen. On the mg. in Hom. see Porzig 1942: 169; on the final -a cf. εἶτα: εἶτεν, ἔπειτα: Enerte(v); Evexov after ἔνδον et al. by crossing ἕνεκο, -Kav, see Schwyzer: 627, 406, Schwyzer 1950: 552. 4»

    *VAR ἕνεκεν (especially postclassical); εἵνεκα, -κεν (Ion.), Evvexa (Aeol.; see below);  Hell. also évexe, -Ko(v), -Kav.

    *DIAL Myc. e-ne-ka.

    *ETYM The analysis as év-fexa, related to ▶︎ ἑκών, etc. is refuted by the Mycenaean  form. Note the interchange év-, ἕιν- (is Evv- hyperaeolic? or a metrical lengthening?). See Schwyzer: 228, Chantraine 1942: 161, and Bolling Lang. 30 (1954): 453f. The form  οὕνεκα = ἕνεκα especially in Att. poets, by reanalysis of a preceding genitive in -ov:  tovtotvexa was conceived of as τούτου οὕνεκα (Schwyzer: 413). Since it is  Mycenaean, there is no etymology; connection with *hnek- has been suggested.

XXXXXἔνελος [m.] - νεβρός 'young of the deer, fawn' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM From ἔνελος comes Lat. inuleus 'young deer' (WH s.v. hinuleus with 111.)  further uncertain. Niedermann IF Anz. 18: 78f. thought it was a metathesized form of  πἔλενος, related to ▶︎ ἐλλός, ▶︎ ἔλαφος.

XXXXXἐνενήκοντα [num.] 'ninety' (Β 602).

    *COMP On the ἢ see ▶︎ ἑβδομήκοντα.

    *DER hevevnxovta (Heracl. like hoydonxovta after μεβδεμηκοντα), ἐνήκοντα  (Delos, Phocis [III or II*]; probably haplological); uncertain ἐννήκοντα (τ 174);  innovation after ἐννέα, ἐννῆμαρ, etc.; gen.pl. ἐνενήκοντων (Chios; Aeolizing).

    *ETYM Acc. to Kortlandt MSS 42 (1983): 99, a pre-form *h neun-dkomt- regularly  developed into *évefviyxovta, in which the -Ε- was lost at an early stage. See ▶︎ ἐννέα.

XXXXXἐνεός [adj.] 'speechless, dumb, stupid' (IA). ὍΝ ΑΚ Also évvedc.

    *COMP As a first member e.g. in ἐνεο-στασίη 'speechlessness' (A. R. 3, 76).

===Pag_471: Beekes_Página_0471.tiff===

    *DER ἐνεότης 'dumbness' (Arist.).

    *ETYM The form recalls κενεός, but has no etymology. Acc. to Brugmann 1912: iff, it  is related to εὖνις, etc; this is correctly rejected by Kretschmer Glotta 6 (1915): 305. Fur. 392 recalls νενός: εὐήθης 'meek, silly' (H.), and further νενίηλος (also ἐνίηλος),  but does this prove Pre-Greek origin?    évepOe(v) [adv., prep.] '(from) below, below'.

    <IE *ner-(ter-o-) 'the lower one'>

    *VAR Also vépOe(v) (Hom.), évep8a (Dor. Lesb.).

    *COMP Also ὑπ-, én-évepBe(v). See Lejeune 1939, especially 34:ff.

    *DER évepot 'those below, those below the earth', of the dead below the earth and the  chthonic gods (Hom.), compar. évéptepoc, véptepoc 'below (the earth)' (Hom.),  superl. ἐνέρτατος 'the lowest' (Emp.).

    *ETYM Cf. the opposites ὕπερ-θε(ν), ὑπέρ-τερος, -τατος, from ▶︎ ὑπέρ; also, ὕπερον,  ὑπέρα. A good formal agreement with véptepoc is found in Italic: U nertru 'sinistro',,  Osc. nertra-k 'a sinistra'. It has been cmopared with further Gm. words for 'north',  e.g. ON nordr [n.], which require zero grade: PGm. *nurpra-, IE *nr-tro-, with basic  meaning 'region where the sun is below [the earth]', or 'left side of someone who  turns to the east when praying'. Another formation in Arm. ner-k'-in 'the one below'  (cf. i nerk'oy, i nerk'ust '[from] below'). Also different is Skt. naraka- 'hell  (Wackernagel-Debrunner 1954: 150). Without consonantal suffix, there is ToB ior  'below' < *nér- (see Adams 1999). As Armenian has no *e-, this is probably a Greek  innovation. Further, one connects Lith. ποτὰ, nefti 'plunge, slip into', etc. (see  ▶︎ δενδρύω); see also ▶︎ νειρός. The Gr. ἐ- may be compared with that of ἐκεῖ,

XXXXXἐνετή [f.] 'pin, brooch'.

    *VAR ἐνετήρ, -ἦρος [m.] 'clyster syringe'.

    *ETYM Verbal noun of ἐν-ίημι; see ▶︎ ἴημι.

évéwpa [adv.] acc. to Baunack Phil. 65 (1906): 637f. 'in the air' (inscr. Milete), comparing μετέωρα (cf. ▶︎ μετέωρος)

    *ETYM Hypostasis of dep-?

XXXXXἔνη [f.] sc. ἡμέρα, only in adverbial expressions mg. 'the day after tomorrow'.

    *VAR e.g. ἔς τ᾽ αὔριον ἔς τε ἔνηφιν (Hes. Op. 410), with surprising hiatus; ἔνης, εἰς  ἔνην, τῇ ἔνῃ (Att.), ἔνας (Theoc.), ἔναρ (Lacon.)- ἐς τρίτην 'on the third day',  ἐπέναρ' εἰς τετάρτην. Λάκωνες 'on the fourth day (Lacon.y (H.).

    *ETYM Old pronoun, seen in ▶︎ ἐκεῖνος.

XXXXXἐνηής [adj.] 'mild, soft, benevolent' (IG 14, 1648: 8; metrical tomb inscription). <1E? h,eu- 'enjoy, desire', or h,euH- 'help, assist'>

    *VAR  Gen. and acc.sg. ἐνηέος, -éa (Hom., Hes.), nom.pl. -ῆες, -έες (Opp...

    *DER ἐνηείη 'mildness, benevolence' (P 670, Opp.).

    *ETYM Uncertain. Formations like ἐν-τελής (from τέλος) point to a second member  *foc, which can be PGr. "ρος or "ἦρος, the latter of which would differ only in  ablaut from Skt. dvas-, Av. auuah- [n.] 'favor, benevolence, help' (*h,euH-os-), in  which case ἐνηής would properly mean 'having benevolence'. However, it is rather

===Pag_472: Beekes_Página_0472.tiff===

. ἐνθεῖν 425 perhaps related to Lat. ανεῦ 'be eager', Skt. avay- 'consume', etc. with initial *a-. For the ablaut, it has been compared with ἄγος beside Skt. dgas- (from decomposition?). It has additionally been compared with ἀΐτης (s.v. ▶︎ ἃ ἴτᾶς), from "ἄ(εγος with short α-.

XXXXXἐνήνοθεν -'ἐνθεῖν.

XXXXXἐνηρόσιον [n.] 'rent on ploughed land' (Delos, Halic, since IV) «τὸ h,erh,- 'plough'>

    *VAR  In the same mg. évapdtiov (Rhodos III*).

    *ETYM Hellenistic technical term, hypostasized from ἐν ἀρότω or ἀράτω (cf. on  Ἀράτυος) by means of a suffix -to-: '[rent] on the ploughed land'; the -η- is from  compositional lengthening. Likewise, προ-ηρόσιός 'before the time of ploughing'  (Hell).

XXXXXἔνθα [adv.], demonstrative and relative 'there, here, where', first local, but secondarily also temporal; also 'toe there, to here; where to' (on the use Hom. see Bolling Lang. 26 (1950): 371ff.);

    *VAR ἔνθεν 'from there, from where' (II.). On the difference between ἔνθα and ἔνθεν  see Lejeune 1939: 375ff.

    *DER ἐνθά-δε 'to there, here', évOév-de 'from here' (II.); also ἔνθινος 'from here'  (Megar.; cf. Bechtel 1921, 2: 204), ἐνθάδιος: ἐντόπιος 'local' (H.). From crossing of  ἔνθα and αὐτά (with elision or shortened from *év0avta) arose Ion. ἐνθαῦτα (cf. τοῖα : τοιαῦτα); with transfer of aspiration after ἔν-θα, év-Bev arose Att. ἐνταῦ-θα  (and évteb-8ev) 'there, (to) here' (since I 601; cf. Wackernagel 1916: 23; Att. inscr. also ἐνθαῦθα, -Bot); secondary loss of aspiration (after v) in Arg. ἐντάδε, El. ἐνταῦτα. Ion. ἐνθεῦτεν, Att. ἐντεῦθεν 'from here, from there' (τ 568) is cross of ἔνθαῦτα and  ἔνθεν (Wackernagel IF 14 (1903): 370°); different Schwyzer: 6287: *évQavta >  *evOnuta > *évOevta: ἐνθεῦτεν. After τοῦτο, etc. ἐντοῦθα (Cyme, Oropos).

    *ETYM No parallel formations in other languages. For ἔν-θεν, cf. πό-θεν, etc. An old  suffix -8a is found in »ἰθαγενής, but other material ( Arm. and 'there', Olr. and  'there', Lat. inde, OCS kodu 'from where?') is doubtful; see WH s.v. inde and én. It  has been compared with the deictic element *h,eno-; see ▶︎ évn.

XXXXXἐνθεῖν [v.] 'to come, go' (Dor., Delph., Arc).

    *VAR Aor. ind. ἦνθον, ptc. ἐνθών, etc. Compare the epic perf. and plpf. forms:  ἀνήνοθεν (A 266), of αἷμα; ἐνήνοθεν (p 270), of kvion (v.L ἀν-); ἐπ-ενήνοθε (B 219, K  134 of λάχνη; 8 365 of ἔλαιον), κατ-ενήνοθεν (Hes. Sc. 269 of κόνις; h. Cer. 279 of κόμαι [pl.]), παρ-ενήνοθε (A. R. 1, 664 of μῆτις); the mg. is perhaps 'to bubble up,  spring' or 'to spread out'.

    *ETYM Since év@etv is widespread in Doric, it is not from ἐλθεῖν (with a limited  dialectal development At > vt). There is no good verbal connection for évOeiv  outside Greek. The forms év-, ἀν-ήνοθε have been compared with ἐνθεῖν (ablaut  ἔνεθ- : ἐνοθ- : évO-); ἀνήνοθεν could go back to "ἀν-ενήνοθεν by haplology. Formally, we may reconstruct a root *hned'- 'to come about' vel sim. The Indo-  Iranian group of Skt. ddhvan- 'road', OAv. aduuan- [m.] 'id' < *h,nd"-uen- is

===Pag_473: Beekes_Página_0473.tiff===

probably related. The connection with ON gndurr 'snowshoe' seems more dubious. Not related to ▶︎ ἄνθος.

XXXXXἔνθινος 1 ἔνθα.

XXXXXἔνθινος 2 [adj.] 'godlike', ἔνορκόν τε ... καὶ ἔνθινον (Hierapytna, Crete).

    *ETYM Contaminated from ἔνθεος (Cret. "ἔνθιος) and θέϊνος (Cret. *Bi-tvoc > θῖνος;  built after ἀνθρώπινος). Cf. Bechtel 1921, 2: 724.

XXXXXἐνθουσιάζω [v.] 'to be possessed by a god' (Pl, Hell.).

    *VAR  -ἰάω (A., E.), aor. ἐνθουσιάσαι, -ἄσαι.

    *DER ἐνθουσίασις (Pl, Ph.), ἐνθουσιασμός (Democr., Ρ].), ἐνθουσία (Procl;  deverbal); ἐνθουσιαστικός 'possessed' (Pl. Arist.), -αστής 'somebody who is  possessed' (Ptol.); ἐνθουσιώδης [adj.], -δῶς [adv.] 'possessed' (Hp.).

    *ETYM From ἔνθεος, after the verbs in -σιάζω (θυσιάζω, etc.) and the verbs of illness  in -tdw (Osthoff MU 2 (1879): 38); on €0 > ov, see Schwyzer: 251. On ἔνθεος, properly  'in whom is a god', see Schwyzer: 429 and 435 and Stromberg 1946: 115.

XXXXXἐνθύσκει [v.] - ἐντυγχάνει 'meets with'; ἀποθύςσρκειν: ἀποτυγχάνειν 'to miss'; συνθύξω: συναντήσω 'I shall meet with' (H.). <1E *d"eug"- 'fit'>

    *ETYM From Ἰθύχ-σκ-ει to τυχεῖν (see ▶︎ τυγχάνω). See Schwyzer: 708; doubts in  Brugmann IF 9 (1898): 348".

XXXXXἔνι Ev,

XXXXXἐνιαυτός [m.] 'anniversary, year' (Il; Risch Mus. Helv. 3 (1946): 254). 42>

    *DER ἐνιαύσιος, Delph. Coan -τιος '(one) year, a year long, every year (π 454),  ἐνιαυσιαῖος 'a year long' (Arist; see Chantraine 1933: 49); denominative verb  ἐνιαυτίζομαι, -ἰζω 'pass a year' (Pl. Com.).

    *ETYM A new expression for 'year', properly 'anniversary' (cf. Bechtel 1914 s.v.). For  the formation, cf. κονι-ορ-τός, βου-λυ-τός, etc. (Schwyzer: 501); it seems to contain a  word évog 'year' (H., Sch. Theoc. 7, 147), seen in several compounds : dievog 'two  years old' (Thphr.), ἑπτάενον: ἑπταετῆ H., τετράενος (Call.); as an s-stem, in tetpdevec [n.] (Theocr. 7, 147), ὕπενες: εἰς τετάρτην H,; see also ▶︎ ἦνις. The same  word also perhaps occurs in Baltic and Gm., e.g. as a second element in Lith. pér-nai  'last year' (*per-h.n-, with acute from the laryngeal), perhaps in Ru. loni < *ol-ni 'of  the past year', Go. fram fair-nin jera 'from the past year'. The second member seems  to contain ἰαύω, either the present-stem ἐν-αυ-τός (Meillet MSL 23 (2923): 274f.) or  the verbal root (cf. κονι-ορ-τός, etc. above), in which case -t- would be a  compositional vowel: év-t-av-té¢ (Schwyzer: 424°, 448). This is hardly probable;  neither are the semantics (*"pause of the year'?) evident. Acc. to Brugmann IF 15  (1903-1904): 87ff., Brugmann IF 1 (1892): 319f.), and many others, it belongs to  éviabw as *'Rast-, Ruhestation der Sonne, Jahreswende'; a to-formation from a  present would, however, be remarkable.

XXXXXἔνιοι [adj.] 'some, a few'.

    <IE? *h,eno- 'that'>

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    *DER ἐνίοτε 'sometimes', ἐνιαχῆ, -οὔ 'in some places, sometimes', originally Ionic  words (only in prose), that were taken up in Attic; late Dorianizing reshaping évioxa  (Archyt.), also ἐνιάκις 'sometimes' (Sor.; after πολλάκις, etc.).

    *ETYM Uncertain. The explanation by Ebel (KZ 5, 7of., taken over by Schwyzer 614),  starting from ἔνι οἵ, ἔνι ὅτε = ἔστιν οἵ, ἔσθ᾽ ὅτε, must be given up: ἔνι in the function  'is, are' is ascertained only since V-VIP (see ▶︎ év). The best solution seems to be the  hypothesis of Benfey, further advocated by Wackernagel 1907: 6, assuming év 'one'  (like HG einige to eins and MoE some to *sem); the psilosis would be Ionic. For the  ending, cf. μύριοι, χίλιοι; then ἐνίοτε, ἐνιαχῆ, -οὔ would be formed after Ste, πότε,  πολλαχῆ, -οὔ, etc. Improbably, Brugmann IF 28 (1911): 355ff. connects it with the  demonstrative *évog in ἔνη 'the third day', ἐκεῖνος, etc.

XXXXXἐνϊπή [f.] 'reproach, menace, threat' IL).

    *DER Beside it the yod-present ἐνίσσω, aor. évévinov, ἠνίπαπον (Schwyzer: 648 and  748, Chantraine 1942: 398), new present évintw (Il; évintw also A. Ag. 590, cf. on  > ἐννέπω) 'reproach, revile'; lengthened present ἐνιπτάζω (A. R.). Here also the river  name'Evnetc (Hdt.) as 'rager' (BoShardt apud Frisk)?

    *ETYM As a verbal noun of ἐνίσσω, ἐνϊπή must have had a labiovelar *k'. Brugmann  connected it with ▶︎ ὀπιπεύω, Skt. iksate 'see', etc. (root *h,k'- 'see'), which he  substantiated (IF 12, 31) by referring to dmc 'reverential look', also 'retribution,  punishment'. Likewise, Porzig 1942: 228: ἐνιπή as 'malign look'. Brugmann further  connected it (in a rather unclear way) with iyao, tyetai (see > intouat) 'to oppress,  punish' vel sim. This in turn has been connected with ▶︎ ἰάπτω 'shoot, hurt, etc' <  *h,i-h,ek'-ie/o-; thence ἴπτομαι from *h,i-h,k'- (Kuiper Glotta 21 (1933): 282ff; Kuiper  MKNAW 14: 5 (1951): 25°), and évi-m from *h,eni-h,k'-.

XXXXXἐννέα [num.] 'nine' (I].).

    <IE *h,n(e)un 'nine'>

    *VAR Also hevvéa (Heracl,; after ἑπτά, ὁκτώ), ἐννῆ or - (Delph, Cyren., etc; cf. Fraenkel Glotta 20 (1932): 88).

    *COMP As a first member beside évvea- (e. g. Hom. évved-Botoc) also older éva-, Ion. elva-, e.g. Hom. εἰνά-ετες [adv.] 'nine years long', εἰνά-νυχες 'nine nights long', éva-  κόσιοι (eiva-) 'nine hundred'.

    *DER In derivatives: va-toc 'the ninth', Ion. elvatoc, Argiv. Cret. fyvatoc, Aeol. Evotog eivac [f.] 'the ninth day' (Hes. Op. 810) beside ἐννεάς 'set of nine' (Theac.);  ἐνάκις (ei-) 'nine times' et al but ἐννῆμαρ 'nine days long' (A 53), see Sommer 1950:  28f., 33 with details, e.g. Boeot. ἐνακηδεκάτη and ἐνναετήρω (Hes. Op. 436). On  ▶︎ ἐνενήκοντα, see s.v.; on ἔνατος cf. δέκατος s.v. ▶︎ δέκα.

    *ETYM The Greek form exists beside Skt. μάνα, Lat. novem (with -m after decem,  septem), Go. niun, Lith. devyni, OCS devete (with d- by dissimilation from -n- or  after désimt, desetn), etc., all from IE *h,neun. The *h,- is reconstructed because both  Gr. évvé(pja, *évpa- (*higun, whence eiva-, éva-, etc.) and Arm. inn (= inan,  disyllabic) show forms with initial vowel. Thrac. evea is unclear (von Blumenthal IF  51 (1933): 115). A special problem is presented by the geminate in ἐννέα. Acc. to Ward  Lang. 24 (1948): 5off., it was caused by the syllable length in ἑπτά, ὀκτω  (improbable); acc. to Sommer 1950: 27, *év|pa- changed *é|véfa to *év||véfa (which

===Pag_475: Beekes_Página_0475.tiff===

is improbable). Differently, Wackernagel KZ 28 (1887): 132ff.); see Schwyzer: 591. Connection with ▶︎ νέος 'new is impossible in view of the *h,-. Incorrectly, Szemer€nyi 1964: 107-118 (who does not accept the laryngeal). év(v)énw [v.] 'to say, recount, announce' (Il.). On the mg. Fournier 1946: 471.

    <IE  *sek'- 'say'>

    *VAR Aor. ἐνισπεῖν, ipv. pl. ἔσπετε (epic), fut. ἐνισπήσω (ε 98), ἐνίψω (H 447; for  *évéww? Chantraine 1942: 443), new present évintw (Pi. P. 4, 201; cf. s.v. ▶︎ vim).

    *COMP Also with preverb: ἐξ-, mpoo-, map-, etc.

    *DER ▶︎ ἄσπετος; also ▶︎ θεσπέσιος, ▶︎ θέσπις. Note προσ-εψία (cod. -1d; leg. -ἰς  προσαγόρευσις 'greeting' (H.). On ▶︎ ἐνοπή, see s.v.

    *ETYM The imperative ἔννεπε is identical with Lat. inseque, insece 'say, recount' (with  inquam, inquit); -vv- in this form is attributable to metrical lengthening (Solmsen  1901: 35, Chantraine 1942: 100f.), or rather to Aeolic assimilation from -vo- (eg. Schulze 1892: 128 A. 2, 173 and Lejeune 1972: 128; also, Schwyzer: 300)? The zero  grade of (o)en- (IE *sek'-) is found in the aorist ἐνι-σπ-εῖν (ipv. ἔσπετε < *év-on-  ete). On the preverb év-, see Chantraine RPh. 68: 117 and Schwyzer 1950: 457. A  verbal noun appears in Olr. insce 'discourse' < IE *en(i)-sk'-id; Celtic has other  forms like OW hepp 'inquit'. In Lith. there is only dialectal sekw, sékti 'say', but  otherwise this formation was replaced in Balto-Slavic by Lith. sakad, -yti 'say', Ru. soci?' 'indicate' < caus. *sok'-eie-, which is also found in Gm,, e.g. ON segja, OS  seggian, etc., PGm. pres. *sagje- < IE *sok'-éie-. OHG sagén is an innovation. The  future éviiyw arose from *h,eni-sk'-s-6, with dissimilation of the first s (not from  *évéww, which is not authentic); see Waack-Erdmann MSS 41 (1982): 199-204.

évveoiat [pl.] 'counsels, plans' (II.), only dat. -ῃσι(ν) (E 894) except A. R. 3, 1364 (gen. -dwv).

    <IE *Hieh,- 'send, throw; make, do'>

    *ETYM Prop. 'inspirations' ('in-givings'), from ἐν-ίημι with metrically necessary  double -v- (Chantraine 1942: 100). On the suffix -σίη (instead of -oic), see Schwyzer:  469, Risch 1937: 124, and Porzig 1942: 99. Likewise, ἐξεσίη (Hom.) 'sending out,  message', from ἐξ-ίημι. See ▶︎ ἵημι.

XXXXXἐννότιος [adj.] 'humid' (Call. Fr. 350).

    *ETYM Acc. to Leumann 1950: 51f., the form arose by false division from A 811 κατὰ  δὲ ννότιος ῥέεν ἱδρώς. However, other explanations are possible: that it is a cross of  νότιος and ἔν-υγρος vel sim. or a bahuvrihi of ἐν and votia, on which see Stro6mberg  1946: 124.

XXXXXἕννυμι [v.] 'to clothe, dress (oneself) (I1.). < IE *ues- 'cloth'>

    *VAR Med. -μαι; Ion. εἵνυμι, -μαι, impf. kata-eivvov Ψ' 135 (vl. -νυσαν, -λυον; cf. εἰλύωλ, aor. Zo(o)at, -ασθαι, fut. Zo(o)w, -opat, Att. ἀμφιῶ, -οῦμαι, perf. med. εἶμαι,  ἔσσαι, eitat or ἔσται, eipévoc, plpf. goto, ἔεστο (Il; cf. below), Att. ἠμφίεομαι,  ἠμφιεσμένος, poet. ἀμφεμμένος, aor. pass. ptc. ἀμφιεσθείς (Hdn.).

    *COMP Often with preverb, especially ἀμφι- (always in Attic); also ém-, kata-, περι-,  ἀπαμφι-, etc. New presents: ἀμφι-έζω,» ἀμφιάζω.

===Pag_476: Beekes_Página_0476.tiff=== XXXXXἐνοργείας 429

    *DER ▶︎ ἑανός name of ἃ woman's cloth 5.ν.; εἵματα [ρΡ].] (rarely sing.) 'clothes, cover'  Ch), Aeol. (βέμματα (γέμματα' ἱμάτια 'clothes' H.), Cret. ρῆμα (γῆμα' ἱμάτιον H.),  also ξήμας [gen.sg.] to ρμήμᾶ [f.] (cf. γνῶμα ~ γνώμη et al.); often as a second  member, e.g. εὖὐ-, κακο-είμων. Diminutive εἱμάτια [pl.], Att. ▶︎ ἱμάτιον, often plur. -ta,  with ἱματίδιον, -ἰδάριον, ἱματίζω, ἱματισμός, etc. Further ἔσθος [n.] 'clothes, dress'  (Q 94, Ar. [lyrical and Dor.]), formation like ἄχθος, πλῆθος, etc. (Schwyzer: 511,  Benveniste 1935: 199); denominative perfect ἤσθημαι, mostly in ptc. ἠσθημένος (é-)  'clothed' (Ion.) with ἐσθήματα [pl] 'clothes' (trag., Th.), ἐσθήσεις 14. (Ath.); cf. Fraenkel 1910: 106f. More usual than ἔσθος is ἐσθής (Pi. ἐσθάς), -ῆτος [Ff] 'id' (Od.);  attempts at an explanation by Brugmann-Delbriick 1897-1916 2:1, 527, Schwyzer IF 30  (1912): 443; lengthened dat.pl. ἐσθήσεσι (Hell.). yéotpa (= ρέστρα; cod. yeotia, see  below): ἔνδυσις, στολή, ἱμάτια 'putting on, apparel, clothes' (H.); see Latte; to ἐφ-  resp. ἀμφι-έννυμι: ἐφεστρίς [6] 'upper garment, coat' (X.), ἀμφι-εστρίς [f.] 'coat,  sleeping garment' (Poll.); on the formation Schwyzer: 465, Chantraine 1933: 338. From ἀμφι-έννυμι further ἀμφίεσμα (IA), -ίεσις (sch.), -ἰεσμός (Ὁ. H. 8, 62; ν.1. τιασμός, from ▶︎ apgiatw).

    *ETYM The present ἔννυμι, εἵνυμι < *péo-vu-pi (Att. -vv- from restored -ov-;  Schwyzer: 284, 312, 322, Lejeune 1972: 123) is identical with Arm. z-genum 'to put on'  (aor. z-gec'ay, med.). Beside this nu-present, there is also an athematic root present  in Indo-Iranian and Hittite: Skt. vds-te 'clothes himself, Hitt. impv.act. apl. yes-ten,  ind.pres.med. 3sg. yes-ta. Exactly parallel are the Greek perfect forms 1sg. εἶμαι <  Ἐξέσ-μαι (to which belongs analogical 3sg. εἶται), 2568. ἔσ-σαι (Od.), 38g. ἐπί-εσται  (Hdt. 1, 47 = Skt. vds-te); these are perhaps reinterpreted old presents (cf. ptc. eiuévoc); see Chantraine 1942: 297, Schwyzer: 767. For the Greek o-aorist, cf. ToB  pret. wdssate 'he put on'. The nominal derivatives could be old: ἑανός [m.]: Skt. vds-  ana- [n.] 'cloth'; εἶμα = Skt. vds-man- [n.] 'cloth'; ρέστρᾶ : Skt. vds-tra- [n.] 'id',  MHG wes-ter 'christening dress'. Except for uncertain yeotia (see above), Greek  does not have the normal derivative in -t- seen in Lat. ves-ti-s, Arm. zges-t (u-stem),  Go. wasti. The idea that IE *ues- 'dress, wear' is a derivative of *h,eu- 'put on', seen in  Lat. ind-u6, etc., is impossible because of the initial *h,-.

XXXXXἐνόπαι [f.pl.] 'ear pendant' (S. Fr. 54).

    *ETYM Hypostasis from ἐν ὀπαῖς, properly 'in the holes'; in the same meaning,  διόπαι (Attica, Ar.), from δι᾽ ὀπῶν '(fitted) through the holes'. With oppositive  accent, di-onog 'with two holes' (Epid., Ath.), a bahuvrihi. See further ▶︎ μετόπη and  ▶︎ ὀπή.

XXXXXἐνοπή [{1] 'cry, battle cry, sound(s), voice(s)' (Il; on the mg. Triimpy 1950: 154f., but hardly all correct).

    *ETYM A connection with év(v)énw 'say' (cf. Schwyzer: 460) is perhaps better than  that with ▶︎ ἔπος, etc. as *év-fon-y (Brugmann KZ 25 (1881): 3067) for semantic  reasons; however, DELG holds that a connection with évvénw is impossible, and  prefers the other etymology. This presupposes a verb with év-; cf. Lat. in-vocé, OPr. en-wackémai 'we invoke'. Cf. Porzig 1942: 251.

XXXXXἐνοργείας [f.] - τὰς νεοσσείας. Κρῆτες 'breedings, nestlings (Cret.) (H.). «GR»

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    *ETYM Acc. to Bechtel 1921, 2: 784 (who writes évopyia), it is abstracted from ἔνοργος  'who is ἐν ὀργῇ, ie in the rutting season'. See ▶︎ ὀργή.

XXXXXἕνος [adj.] 'old' as opposed to 'new', only in fixed expressions about fruits and officials of the past year, also of the last day of the preceding month, indicating the new period (Hes; #vn the first day of the month, with Ion. psilosis?); in the last sense mostly ἕνῃ καὶ νέα (sc. σελήνιη; Att. since Solon).

    <IE *seno- 'old'>

    *ETYM The common IE word for 'old', *sénos, is still found in most branches, in  opposition to 'new': Gr. évoc, Arm. hin, Skt. sdna-, Lith. sénas, Olr. sen; here also ON sina [f.] 'withered grass of last year' (cf. ἕνος βλαστός, etc.). Some languages also use  it in opposition to 'young': thus eg. Celtic and Lithuanian, but also Gm., e.g. Go. sineigs 'πρεσβύτης᾽, as wellas Iranian, Av. hana- 'old, grey'; nevertheless, Skt. sdna- is  not used in this way. The latter meaning became dominant in Italic: Lat. senex, Osc. senateis 'senatis'. In the Eastern languages, *sénos was replaced in this meaning by  derivatives from the root of ▶︎ γέρων. Cf. Porzig 1954b: 343ff.

XXXXXἔνοσις [f.] 'shaking, quake' (Hes. E. [lyr.]). <?>

    *DIAL Myc. e-ne-si-da-o-ne, with a difficult -e-.

    *COMP As a first member in the epic compounds ἐνοσί-χθων, ἐννοσί-γαιος 'earth-  shaker', epithets of Poseidon; in the same mg. ἐννοσίδᾶς (Pi; with da- in Δα-μάτηρ  (see Δημήτηρ and von Wilamowitz 1931: 203); after this εἰνοσί-φυλλος 'shaking off  foliage' (Hom.; éwv-, eiv- with metrical lengthening; cf. Chantraine 1942: 100); cf. Knecht 1946: 26.

    *DER ἐνοσιζεται- τρέμει, σείεται 'tremble, shake' (Cyr.).

    *ETYM Uncertain. The explanation as *év-fo8-tic from ▶︎ ὠθέω (see also ▶︎ EOwv,  ▶︎ ἔθειρα) by Pott, followed by many scholars, meets with several objections: the  sequence -θ-τ- should have given -στ- (cf. e.g. πύσ-τις beside met-oc); the o-grade as  in d-~pwv: φρήν is not expected in a ti-derivative (and refuted by Mycenaean  anyway); finally, a prefix év- is not well explained ('bump against'?). If évootc is  indeed a primary ti-derivative (cf. Holt 1941: 94f.), we would rather expect a  formation like ἄρο-σις; however, ἕνοσις may have been derived from the  compounds. Incorrectly, Janda 1999: 183-203 (followed by Stiiber 2002: 88), who  assumes a root *h,enh,- 'to move', with which he connects Skt. dnas, Lat. onus  ''burden'). However, no such root is attested: the Lat. o-grade points to *h,en- and the  apparent lack of Brugmann in Skt. is explained by Lubotsky 1990: 132. Kloekhorst  2008: now connects aniie/a-'' 'work, produce, etc.' with these words as *h,n-ie/o-. Finally, the root meaning of *h,en- would rather be 'carry on a cart or an animal',  -which does not seem adequate for Greek; neither does it solve the problem posed by  Mycenaean. Thus, the Greek words remain without etymology.

XXXXXἐνσχερώ —ETIGXEPY.

XXXXXἐνταῦθα eV AR ἐντεῦθεν. Ξ'ἔνθα.

XXXXXἔντε -5ἔστε.

===Pag_478: Beekes_Página_0478.tiff=== XXXXXἐντός 431

XXXXXἔντεα [η.Ρ}.] 'equipment', especially 'defensive weapons' (IL; cf. Triimpy 1950: 7off.). <?>

    *VAR ἔντος [sg] (Archil. 6).

    *COMP As a first member in ἐντεσι-μήστωρ (also évteo-) ἔμπειρος ὅπλων  'experienced with tools/weapons' (H.), further in ἐντεσι-εργούς [acc.pl.] 'working  harnessed'(?), epithet of ἡμιόνους (Q 277).

    *ETYM Beside ἔντεα, there is ἐντύνω, -ομαι, évtbw, aor. ἐντῦναι 'to equip, prepare'  (IL). As it recalls dptu(v)w, it may have been built after this verb (Porzig 1942: 338). A basic noun ἐἐντύς could be assumed. Connection with ▶︎ ἄνυμι, ἀνύω is impossible  (see Frisk). Compare ▶︎ ἔναρα and ▶︎ αὐθέντης (on the psilosis, see Chantraine 1942:  186). ᾿

XXXXXἐντελέχεια [f.] philosophical notion created by Aristotle, 'completion, fullness' (opposed to δύναμις).

    *ETYM Compound from ἐντελὲς ἔχειν (cf. συνέχεια, νουνέχεια, etc.), hardly from the  rare and doubtful ἐντελεχής; the resemblance to ἐνδελεχής, -era has led to mistakes  in the mss. ᾿

XXXXXἔντερα [η.Ρ}.] 'intestines, bowels', also sing. 'gut' (IL). <1E *h,entero- 'inside part'>

    *COMP As a first member e.g. in ἐντερο-κήλη 'breach of the intestines, hernia' (Dsc.,  Gal.; see Risch IF 59 (1949): 285, Stromberg 1944: 69).

    *DER Diminutive évtepidia (Com.); also évtépiov (M. Ant. 6, 13%; form and mg. uncertain); ἐντεριώνη 'inside of a fruit, heartwood of a plant or tree' (Hp., Thphrs  Stromberg 1937: 127f.); formation like iacwvn, εἰρεσιώνη (Chantraine 1933: 208);  ἐντερόνεια (Ar. Eq. 1185) mg. unclear; acc. to H. and Suid. = ἐντεριώνη 'innermost  part'; adjectives évtepixdc 'of the & (Arist.), ἐντέρινος 'made from bowels' (sch.);  denominative verb évtepetw 'gut fishes' (Com.).

    *ETYM Old word for intestines, identical with Arm. ander-k* [pl.], -ac' [gen.pl.] and  with ON idrar [pl.] < PGm. *inperoz. Hiibschmann 1897: 447f. suggested that the  Arm. word was borrowed from Greek. The original adjectivial meaning is preserved  in Skt. dntara-, Av. antara- 'being inside', with Osc. Entrai [dat.sg.] *Interae', name  of a goddess; in Latin, it was replaced by interior. IE *h,enter-o is an adjective derived  from an adverb *enter, preserved in Skt. antdr 'inside', Lat. inter 'between'. Besides  OHG untar, there is also Osc. anter 'under' = 'amongst' from the zero grade *h,nter. At the basis is the adverb *h,en (see ▶︎ ἔν) with the comparative suffix -fer; see  Benveniste 1948: 120f.

XXXXXἐντολή -''τέλλω 1.

XXXXXἔντος [n.]Ξ-ἔντεα.

XXXXXἐντός [adv.] and [prep.] 'inside' (IL).

    *DER évtooBe(v), rare ἔντοθεν (after ἔνδοθεν, ἔκτοθεν, etc.) (from) inside' (epic  Ion., 11.) with ἐντόσθια and ἐντοσθίδια [η.Ρ}.] 'intestines' (Hp., Arist; cf. Chantraine  1933: 39), with the adjective ἐντόσθιος, -ίδιος 'of the intestines' (medic.); cf. below. Compar. ἐντότερος 'inner' (LXX).

===Pag_479: Beekes_Página_0479.tiff===

    *ETYM Identical with Lat. intus '(from) inside'; IE formation in -tos (e.g. Skt. i-tdh  'from here', Lat. peni-tus '[from] inside') from the adverb *h,en; see ▶︎ ἔν. Cf. also  ▶︎ ictéc. ἐντόσθια is not (as per Vendryes REGr. 23 (1910): 74) from *évtootia (after  ἔντοσθε) = Skt. antastya- [n.] 'intestines'; the word belongs to Skt. antdr 'inside' (see  ▶︎ ἔντερον) with regular replacement of -r by -s- in sandhi before the suffix -tya-.

XXXXXἐντροπαλίζομαι [v.] 'to turn around (often), turn back' (IL).

    *VAR Only ptc. -Gpevoc. In the same mg. also μετατροπαλίζεο [impv.med.] (Υ 190).

    *ETYM Expressive formation from tponéopat, τρέπομαι, modelled on these like  στροφαλίζω on otpogéw, στρέφω and κροταλίζω on Kpotéw. The original starting  point was a noun in -aX(o-); cf. κρόταλον, στροφάλιγξ. Chantraine 1942: 340. An  adjective ἐντροπαλός 'shameful, afraid' is attested in MoGr. cf. Schwyzer: 32. Differently, Bechtel 1914: 318f.

XXXXXἔντυβον [n.] 'andive' (Gp.). «νΑΚἴτυβος (Edict. Diocl.); ἴντουβος (Ps. Dsc.).

    *ETYM The Latin word seems to be a loan from Semitic (see André 1956: 170,    Hiltbrunner 1958: 174-177, and Hiltbrunner Archiv fiir das Studium der neueren  Sprachen 197 (1960): 22f.).

XXXXXἐντύνω

    *VAR ἐντύω. ~EvteEa.

XXXXXἐντυπάς [adv.] uncertain, but probably 'wrapped in' (Q 163 ὁ δ᾽ ἐν μέσσοισι γεραιὸς || ἐντυπὰς ἐν χλαίνῃ κεκαλυμμένος; later A. R., Q.S.).

    <IE? *tup- 'squat'?>

    *DER ἐντυπαδία H; ἐντετύπασται 'is wrapped (in) (BSA 16, 107 [Pisidia]).

    *ETYM The meaning was already uncertain in antiquity, as appears from the  explanations in Hesychius: ἐντυπάς: ἐντετυπωμένος. ἐγκεκαλυμμένος TO πρόσωπον  τῷ ἱματίῳ, τὴν χεῖρα ἔχων πρὸ τοῦ προσώπου. ἢ κεκυφώς 'formed, molded. With the  face wrapped in the mantle, holding the hand before the face. Or with the head down  (in shame)'. Mostly (with the schol.) connected with ▶︎ τύπτω, τύπος and taken as  'well enveloped in', i.e. in such a way that the outline of the bodily members and the  head could be distinguished. Taken by Kurschat apud Prellwitz as 'squatting', related  to Lith. tapti, tupéti 'id'. On the adverbs in -ac, see Schwyzer: 631 and Chantraine  1942: 251.

XXXXXἐνῴδιον 'earring' (Att. inscr. since 399°; Meisterhans 1900: 65 and 79), often dual (Schwyzer 1950: 47).

    *ETYM Hypostatic diminutive formation from *év-ov(c)-idtov, with transfer of the ὦ  from ὦτα, etc. (Wackernagel Phil. Anz. 15 (1885): 199ff; see also Schulze 1892: 38°). Since Hellenistic times, it has instead been ἐνώτιον, fully adapted to ὦτα (inscr. Delos 279°, etc.) with the new diminutive évwtidtov (inscr. Delos, Tanagra); further,  ἐνωτάριον after ὠτάριον (H. s.v. Botpbdia). Beside it exists a formation in -άδιον in  ἐξωβάδια: ἐνώτια. Λάκωνες (H.), from *éE-wvh-ddia; cf. Schwyzer: 520). See ▶︎ οὖς.

XXXXXἐνῶπα [adv.] 'in the face, openly; against' with gen. (O 320, Orph. L., Epigr.). Univerbation of ἐν ona, cf. ▶︎ ἔναντα and Schwyzer: 619.

    *VAR Only in κατενῶπα (kav ἐνῶπα, κατένωπαλ

===Pag_480: Beekes_Página_0480.tiff=== XXXXXἕξ 433

    *DER ἐνωπα-δίως 'face to face, in the flesh' (y 94), -δίς (A. R. 4, 351), -δόν (Ὁ. 5. 2, 84)  'id',

    *ETYM The form ἐνώπ-ιος 'in the face, visible' arose by hypostasis, mostly in its  neuter form ἐνώπιον as an adverb and preposition (with gen.) 'in person, face to  face' (Hell.), κατενώπιον 'id.' (Hell.). Additionally, there is ἐνώπια [n.pl.] 'front wall,  outside wall, front of a house' (Hom.), also in sing. (Delos ΠΣ 'face' (A. Supp. 146  [lyr.]). The form ἐνωπῇ 'in the face, openly' (E 374), an isolated dative, is from ἐνωπή  'look, face' (only in ἐνωπῆς γλήνεα Nic. Th. 227; simplex ὠπή A. R.), if not a  reformation of ἐνῶπα after the adverbial datives in -ἢ (σπουδῇ, etc; Schwyzer: 622);  cf. Chantraine 1942: 249. See ▶︎ wy, and cf. ▶︎ πρόσωπον and ▶︎ μέτωπον.

XXXXXἐνώτιον = ἐνῴδιον.

XXXXXἐξ (adv., prev., prep.] 'out' (II). Details in Schwyzer 1950: 461ff.

    *VAR  Before consonant ἐκ (ἐγ, 2x), dialectally ἐς (Boeot. always &(0)c).

    *DER ἔξω [adv., prep. with gen.] 'outside' (cf. ἄνω, εἴσω); thence ἔξωθεν 'from  outside' (IA), etc. Variants: é&ei- ἔξω (H.) with locative ending, Cret. efor, Delph. εξος; on ἔξουθα, ἔξεσα see Lejeune 1939: 329, 355. Cf. ▶︎ ἐχθός (Locr., Delphi) from ἐξ.

    *ETYM Exact agreements with ἐξ are found in Italic and Celtic, e.g. Lat. ex (δ, ec-),  MW ex-, Olt. ess-; further, in Baltic and Slavic forms with unclear i-, e.g. Lith. is, iz,  OCS is, iz; doubtfully, Arm. i, y- 'out, from' (beside i, y- 'in'). Because of the aspirates  in ἔσχατος, ἐχθός (= ἐκτός), etc, one has posited an IE pre-form *h,e¢"-s instead of  *hek-s. This assumption is unnecessary for ▶︎ ἐχθός, but seems unavoidable for  ▶︎ ἔσχατος. Cf. also ▶︎ ἐχθρός.

XXXXXἕξ [num] 'six'.

    *DIAL Myc. we-pe-za />wekspeza/, see Viredaz SMEA 23 (1982): 310-313; Dor, etc. Fee.

    *COMP As a first member, beside rare ἐξ-, éx-, usually ἐξα- (ἑξά-μετρος, ἑξα-κόσιοι,  etc.) after énta-, tetpa-; ἑξή-κοντα after πεντή-κοντα; on second members -kovta  and -κόσιοι see on ▶︎ διᾶκόσιοι.

    *DER ἐξίτης (scil. βόλος) 'throw of six in the game of dice' (Epigr., Poll.); ἑξᾶς, -ἄντος  [m.] (Sicil.) formed after Lat. sextans, together with ἑξάντιον (Epich.). Ordinal ἔκτος,  Cret. ρέκτος; adverb ἑξάκις (after πολλάκις, etc.); collective ἑξάς [f.] 'number of six'  (Ph.) with ἐξαδικός.

    *ETYM The IE numeral 'six' has two variants: Lat. sex, Germ., e.g. Go. saihs, Lith. Ses-  i, OCS Ses-tv, Alb. gjash-té, ToA sdk seem to go back to IE *seks. On the other hand,  Gr. fét, Arm. vec', Celt. eg. MW chwech, Skt. sds-, Av. xSuuas point to *sueks. However, although some details remain unclear, the form with -y- is certainly  original, while the loss of -y- may have been triggered by 'seven', *septm. Gr. ἕξ (Dor. rét) continues *sueks with loss of the digamma or the aspiration; on Boeot. ἕξ  (beside εικαστῆ), see Schwyzer: 226. The ordinal ἕκτος, ρέκτος is probably from *suek-to-s, as *syeks-to-s would give  **_yQ-, An original sequence *-kt- also seems necessary for certain Germanic forms,  OHG sehto (beside sehsto), ON sétti. Other forms, however, show -s-: Lat. sextus, Go. saihsta, ToA skdst. Yet other forms are ambiguous: Skt. sasthd-, Lith. séstas, OCS

===Pag_481: Beekes_Página_0481.tiff===

Sestv; note Gaul. suexos. On unclear ξέστριξ κριθή: eaotiyoc. Κνίδιοι H., see Schwyzer: 269, 590. See Lubotsky 2000b on the IIr. and IE reconstruction.

XXXXXἔξαιτος —aivopat.

XXXXXἐξαίφνης --ἐξαπίνης.

XXXXXἔξαλος [adj.] 'out of the sea, far from the sea' (A 134 = Ψ 281), weakly attested v.l. for ἐξ ἁλός; also Emp. 117 (ἰχθύς; from ἐξάλλομαιξ) and Hell.

    *ETYM Hypostasis of ἐξ ἁλός. Hardly correctly, Leumann 1950: 5574.

XXXXXἐξάντης 'ἄντα.

XXXXXἐξαπίνης [adv.] 'suddenly' (I1.). VaR Dor. -ἃς; Hell. ἐξάπινα (after the adverbs in -4).

    *DER ἐξαπιναῖος, together with the adverb -aiwe 'id' (Hp., Th.).

    *ETYM Formation like ἐξαίφνης. These words clearly have something to do with  ▶︎ ἄφαρ, ▶︎ ἄφνω: Fur.: 158, etc. recognized that the whole group is Pre-Greek (1/@). The variants +@-/-m- show that the i is part of the consonant, so we may assume a  PG phoneme *p' for these forms (Pre-Greek: B 1). For the same Pre-Greek  phenomenon, cf. »κνωπεύς / Pm κινώπετον, ▶︎ πινυτός; also, ▶︎ ἀκραιφνής /  ▶︎ ἀκραπνής. See further ▶︎ αἶψα, ▶︎ αἰπύς.

XXXXXἔξαστις, -ἰος [[] 'hem of a fabric' (Samos IV), plur. 'threads coming out of a fabric', especially 'selvage of linen' (medic.). <1E? h,et-ti- 'stitching'>

    *VAR Also ἔξεστις (Gal.).

    *ETYM Derived by Schmidt 1895: 89° from *é§-av-ot-tc, a verbal noun from  ἐξανίστημι, for which he assumed apocope and loss of the nasal like in Epid. ἀ-στάς  = dv(a)-otdc. However, apocope is unmotivated in a Ionic word, and the ending -1¢  is unexpected. Boisacq considered connection with ▶︎ ἄττομαι 'to set the warp in the loom', dopa  'warp', etc. Given the new etymological proposal for ▶︎ ἄττομαι, this is quite  attractive, as ἔξαστις may simply mean 'what sticks out'.

XXXXXἐξαυστήρ --αὔω 2.

XXXXXἐξαυτῆς [adv] 'immediately' (Hell.).

    *ETYM Probably from ἐξ αὐτῆς τῆς ὁδου; see Wackernagel 1916: 414.

XXXXXἐξεράω -'-ἀπ-εἐράω.

XXXXXἐξετάζω -οἐτάζω.

XXXXXἑξῆς [adv.] 'in a row, one after the other' (Od., Att.).

    *COMP ἐφ-εξῆς, Ion. ἐπ- ~ 14.᾽, καθ-εξῆς 'id' (Ev. Luc. 1, 3, Plu, Ael.).

    *DER Also ἑξείης (Hom.), ἐφ-, καθ-εξείης (Orph., Opp.); &av (Dor. accentuation?)  'id',

    *ETYM The adverbial genitive ἑξῆς must derive from a nominal formation of ἔχεσθαι  'connect, follow', but the details are uncertain. Schulze 1892: 293 detects in ἑξῆς and  ἑξαν forms of a noun "ἔξᾶ with the same inflexion as uid, μιᾶς, μίᾶν; Bechtel 1914 s.v.

===Pag_482: Beekes_Página_0482.tiff===

EOAEL 435 starts from an adjective é&éc. Solmsen 1909: 240°) supposes that ἑξῆς was contracted from earlier ἑξείης (metrical lengthening for é&ér¢?); however, this does not explain Dor. éav. ἐξε(ύης is from an adjective "ἐξεζι)ος (cf. ἐξεῖα: ta ἑξῆς H.); is this in turn from ἔξιςξ The synonymous éneyéc (Arg.), ἐπεχεῖ (Delph.), and noteyei (Heracl.) are from én-, ποτ-ἔχεσθαι. See ▶︎ ἔχω.

XXXXXεξιστων [adj.] fringed'? Adjunct of χιτωνίσκον [acc.], together with κτενωτόν (IG 2?, 1514: 30, 1516: 9 [middle IV'], in lists of clothes given to Artemis, containing several technical words).

    *ETYM Without a doubt for ἔξ ἱστῶν 'consisting of six woven pieces'; on the matter, -  see Preisigke 1925 s.v. ἱστός.

XXXXXἐξονομακλήδην [adv.] 'by name' (Hom.). «1Ὲ *klh,- 'cal?>

    *ETYM Also ἐκ δ᾽ ὀνομακλήδην, a hypostasis of the expression ὄνομα καλεῖν (τινα)  'to call (sbd.) by name' with κλήδην (I 1) and ἐξ as in ἐξονομαίνω (ς-άζω). See  ▶︎ καλέω. :

XXXXXἐξουλή [f.] 'ejectment, dispossession' (Att.), almost only in ἐξουλῆς δίκη; rarely ἐξουλήν and -άς.

    *ETYM Juridical term, from *éx-FoAva from *éx-FeAvéw 'push out' (see ▶︎ εἰλέω 1); cf. also on ἁλής and ▶︎ οὐλαμός. On the oxytonesis, see Wackernagel and Debrunner  Phil. 95 (1942): 178f.

XXXXXἔξω = ἐξ,

XXXXXἐξωφάκαι [pl] 'a kind of outward Haemorrhoid knots, resembling lentil fruits' (Cyran.). 4 EUR?>

    *ETYM Related to ▶︎ φακός 'lentil'; cf. ▶︎ ἀφάκη.

XXXXXἔοικα [v.] 'to resemble' (IL); see Chantraine 1942: 424f,, 479f., Schwyzer: 769, 773, 541.

    *VAR  Epic du. éiktov, Att. pl. ἐοίκαμεν, pretsg. ἐῴκειν, epic du. ἐΐκτην, Att. pl. ἐῴκεσαν, epic med. ἔϊκτο, ἤϊκτο, ptc. εἰκώς (Φ 254, Att., beside ἐοικώς), fem. ἐϊκυῖα,  ntr. εἰκός; sg. οἶκα, ptc. οἰκώς (Hdt.).

    *COMP Also with prefix én-, ἀπ-έοικα, etc.

    *DER Innovation factitive ▶︎ εἰκάζω and ἐΐσκω (IL, only present stem, ipf. toxe(v), pte. loxovt-) 'to equate, compare, suppose'.

    *ETYM The old intransitive perfect ἔοικα (whence by hyphaeresis oika, etc,  differently, Schwyzer: 766f.) continues *Fé-foix-a, du. *Fé-FiK-tov, plpf. *(é-)fe-Foik-  * et (> ἐῴκει), which is shown by the meter (Chantraine 1942: 129). Innovations were  *Fe-rik-oK-w (> tox), *pe-pix-dlw > ἐϊκάζω, ▶︎ εἰκάζω. A form *Fik-ox-w without  reduplication is supposed in toxe(v), ioxovt' (e.g. Schwyzer: 708; Chantraine 1933:  317). No reduplication in ▶︎ εἰκών; for εἰκώς, however, a reconstruction ἔξε-Εικ-Εώς  instead of ἔξεικ- is also possible. On εἴκελος, see ▶︎ ἴκελος; on ▶︎ ἐπιεικής see s.v. There  are no certain cognates outside Greek. The comparison with the Baltic root of Lith. j-  vykti 'to occur, happen, get real', pa-véikslas 'example', etc. is doubtful.

XXXXXἐόλει [v.38g.] 'oppressed' (Pi. P. 4, 233, conj. Boeckh).

===Pag_483: Beekes_Página_0483.tiff===

    *DER Hence ἐόλητο 'be surrounded, oppressed' (A. R.).

    *ETYM See ▶︎ εἰλέω 1.

XXXXXἔορ [f.] - θυγάτηρ, ἀνεψιός 'daughter, cousin' (H.). 41Ε *suesor- 'sister'>

    *VAR Eopec: προσήκοντες, συγγενεῖς 'kinsmen, relatives' (H.).

    *ETYM Old relic of the IE word for 'sister', seen in Skt. svdsar-, Lat. soror, Germ., e.g. Go. swistar, all from IE *suésor-. The Greek forms must come from a psilotic dialect;  ἔορ seems to be a vocative. In Greek, the word was replaced by ἀδελφή, like ppatnp  by ἀδελφός.

XXXXXἔοργα ⟹ ἔρδω.

XXXXXἐόργη [f.] τορύνη, stirrer, ladle'.

    *DER Denominative ἐοργῆσαι: τορυνῆσαι 'to stir' and ἐοργίζεται: τορυνᾶται (Poll,  H., Eust.). Further evépyn, evepyétic (Poll., H., EM). Semantically and formally close  is ὀργάζειν 'to weaken, knead, tan' (Att.), cf. εὐεργής of ἄρτος 'well-kneaded loaf in  Andromachos (apud Gal. 14, 38, 9).

    *ETYM The formation ἐόργη (accent for *éopyn like deiAn, δέριγξ See below), like ἐδ-  w6-1), etc., may derive from reduplicated *Fe-Fopy-1. The variants evépyn, -ἕτις seem  to be folk-etymological reshapings (cf. εὐεργής above). The form ὀργάζω replaced  original ὀργάω (Schwyzer: 718). The words belong to ▶︎ ἔργον, ▶︎ ἔρδω; for the  meaning, cf. HG (Teig) wirken = 'knead'.

XXXXXἑορτή [f.] 'feast, religious festival (Od.). «ἢ»

    *DIAL Ion. opty (with hyphaeresis).

    *COMP As a second member in pu\-éoptos (Ar. [lyr.]), ete.

    *DER Adjectives ἑορταῖος 'ptng. to the festival (Ὁ. H.), ἑορτώδης 'festive' (J., Ph.)  and denominative ἑορτάζω, ὁρτάζω 'celebrate a festival' (IA) together with ἑόρτασις  (Pl.), τιμος (1), ἑόρτασμα (LXX), ἑορταστής (Poll. Max. Tyr.), ἑορταστικός  'appropriate for a festival (Pl. Lg. 829b, etc.).

    *ETYM Traditionally analysed as a verbal noun in -τή (e.g. *Fe-Fop-tH), but without  further cognates. Also taken as related to ▶︎ ἔροτις, ▶︎ ἔρανος; not, however, to ▶︎ ἦρα.

XXXXXἑός = 8, ἑ.

XXXXXἐπαινή [adj.] adjunct of Persephone (Hom.), late also of other goddesses (Hecate, Demeter). <?>

    *ETYM Perhaps arisen by false split (in I 457?) from ἐπ᾿ αἰνὴ Π. 'and also the terrible  P.'. See Buttmann 1825:2: 101, Leumann 1950: 72, and Schwyzer: 102.

XXXXXἐπᾶλής [adj.] epithet of λέσχη (Hes. Op. 493 ἐπαλέα λέσχην). <?>

    *ETYM Connected with ▶︎ ἀλέα 'heat of the sun', or (alternatively) with ▶︎ ἁλής as  'pressed together'. Chantraine rejects the latter interpretation for a number of  reasons: ἀλής is said of persons or things, not of places; the prefix én- is difficult to  understand; and a reading ἐπ᾽ makes no sense. However, this does not mean that the  other interpretation is correct. See Bechtel 1914: 129.

XXXXXἔπαλπνος [adj.] 'pleasant' vel sim. (Pi. P. 8, 84, from νόστος). <?>

===Pag_484: Beekes_Página_0484.tiff=== XXXXXἔπαφος 2 437

    *ETYM One hypothesis derives it from ▶︎ ἀρπαλέος < Γἀλπαλέος, and connects it with  *GAmuatoc (see ▶︎ ἄλπνιστος), which would derive from an r/n-stem *&Anap, gen. ἄλπνος. The word would then be a bahuvrihi with adverbial prefix; this is  improbable.

XXXXXἐπάντης, -ες [adj.] 'steep' (Th. 7, 79). <GRF

    *ETYM Like ἀν-, κατ-άντης, etc., from a noun ἀντ- 'front', seen in ▶︎ ἄντα, ▶︎ ἀντί, with  adjectivial s-stem inflexion; thus, it properly means 'facing frontally, head-on'.

énapetéw [v.] 'to take in service, in use' (PTeb. 5, 182; 252; II*; κτήνη, πλοῖα, of officials, etc.).

    *ETYM From ἀρετή in the sense of 'service', with ἐπί as in ém-xelp-Ew, ἐπι-θυμ-ἕέω,  etc.

XXXXXἘπάριτοι [pl.] name of the soldiers of the Arcadian League (X., Ephor.), originally = ἐπίλεκτοι 'those selected' (Ὁ. 5. 15, 62).

    *ETYM Compare the PNs Πεδ-άριτος (Arc., Lac.), Ἐπ-ἤριτος (w 306), Μετ-ήριτος  (on.), and further the adj. ▶︎ νήριτος from *g-h.ri- 'uncoountable, countless', from a  verbal root *h,ri- 'count', seen in ἀρι-θμός, and prefixed with ém- as in ἐπι-λέγειν 'to  select'. See Leumann 1950: 247, Schwyzer: 502.

éxacovtepot [pl.] 'one after the other, as a group' (epic since II.). «1Ὲ *ki-eu- 'set in motion'>

    *VAR Also sing. -oc.

    *COMP As a first member in ἐπασσυτερο-τριβής 'following one another quickly' (A. Ch, 426 [lyr.]).

    *ETYM Uncertain. Some (see Frisk) derived it from an adverb *én-av-(o)ov of *én-  av(a)-coevouat 'hurry after one another', comparing ἀνά-σσυτος 'rising' (Hp.), éni-  σσυτος 'urging' (A., E.), and παν-συ-δίῃ full of impulse' Ehrlich ΚΜ N.F. 63  (1908): 109 proposed haplological shortening from ἐπασσυ[τό]-τερος. Acc. to Risch  1937: 95 and Seiler 1950' 44, however, it is a contamination of *ayydtepoc and  ἀσσοτέρω; thus also Baunack Phil. 70 (1911): 387, who asserts that it is a  contamination of docotépw and ἐγγύτερος.

XXXXXἐπαυρίσκω [v.] 'to touch, participate, enjoy' (IL). <?>

    *VAR  Mostly med. -ομαι; ἐπαυρεῖ (H. Op. 419), aor. énavpeiv, -έσθαι, fut. ἐπαυρήσομαι.

    *DER ἐπαύρεσις 'pleasure, gain' (Hdt.,, Democr., Th.).

    *ETYM No etymology. Schwyzer: 709° proposes *én-a-Fp-, related to ▶︎ εὑρίσκω. A  form with another prefix occurs in ἀπαυρίσκομαι 'derive nourishment' (Hp. Nat. Puer. 26).

XXXXXἔπαφος 2 [adj.] adjunct of ἄμπελος; meaning unknown (PAvrom. 1 A 26, 1 B 27; T°). «Ὁ ΑΚ Also -ον.

    *ETYM Perhaps 'with ἀφή, ie. grip', 'supported, bound up' (Moulton JHS 35 (1915):  55).

===Pag_485: Beekes_Página_0485.tiff===

XXXXXἐπεί [conj.] 'as, when, because' (IIL.). <1E *h,ei 'when'>

    *VAR Also with added particles, eg. ἐπεί te (epic Ion.), ἐπεὶ δή, ἐπειδή (I), epic also  ἐπεὶ ἦ (ἐπειή); with dv: ἐπεὶ dv, ἐπεάν (Ion.), ἐπήν (IA), ἐπάν (Hell.); ἐπεὶ δ᾽ ἄν,  ἐπειδᾶν (Att.).

    *ETYM From ἐπ-εί (see ▶︎ ei); probably originally a demonstrative, like εἶτα, ἔπ-ειτα. Details in Schwyzer 1950: 658ff; also, Chantraine 1953: 258f.

XXXXXἐπείγω [v.] 'to press, urge; hurry' (Il.). <?

    *VAR Also med; impf. ἔπειγον (Od.), ἤπειγον (Pi. S.); the non-presentic forms are a  minority: aor. ἤπειξα (Hp. Ep. 17), pass. ἠπείχθην (Th., Pl.), fut. ἐπείξομαι (A.), perf. med. ἤπειγμαι (J.). Hdn. Gr. 2, 436 notes ἐποίγω as Aeol.

    *COMP Also with prefix, notably kat-eneiyw (Att.).

    *DER ἔπειξις 'pressure, hurry' (J., Plu.) with ἐπείξιμος 'urgent' (POxy. 531, 9, ΠΡ);  ἐπείκτης 'who urges, urgent' with ἐπεικτικός 'urgent' (EM, Sch.); ἐπειγωλή 'hurry'  (EM); Ἐπειγεύς PN (IT 571).

    *ETYM Uncertain. Acc. to Brugmann IF 29 (1911-1912): 238ff., it is related to οἴγνυμι  'open' (from *fo-(e)ty-?, Lesb. ὀείγην).

XXXXXἔπειτα

    *VAR ἔπειτε(ν). -"εἶτα.

XXXXXἐπενήνοθε -''ἐνθεῖν.

XXXXXἐπενπέτω [v.impv.] uncertain, perhaps 'put upon' Elis, see Schwyzer: 409. <?>

    *VAR ἐπένποι [opt.].

    *ETYM Unknown. Cf. Bechtel 1921, 2: 864.

XXXXXἔπερθα [adv.] 'above' (Alc.). IE *h,epi 'upon'>

    *VAR κατ-έπερθεν.

    *ETYM From ▶︎ ἐπί, modelled on ▶︎ évepOe(v), -Oa, ὕπερθε(ν), -θα. Cf. also ἐπέρτερα'  μείζω καὶ ὑψηλότερα 'more and higher', which is analyzed by Mastrelli Stud. ital. fil. class. 27-28 (1956): 272ff. as énep-tepa, but which may also be a mistake for ὑπέρ-  tepa (DELG). |

XXXXXἔπερος [m.] 'ram' (Aeol., Asia Minor, Schwyzer: 644, 15). IE? *ueru-os- 'wool'>

    *ETYM Not related to κάπρος, Lat. aper, etc. (as per Meillet Rev. ét. slav. 5 (1925): 9). Neither, as per Mastrelli Stud. ital. fil. class. 27 (1956): 1ff., relatd to ἐπέρτερα' μείζω,  καὶ ὑψηλότερα 'more and higher' (H.), Alb. epéré 'what is up high'. DELG translates  'who has wool on him', and connects it with ▶︎ eipoc.

XXXXXἐπεσβόλος [adj.] 'throwing words, reviling' (B 275, A. R., AP).

    *DER also ἐπεσβολίη 'slander' (ὃ 159) and ἐπεσβολέω 'revile' (Lyc., Max.).

    *ETYM Compound of ἔπος and βάλλειν, with e-vocalism of the s-stem and o-vocalism  of the second member (Schwyzer: 440 and 449).

XXXXXἐπέτοσσε [v.aor.] = 'énétvye, hit, reached'. <?>

    *VAR ἐπιτόσσαις [ptc.sg.m.] (Pi. P. 4, 25; 10, 33).

    *ETYM Unexplained; cf. Schwyzer: 755'.

XXXXXἔπεφνον = Beivw.

===Pag_486: Beekes_Página_0486.tiff=== XXXXXἐπητής, -οὔ 439

XXXXXἐπήβολος [adj.] 'who gets something, participates, has possession of (Od.), also 'attainable' (A. R.).

    *VAR ἐπαβολα [f.] 'share' (Gortyn), ἐπηβολή: μέρος 'share' (H.).

    *DER Cf. ἐπηβολία: συνηβολία 'occurrence' (EM 357,29). κατηβολή: τὸ ἐπιβάλλον  'which is put upon' (E. Fr. 614, 750).

    *ETYM Verbal nouns from ém-, κατα-βάλλω, with -n- after ér-, κατ-ήκοος, ἐπ-  ημοιβός, etc. (lengthening in compounds). See Brugmann Sdchs. Ber. 53 (1901): 103.

énnykevides [f.pl.] 'part of a ship' (e 253).

    *ETYM Acc. to Doederlein (see Bechtel 1914 s.v.), 'what rests on the ἀγκόνες 'ribs of a  ship'?', i.e. 'the planks', thus a noun in -i5-e¢ with compositional lengthening, for  which σανίδες has been compared (cf. ἄγκοιναι). The factual meaning remains  unclear.

XXXXXἐπηετανός [adj.] probably 'sufficient, rich, everlasting' (Od.). <1E? *uet-os- 'year'>

    *VAR ἐπητανός h. Merc. 113, Hes. Op. 607.

    *ETYM Properly 'lasting the whole year' (like én-ét-e1oc, ἐπ-ετ-ήσιος), with -n- as in  ▶︎ ἐπήβολος, etc., and suffixal -ανος as in ▶︎ σητάνιος. It is unnecessary to suppose  haplology from *-feti-tavocg or *-feto-tavoc. Acc. to Benveniste 1935: 45, an old  suffixal interchange with ▶︎ ἔταλον, s.v.

XXXXXἐπηλυγάζομαι

    *VAR ἐπῆλυξ. -οἠλύγη.

XXXXXἔπηλυς ''ἐλεύσομαι.

XXXXXἐπήρεια [f.] 'bad treatment, offence, threat' (Att.). <?>

    *DER énnpedtw 'to treat presumptuously, revile, threat' (Hdt. Att., Arc.), also -et- in  IG 5(2), 6: 46 (Tegea [IV*]) ἐπηρεασμός (Arist.), -αστής (Sm., pap.), -αστικός (Com. Adesp. 202, etc.).

    *ETYM Abstract of an adjective "ἐπ-ηρής, for which relationship with ▶︎ ἀρειή, ▶︎ apr  is suggested. However, if the form from Tegea is genuine Arcadian, this connection  is impossible because it presupposes PGr. *-ér-, not *-dr-. Acc. to Wackernagel KZ 33  (1895): 57, it belongs to "ἔρος, which he finds in ▶︎ ἐρεσχηλέω. Blanc RPh. 71 (1997):  159 thinks the basic meaning is 'to look for problems' and connects it with ▶︎ épé0u,  ἐρεθίζω, but gives no further details.

XXXXXἐπήρετμος --ἐρέσσω.

XXXXXἐπητής, -οὔ [adj.] 'sedate, behaving well, benevolent' vel sim. (ν 332, σ 128; A. R. 2, 987; cf. Fraenkel 1910: 32'). 4 IE? *sep- 'care, honour'>

    *VAR ἐπητέες [f-pl.].

    *DER ἐπητύς [f.] (φ 306) 'good behaviour, benevolence'.

    *ETYM Uncertain. Acc. to Wackernagel 1916: 42), it is from ▶︎ ἕπω in the meaning of  Skt. sdpati 'care, honor', with 1-enlargenent as in ἐδ-η-τύς, as well as psilosis. Teffeteller Dale Glotta 60 (1982): 207-214 suggests that the word is derived from ἔπος  and ἐπετύς 'conversation, good at speaking'.

===Pag_487: Beekes_Página_0487.tiff===

XXXXXἐπήτριμοι [44}.] 'near one another, in heaps' vel sim. (1]., A. R., only plur, in Ο. 5. and Opp. sing. 'prominent, powerful'). <?>

    *ETYM Connected with ἤτριον 'warp' by the ancients, which is further explained by  Bechtel 1914 s.v. Doubts to this are expressed by Arbenz 1933: 25f. Comparable  meaning in ▶︎ ἐπασσύτεροι.

XXXXXἔπι [adv.] 'on it, at it' (IL). <1E *h,epi 'on'>

    *VAR ἐπί [prep.] 'on, at, by, at the same time, because' with gen., dat. and acc.

    *DIAL MYC. e- pi. *

    *ETYM IE adverb *h,épi: Skt. dpi, Av. aipi, OP apiy 'also, at it; by, in', Arm. ew 'also,  and'. Ablauting ém- occurs in ▶︎ ὄπιθεν, also dialectal. *m- (Lith. -pi) is supposed in  ▶︎ πιέζω and ▶︎ πτυχή, but this seems improbable, as a zero grade *h,pi would also  have given ἐπι in Greek. On the different forms, see the extensive discussion by  Hamp MSS 40 (1981): 39-60.

XXXXXἘπίασσα [f.] epithet of Demeter (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Old ptc.with zero grade = ἐπ-ιοῦσα (like ἔασσα = (ἐ)οῦσα, ἕκασσα = ἑκοῦσα)  from the root *h,ei- 'go', parallel to Skt. yati 'going' < IE *h,i-nt-ih, beside *h,i-ont- in  ἰόντος, etc. This etymology is doubtful, as it finds no support on the semantic side. #mpP5a [f.] 'the day after the festival (Pi. P. 4, 140); mostly in plur. ἔπιβδαι or ἐπίβδαι  (Cratin. 323, Aristid., EM 357, 54); in H. ἀπὸ τοῦ ἐπι«βιρβάζεσθαι ταῖς ἑορταῖς οὐκ  οὔσαις ἐξ αὐτῶν (meaning unclear to me). <IE *ped- 'foot'>

    *ETYM Properly 'following the trace', with assimilated zero grade of the word for  'foot' (see ▶︎ πούς, as well as ▶︎ 1254), like in Skt. upa-bd-d- 'trampling', Av. fra-bd-a-  'front foot'. The formation of ἔπιβδα is not clear: Schwyzer: 475 pleads for a suffix  τια- with lost yod; Solmsen 1909: 269 thinks that ἔπιβδᾶ is a secondary shortening for  *énl-Bd-a.

XXXXXἐπιεικής [adj.] 'proper, fitting, suitable; solid' (II.). «IE *ueik- 'be fitting'?>

    *DER also ἐπιείκεια 'equity, reasonableness' (IA) and ἐπιεικεύομαι (LXX 2 Es. 9, 8  [v.L.], H.).

    *ETYM Opposite ἀ-εικής (see ▶︎ ἀϊκής), related to ἐπέοικα; full grade as in > εἰκών. Beside this also exists ἐπι-είκελος 'comparable' (Hom. Hes.) after εἴκελος; cf. Strémberg 1946: 91 and Schwyzer 1950: 466.

XXXXXἐπίεικτος [adj.] mostly with negation, οὐκ ἐπίεικτον (μένος, σθένος, πένθος) = 'invincible, unindulgent' (Hom.); also = ἐπιεικής 'fitting, suitable' (0 307, late).

    *ETYM As there is no compounded verb *ém-(f)eixw 'yield', Schulze 1892: 495'  connected the adjective with Lat. vincé 'conquer', Go. weihan, Olr. fichim 'battle', for    which he compared EM 638, 39: οὐκ ἐπίεικτον = οὐ νικώμενον. However, there is  ▶︎ eixw (DELG).

XXXXXἐπι-είσομαι --εἴσομαι 1.

XXXXXἐπιζαρέω [v.] 'to rush upon, press on' (E. Ph. 45, Rh. 441 [codd. here -ζάτει])), Arcadian acc. to Eust. 909, 28. <?>

===Pag_488: Beekes_Página_0488.tiff=== XXXXXἐπικοκκάστρια 441

    *ETYM No convincing etymology.

XXXXXἐπιζάφελος [adj.] 'vehement, violent', of fury (χόλος I 525).

    *VAR  Also adverbial -ὥς (χαλεπαίνειν, μενεαίνειν, ἐρεείνειν 1 516, ζ 330, ἢ. Merc. 487;  on the shift of accent Schwyzer 618), -ov (κοτέουσα A. R. 4, 1672).

    *DER With archaising suppression of the prefix ζάφελος (Nic. Al. 556, EM), ζαφελές,  -ὥῶς (H.), -ἧς (Suid.).

    *ETYM Expressive word without etymology. (a- is probably the Aeolic form of δια-; it  is further unclear. Not better, Stromberg 1946: 89. Fur.: 176 suggests connection with  ▶︎ Cay 'surf, and takes it as Pre-Greek.

XXXXXἐπιήρανος 1 'welcome'. ~éninpos.

XXXXXἐπιήρανος 2 'ruling, governing'. +T)pavoc.

XXXXXἐπίηρος [adj.] 'graceful, pleasant' (Emp., Epich., etc.).

    *VAR ἐπίηρον [n.sg.] Marc. Sid. (Glotta 19, 176); otherwise ἐπίηρα [n.pl.].

    *DER Compar. ἐπιηρέστερος; as an adverb = χάριν (Antim. 87, etc.), ἐπίηρα δέχθαι  (AP 13, 22), φέρεσθαι (A. R. 4, 375), φέροντα (5. OT 1094 [lyr.]).

    *ETYM From ἐπὶ ἦρα φέρων (A 572, etc.) by univerbation; thence ▶︎ ἐπιήρανος 1  'charming, welcome' (τ 343). See Sommer 1948: 139 with litt. See further ▶︎ ἦρα.

XXXXXἐπίθυμβρον —Ov0uBpa.

XXXXXἐπικάρσιος [adj.] 'transverse, crosswise, at a right angle' (1 70, of ships, Hdt., Plb., etc.). «1 *(s)ker- 'cut'>

    *ETYM Also occurs as ἐγκάρσιος (Th.), after évavtiog? Secondary simplex κάρσιον:  πλάγιον 'athwart, sideways' (H.), -iwc Suid. Ultimately related to κείρειν, ἐπικείρειν  'cut'', but unclear in detail. Strémberg 1946: 92 starts from a verbal adjective  *émikaptoc, whence ἐπικάρσιος like ἀμβρόσιος from ἄμβροτος (see also on  διπλάσιος). Derivation from the root IE *kers- (in kopodv- κορμόν H., d-Kepoe-  κόμης; see ▶︎ κόρση) seems less likely. The overall resemblance with Lith. ske?sas  'transverse', OPr. kirscha 'across', Ru. cérez 'through, across' can be explained as  paralle] formations of the root (s)ker- 'cut'. Not from "ἐπὶ καρσί, a plur. of ἐπὶ xdp (II  392) 'on its head', as supposed by Bechtel 1914 s.v. See ▶︎ xeipw.

énixepac [n.] plant name = τῆλις, 'Trigonella' (Hp. apud Gal. 19, 99). 41Ε *kerh,s- 'horn'>

    *ETYM Called 'horn-like' or 'with horn', after its long sickle-shaped shell. See  Strémberg 1944: 33. On the retained ending -ac, cf. πάγκρεας (s.v. ▶︎ Κρέας) and  ▶︎ ἐρυσίπελας.

XXXXXἐπικοκκάστρια [f.] adjunct of ἠχώ, 'mimicking, reverberating' vel sim. (Ar. Th. 1059). <ONOMP

    *VAR ἐπικοκκαστής (uncertain conj. in Timo 43).

    *ETYM Formation in -tpid (frequent in the language of comedy; Chantraine 1933:  106) as if from "ἐπικοκκάζω (Ar. Byz. apud Eust. 1761, 26); onomatopoeic.

===Pag_489: Beekes_Página_0489.tiff===

XXXXXἐπικόκκουρος [m.] - 6 παρατηρητὴς ἐν σταδίῳ παρὰ Λάκωσιν 'spectator at the race- course (Lacon.) (H.). 42>

    *ETYM Unknown. There seems no basis for Latte's 'an ἐπικομματωρός, scl. pugilatus  legitimi custos?'.

XXXXXἐπίκουρος [adj., m.] 'helper', 'support; helping, protecting'; plur. 'auxiliary troops' (Δ <1E *kys- 'walk'>

    *DER ἐπικουρικός 'consisting of auxiliary troops' (Th, Pl.), ἐπικούριος 'coming to  help' (Paus.), ἐπικουρία, -ir 'help, support' (IA), denominative ἐπικουρέω [v.] 'to  come to help, support? (E 614; cf. Kretschmer Glotta 18 (1930): 98f.) with  ἐπικούρησις, -ημα, -ητικός.

    *ETYM The word stands completely isolated within Greek. Probably for *énixopooc,  from a lost verb equivalent to Lat. curré 'walk, run' (< *kys-e/o-). Cf. the related  Celtic word for 'car', Olr. carr, MW carros (whence Lat. carrus, Arm. ka?-k' [pl.]  'wagon' from Galatic). Further perhaps related is σάρσαι: ἅμαξαι as Illyrian  (Lagercrantz IF 25 (1909): 367); doubtfully, MHG hurren 'move quickly'.

XXXXXἐπιλᾶϊς, -id0¢ -οὑπολᾶϊς and λᾶας.

XXXXXἐπιμήδιον [n.] a plant (Dsc., Gal.). <>

    *ETYM Named after the plant ▶︎ μήδιον. The parasitic nature of the plant may also  have given rise to the name; cf. synonymous > ἁμαμηλίς and ▶︎ ὁμομηλίς.

XXXXXἐπιμηλίς, -i50¢ [f.] 'medlar, mespilus germanica' (Dsc., Gal.).

    *ETYM Derived from μῆλον, because of the similarity with the apple tree (Stromberg  1944: 32f.). See ▶︎ μῆλον, ▶︎ ἐπιμήδιον.

XXXXXἐπίνητρον Ξ'νέω.

XXXXXἐπίξενος 1 'foreigner'. =Eévoc.

XXXXXἐπίξενος 2 [m.] - ἐπιχθόνιος 'upon the earth' (H.).

    *ETYM Unclear. Acc. to Hoffmann 1921: 80, it is from χθών with a special  development; cf. Schwyzer: 326. Because of Eev@vec: οἱ ἁνδρῶνες ὑπὸ Φρυγῶν  'men's appartments (Phrygian) (H.), Pisani AnFilCl 6 (1953-54): 213 considered it to  be Phrygian, which is rejected by DELG. ἐπίξηνον (n.] 'chopping block, hangman's block' (A., Ar. Eust., H.). <IE? *kes- (*kses-)  'cut, split'> ;

    *DER Cf. ξηνός = ἱκορμός, trunk' (Suid.) from ▶︎ ξέω 'carve, polish'.

    *ETYM ἐπίξηνον is rather from ▶︎ Eaivw, modelled on ἐπικόπανον 'chopping-block'  (Hell.), than from ἐπι-ξέω.

XXXXXἐπίορκος, -ov [adj.] 'perjurious' (T 264), later msc. 'perjurer' (Hes., Gortyn, etc.). < GRE

    *VAR  In Hom. only in ἐπίορκον ὀμόσσαι 'to swear a false oath'.

    *DER ἐπιορκέω [v.] 'to break an oath, perjure' (since T 188), together with ἐπιορκία  'perjury' (D., X.), ἐπιορκοσύνη 'id.' (AP).

===Pag_490: Beekes_Página_0490.tiff===

    *ETYM As the verb ἐπιορκέω is frequent, it 15 obvious to consider the much rarer  ἐπίορκος 'breaking the oath' as a back-formation from the verb (thus Strémberg  1946: 86ff.). The form émopxéw derives directly from ὅρκος, with ém- like ἐπιθυμέω  from θυμός, ἐπιχειρέω from χείρ, etc; ἐπιορκέω then properly means 'act against the  oath' (opposite evopxéw 'keep the oath' from εὔορκος [since Hes.]); on the  preservation of the -t-, see Fraenkel 1910: 237. Differently, Leumann 1950: 7off. (with  discussion): the expression ἐπίορκον ὀμόσσαι 'perjure' (whence ἐπιορκέω) would be  due to a false analysis of epic ἐπὶ ὅρκον ὀμόσσαι 'swear an oath on top'; against this  view, Luther 1954: 86ff. with a different explanation; see also Fraenkel Gnomon 23  (1951): 373 and Bolling AmJPh. 76 (1955): 306ff,, who start from (ὁ) ἐπὶ ὅρκῳ (Bac). Leumann 1950: 88 is similarly inclined to see ἐπίορκος as a back-formation from  ἐπιορκέω. See ▶︎ ὅρκος.

XXXXXἐπίουρος '-'ὄρομαι.

XXXXXἐπιούσιος [adj.] of ἄρτος (Ev. Matt. 6, 1, Ev. Luc. 11, 3), translated with 'quotidianus' in the vulgate, afterwards as 'daily'; also ἐπιουσιίων (Sammelb. 5224, 20; economic message), meaning unknown. <GRP

    *ETYM The most obvious interpretation as ἡ ἐπιοῦσα (ἡμέρα) suggests 'for the  coming day', but this seems improbable. If we start (just as Debrunner Glotta 4  (1913): 249ff.) from ἐπι τὴν οὖσαν (ἡμέραν), we get the more acceptable translation  'for the day in question', See Blass-Debrunner-Funk 1961 8123 and Koerster in Kittel  1935: 587-595.

XXXXXἐπιπακτίς, -ίδος [f.] 'rupture wort, Herniaria glabra' (Dsc. 4, 108); Pliny has epicactis (13,114), see André 1956 s.v. <?>

    *ETYM From *énintixtoc 'fixed, closed', related to ἐπιπήγνυμι (cf. ἐπιπάᾶκτόω 'to  close'), because of its healing function. Cf. the plant name πηκτή = σύμφυτον and  Stromberg 1940: 89. On the short a in (ἐπι)πακτόω, see Wackernagel 1916: 11.

XXXXXἐπιπατρόφιον [n.] 'father's name' (Schwyzer: 462 rem. 28, Tanagra 1115).

    *ETYM Univerbation of *émi πατρόφι with a suffix -to-; cf. Schwyzer: 551 and 451. See  Morpurgo Davies Glotta 47 (1970): 46f.

XXXXXἔπιπλα [n.pl.] 'movable goods, utensils' (IA).

    *VAR Rarely -ov.

    *ETYM Old expression, probably as ἔπι-πλ-α, properly 'what has been added' as  opposed to fixed possessions, from ἐπι-πέλομαι; for the formation, cf. δί-φρ-ος and  Schwyzer: 449. Because the word was not transparent, reshapings like ἐπίπλοα (Hdt. 1, 94, pap; modelled on ἐπιπλεῖν, for which cf. on ▶︎ ἐπίπλοον) and ἐπίπολα (Dodona;  modelled on ἐπιπολή, for which see ▶︎ ἐπιπολῆς) occurred.

XXXXXἐπίπλοον [n.] 'fold of the peritoneum, omentum' (Ion,, Hell.).

    *VAR Also -οος [m.].

    *ETYM The word has been compared with Lith. plévé 'fine, thin skin' (on milk, below  'the egg-shell, etc.), Ru. plevd 'id', Sln. pléva 'eyelid'; however, the prefix then  remains unexplained. So it is probably a purely Greek creation: a verbal noun from

===Pag_491: Beekes_Página_0491.tiff===

ἐπι-πλεῖν 'swim upon' (see Stromberg 1944: 65f.); ἐπίπλοον is then 'the organ that floats on top'. The form ἐπιπόλαιον (Eub. 95, 3) arose from connection with ἐπιπόλαιος; see ▶︎ ἐπιπολῆς.

XXXXXἐπιπολῆς [adv.] and [prep.] 'on top of, above' (IA). <?>

    *DER ἐπιπόλαιος 'on top of (Hp., D.), ἐπιπολάζω 'be on top, have the upper hand, be  usual' (Hp., Att. Arist.) with ἐπιπόλασις, -ασμός, -αστικός; also ἐπιπολή [f.] 'surface'  (Argos III', Aret., Gal.) with ἐπιπολεύω 'be at the surface' (Ael.).

    *ETYM Probably from "ἐπὶ πολῆς (Schwyzer: 625), thus from a noun "πολή. A  connection with πέλομαι, πόλος, τέλος is not semantically evident: ἐπολή like τέλος  (γονή : γένος) would then properly be the 'turning point' > 'culminating point' or  'walking around, place where one walks'? Better connections seem to be with MoSw. fala [f.] '(treeless) plain, heathe', OCS polje 'field' from ORu. pols 'open, free'  (Persson 1912(1): 228); additionally, Ἐπιπολαί [pl.] name of the heights near Syracuse    (Th.

XXXXXἐπίρροθος [m.] and [f.] 'helper, helping' (A 390, '¥770; Hes. Op. 560); 'abusive language' (S. Ant. 413, Fr. 583, 10), as an adjunct of ὁδός = 'where the cars rage' (AP 7. 50). <?>

    *VAR As an adj. also -ov [n.].

    *DER émppoOéw 'shout in answer, rage against' (trag., D. H.). Not to be separated  from ῥόθος 'noise', pobéw 'rage'; in the epic 'come with noise to somebody' =  'coming to help with noise', cf. Brugmann BPhW 39 (1919): 136ff.

    *ETYM Acc. to Schwyzer Glotta 2 (1923): 15f., ἐπίρροθος 'helper' is wrong for usual  > ἐπιτάρροθος in Hom.

XXXXXἐπίσιον [n.] = ἐφήβαιον, euphemistic designation of the pubic region (Hp., Arist.). <?>

    *VAR ἐπείσιον.

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXἐπισκύνιον [n.] 'skin of the brows' (Il.), metaph. 'proud, severity' (Plb. 25, 3, 6).

    *ETYM If the simplex σκύνια [n.pl.] 'eyebrows' (Nic. Th. 177, 443, Poll. 2, 66) was not  derived from ἐπισκύνιον, the word would come from *émt-oxbvioc 'upon the brows'. In any case, we have to start from a nominal stem *oxvv-, which belongs together  with OHG scir 'protecting roof, Lat. ob-scitr-us *'covered', dark', so that an r/n-stem  is supposed. With a suffix -ἰ-, there is σκύ-λος [n_] 'flayed skin of an animal', σκῦλα  (n.pl.] 'spolia'. Perhaps the root is seen in Skt. sku-nd-ti, sku-no-ti 'cover'. Differently  on obscttrus, De Vaan 2008's.v.

XXXXXἐπίσκυρος 1 [m.] name of a ball-game (H. = ὁ μετὰ πολλῶν σφαιρισμός 'playing ball with many people', Poll. 9, 103, sch. PL Tht. 146a); also called ἐπίκοινος. <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. Identical with ▶︎ ἐπίσκυρος 2?

===Pag_492: Beekes_Página_0492.tiff=== XXXXXἐπίσταμαι 445 ἐπίσκυρος 2 [?] uncertain word in Call. Fr. 231 (see Pfeiffer 1949-1953: 567) and Fr. anon. 135; explained by H. with ἄρχων, βραβευτής, βοηθός, ἐπίσκοπος, ἔφορος, ἐπήκοος 'ruler, arbiter, assistant, guardian, overseer, witness'. <?>

    *ETYM No etymology.

XXXXXἐπισμύγερος -'σμυγερός.

XXXXXἔπισσαι [f.pl.] 'later born daughters' (Hecat. 363 J.); H. also ἔπισσον: τὸ ὕστερον γενόμενον 'the later-born'. <?>

    *ETYM For the formation, cf. μέτασσαι [f.pl.] lams of middle age' (1 221); perhaps also  the geographical names Ἄμφισσα, Ἄντισσα, Derivation uncertain; perhaps suffixes  -t-LO- or -K-to-. Acc. to Giles Class. Rev.3 (1889): 3f., ἔπι-σσαι would be analogical  after μέτ-ασσαι = μετ-οῦσαι with archaic disappearance of the zero grade of the fem. ptc. See Schwyzer: 472.

XXXXXἐπισσοφος [m.] name of an official (Thera, Schwyzer: 227, 199). <?>

    *DER Perhaps [em]cogevw (IG 9(1), 691: 15 [Corcyra]).

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXἐπίσσωτρον [n.] 'metal hoop upon the felloe, tyre of a wheel' (IL, Poll.). <?>

    *ETYM Derived from σῶτρον 'felloe' (Poll.), also in ἐΐ-σσωτρος (Hes. Sc. 273; v.1. Ὡ  578); further σωτρεύματα: τὰ τοῦ τροχοῦ ξύλα. καὶ ὁ ἐπὶ τούτοις σίδηρος ἐπίσωτρον  (H.); on the enlargement -(ευλια see Chantraine 1933: 186f. Usually derived from ▶︎ σεύομαι, ἔσσυτο 'to hurry', but the long root vowel that has  to be assumed in the reconstruction *kid(u)- is problematic. One compares Skt. cyautnd- [n.] 'enterprise, deed' = Av. Syad9na- 'deed', which are then taken as  thematicized enlargements of a noun in *-?r, -tn-. Doubtful.

XXXXXἐπίσταμαι [v.] 'be assured, know how' (II.), also 'believe' (Heraclit., Hdt.), first intr. as in ἐπιστάμενος μὲν ἄκοντι O 282.

    <IE *si-steh,- 'stand'>

    *VAR Fut. ἐπιστήσομαι (IL), aor. ἠπιστήθην (Hdt., Att.).

    *COMP Also-with prefix, e.g. 2&-, συν-επίσταμαι.

    *DER ἐπιστήμων 'knowing about, expert' (Od.) with ἐπιστημονικός 'of the  ἐπιστήμων᾽, usually 'ptng. to knowing, to knowledge' referring to ἐπιστήμη (Arist.),  ἐπιστημοσύνη (Xenocr.); also ἐπίστημος (Hp.; Chantraine 1933: 152); denominative  verbs, both rare and late: ἐπιστημονίζομαι (AL), ἐπιστημόομαι (Ag.) 'become  ἐπιστήμων᾽. ἐπιστήμη 'understanding, knowing, knowledge' (IA); the -n- of the  derivatives was favored by the adjectives in -ἤμων, or by μνή-μη, φή-μη respectively  (Chantraine 1933: 173, 148; Schwyzer: 522); likewise in the verbal adjective. ἐπιστητός  'what can be understood' (PL, Arist.).

    *ETYM From ᾿ἐπι-ῃίσταμαι with early loss of the breath and vowel contraction  (hyphaeresis). Through the semantic development *'stand before something' > 'be  confronted with sth., take knowledge of sth.' likewise, OHG firstan, OE forstandan. The word ἐπίσταμαι was also formally separated from ἵσταμαι, which already in  Homer had lead to a new verb ἐφ-ίσταμαι 'stand at'. Acc. to others, it is an old  fomation without reduplication (litt. in Schwyzer: 6757); acc. to Brugmann-Delbriick  1897-1916 2:3, 160, it is a recent formation from an aorist ἐπι-στάμενος, -σταίμην.

===Pag_493: Beekes_Página_0493.tiff===

XXXXXἐπίστής [1] 'prop' (inscr. Delos 340, n, 15). 46Ε»

    *ETYM Probably from > ἵστημι.

XXXXXἐπίστιον [n.] 'staple-town, slip or shed for a ship' (ζ 265). 42>

    *ETYM Term from shipbuilding, explained by Aristarchus as κατάλυμα and identified  with ἐφέστιος, -ov as Ionic; from ἱστίον, acc. to the sch. on the passage. Schwyzer:  425 suspects enlargement of a root noun *émt-ot4 (comparing OP upa-sta 'help'). The phrase nivovoa τὴν ἐπίστιον (Anacr. 90, 4), the joking name of a drink, is  unclear.

XXXXXἐπισχερώ [adv.] 'in a row, one after the other, uninterrupted, gradually' (IL, Simon.). «1Ε seg- 'hold'>

    *DER Besides évoxepw (A. R. 1, 912) and, in two words, ἐν σχερῷ (Pi.) Ἰά so a  compound of ἐπί and an instrumental σχερώ (Schwyzer: 550 and 625).

    *ETYM From the middle voice of the noun *ox-epdc (on the formation, see Schwyzer:  482 and Chantraine 1933: 224; *oxepdv [n.] continuum'), ie. σχ-έσθαι, ἔχεσθαι 'join,  follow'; cf. ἑξῆς from the same stem. With an s-stem, there is ὁλο-σχερής 'complete'  (Hell; Schwyzer: 513); thence a derivation Zyep-in, 'uninterrupted coast, continent'  vel sim., name of the land of the Phaeacians (Od.).

XXXXXἐπιτάρροθος [m.] and [f.] 'helper' (Hom.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. Resembles the synonymous ἐπίρροθος; is it a cross from this and  another word, or a 'Streckform' (cf. on ▶︎ ἑκατηβελέτης, -βόλος)ξ Acc. to Schwyzer  Glotta 12 (1923): 15f., a compound of "ἐπι-τάρρο-θος = ταρσῷ (-οἷς, -οἷιν) ἐπιθέων,  -θέουσα [meaning?]; however, -pp- for -po- remains to be explained. The solution of  Brugmann BPhW 39 (1919): 136ff. is no better: ᾿ἐπειθά-ρροθος, from ἰθα- in ἰθα-  γενής. The form τάρροθος (Lyc.) is secondary.

XXXXXἐπίτεξ, -εκος [f.] 'close to delivery' (Hp., Hdt., Gortyn).

    *VAR  Acc. ἐπίτοκ-α (Andania, Hdt. 1, 108 asa v.L).

    *ETYM From ἐπί (ἔπι) and an unattested second member, probably a root noun *té€,  either as a hypostasis of ἐπὶ *tex-i [dat.] (Schwyzer: 424), or as per Sommer 1948: 111  and 115 as a bahuvrihi of the type ἔνθεος: 'with the delivery approaching'. Madelled  on this form is late dyyi-te& 'id' (Theognost.). The o-vowel in énitox-a is rather  from later éni-toxoc than old ablaut. Further, see ▶︎ τίκτω.

XXXXXἐπιτηδές [adv.] probably 'of set purpose, deliberately' (A 142, ο 28); on the proparoxytonon Schwyzer: 380. <?>

    *VAR ἐπίτηδες (IA), ἐπίτᾶδες (Theoc. 7, 42).

    *COMP ékenitndec 'id.' (IA).

    *DER Adjective ἐπιτήδειος (Att; Ion. -eoc) 'appropriate, suitable, fitting' with  ἐπιτηδειότης (IA); denominative verb ἐπιτηδεύω 'do sth. on purpose' (IA) with  ἐπιτήδευμα, ἐπιτήδευσις 'profession, action' (Att; on the meaning R6ttger 1937:  22ff.), Cret. ἐπιτάδουμα; ἐπιτηδευ(μα)τικός (Hell.).

    *ETYM Presupposes a noun *tfj50c, *ta5oq; no further connection.

===Pag_494: Beekes_Página_0494.tiff=== XXXXXἔπος 447 ἐπιτηλίς, -ίδος [f.] 'horned poppy, Glaucium flavum' (Nic. Th. 852). <?>

    *ETYM So called because of the resemblance to τῆλις 'Trigonella'; see Stromberg 1944:  33. Cf. on ▶︎ ἐπιμήδιον.

énitvpov [n.] 'confection of olives', only as a Lat. LW epityrum in Cato RR 119, Plaut. Mil. 24; acc. to Varro LL 7: 86, a Sicilian delicacy.

    *ETYM From τυρός, because it was eaten together with or after the cheese.

éniwyai [f.pl.] 'places of shelter for ships' (ε 404, A. R. 4, 1640 [sg.], Opp. H. 1, 602). IE *uh.g- 'break'>

    *ETYM As a verbal noun from ént-(F)ayvupat 'break against sth., so properly 'place  where wind and waves are broken'; compare κυματωγή < ᾿κυματο-ξαγή (Hdt.), and  βορέω bi iwyf (ξ 533), properly 'under the breaking of Boreas', i.e. 'protected  against Boreas'. The latter has the reduplication *fi-fwy-n, *ui-uoh.g-; thus, ἐπιωγή  is probably from "ἐπιριξωγή. Bechtel 1914 s.v. prefers "ἐπι-εωγή without  reduplication, beside fayr. On the formation, see Jacobsohn Gnomon 2 (1926): 384.

XXXXXἕπομαι [v.] 'to follow, accompany'.

    *VAR Ipf. εἱπόμην, fut. ἕψομαι, aor. ἑσπόμην, inf. σπέσθαι (IL); ἑσπεέσθαι, -όμενος,  -oitinv certain only since A. R. who also has the innovated present ἕσπεται (see  Braswell Glotta 58 (1980): 205-213).

    *DIAL Myc. e-qge-ta /hek'etas/, e-qe-si-jo /hek'esios/, see Gérard-Rousseau 1968: 91-  94.

    *COMP Also with prefix ἐφ-, map-, ovv-, μεθ-.

    *DER ἑπέτας 'who accompanies' (Pi.) = Myc. e-ge-ta; -τις [f.] (A. R.); further  derivatives ▶︎ ἀοσσέω, ▶︎ ὀπάων, ▶︎ ὀπάζω; cf. ▶︎ ὀπηδός.

    *ETYM Identical with Skt. sdcate, Av. hacaité (= ἕπεται, IE *sek'-e-toi); further, to Lat. sequor = Olr. sechur, Lith. seku, sékti follow'. The Gm. word for 'to see', Go. sailvan,  etc. deviates semantically -- perhaps 'to follow with the eyes'? See LIV's.v. *sek'- 'sich  anschliessen'. It has mostly beer assumed that the aorist ἑσπόμην stood for *é-o7-,  with secondary aspiration after ἕπομαι (like eimdpinv), and that the form ἑσπέσθαι,  which was considered certain only for Hell. times, was secondary. However, Braswell  (l.c.) shows that Pindar has some non-indicative forms with éon-, so Frisk and  Chantraine mistakenly reject the form .

XXXXXἐπομμάδιος = dpoc.

XXXXXἔπος [n.] 'word, speech' (1].).

    *VAR Plur. also 'song, epic poem' (Pi, Hdt; on meaning and use Fournier 1946:  22ff.).

    *DIAL El. Cypr. βέπος.

    *COMP As a first member in ▶︎ ἐπεσβόλος, ἐπο-ποιός (with analogical compositional  vowel); as a second member e.g. in ▶︎ ἀπτοεπής,

    *DER ἐπύλλιον 'small song, small verse' (Ar; after this other diminutives in -ὕλλιον,  Leumann Glotta 32 (1953): 214 and 225); ἐπικός 'belonging to epic poetry' (Ὁ. H.).

    *ETYM El. and Cypr. fémocg is identical with Skt. vdcas-, Av. vacah- 'word'; IE *uék'-  os- [n.]. Greek further has the root noun "ὄψ (in ▶︎ ὄπ-α [acc.], etc.), in addition to

===Pag_495: Beekes_Página_0495.tiff===

▶︎ ὄσσα and probably > ἐν-οπή, as well as the aorist ▶︎ εἶπον. A primary athematic verb is preserved in Skt. vak-ti 'he speaks'.

XXXXXἔποψ, -οπος [m.] 'hoopoe, Upupa epops' (Epich., Ar.), also ἔποπος: ὄρνεον 'bird', ἔπωπα' ἀλεκτρυόνα ἄγριον 'wild cock', ἄπαφος: ἔποψ τὸ ὄρνεον 'hoopoe', after the animal names in -φος (H.).

    *ETYM Formation like dpvoy, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 259) on an onomatopoeic basis;  cf. ἐποποῖ, πόποπο of the call of the bird (Ar. Av. 58 resp. 227). Parallel names exist in  other languages: Arm. popop, Lat. upupa, Latv. pupukis, etc. The word probably  cannot be called Indo-European. On ἔποψ, see further Thompson 1895 &.v.

XXXXXἑπτά [num.] 'seven' (I].).

    <IE *septm 'seven'>

    *COMP As a first member in copulative ἑπτακαίδεκα, in ἑπτακόσιοι (cf. on διᾶκόσιοι)  and in several bahuvrihis like ἑπτα-βόειος.

    *DER ἑπτάκιζ(ς), -ἰν 'seven times' (Pi.), mtaya 'in seven parts' (ξ 434), ἑπτάς [f.] 'a  group of seven' (days, years; Arist.); entadedw 'belong to the ἑπτά᾽ (Olbia III').

    *ETYM Gr. ἑπτά, Skt. saptd, Lat. septem, Arm. ewt'n, Gm., e.g. Go. sibun, etc. go back  to IE *septrg (accent after IE *oktdfu] ὀκτώ, astdu). Cf. also ▶︎ ἑβδομήκοντα,  ▶︎ ἕβδομος.

XXXXXἔπω 1 [v.] 'to care for, occupy onself (Il, Ion., Hell.); in the epic sometimes confused. with ἕπομαι, or semantically influenced by it (Chantraine 1942: 309', 388).

    <IE *sep-  'occupy with, care for'>

    *VAR Enovta Z 321; further only with prefix (adverb): ἀμφίι)-, d-, ἐφ-, μεθ-, περι-  ἕπω, mostly present stem, further future and aorist forms like ép-éwo, ἐπ-έσπον, ἐπι-  σπεῖν, μετα-σπών.

    *DER ▶︎ ὅπλον, ▶︎ δίοττος, probably also ▶︎ ἐπητής, -τύς.

    *ETYM Old thematic root present, identical with Skt. sépati 'care, honor'; Iranian  features athematic forms, viz. Av. haf-si [asg.], hap-ti [3sg.] 'hold (in the hand),  support'. An old enlargement is Lat. sepelié 'bury' = Skt. saparydti 'honor'.

XXXXXἔπω 2 [v.] 'to name'.

    *VAR in ἔπουσιν (Nic.).

    *ETYM Artificial present of ▶︎ εἶπον.

XXXXXἐπωτίδες [f.pl.] 'catheads of warships, beams projecting like ears on each side of a ship's bows' (E., Th., Str.). <1E *h,ous- 'ear'>

    *ETYM Forms based on οὖς, ὠτός, like ἐπωμίς 'upper part of the shoulder' on ὦμος  and émdopatic 'point of a lance' on δόρυ, etc. (Strémberg 1946: 99). Thus it is  properly 'tips of the ear', because of their projecting position. Differently, Forster  1950: 70.

XXXXXἐπῴχατο [v.] only in M 340 πᾶσαι yap ἐπῴχατο (scil. πύλαι» 'they were all closed'.

    <IE  *h,ueig- 'open'>

    *ETYM Perhaps a 3sg.med.plpf. to éa-oryvbvat in the meaning 'close', with aspiration  of the velar. For the meaning, cf. especially (τὴν θύραν) προσέῳξεν 'they shut (the  door) (LXX Ge. 19, 6). Wackernagel 1955(1): 127ff. also discusses the analysis as a

===Pag_496: Beekes_Página_0496.tiff=== XXXXXἔρανος 449 plpf. ἐπώχατο (the inferior reading in the mss.) derived from ἐπέχω. See also Bechtel 1914 5ιν. ▶︎ οἴγνυμι.

XXXXXἔρα [f.] explained by Erot., Str, etc. with γῆ 'earth', in ἔραζε, Dor. ἔρασδε 'on the earth' (1) Epac: γῆς (H.).

    *COMP The word is further assumed in compounds, eg. as a second member in  πολύ-ηρος: πολυάρουρος, πλούσιος 'with many fields, rich' (H.), as a first member  in ἐρεσι-μήτρην: τὴν γεωμετρίαν 'geometry' (H.); on the last Hoffmann 1921: 82ff,,  who wants to read in H. épac: γῆ and takes the word as a neuter; ἔραζε then from  *épao-de.

    *DER ἐράναι:' βωμοί 'altars' (H.; Schwyzer: 489; very doubtful); denominative verb in  > ἀπ-εράω, etc. Cf. also on ▶︎ évepal.

    *ETYM A general resemblance is shown by a few Gm. and Celt. expressions for 'earth,  etc.: OHG ero 'earth', ON jorvi 'sand(bank)', MW erw 'field', all with a suffix -y-  (old u-stem?); with. a suffix -t-, Go. airpa, ON jord, MIr. ert 'earth'. Arm. erkir 'earth'  is unclear.

XXXXXἔραμαι [v.] 'to desire, love' (IL). <?>

    *VAR Lengthened form ἐράασθε II 208 (cf. Chantraine 1942: 83); IA ἐράω; aor. ἐράσ(σλασθαι, ἐρασθῆναι, fut. ἐρασθήσομαι (epic Ion.).

    *DER Verbal adj. épatdc 'desired, loved' (I].), with Ἐρατώ [f.] name of one of the  Muses (Hes.) and ἐρατίζω 'desire' (A 551); lengthened form épateivdc 'lovely' (Il. after the adjectives in -εινός, e.g. ἀλγεινός; ποθεινός; Pi.); on ἐραστός see below. Further ἔρως (Il.), gen., etc. -wtog¢ [m.] (Hdt, Pi.), epic also ἔρος [m.] '(carnal) love,  the god of Love', with several derivatives: beside the hypocoristics Epwt-tov, -dptov,  -ίσκος, -ἰδεύς also ἐρωτικός 'ptng. to love' (Att.), ἐρωτύλος 'lovely, darling', ἐρωτίς  [f.] 14. (Theoc.); ἐρωτ-ιάδες (Νύμφαι; AP); ἐρωτίδια (-ea, -aia) 'festival for Eros'  (Ath., inscr.); denominative verb gpwt-tdw 'be sick of love' (Hp.). From ἔρος: épdetc  (Hes., h. Hom.); cf. Treu 1955: 245. From a stem ἐρασ-: Aeol. ἐραννός 'lovely,  charming' < "ἐρασ-νός (1].), ἐράσμιος 'id' (Semon., Anacr,; cf. Schwyzer: 493',  Chantraine 1933: 43), ἐραστής 'lover' (IA), also in compounds, eg. παιδ-εραστής,  fem. épdotpia (Eup.); ἐραστός = ἐρατός (Att. etc.); denominative verb ἐραστεύω =  ἐράω (A. Pr. 893 [lyr.]). The frequent formations in -o-, which can hardly all be  analogical, point to an original s-stem ἔρως, ἔρασ- (like γέλως, γέλασ-), which was  subsequently enlarged by -t- or thematicized.

    *ETYM No etymology. Thus Pre-Greek?

XXXXXἔρανος [m.] 'meal on joint account, meal of friends' (Od., Pi.); 'contribution, benefactory society' (Att. Hell.).

    *COMP Compounds: ἐραν-άρχης 'president of an épavoc together with -éw [v.]  (pap., etc.), also ἀρχ-έρανος = ἀρχ-ερανιστής together with -iCw [v.] (inscr.).

    *DER ἐρανικός 'regarding an Epavoc and denominative épavitw, -ομαι 'collect  contributions' (Att., Hell.) with ἐράν-ισις (PL), -ισμός (Ὁ. H.), ἐρανιστής 'participant  or member of an épavoc (Att. Hell.), also ἐρανεστής (Achae.) after κηδεστής, εἴς.

    *ETYM Uncertain. Traditionally grouped together with ▶︎ ἔροτις 'feast' (Cypr., etc.)  and ▶︎ ἑορτή, and combined with ▶︎ ἦρα 'service'; the latter connection is phonetically

===Pag_497: Beekes_Página_0497.tiff===

improbable, however. We should assume the basic forms *fépa-vog, "ξέρο-τις, but their origin is unknown: so is the word Pre-Greek?

XXXXXἔραχος [?] - τὸ δράγμα' Βοιωτοί 'handful (Boeot.)' (H.); also ἐραχάται:' οἱ δεσμεύοντες 'the fettering ones'. <?>

    *ETYM See Bechtel 1921, 1: 305f.

XXXXXἐράω 1 ⟹ ἔραμαι.

XXXXX*ἐράω 2 ⟹ ἀπ-εράω.

XXXXXἔργον [n.] 'work, labour, work of art' (II.).

    *DIAL Myc. we-ka-ta /wergatas/.

    *COMP As a first member e.g. in ἐργο-λάβος 'undertaker'; further PN Ἐργα-μένης  (Bechtel 1917a: 23f,; cf. ἐργά-της but also Ἀλκαμένης); very often as a second member  τεργός (or -opydc), eg. γεωργός 'farmer' (see ▶︎ γῆ), ▶︎ δημιουργός.

    *DER ἐργώδης 'laborious, heavy' (Hp., X.). ἐργάτης [m.] (from the plur. ἔργα;  Schwyzer 500; cf. ἐργάζομαι) 'labourer', especially 'farmer'; also adj. 'laborious' (IA),  fem. épydatic, with ἐργατικός 'ptng. to an ἐργάτης, laborious', ἐργατίνης = ἐργάτης  (Theoc; cf. Chantraine 1933: 203, Schwyzer: 490), διεργάτινος (Mytilene),  ἐργατήσιος 'profitable' (Plu. Cat. Ma. 21; uncertain; cf. Chantraine 1933: 42); ἐργασία,  to ἐργάζομαι, see below; denominative verb ἐργατεύομαι, -ebw 'work hard' with  épyateia (LXX, pap.). Epyavn, Delph. fapyava epithet of Athena (Delphi VI-V',  etc.), also = ἐργασία (pap., H.); Epyava, Fépyava (written yépy-)- ἐργαλεῖα (H.);  ἐργαλεῖον, usually plur. -eia, Cret. fepy- 'tool, instrument' (IA); there is no *EpyaAov  (cf. Chantraine 1933: 60). Denominative verb ἐργάζομαι 'work' (Il; Schwyzer 734),  Cret. ξεργάδδομαι, often with prefix dit-, év-, etc; several derivatives: ἐργαστικός  'busy, productive, labourer' (IA); ἐργασία, Cret. fepy- '(heavy) labour, fieldwork,  profession' (IA) with ἐργάσιμος 'in business, cleared (land)' (also to ἐργάζομαι; cf. Arbenz 1933: 44f.); ἐργαστήρ 'field labourer' (X.), ἐργαστής 'id.', also 'negotiator' (A. D., Rom. inscr.); ἐργαστήριον 'workshop' (IA; cf Chantraine 1933: 62f5 thence [after  vinculum] Lat. ergastulum, though acc. to Leumann Sprache 1 (1949): 207', from  épyactpov) together with ἐργαστηριακός 'labourer' (Plb.), diminutive  ἐργαστηρίδιον (pap.); ἔργαστρα [pl] 'wages' (pap; Chantraine 1933: 332). Desiderative ptc. ἐργασείων 'who wants to do' (S.).

    *ETYM Dor. Fépyov (thence regularly El. fapyov) is identical with Av. varazam [n.],  OHG werc, ON verk [n.] 'work'; IE *uérgo- [n.]; with secondary 0, Arm. gorc 'id'  (from deverbative gorcem 'work'). Connecion with W vergo-bretus 'highest official of  the Aeduans' is uncertain. Primary verbs from this root are ▶︎ ἔρδω and ▶︎ ῥέζω; see  LIV? s.v. 2. *uerg- 'wirken, machen'. See further ▶︎ ὄργανον, ▶︎ ὄργια, ▶︎ ἐόργι.

XXXXXἔργω >elpyw.

XXXXXἔρδω [v.] 'to do, make, finish', also 'to sacrifice'.

    <IE *uerg- 'work'>

    *VAR Aor. ἔρξαι (Cypr. éfepta), perf. gopya (IL), med. ἐϊργμένος (B. 12, 207;  uncertain), fut. ἔρξω (Od.).

    *DIAL Myc. wo-ze /worzei/ continues the original zero grade.

===Pag_498: Beekes_Página_0498.tiff=== XXXXXἐρέθω - 451

    *COMP Rarely with prefix an-, προσ-, ovv-. In prose replaced by ποιέω, πράττω,  ἐργάζομαι, etc.

    *DER ἔργμα 'deed' (h.Hom., Archil.), ἔρκτωρ 'perpetrator' (Antim.).

    *ETYM The present (F)épdw (Cret. Bépdr; cf. Schwyzer: 224; on the digamma, see  also Chantraine 1942: 135; on the secondary aspiration in ἕρδω, ibid, 187f.) can go  back to *fépyw via *Fépzdw, and differs only in ablaut grade from the zero grade  yod-presents Av. varaziieiti = Go. waurkeip, OHG wurchit, all from IE *urg-ie-. The  full grade could be taken from (F)épyov; likewise, OS wirkiu after werk; cf. Schwyzer:  7167. The non-presentic forms show the expected full grade, with regular o- in the  perfect. Οἵ.» ῥέζω.

XXXXXἐρέα —eipoc.

XXXXXἐρέας - τέκνα. Θεσσαλοί 'children (Thess.)', ἐρέεσφι: τέκνοις (H.). <ΙΕ? *h,(e)r- 'arise'>

    *VAR ἐρέων [gen.pl.], ἔρεσσι [dat.pl.] (Puchstein Epigr. Gr. p. 76).

    *ETYM With the exception of épéac, all forms can be explained from "ἔρος [n.],  which together with ἔρνος 'sprout' may belong to ▶︎ ὄρνυμι. So it is probably to be  corrected to pea. Note that one expects generalized op- from *h,er-, however, so  that the e-vocalism of the s-stem nouns must be secondary. A msc. *épig would be  difficult, in spite of Bechtel 1921, 1: 205.

XXXXXἐρέβινθος [m.] 'chickpea' (II).

    *DER Diminutive ἐρεβίνθιον (pap.) and ἐρεβινθ-ώδης (Thphr.), -erog (Zen.), -taiog  (Dsc.), τινος (H., Phot., Suid.).

    *ETYM Related to »ὄροβος 'id' with the Pre-Greek suffix -ινθος. Further related to  Lat. ervum 'a kind of vetch', to which some Celt. and Gm. words for 'pea, etc.' are  compared: OHG araweiz, arwiz 'pea', MIr. orbaind 'grain', etc. The word may come  from the eastern Mediterranean area; see WH s.v. ervum. Skt. aravinda- [n.] 'lotus  flower' does not belong here; cf. Mayrhofer KEWA s.v.

XXXXXἔρεβος [n.] 'the dark of the underworld' (II.).

    *DER ἐρεβεννός, Aeol. < *épeBeo-vdc properly 'belonging to ἔρεβος, dark' (IL, Hes.);  more common ἐρεμνός < "ἐρεβ-νός (cf. Risch 1937: 99; see also on ▶︎ δεινός) 'id.' (Il.);  ἐρεβώδης 'id' (late).

    *ETYM Old word for 'darkness, etc.', also found in other branches: Skt. rdjas- [n.]  'dark (lower) air, dust', Arm. erek, -oy 'evening', Go. rigiz, ON rekkr [n.] 'dark, dusk',  all from IE *h,rég'-os- [n.].

XXXXXἐρέγματα >épelkw.

XXXXXἐρεείνω [v.] 'to interrogate, hear out' (epic since 1].).

    *VAR Only present.

    *ETYM Like in the similar case of ἀλεείνω (see ▶︎ ἀλέα 2), a denominative formation  has been assumed: an r/n-stem *épef-ev-. The form ▶︎ εἴρομαι is a primary present. Cf. also ▶︎ ἐρευνάω, ▶︎ ἐρωτάω.

XXXXXἐρέθω [v.] το stir, provoke' (11) <?>

===Pag_499: Beekes_Página_0499.tiff===

    *VAR Also pres. ἐρεθίζω, with aor. ἐρεθίσαι (A.), pass. ἐρεθ-ισθῆναι, -ισθεῖς (Hdt.),  είξαι (AP), perf.pass. ἠρέθο-ισμαι, -ισμένος (IA), act. ἡρέθικα (Aeschin.), fut. -iow, 1  (Hell.).

    *COMP With prefix dv-, δι-, 2&-, προσ-ερεθίζω, etc., also ἐξ-, κατ-ερέθω.

    *DER From ἐρεθίζω: ἐρεθισμός (Hp.), ἐρέθισμα (Ar.) 'provocation, irritation',  ἐρεθιστής 'agitator' (LXX), -ἰστικός 'irritating' (Hp.) From épé8w perhaps *dpo8oc  in »ὀροθύνω.

    *ETYM The present ἐρέθω may have a formantic -0-, like θαλέθω, φλεγέθω, etc. (Schwyzer: 703, Chantraine 1942: 327ff.); the primary verb from which it-is derived is  unknown. Note the forms in H., épeto- ὡρμήθη, ἔρσεο- Steyelpov, and Epon: ὁρμήσῃ,  that might have formed the basis of ἐρέθω.

épeidw [v.] 'to prop, support'. <?>

    *VAR Also med. -opat; aor. ἐρεῖσαι, -είσασθαι, pass. ἐρεισθῆναι (Il), perf. med. ἐρήρεισμαι CL), 3pl. ἐρηρέδαται, -édato (Hom.) for -idatat, -idato (Aeolism?, cf. Schwyzer: 106), ἐρήρεινται, ἡρήρειντο (A. R.; Schwyzer: 671), act. ovv-, προσ-ήρεικα  (Hp., PIb.), (προσ-)εἐρήρεικα (Dsc., Plu.), fut. Epeiow, -ομαι (Arist.).

    *COMP Very often with prefix, e.g. dvt-, ἀπ-, €11-, προσ- συν-, ὑπ-, etc.

    *DER (-épetonc, (-Epetopia, (-)ἐρεισμός, (-)éperotixdc. Cf. ἀντηρίς, Szemerényi 1964:  143%.

    *ETYM No certain correspondences outside Greek. Connected with Lat. ridica [{1  'stake, wine prop' by Froehde KZ 22 (1874): 263, which is deemed 'very uncertain' by  De Vaan 2008 sv. One could mechanically reconstruct *h,reid-.

XXXXXἐρείκη [f.] 'heather, Arica arborea' (A., Eup.). «Ὁ

    *COMP As a second member probably in ὑπ-έρεικος [f.] (Nic.), τον [n.] (Hp. Dsc.;  written ὑπερικόν) 'Hypericum'; Strémberg 1944: 42.

    *DER épeixia [n.pl.] 'heather plants', ἐρείκινος 'made of heather' (pap.), ἐρεικηρός  'id' (medic.), épeixaiov (scil. μέλι) [n.] 'honey from heather' (Plin.). PN Ἐρείκεια  with Ἐρεικειεύς (Attica V4 written'Epix-, probably itacistic; cf. Meisterhans 1900: 42  and 53), Ἐρεικοῦς λόφος (Asia Minor IV*), Ἐρεικοῦσσα island near Sicily (Str. et al.).

    *ETYM Celtic and Balto-Slavic designations of heather resemble ἐρείκη (supposing  that this derives from *fepeixa), but they do not agree completely: Olr. froech, MW  grug < IE *uroiko-; Latv. virsi [pl.], Lith. viFzis, Ru. véres, véresk, etc. with unclear  final velar. Acc. to Machek Ling. Posn. 2 (1950): 158f., épeixn and véres, etc. were  borrowed from a common source.

épeixw [v.] 'to break, bruise, crush, burst' (IL). <1£ *h,eik- 'break, tear off? (cf.)>

    *VAR ἐρεικόμενος intr. (Ν᾽ 441), aor. ἤρϊκε (P 595, intr.), ἐρεῖξαι (IA), perf.pass. ἐρήριγμαι, -μένος (Hp., Arist.).

    *COMP Rarely with prefix kat-, δι-, ὑπ-.

    *DER épeikidec [pl.] (Gal.), ἐρεικάς (H.) 'pounded barley, groats', ἐρείκιον 'crumbly  pastry' (Gal; formation like ἐρείπια), ἐρεικίτας (ἄρτος, Ath; Redard 1949: 89), all  often itacistically written épix-; thus ἐρίγματα [pl.] (Hp.), ἐρίγμη (sch.) 'bruised  beans' instead of épery-; in the same meaning with unexplained ε: péypata (Thphr.,  Erot.), ἐρεγμός (pap. Gal. Erot.) together with ἐρέγμινος (Dsc., Orib.).

===Pag_500: Beekes_Página_0500.tiff=== XXXXXἐρεσχηλέω 453

    *ETYM With the full grade root present ἐρείκω and the clearly old weak grade aorist  ἤρικε, there are no formal and semantic agreements in other branches. The nearest  relations are Skt. rikhati, likhdti 'scratch' (with aspirated velar), Lith. riekit, riékti  'cut loaf, plough for the first time', Skt. risati, lisdti 'pluck, tear away'. One might  consider connection of nominal forms like OHG riga, MHG riha 'row, line', Lat. rixa  'quarrel', and perhaps also rima 'cleft, crack' (see De Vaan 2008: s.vv.).

épeinw [v.] 'to ruin, tear down' med. 'to collapse' (11... <1E? *h,reip- 'throw down, dash'?>

    *VAR Aor. ἐριπεῖν (IL, intr.), ἐρεῖψαι (Hdt,, Pi.), ἐριπέντι [ptc.dat.] = ἐριπόντι (Pi. O. 2, 43), pass. ἐρειφθείς (5. Aj. 309), perf. ἐρήριπε (Ξ 55, intr.), plpf. ἐρέριπτο (E 15);  ἐρήριμμαι, ἡρίφθην (Arr.); fut. ἐρείψω (S.).

    *COMP With prefixes ἐξ-, kat- et al.

    *DER ἐρείπια [pl] 'ruins' (Hdt., Arist; on the formation Schwyzer: 470, Chantraine  1933: 55), adjectivized épeimiocg (οἰκία Ph; ἐρείπιος yi ἡ χέρσος 'dry land' Suid.);  ἔρειψις of unclear meaning (Att. inscr.) with ἐρείψιμος 'ruined' (E. IT 48),

XXXXXἐρειψιπύλᾶς [m.] (B.), -τοιχος (A. Th. 883 [lyr.]) 'tearing down towers, especially walls'; with zero grade épinvat [p].] 'broken cliff, steep ascent' (E., A. Rs sg. Nic.); on the suffix cf. κρημνός, κραιπνός and Chantraine 1933: 192.

    *ETYM Beside full grade épeinw, we have ON rifa 'to tear down' (trans.), like ἐρείπω  also of buildings; with verbal noun, Lat. ripa 'steep border, shore' (cf. épinvat and  ἐρείπιος γῆ = χέρσος, ie. 'shore'); additionally, ON rip 'upper side of a boat',  EastFris. rip(e) 'shore', MoHG rif 'id'. Analysis of épeinw and épeixw as IE *(h,)rei-  p-, *(h,)rei-k- (Pok. 857ff.) is too far-fetched. See LIV' s.v. *(h, )reip-.

XXXXXἐρέπτομαι [v.] 'to devour, eat', of animals and men, properly 'tear away, snatch away'. IE *h,rep-? 'catch, snatch away'>

    *VAR Only pte. ἐρεπτόμενος (Hom., AP; ἐρέπτων Nonn.). With ἀν- the aor.3pl. av-  npéwavto (Hom, codd. everywhere -petw-; corrected by Fick; thus also A. R. [beside  -pew-], Orph.), ptc. ἀναρεψαμένη (Hes. Th. 990, cod. Ven.). ἀνερεψάμενοι (AB 401,  27); ἀνερέψατο (Pi. Pae. 6, 136) 'snatch away'.

    *COMP With ἀν-.

    *ETYM The yod-present ἐρέπτομαι resembles Lith. ap-répti 'take, catch' (which  mechanically requires *(H)reh,p-) and Alb. rjep 'tear off, rob'; cf. Lat. rapi6, -ere 'tear,  snatch' with a-vocalism, on which see De Vaan 2008 s.v. It has also been compared  with ▶︎ ἁρπάζω. See Szemerényi 1964: 203-5 and Beekes 1969: 35-7; LIV' s.v. *(h, )rep-.

XXXXXἐρεσχηλέω [v.] 'to joke, tease' (LA). «ΡΟ»

    *VAR  Only present; also -χελέω v.1.

    *DER From the verb: ἐρεσχηλία, -χελία (pap., EM 371, 1, Suid.). Also épioynAoc:  λοίδορος 'slanderous' (EM, Parth. Fr. 18).

    *ETYM Like »βλασφημέω, probably from a nominal first member and a verbal  second member; further derivation unclear. Acc. to Wackernagel KZ 33 (1895): 57;  épeo- is a neuter synonymous with ἔρις and is also found in ἐπήρεια; he compares  the second member with χηλεύειν' ῥάπτειν, πλέκειν 'sew, stitch; braid' (H.); ἐρεσ-

===Pag_501: Beekes_Página_0501.tiff===

χηλεῖν would then mean 'start a feud'. Fur. (index) considers ¢/n Pre-Greek; note also the form with épt-, though this could also be analogical based on ν ἔρις.

XXXXXἐρέτης [m.] 'rower' (1].λ. <1E *h,erh,-, h,reh,- 'row'>

    *VAR Myc. e-re-ta /eretas/; inf. e-re-e /ere'en/ (Perpillou Minos 9:2 (1968): 208-212).

    *COMP As a second member in ▶︎ ὑπηρέτης.

    *DER ἐρετικός 'concerning the rowers' (Att.); collective abstract eipeoin, -ia 'the  rowers' (Od.), where the metrical lengthening ei- was maintained in prose);  denominative verb ἐρέσσω, rare Att. épéttw, aor. ἐρέσ(σλαι 'row' (II.). Further the instrument noun ἐρετμόν [n.] 'oar' (11) with ἐρετμόω [v.] 'to equip with  oars' (E.), PN Ἔρετμεύς (θ 111), also the TN Ἐρέτρια as 'the rowing (town)'. Formally isolated are the nouns in -ηρης and -epoc, -ορος, like τρι-ήρης 'trireme'  (IA), ἁλι-ήρης 'rowing the sea (κώπη E. Hec. 455 [lyr.]), πεντηκόντ-ερος,  πεντηκόντ-ορος 'ship with fifty oars' (1A), etc., see below.

    *ETYM The agent noun ἐρέ-της points to a disyllabic primary root *h,erh,-/ *hreh-  'row', like synonymous Skt. ari-tdr- (which would be Gr. *épe-thp, perhaps in  'Epétp-ta). In Greek, this verb was replaced by the denominative épécow (uncertain  Myc. e-re-e), but it is still present in other languages: Lith. iris, irti (from zero grade  *hrh,), Gm. eg. ON réa, Celt, eg. Olr. imb-rd 'row, sail (both from *rd-, as  opposed to ré- in Lat. rémus, and go back to *h,reh,- versus *h,roh,-). Traces of the  verb in Greek occur in τρι-ἥρης, etc. (with compositional lengthening and ending  after the s-stems), πεντηκόντ-ερος, -opos, etc. (after the o-stems, with root vocalism  -o- after -yovoc, -popos, etc; there is no vowel harmony, as per Schmidt KZ 32  (1893): 327). Perhaps, with a suffix -to-, (Lesb.) τέρρητον' τριήρης H., if haplological  for *tepp-éprjtov < "τρι-έρητον as per Brugmann IF 13 (1902-1903): 152f. The form  ἐρετμόν is reminiscent both of Skt. ari-tr-a- 'oar', Lith. irklas 'oar' < *h,rh,-tlo- and of  Lat. rémus, which perhaps has *-smo-; see De Vaan 2008 s.v.

XXXXXἐρεύγομαι 1 [v.] 'to belch out, disgorge, discharge, vomit', also metaph., e.g. of the sea (IL). «1ὲ *h,reug- 'belch'>

    *VAR Pres. also ἐρυγγάνω (Hp., Att.) aor. ἤρυγον (Ar., Arist.), ἠρευξάμην (Procop.),  fut. ἐρεύξομαι (Ev. Matt. 13, 35).

    *COMP Also with prefix ἀν-, am-, ἐξ-, é-, Kat-, Mpoo-, etc.

    *DER ἔρευξις, ἐρευγμός, also ἔρυξις, ἐρυγμός, Epvypa together with ἐρυγματώδης  (also épevypatwdnc); ἐρυγή 'belching out, etc.' (Hp.).

    *ETYM The word ἐρεύγομαι (the nasal present ἐρυγγάνω like πυνθάνομαι beside  πεύθομαι, etc.) belongs to an expressive group of words found in several languages,  eg. Lat. é-riigd, Lith. ridugmi, ridugéti, Ru. rygat' (iter.) 'have belches, ruminate'; with  zero grade as in ἤρυγον: OHG ita-ruchjan 'ruminate', OE rocettan (< PGm. *rukatjan-) 'belch', Arm. orcam (< o-ruc-am < erucam, corresponding to Gr. é-);  also, MoP 4-rdy 'belch'. Cf. ▶︎ ἐρεύγομαι 2. ἐρεύγομαι 2 [v.] in Hom. only of the sea ἐρευγομένης ἁλὸς (P 265), κῦμα ... δεινὸν  ἐρευγόμενον (€ 403), (κύματα) ἐρεύγεται ἤπειρόνδε (ε 438); to be translated with  'roar' in the last two passages (cf. 5 394 κῦμα ... Boda moti χέρσον), but here, like in  P 265, a translation 'belch out' (= ▶︎ ἐρεύγομαι 1) is also possible. The sense of

===Pag_502: Beekes_Página_0502.tiff=== XXXXXἐρευνάω 455 'roaring' seems certain in the aorist ἤρυγεν (Y 403f.): ἤρυγεν ὡς ὅτε ταῦρος ἤρυγεν, 406 τόν γ᾽ ἐρυγόντα Aine ... θυμός; thus also in Theoc. 13, 58. The present and future are also used in the meaning 'roar' in LXX (σκύμνος épevydpevoc, λέων ἐρεύξεται). «1Ὲ *h,reug- 'belch' (also 'roar'?)>

    *DER ἐρύγμηλος Σ 580 (from ἐρυγμή H. or *épvypetv) is also used as an adjunct of  ταῦρος 'bull'; differently, EM 379, 27 ἐρυγμήλη CH. ἐρυγηλή): ἐπίθετον pagavion,  ἴσως ἀπὸ τῆς ἐρυγῆς 'epithet of the radish, perhaps called after the belch'. H. mentions also ἐρυγμαίνουσα' ἡ βοῦς Cruminator'? Cf. on ▶︎ ἐρεύγομαι 1). Kal ὁ  ταῦρος ἐρυγμαίνων, ἀπὸ τῆς ἐρυγμῆς 'also the bull, after &, and ἐρυγήτωρ: βοιητής  'clamorous'.

    *ETYM Clearly, ἐρεύγομαι 1 and 2 are not always kept apart in Greek, e.g. ἡμέρα τῇ  ἡμέρᾳ ἐρεύγεται ῥῆμα (LXX Ps. 18 [19], 2), ἐρεύξομαι κεκρυμμένα (Ev. Matt. 13, 35);  where 'to belch out' is used expressively for 'to cry', etc. Nonetheless, ▶︎ ὀρυμαγδός  and ὠρῦύγή, wpvypds (see ▶︎ ὠρὕομαι) clearly refer to 'roaring'. Other languages have comparable words in the meaning 'roar': Lat. rigi6 'to roar';  with a different auslaut (IE *-k-), OCS rykati 'roar', OE ryn 'id' (PGm. *rithjan-),  OHG rohon < PGm. *ruhon-; in Latin, the expected form would be *rucare, but we  instead have runcare 'to snore' (s.v. ▶︎ péykw).

XXXXXἐρεύθω [v.] 'to make red, paint red' (11... <1E *h,reud"- 'red'>

    *VAR Aor. épedoat.

    *COMP Also with prefix ovve§-, κατ-.

    *DER ἔρευθος [n.] 'redness' (Hp., Ph.) with ἐρευθής 'red-colored' (Str. Arat.),  furthermore the poetical ἐρευθήεις (-tdetc) 'id? (A. R.), ἐρευθαλέος 'id.' (Nonn.),  probably innovation, like PN Ἑρευθαλίων (Hom, cf. Δευκαλίων, Πυγμαλίων et al.),  Ἑρευθαλία town in Argos (sch.; cf. OiyaAia). Denominative verbs: ἐρευθέω 'get red'  (Luc., pap.) with ἐρεύθημα (Gal.), ἐρευθιάω 'id.' (Hp, after the verbs of disease). On  the plant name épevOédavov [n.] 'red dye, Rubia tinctorum' (Hdt., Thphr.), also  ἐρυθρόδανον, see ▶︎ ἐρυθρός.

    *ETYM The word ἐρεύθω is identical with ΟΝ rj6da 'to make Ὀ]οοάγ᾽, ΟΕ réodan 'to  paint red'; ἔρευθος may also have an equivalent outside Greek, i.e. in Lat. rébus,  robur, -oris 'heartwood' (with 6 < *eu,a non-Roman dialectal trait; see De Vaan 2008  s.v.), as heartwood is more red or brown than sapwood. Forms from an s-stem have  been assumed in Greek, but see discussion on ▶︎ ἐρυσίβη 'rust'. An old formation is  ▶︎ ἐρυθρός.

XXXXXἐρευνάω [v.] 'to search for (after), inquire' (II).

    *VAR Hell. (LXX, pap. NT, etc.) also pavvaw with ev > av (cf. Schwyzer: 126 and  198); aor. ἐρευνῆσαι.

    *COMP Also withprefixes ἀν-, δι-, ἐξ-, κατ- et al.

    *DER (δι-)ἐρευνητής 'inquirer' (X.) with épevvijtpia [f.] (Corn.), (δι-)ἐρεύνησις  'inquiry' (Str.), (δι-, ἐξ-)ἐρευνητικός (Str.). Also the back-formation ἔρευνα [f.], late  also Epavva (cf. above) 'id.' (S., E., Arist.).

    *ETYM Like ▶︎ ἐρεείνω, ἐρευνάω is derived from a verb εἴρομαι, épé(f)-w 'ask' via a  noun *épef-(e)v-, and modelled on the verbs in -vaw. A transformation of this noun

===Pag_503: Beekes_Página_0503.tiff===

could be seen in ON raun [f.] 'attempt, test, inquiry', from IE *h,rou-n-eh,-. Further see ▶︎ εἴρομαι, ▶︎ ἐρωτάω.

XXXXXἐρέφω [v.] 'to cover, provide with a roof (Pi., Ar.).

    *VAR Also épéntw (Pi. B., Cratin.); aor. ἐρέψαι (11.}. fut. ἐρέψω (A, E.).

    *COMPSometimes with prefix ἀμφῳ-, ἐπ-, κατ-; as a second member e.g. in ὑψ-όροφος  'with high roof (Hom.); also ὑψ-ερεφής, -ηρεφής 'id' (Hom.), κατ-ηρεφής 'with a  roof, vaulted' (11). πετρ-ηρεφής 'vaulted with rocks' (A, E.) et al.

    *DER Epewic 'roofing' (Thphr.) with ἐρέψιμος (Ρ].); with ablaut ὄροφος [m.] 'cover,  roof (Orac. apud Hadt. 7, 140, A.), also 'thatch for a roof (Q 451), ὀροφή [f.] 'roof',  especially 'ceiling' (IA, Od.) with dpogiac name of a snake (Ar. V. 206), = ὄφις τῶν  κατ᾽ οἰκίαν H; cf. Georgacas 1956: 126; ὀρόφινος 'covered with thatch' (Aen. Tact.),  dpog-tatag, -ἰος, -ικός 'ptng. to the ὀροφή (ὄροφος (Att., Hell.); denominative verb  ὀροφόω 'roof, cover' (Hell.) with ὀρόφωμα, ὀρόφωσις.

    *ETYM The only correspondences are the second member in OHG hirni-reba 'skull  (properly 'brain-cover') and the Gm. word for 'rib' (as 'cover of the breast'): OHG  rippa, rippi, OE ribb, ON rif [n.], IE *h,reb'-io-, and also Ru. rebré 'id' < *h,reb"-ro-. Both ὀροφή and ὄροφος contain two o-grades, the first of which must be secondary  (double ablaut?); there is no vowel assimilation.

XXXXXἘρεχθεύς = Epty8dvioc.

XXXXXἐρέχθω [v.] 'to rend, break' ('¥ 317, ε 83, h.Ap. 358).

    *VAR Only present.

    *DER Plant name ἐρεχθῖτις = ἠριγέρων (Ps.-Dsc.); see André RPh. 45 (1971): 216f: 'the  one that breaks'. On ▶︎ Ἐρεχθεύς, Att. vases Epexoec, etc. see > Epty8dvioc.

    *ETYM Connected with Skt. rdksas-, Av. rasah- 'destruction, damage', YAV. raSaiiente  [3pl._pres.] 'damage'. Semantic objections are voiced by Kretschmer KZ 31 (1892):  432f. The connection is 'unglaubhaft' to Mayrhofer EWAia 2: 423 and Gunnarsson  NTS 24 (1971): 64ff. Improbable analysis of -χθ- from *-ks-d"- by Lipp, followed by  LIV? s.v. *(h,)reks-.

XXXXXἐρέω 1 'ask'. Ξρεἴρομαι.

XXXXXἐρέω 2 [v.fut.] 'say'. >elpw 2.

XXXXXἐρῆμος 'lonely, uninhabited, deserted', of places and things, people and animals (II.). «1Ε *h,r(e)h,- 'loose, rare, separate'>

    *DIAL Myc. e-re-mo /erémos/ describing land. Younger Att. ἔρημος.

    *COMP Also in compounds, e.g. ἐρημο-νόμος 'living in loneliness' (A. R.), late. As a  second member in nav-, φιλ-, ὑπ-έρημος et al.

    *DER Poetical derivatives ἐρημ-αἴος (Emp. A. R.; cf. Chantraine 1933: 49), -efoc  (Mykonos); fem. ἐρημάς (Man; Chantraine 1933: 354f.). Abstract ἐρημία 'loneliness,  solitude, lack' (IA) with ἐρημίτης, ἐριμικός 'id.' (LXX). Denominative verbs  ἐρημόομαι, -όω 'to become or make desolate, destroyed or looted' (Pi., IA), together  with ἐρήμωσις (LXX), ἐρημωτής (AP); also with prefix ἀπ-, ἐξ-, xat-, with ἀπέρημος  (sch.). ἐρημάζω [v.] 'to live in solitude' (Thphr.).

===Pag_504: Beekes_Página_0504.tiff=== XXXXXἐριθάκη 457

    *ETYM The Greek form mechanically requires *h,reh,-mo- (zero grade would have  given two short vowels, cf. ὄνομα < *h;nh,-mn-); the root would agree with Lith. irti  'disintegrate', isg. yr. It has been connected with Lat. rarus, which would have to be  from *h,rh,-ro- (Schrijver 1991: 310f. is undecided between zero grade and full grade,  but the latter would require *Hreh,- which would not be compatible with the Greek  evidence); Lat. réte 'net' could be from *h,reh,t- (Beekes 1969: 36), but is now also  connected with Lith. rétas 'rare, thin, slow' et al. (see De Vaan 2008 s.v.). Skt. ¢-té  'with exception of, without' is unclear; see Mayrhofer EWAia s.v.

XXXXXἐρητύω [v.] 'to keep back, hinder'. <?>

    *VAR Aor. ἐρητῦσαι (Il; rare S., E.), ἐρατύει 5. OC 164 (lyr.), ἐράτοθεν (= ἐρήτυθεν B  99) ἀνεπαύσαντο 'they stopped' (H.), on which cf. Schwyzer: 182, Hoffmann 1891:  166; 283, Bechtel 1921, 1: 401; DELG thinks it is not Cyprian.

    *COMP Also with an-, κατ-.

    *ETYM No etymology. Cf. on »ἐρωή, »ἐρωέω. If the -a- is reliable, we could  reconstruct *h,reh,-tu-.

XXXXXἔρθει [v.] - φθέγγεται 'utters' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

épt- (pref.] 'very, high' (Il.). <1 *ser- 'high'>

    *DIAL Perhaps in Myc. e-ri- /eri-/.

    *COMP Especially in bahuvrihis like épi-(y)5ovzt0g, -σθενής, -τιμος, -abynv; also épt-  βρεμέτης, -ὅμᾶτος (A. Ag. 1461 [lyr.]) et al.; cf. Chantraine REGr. 49: 406.

    *ETYM Willi KZ 112 (1999): 87-100 follows Heubeck in connecting Hitt. sér 'high, up',  and separates ▶︎ ἀρι-. Some semantic traces of this etymology may be found, eg. épt-  αὔχην 'with the neck high, in height', etc. (ibid.: 96f.).

XXXXXἐρίηρες [adj.] perhaps 'faithful'. 41ὲ *ueh,r- 'true'>

    *VAR  Acc.pl. -ac; secondary sing. ἐρίηρος, said of ἑταῖρος (Hom., formulaic), also of  ἀοιδός (a 346, θ 62 = 471).

    *ETYM A bahuvrihi compound of ▶︎ ἦρα and ἐρι-. It has also been compared with  Bpinpov: μεγάλως κεχαρισμένον (H.).

XXXXXἐριθάκη [f.] 'bee bread' (a kind of wax) (Arist. Varr. Plin.).

    *ETYM Hesychius comments: ἡ ὑπὸ τῶν μελισσῶν παρατιθεμένη τροφή Kai τὸ  ἐγκοίλιον τῶν ἰχθύων τῶν μαλακῶν: καὶ τὰ τῶν ὑῶν ἔμβρυα, 'the food provided by  bees; the intestines of fish; the young of swine'. DELG remarks: 'The gloss gives two  informations: on the one hand the meaning 'interior of crustaceans', which arose  from the resemblance between the two materials, explains the adjective ἐριθακώδης  'full of ἐριθάκιγ, epithet of γραῖαι 'crabs' (Epich. 61); on the other hand, it appears  that the 'bee-bread' was (be it wrongly) considered as food of the bees [in reality they  use it to close openings in the walls of the bee-hive], which would explain the  connection with épi80c.' The latter remark is not very clear; perhaps Chantraine  refers to the fact that ἐριθακίς means 'drone'. Pre-Greek, acc. to Nehring Glotta 14  (1925): 183. See ▶︎ ἔρῖθος.

===Pag_505: Beekes_Página_0505.tiff===

XXXXXἐρίθακος [m.] name of a bird, probably 'robin redbreast, Erithacus rubecula' (Arist.), see Thompson 1895 s.v.

    *VAR ἐριθεύς (Thphr.), ἐρίθυλος (sch.).

    *DER Adj. ἐριθακώδης (γραῖαι Epich. 61; meaning unclear; see ▶︎ ἐριθάκη).

    *ETYM Connection with ▶︎ ἔριθος suggested by Frisk, but DELG does not understand  why. See BoShardt 1942: 67ff. and Thompson 1895 s.v.

XXXXXἔρῖθος [m., f.] 'day-labourer', of reapers, sheaf-binders (2 550, 560), 'spinner' (S., Ὁ. with folk-etymological connection with ἔριον), 'servant, etc.' in general (h.Merc. 296, εἴς.

    *COMP Comp. συν-έριθος [m., f.] 'helper, labourer' (Od.), φιλ-έριθος 'who loves  spinning' (Theoc., AP). With the familiarizing suffix -x-: ἐριθακίς [f.] (Theoc.).

    *DER Denominative verb ἐριθεύομαι (rare -evw, also with é§-) 'to be a day-labourer,  work for wages, try to obtain a favour or a job' (LXX, Arist.) with ἐριθεία 'trying to  get a position' (Arist.), ἐριθευτός 'bribed' (Creta, Delphi). Unclear'EpiQdceoc epithet  of Apollo (Attica IV*).

    *ETYM No etymology; in the same semantic sphere as δοῦλος, thus Pre-Greek? Cf. the suffix -ἰθ- (Pre-Greek: suffixes).

épiveds [m.] 'wild fig-tree, Ficus caprificus' (IL, Hes. Arist.), opposed to συκῆ; cf. Stromberg 1937: 1667.

    *VAR ἐρινός [m.] (Stratt., Theoc., Delos, etc; cf. ἀδελφεός : -pdc), Att. also ἐρινεώς  (Delos, Com.; after other tree-names in -ewc).

    *DIAL Myc. e-ri-no-wo, -wo-to /erinwos, -otos/.

    *DER ἐρινεόν, -vdv 'wild fig' (com, Arist. Thphr.); ἐρινάς [f.] = ἐρινεός (Nic, like  κοτινάς, etc; Chantraine 1933: 353); adjective épiveoc, -νοῦς 'belonging to a fig-tree'  (Epich, E.), ἐρινεώδης 'full of fig-trees' (Str.); denominative verb épivatw 'to  caprificate', with ἐρινασμός (Thphr.): to hang branches of wild fig near the cultivated  one, so that insects will bring over pollen (see Thphr. s.v. ψήν; Perpillou RPh. 71  (1997): 160 adds: 'le figuier sauvage serait alors le figuier-bouc, fécondateur  considéré le mape de l'espéce', but this is hardly understandable as an etymology).

    *ETYM Recalling Messen. τράγος = ἐρινεός (Paus. 4, 20, 2) and Lat. caprificus,  Prellwitz BB 22 (1897): 284f. compared an old word for 'he-goat', which is also found  in ▶︎ ἔριφος. This is now accepted by Perpillou. Acc. to Chantraine 1933: 203 and  Schwyzer: 491, however, the word is Pre-Greek (cf. κότινος 'wild olive'; ὄλυνθος  'wild fig').

XXXXXἔρῖνος [m.] plant name (Nic., Ps.-Dsc.). <?>

    *ETYM Unexplained. See André 1956 s.v. erineos.

XXXXXἘρϊνῦς, -ὕος [f.] name of an avenging goddess; as an appellative 'revenge, curse' (II), name of Demeter in Arcadia (Antim., Call. Paus. 8, 25, 6).

    *VAR On thelength of the v see LSJ. Epivvuc is rejected by LSJ.

    *DIAL Myc. E-ri-nu.

    *DER ἐρινυώδης 'like the E.' (Plu.); ἐρινύω = θυμῷ χρῆσθαι (Arc., Paus. lic., EM) cf. Bechtel 1921, 1: 390.

===Pag_506: Beekes_Página_0506.tiff=== XXXXXἐρίσφηλος 459

    *ETYM A connection with the mythical stallion'Epiwv (Ἀρίων, Opifwv; Bechtel 1921,  1: 349) requires further demonstration. Pre-Greek origin can be expected, cf. Herter  Lexis 3 (1954): 232 and Arena Helikon 6 (1966): 1441. Neumann Sprache 32 (1986): 43-51 proposes an JE reconstruction *eri-snh,-u- 'who  provokes struggle', from *sveh, as in νεῦρον. This would give, however, *eri-san-u-  > *eri-(h)anu-; this could be avoided by assuming that the laryngeal was lost in the  compound. However, does 'provoke struggles' fit the Erinyes? Heubeck Glotta 64  (1986): 164 states that such a meaning 'zwar nicht restlos geschwunden, aber doch... weitgehend zurtickgedrangt worden ist'. In sum, there is no good JE etymology and the word is probably Pre-Greek. For an  Indo-European etymology, the ending -ῦς would have to be from -uH-s, i.e. -u-h,-,  but a 'Motions-femininum' of this type is not known in Greek. Thus, the ending  seems to be Pre-Greek. Moreover, the variation v/vv may represent a palatalized  phoneme n' (cf. 1' in Ἀχιλβλ)εύς; for the phenomenon see Pre-Greek: B 1).

XXXXXἔριον —eipoc.

XXXXXἐριούνης [adj.] of Hermes (Υ 34, θ 322), late of θεοί (Ant. Lib. 25, 2), νόος (Orph. L. 199). «1»

    *VAR  ἐριούνιος (IL, h.Merc. Ar. Ra. 1144).

    *ETYM The ancient scholars wrongly associated this word with various simplicia,  connecting it with different qualities of Hermes: e.g., οὔνης: κλέπτης, οὔνιος: [εὖνις,]  δρομεύς, κλέπτης 'runner, thief (H.); cf. Leumann 1950: 123. Better glosses are  οὖνον: [ὑγιές Κύπριοι δρόμον 'course' and οὔνει (for obvi?) δεῦρο, δράμε.

XXXXXἈρκάδες 'Over here! Run! (Arc.). Here further belongs the Cypr. PN Φιλουνίου [gen.], cf. Φιλόδρομος. Would'Epi-obvne, -ούνιος then be the quick messenger of the gods? Thus Latte Glotta 34 (1955): 192ff., but doubted by O. Masson 1961: 256. See also Ruijgh 1957: 136, 142.

XXXXXἔρις, -ίδος [f.] 'strife, quarrel, contention' (II.); on the mg. in Hom. Triimpy 1950: 130ff. <?>

    *VAR  Acc. also -tv.

    *COMP As a second member in δύσ-ερις (Att.), also with compositional lengthening  δύστ-ηρις (Pi.) 'arousing [bad] struggle'.

    *DER Denominative verbs: épitw 'to fight, wrangle, quarrel (Il; enlarged from *épi-  w?), whence ἔρισμα 'quarrel = 'object of the quarrel (A 38), ἐρισμός 'id.' (Timo),  ἐριστικός 'quarrelsome' (PL, Arist.), ἐριστής 'quarreler' (LXX Ps. 138 [139], 20; v.L).

épidaive 'id' (Il; only present beside unclear ἐρϊδήσασθαι Ψ 792; cf. Chantraine 1942: 416). ἐριδμαίνω 'to provoke, irritate' (II 260), = ἐριδαίνω (Hell.); after the verbs in -μ-αίνω like πημ-αίνω; see Schwyzer: 724.

    *ETYM Unknown etymology. Because of the PNs Ajig-, Ἀν-ήρι-τος (Bechtel 1917: 7;  also -to toc), ἔρις must be an original -stem; therefore, connection with épeidw 'prop,  support' is excluded. Neither is there evidence for relation to ▶︎ ὀρίνω, ▶︎ ἐρέθω,  ▶︎ Ἐρινύς. Hardly related to Skt. dri-, ari- [m.] 'stranger, enemy, etc.'

XXXXXἐρίσφηλος [adj.} epithet of Heracles (Stesich. 82). <?>

===Pag_507: Beekes_Página_0507.tiff===

*DER Beside it ἄσφηλοι: ἀσθενεῖς. σφηλὸν γὰρ τὸ ἰσχυρόν 'weak, for σφηλὸν means strong' (H.), but the mg. does not fit.

    *ETYM Unexplained; ▶︎ σφάλλω has an entirely different meaning.

XXXXXἔριφος [m. f.] 'young goat, kid' (Il, Crete); in plur. name of a constellation of stars (Democr., Theoc.; see Scherer 1953: 124f.). <?>

    *DER Hypocoristic diminutive ἐρίφιον (Athenio Com.) with ἐριφιήματα- ἔριφοι. Λάκωνες 'kids (Lacon.)' (H.; on the formation Chantraine 1933: 178, Schwyzer: 523);  adj. ἐρίφειος 'belonging to ἔριφος' (Com., X.); Ἐρίφιος epithet of Dionysus in  Metapontum (Apollod.; cf. on ΕἰραφιώτηςΣ épupéac (for *épipiac?)- χίμαρος 'he-  goat' (H.).

    *ETYM Formation like ▶︎ ἔλαφος 'deer' et al. Resembles a word for 'goat, deer' in Olr. erp (erb), probably < PCI. *erbd-; see Matasovié 2008 sv; Arm. oroj 'agnus, agna' <  *er-oj, also erinj 'young cow' (unclear) and Lat. ariés, -étis, U erietu 'arietem' are  much farther away. In ▶︎ ἐρῖνεός 'wild fig', an old word for 'buck' has also been  supposed.

XXXXXἘριχθόνιος [m.] name of a hero and king of Athens, son of Ge, father of Pandion (A., E.); also name of a Trojan, son of Dardanos, father of Tros (¥ 219, 230).

    *VAR Οἵ. Ἐρεχθεύς (B 547, ἡ 80), which is also an epithet of Poseidon (inscr.); on  Attic vases *Epeyoec, together with Ἐρεχθηΐς [f.] name of an Att. phyle (D., inscr.),

XXXXXἘρεχθεῖδαι [pl.] name of the Athenians (Pi.). These names were taken to mean 'who tears apart, shaker [of the earth]', but see below. Also'Epty8evc (Pape and Benseler 1911: 379). Note the soothsayer Εριχθώ in Thessaly (Luc. Phars., see also Ov. Her. 15, 139), which confirms (Pre-)Greek origin.

    *DIAL Att. vases Epeyoec (Schwyzer 326) a hero and king of Athens (B 543, n 81).

    *DER οἱ EptyBovidat ="Epex8etSat (IG 3, 771; poet., Roman times).

    *ETYM Probably a very old name; already the fact that Erichthonios is called the son  of the Earth, points to Pre-Greek origin. There is no good explanation for the  coexistence of Epey@evc and ᾽Εριχθόνιος, cf. the by-form in -wv of Hermes, and. cf. Ἐρυσίχθων. Is the form with -xo- an Atticism, or does it have a wider spread?  Connection with ἐρέχθω is improbable. Ἐρεχθεύς, etc. are rather short forms of  "EptyOdwoc, and were later connected with ▶︎ épéy8w by folk-etymology. Ἐρεχθεύς /  Ερεχσες is clearly a Pre-Greek name; more forms are given by Fur.: 263. It continues  a pre-form *Erekt'eu-, cf. the alternation in μόροχθος / ▶︎ μόροξος.

XXXXXἐριώλη [f.] 'whirlwind, hurricane (Ar. Eq. 511, A. R.). <?>

    *VAR On the accent see Hdn. Gr. 1, 324.

    *ETYM Unexplained. Perhaps from ἔξελι-εωλη (from εἰλέω 'roll, turn, wind'), with  intensive reduplication and dissimilation A-A > p-A?

XXXXXἔρκος [n.] 'fence, enclosure, courtyard; net' (Il.).

    <IE? *serk- 'twine'>

    *COMP As a second member e.g. in εὐ-ερκής 'well-fenced' (I].); as a first member in  ἑρκο-θηρ-ικός 'ptng. to the hunt with a net' (Pl. Soph. 220c).

    *DER Epxiov 'fence' (II, cf. τειχίον: τεῖχος et al.); Epxetoc, ἑρκεῖος (after οἰκεῖος et al.)  'belonging to the ἕρκος, court-yard', especially as an epithet of Zeus protecting the

===Pag_508: Beekes_Página_0508.tiff=== XXXXXἕρμα ᾽ 461 house, whose altar is in the courtyard (x 935); ἑρκίτης 'a slave belonging to the place' (Amer. apud Ath. 6, 267c, H.). Further ἑρκάνη 'fence' (late) from cross with ὁρκάνῃ 'id.' (A., E.), which has o-grade like ▶︎ ὅρκος; cf. Chantraine 1933: 198. Glosses ἕρκατος: φραγμός 'fence', épKatiy φυλακή 'watch, guard' (H.), Ὅρκατος locality in Calymna (inscr. II'; cf. Fraenkel 1910: 147); on the suffix Cf. ὄρχατος; see also ▶︎ ἔρχατος.

    *ETYM Apparently a verbal noun (like τέλος, γένος, etc.), but there is no  corresponding verb. Meringer IF 17 (1904-1905): 157f. connected it as *'wicker-work'  with Lat. sarci6, ~ire 'to twine, restore', properly 'to sew together'; cf. sartum tectum  'unviolated, complete', properly 'twined and covered', sarcina [f.] 'bundle'. Lat. sarcié belongs to Hitt. Sar-nin-k- (nasal infix present) 'to restore damage, make  amends'. On ἕρκος ὀδόντων, see Humbach MSS 21 (1967): 24ff. (it denotes the lips,  not the teeth).

XXXXXἕρμα τ (n.] 'prop, support', of the stones or beams put under the ships when drawn ashore (in plur., IL and hAp. 507); metaph. of men, 'support, column' (II); 'underwater cliff on which a ship gets stuck' (Alc. Supp. 26, 6, Hdt. 7, 183, Th. 7, 25); 'stone (or any other weight) that can serve as ballast' (Ar., Arist.); 'heap of stones' (S. Ant. 848 [lyr.], AP 9, 319). <?>

    *DER ἑρμῖς (or -tv), acc. Eppiva, dat.pl. -ἴσιν 'post of a bed' (8 278, ψ 198, Hdt. 3, 16; cf. ῥηγμῖν- from ῥῆγμα, σταμῖν-, etc); cf. Hdn. Gr. 2, 431 with etymological  speculations. ἕρμαξ [f.] 'heap of stones' (Nic. et al.), MoGr. ἑρμακιά (ap-) 'wall of dry  stones', many derivatives in the dialects of lower Italy, see Rohlfs 1930: 78f; ἕρμακες:  ὕφαλοι πέτραι 'rocks under the sea' (H.: cf. λίθαξ, μύλαξ, etc.). ἑρμεών' σωρὸς λίθων  'heap of stones' (H.), cf. βολεών s.v. βάλλω, etc. ἑρματίτης πέτρος 'stone serving as  ballast' (Lyc. 618). ἑρματικός 'fixed' (κράββατος, PGen. 68, 10; IVP). ἑρμαῖος λόφος  'heap of stones' (7 471; uncertain, cf. on Ἑρμῆς). Denominative verbs: ἑρμάζω 'to  support, make stable' (Hp.) with ἕρμασμα, -σμός (Hp.), ἕρμασις (Erot., also Troezen  IV* [-oo-]; cf. Fraenkel 1910: 149); Epptatitw 'id' (Hp.). See »Ἑρμῆς (Ἑρμείας,  Ἑρμάων).

    *ETYM Formally, ἕρμα seems to be a verbal noun in -μα with regular e-vocalism of  the root. For an etymology, one might think of Lith. sverit 'weigh' and relatives, in  which case it would originally mean 'heavy weight, stone', from IE *suér-mn. However, because of the divergent meanings, two or three different words have been  assumed: thus, ἕρμα 'cliff was considered a separate word and connected with Skt. vdrsman- [n.] 'height, hill, top, point' (e.g. in WP 1, 267). However, this etymology  disregards the fact that cliffs under the sea surface are denoted. On the other hand,  ἕρμα has been connected as ballast of a ship with Lith. 155. sveritt 'to weigh', svarus  'heavy', OHG swar(i) 'heavy'. In the meaning 'support, prop', words for 'pole, etc.'  have been connected, eg. Skt. svdru- 'sacrificial post', OE swer 'post, column', Lat. surus 'twig, sprout, pole'. However, it is doubtful whether ἕρμα ever meant 'pole'. An  attempt to combine all meanings was made by Porzig 1942: 266: the original  meaning would be 'stone [for supporting a ship)', whence 'stones for ballast', and on  the other hand, sarcastically, also 'cliffs under the sea'. Kretschmer Kleinasiatische  Forschungen 1 (1927): 4 thinks that ἕρμα is Anatolian, pointing to the Lydian river

===Pag_509: Beekes_Página_0509.tiff===

Ἕρμος (τολυψήφιδα παρ᾽ Ἕρμον Orac. apud Hdt. 1, 55) and to Lycian PNs in Erm-, Arm-. Chantraine Ant. class. 22 (1953): 69 is also in favor of non-IE origin. There seems no reason, however, to assume foreign origin.

XXXXXἕρματα 2 ''εἴρω 1.

XXXXXἕρμαιον = Epyijc.

XXXXXἑρμηνεύς [m.] 'interpreter, translator' (Pi. O. 2, 85), also 'interpreter' in general (IA).

    *VAR  ἑρμανεύς (Pi.).

    *DER Denominative verb ἑρμηνεύω (-pav- Epid.), also with prefix δι-, ἐξ- et al.,  'interpret, translate, also 'explain' (IA) with several derivatives: ἑρμηνεία  'interpretation, explanation, way of expression, style' (Pl., X., Arist.); ἑρμήνευσις 'id.'  (Ὁ. C., Longin.); ἑρμηνεύματα [pl] 'id' (E., Ph.); ἑρμηνευτής = ἑρμηνεύς (Ph Pit. 290c, LXX Ge. 42, 23, Poll. 5, 154; cf. Fraenkel 1912: 63) with ἑρμηνεύτρια [f] (sch.);  ἑρμηνευτικός 'ptng. to interpretation' (P1.), cf. Chantraine 1956a: 134 und 137.

    *ETYM Technical expression without etymology, probably of Anatolian origin (so  possibly Pre-Greek); cf. Bofhardt 1942: 36f. and Krahe Die Antike 15 (1939): 181. Wrong attempts at an IE explanation, connecting it with to elpw 'string, attach', εἴρω  'say', Lat. sermé, are found in old dictionaries like Bq. See also ▶︎ Ἑρμῆς.

XXXXXἙρμῆς, -οὔ [m.] Hermes, son of Zeus and Maia; also 'herm, head of a herm' (IL). «PG»

    *DIAL Myc. E-ma-a, (dat.), Ἑρμείας, -éac, Ἑρμείης (Call.), Ἑρμᾶς (Dor. Boeot.),  Ἑρμάων (Hes.), Ἑρμάν, -ἄνος (Lac. Arc.), Ἑρμάου, -άο, -ἃ (Thess. dat.), Ἕρμαον  (Cret. acc.).

    *COMP As a first member e.g. in ἑρμο-γλυφεῖον (Pl.) with backformation ἑρμογλυφ-  εὕς, -ικός, -ος (Luc. et al.), see ▶︎ γλύφω.

    *DER Hypocoristic diminutive 'Eppidiov (Ar.), -άδιον (Luc; also 'small hermy'  [Lydia]), after the nouns in -idtov, -άδιον. Ἑρμαῖος 'belonging to H.,, of H.', also as a  month name (A,, S.), probably also Ἑρμαῖος λόφος (x 472), if not from ▶︎ ἕρμα; ntr. Ἕρμαιον 'temple of Hermes' (Ephese), on the accent Hdn. Gr. 1, 369; plur."Epyata  (ἱερά) 'festival for Hermes' (Att.); as an appellative ἕρμαιον [n.] 'gift of Hermes', i.e. 'chance find, unexpected advantage' (Pl., S.); also a plant name (Stromberg 1940:  129); fem. Ἑρμαΐς (Ηρ.}; Ἑρμαιών name of a month (Halicarn., Keos);'Eppatotai [pl.]  name of the worshippers of H., Mercuriales (Rhodos, Cos, Delos), cf. eg. Ἀπολλωνιασταί and Chantraine 1933: 3173 Ἑρμαϊκός (late).'Eppeta [pl.] mg. uncertain  (Str. 8, 3, 12).

    *ETYM Ἑρμῆς derives from epic Ἑρμέας < Ἑρμείας; cf. Αἰνείας. Myc. e-ma-a,  /Hermahas/ shows the original form, and excludes an old form with the suffix  *-afwv, which has been suggested for eg. Ἕρμάν and 'Epudwv (Hes.). Thus,  connection with ▶︎ ἕρμα 1 should be rejected, since the model for a suffixation in  -ahds is unclear. The Mycenaean form shows that it is an unanalysable Pre-Greek  name. See Ruijgh REGr. 80 (1967): 12.

XXXXXἔρνος [n.] 'sprout, offshoot', originally of trees, also of men (1].).

    <IE? *h,er- 'go'?>



    *VAR Also ἔρνος with secondary aspiration.

===Pag_510: Beekes_Página_0510.tiff=== XXXXXἕρπω 463

    *COMP As a first member in ἐρνεσί-πεπλος (ΟτΓΡΗ. Η. 30, 5; after ἑλκεσί-πεπλος),  ἐρνοκόμων: παραδεισαρίων 'gardener' (H.). As a second member in εὐ-ερνής 'with  good offshoots' (E., Str.), δυσ-ερνής (Poll.).

    *DER Diminutive épviov (Hell.); ἐρνώδης [adj.] 'like a sprout' (Dsc.), ἐρνόομαι [v.]  'to sprout' (Ph.); two glosses in H.: Epvatic: avadevdpac 'vine that grows up trees'  (see Schwyzer 464) and ἔρνυτας: ἔρνη, βλαστήματα, κλάδοι 'sprouts, offshoots,  shoots broken off, wrong for ἔρνυγας (Arist. Po. 1457b 35; after πτέρυξ, etc;  Schwyzer: 498).

    *ETYM Formation in -νος (Schwyzer: 512, Chantraine 1933: 420), commonly derived  from the root of ▶︎ ὄρνυμι, etc. (to which belongs synonymous ὄρμενος), but this had  h,- (and not h,-), which means that the initial e- would have to be secondary. Alternatively, simply from *h,er- 'go', for the semantics of which one might compare  MoNw. run(n)e 'twig' to renna 'to run, shoot up, grow'. On the separation of *h,er-  and *h,er-, see ▶︎ ὄρνυμι. One is further reminded of ▶︎ ἐρέθω and ▶︎ ἐρέας. For the  suffix -voc, cf. ▶︎ τέρχνος. Formally, ἔρνος agrees with Skt. drnas- [n.] 'flood, stream',  but the reminiscence is probably secondary.

XXXXXἔρος -'-ἔραμαι.

XXXXXἔροτις [f.] 'festival' (Aeol. acc. to H., Cypr. acc. to Eust.), epigraphically of king Nicocreon (Kaibel 1878: 846); perhaps in Chalcedon (SIG 1009); E. El. 625; ἐροτή (P.Oxy. 2084); on the use Bechtel 1921, 1: 119 and 447. «ἴὉ

    *ETYM Perhaps related to ▶︎ ἔρανος and ▶︎ ἑορτή. 'Aeolic' in Hesychius may mean  'Arcado-Cypriot'.

XXXXXἔρπις [?] 'wine' (Hippon. 79, 18, Lycophr.). «τὴν Eg.>

    *ETYM As the scholia indicate, this is the same word as Egyptian irp 'wine'. See  Masson RPh. 88 (1962): 46-50.

XXXXXἕρπω [v.] 'to crawl, slink, go on all four', in Dor. also 'go' in general (1].).

    <IE *serp-  'crawl'>

    *VAR  Aor. ἑρπύσαι (Att; cfrépnilw below), ἔρψαι (LXX), fut. gpyw, also ἑρπύσω,  Dor. ἑρψῶ.

    *COMP Very often with prefix, eg. av-, eio-, ἐξ- ἐφ-, mpoo-. As a first member in  ἑρπ-άκανθα = ἄκανθος (Ps.-Dsc.).

    *DER ἑρπετόν [n.] 'animal that goes (or crawls) on all fours' as opposed to birds  (πετεινά) and men (IA, 6 418; Aeol. ὄρπετον with zero grade, on the formation see  Vine 1998: 73f., who thinks the zero grade is secondary in this form); ἕρπης, -ητος  [m.] 'shingles' (Hp.), ἑρπήν, -ῆνος [m.] 'id? (Phy after λειχήν, etc; also ἑρπήνη EM)  with ἑρπηνώδης (Ph.); ἕρπηλα a shell-fish (Ath; form uncertain); ἑρπηδών, -όνος  [f.] 'crawling' (Nic; Chantraine 1933: 360f.); ἑρπηστής 'crawling animal' (Nic. AP;  rare like τευχηστής et al.; Chantraine 1933: 317); ἔρπυλλος [m., f.] 'tufted thyme'  (Com.; after this Lat. serpullum) with ἑρπύλλειον, -dpiov 'id.' and ἑρπυλλίς  'grasshopper' (H.); uncertain ἑρπυξή (Dsc. 3, 69). ἕρψις 'crawling' (Pl, Arist.). An  expressive enlargement is ἑρπύζω 'to crawl' (Il; cf. Chantraine 1942: 336), to which  belongs the Attic aorist ἑρπκύσαι (after ἐρύσαι, ἑλκύσαιξ); thence ἑρπυστικός (Hp.,

===Pag_511: Beekes_Página_0511.tiff===

Arist.) and rare and late ἕρπυσις, -υσμός, -υστήρ, -υστής, -υστάζω. See also ▶︎ ὅρπηξ 'sprout, twig'.

    *ETYM The word ἕρπω is identical with Skt. sdrpati 'id', Lat. serpo 'id'. Several  languages have derived the name of the snake from this root: Skt. sarpd- [m.], Lat. serpens, Alb. gjar pér.On meaning and spread of ἕρπω, see Bloch 1940: iff.

XXXXXἔρραος [m.] 'ram' (Lyc. 1316), 'wild boar' (Call. Fr. 335). <%

    *VAR H. has éppa<o>c¢: κριός 'ram'.

    *ETYM No etymology. See Meid AAHG 27 (1974): 53-55.

éppevti [adv.] unknown (Alec. Fr. 407 L.P.); cf. Hdn. Gr. 1, 505, 7 ἀπὸ τοῦ Eppw ἢ ἐρρῶ περισπωμένου ἡ μετοχὴ ἐρρείς, ἐρρέντος ὡς παρὰ τὸ ἐθέλοντος ἐθελοντί 'from Eppw or ἐρρῶ, with perispomenon, the participle ἐρρείς, ἐρρέντος, and like ἐθελοντί to &BéXovtTOc. <?>

    *VAR Cf. ἐρόντι: μάλα, λίαν, πάνυ 'very, much, certainly' (H.).

    *ETYM See Brugmann I F 17 (1904-1905): 11 and Schwyzer: 623.

XXXXXἜρρηφόρος ⟹ ἀρρηφόρος and ἔρση.

XXXXXἜρρος [m.] - ὁ Ζεύς (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unclear. Earlier proposals: to *uorso- in ▶︎ οὐρανός; or 'the god of Dew', an  Att. msc. corresponding to 'Epon 'Sister Dew'. Cf. also'Epoatoc: ἄκριος Ζεύς (H.).

XXXXXἔρρω [v.] 'to go (away), disappear, go to ruin', mostly perfective 'to sod off, get lost' (11), mostly ipv. and in imperatival expressions. 41E *uert-ie/o- 'turn'>

    *VAR Locr. ξερρέτω [ipv.], El. Fappev [inf.] (in imperatival function); non-presentic  forms are rare: fut. ἐρρήσω (h.Merc. 259, Com.), aor. ἤρρησα (Com.), perf. εἰσ-  ήρρηκα (Ar. Th. 1075).

    *COMP Also with prefix av-, ἀπ-, εἰσ-, ἐξ-, mept-.

    *ETYM Expressive word of the common and the poetic language, unknown to prose. The geminate -pp-, common to all dialectal forms, excludes derivation from *uers-. A reconstruction *fépo-,w and connection with Lat. verré 'sweep', OCS vrachg, vrésti  'thresh', Hitt. uars/ 'reap, harvest, wipe' is semantically and formally difficult. Forssman 1980: 18o0ff. therefore proposes a pre-form *uert-ie/o-, together with a new  proposal for the development of the cluster *-rti- (as opposed to *-rs-).

époat [f.pl.] 'young animals, small lambs' (1 222).

    *ETYM Probably simply metonymic for ▶︎ ἕρση 'dew'; cf. the use of ▶︎ δρόσος in A. and  Call. Cf. also μητέρες ψακαλοῦχοι (5. Fr. 793) to ψάκαλον (Ar. Byz.), from ψακάς  'fine rain, drops'; more details in Bechtel 1914 s.v. Epon. Acc. to Leumann 1950: 25",  δρόσος in the meaning 'young animal in A. and Call. stems from imitation of t 222;  ἕρσαι would be a homonym of épon 'dew'.

épon [f.] 'dew', plur. 'dewdrops' (IL.).

    *VAR Epic poet. ἐέρση, Dor. ἕρσᾶ, Pi. N. 3, 78 ἔερσᾶ (see Solmsen 1909: 240°); with  different anlaut ἄερσαν: τὴν δρόσον. Κρῆτες 'dew (Cret.) (H.), ἀέρσην (PLit. Lond. 60 [Hell.}).

    *COMP As a second member perhaps in ▶︎ Λιτυέρσης, s.v.

===Pag_512: Beekes_Página_0512.tiff=== XXXXXἐρυθρός 465

    *DER ἑρσήεις, ἐερσήεις 'dewy' (Il., AP), ἑρσαῖα' ἐαρινά, νέα, ἁπαλά, δροσώδη 'vernal,  young, tender, dewy'; ἐρρήεντα' δροσώδη, καταψυκτικά 'dewy, cooling' (Η.) with  Att. -pp-, as against the hieratic Ionicism in 'Epon, name of the daughter of Cecrops;  ἑρσώδης 'dewy (Thphr.).

    *ETYM The name Ἐρρηφόροι is unclear; acc. to H., οἱ τῇ 'Epon ἐπιτελοῦντες τὰ  νομιζόμενα 'who give to E. what is due', together with ἐρρηφορέω; also, ἐρσηφόροι,  -pia beside ἀρρη-φόροι; s.v.; see Nilsson 1941(1): 441. The normal form is é(F)épon <  *hwers-; forms like ἀέρση cited above are unexplained, as is ἕρσαι. Sanskrit has  varsa- [n.] 'rain' and vdrsati [v.] 'it rains', IE *h,uwérs-e-. Beside it exists the iterative  intensive *h,uors-efe- > Gr. obpéw 'urinate' (euphemistically), with deverbal οὖρον;  the laryngeal may have been lost here before the o-vocalism (Saussure effect); see  also on ▶︎ οὐρανός. Because of the accent and because of the e-vowel, pon cannot be  a verbal noun (one would expect "οὐρά < *uorsa); rather, it is a collective deriving  from a neutral noun *h,uer-os-, h,uer-s-, and further cognates in e.g. MIr. frass 'rain'. The words ▶︎ ἄρσην and Skt. vfsan- 'masculine, man, bull, stallion' are not to be  connected (T. Pronk fthe.). Cf. DELG Supp. ἔρσην —dpony.

XXXXXἔρτις [2] 'κρημνός 'overhanging bank' (H.). <?>

    *VAR Acc. to DELG, the plant is meant in H.: κριμνούς: λευκάς τινας βοτάνας 'any  pale grass'.

    *DIAL Myc. e-ti-we /*erti-went-/ and a-e-ti-to /a-erti-to-/.

    *ETYM See the discussion in DELG Supp., referring to Duhoux 1993: 103, and in RPA. 74 (2000): 257.

XXXXXἐρυγγάνω ⟹ ἐρεύγομαι 1 and ἐρεύγομαι 2.

XXXXXἐρυθρός [adj.] 'red' (II). 418 *h,reud"-'red'>

    *VAR Myc. e-ru-to-ro, e-ru-ta-ra /erut*ros, -a/.

    *COMP As a first member, e.g. ἐρυθρό-πους 'with red feet' (bird-name, Ar.); ἐξ-  έρυθρος 'reddish' as a sign of illness (Hp., Arist.), λευκ-έρυθρος 'white-red, flat-red'  (Arist; Risch IF 59 (1949): 60).

    *DER ἐρυθρίας [m.] 'the red one', epithet after the red color (Arist.), cf. ὠχρίας, etc. and Chantraine 1933: 93; épvOpivoc, also ἐρυθῖνος (with dissimilation or after  ἐρυθαίνομαι, see below) name of a fish (Arist; Strémberg 1943; 21); Ἐρυθῖνοι [pl.]  name of a town (B 855; cf. EpvOpai below); épvOpddavov, -ος plant (Dsc.), also  ἐρευθέδανον, see ▶︎ ἐρεύθω; EpvOpaiog = ἐρυθρός (Ὁ. P.); ἐρυθρότης 'red color'  (Gal.). Ἔρυθραί [f.pl.] town in Ionia (Hdt; after the red-colored rocks inside the  town), together with Ἐρυθραϊκὸν σατύριον plant-name (Dsc., Plin.), also ἐρυθρόνιον  (Ps.-Dsc.; after Ἰόνιον and other nouns in -6wov); Ἐρυθραϊκός also from ἡ Ἐρυθρά  (θάλασσα; adjunct of κυβερνήτης, inscr. IP). Denominative verbs: épv@pidw 'to become red' (Att. after the verbs of disease in  -ιάω; Schwyzer: 732) with ἐρυθρίασις, -ησις (Hp., H.); ἐρυθραίνομαι, -w 'to become,  make red' (X.). Also ἐρυθαίνομαι, -w, aor. ἐρύθηνα 'id' (IL) together with ἐρύθημα  'becoming red, redness' (Hp., Th.); see below.

===Pag_513: Beekes_Página_0513.tiff===

    *ETYM Old adjective in -ro-, a suffix also encountered in Lat. ruber, CS redore, ToA  rtdr, ToB ratre, Skt. rudhird- (reshaped after rudhi- in rudhikra- name of a demon);  ON ro@ra [f.] 'blood'. Other languages havea different stem: ON rjddr, OE réod have  the same vowel as the verbs rj6da resp. réodan (= ▶︎ ἐρεύθω, s.v.) and may therefore  be secondary. Lith. raidas, (dialectal) Lat. nifus, robus, Olr. ruad, Skt. lohd- 'reddish'  [m./n.] 'red metal, copper, iron' probably continue IE *h,roud"o- rather than  *h,reud"o-, because of the vocalism found in most Gm. forms: Go. raups, ON rauér,  OE réad, OHG rot. Together with ἐρυθρός, the old denominative épv8aivop a points  to an original r/n-stem *rud'-r-, *rud"-n-. Perhaps a neutral s-stem *h,réud'-os- (=  EpevOoc) existed, as well as a verb *h,réud"-e/o- (= ἐρεύθωλ. Cf. also ▶︎ ἐρυσίβη.

XXXXXἐρύκω [v.] 'to hold back' (IL).

    *VAR Aor. ἐρῦξαι, epic also ἠρύκακον, ἐρυκακέειν (Chantraine 1942: 398).

    *COMP Also with prefix, notably ἀπ-, kat-.

    *DER κατερυκτικός 'holding back' (pap.). Enlarged presents ἐρυκάνω, -avaw  (Chantraine 1942: 316 and 360).

    *ETYM Enlargement with -κ- like in ὀλέ-κω, διώ-κω et al. (Schwyzer: 702, Chantraine  1942: 329), from ἔρυμαι, ἐρύομαι 'ward off rather than from ἐρύω 'draw'.

XXXXXἔρυμαι [v.] 'to keep off, protect, save' (Il).

    *VAR Inf. ἔρυσθαι; impf. ἔρῦ-το, -σο; them. ἐρύομαι (ἐρύεσθαι, Epv_eto), also ῥύομαι,  inf. ῥῦσθαι, aor. ἐρύσίσ)ασθαι, ῥύσασθαι, fut. ἐρύσσομαι, ῥύσομαι; also with  anlauting ei-: elpdto, eipbatai, -ato, -vto, perhaps reduplicated perfects with  present-meaning (inf. εἴρυσθαιΣ thence, or through metrical lengthening,  εἰρύσσασθαι, εἰρύσσονται, εἰρύομαι; cf. also below; aor. pass. ἐρρύσθην (Ev. Luc. 1,  74, 2. Ep. Ti. 4,17, Hd. 10, 7).

    *DIAL Myc. -u-ru-to /-wru(n)toi/ or /-wrust*6n/.

    *COMP As a first member: épv- ἰη Ἐρύ-λαος, Ἐρύ-μας, -μηλος (also Etpv-, either after  εὐρύς or from ξερυ- (2); see below); ἐρῦσι- in ἐρυσίπτολις 'protecting the town' (Z  305 et al.), ▶︎ Epvoiy8wv; Aeol. Εὐρυσί-λαος (cf. above). ῥῦσί- eg. in ῥῦσί-πολις (A. Th. 129 [lyr.] et al.).

    *DER ἔρῦμα [n.] 'defence' (IL), diminutive ἐρυμάτιον (Luc.); from there ἐρυμν-ός 'for  defence, protected' (IA) with ἐρυμνότης 'defensive force' (X, Arist.), ἐρυμνόω  'defend' (Agath.). ἐρυσμός 'defence, protection' (h.Cer. 230). éptowov (εἰ- by  metrical lengthening), name of a kind of mustard (Thphr., Dsc.), because of its  protection (Strémberg 1940: 81); from *épt-otc or directly from the verb. pot} p [m.]  'protector, watcher' (p 187, 223), pdtwp 'id.' (A. Th. 318 [lyr.], AP). ῥύσιος 'saving' (A. Supp. 150 [lyr.], AP), after the adjs. in -otoc (Chantraine 1933: 42) or from ῥῦσις  'saving' (Epigr. Gr. 200 [Cos], LXX). ῥῦμα 'defence' (Ηρ. trag.).

    *ETYM The Skt. nouns varii-tér- [m.] 'protector', vdrii-tha- {n.] 'defense, protection'  (with vynoti 'avert', Go. warjan 'ward off, etc.) speak in favor of the assumption of  original *fépv-pat. Doubts arise because of the absence of a trace of the digamma in _  Homer; attempts at a solution are in Solmsen 1901: 245ff. Therefore, we have two  ablaut grades, Fepv- and fpo-, the latter of which is certainly in εἴρῦται < *Fé-Fpb-tat,  etc. (cf. above), but with otherwise unclear distribution. The initial vowel in the Ionic

===Pag_514: Beekes_Página_0514.tiff=== XXXXXἐρύω, -ομαι 467 present εἰρύομαι and in Εὐρυσί-λαος form an unsolved problem. Hackstein 2002: 123-131 offers a new interpretation. He derives the forms from the root syerh,-, which he reconstructs for ὁράω. Essential to him is the assumption that the zero grade surh,- became sruh,- > srit-, according to the rule that in some cases, -ur- was metathesized to -ru- (like in k'etuy- > k'etru-). 1 suppose that he assumes that seru- arose secondarily from sru-. In Myc. -u-ru-to /-wruntoi/, sru- was restored to wru-. Myc. o-ro-me-no would represent an athematic syyh,-, which according to him gave *suoro- (but he also speaks of o-vocalism in this form, p. 128). This hypothesis is difficult to assess.

XXXXXἐρυσίβη [f.] 'rust in plants' (PL. X., Arist.; long 7in Orph. L. 600).

    *DER ἐρυσιβώδης 'eaten by rust' (Arist, Thphr.), ἐρυσίβιος epithet of Apollo in  Rhodos (Str.). Denominative verb ἐρυσιβάω, -όομαι 'suffer from rust', also factitive  -w (Thphr.). There is an epithet of Apollo Ἐρυθίβιος (Str. 13,1,64, vl. ᾿Ἐρεθίβιος;  with ἐρεάζω), Ἐρεθίμιος, Ἐρεδίμιος (inscr. Rhodes), Ἐρεθυμιάζω (Lyc. inscr.); further  ἐρυσίβη epithet of Demeter (Et. Gud. 210, 25); Str. 13, 1, 64 says: Ῥόδιοι δὲ Ἐρυθιβίου  Ἀπόλλωνος ἔχουσι ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ ἱερὸν, τὴν ἐρυσίβην καλοῦντες ἐρυθίβην 'The  Rhodians, who say ἐρυθίβην instead of ἐρυσίβην, have a sanctuary of Apollo  Ἐρυθίβιος on their territory'. See below.

    *ETYM Popular word with a suffix -B- (Chantraine 1933: 26off.). The stem épvot- is  also found in ▶︎ ἐρυσίπελας and in the plant name épvoi-oxnatpov (Thphr., Dsc.). It  recalls verbal first members of the type τερψίμβροτος (Schwyzer: 443), but it has also  been considered an old s-enlargement of the word for 'red' (see ▶︎ épv8pdc,  ▶︎ ἐρεύθω), which may also be found in Lat. russus (but see De Vaan 2008 s.v.), Lith. ratisvas 'red', OCS ruse 'reddish blond', Gm. words like OHG rost 'rust', etc; IE  *h,reud'-s- (h,roud'-s-, h,rud'-s-) derived from the s-stem in ἔρευθοςξ However, Fur.:  214, 255f. correctly saw that the word is Pre-Greek, because of the alternations of  dental (8, 5) with s and B/p (ibid. 248-263 and 203-221). The long 1 is also typical for  Pre-Greek word formation (Pre-Greek: suffixes -IB-, -iy-, -16-, 18-, -Ix-, -iv-). The  word must have been folk-etymologically influenced by Gr. ἐρυθ-.

XXXXXἐρύσιμον -"ἔρυμαι.

XXXXXἐρυσίπελας, -τος [n.] name of a skin disease, 'Erysipelas'. < PG>

    *VAR Often in plur.

    *DER Adjective -ατώδης (Hp. Gal.).

    *ETYM Medica] term of unusual formation; a learned compound? The first member  also occurs in ▶︎ ἐρυσίβη (?) and in the plant name épvoi-oxnntpov (Thphr.); a word  πέλας is further unknown, but cf. however on ▶︎ πέλμα. Therefore, properly 'what  reddens the skin' (Schwyzer: 443°)? Of course, it may also be of Pre-Greek origin,  like the beginning of the word (there seems no reason for the suggestion by Fur.:  214° that it would be from épvw).

XXXXXἐρύω, -ομαι [v.] 'to draw, tear, draw towards one' (1].). Details in Chantraine 1942: 30, 136f., etc.

===Pag_515: Beekes_Página_0515.tiff===

    *VAR εἰ- (Hdt., Hp.), inf. εἰρύμεναι (Hes. Op. 818, verse-initially; cf. Chantraine 1942:  294), aor. ἐρύσ(σλαι, -ασθαι (also ei- Hdt., Hp.), pass. ἐρυσθῆναι, ei- (Ap.), Dor. ϝερυσάτω [ipv.] (Delphi IV'; uncertain), fut. ἐρύω, -ομαι (Hom.), ἐρύσω (Opp.),  ἐρύσσω, -opat (Orph.; as a v.l. in © 176), perf. pass. εἴρῦμαι, eipbatau.

    *COMP Also with prefix av- (af-), ἐξ-, κατ-, mpo-, etc. As a first member in ἐρῦσ-άρματες [ito] '[horses] drawing the chariot' (Hom.); on the formation Sommer  1948: 11f.

    *DER Rarely épv-: épi-oic 'the drawing' (Max. Tyr.), ἐρῦ-τήρ 'the drawer' (Nic.), ἐρυ-  σ-τός (S.). Various old words have pv- (pd-): ῥῦ-τήρ [m.] 'rein, rope' (IL), also ''bow-  stretcher, archer' (Od.); pb-twp 'bow-stretcher' (Ar. Th. 108 [lyr.]}; ῥῦ-μός [m.] 'pole  of a chariot, etc.' (110; ῥῦτ-μα 'that which is drawn' (A., X.); ῥύτμη 'force, pressure'  (Hp.); ῥῦ-τός 'drawn' (ῥυτοῖσι λάεσσι ζ 267; ξ 10), ῥῦ-τά [n.pl.] 'reins' (Hes. Sc. 308);  with a suffix -to- ῥύσιον, Dor. ῥύτιον 'what is drawn forth', ie. 'deposit, retribution'  (1) see further ▶︎ pitic 'fold, wrinkle', ▶︎ ῥῦσός 'wrinkly'. Enlargement ῥυστάζω 'to  draw to and fro, maltreat' (Hom.) together with ῥυστακτῦς (σ 224), ῥύσταγμα (Lyc. 1089).

    *ETYM In the perfect, *fé-Fpi-pat gave εἴρῦμαι. For the initial digamma in (F)epbu,  note especially epic (Aecol.) αὐερύω = df-Fepbw, ἀν-ξερύω, βρυτῆρες = ῥυτῆρες (A. D.). This undoubtedly old verb has no certain correspondences outside Greek. On  ambivalent Lat. ridéns 'sail of a ship', see WH and E-M s.v.

XXXXXἔρφος [n.] 'skin' (Nic. Al. 248, Th. 376). <?>

    *ETYM Rhymes with better known στέρφος, τέρφος 'id. (A. R., Nic., etc.), but further  unclear. Perhaps a cross of otéppoc and épiov? Giintert 1914: 139f. suggests that  ἔρφος is a younger reshaping of (σ)τέρφος to "ἔρεφος (from ἐρέφω 'cover [with a    rooff).

XXXXXἔρχατος [m.] - φραγμός 'fence' (H.). <?>

    *VAR Also ἕρκατος: φραγμός, ἑρκάτη: φυλακή 'watch' (H.).

    *ETYM In itself, the change κί x might point to a Pre-Greek word, but the words may  also have been influenced by »épxoc. Other forms are ἑρκάνη, ὁρκάνη. Latte  corrects ἑρκάτη to ἑρκάνη, but this remains uncertain. Cf. also dpyatog 'orchard';  perhaps adapted to ἐρχατόωντο (ξ 15), which belongs to ▶︎ εἴργω; s.v. Fraenkel KZ 72  (1955): 193ff. compares Lith. sérgéti 'to protect, guard'.

XXXXXἔρχομαι [v.] 'to come', also 'to go, travel (IL). «1Ὲ h,erg"-, h,er- 'move, go'>

    *VAR Only present stem.

    *COMP Very often with prefix ἀπ-, εἰσ-, ἐξ-, κατ-, etc.

    *ETYM One has compared Olr. eirg [ipv.] 'go', regaid [fut.) 'the will go', and Skt. rghayati 'tremble, rage', and within Greek as an iterative ▶︎ ὀρχέομαι 'dance'. Alternatively, one has connected it with Skt. rcchati 'to reach, arrive at', Hitt. arSke/a-  # liter.) 'to reach repeatedly, make incursions'. This presupposes that ἔρχομαι  continues PIE *h,r-sk-e/o-, which seems quite possible; thus Rix MSS 27 (1970): 79-  110. Unrelated to op- in ▶︎ ὄρνυμι, which requires *h,er-.

XXXXXἐρῳδιός [m.] 'heron' (K 274). <?>

===Pag_516: Beekes_Página_0516.tiff=== XXXXXἐρωτάω 469

    *VAR Thus Hdn. Gr. 2, 924 and most mss.; also ἐρωδιός (mss. and pap.); also ῥωδιώς  (Hippon. 63) and ἀρωδιός (LXX as a ν.1.). Worthless is the gloss ++épwydc- ἐρωδιός

    *ETYM Ending like in aiywAtéc, αἰγυπιός, yapadpidc, and other bird names. The  resemblance with Lat. ardea 'heron' cannot be coincidental; one has further  compared Serb. réda 'stork'; very doubtful, however, is ON arta 'teal'. Is the writing  with iota subscriptum secondary (after the nouns in -idtoc)? The word could be Pre-  Greek because of the variants (without or with different prothetic vowel).

XXXXXἐρωή [f.] 1. 'rush, impulse, force, throw', in the Il. mostly of spears (δουρός, βελέων é.), also of men (ἀνδρός, λικμητῆρος, Πηνελέοιο), after Hom. of other objects (netpawv A. R. 4, 1657, πυρός AP 9, 490, γαστρός Opp. K. 3, 175, περὶ Κύπριν AP 10, 112). 2. 'withdrawal, rest', in the Il. of battle (πολέμου IT 302, P 761), thus Theoc. 22, 192 (μάχης), also δακρύων (Mosch. 4, 40), also 'rescue' (D. P. 601). «1ὶὲ h,reh,-(u-) 'rest', h,reh,s- impulse'>.

    *DER Beside it pwéw, aor. ἐρωῆσαι, also in two meanings: 1. 'draw back, withdraw,  leave, rest from' (intr.), also with ἀπ-, ἐξ-, ὑπ-, mostly with ablatival gen. πολέμοιο,  χάρμης CL), καμάτοιο (h. Cer. 301) et al., also absolutely 'escape a disease' (Nic.); 2. trans. 'force back, push back' (N 57, Theoc., Call.), also 'quit' (Theoc.); also of blood  αἷμα κελαινὸν ἐρωήσει περὶ δουρί (A 303 = π 441), translated with 'flow, stream'. From épwéw: épwia [f.] 'respite, rest' (Theoc. 30, 9); from ἀπερωέω: ἀπερωεύς 'who  hinders, who frustrates' (ἐμῶν μενέων, © 361).

    *ETYM Two homonyms are distinguished: 1. épwr 'impulse, etc.' with épwéw 'flow,  stream' (A 303 = 7 441) from IE *h,roh,s-eh,- in Gm. *rdsaé: MLG ras [n.] 'strong  flow', OE rés [m.] 'run, attack', ON rds [f.] 'run' ; also, ON rasa 'to fall down' with  ras [n.] 'falling down', MoHG rasen, IE *h,rh,s-. Perhaps Lat. rorarii [pl.] 'lightly-  armed skirmishers who start battle with slings' from *rés@ 'impulse, throw' = ἐρωή;  2. ἐρωή 'rest' with ἐρωέω 'rest, etc.', probably from IE *h,roh,-u-eh,- = Gm. *réwé in  OHG ruowa, OE row, ON ré [f.] 'rest', beside OHG rawa 'id, < PGm. *réwa-. Note  that ἐρωή 'impulse, etc.' and the verb épwéw 'to rest, etc' are much more frequent  than ἐρωή 'rest' and notably épwéw 'flow'.

XXXXXἔρως —Epayta.

XXXXXἐρωτάω [v.] 'to ask, question' (Od.), Hell. also 'to request'. <?>

    *VAR Epic Ion. εἰρωτάω, after Hom. also non-presentic forms like ἐρωτήσω,  ἐρωτῆσαι, etc.

    *COMP Also with prefix, especially ém-. On the use see Fournier 1946: (index).

    *DER ἐρώτημα (ἐπ-) 'question, demand' (IA) with ἐρωτημα-τικός (D. T.) and -τίζω  (Arist.); ἐρώτησις (ἐπ-) 'questioning' (IA); ἐρωτητικός 'pertaining to questioning,  clever in q. (PL, Arist.); ἀν-ερωτίζω (Telecl. 52).

    *ETYM The present ἐρωτάω, Ion. εἰρωτάω < *éppwtdw replaced primary *épf-opat >  Ion. ▶︎ εἴρομαι, especially in Attic. Vine Glotta 78 (2002): 203-221 explains the  formation from *erow6été- to *h,réw-o- 'questioning, inquiry', which was replaced by  *erwoto-, whence the agent noun *erwota-. Other secondary presents of this root are  > ἐρεείνω and ▶︎ ἐρευνάω.

===Pag_517: Beekes_Página_0517.tiff===

XXXXXἐς [prep.}=eic.

XXXXXἐσθής ον ΑΚ ἔσθος. Ξ'ἕννυμι.

XXXXXἐσθίω Ἄονᾷκ ἔσθω. --ἔδω.

XXXXXἐσθλός [adj.] 'good, brave, stout, noble' of men and objects (I].). <?>

    *VAR Aecol. Pi. ἔσλος, ἐσλός, Arc. ἑσλός.

    *COMP As a first member in ἐσθλο-δότης (Man.).

    *DER ἐσθλότης (Chrysipp.).

    *ETYM Unknown. Some have connected it with Skt. édhate 'thrive' (< *azdh-), Av. azd-iia- 'well-fed, stout', from IE *Hes-d*-. Schwyzer: 533° prefers a compound *Hes-  d'I-6- 'aya8oepydc', from ἐσ- in ἐΐς and a zero grade variant of OCS délo 'deed' (IE  *d'eh-lo-; see ν τίθημι). This analysis remains improbable. |

XXXXXἔσκον [v.] 'I was' (Hom.). 41Ε *h,es- 'be'>

    *VAR Also augmented ἦσκε (Alcm.).

    *ETYM From *éo-oxov, an iterative preterite of εἰμί with the same suffix as in OLat. 38g. escit, plur. escunt 'will be' and in ToB skente 'they are' < *h,s-sko-nto. Most  uncertain is Thrac. noxo 'I am(?) (Kretschmer Glotta 7 (1916): 89).

XXXXXἕσμα —éCoptau.

XXXXXἑσμός [m.] 'swarm (of beesy (IA). <IE *(H)ieh,- ἤτον»

    *COMP As a first member e.g. in ἑσμο-τόκος 'producing swarms of bees' (AP).

    *DER ἕσμιον: νόστιμον 'ptng. to return' (H; does it belong here?), also ἀφεσμός  'swarm' (Arist. ΗΑ 6298 9) as across with ἄφεσις 'id' (Arist. ΗΑ 625a 20; plur.).

    *ETYM From ἴημι (or ἀφ-ίημι) with a suffix -opo-. Derivation from ἕζομαι (cf. DELG)  does not seem probable, as a swarm does not sit down.

XXXXXἕσπερος [m.] 'evening' (Od.), adjectival 'of the evening, western', also substantivized 'the evening star' (Il.); ἑσπέρα, Ion. -pn [f.] 'evening, west' (Pi., IA, after ἡμέρα). 41Ε *ue-k"sp-er-o- 'to(wards) the night, evening'>

    *COMP As a second member in ἐφέσπερος 'western' (S. OC 1059 [lyr.]), ἀκρ-έσπερος  'on the edge of evening, at nightfall (Arist, Theoc., Hp., etc., -to¢ AP), ποθ-έσπερα  [adv.] (Theoc.), προσ-εσπέριος (Arist.).

    *DER ἑσπέριος 'of the evening, western' (ᾧ 560), substantivized 'Eonepia 'the West,  Hesperia' (Agathyll. apud D. H. 1, 49), ξεσπάριοι name of the western Locrians (V'*),  fem. éomepic, especially in plur. as a PN 'the Hesperides' (Hes.); later ἑσπερινός 'id.'  (X., LXX); ἑσπερικός 'id' (Juba), ἑσπερίτης, -ἴτις (χώρα; Ὁ. L.). Denominative verb  éonepitw 'to pass the night (Doroth.; MoGr. σπερίζω) together with ἑσπέρισμα (Lex. apud Ath. 1, 11d).

    *ETYM Inherited word, identical with Lat. vesper, 'evening'; further, with Lith. vakaras, OCS vecers 'evening', which derive from *uekero-, and also found in Celtic,  e.g. MW ucher, and in Arm. giser. The difficult puzzle of reconstructing this word for  PIE has recently been solved. Armenian had *e which became εἰ > i before ὃ, 2. The  -§- can derive from a cluster -ks- (cf. vec' 'six' < *ueks beside ves-tasan); see Beekes  2004: 59-62. Combined with the -k- and -sp- reconstructed for the other languages

===Pag_518: Beekes_Página_0518.tiff=== XXXXXἑστία 471 above, this points to a group -k)sp-. It has been identified with Skt. ksdép- 'night', of which the zero grade has been found in Hitt. ispant- 'night'. MW ucher may continue *ye- followed by ks(p) or sp. The first element had been connected with Lat. ué- in ué-sanus 'mad' et al., but this is now rejected (see De Vaan 2008). The meaning may have been '(stretching) towards night'. The suffix -er- is also found in words connected with time like Gr. νυκτερός.

XXXXXἔσπετε >év(v)énw.

XXXXXἐσσήν, -ῆνος [m.] name of the priests of Artemis in Ephesus (inscr. IV-III*, Paus.), also 'prince, king' (Call.); acc. to Hdn. Gr. 2, 923, 8 = οἰκιστής, acc. to EM 383, 30 properly 'king-bee'. < PG>

    *DER ἐσσηνία, ἐσσηνεύω (inscr. Ephesus).

    *ETYM Formation in -ἤν like βαλζ(λ)ήν 'king', κηφήν 'drone', etc. (Schwyzer: 487,  Chantraine 1933: 167f.). Probably Anatolian and Pre-Greek; see Frisk for  bibliography with proposals for substrate and IE origin. Nouns in -nv are discussed    ng    by Fur. 172'.

XXXXXἔστε [conj., adv., prep.) 'until', later also 'as long as' (since Hes. Th. 754, not entirely certain; also Ion., southern Dor., Aetol., trag. and X.).

    *VAR  Boeot. étte, Locr. ἔντε, Delph. hévte (also εἴστε mid IV*), Dor. ἕστε (EM 382, 8;  v.l. in Theoc.). On the use Schwyzer 1950: 675f. Cf. ἔσκε (Archil. 13, if for εἰς 6 κε).

    *ETYM From *év(o)-te, clearly containing *h,en(s) 'in(to)', but the final element -te is  ambiguous, as DELG remarks: it may derive either from -te (in ὅτε 'when', Myc. o-  te, so IE *-te), or alternatively from IE *-k'e, for which the form ἔσκε would plead  (see above). IE *-k'e is also found in Lat. dénec 'until, while' < *d6-ne-k'e. Cf. Monteil 1963: 316f.

XXXXXἑστία [f.] 'hearth, fireplace, altar', metaph. 'house, family, etc. (Od., Att. Pi, Delph., etc.), later identified with Lat. Vesta (Str.).

    *VAR Ion. ἱστίη, Aeol. Boeot. Locr. Dor. Arc. ἱστία.

    *COMP As a first member eg. in ἑστι-οὔχος 'containing the hearth' = 'domestic',  'protecting the hearth' (trag., etc.); as a second member in ἐφ-ἕστιος, Ion. ἐπ-ίστιος  'located by the hearth, belonging to the hearth' (B 125), ἀν-έστιος 'without hearth' (1  63), ovv-, ὁμ-έστιος, etc. on Att. -ἔστιος in Homer see Wackernagel 1916: off. Chantraine 1942: 15; diff. Solmsen 1909: 214.

    *DER Totijia [n.pl.) 'monetary means of an Totin-temple' (Milete V*); éoti@tic  'belonging to the hearth (house) (5. Tr. 954 [lyr.]); 'Eot-1aotai [m.p].] name of  worshippers of Hestia (Rhod. cf. AnoAAwv-taotai et al.); ἕστιος 'belonging to the  hearth' (Hid., after ὁμέστιος et al.). As a translation of Lat. Vesta, Vestalés: Eotiatov  'Vesta-temple' (D. C.), Ἑστιάδες [pl.] 'Vestales' (Ὁ. H., Plu.). Usual denominative  ἑστιάω, ἱστιάω (augmented eic- in eiotiwv [Lys.], etc.), also with prefix, eg. ovv-,  'receive at the hearth, feed, receive as guest' (IA, Dor.) with several derivatives: éoti-  ασις, -ἅμα, -ασμός 'entertainment', ἑστιάτωρ (iot-) 'host', with ἑστιατόριον (iotia-,  'totu-), also ἑστιατήριον (after the nouns in -rptov) 'dining room'; éotiatopia (iot-)

===Pag_519: Beekes_Página_0519.tiff===

'party'. Also ἑστιόομαι (E. Ion 1464 [lyr.] δῶμα) 'to be provided with a hearth, get settled'.

    *ETYM As a collective or abstract formation in -ia (cf. especially οἰκ-ία, κλισ-ία),  ἑστία presupposes a noun éoto-, -ἃ vel sim. For the etymology, an important  question is whether the word had an anlauting f-. In favor of F- speak Fiotiav (PN,  Mantineia IV*) and γιστία: ἐσχάρη (cod. -tn) (H.). However, there are dialectal  forms where Ε- fails; see Solmsen 1901: 213ff. Therefore, the old, but still often  defended connection with Lat. Vesta is probably incorrect. Moreover, € > tis unusual  and unexpected, whereas an interchange εἰ 1 is frequent in Pre-Greek. 'Alternatively,  one has proposed that ἱστία, -in may have arisen secondarily after ἵστημι, but this  remains a conjecture. The most probable conclusion is that the word is of Pre-Greek  origin. Cf. Fur.: 358, A. 2. Other explanations, such as connection with ἐσχάρα  (Solmsen lc.) or Slav. jestéja 'hearth' (Machek Ling. Posn. 5 (1955): 5984), are  unconvincing.

XXXXXἐστώ, -οῦς Seip.

XXXXXἔστωρ 1, -ορος [m.] 'peg at the end of a chariot pole' (O 272, v.l. ἔκτορι after ἔχειν; Aristoboul.).

    *ETYM Unexplained. Frisk lists a number of proposals, of which only that of    Schwyzer 1939: 531 makes sense: that the word is an agent noun of *sed- 'sit'. As  DELG remarks, the suffix -twp is surprising in an instrument noun.

XXXXXἔστωρ 2 [m.] 'founder' (Urb. Rom. 1155.88).

    *ETYM From ▶︎ ἔζομαι.

XXXXXἐσχάρα [f.] 'hearth, house, sacrificing hearth' (IL), metaph. 'platform, stand' (Ph. Bel., etc.), in medical language 'scab, eschar on a wound by burning' (Hp., Arist.).

    *VAR Ion. -ρη.

    *DIAL Myc. e-ka-ra.

    *DER ἐσχαρίς, -id0¢ 'pan of coals, brazier' (Com., Plu.) with -idtov (Delos 1115),  ἐσχάριον 'id.' (Ar.), also 'platform, stand' (Plb.) beside éoyapetov 'id. (Attica);  éoxap(e)wv 'stove' (Delos IV*, Theoc.; after the indications of place in -(e)wv,  Chantraine 1933: 164); ἐσχαρεύς 'ship's cook' (Poll.); ἐσχαρίτης (ἄρτος) 'bread baked  over the fire' (Com., LXX); ἐσχάριος 'belonging to the hearth' (AP). Unclear  ἐσχάρινθον name of a dance in Sparta (Poll.). As a medical term, basis of the  denominative ἐσχαρόομαι 'form an ἐσχάρα (eschar)' with ἐσχάρωσις, -ωμα, -ωτικός;  in the same sphere also ἐσχαρώδης (Poll., Gal.). On the fish-name ▶︎ ἔσχαρος see s.v.

    *ETYM Formation in -pa (like ywpa, τέφρα), but without cognates. Fur.: 376 points  out that σχάρα (gloss.) may have lost the first vowel secondarily. As there are no  cognates and as an IE proto-form can hardly be posited, the word is most probably  Pre-Greek.

XXXXXἔσχαρος [m.] name of a fish, = κόρις, perhaps a kind of sole (solea; Com., Dorio apud Ath. 7, 330a). «ΡΟ»

    *ETYM Derived from ἐσχάρη as 'frying fish' (Strémberg 1943: 89)? See also  Thompson 1947 s.v. The word may be Pre-Greek.

===Pag_520: Beekes_Página_0520.tiff=== XXXXXἑταῖρος 473

XXXXXἔσχατος [44}.] 'the uttermost, last' (11.}

    *COMP Rarely in compounds, e.g. ἐσχατό-γηρως (-ος) 'in the last age' (Hell.), παρ-  ἔσχατος 'the last but one' (Ph.).

    *DER ἐσχατιά, -ἰή 'uttermost part, frontier, extreme position' (Ion., Hes., Att.)  poetical enlargement ἐσχάτιος (Nic.). Denominative verbs: ἐσχατάω 'to be the  uttermost, the last', only in ἐσχατάων, -όων [ptc.] (Il; cf. Shipp 1967: 62); ἐσχατεύω  'id' (Arist.); ἐσχατίζω 'to come too late' (LXX).

    *ETYM Adjectival derivative of ἐξ, but unclear in detail. The opposite ▶︎ ἔγκατα (to  ▶︎ ἐν) points to a formation "ἔξ-κατος, for which the aspirate x then requires a proto-  form ἐἔχσ-κατος. This is taken to point to an IE basis *h,eg"s for ▶︎ ἐξ; however, note  the notation yo = € in older alphabets (Schwyzer: 210), which suggests aspiration of  any velar before o. The suffix -κατος would consist of a velar element (cf. πρό-κα,  Lat. reci-pro-cus; *®yo-Ko- 'what is outside') and a dental element (uéa(c)-atoc, tpit-  ατος, etc.).

XXXXXἐτάζω [v.] 'to examine, test' (Hdt. 3, 62 v.1., Democr. 266, Pl. Cra. 410d, LXX).

    *VAR Aor. ἐτάσαι.

    *COMP Most frequent ἐξ-ετάζω, aor. ἐξετάσαι, -άξαι (Theoc.), etc. 'find out, inquire  exactly' (1A); also with prefix, e.g. én-, ovv-, προ-εξετάζω; Arc. παρ-Πετάζω in nap-  hetakdpevoc, παρ-ετάξωνσι 'have approved' (Tegea IV'; unless from παρ-ίημι  'approve', πάρ-ετος).

    *DER ἔτασις, ἐτασμός 'proof, test'? (LXX), ἐταστής = ἐξετ- (Lampsakos). ἐξέτασις  'enquiry, test' (Att.), -oia 'id' (Astypalaea, imperial period; cf. Schwyzer: 469),  ἐξετασμός 'id. (D.); ἐξεταστής 'inspector, controller' (Aeschin., Arist. inscrs cf. Fraenkel 1910: 227) with ἐξεταστήριον 'inspection' (Samos 115), ἐξεταστικός 'ready  for control, belonging to control (X., D.), Ἐξεταστέων PN (Bechtel 1917a: 22).

    *ETYM Denominative of ἐτός, which is only found in été ἀληθῆ, ἀγαθά 'true, good'  (H.); therefore, properly 'verify, check the truth'. Formerly, it was suggested that  ἐτός is a verbal adjective of εἰμί 'to be' (one has compared eg. ON sannr < PGm. *sdnpa-, Skt. satyd- 'true'), from *étdc < IE *s-e-td-. However, the correct pre-form  in laryngealistic terms would be *h,s-nt- or *h,s-eto-, which would not produce the  Greek words. De Lamberterie RPh. 71 (1997): 160, following Pinault, assumes a stem  *set-u-. See on ▶︎ ἐτεός and ▶︎ ὅσιος.

XXXXXἑταῖρος [m.) 'comrade, companion, friend'.

    <IE *se- reflexive pronoun>

    *VAR Also proparoxytone étaipoc; fem. ἑταίρα (Ion. -ρη) 'female comrade' (II.); also  Etapog (IL, Dor.), fem. Etapr (A 441).

    *COMP As a second member e.g. in giA-étatpoc 'loving his friends' (Att.) with  φιλεταιρ-ία et al.

    *DER ἑταιρήϊος, -eiog (on the formation Chantraine 1933: 52) 'regarding the friend'  (IA), ἑταιρικός 'id', τόν [n.] 'political society' (Th. Hyp., Arist.), ἑταιρόσυνος  'friendly' with -σύνη (late); fem. ἑταιρίς = ἑταίρα (X. HG 5, 4, 6 v. L), ἑταιρίδιον  (Plu.); ἑταιρηΐη, -peia, -pia 'comradeship, friendship, political society, etc. (IA). Denominative verbs: éta(t)pifw, -ομαι 'be(come) comrade' (IL), late 'be prostitute',

===Pag_521: Beekes_Página_0521.tiff===

with ἑταίρισμα, -ἰσμός, -ἰστής (late); also ἑταιρίστρια = τριβάς (Pl. Smp. i916; contemptuous); étaipéw 'keep company with' (Att.) together with ἑταίρησις; ἑταιρεύομαι 'prostitute oneself (Hell.).

    *ETYM The different forms can be understood as follows: from ἕταρος, a fem. *étaupa  was first made with a suffix -ta- (cf. e.g. χίμαρος : χίμαιρα), which was reshaped into  ἑταίρη, -pa and then gave ἑταῖρος, ἕταιρος; after ἑταῖρος: Etapoc, a form Etapr was  ultimately made beside étaipr (Schulze 1892: 82). As tapos, etc. show no trace of a  digamma (Chantraine 1942: 150, Solmsen 1901: 203), the connection with Fétn¢  'relative, friend' (see ▶︎ ἔτης) must be abandoned. We have to start from the reflexive  *se (see ▶︎ ἕ, ἐλ with an enlargement -t- like in OCS po-sétiti 'visit' (from *séte 'guest',  IE *s(w)et-o-, cf. Lith. svécias [m.] 'guest'), beside *sue-t- in fétng¢. For the p-suffix, cf. e.g. veapdc, γεραρός (partly from p-stems). See now Pinsent 1983: 311-328. De  Lamberterie connects the word with étedc and ὅσιος; see DELG Supp.

XXXXXἔταλον [n.] ἃ young animal, 'yearling' (Del? 644, 18; Aegae IV-III). <1E uet- 'year'>

    *VAR Also ἕτελον (ibid. 252, 11; Cos III*: τοῦ μὲν ἐτέλου as opposed to τοῦ δὲ τελείου  'full grown animal').

    *ETYM Identical with Lat. vitulus 'calf, U vitluf 'vitulos' (with irreglular i for e),  except for the gender. The starting point is the IE word for 'year' (Gr. ▶︎ ἔτος), IE  *uét-os-, to which belongs Skt. vats-d- 'calf'. For the pattern ἔτος: ἕτελον, Etadov, the  word has been compared with e.g. νέφος: νεφέλῃ, ἄγκος: ἀγκάλη, suggesting that the  change -aAo-: -ελο- could be old. See on ▶︎ ἐπηετανός, s.v. An r-stem is found in  Gm., e.g. Go. wibrus '(one-year-old) lamb', MoHG Widder, from IE *uet-r(u)-.

XXXXXἔτελις [m.(f.)] name of a fish, 'gilthead' (Arist. HA 567a 20, H.)? <?>

    *VAR Also accented éteXic.

    *ETYM Lat. attilus 'a fish like a sturgeon in the river Po' (Plin, also *atillus), shows a  general resemblance; it is probably Gaulish, perhaps a Ligurian word. Farther away is  the name of the turbot, Latv. ate, Lith. atis; see WH s.v. attilus, Pok. 70. Stromberg  1943: 39 rather envisages derivation from éteAov (» ἔταλον). DELG calls both  suggestions improbable.

XXXXXἐτεός [adj.] 'true, real', mostly in sing.ntr. ἐτεόν (éted [pl.] Y 255, reading quite uncertain); also adverbial 'really' (Hom. Theoc.); in interrogative sentences 'really' (Ar.); ἐτεῇ [adv.] 'in reality', also ἐτεή [nom.f.) 'reality' (Democr.).

    *DIAL Myc. PN e-te-wo-ke-re-we-i-jo, to Ἐτεροκλέμης.

    *COMP Often as a first member in names like Ἐτεό-κρητες [pl.] 'Cretans in a strict  sense, original Cretans' (τ 176), 'Ete-avwp (Thera VII*), Etéf-avdpoc¢ (Cyprus VII"),  cf. Sommer 1948: 185 and 199; Ἐτεο-κλῆς (Tegea, etc; probably rendered in Hitt. Tayag(a)lauas, cf. Schwyzer: 79); also ἐτεό-κριθος [f.] 'real barley' (Thphr;  determinative compound formally adapted to a bahuvrihi; cf. Stromberg 1940: 28f.).

    *DER Beside it ἔτυμος 'true, real' (11; prose has ἀληθής) with ἐτυμό-δρυς [f.] 'real oak'  (Thphr.); τὸ ἔτυμον 'the true (original) meaning of a word, the etymology' (Arist.);  as a first member in ἐτυμο-λογέω 'discover the true meaning' with ἐτυμολογία,  -λογικός (Hell; formally after yevdo-Aoyéw et al; cf. Schwyzer: 726); ἐτυμό-της = TO

===Pag_522: Beekes_Página_0522.tiff=== XXXXXἐτήτυμος 475 ἔτυμον (Str.). Reduplicated formation with lengthening of the original initial syllable: ἐτήτυμος 'true, real, authentic' (Il; the form remains surprising, cf. Schwyzer: 4477), together with ἐτητυμία (Call. AP). Lengthened form ἐτυμώνιον: ἀληθές H; cf. Chantraine 1933: 421.

    *ETYM When we compare the ending of κενε(ε)ός 'empty, idle', éte(F)d¢ presupposes  an original u-stem, the zero grade of which is seen in enlarged étv-poc. Beside this u-  stem, we have ἐτάζω and ἐτά: ἀληθῆ, ἀγαθά (H.), which seem to point to an o-stem. Further analysis is uncertain; see ▶︎ ἐτάζω. De Lamberterie RPh. 71 (1997): 160 follows  Meillet in assuming *set-u- (also supposed in Arm. stoyg 'real'); he further connects  the word with ▶︎ ὅσιος from *sot-.

XXXXXἕτερος [adj.] 'one of two; the one (...) the other' (I1.). «ΙΕ sm-tero- 'one of two'>

    *VAR  ἅτερος (Dor. Aeol; also Att. in crasis ἅτερος, θάτερα, etc.); cf. Dor. ατροπανπαις Bourguet 1927: 117; Meillet BSL 28 (1927-1928): 116} assumed a zero  grade as in ἀλλότριος and Lith. afitras.

    *DIAL Myc. a,te-ro /*ateros/.

    *COMP With negation οὐδ-, μηδ-ἕτερος, -άτερος 'none of both' (Hes., IA, Dor.). Very frequent as a first member in bahuvrihis with various meanings, eg. étep-  αλκής 'who helps one of two parties' (Il; cf. on ἀλέξω), ἑτερ-ήμερος 'living day by  day' (A 303 of the Dioscuri; Ph.), ἑτερό-πτολις 'coming from another town' (Erinn. 5).

    *DER ἑτέρ-ωθεν, -ωθι, -woe, -wta 'from the other side', etc. (Hom.); Etepotog 'of  another kind' (1A; after τοῖος, ἀλλοῖος et al.) with ἑτεροιότης (Ρ]., Ph.), ἑτεροιόομαι,  -6w [v.] 'to become different, change' (Ion., etc.), -οίωσις 'change' (Hell.); ἑτερότης  'being different' (Arist.).

    *ETYM From IE *sm-tero-, the zero grade of *sem- in ▶︎ εἷς 'one' (cf. further» ἅπαξ),  with the same comparative suffix as in ▶︎ ἀριστερός, etc, cf. especially Skt. eka-tara-  'alteruter'; the e-vowel in ἕτερος is rather after εἷς or after ▶︎ ἕ, ἑ than by vowel  assimilation. An identical formation is probably represented by a Celtic word for  'half: MW hanther, Co. Bret. hanter; see Gonda 1953: 33f. Gonda also tries to connect  the Gm. group of Go. sundro 'on itself, κατ᾽ idiav', OHG suntar 'separated; however',  etc. (cf. ▶︎ ἄτερ).

XXXXXἕτης [m.] 'clansman' (Hom, only plur.), 'citizen, private person' (El., Dor. also A. and E.); on the meaning see DELG. IE *sue-t- 'own, relative'>

    *DIAL Dor. étac, El. rétac.

    *ETYM Beside fétac, Slavic has a word for 'relative by marriage', e.g. ORu. svato, QIE  *sudt-o-, and Baltic a word for 'guest', Lith. svécas, IE *suet-io-. These are derived  from the reflexive *sue (Gr. F(h)e, see ▶︎ é, £), enlarged with a suffix -t-, thus IE *sue-  t-. On the Greek psilotic anlaut and loss of digamma, cf. Fraenkel 1912: 125 and  Chantraine 1942: 150 and 185. Therefore properly meaning 'one's own', whence  'belonging to the (own) clan', 'private person'. On the formation, see Schwyzer: 500,  Chantraine 1933: 312, and Bechtel 1914. See also ▶︎ ἑταῖρος and ▶︎ ἴδιος.

XXXXXἐτήτυμος Ξέτεός.

===Pag_523: Beekes_Página_0523.tiff===

XXXXXἔτι [adv.) 'still, also, further', of time and grade (1].). «1Ὲ *heti '(and) also'>

    *ETYM Old adverb, also preserved in Indo-Iranian, e.g. Skt. dti 'id.', in Italic, Lat. and  U et 'and', and in Germanic, e.g. Go. ip δέ, καί᾽, all from IE *h,éti, which might be  the loc.sg. of a root noun from *h,et- seen in Skt. at- 'to wander'.

XXXXXἔτνος [n.] 'soup of beans' (Αἵ. Hp.). <?>

    *COMP  As a first member in ἐτν-ήρυσις 'spoon for soup' (Ar. cf. on ▶︎ ἀρύω 1), ἐτνο-  δόνος 'stirring the soup' (of τορύνη, AP).

    *DER ἐτν-ηρός 'like soup' (Ath.; Chantraine 1933: 232f.), ἐτν-ίτης (ἄρτος; Ath.).

    *ETYM Etymology unknown. On the connection with Celt. e.g. Mir. eitne 'kernel'  (Pedersen 1909: 160), see the objections in Pok. 343. Arm. und 'soup, corn' can not be  connected phonetically with étvoc.

XXXXXἑτοῖμος [adj.] 'prepared, ready, certain' (Il.). <?>

    *VAR Younger ἔτοιμος.

    *COMP As a first member in ἑτοιμο-θάνατος 'prepared for death' (Str.); as a second  member in ἀν-έτοιμος 'unprepared' (Hes. Fr. 219, Hell.).

    *DER ἑτοιμότης 'willingness, readiness' (D., Plu.); ἑτοιμάζω 'prepare' (Il.) together  with ἑτοιμασία (LXX, NT).

    *ETYM No etymology. Acc. to Kuiper Glotta 21 (1933): 278ff., it is from a locative *étot  to *étdc = ἐτός, with a suffix -μο-; this is a mere guess.

XXXXXἐτός 1 [adv.] only with negation οὐκ ἐτός 'not in vain' (Att.); beside it ἐτώσιος [adj.] 'useless, fruitless' (1].). <?>

    *ETYM Though the formation is unclear (cf. Chantraine 1933: 42, Schwyzer: 466, and  Mezger Word 2 (1946): 229), ἐτώσιος for *fetwotoc is probably an adjectivizing  enlargement of ἐτός (cf. περιώσιος beside περί). The latter stands for *fetdc, and  formally belongs to the adverbs in -τός (» ἐντός, etc.). Further unclear; semantically  close is Alb. hut 'useless, empty, idle', which was derived from IE *uto- (Jokl Wien. Ak. Sb. 168: 1: 31). The connection of αὔτως in the meaning 'idle, useless' is formally  impossible. Others have connected Skt. svatd-, Av. x'até 'by itself, automatically' (IE  *sue-té-), which seems possible in spite of the difference in meaning ('of itself >  'without an outside cause'?).

XXXXXἔτος 2 [n.] 'year' (Il.). <1E vet-os- 'year'>

    *VAR Dial. ρέτος.

    *DIAL Myc. we-to [acc.], we-te-i [dat.].

    *COMP Often as a second member, e.g. τρι-ετής (τρι-έτης) 'three years old' (1A) with  tpletia 'space of three years' (Hell.), τριετίζω 'be three years old' (LXX); also tpt-ét-  npos 'three years old' (Call.) together with -npic [f.] 'every third year (inclusive), i.e. 'in alternate years' (ἕορτη; Pi., IA; after the nouns in -npdc, -npic; Chantraine 1933:  346); thence τριετηρικός 'belonging to a tptetnpic¢ (late).

    *DER ἔτειος 'yearly, lasting the whole year, one year long' (Pi. A.); by hypostasis  ἐπέτειος 'id' (1A, from ἐπ᾽ ἔτος); ἐτήσιος 'id' (Att; after the adjectives in -τήσιος;  Schwyzer: 466, Chantraine 1933: 42) with ἐτησίαι [m.pl.] 'periodic winds' (IA, Arist.);  also ἐπετήσιος 'id.' (1) 118, Th.); ▶︎ ἐπηετανός, s.v.

===Pag_524: Beekes_Página_0524.tiff=== XXXXXεὐδείελος 477

    *ETYM An old word for 'year', preserved in several languages. An exact agreement is  Alb. vit 'year', plur. (also sg.) vjet, from IE *uetes- (Mann Lang. 26 (1950): 383). As a  second member, the neutral s-stem is preserved in the zero grade in Skt. tri-vats-d-  'of three years'; the full grade of the suffix is supposed in Messap. atavetes (perhaps =  αὐτό-ετες 'in the same year'; Schwyzer: 5133) and is also found in Hitt. Saudist- /  Sayitist- 'nurseling' (*of this year'; details in Kloekhorst 2008 s.v.). Beside the latter,  Hitt. has a root noun yitt- < *uet- 'year'. Thematicizations of the s-stem appear in  HLuw. usa/i-, CLuw. ussa/i- 'year' < *uet-s-o- (Kloekhorst 2008 s.v. yitt-). A  semantic problem is Lat. vetus 'old', which formally equals fétoc; for an explanation,  cf. Beekes 1985: 59-61 (previously, Benveniste RPh. 74 (1948): 124ff.). Old  enlargements of the s-stem are found in words for (one-year-old) animals: Skt. vats-  a- 'calf, Alb. vic' 'calf (IE *uetes-o-), Celt., e.g. Ir. feis 'swine' (PCI. *wessi < *uet-s-i-,  Matasovi¢ 2008). By itself stands a Balto-Slavic word for 'old', Lith. vétusas, OCS  vetochs, IE *uetus-o- (here also Lat. vetus?). A new name for 'year' in Greek is  ▶︎ ἐνιαυτός. See also ▶︎ ἔταλον, ▶︎ νέωτα, ▶︎ oletéac, ▶︎ πέρυσι, ▶︎ σῆτες.

XXXXXἐττημένος -"διαττάω.

XXXXXἔτυμος ETE.

XXXXXἐτώσιος -''ἐτός 1.

XXXXXεὖ -οἐύς.

XXXXXεὐᾶγής [adj.] 'bright, clear, in full view' (Parm., Pi., A.).

    *ETYM For εὐ-αυγής (v.l Pi. Pae. Fr. 19, 25 et al.), from εὖ and αὐγή 'beam of light',  with transition to an s-stem and compositional lengthening. The second v was lost  through dissimilation. By decomposition arose ἀγέα (κύκλον Emp. 47, of the sun);  cf. Bjérck 1950: 148 A. 1. A poetical enlargement appears to be found in evayntov    (φύσιν Ar. Nu. 276 [lyr.], of the clouds which are visible from afar); see Bjérck 1950:  148 A. 1.

XXXXXεὐάζω [v.] 'to cry eva, evar (5. and E. [lyr.], AP).

    *DER Together with εὐάσματα [pl] (E. [lyr.]), εὐασμός (Hell.); εὐαστής, -τήρ with  εὐάστειρα, εὐαστικός (late).

    *ETYM From the interjection eva: ἐπιφημισμὸς ληναϊκὸς καὶ μυστικός 'word  belonging to the Bacchanal rites and to the mysteries' (H.), evai (-ai) 'cry at the  festival of Bacchus' (Ar.); also, εὐᾶν (E. et al.), evoi, -οἵ (Ar. et al.). Additionally, with  intermediate aspiration, evai, εὐᾶν, evot (Ὁ. T., Hdn.). Borrowed as Lat. euhoe,  euhdn. The same call also appears in Lat. ονῦ, -dre 'to exult, jubilate', which cannot  be a borrowing, as it reflects the Plt. change of *ey > *ou (De Vaan 2008). Cf. ▶︎ εἰάζω, ▶︎ αἰάζω and Schwyzer: 303.

XXXXXεὐδείελος [adj.] epithet of places (since Od.), in the Od. almost only of Ithaca, also of Kpion (ἢ. Ap. 438), of the mountain Κρόνιον (Pi. O. 1, 111), etc. <?>

    *VAR Further εὔδειλον (Alc. GI 2, POxy. 2165 I 2; unclear. The emendation [λόφος]  by Gallavotti is uncertain).

===Pag_525: Beekes_Página_0525.tiff===

    *ETYM One previously posited metrical lengthening of "εὐ-δέελος 'well-visible', from  δέελος (K 466). However, see now on δείελος, Sein 'evening' which are mostly  connected with evdeiehoc, which would mean 'with beautiful evenings' vel sim. εὐδία [f.] 'bright weather, calm (of wind), quiet (of the sea)' (Pi. trag., IA). <IE *diu-  'day'>

    *VAR Also -in.

    *DER εὐδιᾶνός 'calm, bringing rest', of φάρμακον (Pi. O. 9, 97); εὐδίαιος of the fish-  name τριγόλας (Sophr. 67), 'caught in beautiful weather'(?) with εὐδιαίτερος (X.); as  a msc. substantive 'outlet in the bottom of a ship' (Plu., Poll.); εὐδιεινός 'bright, calm,  quiet' (Hp. Aph. 3, 12 v.l. beside εὔδιος, Pl. Lg. 9194, X. Cyn. 5, 9, Arist; after φαεινός,  ἀλεεινός); εὔδιος 'id' (Hp. Hell; to εὐδία after αἰθρία: αἴθριος). Denominative verbs:  εὐδιάω 'be quiet, calm', of the sea and weather (A. R. Arat; only ptc. εὐδιόων);  εὐδιάζω 'calm down, be quiet' ([Ρ].] Ax. 370d, Ph.).

    *ETYM Compound (collective bahuvrihi) of εὖ and the zero grade of an old word for  'day, heaven' (see ▶︎ Ζεύς), thus εὐ-δίρ-ἃ. Cf. exatdu-B(F)-4, peod-du-n for the  formation with zero grade. An old counterpart is Skt. su-div- 'bringing a beautiful  day' with su-div-d- [n.] 'id'.

XXXXXεὕδω [v.] 'to sleep' (IL). <?>

    *VAR The simplex is only found as a present, except for evdrjow [fut.] (A. Ag. 337).

    *COMP With prefix év-, ovv-, especially καθ-εύδω (IL), ipf. xab-etdov, -nddov, Att. also ἐ-κάθευδον, fut. καθ-ευδήσω (Att.), rare aor. καθ-ευδῆσαι (Ion.); also with  double prefix, eg. év-, ἐπι-, παρα-, ovy- καθεύδω, etc. As an aorist we find  (κατα-)δαρθεῖν, (-)δραθεῖν, see ▶︎ δαρθάνω.

    *ETYM Several unconvincing suggestions: 1) related to Go. sutis 'quiet, calm', and  further to Lat. siidus 'soft' (cf. Mayrhofer KZ 73: u6f.), but the latter is now  reconstructed as *suoid-o- by Nussbaum 1999: 381. 2) from IE *seu-d- beside *su-ep-  in Skt. svapiti 'sleeps', etc. (Benveniste 1935: 156f.; cf. on ▶︎ ὕπνος), which is very  unlikely because of the Schwebeablaut involved; 3) related to OE swodrian 'to sleep  tight' (GroSelj Ziva Ant. 7 (1957): 42).

XXXXXεὔεξος 'ἔχω.

XXXXXεὐηγενής [44}.] see below (A 427, ¥81 with-v.l. εὐηφενής, ἢ. Ven. 229, Theoc. 27, 43,1G 14, 1389: 1; 29. (GRP

    *ETYM The reading εὐηγενής = εὐγενής (mss., Aristarchus) is strongly suspected to  be a misreading for εὐηφενής in Hom. (as a PN in IG 12(8), 376: 14), a compound  from ἄφενος which apparently was not transparent. Secondary εὐηγενής was  supported by several forms in -γενής with a preceding -n-, and taken over by post-  Homeric poets. On ▶︎ εὐηφενής, see Bechtel 1914 s.v. and Leumann 1950: 117°. See on  ▶︎ ἄφενος and Masson RPA. 91 (1965): 239f.

XXXXXεὐθενέω [v.] 'to thrive, flourish', of animals and plants, also metaph. of towns, peoples, etc. (A., Arist.). <?>

    *COMP As a first member in εὐθηνι-άρχης 'commissioner of (corn) supplies',  together with -apyéu, -ia, -τἰκός (pap.; also ev8evi-).

===Pag_526: Beekes_Página_0526.tiff=== XXXXXεὐθύς 479 ΦὈΕᾺ εὐθένεια, -ia (-in inscr. I*) 'state of prosperity, fullness, supply' (Arist. as ἃ ν.. beside εὐθηνία, pap. of Roman times) with εὐθενιακός (pap.). Also εὐθηνέω 'id. (h.Hom. 30, 10, Hdt., Hp., LXX) together with εὐθηνία = εὐθένεια, -ia (Arist. as a v.l, LXX, late inscr. and pap.); rare and late adjectives: εὐθενής: εὐπαθοῦσα, ἰσχυρά 'enjoying herself, strong' (H.) whence εὐθενέστατος (pap. VIP), εὐθηνός 'thriving' (Hdn. Epim. 175, Lyd. Ost. [VIP]).

    *ETYM The explanation depends on the relation between these forms. If the forms  with -e- in the root are original, then evOevéw is a denominative of εὐθενής, from  which the abstract εὐθένεια, -ia was made. We would have to start from a noun  *Bévoc beside ▶︎ φόνος in the hapax φόνον αἵματος (Π 162), if this means 'mass of  blood' -- but this is uncertain. This would give an analogy *Oévoc : εὐθενής : εὐθένεια  : εὐθενέω like μένος : εὐμενής : εὐμένεια : εὐμενέω. However, εὐθενής is rare and late,  while εὐθενέω is older. Therefore, the agreement with Skt. d-hands- 'thriving, full', IE  *-g*henes- becomes doubtful. With the IE root *g'"en- supposed in d-hands- and ev-  θενής, one scholar further connected Skt. ghana- 'solid, thick, full of (epic and class.;  very doubtful RV 1, 8, 3), MoP 4-ganis 'full', é-gandan 'fill on'; from Balto-Slavic,  Lith. gana 'enough', OCS gonéti 'be enough' have been adduced; finally, Alb. zané  'solid, thick' (Jokl 1937: 131) and Arm. y-ogn 'multum, very, much'. The PNs in  -φόντης like Κρεσ-φόντης (cf. on ▶︎ κράτος), Πολυ-φόντης are unclear, as is φανᾶν"  θέλειν 'wish, want' (H.). Unclear ▶︎ ἄφενος must be separated, as well as ▶︎ παρθένος. Secondary lengthening of -n- in εὐθηνέω, etc. cannot be excluded. If we assume  original -n- < *-eh,, however, εὐθενέω could either be after σθένος (Sommer 1905:  66) or a zero grade *-d"h,n-. A hypothetical Gr. *@fjvoc has been compared with Lat. fénus 'interest' (related to fé-lix; see ▶︎ θῆλυς and ▶︎ θῆσθαι), root *d'eh,- 'suck, be fed  with milk', which could be phonetically and semantically identical if the connection  with Skt. a-hands-, etc. is given up.

XXXXXεὐθύς [adj.] 'straight', also metaph. 'just'; εὐθύς, -b also adverbial (beside εὐθέως) 'straightaway, directly', of place and time (Pi., Att.). <?>

    *VAR Fem. -eia, ntr. -ὕ.

    *COMP Very frequent as a first member, e.g. in ▶︎ εὐθυωρία.

    *DER εὐθύτης 'straightness' (Arist.) and the denominative εὐθύνω 'straighten, direct,  steer, chastise, punish' (Pi, Att.) with several derivatives: εὔθυνσις 'straightening'  (Arist.), εὐθυσμός 'id' (Ph.); εὐθυντήρ 'director, corrector' (Thgn., A. Man.) with  εὐθυντήριος 'straightening, directing' (A. Pers. 764), evOvvtnpia [f.] 'the part of a  ship where the rudder was fixed' (E. IT 1356), 'base wall, base' (inscr.), -ιαῖος  (Didyma); εὐθυντής = ebOvvoc (PL. Lg. 945b, c), -τικός (Arist. Ὁ. H.). More common  are deverbal expressions like εὔθυνος [m.] 'revisor of the state' (Pl, Arist., inscr. since Δ᾽, etc.), also 'judge, punisher' in general (A. E.); εὔθυνα ({f.] 'public  responsibility, revision' (Att.).

    *ETYM No correspondences outside Greek. It may have taken the place of ἰθύς 'id.'. Perhaps a cross of ▶︎ εἶθαρ and »ἰθύς with assimilation εἰ τὺ > ev : v (see Schwyzer:  256). The word ▶︎ εὐρύς is semantically farther. DELG suggests influence of εὖ 'good'  (s.v. ▶︎ ἐύς).

===Pag_527: Beekes_Página_0527.tiff===

XXXXXεὐθύφλοιος [πλ.] 'straight-barked', a kind of oak (Thphr. H.P. 3, 8, 2).

    *ETYM From εὐθυ- and ▶︎ φλοιόςζ Also ἁλίφλοιος, from ▶︎ ἅλιςξ

XXXXXεὐθυωρία [f.] 'straightness, straight direction' (Pl, Arist. Aetol., Cret., etc.), almost only in adverbial expressions like (ἀν᾽, kat') εὐθυωρίαν, εὐθυωρίᾳ 'in straight line, directly'; also εὐθύωρον [adv.] 'id.' (X.).

    *VAR Heracl. -wpeia, Arc. -opfia, Epid. -opia; Ion. ἰθυωρίη (Hp.).

    *ETYM Expression from the language of surveyors, from ▶︎ εὐθύς (» ἰθύς) and ▶︎ ὅρος,  ὅρρος 'boundary' as a bahuvrihi: 'with straight boundaries, along straight lines'. The  long vowel may be due to compositional lengthening, or to Doric influence  (development of -opf-). Incorrectly, Bechtel 1921, 1, 345: related to Av. auruua-  'quick', εἴς: εὐθύωρος would then properly mean 'hurrying straight'.

XXXXXεὔκηλος ⟹ ἕκηλος.

XXXXXεὔκολος ⟹ δύσκολος.

XXXXXεὐκρᾶής [adj.] 'temperate', epithet of τόποι (Arist. Mete. 352a 7), of ἀήρ (Thphr. CP 1, 11, 6; 2, 3, 3), of ἔρως (Opp. H. 4, 33); but also 'blowing well', of οὖρος and ἄνεμος (A. R. 2, 1228; 4, 891); also v.]. for ἀκραής (ξ 299, Hes. Op. 594).

    <IE *kerh.- 'mix'>

    *VAR Also édxpaije.

    *ETYM Reformed from εὐκρᾶς (related to »kepdavvupit) after the s-stems, perhaps by  influence of ἄημι, which at any rate influenced the meaning in A. R. At the same  time, in opposition to ἀκρ-ἃής 'sharp blowing' (properly 'blowing on the heights'), it  was analyzed as ἀ-κρᾶτής; cf. Marxer 1935: 46f. - On this basis, δυσκρᾶής (Opp.).

XXXXXεὐλάκᾷ -'ἄλοξ.

XXXXXεὐλή [f.] 'worm, maggot' (11... <?>

    *VAR Mostly plur. -ai. Cf. εὐλάζει: σαπριᾷ, σκωληκιᾷ 'make rotten, be worm-eaten'  (H.). Sometimes, also ὑάλη: σκώληξ 'worm' (H.) is mentioned, supposedly standing  for ὑαλή; it is doubtful that this form is cognate.

    *ETYM Taken by Frisk et al. as an old verbal noun from ▶︎ eihéw 2, »ἴλλω 'turn, wind',  properly meaning 'that which winds or coils'. However, a prothetic vowel *é-FA-1 is  no longer possible, unless one assumes *h,uel-; however, *h,ul- would give ὑλ-. It is  improbable to assume metathesis from ἔρελ-ι (cf. on ▶︎ εὐρύς). The word may well  be Pre-Greek. The recent attempt by Balles 2007: 15-24 is pure speculation. Cf. ▶︎ ἕλμις.

XXXXXεὔληρα [η.Ρ].}] 'reins' (Ψ' 48:1, Q. S.).

    *DIAL Dor. αὔληρα (Epich. 178, H.).

    *DER Unclear is evAnpwoiwv- πληγῶν 'strokes' (H.; perhaps from τεὐλήρωσις, t to  *evAnpdoouat, -dw).

    *ETYM One scholar has assumed *é-fAnp-o-, *a-fAnp-o- (Schwyzer: 224) with  prothetic vowel, combining Lat. /6rum 'rein', Arm. lar 'strick, rope, band', from IE  *ulér-, *ulér-, *ulHr-, supposed to be a derivation in -r- from a primary verb for  'turn, wind, twine' in ▶︎ εἰλέω 2. Given the variation, which cannot be explained in IE

===Pag_528: Beekes_Página_0528.tiff=== XXXXXεὖνις, -ιἰ(δ)ος 48ι terms, the words are probably Pre-Greek. For the interchange ἀ-! ἐ-, cf. ἀμύςἐμύς and Fur. 347ff. See also ▶︎ λῶμα.

XXXXXεὐμαρής [adj.] 'light, without pain' (Alc., Pi.). <1E?>

    *DER εὐμάρεια, -(e)in, -ia 'ease' (IA), εὐμαρότης 'id.' (Callistr. Soph.), εὐμαρέω 'have  easy access' (B. 1, 175).

    *ETYM Bahuvrihi of ▶︎ εὖ and »μάρη 'hand', which yielded a stem in -o- (Schwyzer  513). Blanc REGr. 105 (1992): 548-556 rejects this explanation and assumes a meaning  'accordé en abondance', from *smer- in ν μείρομαι 'accorder comme part'; this is  uncertain. His comparison with the reduced grade in εὐ-τραφής does not work, as  one would rather expect -μερής beside μείρομαι and μέρος.

XXXXXεὔμᾶρις, -ίδος [f.] name of an Asiatic shoe or slipper of deerskin (A. and E. [lyr.], AP 7; 413 [G], Poll.); εὐμαρίδας [acc.pl.] as attribute of ἀσκέρας, so probably adjectival (Lyc. 855). <?>

    *VAR ACC. -ἰν.

»

    *ETYM Foreign word of unknown origin; cf. the foreign names for shoes in Schwyzer:  61, as well as Bjérck 1950: 68.

XXXXXεὐνή [[1 'lair, bed (of animals and soldiers), 'bed, matrimonial bed', metaph. 'marriage' and 'tomb', as a nautical expression in plur. 'anchor stones' (IL). <?>

    *COMP As a first member in εὐνοῦχος [m.] 'protector of the bed', 'chamberlain,  eunuch' (IA; on the mg. Maafs RAM 74 (1925): 432ff.) with edvovyilw, -ίας, etc. As a  second member in χαμαι-εύνης et al. (on the formation Schwyzer 451), fem. -evvac  'having its bed on the earth' (Hom.); also χαμ-ευνάς 'id' (Lyc.), as a determinative  'bed on the earth' (Nil. Th. 23); in this mg. further χαμ-εύνη, -a (trag.) with  χαμεύνιον (Pl.), -evvic (Theoc.), -evvia (Ph., Philostr.).

    *DER εὐναῖος 'belonging to the εὐνη᾽ (trag.), εὔνια [pl] = εὐνή (App.), εὐνέτης  'bedfellow, wife' (E.), -étic [f.] (Hp. A. R.), ebvatag 'id. (E. Med. 159, conjecture),

XXXXXεὖνις [f.] (S, E). Denominatives: εὐνάομαι, εὐνηθῆναι, -dw 'lie down, go to bed, sleep' especially 'bring to rest' (Il.) together with εὐνήματα [ρ].] 'marriage' (E. Ion 304; cf. Chantraine 1933: 184ff.), ebvijtwp, -ἄτωρ, -ητήρ, -ἁτήρ = εὐνέτης (trag.), fem. εὐνήτειρα, -άτειρα, -ἥτρια (trag.), εὐνατήριον 'sleeping room' (A.). εὐνάζομαι, εὐνασθῆναι, εὐνάζω 'id' together with τά εὐνάσιμα 'sleeping places' (X. Cyn. 8, 4; after ἱππάσιμος et al. cf. Arbenz 1933: 48), εὐναστήρ = εὐνέτης (Lyc.), εὐνάστειρα λίθος (Opp.), εὐναστήριον = εὐνατήριον (5., E.). Details on the tragedians in Fraenkel 1912: 17, Bjérck 1950: 139f 5 also Chantraine REGr. 59-60 (1946-1947): 227f.

    *ETYM Unexplained. Lidén IF 19 (1906): 320f. compares Olr. (A)uam 'hole' and Av. una [f.] 'hole, slit (in the earth). Arm. unim 'to have, own' remains far. Unconvincing recent attempts are Balles 2007: 15-24 and Ziegler KZ 117 (2004): 1-12.

XXXXXεὖνις, -ι(δ)ος [adj.] 'robbed, lacking' (11... <?>

    *VAR ACC. -ἰν.

    *ETYM The word has been compared with adjectives starting in *u(H)- or "μᾶ-: Skt. tind-, Av. una- 'deficient, lacking', Arm. unayn 'empty' (anlaut uncertain; IE *eu- is

===Pag_529: Beekes_Página_0529.tiff===

also possible), Lat. vanus 'empty, idle', Go. wans 'defective, missing', etc. However, h,euh,-n- would have given &(f)av-.

XXXXXεὐνοῦχος Ξ'εὐνή.

XXXXXεὔοχθος [adj.] epithet of δαῖτες (B. Fr. 18, 4), βορά (E. Ion 1169), γῆ (Hom. Epigr. 7, 2), perhaps 'rich, luxuriant, fruitful'.

    *DER Denominative verb εὐοχθέω 'to be rich, luxuriant', of people (Hes. Op. 477,  Rhian. 1, 9).

    *ETYM Connection with ὄχθος, ▶︎ ὄχθη 'height, steep shore' is semantically  unsatisfactory. Either εὔοχθος must be separated, or ὄχθος had an additional,  unknown, meaning. Fur: 127 connects ▶︎ ἀκτή 'corn' with ὄχθος, which is quite  acceptable (cf. ἀκτή / ὄχθη 'cliff, etc.).

XXXXXεὐπέμπελος [adj.] 'easily dismissed', of the μοῖρα of the Eumenides (A. Eu. 476: οὐκ εὐπέμπελον). <GRE

    *ETYM The second member is derived from ▶︎ πέμπω with a suffix -edo-.

XXXXXεὐπετής 'πίπτω.

XXXXXεὐράξ [adv.] mg. uncertain, in στῆ δ᾽ εὐράξ (A 251, O 541), perhaps 'near, at the side'; further Lyc. 920 Ἀλαίου Παταρέως ἀνακτόρων 'near the temple of A. P.'; as an interj. in Ar. Av. 1258 εὐράξ, matdk. <?>

    *ETYM Uncertain. For the formation, cf. λάξ, ὀδάξ, μουνάξ, διαμπάξ, etc. Schwyzer:  620). It has been connected with εὐρύς and explained as ἐκ πλαγίου, ie. 'from the  side' (e.g. by H.). Acc. to Bq, it is to be read as δὲ ξράξ, and to be understood as 'en  heurtant', from ῥάττειν, ῥάσσειν, ῥήσσειν 'nudge, bump'; on the meaning, cf. ▶︎ iktap  'near' and the parallels mentioned there.

XXXXXΕὔρϊῖπος [m.] 'straits, narrows (X., Arist.); especially the straits between Euboea and Boeotia (h. Ap. 222, Hadt.); later also 'canal' in general (Ὁ. H.); 'ventilator, fan' (Gal. 10, 649) is probably a homonym, derived from ῥιπή in the sense 'blow'.

    *DIAL Myc. TN E-wi-ri-po.

    *DER εὐριπώδης 'like straits, like the Euripos', etc. (Arist.); εὐριπίδης name of a wind,  blowing from the Euripos (E. Maa KZ 41, 204); also PN; εὐριπική (σχοῖνος Dsc.,  Plin.); Εὐρίπιος: Ποσειδῶν (H.).

    *ETYM The etymology 'with strong current', from εὖ and pint (since Fick) must be  rejected, even if the straits between Euboea and Boeotia are well known for their  strong currents of water and wind. Forssman MSS 49 (1988): 5-12, explains the form from *euru-h,p-o- 'breite  Wasser(laufe) habend'. The assumed dissimilation of the second ἡ in *eura-po- does  not convince; neither does the meaning fit for a narrow strait. The word may well be  Pre-Greek, cf. already Ruijgh 1967a: 172374. Note that the long i in this position is  typical for Pre-Greek forms, cf. Pre-Greek s.v. -ἰβ-, -iy-, 15-, -18-, -iv-).

XXXXXεὑρίσκω [v.] 'to find, uncover' (τ 158). <?>

    *VAR Aor. εὑρεῖν, ind. εὗρον (Il; later also ηὗρον), fut. εὑρήσω (h. Merc. 302, IA),  perf. εὕρηκα, -ημαι (ηὕρ-), aor. pass. εὑρεθῆναι with fut. εὐρεθήσομαι (IA).

===Pag_530: Beekes_Página_0530.tiff=== XXXXXεὐρύς 483

    *COMP Often with prefix, e.g. ἀν-, ἐξ-, ἐφ-. As ἃ first member εὕρησι- (later εὑρεσι-)  in εὑρησι-εττής 'who finds ἔπη, epic poet' (Pi.), εὑρησι-λογέω 'find reasons, find  excuses and -Aoyia 'ability to find reasons, eristics, creation of empty words' (Hell;  after the compounds in -Aoyéw, -Aoyia); with εὑρησί-λογος (Corn. et al.).

    *DER Derivatives, also from the prefixed verbs (not indicated): εὕρημα, later εὕρεμα  (Schwyzer 523) 'invention' (IA), εὕρεσις 'discovery' (IA; εὕρησις Apollod.); etpetpa  [pl.] 'finder's reward' (Ulp.); εὑρετής 'discoverer' (Att.) with fem. εὑρετίς, -έτις (δ. Fr. 101 [uncertain], D. S.); also εὑρέτρια (D. S., pap. Chantraine 1933: 104ff.);  Evpéotog epithet of Ζεύς = Iupiter Inventor (Ὁ. H, after Ἱκέσιος et al.); εὑρετικός  'ingenious, inventive' (Pl.), εὑρετός 'which can be found' (Ηρ. S.).

    *ETYM Given the perfective meaning of εὑρίσκω, the aorist ebpov is probably old. An  old perfect seen in εὕρη-κα probably existed next to it. After this, εὑρήσω arose, and  the latest member of the paradigm (beside εὑρεθῆναι) was the present εὑρίσκω  (quantity of the τ unknown). The aorist εὗρον may be a thematic root formation  standing for the augmented ind. *é-fp-ov; on this form, see Vara Emerita 61 (1993):  177-9. The aspiration is perhaps secondary after ἑλεῖν etc. Alternatively, was it a  reduplicated aorist *ue-yr-e/o- from *ue-urh,-e/o-, with dissimilatory loss of the  anlauting f- and secondary aspiration, in which case, according to Beckwith Glotta  72 (1994): 24-30, the root-final laryngeal was lost in a reduplicated formation?    A reduplicated formation is also found in the Olr. preterite -fuar 'I found' < IE *ue-  ur- (pres. fo-gabim); the pass. -frith 'inventum est' agrees with *Fpr- in -Fé-Fpry-Ka (>  εὕρηκα) as IE *urh,-to-. IE *ureh,t- has also been supposed in OCS ob-réte 'T found'. A full grade *uer- is seen in Arm. gerem (with secondary aorist gerec'i) 'take  prisoner'. Taillardat RPh. 34 (1960): 232-235 assumes *suer-, with *sesure > evdpe.

XXXXXεὐρυάγυια = ayuia.

XXXXXεὐρυόδεια [adj.] only in ἀπὸ χθονὸς εὐρυοδείης (Hom., always verse-finally).

    *ETYM Schulze 1892: 487f. (followed by Bechtel 1914 s.v.) reads evpu-edeing 'with  broad seats' (ie. places for settling, €50c), recalling Simon. 5, 17 εὐρυεδοῦς ... χθονός. Thus also R. Schmitt 1967: 246ff.

XXXXXεὐρύοπα [acc.] = [voc.] epithet of Ζῆν (Κρονίδην), also in nom. and voc. εὐρύοπα Ζεύς, Ζεῦ (IL), later of κῆρυξ, κέλαδος, ἥλιος; bahuvrihi of én-a- 'with far-reaching sight, far-seeing'.

    <IE *h,ek'- 'see'>

    *ETYM The formula was adapted to formulae like κυανοχαῖτα, with a vocative in -a <  *-h,. In the case of εὐρύοπα, we are probably dealing with an old accusative. Thus  Brugmann-Delbriick 1897-1916 2:1, 416f. and Beekes 1969: 148-150.

XXXXXεὐρύς [adj.] 'broad, wide' (II.). <1E *h,urH-u- (Ὁ) 'broad'>

    *VAR Epic also acc. -éa (under formulaic pressure).

    *COMP Very often as a first member.

    *DER εὐρύτης 'broadness, width' (Hp.) and denominative evptvw 'broaden, widen' (6  260; on the formation Schwyzer: 733). Also εὖρος [n.] 'breadth, width' (A 312), as a  second member in ἰσο-ευρής 'with the same breadth' (Phot.).

===Pag_531: Beekes_Página_0531.tiff===

    *ETYM Indo-Iranian has Skt. urd-, Av. vouru- 'broad', and Skt. vdras- [n.] 'breadth',  from which εὐρύς and evpoc differ only regarding their anlaut. We have to start  from IE *urH-- and *uérH-os-, which should have given Gr. *faptc, *Fépog; cf. βαρύς = Skt. guri-. It has been assumed that evptc has a prothetic vowel from *h,-,  *é-rpov-c, but then one would rather expect *éf(a)puc < *h,ur(H)us. Alternatively, it  has been supposed that it stands with metathesis for a secondary full grade *fepvc  (after the primary comparative, Skt. vdri-yan 'broader'); ebpoc, beside Skt. vdras-,  could also be explained in this way, if not secondary after εὐρύς (cf. βάρος, βάθος,  τάχος, etc.). ToA warts, ToB wartse 'broad' contain a suffix -ts, -tse and reflect a  preform *war(a)-. The reconstruction remains problematic.

XXXXXεὐρώς, -ὥτος [m.] 'mould, dank decay', also 'rust'? (Thgn., Simon.); on the mg. Aly Glotta 5 (1915): 63ff.

    *VAR EpBuc: evipwe 'fair-flowing' (H.).

    *DER εὐρώεις 'mouldy, musty' epithet of the underworld (Hom., Hes.), also of πηλός  (Opp.); εὐρωτιάω 'to be mouldy' (Ar., Thphr.).

    *ETYM εὐρώεις (see Schwyzer: 527 and Chantraine 1933: 274) should not be changed  into ἠερόεις; see the remarks by Solmsen 1901: 121f. Based on comparison with ἱδρώς,  γέλως, ἔρως, etc, an original s-stem has been concluded (Schwyzer: 514). No  convincing etymology. Etymologies assuming a prothetic vowel (see Frisk) must be  discarded. Fur.: 242 refers to the form given by H. and thinks the form is Pre-Greek,  which seems quite plausible.

XXXXXἐύς [adj.] 'good, brave, strong (in war)' (epic since 1].), only of men, never in fem,; ntr. ἐῦ, εὖ 'good' (A. E.), mostly as an adverb 'well' (Il). «IE uesu- 'good', and/or h(e)su- 'good'>

    *VAR Also ἠῦς, ἠῦ (see below), gen.sg. éfjoc, &-, gen.pl.n. ἐάων (verse-final, e.g. δωτῆρες ἐάων θ 325).

    *DIAL Myc. names with e-u-, e.g. e-u-me-ne /Eumenés/.

    *COMP Very often as a first member, both adjectical and adverbial.

    *DER ἐυτής (cod. éntrc)- ἀγαθότης 'goodness' (H.); on the accent see Wackernagel  and Debrunner Phil. 95 (1942): 177. Note further ἠέα' ἀγαθά (H.).

    *ETYM The Greek forms present several problems. As for ἠῦς beside éiic, old ablaut is  highly improbable, and a metrical solution has been sought (ric occurs mostly in  verse-final expressions). In combination with the analogical introduction of the  length from compounds where metrical lengthening was necessary (e.g. ἠύ-κομος),  this is certainly possible. Metrical lengthening could also be assumed in ἐῆος, if this  stands for *ééoc; often, ἑῆος (thus most mss.) seems to represent *éfjo = "ἑεῖο, *eéo  'sui', from ▶︎ é, ἑ 'se'; cf. ἐμεῖο = ἐμέο from ἐμέ. The comparison of év- with Skt. su-  points to *h,su-, with which Hitt. assu- 'good, useful, pleasant', ntr. 'goods,  possession, prosperity' is also ultimately connected. On the other hand, there is also  Skt. vdsu-, Av. vohu- 'good', to which further Gaulish PNs like Bello-vésus and Ir. feb  [f.] 'eminence' belong, as well as Illyr. Ves-cleveses [gen.] (cf. Εὐ-κλέης, Skt. vdsu-  Sravas-). Further, there is the expression δωτῆρες (δῶτορ) ἐάων, which may have a  pendant in Skt. datd vdsiinam (beside data vdsu [acc.]). Unambiguous traces of the

===Pag_532: Beekes_Página_0532.tiff=== XXXXXεὔχομαι 485 digamma fail, as ἕτερος δὲ ἐάων Ὠ 528 is young. We must also reckon with the merger of IE esu- and uesu-. See Chantraine 1942: 201; 254; 274. Not related to ▶︎ ὑγιής, which is rather from h,iu-. Hoffmann 1975-6: 593-604 suggests that ἐῆος continues hysterodynamic h,yesu-os. On the ablaut of the compounds, see Zimmer MSS 55 (1994): 157-171.

XXXXXεὐσωπία Ξ-οσιωπάω.

XXXXXεὖτε [conj.] '(as soon) as', rarely causal 'because' (1].); also as a compar. adverb 'like', see ▶︎ ἠῦτε. <?>

    *ETYM Debrunner IF 45 (1927-1928): 185}. suggested it was in origin a paratactic  exclamation εὖ te 'and rightly'. Acc. to Brugmann-Delbriick 1897-1916 2:2, 731f,, it is  from ἡ or εἰ and *vute; see ▶︎ nite. Cf. Monteil 1963: 286-290.

XXXXXεὐτράπελος -'τρέπω.

XXXXXεὐτρόχαλος --τρέχω. ἡ

XXXXXεὐφρόνη [{1] 'night' (Hes. Op. 560, Pi., A.). 1Ε *g'"ren- 'diaphragm'>

    *DER Patronymic Εὐφρονίδης (Epigr. Gr. 1029, 6, Cios).

    *ETYM Properly 'the benevolent', a substantivation of εὔφρων; οἴ. Ἡγεμόνη epithet of  Artemis (Call.) and PNs like Ἠριγόνη, Ἠπιόνη; also, Μναμόνα (Ar. Lys. 1248) for  Μνημοσύνη; and δυσφρονέων [gen.pl.] v.l. for -oovvéwv Hes. Th. 102. See further  ▶︎ φρήν.

XXXXXεὐχερής -οδυσχερής.

XXXXXεὔχομαι [v.] 1. 'proclaim, boast' (1].); 2. 'promise solemnly' (1].; also e.g. Pl. Ph. 580); 3. 'pray' (IL). 1Ὲ *h,ueg'"- 'speak solemnly'>

    *VAR Aor. εὔξασθαι, pret. εὖκτο (see below).

    *DIAL Myc. e-u-ke-to (= εὔχεται) 'declares'.

    *COMP Often with prefixes like ἀπ-, ἐπ-, κατ-, προσ-, ovv- et al.

    *DER εὖχος 'glory' (cf. κλέος), rarely and secondarily 'fulfilment of a prayer' (II.);  εὐχωλή 'proclamation, cry of joy, boast, vow, prayer' (Il. also Arc.-Cypr., see Bechtel  1921, 1: 391 and 447) with εὐχωλιμαῖος 'bound by a vow' (Hdt. 2, 63; cf. Chantraine  1933: 49); εὐχή 'vow, prayer' (kK 526); εὔγματα [pl.] 'boasts' (x 249), 'vows, prayers'  (trag., Call.); cf. ῥήματα; πρόσ-ευξις 'prayer' (Orph.). Verbal adjective εὐκτός 'asked  for' (Ξ 98 εὐκτά [n.pl.]), 'desired' (Att.); together with ἀπ-ευκτός, πολύ-ευκτος (A.);  also ἀπ-, πολυ-εύχετος (A., h. Cer. etc.); εὐκταῖος 'containing a prayer' (trag., etc.);  εὐκτικός 'belonging to a prayer', ἡ εὐκτική (ἔγκλισις) = (modus) optativus (Hell.);  εὐκτήριος 'belonging to a prayer', -.ov [n.] 'house of prayer' (Just.); on -τικός :  -τήριος Chantraine 1933: 13. Multi-interpretable is the first member in Εὐχ-ήνωρ (Ν᾽  663), see Sommer 1948: 175. Lengthened forms of the present stem εὐχετόωντο,  -τάασθαι = εὔχοντο, -εσθαι (Il.); explanation uncertain, see Leumann 1950: 182ff.,  Chantraine 1942: 358. On εὖχος, εὐχή, εὐχωλή, etc. see Porzig 1942: 231f., 235,  Chantraine 1933: 183, 418f.; also Steinkopf 1937, Greind] 1938, Benveniste 1969:2: 237-  243.

===Pag_533: Beekes_Página_0533.tiff===

    *ETYM Greek εὔχομαι is identical with Av. aojaite 'proclaim solemnly, invoke', Skt. dbhate 'boast, praise', from reduplicated IE *h,é-h,ug'"-e-toi (with *g'" > x after v). It is  an old term of the religious language. Beside it stands the athematic preterite 3sg. εὗκτο (Thebais Fr. 3), which corresponds to OAv. aogadé, LAV. aoxta, and perhaps  also the isg. εὔγμην (5. Tr. 610). Lat. voved 'to promise solemnly, implore', Skt. vaghat- 'the vower, who prays, Arm. gog [impv.] 'say! show an unreduplicated  formation, so the regular full-grade was IE *h,ueg'"- (cf. LIV? s.v. *h,ueg''-). Arm. uzem 'I will, y-uzem 'I search' is semantically divergent.

XXXXXεὕω [v.] 'to singe' (IL). <1E *h,eus- 'burn'>

    *VAR Aor. edo.

    *COMP Also with prefix ἀφ-, ἐφ-.

    *DER etatpa (εὔσ-) [f.] 'place for singeing' (Ar. Eq. 1236), 'roasted barley' (PTeb. III*),  'id'? (Paus. Gr.); εὐστόν (εὑσ-) [n.] 'singed sacrifice' (Miletus IV-III*); etoava =  ἐγκαύματα 'sores from burning' (Poll. H.). Very unclear ▶︎ Εὖρος, s.v.

    *ETYM An old verb which was ousted by καίω. Like other verbs with a diphthong -ev-  (see ▶︎ yevouat), it lost its ablaut. Gr. edo is identical with Lat. ἄγ 'burn', Skt. dsati  'id', so it may have metathesis of aspiration from older "εὔμω < IE *h,éus-e/o-. The  -o- returns in εὐσ-τόν (with secondary full grade against Skt. us-td- = Lat. us-tus  'burned') and in εὕσ-τρα (with analogical aspiration; on tpa-, cf. Schwyzer: 532 and  Chantraine 1933: 333), and was introduced in evo-ava based on these forms. On the  aspiration, see DELG s.v. The root occurs elsewhere, too, e.g. in the Gm. zero grade  I-derivative ON usli [m.], MHG usel(e) [f.] 'glowing ashes'.

XXXXXεὐώνυμος [adj.] 'of good name, of good reputation, renowned' (Hes. Th. 409, Pi.); 'left' (Ephesus VI-V*); τὸ εὐώνυμον (κέρας) = 'theleft wing' (Hdt., Th.).

    *ETYM Euphemistic replacement of older σκαιός, λαιός, as well as ἀριστερός. Cf.> ὄνομα.

XXXXXεὐωχέω, -έομαι [v.] 'to treat, regale', med.-pass. 'to get satisfied, feast, be treated' with εὐωχία 'entertainment, feasting' (IA); συνευωχέομαι 'to feast together' (Arist.). 418 *seg'. 'hold, have'>

    *VAR Aor. -ῆσαι, -ηθῆναι, -ἠσασθαι.

    *DER δυσωχεῖν: δυσχεραίνειν 'be unable to endure' (Η.).

    *ETYM Long grade deverbative of intransitive εὖ ἔχω 'I am in a good state' with  causative meaning (cf. Schwyzer: 720), an expression which was perceived as a unity,  whence it became univerbated, perhaps under the influence of expressions like  εὐπορέω (from εὔπορος).

XXXXXἐφελιωμένος [adj.] epithet of oxen, of unknown mg. (Mitylene I*). <?>

    *VAR  -ώ- in DELG.

    *ETYM DELG suggests MoFr. 'tacheté' as a meaning. Perhaps related to ▶︎ ἔφηλις,  with e instead of n?

XXXXXἐφέται [m.pl.] 1. 'commander' (A. Pers. 79 [lyr.]); mostly 2. name of a board of judges in Athens (Att.).

    <IE *(H)ieh,- 'throw'>

    *DER ἐφετμή, mostly in plur. 'command, order' (IL); cf. ἐρέτης : ἐρετμόν.

===Pag_534: Beekes_Página_0534.tiff=== XXXXXἐφιάλτης, -OV 487

    *ETYM In the meaning 'commander', it was derived from ἐφίεμιαι 'order, command';  in the juridical meaning, probably from ἐφίημι = 'decide something (about  somebody)'. See DELG. ἔφηλις, -150¢ [f.] technical term of uncertain mg., 'rivet, clinch' vel sim.? Acc. to H. ἐφήλιδες' περόναι 'pins', ἔπηλις: τὸ πῶμα τῆς λάρνακος 'the lid of a coffer' (S. Fr. 1046, Hell.); usually metaph. as the name of a rash (Nic.), in this mg. mostly in plur. (Hp. Thphr.), also explained as 'freckles' and connected with ἥλιος, cf. ai τοῦ ἡλίου  ἐπικαύσεις 'burns from the sun' (H.). <?>

    *VAR Also oxytone -ἰς, -ίδος, plur. also -εις.

    *DIAL Ion. ἔπηλις, -ίδος [f.] (barytone acc. to Hdn. Gr. 1, 91).

    *ETYM On the stem in -1(5)-, see Schwyzer: 450, 464f. and Chantraine 1933: 1136. Morphologically uncertain because of the unclear meaning. Proposals: 1. as a  hypostasis of ἐφ᾽ ἥλου (dv): a) 'what is upon a ἧλος ('pin'y; Ὁ) 'upper (part of a)  ἧλος᾽. 2. as a bahuvrihi: 'equipped with a moc'. 3. deverbal of ἐφηλοῦν 'pin down,  fix': 'what has been pinned down; cf. ἔφηλος: ὁ ἡλωμένος 'sharpened' or 'callous  person' (Suid.). See also ▶︎ ἔφηλος.

XXXXXἔφηλος [adj.] '(equipped) with a ἧλος᾽, of people (and eyes?) that have a certain eye disease (LXX, Call. Fr. anon. 106, Ael.).

    *DER ἐφηλότης [f.] name of that disease (S. E.).

    *ETYM From ἧλος in the meaning 'wart, callus'; see Stromberg 1944: 93 and Forster  1950: 44. Cf. also H. ἔφηλος: (...) ἐφήλιδας ὡς ἥλους ἔχων εἰς τὴν ὄψιν (the gloss  may be partly corrupt). Cf. ▶︎ ἔφηλις.

XXXXXἐφιάλτης, -ov [m.] 'nightmare, phantom' (Phryn. Com., Dsc.).

    *VAR Also ἐπιάλτης (Alc. in Eust. 1687, 52); in the same mg. also ἡπιάλης, acc. -ητα  (Sophr.), ἡπιόλης (Hdn. Gr.). As a PN: 1. Ἐφιάλτης (Em-), a mythical figure, son of  Aloeus (or of Poseidon) and Iphimedeia, famous for his unusual size and strength (E  385, 308, Pi. P. 4, 89); 2. regular PN (Hdt., εἴς.

    *DIALMyc. E-pi-ja-ta (3).

    *DER ἐφιαλτικός 'suffering from nightmare' (medic.), plant name ἐφιάλτιον, -tia  (Ps.-Dsc., Aét., because of its prophylactic use, Strémberg 1940: 90).

    *ETYM No etymology. The name of the 'nightmare', originally being the name of a  demon, is clearly identical with the mythical name (cf. Nilsson 1941(1): 226). In  antiquity the name was connected with ἐφάλλομαι 'throw oneself onto sbd.'; cf. ἐφιάλτης: ὁ ἐπιπηδῶν 'assaulting' (H.). This explanation is not without problems  phonetically and must therefore be considered to be folk-etymological. Leumann  1950: 804" defended the suggestion that ἐφιάλτης came from ἡπίαλος, name of a  fever, which was reshaped via ἐπίαλος, whence ἐπιάλτης, to ἐφιάλτης, by folk-  etymology after ἐφάλλομαι. Acc. to Frisk, this is not very probable because of the  difference in meaning. Leumann separates the ΡΝ Ἐφιάλτης from that of the demon  and connects it with ἐπ-ιάλλειν (but this does not explain the -g-). The forms  ἡπιάλης, -όλης are based on crossing with ▶︎ ἡπίαλος. Other folk-etymological  reshapings (ἐφέλης, ἐπωφέλης, etc.) in H. s,v. ἐπιάλης. If the name is identical with

===Pag_535: Beekes_Página_0535.tiff===

the noun ἠπίαλος, as Leumann 1950: 8045" and Fur:: 159, 258, 342 assume, it is Pre- Greek, which is what one might expect for such words.

XXXXXἐχενηΐϊς [adj.] 'detaining or holding back ships' (A. Arist.); a fish, Lat. nemora.

    *ETYM See Keller 1913: 378f., Thompson 1947 s.v.

XXXXXἐχεπευκής [adj.] epithet of βέλος (A 51, A 129), of σμύρνα or ῥίζα (Nic. Th. 600 and 866), of ἀὐτμή (Orph. L. 475). <1E * peuk- 'sting'>

    *DER Beside it περιπευκής (A 845), also of βέλος, and ἐμπευκής (Nic. Al. 202), of  ὀπός. .

    *ETYM Compound (Schwyzer: 441) of ἔχειν and a noun "πεῦκος vel sim. In any case,  it has close relatives in ▶︎ πεύκη, πευκεδανός, and πευκάλιμος. The meaning 'bitter'  (Eust.), also found in Nic., clearly derives from 'sharp, stinging'. The proper meaning  of ἐχε-πευκής therefore is probably 'having a point'. For cognates outside Greek, see  ▶︎ πεύκη.

XXXXXἐχέτλη -'-'ἔχω.

XXXXXἐχθές -οχθές.

XXXXXἐχθοδοπέω [v.] 'to make oneself hated (to somebody), become enemies'. «

    *VAR Only aor. ἐχθοδοπῆσαι (A 518).

    *DER ἐχθοδοπός 'hated, inimical' (S.).

    *ETYM For the formation, cf. οἰνοχοέω (Schwyzer: 726); ἐχθοδοπέω presupposes a  noun ἐχθοδοπός, which indeed exists, but the form may be rather deverbal because  of its late appearence. If it stands for ἐχθοδαπός (Pergam. II'; here probably an  innovation for ἐχθοδοπός), it must be compared with ποδαπός, ἀλλοδαπός, and  should then be from ἐχθός 'outside', ἐχθο-δοπός properly meaning 'located outside,  foreign', and ἐχθοδοπέω 'to become a foreigner to sbd.'. Bechtel 1914 s.v. compares  κυδοιδοπᾶν (Ar. Pax 1152, Nu. 616) 'make a hubbub' and assumes an unknown verb  * depo, which is not very convincing. See ▶︎ ἔχθος.

XXXXXἔχθος [n.] 'hatred, enmity' (II.). <1E *h,eg"s-to- 'outsider'>

    *COMP As ἃ second member in φιλ-εχθής 'who is inclined to hatred' (Theoc. 5, 137).

    *DER ἐχθρός [adj.] 'hated' (thus always in Hom.), 'hateful', substantivized [m.]  'enemy (Hes., Pi.); grades of comparison ἐχθίων (A.), ἔχθιστος (11].); ἔχθρα, Ion. -ρη  [f.] 'hate, enmity' (1A, Pi; on the formation Chantraine 1933: 226). Verbs: ἔχθομαι  (only present stem) 'to be hated' (Od.), act. ἔχθω 'to hate' (trag.); ἀπ-εχθάνομαι (B  202), aor. ἀπ-εχθέσθαι (Il.), fut. ἀπ-εχθήσομαι (Hdt.), late present ἀπ-έχθομαι  (Theoc., Lyc.) 'to make oneself hated' with ἀπεχθής 'hated' (S., D.), ἀπέχθεια 'to be  hated, hate' (Att.), ἀπέχθημα 'object of hate' (E. Tr. 425; cf. Chantraine 1933: 177f.);  ἐχθαίρω, aor. ἐχθῆραι (also with ἀπ-, ὑπερ-, συν-) 'to hate' (II.); ἐχθραίνω, aor. ἐχθρᾶναι (X.) 'to be an enemy, hate' with ἔχθρασμα' ἔχθρα (H.); ἐχθρεύω 'to be an  enemy' (LXX, Phld...

    *ETYM The relation of the words cited is not always clear. Clearly, ἐχθραίνω and  éyBpebw are late derivations of ἐχθρός; ἐχθαίρω is much older and also a

===Pag_536: Beekes_Página_0536.tiff=== XXXXXἐχυρός 489 denominative of ἐχθρός (Schwyzer: 725). Also, ἀπ-εχθάνομαι could be related to ἐχθρός with interchange -r/n- (Benveniste 1935: 16), although it could just as well be a nasal enlargement of ἔχθομαι, ἀπ-εχθέσθαι (Schwyzer: 700, Chantraine 1942: 315f.). Acc. to Schwyzer: 725, ἔχθομαι is ἃ back-formation from ἐχθαίρω, but it is better taken with ἔχθος, like σθένω to σθένος (Schwyzer: 723). More difficult is the interpretation of ἔχθος and ἐχθρός, for which we may compare αἶσχος: αἰσχρός, κῦδος: κυδρός. If we start from ἐχθρός and consider ἔχθος (together with ἔχθομαι, ἐχθίων, ἔχθιστος) to be an innovation, perhaps modelled on κυδρός, κυδίων, κύδιστος, τὸ κῦδος, we can connect ἐχθρός with Lat. extra 'outside', exterus 'being outside', and so also with ἐχθός = ἐκτός 'outside'; ἐχθρός would then properly mean 'located outside, being in foreign territory, foreigner, enemy' (cf. Lat. hostis).

XXXXXἔχιδνα -Ξἔχις.

XXXXXἐχῖνος [m.] 'hedgehog', also 'sea urchin', and metaph. as a technical term in several professions, e.g. 'vessel', especially 'vessel to keep juridical documents', 'the third stomach of ruminants', 'the rounded part of the Doric capital (IA).

    <IE *heg*i-  'hedgehog'>



    *DIAL Myc. e-ki-no /Ek*inos/.

    *COMP As a first member in ἐχινομήτρα 'the greatest kind of sea urchin, Echinus  melo' (Arist, cf. Stromberg 1944: 23).

    *DER Diminutives: ἐχινίς 'vessel (Hp.), -ίσκος 'id.', also 'hollow of the ear' (Poll.);  éxiviov plant-name (Dsc.); ἐχινέα, -ἢ 'skin of the hedgehog' (Hdn.), also a vessel  (Delos III*); ἐχινέες [m.pl.] a kind of Libyan spinous mouse (Hdt.);Extvat or -άδες  [f.pl.] name of a group of islands in the Ionian Sea (B 635). ἐχινώδης 'rugged' (Arist.,  Str.).

    *ETYM Probably derived from ἔχις 'snake' with suffixal -ivo- (i.e. -iHno-), so properly  'snake-animal' = 'snake-eater', as a taboo word for ▶︎ χήρ. A suffix -n- is also found  in Arm. ozni 'hedgehog' (IE *h,og"-i(H)-n-), with o-grade; beside it, we find Gm. words with -l-, eg. OHG igil < PGm. *egila-, which could replace older *egina-. Balto-Slavic has a derivative in -io-, e.g. Lith. eZs, SCr.CS jez», IE *h,eg'-io-. The  interpretation of Phr. etc (= e€ic?) remains uncertain.

XXXXXἔχις, -ews [m.] ([f]) 'viper' (Att.). «IE *h,eg'i- 'snake'>

    *DER Diminutive ἐχίδιον (Arist.) and the plant name ἔχιον (Dsc5 because of the  resemblance of the fruit to the head of a snake, Strémberg 1940: 54), ἐχίειον (Nic.);  further ἐχιῆες [pl] = ἔχεις (Nic. Th. 133, only a metrical variant?); ἐχῖτις [f.] name of  a stone (Plin., after the color; cf. Redard 1949: 54). Fem. ἔχιδνᾶ 'viper' (IA, Hes. Th. 297), mostly considered to be a derivative in ~a- from *éyidvdcg (Schwyzer: 475),  together with ἐχιδν-αἴος and -ἤἥεις (Hell.); but this is not very probable, as -dva is a  typical Pre-Greek suffix; ἔχιδνα must have been a loan from Pre-Greek.

    *ETYM If the interpretation of ▶︎ ἐχῖνος is correct, ἔχις must contain a palatal ῥ᾽. Similar words for 'snake', Skt. dhi- = Av. agi- and Arm. iz, should rather be  connected with ὄφις (*h,egi-), since Av. and Arm. exclude a palatovelar.

XXXXXἐχυρός [adj.] 'strong, tenable, secure' (Th., X.).

===Pag_537: Beekes_Página_0537.tiff===

    *COMP év-éxupov [n.] 'pledge, security' (IA), hypostasis of ἐν ἐχυρῷ; besides ἐνεχυράζω [v.] 'to take a pledge' with éveyvp-acia, -ασμα, -αστής et al; also ἐνεχυρόω [v.], -wpa [n.].

    *DER ἐχυρότης 'tenability, etc' (Ph.), ἐχυρόω [v.] 'to fasten' (Phot. Suid.). ὀχυρός  'id? (Hes., A., E.), ἀν-ῴώχυρος 'not fortified' (X. Ages. 6, 6, SIG 569, 7 [III*]) with  compositional lengthening, beside ὀχυρότης (Plb.), ὀχυρόω (Χ., Arist.) together with  ὀχύρ-ωμα, -WLLATLOV, -ωσις, -WTLKOS.

    *ETYM Skt. sdhuri- 'victorious, strong' (RV) seems to be comparable; an old stem in  -u(s)- is found in Gm., eg. OHG sigu [m.] 'victory'. Beside the rebuilt u-stem in  ὀχυ-, ἐχυ-ρ-ός, there is the neutral s-stem in Skt. sdhas- 'power, might, victory', Go. sigis 'victory', IE *ség'os- (would be Gr. *éxoc). The adverb ὄχ-α 'widely, by far'  belongs here as well (cf. ταχύς : τάχα et al; Schwyzer: 622f.). The interchange dy- :  ἐχ- may be due to old ablaut, but secondary influence of ἔχω is also possible. See  ▶︎ ἔχω.

XXXXXἔχω 1 [v.] 'to possess, retain, have', aor. 'to conquer, take (into possession)', frequently also intr. 'to hold oneself, med. 'id'. 415 *seg'- 'hold, have'>

    *VAR Also pres. ἴσχω, aor. σχεῖν, ἔσχον, fut. ἔξω, σχήσω (IL), perf. act. ἔσχηκα (Pl. Lg. 7654), med. ἔσχημαι, aor. pass. ἐσχέθην (late).

    *DIAL Myc. e-ke /*ekbei/.

    *COMP Very often with prefix in various mgs. eg. dv-, an-, ἐξ-, ἐπ-, KaT-, μετ-,  mpoo-, ovv-. As a first member in e.g. ἐχέτφρων, Ex-Eyyvoc, ▶︎ ἐχεπευκής, ▶︎ ἐκεχειρία;  also ἰσχέ-θυρον et al. (Hell.); cf. Schwyzer: 441; as a second member e.g. in mpoo-,  συν-εἐχής with mpoo-, συν-ἔχεια.

    *DER With e-grade (= present-stem): ἔχμα 'obstacle, support, defence' (Il.) with  ἐχμάζω (H., sch; cf. ὀχμάζω below); Myc. e-ka-ma? ἔξις 'attitude, state, situation,  etc., often in derivatives of the prefixed compounds, eg. πρόσ-, κάθ-εξις from  mpoo-, κατ-έχειν (IA); together with (προσ-, καθ-)» ἑκτικός; ἑξῆς s.v5 ἐχέ-τλη,  -τλιον 'plough handle', cf. the explanations καὶ ἡ αὖλαξ, καὶ ἡ σπάθη τοῦ ἀρότρου  'furrow; the blade of a plough' and ἐχελεύειν' ἀροτριᾶν 'to plough' in Hs ἔκτωρ  'holder' (Lyc. 100; also Pl. Cra. 393a as an explanation of the PN [s.v.]; Sapph. 157 as  an epithet of Zeus); ▶︎ ἐχυρός. From εὖ ἔχειν: εὐεξία 'good coridition' (IA; opposite  καχεξία from κακῶς ἔχειν) with εὐέκ-της, -τικός, -téw, also -tia (Archyt.);  retrograde formation εὔεξος: εὐφυής 'well-grown' (H.). From the reduplicated  present (see below): ἰσχάς [f.] 'anchor' (δ. Fr. 761, Luc. Lex. 15); lengthened forms  ἰσχάνω, -νάω (II.). From the zero grade (= aorist stem): σχέσις 'situation, character,  relation, restraint (IA), often in derivatives from prefixed compounds, e.g. ἀνά-,  éni-, ὑπό-, κατά-σχεσις from ἀνα-σχεῖν, -ἔσθαι, etc; σχῆμα (cf. σχ-ήσω) 'attitude,  form, appearance' (IA; Schwyzer: 523); secondarily σχέμα (H.), Lat. schéma [f.]  (Leumann Sprache 1 (1949): 206); besides σχηματίζω, with oxnpat-toic, -topdc, etc;  verbal adjective ἄ-σχετος 'uncontainable, irresistable' (1].); abstract formations like  ἐπισχεσίη 'attitude, pretext' (φ 71), ὑποσχεσίη 'promise' (N 369, A. R.) also derive  from virtual verbal adjectives, cf. Schwyzer: 469, Holt 1941: 86f; here also belong  Ἰσχερός (see ▶︎ ETLOXEPW), ▶︎ σχεδόν, ▶︎ σχέτλιος, ▶︎ σχολή, ▶︎ σκεθρός; further ▶︎ ἰσχῦς. From the o-grade: ὄχοι [m.pl.] 'keeper, container' (λιμένες νηῶν ὄχοι ε 404); ὀχός

===Pag_538: Beekes_Página_0538.tiff=== XXXXXἑψία 491 'firm, certain' (Ph. Byz.), further in verbal adjectives to prefixed compounds like ἔξ-, Kat-, μέτοχος (from &-éxetv, etc.); ὀχή [f.] 'holding, support' (Call. Lyc., Ath.); to the prefixed compounds ovv-, μετ-, ἐξ-, ἐπ-οχή, etc. (from συν-ἔχειν, etc.); ὀχεύς 'holder', 'strap of a helmet, clasp, bolt of a door, etc.' (Il; cf. ▶︎ ὀχεύω 'to mount', etc.); 6yavov 'holder of a shield' (Anacr., Hdt.), also ὀχάνη (Plus cf. Chantraine 1933: 198); ὀχυρός, see ▶︎ ἐχυρός; ὄχμος 'fortress' (Lyc.), ὄχμα: πόρπημα 'garment fastened with a buckle-pin' (H.) with ὀχμάζω 'hold fast' (A., E.); adverb ὄχα 'widely, by far (6x ἄριστος Il), ἔξοχα 'in front of (@ πάντων IL). Reduplicated formation: ▶︎ ἀνοκωχή, also (ἐν) συνεοχμῷξ With compositional lengthening ▶︎ evwyéw. See further ▶︎ συνοκωχότε (B 218).

    *ETYM The present ἔχω, reduplicated t-ox-w (< *t-ox-w < *(a)i-ox-w), has an exact  agreement in Skt. sdhate [pres.3sg.med.] 'overpower, conquer' < *sé¢'-e-). The zero  grade aorist and the other verbal forms are isolated, however (cf. LIV? s.v. *seg'-  'iberwiltigen, in den Griff bekommen'). In Greek, the word group underwent a  strong development of meaning; cf. Porzig 1954a: 115f. Moreover, the neutral s-stem  of Skt. sdhas- 'force, strength, victory', Av. hazah- 'id', Go. sigis (cf. on ▶︎ ἐχυρός) is  missing in Greek. The root is also represented in Celtic, e.g. in the Gaulish names  Σεγο-δουνον, Sego-vellauni.

XXXXXἔχω 2 [v.] 'to transport'. «1Ὲὲ *ueg'- 'transport, drive'>

    *VAR Pamph. feyetw, Cypr. aor. efete (also Pamph. io-feké?).

    *DER From there ἔχεσφιν: ἅρμασιν 'with chariots' (H.), also ὄχος 'chariot, cart',  ▶︎ ὄχλος, ▶︎ OXETOG, ▶︎ ὀχέω.

    *ETYM An old verb, represented in several IE languages, of which Greek preserves  only traces. Several parallel forms exist: ρεχέτω = Lat. vehitd; Skt. vahati = Av. vazaiti  = Lat. vehit 'carries, rides' (IE *uég'-e-ti), Lith. ved: = OCS vezg = Lat. vehd; Cypr. efete corresponds with the old s-aorists Lat. véxi, OCS véso, Skt. dvaksam. Some Gm. words are also connected, e.g. ON vega 'move, weigh', Go. ga-wigan 'move', etc.; less  certain are ToB wask- 'stir' and Alb. vjedh 'to steal', as alternative derivations can be  given. See ▶︎ Syoc for further formal correspondences. LIV? follows Schlerath SH 20  (1996): 379-87 in assuming an original meaning 'float, be suspended', whence 'be  carried (on a vehicle, boat, etc.)', which I find doubtful.

éwia [f.] 'joy, play' (S. Fr. 3, Nic. Th. 880).

    *VAR Ion. -in. Also ἔψια (EM 406, 8), ἀψίαι- ἑορταί. Λάκωνες 'festivals (Lacon.)' (H.);  ψιά (H.), ψιάδδειν = παίζειν (Ar.). Perhaps ψίνθος: τέρψις 'enjoyment' (H.).

    *COMP As a second member in giA-Eytog (com.), ὁμ-ἕψιος (AP). Also ἔψεια- παίγνια  'playthings' (H.) [n.pl.], ἔψια (EM). Deverbal from ἑψιάομαι, -άσασθαι [v.] (also with  ἀφ-, ἐφ-, καθ-) 'to enjoy, play' (Od.).

    *DER Without anlauting vowel: ψιάδδειν = παίζειν (Ar. Lys. 1302 [lyr.], H.), ya  χαρά, γελοίασμα, παίγνια 'joy, laughter, plaything', also (see DELG s.v. ψιάδδοντι,  wing μάκαρος, εὐδαίμων 'blissful, happy'; ψίεσσα: εὐδαίμων, μακαρία; ylevta: τὰ  αὐτά 'id' (H.).

    *ETYM Formation like the 'verbs of disease' in -ἰάω (Schwyzer: 732). Note the  variations: é-, €-, d, the varying accentuation and ya (H.), ψιάδδειν. For these

===Pag_539: Beekes_Página_0539.tiff===

reasons, the word must be Pre-Greek (Fur.: 139, 352, 376). Meier-Briigger MSS 50 (1989): 91-96 assumes a noun seng'-ti- 'singing', with éync from "ἔμψις, but one must wonder why éuyic was not retained. This view does not explain the attested variations, and there is no reason to assume that the word primarily referred to music. Acc. to Dettori Glotta 74 (1996): 159-163, the gloss προσεψιά: προσαγόρευσις, καὶ ἡ πρός τινα ὁμιλία 'greeting, also a gathering with δά. (H.) belongs here as well. Dettori stresses the oxytone accent and the gloss ὁμιλία, so that the word does not belong to év(v)énw. The word would belong to the informal language; Scheller 1951 assumes that the initial vowel was lost due to the final accent, but the variation would be better explained under the assumption that the word is Pre-Greek. The forms ψίεσσα, wievta (with a beside ε) may be explained if we assume a palatalized cluster ps'-.

XXXXXἔψω [v.] 'to boil, seethe' (IA).

    *VAR Aor. ἑψῆσαι, fut. ἑψήσω (IA), perf. ἥψηκα (Ph.); new presents ἑψέω, -ἄω.

    *COMP Also with prefix, e.g. ag-, συν-.

    *DER ἕψημα 'what has been boiled, meal, soup' (IA) with ἐψηματώδης (Dsc.), Hell. ἔψεμα (LXX; cf. Schwyzer 523), ἔψησις 'cooking' (IA); ἑψητήρ, -τήριον, -τής, -τικός  (Hell.); ἑφθός 'boiled' (IA; with ἄπ-εφθος et al.), ἐψητός 'id', also name of a fish (Ar. Σ;; cf. Stromberg 1943: 89), Eyavdc 'boiled, to be boiled' (Hp.), ἑψαλέος 14. (Nic.;  after Ontadéoc [Hom.] et al.); also ewéiva [n.pl.] of unclear mg. (PLond. 3, 1177, 2173  II?). From ἄπεφθος MoGr. andy tt (via ἀπόφθι(ον)) 'dried food' (Crete), 'salted meat'  (Cyprus), see Hatzidakis Glotta 3 (1910-1912): 72f.; from ἑψανός MoGr. ψανός 'which  is roasted', ψάνη 'wheat', see Georgacas ByzZ 41 (1941): 380f.

    *ETYM Cannot be separated from Arm. ep'em 'cook'. However, as Arm. p' can hardly  represent IE *ps (Pedersen KZ 39 (1906): 428), a pre-form IE *sep"- has been posited,  which would have had an s-enlargement in Greek (Schwyzer: 706). Yet PIE did not  have a phoneme *p". This means that the word is from a substrate, probably Pre-  Greek (cf. Fur. 327, who compares δέφω / δέψω 'soften'). This Greco-Armenian isogloss ousted old ▶︎ πέσσειν. Cf. Porzig 1954a: 156. Another  expression for 'boil, seethe' is ▶︎ Céw.

XXXXXἔως 1 [f.] 'dawn, break of day' (II.).

    *VAR Acc. -w; Ion. (also Hell.) ἠώς, -obc, Dor. ἀρώς, afwp, gen. ἀρῶ, Aeol. αὔως.

    *COMP Asa first member in ἑωσ-φόρος, Dor. ἀωσ-φόρος 'bringer of dawn, morning  star' (¥ 226, Pi. I. 4 (3), 24); see Wackernagel 1916: 100ff., where Hom. ἑωσ-φόρος is  considered to be an epic Atticism; see also Chantraine 1942: 72 and (with improbable  hypothesis) Schwyzer: 440°.

    *DER ἑώϊος, EGO, ἠοῖος, ἠῷος (see Wackernagel 1916: 106f.) 'of the morning, eastern'  (IL), ἕωλος 'belonging to dawn, a night long', of food, etc. (Att. etc; on the  pejorative suffix -A- Chantraine 1933: 239); adverb éwOev, epic ἠῶθεν, Dor. ἀῶθεν  'from the morning on, early in the morning' (IL) with ἑωθινός 'of the morning'  (Hdt, Hp; cf. Wackernagel 1916: 104, Schwyzer: 490); Hom. ἠῶθι in ἠῶθι πρό 'early  in the morning'; explanation uncertain, cf. Schwyzer: 628°, Chantraine 1942: 246.

===Pag_540: Beekes_Página_0540.tiff=== XXXXXἔως 2 493

    *ETYM Wackernagel 1955(2): 1151{{ thinks that the barytonesis in ἕως (as opposed to  ἠώς) can be explained from frequent éwOev, where it is regular (Schwyzer: 383). The  initial aspiration would be due to metathesis, as in ▶︎ εὕω (Schwyzer: 219; however,  acc. to Sommer 1905: nif, it was taken from ἑσπέρα). PGr. **auhd@c < IE *h,eusos is  identical with Lat. aurdr-a (except for the added -a; cf. flds : Flér-a). With zero grade,  we find Skt. usds- [f.] 'dawn'. A corresponding r-stem, IE *h,eus-r-, h,us-r-, is seen in  ▶︎ αὔριον, together with dyx-aupoc 'near the morning' (A. R. 4, 111), in Lith. ausr-a  'dawn', Skt. usr-d- 'of the morning', usar-budh- 'waking at dawn'. Of the other  cognates, OCS za ustra 'at dawn', Gm., eg. OHG Ost(a)ra, -iin 'Easter' should be  mentioned. A full grade *h,yes-r- with Schwebeablaut is found in e.g. Skt. vasar-ha  (RV 1, 122, 3) epithet of the wind, meaning uncertain, vasar-d- 'of the morning', and  in Celt, eg. MIr. fair 'sunrise', IE *h,uds-r-i-. There is a verbal root in Indo-Iranian  with sk-present: Skt. ucchdti = Av. usaiti 'lights up (of the morning), appears', from  IE *h,us-sk-é-ti, and a full-grade athematic root aorist a-vas-ran. LIV? s.v. *h.ues-  '(morgens) hell werden' connects Lith. aista, aisti 'to dawn, break (of day)'. Cf.> ἠϊκανός.

XXXXXἔως 2 [pcel., prep.] 'until, as long as' (IL); prep. with gen. (rarely acc.) 'til? (Hell.). <1£ *ieh,uot 'as long as, until'> .

    *VAR  Epic foc (written εἵως, ἔως, see Chantraine 1942: 11, but also West Glotta 44  (1967): 135), Aeol. doc, Dor. ac, Hom. also demonstr. 'for some time'.

    *ETYM From PGr. *&foc and identical with the Skt. relative yavat 'as long as', except  for the final consonant (adverbial -c, which was added in Greek, but not always in  Doric; see on ▶︎ ὡς 1). See ▶︎ τέως, ▶︎ ὅς 1.

===Pag_541: Beekes_Página_0541.tiff===

===Pag_542: Beekes_Página_0542.tiff=== XXXXXΖ ζά- 'very', mostly strengthening in epic compounds like ▶︎ ζαής, ζά-θεος 'very godlike', ζά-κοτος 'very angry', Ζά-λευκος PN.

    *ETYM Aeolic form of διά. Under unclear conditions, we find 6a- for Ca-, but  conversely we also find (with inverse spelling?) ζα- for expected δα-, like in ζά-πεδον  for δά-πεδον, ζα-κόρος for "δα-κόρος, and probably also in ▶︎ ζακρυόεις.

XXXXXζάγκλη [f.] 'sickle' (Nic. Al. 180). <?>

    *VAR ζάγκλον [n.] (Th. 6, 4, Call. Aet. Oxy. 2080, 73); daykAov- δρέπανον 'id. (HL).

    *DER ζάγκλιον = σκολιόν acc. to Str. 6, 2, 3. Ζάγκλῃ is also the name of a town in  Sicily (later Μεσσήνη), after the sickle-like shape of its harbour (Th. 6, 4); Ζαγκλαῖοι  'inhabitants of the town' (Hdt.).

    *ETYM A Sicilian word (Th. l.c.) without etymology. According to Niedermann (see  WH and E-M sw. falx), it is a Ligurian word, from which Lat. falx would be a loan as  well (doubted by De Vaan 2008 s.v. falx).

XXXXXζάδηλος adjunct of λαῖφος 'garment, rug' (Alc. 18, 7), perhaps 'transparent'.

    *ETYM Probably = διά-δηλος, 'transparent' = 'perforated', as per Wackernagel Glotta  14 (1925): 52, who pleads against connection with ▶︎ δηλέομαι. See ▶︎ δῆλος.

XXXXXζάει [v.] " βινεῖ. καὶ πνεῖ. Κύπριοι 'has intercourse, breathes (Cypr.) (H.). «1Ὲ *g'eiH- 'force'>

    *ETYM In its first meaning, explained from *g'id-iei (Kretschmer KZ 31 (1892): 383), a  denominative of *g'ia (Skt. jya) beside Bia < *g'fid force' (see ▶︎ Pivéw), but this  requires a high age for the separation from βία. In the meaning πνεῖ, the gloss is  supposed to stand for (én = "δι-ά(ε)η, from &(F)ipUt with thematic inflection (litt. in  Frisk).

XXXXXζᾷής [adj.] 'blowing strongly' (IL). <1E *h,ueh,- 'blow'>

    *VAR Also acc. -ἣν (see Chantraine 1942: 209), gen. -οῦς (AP 9, 290).

    *ETYM From *é1a-arjc¢, with contraction of διά and the 'root of ▶︎ ἄημι, or with  compositional lengthening of the ἃ after ▶︎ δυσ-ἃής.

XXXXXζακελτίς = ζεκελτίς.

XXXXXζακόρος [m., f.] 'temple servant' (Att. inscr. V*, Hyp., Men., etc.); ὑπο-ζακόρος [1] 'subaltern temple-servant' (Hdt.), ἀρχι-ζακόρος 'higher temple-servant' (Laodiceia). <?>

    *VAR The accentuation is probably more correct than ζάκορος; see below.

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    *DIAL Myc. da-ko-ro.

    *DER ζακορεύω, ὑπο- 'be a temple servant' (Delos, Thebes).

    *ETYM Hieratic professional term. Semantically related and formally comparable is  νεω-Κόρος 'temple-guardian', which makes the analysis in ζα-κόρος very probable. Here, Ca- may stand for 6a- (cf. on ▶︎ (4), as in ζά-πεδον for δά-πεδον; then ζα-κόρος  would properly mean 'cleaner of the house' (related to ▶︎ κορέω; Solmsen IF 31  (1912/13): 453ff.)? This seems rather doubtful. In antiquity, the word was analyzed as  Ἰδιατκορος; cf. the prefix in 614-Kovoc. The word must in any case be Aeolic; cf. Solmsen IF 31 (1912/13): 453ff.

XXXXXζακρυόεις [adj.] adjunct of θάνατος (Alc. Supp. 12, 8 = LP B 2a 8), probably replacing δακρυόεις 'with many tears' (influence of κρυόεις 'horrible').

    *ETYM See on ▶︎ (4 and Risch Mus. Helv. 3 (1946): 253¢f.

XXXXXζάλη [f.] 'whirlwind, whirlpool, downpour (Pi. trag., Pl.). <?%>

    *VAR ζάλος 'whirlpool (Nic. Th. 568).

    *DER Denominative ptc. ζαλόωσα (χάλαζα, Nic. Th. 252). Here also ζάλακες: ἐχῖνοι  'sea urchin; a vessel' (H.)?

    *ETYM Poetic word without etymology. Bq connected it with ▶︎ δίνη, etc; this is  formally difficult. In MoGr., it merged with σάλος; cf. Hatzidakis IF 36 (1916): 301.

XXXXXζάπεδον [n.] = δάπεδον (Xenoph., Paros). 40Ὰ» Cd and Caxdpoc.

XXXXXζαχρηής [adj.] 'rushing violently, furious' (1].); verse-initially always plur.

    <IE?  *g'reh,u- 'oppress' >

    *VAR  Also written -χρει-. Verse-initial ζαχρηές (Nic. Th. 290), -drj¢ (Epic. in Arch. Pap. 7, 6 Fr. 3, 1).

    *ETYM From intensifying ζα- < δια- and a second member belonging to the aor. éxpa(F)ov 'to assault, oppress'. If -ηεῖς, -ηῶν are replaced by ζαχρᾶέες, -aéwv (cf. ζαχράσεις: ἐξαπιναίους 'sudden' [H.] which may stand for -aéac), immediate  connection with the zero grade aorist may be obtained. Otherwise, it is necessary to  assume a full grade noun *ypijfoc (*xpafoc) or a full grade verbal form. See Bechtel  1914 s.v. and Chantraine 1942: 41.

XXXXXζάψ [f.] 'surf (Hell. poetry).

    *ETYM Expressive word. The supposed contamination of ζάλη and λαῖλαψ is an  improbable guess. Cf. Fur.: 176: Pre-Greek?    Caw = Cow.

XXXXXζειαί [f.pl.] 'one-seeded wheat, spelt, Triticum monococcum' (Od., Hdt.), Hell. and late also sing. ζειά (Thphr.), Cea (Céa), -η (pap. II', Ὁ. Hs Dsc. and Gal. asa vl).

    *COMP As a first member in ζεί-δωρος 'giving spelt (wheat) (Il; of ἄρουρα), Ced-  nvpov n. 'kind of Triticum' (Gal.); as 2. member in φυσί-ζοος 'producing wheat'  (Hom., Orac. apud Hdt. 1, 67; of aia), Οἰσε-ζέα PN (Lesb.). Both as a first and a  second member ζει-, -ζοος were early (Emp. A.) associated with ζῆν, ζωή and  understood as 'lifegiving'.

===Pag_544: Beekes_Página_0544.tiff=== XXXXXζεύγνυμι 497

    *DER ζῆνος = ζέϊνος 'of spelt' (pap. II*)?

    *ETYM Related to Skt. ydva-, Av. yauua- [m.] 'wheat, etc', Lith. plur. javai 'wheat',  sing. javas. If the diphthong in ζειαί is real, we have to start from PGr. *Cef-1a, so a  \a-derivative of IE *ieuo- found in Skt. ydva-, etc. The monophthongal forms would  be secondary. However, if ζειαι has metrical lengthening for ζε(ελαί (and if the epic  orthography was retained in this word, which was rare and probably exclusively  literary), then the Greek word agrees with the Indo-Iranian and Lithuanian forms. The second member -Co(f)o¢ (with regular o-grade of the root) contradicts a 1a-  derivative. The first member ζει- may stand for Ce(F)e- (from *iewh,-). See Bechtel  1914 s.v. ζείδωρος and Chantraine 1942: 31. Cf. also Mayrhofer EWAia 2: 404; DELG  s.v. is unclear. Cf. ▶︎ δηαί.

XXXXXζειγάρη [f.] - ὁ τέττιξ παρὰ Σιδήταις 'cicala (Sid. (H.).

    *ETYM Pamphylian? See Gil Fernandez 1959: 126. Onomatopoeic, acc. to  Brandenstein Kratylos 6 (1961): 169f. Not related to cicada (Dressler Arch. Orbis 33  (1965): 185) as a Mediterranean word. Neumann 1961: 42 connects it with ▶︎ σιγαλφοί. Cf. Fur. index.

XXXXXζειρά [f.] 'long robe kept by a belt', worn by Arabs and Thracians' (Hdt. 7, 69, 75). <LWp

    *DER Cf. ζειροφόρος (Antim. 98, Wyss).

    *ETYM Probably a loan. Latte refers to Crepaiov [sic] λὅπος in an Arcadian  inscription, SEG 11, 1112.

XXXXXζειρατίς [m./f.] - ἱμάτιόν τι Σύριων 'Syrian garment' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXζεκελτίδες [m/f.] Aeol for yoyyvAides 'turnips' or κολοκύνται 'gourds' (Nic, apud Ath. 369 a).

    *ETYM Unknown. Cf. ζακελτίδες = ζεκελτίδες (Amerias and Timachidas apud Ath. 9,  369 a), ζακελτίδες κολοκύνται, ἢ γογγυλίδες (H.) and ζακυνθίδες: κολοκύνται (HL). Fur.: 256 compares θικέλιον: τὴν γογγυλίδα. Λάκωνες (H.), and believes the word is  Pre-Greek. Is Ce- from *d'a- (with influence of the palatal on the vocalism)?

XXXXXζεύγνυμι [v.] 'to bring under the yoke, harness; to join, unite' (IL). «IE *ieug- 'yoke, connect'> 'ΑΚ Also them. -ὕω; aor. ζεῦξαι, pass. ζυγῆναι, ζευχθῆναι, fut. ζεύξω, perf. pass. éCevypat (IL.), perf. act. ἔζευχα (Philostr.).

    *COMP Often with prefix, like dva-, ἀπο-, dta-, ἐπι-, κατα-, συ-, ὑπο- et al.

    *DER 1. ζεῦξις 'yoking, bridging' (Hdt.), often with prefix, eg. σύ-, διά-, ἐπί-ζευξις  (IA). 2. ὑπο-, dva-, παρα-, ἀπο-ζυγή, etc. (since V*), as a simplex only pap. (IV-VIP)  meaning 'pair'. 3. ζεῦγμα 'what is used for joining, bridge of boats, canal lock, etc'  (Th. E, Plb.) with ζευγματικόν 'payment for passing through a canal-lock with a  ship' (pap.). 4. ζεύγλη part of the yoke (yoke-cushion, collar', cf. Delebecque 1951: 60  and 179), etc. (Il; see below). 5. ▶︎ ζεῦγος, s.v. 6. ▶︎ ζυγόν, s.v. 7. -ζυξ, see ▶︎ ζυγόν. 8. ζευκτήριος 'fit for yoking, connecting', ntr. 'yoke' (A.), ζευκτηρίαι [pl.] 'ropes for  strapping up a rudder' (Act. Ap. 27, 40); later 9. ζευκτήρ 'connector' (J.), fem. -eipa

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(Orph.); cf. Chantraine 1933: 45, 62f. and below. 10. (δια-, etc.) ζευκτικός (Hell.). 11. ζευκτός (Str. Plu; see below).

    *ETYM Beside the athematic vv-present ζεύγνυμι (with full grade, for which cf. ▶︎ δείκνυμι), the other languages have forms with nasal infix, e.g. Skt. yundk-ti 'yokes,  connects' (athem.), Lat. iungo (them.), Lith. jung-itt (yod-present) 'id.', or forms  without nasal, like Av. yaog-at [3sg.pret.] (athem.), yuj-yeite [3sg.pres.] (zero grade  yod-present). Most other Greek forms also show a full grade: the future and the o-  aorist, in addition to the late agent noun ζευκτήρ (cf. Skt. yoktdr-), the ti-derivative  ζεῦξις, and the late verbal adj. ζευκτός (as against Skt. (prd-)yukti-, yuktd-). The only  exceptions are the pass. aorist ἐζύγην and the nouns in -ζυγη. The A-derivative Cevy-  λη is unconnected with Lat. iugulum 'throat' and Skt. yigalam 'pair'.

XXXXXζεῦγος [n.] 'yoke, team, pair' (IL). «1Ὲ *ieug- 'yoke, unite'>

    *DIAL Myc. ze-u-ke-u-si [dat.pl.] 'men who look after the span'.

    *COMP As a first member e.g. in Cevyo-tpdgoc 'who keeps a pair' (Att. inscr. IV',  etc.), ζευγ-ηλάτης 'driver of a span' (S., X.).

    *DER ζευγίτης, fem. -τις 'owner of a span', name of one of the Solonic classes (Arist.),  also 'walking in a span', etc. (Hell.); thence ζευγίσιον 'tax of the Cevyitar (Arist.). tevyiov 'door panel' (Hell. inscr.); ζευγίς [f.] 'knot' (pap.). Denominative verb  ζευγίζω 'yoke together, unite' (LXX, pap.).

    *ETYM The plur. ζεύγεα, -yr is formally identical with Lat. ifgera, -um (secondary  sing. iiigerum) and MHG jiuch 'a land measure'. For the meaning, cf. MoHG Joch,  Juchert as a measure of land; properly 'the amount of land a span can plough in one  day'. Beside the s-stem IE *iéug-os- (whence also OLat. plur. iouxmenta > iimenta,  sing. -um 'span'), there is also an /-stem in Ceby-An (see ▶︎ ζεύγνυμι); cf. on ▶︎ ἔταλον  for the change of suffix. See further ▶︎ ζυγόν.

XXXXXΖεύς [m.] Zeus (Il.). «1Ὲ *dieu- 'heaven'>

    *VAR Boeot. Lac., etc. Δεύς, voc. Ζεῦ, gen. Δι(ε)ός, dat. (loc.) Δι(Ελΐ, dat. also Διρεί  (e.g. Διρεί-φιλος), Myc. di-we, acc. Ζῆν, since Hom. also Δί-α and Zijv-a (whence  Ζην-ός, -ᾧ nom. Ζήν (A. Supp. 162 [lyr.]; or perhaps voc.), Zav (Pythag., Ar.), Zac  (Pherec. Syr.), gen. Zavdc (inscr. Chios [V* [?] etc.); note Adv (Theocr..4, 17); more  forms in Schwyzer: 576f., Leumann 1950: 288ff.

    *DIAL Myc. dat. di-we /diwei/.

    *COMP As a first member in univerbations: with gen. Διόσ-κουροι, also Ateo-  κουρίδου (Priene etc.), with dat. Διρεί-φιλος, with various stem forms e.g. in διο-  γενής; also Ζηνό-δοτος (for Διόσ-δοτος), etc. As a second member in ▶︎ ἔνδιος,  ▶︎ εὐδία, etc., see also ▶︎ αὐτόδιον.

    *DER See on ▶︎ δῖος.

    *ETYM The old Indo-European word for 'heaven' and name of the god of heaven and  of daylight, preserved especially in Anatolian, Indo-Aryan, Greek and Italic: Ζεύς =  Skt. dyduh '(god of) heaven, day', Lat. Iovis, from IE *diéus. Also related is Hitt. ὄϊς,  Siuna- 'god' (on which see Kloekhorst 2008 s.v.), with cognates Pal. tiuna- 'god', Lyd. ciw- 'id'.

===Pag_546: Beekes_Página_0546.tiff=== XXXXXζέω 499 Other old correspondences are Ζεῦ πάτερ = Lat. Idpiter, Ζῆν = Skt. dyam, Lat. diem (whence a new nom. diés, Diéspiter). The other oblique cases Aif-dc, -el, -i, and Δία agree with Skt. divdh, divé, divi, divam, of which Δία and divam are parallel innovations. Recent formations in Greek are Ζῆνα (after Δία), whence Ζηνός, -ί, which continues the old acc. dié(u)m with early loss of the u, which is also seen in Skt. Dyam. The a in Zac, Ζάν, Ζανός spread from Elean Olympia, where 1 became ἃ, see Leumann 1950: 288ff. (following Kretschmer Glotta 17 (1929): 197). It is has been assumed that IE dieu- is an agent noun of the verb seen in Skt. dideti 'shine', Gr. ▶︎ d€ato 'shone'. However, this is doubtful as the verb' was deih,-, with final laryngeal, which is absent from dieu-. Beside dieu-, there is an old appellative for 'god' in Skt. devd-, Lat. deus, Lith. diévas, etc., all from thematic IE deiuo-, which probably meant 'the heavenly one', as a derivative from the noun for 'heaven'. It is probable that this thematization started from an older nominative dei-u- (see Beekes 1985: 85); we are dealing with an original hysterodynamic u-stem. After separating the suffix, it is possible to compare IE di-n- 'day' as well, as found e.g. in Proto-BSl. d(e)in- 'day', Lat. niin-dinae 'market-day', Skt. madhydm-dinam 'mid- day', etc.

XXXXXζέφυρος [m.] 'west wind', also personified (IL). < IE? *h,ieb"- 'futuere'>

    *DIAL Myc. ze-pu.-ro; uncertain is the interpretation of ze-pu.-ra, (see Aura Jorro).

    *COMP As a second member in Ἐπιζεφύριοι Λοκροί name of the western (Italic)  Locrians (Hdt.), also ἐπι-ζέφυρος 'lying towards the west, western' (Hell.); both  hypostases from ἐπὶ ζέφυρον; φιλο-ζέφυρος 'loving the west wind' (AP).

    *DER ζεφύριος 'belonging to the west wind' (Od., Arist.); with the same meaning  ζεφυρ-ικός (Arist., Thphr.), -ἤϊος, fem. -ηΐς (Nonn.), -ἴτης, -ittc, also epithet of  Aphrodite as the goddess of cape Ζεφύριον ἄκρον in Lower Egypt (Call.);  patronymic Ζεφυρίδης (Thasos; Bechtel 1921(3): 140).

    *ETYM Perhaps, as per Buttmann 1925: 1144, related to ζόφος 'dark, west', which  DELG calls 'certain'; see ▶︎ ζόφος. Likewise, Risch Mus. Helv. 25 (1968): 205-213, with  a suggestion for the formation. Peters 1980a: 96f. counters that Schwebeablaut  *h,eib'- beside *h,ieb"- has no motivation, but Cheung 2007 now suggests a  reduplicated present *h,e-h,ib'-. However, a development *Hi- > ζ- is unlikely, as  most evidence rather points to the contrary (note ▶︎ ὑγιής < *h.iu-g*ih;-). The root  *h,ieb'- is found in Skt. ydbhati 'copulate', Ru. [εδώ 'id', ToB yap- 'enter', etc. Alternatively, is the word Pre-Greek, with PG *a turning up as ε after the palatal *@'?

XXXXXζέω [v.] 'to boil, seethe' (mostly intrans., see Brunel 1939: 198f.). <1E *ies- 'boil, foam'>

    *VAR Aor. ζέ(σ)σαι (IL), late forms ζέννυμι (to ζέσαι after σβέσαι : σβέννυμι et al.),  ἔζεσμαι, ἐζέσθην.

    *COMP Also with prefix, eg. ἀνα-, ἀπο-, ἐκ- ἐπι-, ὑπερ-.

    *DER (ἀνά-, ἔκ-, ὑπέρ-)ζέσις 'seething, boiling' (ΡΙ., Arist.); (ἐπί-, ἀπό-)ζχέμα 'boiling,  decoction' (LXX, medic.), also ἀπό-ζεσμα 'id? (PHolm.); ἔκ-ζείσ)γμα 'eczema'  (medic.); ἀνά-ζεσμος 'boiling up' (Aét.); verbal adj. (ἔκ-, ὑπέρ-ζεστός 'boiled,  seething, hot' (Arist., Str.) with ζεστότης 'heat' (Paus.). With ablaut, but nevertheless

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probably late: ζόη: τὸ ἐπάνω τοῦ μέλιτος H., according to Eust. 906, 52 'foam on the milk'.

    *ETYM The thematic root present Céw, from PIE *ies-oH (cf. ζεσ-τός, ζέσ-μα), is  identical with Skt. yasati (gramm.) 'seethe, boil' and Gm. verbs like OHG jesan  'ferment, foam'. In Skt., a yod-present yds-ya-ti and a reduplicated yésati < *ia-is- are  found; Av. yaés-iia- (in yaésiiantim [ptc. acc.sg.f.]) 'boil' seems to be a mix of these  formations. The verb is also found in ToA yds- 'boil', 3sg.pres. ysds, ToB yaydsau  [ptc.pret.]; further, in Alb. ziej < IE *ies-eie/o-), according to Mann Lang. 28 (1952):  38. Celtic has nominal formations, e.g. Gallo-Rom. *jesta 'foam', MW ias 'boil, foam'.

XXXXXζῆλος [m.] 'zeal, emulation, jealousy' (Hes. Op. 195). IE? *ieh.- 'pursue, avenge'>

    *VAR Dor. ζᾶλος (late also ntr.; cf. ὄνειδος, μῖσος et al; see Schwyzer: 521, Schwyzer  1950: 38).

    *COMP As a first member in ζηλό-τυπος 'formed by zeal, jealous' with -tunéw, -τυπία  (Att.); often as a second member, eg. &-, κακό-ζηλος, Dor. Πολύ-ζαλος PN.

    *DER ζηλήμων 'jealous' (e 118, Call., Opp.; after the adj. in -ἥμων, see Chantraine 1933:  173), together with ζηλημοσύνη (Q. S.); Gatos 'id' (AP); ζηλοσύνη = ζῆλος (h. Ap. 100; cf. Porzig 1942: 227); ζήλη [f.] 'female rival (X. Eph. 2, 112, Aristaenet. 1, 25  codd.). Denominative verbs: 1. ζηλόω 'vie with, emulate; admire, praise' (IA since  Hes. Op. 23) with ζήλωσις 'emulation, zealous pursuit, jealousy' (Th.), ζήλωμα  'emulation, object of ambition' (E., D.), ζηλωτής 'emulator, zealous admirer',  'zealot' (Att. Hell), -ωτικός 'emulating' (Arist.); 2. GaAéw 'be zealous for' (Delphi  I); 3. ζηλεύω = ζηλόω (Democr. 55 [v.l.], Simp. in Epict. [VI?}), -ευτής (Eust.).

    *ETYM Belongs to ▶︎ ζητέω, ▶︎ δίζημαι, etc. see ▶︎ Ζητήρ for an etymology.

XXXXXζημία [f.] 'loss, damage, penalty' (IA). <?>

    *DIAL Dor. Capita.

    *COMP Asa second member in a-, ἐπι-ζήμιος (-a-) et al.

    *DER ζημιώδης 'damaging' (Pl. X.) and the denominative ζημιόω 'damage, punish'  (IA) together with ζημίωμα 'penalty, fine, loss' (Pl, X.), τωσις 'punishment' (Arist.),  -ωτής 'executioner' (Eust., Sch.), -ωτικός 'subject to at (Vett. Val.).

    *ETYM Sommer 1905: 157f. analyzed it as ζη-μία and connected it with ▶︎ ζῆλος,  ▶︎ ζητέω, ▶︎ δίζημαι; for the semantics 'zeal', 'fine', cf. OE anda 'zeal' with OHG anton  'punish'. Connection with Skt. dind-, Gr. ▶︎ δειλός from IE *deiH- (Kuiper Glotta 21  (1933): 281.) is quite uncertain. See also ▶︎ Ζητήρ.

XXXXXζῆτα [n.] the sixth letter of the Greek alphabet (PI.).

    *ETYM From Semitic, cf. Hebr. zajit, Aram. zéta (Lewy 1895: 169f. see Schwyzer:  140°). The idea that ζῆτα continues Hebr. zajin and was subsequently reshaped after  ita, ἦτα, θῆτα is unnecessary.

XXXXXζητέω [v.] 'to search, research, inquire, investigate' (5 258). <?>

    *VAR Aor. ζητῆσαι, ζητηθῆναι (IA), perf. ἐζήτηκα (Din.); Dor. ptc. ζάτεισα (Theoc. 1,  85).

    *COMP Often with prefix, e.g. ἀνα-, ém-, συ-ζητέω.

===Pag_548: Beekes_Página_0548.tiff=== XXXXXζιζάνιον 501

    *DER Also ζητεύω (Hes., h. Hom.), ζατεύω. (Alcm.). Derivatives: (ἀνα-, ἐκ-, ἐπι-,  συ-)ζήτησις 'search, query, inquiry, consideration' (IA) with ζητήσιμος CX);  (ἐπυχήτημα '(object of) inquiry' (IA) together with ζητημάτιον (Arr., Lib.),  ζητηματικός (sch.); (Ek-, συ-)ζητητής 'researcher', in plur. the name of a juridical  official in Athens (Att.), together with (ém-, συ-)ζητητικός 'leaning towards inquiry'  (Att.). Cf. further ▶︎ Ζητήρ.

    *ETYM Formation like aitéw, δατέομαι, ἀρτάω, etc. (Schwyzer: 705f.), thus derived  from a nominal form in -to-; cf. especially Arc. ζατός (IG 5(2), 4: 22). The primary  verb is found in reduplicated ▶︎ δίζημαι, and the root left traces in ▶︎ ζῆλος, ▶︎ ζημία. For the etymology (from the IE root *ieh,-, as established by Garcia Ramon, in:  Isebaert 1993: 71-84), see ▶︎ Ζητήρ.

XXXXXΖητήρ [m.] - Zeb ἐν Κύπρῳ (H.).

    *VAR Ζατήρ; further ζήτωρ in ζητόρων: ζητούντων. γράφουσι dé ἔνιοι ζητιγτόρων  (H., Phot.); ζητρόν: τὸν δημόκοινον 'executioner' (H.) with ζατρεύω: ἐν μυλῶνι  βασανίζω 'to labor in a treadmill EM 408, 12 and ζητρεῖον: τὸ τῶν δούλων  κολαστήριον 'instrument for correcting slaves' (H., Phot. com. Herod; ζήτρειον  acc. to Hdn. Gr. 1, 372, 7; 515, 24); details in Fraenkel 1910: 144f.

    *ETYM The gloss is interpreted admirably by Garcia Ramon 1999c: 77-96, who shows  that ζητήρ means 'avenger', just like Ved. yatdr- (I 32, 14ab). The latter is derived  from γᾶ- 2 'to ask, pray, require, desire'. This meaning agrees well with that of ζητέω,  and further ζῆλος and ζημία 'punishment'. The PIE root was *ieh,-. See ▶︎ δίζημαι,  ▶︎ ζῆλος, ▶︎ ζημία, »ζητέω.

XXXXXζιγγίβερι [π.] 'Arabian spice-plant, ginger' (Dsc., Gal.).

    *VAR Also -ἰς [m., f.] (Edict. Diocl.).

    *ETYM From Mind. (Pali) sirigivera- 'id.', Skt. srigavera- [n.], in turn from Tamil; see  Turner 1966 n°. 12588. From Lat. zingiberi came French gingembre, whence MoE  ginger.

XXXXXζίγγος [noun] - 6 τῶν μελισσῶν ἦχος, ἢ τῶν ὁμοίων 'the sound of bees, or of like animals' (H.).

    *ETYM Onomatopoeic; see Schwyzer: 331. It is probable that ζιγγόω 'to drink'  (Nicostr. Com. 38; Cilician) belongs here as well. D'Arcy W. Thompson Class. Quart. 40 (1946): 44 reads μυιῶν for ὁμοίων, and refers to Lat. zinzala 'gnat'.

XXXXXζιγνίς, -ίδος [f] a kind of lizard (Arist. HA 604b 24).

    *VAR VIL. ζίγνης, ζιγνύς, διγνύς; δειμνύς may be a simple mistake; see below.

    *ETYM Unknown. The variants with -vc, -ης may be unimportant, but the form with  δ- may be a (real, spoken) simplification of original *d'ign-. Clearly a Pre-Greek  word. Is δειμνύς a mistake for ἔδιμνυς or d&tyvuc?

XXXXXζιζάνιον [n.] 'darnel, Lolium temulentum' (Ev. Matt. 13, 25, Gp.. EM).

    *ETYM A loanword; cf. Lewy 1895: 52. Strémberg 1944: 43f. recalls the plant name  (avy (Σαρδιανή; Hippiatr.) and ἁμαζανίδες: ai μηλέαι 'apple trees' (H.). DELG states

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that the word entered Greek from the Jews and Christians, and thus ultimately goes back to Sum. zizdn 'wheat' (as the plant resembles wheat).

XXXXXζίζυφον [n.] 'a tree of which the fruit is the jujube, Rhamnus jujuba' (Colum., Edict. Diocl., Gp.). <Lw Orient}

    *ETYM Of unknown origin. MoFr. jujube (from MLat. jujuba) derives from Greek, as  well as perhaps Syr. ziizfa; see Sommer 1905: 154, WH sv. jujuba. I see no reason for  Szemerényi's suggestion (from Durante AION-L 8 (1968): asf) of original ἔζυζυφον. Acc, to Barnhart 1988, it is from MoP zayzafiin. It could be Pre-Greek (cf. σέσυφος,  Σίσυφος).

XXXXXζόρξ — δορκάς.

XXXXXζόφος [m.] 'darkness, west' (II.). <?>

    *COMP As a first member e.g. in ζοφο-ειδής 'dark-colored' (Hp.).

    *DER ζοφερός 'dark' (Hes., Hp., Arist.), ζοφώδης 'id' (Hp., Arist.), also ζόφιος (AP),  ζόφεος (ν... Nic. Al. 501). Denominative verb ζοφόομαι, -dw 'to get, make dark' (AP,  Hid.) with ζόφωσις (sch.). Cf ▶︎ ζέφυρος; cf. γνόφος,» δνόφος, etc.

    *ETYM Improbable hypotheses from Vendryes REGr. 23 (1910): 74 and Petersen  AmlJPh. 56: 59. There is no IE etymology. It is often connected (DELG) with ζέφυρος,  which seems possible but is not certain; δνόφος has also been compared.

XXXXXζυγόν [n.] 'yoke' (Il), also metaph., e.g. of a crossbeam, of the rowing benches connecting the two ship sides, of the tongue of a balance, of a pair, of a row or a rank of soldiers (oppos. ototxoc), as a land measure. In western Eurasia, from antiquity until quite recently, a single pole was used with a crossbeam at the end, i.e. the yoke, which originally 'joined' two draught animals. The oldest use of yokes was for 'paired draught' of oxen.

    *VAR Hell. mostly -d¢ [m.], rarely earlier, see Schwyzer 1950: 37.

    *COMP Often in compounds, e.g. πολύ-ζυγος 'with many rowing benches', ζυγό-  δεσμον 'yoke-strap' (IL), also ζυγη-φόρος 'carrying a yoke' (A., metrical beside ζυγο-  φόρος; Schwyzer: 439").

    *DER Several derivatives: 1. ζύγιον 'rowing bench' (Hell.). 2. ζυγίσκον (IG 2?, 1549: 9  [Eleusis approx. 300%], meaning unclear). 3. ζύγαινα the hammer-headed shark  (Epich., Arist; after the shape of the skull, Stromberg 1943: 35). 4. Cvyic 'thyme' (Dsc;  naming motive unknown, Stromberg 1940: 56). 5. Cobywvep (= *Cbywvec) βόες  ἐργάται. Λάκωνες 'working oxes (Lacon.)' (H.). 6. ζυγίτης name of a rower (sch.),  fem. ζυγῖτις Hera as goddess of marriage (Nicom. apud Phot.). 7. Cvyia 'maple'  (Thphr.) properly 'yoke-wood' (see Stromberg 1937: 114), because the hard maple  was mainly used to make yokes (even in southern Italy to our day), see the refs. in  Frisk; different Strémberg 1940: 56 (after the fruits attached in pairs). 8. ζύγαστρον  'wooden cist, chest' s.v. ▶︎ σίγιστρον. Adjectives: 9. ζύγιος 'of the yoke, etc.' (Att. etc;  also as a nautical expression, Morrison Class. Quart. 41 (1947): 128ff.). 10. ζύγιμος 14. (Plb.). 11. ζυγικός 'of the tongue of a balance' (Nicom. Harm.). Adverbs: ζυγ-άδην  (Ph.), ζυγ-ηδόν (Hld.) 'pairwise'. Denominative verbs: 1. ζυγόω 'to yoke, connect (by  a crossbeam); to shut, hold the balance' (A., Hell.) with ζύγωμα 'bar, crossbeam'

===Pag_550: Beekes_Página_0550.tiff=== XXXXXζωάγρια 503 (Plb.), ζύγωσις 'balancing' (Hell.), "ζύγωθρον in the denominative aor. ipv. ζυγώθρισον (Ar. Nu. 745; meaning uncertain, 'weigh' or 'shut'?). 2. Cvyéw 'to form a row or rank' (Plb.). Beside ζυγόν, as a second member, the root noun -ζυξ, eg. ἄ-ζυξ 'unconnected, unmarried', ὁμό-, σύ-ζυξ 'yoked together, connected' (also ἄ-, ὁμό-, ov-Cvyoc), see Chantraine REGr. 59-60 (1946-1947): 231f.

    *ETYM Old name of a device, retained in most JE languages, eg. Hitt. iugan, Skt. yugdm, Lat. iugum, Germ., eg. Go. juk, IE *iugém; more forms in Pok. 5o9f. and WH  and E-M sv. iugum. The root noun -ζυξ also in Lat. con-iux 'spouse', Skt. a-yiij- 'not  forming a pair, uneven' (formally = ἄ-ζυξ except for the accent), sa-yiij- 'connected,  companion', etc. Cf. ▶︎ ζεύγνυμι and ▶︎ ζεῦγος. Rix 1976: 60, 70 suggests Hi-, but more  likely seems plain *j- on account of the reflex of *Hi- in ▶︎ ὑγιής.

XXXXXζῦθος [m., n.] 'Egyptian or northern [LSJ] beer' (Thphr., Str. the Egyptians did not know wine acc. to Hdt. 2, 77, A. Supp. 952f., but this is wrong, see Masson RPh. 88 (1962): 50).

    *VAR Pap. almost only ζῦτος (-v-; see LSJ); the v is long in verse, LSJ.

    *COMP As a first member e.g. in ζυτο-ποιός, -éw, -ia 'beer-brewer, brew, brewing'  (pap-).

    *DER ζύθιον: ἀλφίτου πόσις 'drink from barley' (H.), ζυτᾶς 'brewer', Cutnpa 'beer-  tax', ζυτικός, ntr. -dv 'id' (pap.).

    *ETYM The meaning suggests Egyptian origin (Sommer 1905: 153, Peruzzi Humanitas  1 (1947): 138f., Nencioni Stud. ital. fil. class. 16 (1939); 212). The comparison with ζύμη  might point to IE origin (Schrader-Nehring 1917(1): 143). The variation 6/t seems to  point to Pre-Greek, but there is no confirmation. A Greek suffix -θος is doubtful; cf. Chantraine 1933: 365-8. Henning (Henning BSOAS n (1943-1946): 720 and Henning  BSOAS 28 (1965): 245) thinks that the word was taken from Scythian; cf. Sogd. zwtk  (read: zute) 'alcoholic drink, beer', as in the case of ▶︎ ἀκϊνάκης.

XXXXXζύμη [f.] 'leaven, beer-yeast' (Arist.).

    *COMP Compounds like ζυμ-ουργός 'who prepares leaven' (pap.), ἄ-ζυμος  'unleavened' (Ρ]., Hp.).

    *DER ζυμίτης (ἄρτος) 'leavened bread' (Cratin. 99 [?], Hp., X.); ζυμώδης 'like leaven'  (Arist.). Denominative verbs: 1. ζυμόομαι, -dw 'to be leavened; ferment' (Hp., Plu.)  with ζύμωσις 'fermentation' (Pl. Ti. 66b usw.), ζύμωμα 'fermented mass' (Pl. Ti. 74b,  Nic.); ζυμ-ωτός 'fermented', -ωτικός 'inducing fermentation' (Diocl. Med.). 2. ζυμίζω  'be like leaven' (Dsc.).

    *ETYM Like ἄλ-μη 'salt water' et al. (Chantraine 1933: 148), ζύμη may be derived from  a noun: an IE word for 'fermentation, soup', Skt. yiis-, Lat. ἐς [n.]. Thus, Greek  would continue QIE *iuHs-meh, (on the phonetics, see Schwyzer: 333). Other  derivatives (or reshapings) of this s-stem are Skt. yiis-dn-, yiis-d- 'id.', Lith. jus-é 'fish  soup, bad soup', SCr. juha 'soup', Finn. juusto, ON ostr 'cheese' (PGm. *jus-ta-), etc. At the basis is probably a verb with the meaning 'mix', Skt. yduti, Lith. jduju, Ἰάμῃ  (αἴ). See also ▶︎ ζωμός.

XXXXXζωάγρια [n.pl.] 'ransom for a living person' (1].λ.

    *DER ζωάγριος 'pertaining to a ransom' (Babr.).

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    *ETYM Formed like ἀνδρ-άγρια 'what is taken upon the capture of a man, exuviae' (Ξ  509), μοιχ-άγρια 'fine for a caught adulterer' (8 332), et al.; see Wackernagel KZ 33  (1895): 47. Univerbation from ζωὸν ἀγρεῖν with the suffix -10-. Thence also the verb  ζωγρέω 'take somebody prisoner, grant a prisoner his life', in Hom. (Il.) only pres. ζώγρει, -eite, aor. ἐζώγρησα, -ἤθην (IA; Hom. has ζωοὺς ἕλον, ζωὸν ἕλεν. From  ζωγρέω: 1. ζωγρία, -in 'take 504. prisoner alive' (Hdt., Plb., Str.) with Cwypiac¢ [m.]  'who was taken prisoner alive' (Ctes.); 2. Cwypetov 'cage, especially for fishes' (Aq.,  Str., Plu.). Here also ζάγρη 'pit to catch animals'? See ▶︎ Zaypetc. Cf. Chantraine  1956a: 51 and Janni Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica 4 (1967): 3, 20:

XXXXXζωμός [m.] 'sauce, soup' (Asios, Ar., Arist.). <?>

    *COMP Rarely in compounds, eg. εὔτζωμον [n.] 'Eruca sativa' (Thphr; properly  'making good sauce'; cf. Strémberg 1940: 107).

    *DER Diminutives ζωμίον (pap. 115). -idtov (Ar.), -άριον (med.); ζωμίλη: ἄνηθον 'dill'  (H., Phot; on the formation Chantraine 1933: 249). Denominative verb ζωμεύω 'boil  into soup (Ar., Hp.) with ζωμεύματα [pl.] 'soups' (Ar. Eq. 279; cf. Chantraine 1933:  188).

    *ETYM Generally connected with ζύμη, but ablaut 6(u) : ἢ (Schwyzer 346) is  improbable. On the suffix -μο-, see Schwyzer: 492 and Chantraine 1933: 132ff. Differently, Bréal MSL 12 (1903): 314f. (to Céw). See discussion on ▶︎ ζύμη. Connection  with ζέω presupposes that *ios-mo- developed into ζωμός regularly.

XXXXXζώννυμι, -μαι [v.] 'to gird' (Il.).

    *VAR Aor. ζῶσαι, -ασθαι (IL), fut. ζώσω, perf. med. ἔζω(σ)μαι, aor. pass. ζωσθῆναι,  perf. act. ἔζωκα; -bw (Hp.).

    *COMP Often with prefix: dia-, ὑπο-, περι- et al.

    *DER 1. (διά-, περί-, ὑπό-, σύ- χῶμα (Hell. also Copa; see below and Schwyzer: 523)  'girdle, loincloth' (IL) with περιζωμάτιον 'id? (Hell.) and περιζωματίας 'forming a  girdle' (of erysipelas; Orib.). 2. ζώνη 'girdle', also 'waist' (Π.) with the diminutive  ζώνιον (Ar, Arist.), τάριον (comm. Arist.); ζων-ιαῖος 'with the size of a girdle' (Ath. Mech, on the formation Chantraine 1933: 49), Cwvitic 'striped' (καδμεία; Dsc.);  περιζώνιον, -ίδιον 'dagger worn on the girdle' (Hell.). 3. ζωστήρ 'warrior's belt' (IL;  see von Wilamowitz 1889 313, Triimpy 1950: 89), often metaph., also as a name of a  promontory on the west side of Attica (Hdt.) with Ζωστήριος, -ta epithet of Apollo  and Athena (inscr. V* [Athens, Delphi], etc.). 4. ζῶστρα [pl.] 'girdle' (¢ 38), (dta-,  nept-Xwortpa [f.] 'loincloth, headband' (Hell.). 5. ζωτύς (or Cwytc)- θώραξ 'armour'  (H.). 6. (ἄ-, eb-, etc. (words 'girded' (Hes.).

    *ETYM The verbal adjective ζωστός has an exact parallel in Av. ydsta-, Lith. juostas,  all from IE *ieh;s-to-. In Balto-Slavic, we find yod-presents Lith. juosiu (inf. juosti),  OCS po-jasp (inf. -jasati) 'gird'; in Iranian, a secondary formation aifi-idyhaiidante  [3pl._pres.med.] 'id.' (IE *ieh,s-eie-). A relic of the athematic root present is perhaps  found in ζούσθω: ζωννύσθω (Thess.) (H.); it agrees with OLith. juos-ti [3sg.pres.]. The Greek nasal present ζώννυμι is a recent formation after the aor. stem. Further  close correspondences are ζῶμα (< IE *ieh,s-my) and Lith. juosmué 'girdle' < IE

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Cow 505 ieh,s-méfn], ζώνη < ieh,s-neh, and Ru.CS po-jasne 'id' < ieh,s-ni-); cf. further Skt. rasna- 'girdle for yasnd- after rasand- 'knot, gird'.

XXXXXζωρός [adj.] 'vehement, strong, unmixed', of wine (I 203).

    <IE *ieh,-ro- (or *ioH-ro-)  'strong'>

    *COMP Eg. ζωρο-πότης 'drinker of unmixed wine' (late), εὔ-ζωρος 'completely  unmixed' (IA).

    *ETYM Solmsen IF 14 (1903): 426 compared it with OCS jars 'strong, hard, serious',  which seems unobjectionable. See also ▶︎ émCapéw.

XXXXXζωρυαί [pl.] (IG 4, 823: 46 [Troezen]) = διωρυγαί. «GRE

    *ETYM See von Blumenthal Glotta 18 (1930): 154?. Cf. ζῶρυξ = διῶρυξ (pap.). So is it  simply a dialectal form?    (aw [v.] 'to live' (II). <1E *g'eih,, *g*ieh;- 'live'>  ἌΝ ΑΚ Homer has only uncontracted forms: (ww, Cweic, ζώει, inf. ζωέμεν, ζώοντ-;  *Caw is agrammarians construction.

    *DIAL Myc. PN zo-wo, zo-wi-jo, probably /zGwos, zowios/. Cret. da@-w, Att. ζῶ, ζῇς,  ζῇ, ζῶμεν, etc., ipf. ἔζων (ἔζην), ἔζης, -n, inf. ζῆν, fut. ζήσω, -ομαι (beside βιώσομαι),  aor. ζῆσαι, ζῶσαι, βιῶσαι), perf. ἔζηκα (Arist.), pte. ἐζωκότα (Kyzikos) for βεβίωκα  (Att.). ᾿

    *COMP Sometimes with ἀνα-, δια-, ἐπι-. From ζωός: Ζωρό-θεμις (Cyprus V*; Masson  Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 8 (1957): 161ff.); ζωγράφος 'painter'.

    *DER ζωή (Od.), also ζόη, Dor. ζωά, Coa, Aeol. Cota (Theoc.) 'life'. 2. ζωός (Codc, ζώς)  'alive' CL). ζώϊον, ζῷον (from ζώς; Leumann Mus. Helv. 2 (1945): 7) 'living being,  animal'; ζώσιμος 'viable' (late); (ἀνά-)ζῆσις 'reviving' (Theol. Ar. Dam.). Ἀζησία (S. Fr. 981), Ἀζοσία (Epid.) epithet of Demeter (?), Fraenkel Lexis 31 (1952): 5of.

    *ETYM Derived from the root *g'eih, / *g*ieh;- (see the reflexes under ▶︎ βιω-). Homer has only uncontracted forms (we/o-. Attic, etc. ζῶ, ζῇς, ἔζησα must be  innovations; cf. DELG on ἔζησα.

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===Pag_554: Beekes_Página_0554.tiff=== XXXXXΗ ἦ 1 [pel] 'certainly, really' emphasizing and interrogative particle (Il.), mostly combined with other particles and adverbs, eg. ἦ dpa, ἦ γάρ, ἦ που, ἦ μήν, sometimes in second position: ἐπεὶ ἦ, ti (ὅτι) ἤ, (0) Tu), etc.

    <IE? *he ?'>

    *ETYM Origin unclear; perhaps identical in origin with the interjection ἤν». Brugmann-Delbriick 1897-1916 2:3, 983 connects it with Skt. ὦ (affirmative, after  nouns and adverbs), OHG ihh-a@ T, nein-@ 'no', et al. as the instrsg. of the  demonstratives *h,e-, h,o- (cf. ▶︎ ei).

2 [v] 'saidhe. Ξ- ἡμί.

XXXXXἤ 3 [pel] interjection expressing dissatisfaction and impatience (Ar. Nu. 105, Ra. 271, E. HF 906 [lyr.]).

    *ETYM It has been compared with Lat. é- in écastor 'by Castor'. Cf. Schwyzer 1950  600% and WH s.v. écastor.

XXXXXἤ 4 [pel.] disjunctive and comparative particle: 'or', also 'as', ἢ .... ἤ 'either .... or' (IL), contracted from ἠέ, ἦε (epic). 41E *h,é-uer

    *ETYM For "ἠ-Ἐέ, Ἐἦ-Ἐε, univerbation of deictic ἦ (see ▶︎ ἦ 1) and a disjunctive particle  found in Lat. -ve and (with long vowel) Skt. va, Olr. νά 'or' grown together. Skt. iva  'like, as if, etc. diverges semantically (see Mayrhofer EWAia s.v.).

XXXXXἡ 5 'if (Cypr. Dor.). = εἰ.

XXXXXἠβαιός [adj.] 'little, small', in the IL only with the negation οὐδ᾽ ἠβαιόν 'not even a little' (5 times), οὐδ᾽ ἠβαιαί (Ξ 141), later also without negation (1 462, Opp.).

    *ETYM According to Leumann 1950: 50, it arose by false split from οὐ δὴ βαιόν  (perhaps οὐδὲ βαιόν). A prefix ἡ- is improbable.

XXXXXἥβη [f.] 'youth, prime, vigour of youth, sexual maturity', also as a PN 'Hebe', daughter of Zeus and Hera (II.). <1E? *(H)iég'-eh.- 'youth, (youthful) vigour'>

    *VAR Dor. ἥβα, hyperaeolism (?) dpa.

    *COMP As a second member eg. in ἔφ-ηβος (IA, Dor.; hyperdorism (?) ἔφ-αβος)  'fullgrown youth', hypostasis from ἐφ᾽ ἥβης (ὧν) or a bahuvrihi (on whom is pr),  with ἐφηβ-άω (after ἡβάω), -εύω, -ικός, -ειος, etc. ὍὈΕΕ 1. ἠβητής (ἢ. Merc. 56), ἡβατάς (Locr. V*), εἰβατάς (Thess.), ἁβατάς (Call. Lav. Pall. 109) 'being ἃ youth, youth' with ἡβητικός (X.); Hell. poets have ἡβητήρ, ἡβήτωρ  (cf. Fraenkel 1910: 121) as if from "Baw. 2. ἡβηδόν [adv.] 'being fullgrown' (Heraclit.,  Hdt,; see Benveniste RPh. 81 (1955): 9). 3. Bota 'youth' (Pamphyl., after βιοτή

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according to Fraenkel ΚΖ 43 (1910): 207ff.). Denominative verbs: 1. ἡβάω (Il.), epic also ἡβώω (with metrical lengthening according to Chantraine 1942: 76 after Wackernagel; different Schwyzer: 730), Cret. ἡβίω (< -éw) 'be in one's prime, be full- grown', also with prefixes like ἀν-, év-, ἐφ-; thence ἀνηβητήριος 'rejuvenating' (E. Andr. 552), ἐνηβητήριον 'place of amusement' (Hdt. 2, 133), ἡβητήριον 'id. (Plu.); on ἠβητήρ, -twp see above. 2. ἡβάσκω 'become mature, become a man' (Hp., X5 after γηράσκω, cf. s.v. and Schwyzer: 708). 3. ἡβυλλιάω in ἡβυλλιῶσαι (ὀρχηστρίδες, Ar. Ra. 516; κόραι, Pherecr. 108, 29) '(female dancers) in the prime of youth', hypocoristic formation of the language of comedians after the diminutives in -vAALOV (μειρακύλλιον et al.); hypothesis in Leumann Glotta 32 (1953): 215.

    *ETYM One usually reconstructs a preform IE *iég'-eh, vel sim. on account of Lith. jéga 'power, stength', Latv. jéga 'power, sense'. However, one may doubt the  connection with Baltic (cf. Derksen 1996: 136-7) on account of the Greek forms with  initial ἀ-. On the other hand, there are also Doric and Aeolic forms with ἡ- and et-. Lat. Iegius = Osc. Ietis are unclear (see WH s.v.). The word ▶︎ ἁβρός is not related.

XXXXXἤβολος [adj.] in ἤβολον ἦμαρ: καθὸ ἀπαντῶσιν εἰς ταὐτόν, ἢ εὔκαιρον, ἱερόν 'opportune (of time or place), hallowed' (H. = Call. Fr. anon. 170).

    *ETYM Probably an archaizing shortening of ἐπήβολος. Differently, Prellwitz Glotta  19 (1931): 126 (see on ▶︎ ἀβολέω).

XXXXXἠγάθεος [adj.] 'most holy' (11...

    *VAR ἀγάθεος (Pi. P. 9, 71).

    *ETYM From ἀγά-θεος with metrical lengthening; cf. ἠνεμόεις from ἄνεμος  (Schwyzer: 104 fn.1, Bechtel 1914 s.v., Chantraine 1942: 98).

XXXXXἠγανές [adj.] - καθαρόν, νέον 'pure, young' (H.).

    *DER ἠγάνε<ο>ς: νεανίσκος 'little boy' (H.).

    *ETYM Shortened from ▶︎ διηγανές.

XXXXXἤγανον [n.] 'casserole' (Anacr. 26).

    *DER Thence ἠγάνεα- πέμματα τὰ ἀπὸ τηγάνου 'dressed food from a pan' (H.).

    *ETYM From τήγανον by false split (taken as τ᾽ ήγανον); see Schwyzer: 413.

XXXXXἡγέομαι [v.] 'to lead, direct', post-Hom. also 'to suppose, believe'.

    *VAR Dor. ay-, aor. ἡγήσασθαι, fut. ἡγήσομαι (1].λ. perf. ἥγημαι, ἅγ- (Adt., Pi.), aor. pass. ἡγήθην (PL Lg. 770b).

    *COMP Very frequently with prefixes, in various meanings: 51-, eio-, ἐξ-, καθ-, περι-,  ὑφ-, etc. As a first member in governing compounds like 'Hynot-Aewe, Aynot-Aaoc  (Hat; also as an appellative). Also as a second member in formations in -tn¢, eg. κυν-ηγέτης 'leader of dogs', 'hunter' (Od.), ἀρχ-ηγέτης, fem. -τις 'who is in charge,  originator' (Hdt.), partly beside -ηγός and connected with ἄγω, see Chantraine  1956a: 88ff., Sommer 1948: 12. Another compound with s-stem is περι-ηγής 'forming  a circle' (Emp., A. R.).

    *DER Many derivatives, also from the compounds (Dor. forms are not given  separately). Action nouns: 1.1jynotc 'guidance, direction' (LXX), older and more

===Pag_556: Beekes_Página_0556.tiff=== XXXXXἥδομαι 509 usual εἰσ-, ἐξ-, δι-, περι-, ὑφ-ήγησις, etc. (cf. Holt 1941: index); 2. ἥγημα 'guidance, opinion' (LXX, Pergamon), older and more usual ἀφ-, εἰσ-ήγημα, etc. together with -ηγημάτιον, -ηγηματικός. Agent nouns: 3. ἡγεμών, -dvoc [m.] 'leader' (1].; on the formation Schwyzer: 522, Fraenkel Glotta 32 (1953): 25f3 also from compounds, e.g. καθηγεμών) together with ἡγεμονεύω 'lead, rule' (Il; like βασιλεύω), rarely -éw (Pl; cf. Fraenkel 1906: 184f,, Schwyzer: 732), ἡγεμον-ία, ἡγεμόνευ-μα, ἡγεμον-ικός, etc.; fem. ἡγεμόνη epithet of Artemis, etc. (Call; Schwyzer: 4904, Sommer 1948: 145). 4. Ἡγήμων Att. PN (cf. ἥγημα). 5. ἡγήτωρ, -ορος [m.] 'id' (IL), Ἀγήτωρ epithet of Zeus in Sparta (X.), also name of the priests of Aphrodite in Cyprus (Kretschmer Glotta 18 (1930): 87). 6. ἡγητήρ, -ἦρος [m.] 'id' (Pi, S; also be-, npo-, καθ-ηγητήρ [trag.]) with (προ-)ἡγήτειρα (A. R.), -τήριος (Ath.). 7. ἡγητής 'id? (A. Supp. 239), usually εἰσ-, ἐξ-, δι-, καθ-, προ-ηγητής (14); on semantic differentiation of ἡγήτωρ, -ητήρ see Benveniste 1948: 46; on ἡγητής Fraenkel 1912: 13. Adjective: 8, (ἐξ-, δι-, etc.) ἡγητικός (Hell.). On ▶︎ ἡγηλάζω, see s.v.

    *ETYM An iterative present ἡγέομαι, ἀγέομαι, from which all other forms were  derived. It has a close correspondence in the yod-presents Lat. sagi6 'to trace, track  down' = Gm. *sdgie/o- in Go. sokjan 'search, attack', etc., as well as in Olr. saigim, -id  'trace something, search', probably a yod-present (from *sh.g-), on which see  Thurneysen 1946: 354; for the vowel, cf. Lat. sagax. Hitt. sagai- / Saki- 'sign, omen' <  *seh.g- belongs here as well, but sakk-' 'know' is from *sekh, (Lat. seca@re); see  Kloekhorst 2008: s.vv. The root may derive from the language of hunters, and  properly mean 'search, track down'. See ▶︎ ἡγηλάζω.

XXXXXἠγερέθοντο «ΝΑΚ ἠγερέθονται, -θεσθαι. = ayeipw

XXXXXἡγηλάζω [v.] 'to lead, drag' (κακὸν μόρον 'bad fate', βίοτον βαρύν 'heavy life', etc; ▶︎ 618, p 217, A. R. 1, 272, Arat. 893, Orac. apud Zos. 1, 57).

    *ETYM An enlargement of ἡγέομαι. Perhaps (thus Bechtel 1914 s.v.) by univerbation  with é\dw, with productive -άζω, rather than via a noun *tynAdc, ᾿ἡγήλη (thus  Chantraine 1942: 338 et al.). However, compare ἀγέλη to ▶︎ ἄγω.

XXXXXἠδέ [pcl.] 'and' (IL), with or without preceding ἠμέν. <GRE

    *VAR Also ἠδὲ kai, τ᾽ ἠδέ, etc. (IL).

    *ETYM From ▶︎ ἤ 1 'really' and ▶︎ δέ. See Ruijgh 1957: 55-57.

XXXXXἤδη [adv.] 'already, immediately, (precisely) now' (1].). <GRe

    *ETYM From ▶︎ ἤ 1 'really' and ▶︎ δή 'even'.

XXXXXἤδομαι [v.] 'to rejoice'. < IE *sueh,d- 'sweet'>

    *VAR Dor. ἅδ-, Boeot. (Corinn.) Fad- (γάδεται- ἥδεται H.), aor. ἡσθῆναι (IA), fut. ἡσθήσομαι (S., Pl.), aor.med. ἥσατο (1 353).

    *COMP Also with prefix, especially ovv- rarely active ἥδω, ἦσαι, ἥσω 'gratify  (Antipho Soph., Hell; after tépmw, etc. acc. to Schwyzer 1950 228). As a second  member, -ηδής may be connected either with ἡδύς or with ἥδομαι: ἀ-ηδής  'unpleasant' (IA), μελι-ηδής 'as sweet as honey', θυμ-ηδής 'pleasing the heart', etc.

    *DER 1. ἦδος [n.] 'pleasure' (Il; on the absence of aspiration and the doubtful traces  of the digamma Chantraine 1942: 184 and 151); in the meaning 'vinegar' a back-

===Pag_557: Beekes_Página_0557.tiff===

formation from ▶︎ ἡδύς, 5.ν.; 2. ἡδονή, Dor. ἀδονά 'pleasure' (1A, Dor.) with ἡδονίς = ἀφύδιον (Cyran. 18), ἡδονικός (Arist.). 3. ἁδοσύνα: ἡδονή (HL). 4. ἥσθημα 'id'? (Eup.). 5. ἡστικός 'pleasant' (S. E.).

    *ETYM An exact formal counterpart is the Skt. hapax svddate 'becomes tasteful (RV  9.68.2; of soma); much more usual however is svadate 'enjoy, taste well', svadati  'make savory, sweeten'. On the -a-, see Lubotsky MSS 40 (1981): 133-8. The second  member -1d1¢ agrees with Skt. prd-svadas- 'pleasant'; the nasal suffix in ἡδ-ονή is  seen in Skt. svad-ana- 'making tasteful'. See ▶︎ ἡδύς and ▶︎ ἀνδάνω, also ▶︎ ἀδημονέω.

XXXXXἡδύς [adj.] 'sweet, tasteful, pleasant, pleasing' (II.). «IE *sueh,d-u- 'sweet'>

    *VAR Dor. ἁδύς, EL, etc. ξαδύς.

    *COMP Very frequent as a first member, eg. ἡδυ-επτής 'with sweet words, sounding  nice' (IL); as a second member -ηδής, see ▶︎ ἥδομαι. On ἡδίων (rare and late  ἡδύτερος), ἥδιστος see Seiler 1950: 57f.

    *DER ἥδυμος 'sweet, comforting', dactylic variant of ἡδύς, said of ὕπνος (Il; in Hom. always incorrectly νήδυμος, see Bechtel 1914 s.v., Leumann 1950: 44f.), also 'Advpoc  as a PN; cf. ἔτυμος and Schwyzer: 494, Chantraine 1933: 151f; ἡδύλος 'id',  hypocoristic enlargement (A. D., EM) with ἡδυλίζω 'flatter, tempt' (Men.), ἡδυλίσαι:  συνουσιάσαι, ἡδυλισμός: συνουσία H; also as a PN with Ἡδυλίνη (Attica IV*),  Ἡδύλειος (Delos IIl*); further Ἡδυτώ (Attica V+; after Ἐρατώ et al.), Ἡδάριον  (Rhodes; after the diminutives in -dptov). Backformation ἦδος 'vinegar' (Ath.), cf. γᾶδος (= F-)- γάλα, ἄλλοι ὄξος 'milk, others: vinegar' (H.), cf. Pisani KZ 68 (1944):  176f. (where unclear Arm. k'ac'ax 'vinegar' is discussed). Denominative verb ἡδύνω  'sweeten, make tasteful, savour (1A) with ἥδυσμα, -μάτιον 'spice' (1A), ἡδυσμός,  ἡδυν-τός, -τικός, -τήρ 'spiced, etc. (also of salt).

    *ETYM Old word for 'sweet', identical with Skt. svddu-, Gaul. Suadu-rix, -genus, IE  *sueh,d-u-; reshaped in Lat. sudvis, Gm., e.g. OHG suozi, OE swéte 'sweet'. The full  grade perhaps comes from the comparative ἡδίων, Skt. svadiyas- (cf. also ἥδιστος =  svadistha-). The zero grade occurs in Lith. stidyti 'to spice, salt', Skt. stiddyati, perf.pl. su-sid-imd 'make tasteful'. See > ἥδομαι, ▶︎ ἀνδάνω.

XXXXXἠέ 'or'. =H 4.

XXXXXἠερέθονται [3sg.pres.med.] 'they float in the air' (II).

    *VAR Ipf. -vto.

    *ETYM Related to ▶︎ deipw 'raise' like ἠγερέθοντο, -ται to ▶︎ ἀγείρω.

XXXXXἠέριος [adj.] τ. 'early, of the morning', connected with ἦρι 'early, in the morning' (e.g. A. R. 3, 417: opposed to δείελον ὥρην); 2. 'misty' = ἠερόεις, 'in the air, airy (Simon. 114, Hp. Vict. 1,10, A. R., Arat., Opp.).

    <IE *h,euser- 'morning'>

    *ETYM An etymological distinction used to be drawn between ▶︎ ἀήρ 'air' and ἦρι  'early' (e.g. Frisk). However, Kiparsky Lang. 43 (1967): 619-635 has shown that both  words derive from the root for 'dawn', ἀήρ < *h,eus-ér still meaning 'mist, haze' in  Homer. He convincingly shows that atpr 'breeze' still means 'morning mist' in ¢  469. Therefore, we have to start from an adverb "ἤερι (cf."Hept-Boia E 389); see ▶︎ ἦρι. See further ▶︎ αὔρα.

===Pag_558: Beekes_Página_0558.tiff=== XXXXXἦα 2 511 ἠερόεις 'misty, cloudy'.

    *VAR ἠεροειδής. = ἀήρ.

XXXXXἠερόφωνος [adj.] 2505 κηρύκων ... ἠεροφώνων, after this Opp. H.1, 621 γεράνων ... ἦ., properly 'whose voice(s) sound(s) through the mist (in the air), loud crying', = μεγαλοφώνων, πληρούντων φωνῆς τὴν ἀέρα (H.).

    *ETYM Ahrens Phil. 27 (1868): 590 proposes (after Alcm. 26, 1) to write ἱεροφώνων.

XXXXXἠθέω [v.] 'to sift, strain' (IA).

    <IE *seh,- 'strain'>

    *VAR Aor. ἠθῆσαι (ptc. ἤσας Hp. apud Gal. 19, 103), perf. pass. ἤθημαι.

    *COMP very often δι-ηθέω (ἐκ-, προσ-διηθέω, etc.), also ἀπ-, ἐξ-ηθέω.

    *DER ἦθμός (heOuocg Sigeion VI*, Hdn.) 'filter, strainer' (Att.) with ἠθμάριον'  διυλιστήριον 'filter' H., διηθμεύοντες s.v. ▶︎ διυλίζοντες; (δι-γἤθησις 'straining'  (Arist.), (ἀπ-, δι-, παρ-)ἤθημα 'what has been strained' (medic.), ἠθήνιον- ἠθάνιον,  ἦθμός Hs ἠθητήρ (Marc. Sid.), -τήριον (Str.) 'strain'; ἠθητός 'strained' (pap. ITI*),  ἠθητικός 'fit for straining' (Thphr.).

    *ETYM Starting from the aor.ptc. ἤσας and the noun ἧθμός, one may suppose an  older present */j@w. Then we have ἠθέω beside *7\Ow, just as otepéw beside otépopat,  etc. (Schwyzer 721). If we separate the -θ- (as in ἀλήτ-θω : ἀλέ-ω, πλή-θω : πλῆ-το et  al., on which see Schwyzer: 703; also ἡ-θμός, like ῥυ-θμός, etc.?), we may connect the  OCS yod-present pro-séjo, inf. -séjati 'strain', from which Lith. sijéju, -ti 'id? cannot  be separated. These presuppose a present *seh,i-. Cf. also ▶︎ σήθω with the same  meaning.

XXXXXἦθος [n.] 'custom, usage' (Hes., Pi.), plur. ἤθεα 'accustomed place, haunts' (1].).

    <IE?  *sued"- 'custom, use'>

    *COMP As a first member, with analogical compositional vowel, e.g. in ἠθο-ποιός  'edifying' (Arist.), as a second member e.g. in κακο-ἤθης 'with bad habits' (IA).

    *DER ἡθεῖος 'reliable, beloved' (Hom., Hes.), also ἠθαῖος (Pi. Antim.), after γενναῖος  et al; ἠθάς, -άδος [m., f.] 'usual, reliable' (Hp., 5.) with ἠθάδιος 14. (Opp.); ἠθικός  'ptng. to the character' (Arist.); ἠθαλέος 'usual' (Opp., Epigr.).

    *ETYM Differs from ▶︎ ἔθος only by its long vowel; the 6-grade appears in ▶︎ εἴωθα (s.v. for further etymology). See Petit RPh. 73 (1999): 87, who refers to Schindler 1975: 259-  267. For traces of the digamma, see Chantraine 1942: 150.

XXXXXἤϊα 1 [n.pl.] 'provisions for a journey' (N 103, Od.); = βρώματα, ἄχυρα 'food, chaff, see ▶︎ ἤϊα 2, ἐφόδια 'travelling supplies' (H.). <?>

    *VAR Also fa.

    *ETYM Uncertain. Acc. to Thumb KZ 36 (1900): 179ff., it belongs with floc:  πορεύσιμος 'passable; able to travel' (H.). Vendryes REGr. 23 (1910): 74 compared  Skt. sasyd- [n.] 'produce of the fields', which is formally unconvincing. Froehde's  comparison (see Bechtel 1914) with Skt. avasd- [n.] 'food' is mistaken (as it rather  belongs to dvati 'protect, refresh, etc.'; see Mayrhofer EWAia s.v.). fia 2 [n.pl.] 'heap of husks or chaff (e 368, Pherecr. 161), = ἄχυρα Η:; cf. elai- τῶν  ὀσπρίων τὰ ἀποκαθάρματα 'what has been cleansed off the pulse'; εἶοι: ὀσπρίων τὰ  καθάρσια (H.). Here also ἤϊα κριθάων = ἄλευρα 'flour' (Nic. Al. 412), but 'le sens ne  s impose pas', as DELG rightly remarks. <?>

===Pag_559: Beekes_Página_0559.tiff===

    *ETYM Unexplained.

XXXXXἤϊε [voc] epithet of Φοῖβε of unknown meaning or origin (Ὁ 365, Y 152, h. Ap. 120). «'ὉὉ

    *ETYM Several hypotheses (see Frisk). From the interjection ἤ, like ἰήϊος from i}  (LSJ); cf. ἤϊος: παιανιστής 'chanter of paeans' (H.) beside πορεύσιμος (see ▶︎ ἤϊα 1). Not from ἠώς (cf. ἠϊ-κανός) as 'shining in the morning' (Ehrlich KZ 40 (1907): 364). Nikolaev 2005 now connects the root *h,ns- (Skt. dsu-ra-, ON dss, etc.), claiming that  Lex Rix did not operate before nasals. If this is correct (which seems implausible), we  would have an old vocative of the word for 'god'.

XXXXXἠΐθεος [m.] 'unmarried youth' (Il; see Leumann 1950: 305 and 316f.), rarely also 'unmarried young woman' (Eup. 332), in this meaning also ἠϊθέη (Nic, AP).

    <IE  *h,uid'eu- 'unmarried'>



    *VAR Also ἤθεος (or HiBeoc?; B. 16, E. Ph. 945; ἄθεος Cerc. 9, 11, see below).

    *ETYM An old and poetic word, connected with Skt. vidhdvd, Ru. vdovd, etc. Go. widuwo, etc. Lat. vidua, from a pre-form *huid"eu-. A masculine expression for  'widowed, unmarried' was made from this pre-form, like in Lat. viduus, Ru., etc. vdévyi, but perhaps only in the separate languages. Greek ἠΐθεος presupposes an  earlier feminine, which was replaced by χήρα in prehistoric times. Anlauting ἡ- is  easily explained as a metrical lengthening of a prothetic ἐ- from *h,-; the a- in Cerc. is a hyperdorism (cf. ἠΐθεος Sapph. 44, 18). See recently Beekes KZ 105 (1992): 171-6.

XXXXXἠϊκανός [m.] " ὁ ἀλεκτρυών 'rooster' (H.).

    *ETYM Properly 'early-singer', a compound from ἠιϊ- (from PGr. *awhi-, an old loc. of  *h,eus- 'dawn'; cf. ▶︎ ἕως) and a verb 'to sing', found in Lat. cand, MoHG Hahn, etc. On the accent, see Wackernagel Phil. 95 (1943): 182f. Synonymous formations with  cognate elements are found in Skt. (Lex.) usd-kala- and ON dr-gali [m.] 'cock'.

XXXXXἠϊόεις [adj.] in ἐπ᾽ ἠϊόεντι Σκαμάνδρῳ E 36 (verse end); after this as an adjunct of Ilavoppos, of πεδίον (0. 5. 1, 283; 5, 299), and of κόλλουρος (name of a fish, Marc. Sid. 22). <?>

    *ETYM In later antiquity, the word was connected with ἠϊών 'shore' and interpreted  as 'with (high) shores, on the shore'; cf. ἠϊόεντι' ἠϊόνας ἔχοντι 'having shores' (H.). This is formally impossible, as there is no trace of the -v-. Others take it as 'with reed'  and arbitrarily connect it with ▶︎ fa 2, or even as fertile' (and suppose connection  with ▶︎ fia).

XXXXXἤϊος = ἤϊε.

XXXXXἠϊών [f.] 'shore' (Β 561). «Ὁ

    *VAR ἠών E. Or. 994; Dor. ἀϊών, -όνος.

    *ETYM Names in -ὧν may refer to features of the landscape (see Chantraine 1933:  164). Of unknown origin. See also ▶︎ ἠϊόεις.

XXXXXἧκα [adv.] 'slowly, quietly, a little' (I].). <1E? seh,k- (or sék-?) 'slow' ἐν

    *VAR Grades of comparison: ἥττων, Ion. ἥσσων 'smaller, weaker' (1].), sup. ἤκιστος  'slowest' (¥ 531), ἥκιστα [adv.] 'not at all' (IA), ἥκιστος 'weakest, worst' (Ael.).

===Pag_560: Beekes_Página_0560.tiff=== XXXXXἠλακάτη 513

    *DER Derived from ἧκα: ἤκαλος = ἀκαλός (Call.), ἠκαλέον γελόωσα': πράως, οὐκ  ἐσκυθρωπακυῖα 'mild, not looking angry'; ἠκαῖον: ἀσθενές 'weak' (H.). From ἥσσων,  ἥττων: ἡσσάομαι, ἡττάομαι [v.] 'to be less, be weaker' (after νικάομαι), with the  back-formation ἧσσα, ἧττα [f] 'defeat' (trag, Th. IA); Ion. (Hdt. Herod.) has  ἑσσόομαι, from *Eoowv, an innovation after κρέσσων.

    *ETYM With ἧκα (with epic psilosis like ἤκιστος; cf. Chantraine 1942: 187), we may  compare ὦκα and other adverbs in -& (cf. Schwyzer: 622). It has been connected with  Lat. ségnis 'slow' < *séc-ni-, but see the doubts in De Vaan 2008 s.v. Frisk compares  the alternation in πύκ-α : πυκ-νός, as does Benveniste 1935: 89f. Discussed in Seiler  1950: 65ff.

XXXXXἤκεστος [adj.] only in ἤνις ἠκέστας (βοῦς, Z 94 = 275 = 309), meaning uncertain. <?>

    *ETYM Based on comparison with ἠκέστης: ἀδάμαστος (Suid.), ἤκεστος is mostly  taken as 'undomited, uncontrolled', from kevtéw, kévoat ('unincited') with metrical  lengthening for "ἄ-κεστος. This explanation should be rejected; instead, Schwyzer  RhM 8o (1931): 213 assumes original (βοῦν) ἤνιν νηκέστην (like νη-κερδής, etc.), with  single writing of the v and false split. Others translate 'full grown', connecting it with  ἀκμαῖος, ▶︎ ἠκή. Improbable suggestion by Szemerényi Sprache 11 (1965): 6-12.

XXXXXἠκή [f.] - ἀκωκή, ἐπιδορατίς, ἀκμή 'arrowhead, point (H.); ἡ ὀξύτης τοῦ σιδήρου 'sharpness of iron' (EM 424, 18 following Archil. 43: ἵστη κατ᾽ ἠκὴν κύματός τε κἀνέμου). <1E? *h,ek- 'sharp'>

    *COMP As a second member in the epic epithets ἀμφ-ἤκης 'cutting on both sides',  τανυ-ήκης 'with a thin edge': perhaps a secondary s-stem, and the -n- can be due to  compositional lengthening. Backformation from the compounds: ἠκές: ὀξύ (H.), see  Leumann 1950: 111f.

    *DER ἠκάδα- ἠνδρωμένην γυναῖκα 'mature woman' (H.); on the formation  Chantraine 1933: 351f., on the meaning cf. ἀκμαῖος.

    *ETYM Appears to be a form with lengthened grade beside ▶︎ ἀκή, ▶︎ ἄκρος, etc; an o-  grade is found in reduplicated ▶︎ ἀκωκή.

XXXXXἥκω [v.] 'to have come, be present' (IA, also Dor. Hom. only E 478, v 325; elsewhere ἵκω). <2

    *VAR  Hell. also with perfect inflexion: ἧκα, ἡκέναι; fut.—w (A), Dor. ἡξῶ (Theoc.),  aor. ἧξαι (late).

    *COMP Often with prefix, e.g. καθ- (kat-), προσ- (ποθ-), ἀν-, προ-, παρ-ήκω.

    *ETYM Beside ἥκω with perfective meaning stands »ἴκω with present meaning (epic,  Dor., Arc.). It is difficult to connect the two, however, since the é-vocalism cannot be  easily accounted for (IE *séik- is impossible), nor can the aspectual difference. Ample  discussion in Johansson 1890: 62ff. No cognates (incorrectly, Pok. 893). LIV' posits  *seh,k-, but disassociates ix-.

XXXXXἠλακάτη [f.] 'wool on the) distaff, also metaph. of comparable objects (Z 491).

    *VAR ἠλεκάτη (Delos, Cyrene, etc.), Aeol. ἀλακάτα (Theoc. 28, 1; but ἠλακάτα E. Or. -1431 [lyr.]) and χρυσᾶλακ. (Pi. three times), εὐαλάκατος (Theoc. 22).

    *DIAL Myk. a-ra-ka-te-ja [nom.pl.-f.] 'spinsters'.

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    *COMP As a second member e.g. in χρυσ-ηλάκατος (-GA- Pi.) 'with golden distaff  (IL).

    *ETYM Unknown. Solmsen 1909: 121f. assumed an Anatolian loan, but it is probably  just Pre-Greek.

XXXXXἠλάσκω [v.] 'to wander, stray, roam' (B 470, N 104, Emp.). <?>

    *DER By a cross with ἀλαίνω arose ἠλαίνω 'id.' (Theoc., Call.).

    *ETYM ἠλάσκω (called expressive by Frisk) differs from ▶︎ ἀλάομαι by the length of  the initial vowel, something which cannot be explained within Greek or Indo-  European. The etymology is therefore unclear. Connection with ▶︎ ἠλεός, ἠλίθιος, etc. is not very likely.

XXXXXἠλέκτωρ [m.] name of the sun and adjunct of Yrepiwv (Z 513, Τ 398, h. Ap. 369; and Emp. 22, 2). ΑΒ Acc. -topa (Euph. 110), dat. -twpt (Epic. in Arch. Pap. 7, 4), gen. -twpoc (Choerob. ).

    *DER ἠλεκτρίς [f.] adjunct of the moon (Orph. H. 9, 6); ἤλεκτρον [n.], -ος [m., f.] (on  the gender cf. LSJ and Schwyzer 1950: 34*) 'gold mixed with silver, amber' (Od.) with  Ἠλεκτρίδες νῆσοι 'the amber islands' (Str., Plin.), ἠλεκτρώδης 'like amber' (Hp.,  Philostr.), ἠλέκτρινος (Dor. ἀλ-) 'of amber' (Call., Luc., Hld.), ἠλεκτρόομαι 'become  i. (Zos. Alch.); ἠλέκτραι:- τά ἐν τοῖς κλινότποσι τῶν σφιγγῶν ὄμματα (Phot.). Several  PNs: Ἠλέκτρα, Ἀλεκτρώνα (ΚΠο405), ΗἩλεκτρύων (after Ἀμφιτρύων; cf. Bechtel 1921,  2: 656).

    *ETYM Unexplained. von Wilamowitz 1931: 255 assumed Carian origin, but without  sufficient grounds. Improbable IE etymologies in Bq. There seems no basis for  DELG's statement that the word is IE. Leroy and Halleux Glotta 52 (1974): 36-52  stress that ἤλεκτρον has two meanings: 'white gold', i.e. gold with a high percentage  of silver, like the Lydian gold from which the first coins were made, and 'amber'. However, ἠλέκτωρ cannot mean 'brilliant', as amber is not brilliant, and the  meaning and etymology of this word are unknown. They then derive the word  ἤλεκτρον from the verb ▶︎ ἀλέγω, which they interpret as λέγω 'count' plus  copulative ἀ-. This is wrong: see there. The word has nothing to do with the verb, as  its meaning does not fit. Thus, the word remains without etymology. On the words,  see also Ruipérez 1972: 231ff.

XXXXXἠλέματος --ἠλεός.

XXXXXἠλεός [adj.] 'distraught, crazed' (IL).

    *VAR Also ἠλέ [νος] (IL); ἀλεός (-at- cod.)- ὁ μάταιος, ἄφρων. Αἰσχύλος 'foolish'  (H.), ἀλεόφρων: παράφρων (H.).

    *DER Denominative verb ἀλεώσσειν: μωραίνειν 'be foolish' (H.). Abstract ἠλοσύνη  (Nic., late Epic; Pfeiffer Phil. 92 (1937): ff. and 8), Aeol. ἀλοσύνα (Theoc. 30, 12),  probably metrical for ἠλεο-, ἀλεο-. Further ἤλιθα [adv.] 1. 'very much, exceedingly'  (Hom. always ἤλιθα πολλή(ν); A. R.), 2. 'in vain, to no avail' (Call, A. R.; the  formation has a parallel, be it incomplete, in the local and temporal adverbs in -8a  (ἔνθα, 6184, pivvv8a) and in the numeral adverb & 64, etc. Thence ἠλίθιος (Dor.

===Pag_562: Beekes_Página_0562.tiff=== XXXXXἧλιξ 515 ἀλ-) 'idle; vain, foolish' (Pi, IA), μελιθιον [adv.] (16 1, 975 [VIF], ἠλιθι-ώδης (Philostr.), τότης (Att.), -6w (A.), τάζω (Ar.). Here probably also ἠλέματος (Aeol. Dor. ἀλ-) 'idle, foolish' (Sapph., Alc., Theoc.), of unclear formation, but improbable is haplology for "ἠλεμόματος (Bechtel 1921, 1: 44). Difficult to analyze are the verbs ἀλλο-φρονέω 'to be senseless' (Hom., Hdt.) and ἀλλο-φάσσω 'to be delirious' (Hp.). Acc. to Fick (see Bechtel 1914 s.v. ἀλλοφρονέω, ἠλεός and Leumann 1950: 116°'), the first member contains an Aeolic variant of ἠλεός, ie. aAdoc < "ἀλιος (whence voc. adde = ἠλέ O 128); cf. ἀλεότφρων above. Later it was construed as derived from ἄλλος (thus Hdt. 7, 205). As the medical expression ἀλλοφάσσω cannot be Aeolic, it must have been formed after ἀλλοφρονέω or contain the pronoun ἄλλος; see Leumann 1950: 309'.

    *ETYM Formed like ἐνεός, keveds, ἐτεός, etc., ἠλεός recalls > ἠλάσκω, ▶︎ ἀλάομαι, but  has no further cognates. Lat. dlea 'game of dice' does not continue Dor. Ἰἀλεά. The  variants ἠλεός, ἀλαιός (H.) point to a noun with PG suffix *-ay-(os), with *ay > *ey >  *e; see Pre-Greek: suffixes (6. at/et). Moreover, the suffix -ἰθ- is Pre-Greek. The form  a\X(o)- seems to have been derived from *al(o)- with palatalized -P-, which resulted  in -λλ-: however, the relation between dlay- and al'- remains unclear. Does it derive  from *alyo-, a reduced form of *alayo-?

XXXXXἡλιαία [f.] 'supreme court at Athens'. = ἁλής.

XXXXXἠλίβατος [adj.] Meaning unknown (1].), in Hom. always (and later frequently) of πέτρη (-a) 'rock', but also of several other objects, e.g. δρύες, ἄντρον, Τάρταρος, κῦμα; interpreted as 'steep, high, deep', later also as 'enormous, big', see Buttmann 1825:2: 176ff. ('steep' or 'slippery'), which may all easily be later guesses. <?> 'ΑΒ Dor. ἀλ-. ὍὈΕΚ Beside it ἠλιβάτᾶς (τράγος, Antiph. 133, 3).

    *ETYM Unexplained. Another unclear epithet of πέτρη is ▶︎ aiyiduy. Cf. also ἠλιτενὴς  πέτρα- ὑψηλή 'high' (Suid.). Acc. to Buttmann 1825:2: 176ff,, it is from Ἰἠλιτό-βατος,  meaning ἄβατος, δύσβατος vel sim. (by comparison with ἠλιτό-μηνος), with  'Silbendissimilation'.

XXXXXἤλιθα

    *VAR ἠλίθιος. = ἠλεός.

XXXXXἡλίκος [adj.] 'as old, as large', relative and indirect interrogative pronoun (IA).

    *VAR  Dor. ἀλ- (Theoc.).

    *DER Beside it the demonstrative τηλίκος, Dor. taA- 'thus old, thus large' (IL) with  τηλικόσδε, τηλικοῦτος (Att.) and the interrogative πηλίκος 'how old?, how large?'  (IA).

    *ETYM From the relative stem 6-, G- (see ▶︎ ὅς 1), after ▶︎ πηλίκος and ▶︎ τηλίκος. A  parallel formation is OCS je-like (tantus) quantus'. See also on ▶︎ ἧλιξ.

XXXXXἡλιξ [m., f.] 'of the same age, as old' (σ 373). IE *sueh.-lik- 'as old'>

    *VAR Dor. ἀλιξ,

    *COMP ̓ As a second member in παν-αφ-ῆλιξ 'without any companions of his own  age' (X 490). Mostly only as an indication of age, e.g. ὁμ-ῆλιξ 'of the same age' (II;

===Pag_563: Beekes_Página_0563.tiff===

with ὁμηλικ-ίη 'age group, generation' (1].), ἀφ-ἤλιξ, Ion. ἀπ- 'beyond youth, elderly' (h. Cer. 140), but also 'youthly' (Phryn. Com.).

    *DER Abstract ἡλικία, -in 'group of the same age' (II 808), 'manhood'; ἡλικιώτης,  fem. -τις 'of the same age' (IA), Cret. ξαλικιώτας (β-τῆς cod.)- συνέφηβος 'id. (H.). On FALE, ἡλικία see especially Chantraine 1956a: 155}.

    *ETYM Cret. ξαλικιώτας points to original *ofaAg, from the IE reflexive *sue (in Fhe;  see ▶︎ ἕ, ἐδ with the same suffix as in ▶︎ ἠλίκος, »τηλίκος, ▶︎ πηλίκος. Thus it is  properly 'who is of the same kind'. For the semantics, cf. Skt. sva-ka- 'relative,  friend' and ▶︎ ἕτης, as well as ▶︎ ἀέλιοι.

XXXXXἥλιος [m.] 'sun' (IL).

    *VAR Epic ἠέλιος, Dor. Aeol. Arc. ἀέλιος, Dor. (trag.) also ἅλιος.

    *COMP Several compounds, e.g. in plant- and animal names like ἠλιο-τρόπιον,  -kavOapoc (Stromberg 1940: 48 and 75, Strémberg 1944: 11).

    *DER ἡλιώτης (ἠελ-), fem. -τις 'belonging to the sun' (S., AP), ἡλιακός (ἀλ-) 'id.'  (Hell; cf. Chantraine 1933: 393f.); HAtddec [f-pl.] 'daughters of the sun' (Parm., A. R. ;  also sing. as an adj. [Luc.]) with masc. Ἡλιάδης 'son of the sun' (Str. D. S.); see  Chantraine 1933: 356 and 362f.; ἡλιώδης 'sunlike' (Chaerem.), Ἡλιών [m.] month  name (Termessos), ἡλίτης (λίθος Dam. Isid. 233). Denominative verbs: 1. ἡλιόομαι  'be in the sun, be sun-struck' (IA) with ἡλίωσις (Ηρ., Thphr.), -dw 'to expose to the  sun' (Aét.). 2. ἡλιάζομαι 'bake in the sun' (Arist), -άζω 'id' (Str.) with ἡλίασις  'exposure to the sun' (Gal, Ὁ. C.), ἠλιαστήριον 'place in the sun' (Str., pap.). 3. ἡλιάω  'expose to the sun, be like the sun' (Arist.).

    *ETYM Cretan ἀβέλιος in H. (Pamphyl., acc. to Heraclid. Mil; cf. Bechtel 1921, 2  667), i.e. ἀρέλιος, points to an original "σἄρέλιος, differing only in ablaut from Skt. stirya- 'sun' (beside sira-). Both languages have an I-stem, IE *seh,u-el-, *sh,u-l- (cf. Skt. svar [n.] < *swH] « *sHul) with a personifying suffix *-jo-. The full grade is also  found in Lith. sdulé, MW haul; the zero grade, eg. in Olr. sil 'eye'. The basis is a  neuter I/n-heteroclitic, still seen in Av. huuara, gen. x*ang (< PIIr. *suHan-s), as well  as in Germanic in the interchange between Go. sauil, ON sdél, OE sél, and Go. sunno,  OE sunne 'id'. Connection with IE *suel- 'burn' (see ▶︎ eiAn) is formally impossible.

XXXXXἠλιτόμηνος [adj.] properly 'missing the right month' (Schwyzer: 442; thus Vos Glotta 34 (1995): 290ff.), ie. 'born prematurely' (T 118; after this AP, Plu.).

    <IE *h,leit- 'make  a mistake, miss'>

    *COMP Late analogical formations are ἠλιτο-εργός (AP), ἠλιτόμηνις: ὁ μάτην  ἐγκαλῶν 'who brings in a charge in vain' (H.), -μητιν (Epic. in Arch. Pap. 7. 5, Fr.1R.

49; see ad loc.).

    *ETYM Verbal governing compound from the aorist ἀλιτεῖν (see ▶︎ ἀλείτης) and μήν,  with metrical lengthening of ἄ- to ἡ- (ἀλιτόξενος Pi. O. 10, 6).

XXXXXἦλον [n.] plant-name, = βράβυλον or κοκκύμηλον (Seleuc. apud Ath. 2, 50a). <?>

    *ETYM Unexplained.

XXXXXἦλος [m.] 'nailhead; wart, callus' (11.λ «?»

    *VAR Dor. λος.

===Pag_564: Beekes_Página_0564.tiff=== XXXXXἧμα 517

    *COMP E.g. ἀργυρό-ηλος 'adorned with silver nails' (Hom.), ἡλο-κόπος 'nailsmith'  (pap.).

    *DER Diminutive ἡλάριον (pap.); ἡλῖτις adjunct of λεπίς (Dsc., Aét.); denominative  verb ἠλόω, mostly with prefix, eg προσ-, ἐφ-, καθ-ηλόω 'nail on' (1A, Hell.) together  with καθήλω-σις, -μα.

    *ETYM Because of γάλλοι: ἧλοι, which may stand for Aeolic ράλλοι, ἧλος may be  derived from *fdAvoc, ᾿ξάλσος, vel sim. (cf. on »Ἦλις), and could be equated with  Lat. vallus 'pole, stake of a palisade' (Wackernagel KZ 25 (1881): 261; thus still  Schrijver 1991: 170). There are no certain traces of the digamma in Hom., as ἀργυρό-  Ags can be metrically conditioned; see Chantraine 1942: 155f.

XXXXXἠλύγη [f.] 'shadow, darkness' (Ar. Ach. 684, Η., Erot. s.v. ἐπηλυγάζονται).

    *VAR Also ἡλυξ (Choerob.); note Avyatos (S., E.).

    *DER ἠλυγαῖος 'shadowy, dark' (Suid.), ἠλυγισμένος: κεκρυμμένος, ἐπεσκιασμένος  'hidden, overshadowed' (H.). More usual is ἐπηλυγάζομαι, -ίζομαι (Cw) 'to  overshadow, cover up' (Hp., Th., Pl.), whence ἐπηλυγισμός (H. s.v. ἠλύγη) further ἐπήλυγα [acc.] 'overshadowing' (of πέτραν, E. Cyc. 680; deverbal?), ἐπηλύγαιος  'shadowy, dark' (AB, H.).

    *ETYM To ἠλύγη belongs the poetic adjective λυγαῖος 'dark' (S., E.), which differs in  anlaut; an explanation remains to be found. As ἠλύγη is much rarer than  ἐπηλυγάζομαι, perhaps we should start from the verb. In this case, the -1- could be  secondary, like in ▶︎ ἐπήβολος, ▶︎ ἐπηετανός, etc. There is no convincing etymology. Pur: 378 assumes a prothetic vowel ἡ-, for which, however, there is little or no  evidence. Nevertheless, the co-occurrence of Avyaiog and ἠλυγαῖος is remarkable  (was it *alug-? with lengthened prothetic vowel ἄ- ἢ). The word might be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXἨλύσιον [adj.] epithet of πεδίον (ὃ 563, A. R. 4, 811, Str., Plu.), also without a head substantive (IG 14, 1750); rarely Ἠλύσιος λειμών, χῶρος (Luc.,, late inscr.), the abode of the Blessed after death. <« PG>

    *DER Ἠλύσιος 'Elysian' (αὖραι, etc, IG 14, 1389). Also ἐν-ηλύσιος: ἐμβρόντητος,  κεραυνόβλητος 'struck by lightning' (H.), ἐνηλύσια (A. Fr. 17): τὰ κατασκηφθέντα  χωρία (H.)? taken as 'being in Elysion', as those hit by lightning acc. to folk belief  would come in a higher form of life (thus Cocco, see below). In the same mg. also  the simplex ἠλύσια [n.pl.] (Polem. Hist. 93).

    *ETYM Traditionally analyzed as Pre-Greek (on Elysion as a Pre-Greek conception  see Nilsson 1941(1): 324ff.). However, it was often connected with ἐλεύσομαι, ἤλυθον  too (e.g. Campanile 1969: 30ff.), but against this view was argued by Wackernagel  1889: 5, Giintert 1919: 383. Explanations from Semitic (e.g. Lewy 1895: 219ff., Cocco  Biblos 31 (1955): 401ff.) are also to be considered wrong. Beekes 1998: 19-23 argued  against the idea that somebody struck by lightning would go to Elysion (against  Burkert Glotta 39 (1961): 208-213). The word is a derivative in -ἰο- from a  geographical name *Alut- or *Elut-, with a long initial vowel which may be  metrically conditioned.

XXXXXἦμα 'dart. --ἴημι.

===Pag_565: Beekes_Página_0565.tiff===

7 518 ἦμαι

XXXXXἧμαι [v.] 'to sit (epic, Hdt.). IE *h,eh,s- 'sit'>

    *VAR 38g. ἧσται, 3pl. εἵαται (for ἥαται), ἔαται, ipf. ἥμην (IL); TA has κάθ-ημαι (κάτ-),  κάθηται, 3pl. κάθηνται, κατ-έαται, ipf. (ἐ-)καθήμην.

    *COMP With prefix ἔφ-, rarely ἄφ-, ἔν-, μέθ-, ὕφ-ημαι (IL, Od.). A second prefix was  frequently added to κάθημαι, because it was seen as a simplex: e.g. ἐγ-, ἐπι-, Mpo-,  συγ-κάθημαι (1A).

    *ETYM Old verb for 'to sit', also found in Indo-Iranian and Anatolian: Skt. dste, Av. dste = ἧσται < IE *heh,s-toi, Skt. dsate = ἥαται < IE *h,eh,s-ntoi (Av. ayhante is a  secondary thematization); with (probably more original) stative inflexion, Hitt. 3sg. eSa(ri), 3pl. eSanta(ri); for the other Anat. languages, see Kloekhorst 2008 s.v. e5-") /  as-. Anatolian also has an active in the meaning 'to sit', e.g. Hitt. eSzi. This suggests  that the root is identical to *h,es- 'to be (present)'. The aspiration comes from ἔζομαι,  Zw.

XXXXXἥμαιθον [n.] Name of a coin, acc. to H. = ἡμιωβέλιον. διώβολον παρὰ Κυζικηνοῖς (Herod., Phoen., Rhodes, etc., Bechtel 1921(2) : 654 and 1921(3): 301). <?>

    *ETYM Related to (or connected with) ἡμι-, with remarkable elision of the ι- (cf. Schwyzer: 434); further unclear.

XXXXXἦμαρ [n.] 'day' (1I.). «1ὲ *Heh,mer 'day'>

    *VAR  Cypr. ἀματι-ἀματι 'day after day' (cf. Myc. we-te-i-we-te-i).

    *DIAL Dor., Arc. ἄμαρ, -ατος; note Arc. ἄματα πάντα 'all days'. Myc. a-mo-ra-ma  /Amor-amar/ 'day after day', di-wi-ja-me-ro perhaps /dwi-ameron/ 'period of two  days', see De Lamberterie BSL 94 (1999): 264.

    *COMP As a second member e.g. in évv-, ἐξ-, abt-, παν-, προ-ῆμαρ 'nine days long',  etc. (Hom.); on this type of compound see Leumann 1950: 1oof. (against  Wackernagel Glotta 2 (1910): 1ff.). As a first member e.g. ἡμερό-κοιτος 'sleeping by  day' (Hes.); as a second member e.g. in ἐφ-ήμερος (Pi., ΙΑ; -ἔριος Od.) 'living only a  day, transient, daily' together with ἐφημερίς, a, -εύω, -ευτήριον.

    *DER fuatiog 'daily, at day' (Hom., Hes.). Lengthened form ἡμέρα, Ion. -ρη, Dor., etc. ἀμέρα, Locr. ἀμάρα 'id.' (IL). See also on  ▶︎ τήμερον, ▶︎ μεσημβρία. Thence: ἡμέριος (aul-) 'living only one day, daily' (trag.),  ἡμερινός 'belonging to the day' (IA; Chantraine 1933: 201), ἡμερήσιος (or -ίοιοςξ See  Debrunner Glotta 13 (1924): 169) 'lasting one day, belonging to the day, daily' (IA),  ἡμεραῖος 'id.' (pap.), ἡμερούσιος [adv.] 'daily' (pap. ΓΝ; after ἐπιούσιος; Debrunner  Glotta 13 (1924): 169). Denominative verb ἡμερεύω 'to spend the day', also with  prefixes δι-, παν- (IA); thence ἡμέρευσις 'spending the day' (Aq.).

    *ETYM A cognate of ἦμαρ is Arm. awr'day < *amoér. The ending -wp, like in τέκμαρ:  -pwp, is also supposed for the first member of Myc. a-mo-ra-ma. The word is not  found in any other branch. The extension ἡμέρα, on which see Chantraine 1933: 228,  may have its aspiration from ἑσπέρα (Schwyzer: 305, Wackernagel 1916: 45). On  ἦμαρ and ἡμέρη in Homer, see Debrunner Mus. Helv. 3 (1946): 4off.; on ἧμαρ used  as a plural, Leumann 1950: 100, who considers it to be an innovation. See further  Clackson 1994: 96f. ᾿

XXXXXἡμεδαπός [adj.] 'of our land, native' (Att.).

    <IE *nsme- 'we'>

===Pag_566: Beekes_Página_0566.tiff=== XXXXXἡμι- 519

    *ETYM The synonymous form Skt. asmad-iya- 'our' points to a suffix -απος (cf. on  ἀλλοδαπός). On the stem of ἡμεδ- = asmad-, cf. ▶︎ ἡμεῖς. Szemerényi KZ 73 (1956):  sof. assumes old ablaut.

XXXXXἡμεῖς [pron.pers.] 'we, us' (IL). 41Ε *ne/os 'we'>

    *VAR  Accus. ἡμᾶς, Ion. ἡμέας, Dor. ἁμές, acc. ἀμέ, Aeol. ἄμμες, acc. ἄμμε.

    *DER Possessive ἡμέ-τερος, Dor. ἀμέ-τερος, ἁμός, Aeol. ἀμμέ-τερος, ἄμμος 'our'.

    *ETYM The accusatives ἀμέ, ἄμμε go back to *nsme (see below) and, by adopting  nominal inflexion, they resulted in the paradigm nom. μές, ἄμμες, later also ἡμεῖς <  -€ec, with a new accus. ἡμέας, and with irregular contraction ἡμᾶς. Then came the  genitives ἡμῶν, ἡμέων, auéwv, ἀμμέων. On the datives ἡμῖν, etc. see below. The archaic forms apé, ἄμμε < *dope agree exactly with Av. ahma 'us'; in Skt. asman  'id', it received the nominal ending. Other forms like Skt. nas (enclitic), Lat. nds, Go. uns (< IE *nds, *ns) show for *dope = Av. ahma IE basis with added element -(s)me:  *nsme < *ns-sme. The spiritus in Gu-, ἡμ- could be analogical after ὑμ-. The dative  ἡμῖν, Dor. duiv, Aeol. ἄμμι(ν), from *dopi(v), recalls the Indo-Iranian  demonstratives and interrogatives Av. ahmi, dsmin 'in eo', Av. kahmi, Skt. kdsmin 'in  quo?'; cf. Cret. ὅτι-μι, μήδι-μι. The long -iv is an innovation (after the long-vocalic  endings in ἡμ-ῶν, -εἴς, etc.?). Like Latin and Celtic, Greek lost the specific nominative for 'we', Go. weis, Hitt. ues,  Skt. vay-dm, etc. and used the accusative.

XXXXXἠμέν [pcl.] in ἠμέν ... ἠδε ..., 'both ... and also...' (11. <1E *h,e ὃ»

    *ETYM From ▶︎ ἢ 'really' and μέν. Cf. on ▶︎ ἠδέ.

XXXXXἥμερος [adj.] 'tame, civilized, cultivated' (0 162, also Tab. Heracl. 1, 172; codd. Pi. and A. wrongly ἅμ-). <?>

    *COMP Negated ἀν-ήμερος 'uncultivated, rough, wild' (A. Hell.). As a first member  in ἡμερό-φυλλος 'with improved leaves', 'improved' (ἐλαία; Isyll. 20).

    *DER ἡμερίς (sc. ἄμπελος) 'improved vine' (ε 69) with ἡμερίδης 'regarding the ἡμερίς᾽  (οἶνος, Διόνυσος; Plu.); ἡμερότης 'tameness, gentleness, cultivation' (IA), ἡμερία 'id.'  (pap.); denominative verb ἡμερόω 'tame, cultivate, improve' (IA) together with  ἡμέρ-ωσις 'improvement, cultivation' (Thphr., Ὁ, S.), -wya 'cultivated plant'  (Thphr. cf. Chantraine 1933: 186f.), -ωτής 'tamer' (Max. Tyr.). On the accent cf. ἐλεύθερος; like this ( ἄγριος) expressing an opposition.

    *ETYM Unclear. Several hypotheses (litt. in Frisk): (a) related to Skt. ydmati 'tame,  subdue'; (2) to Skt. santva- [n.] 'gentleness', MoHG sanft, etc; (3) toa WGm. word  for 'sad, sorrowful': OHG jamar, etc. The form ἅμερος is a hyperdorism (Forssman  1966: 41ff; Bonfante Riv. fil. class. 99 (1971): 68 denies this).

XXXXXἦμί [v.] 'to speak' (IL). <1 *h,eh,g- 'say'>

    *VAR 38g. foi, Dor. ἠτί, almost only in ipf., especially 356. ἦ 'he said' (to 1sg. ἦν).

    *ETYM New forms were built in Greek on the petrified form ἦ < ᾿ἧκ-τ < IE *h,eh,g-t,  after φημί, φησί, ἔφην. Cf. also ablauting ▶︎ ἄνωγα 'command, order'.

XXXXXἡμι- comp. element 'half (I].).

===Pag_567: Beekes_Página_0567.tiff=== XXXXXΠῚ 520 ἤμορος

    *COMP In compounds, e.g. ἡμισύ-τριτον [n.] 'the third half = one anda half (Archil. 167), ἡμιτυεκτο [gen.] 'half a ἑκτεύς᾽ (Cret.).

    *DER 1. ἥμισυς (-τυς) 'half, properly substantival [m.] (ὁ ἥμισυς τοῦ ἀριθμοῦ; plur. ἡμίσεις D 7), τὸ ἥμισυ (I; after τὸ ὅλον), adjective fem. ἡμίσεια, Epid., Ther. ἡμίτεια  (Brugmann-Delbriick 1897-1916 2:, 447). With regressive assimilation ἥμυσυς  (Erythrae V*, εἴς). Lesb. aupuoewv is a reverse spelling for ἡμι-, see Hodot 1990: 71. An o-stem ἥμισσον [n.] 'half < -tf-ov, found in Dor. and Arc. Denominative verbs  ἡμισεύω 'halve, cut in half with ἡμίσευμα 'half (LXX), with aphairesis μίσευμα 'id,  (Perga); ἡμιοιάζω [v.] 'to halve, cut in half (Hero; cf. the verbs in -ιάζω in Schwyzer:  735). 2. ἡμῖνα [f.] 'half (Cret. Cypr.; Bechtel 1921, 1: 448), also as a measure (Sicily;  thence borrowed into Lat. hémina); for the formation cf. Swtivn and Chantraine  1933: 205. 3. ἡμίχα' ἡμιστατῆρα (H.), cf. ▶︎ δίχα.

    *ETYM Old expression for 'half', also in Skt. sami-, Lat. sémi-, Gm. eg. OHG sami-  'id'. The functional identity is reflected in parallel compounds (that need not be  inherited, however): Skt. sami-jiva- = Lat. sémi-vivus, cf. ἡμί-βιος and OHG sami-  queck 'half-living', 'half-dead'. An old locative of the root *sem- 'one' (see ν εἷς),  thus properly meaning 'in one half (of two)'.

XXXXXἤμορος [adj.] - ἄμοιρος 'bereft' (H.). «ΑΚ Thence ἠμορίς- κενή, ἐστερημένη 'empty, bereft'. Αἰσχύλος Νιόβῃ (Fr. 165); ἠμόριξεν- ἄμοιρον ἐποίησεν 'made possessionless' (H.).

    *ETYM The regular Jonic-Attic outcome of "ἄ-σμορος, and identical with Hom. (Aeol.) ἄ-μμορος; see ▶︎ μείρομαι (μόρος, ▶︎ μοῖρα) and ▶︎ κάμμορος.

XXXXXἦμος 'when, while'. = τῆμος.

XXXXXἠμύω [v.] 'to bow down, perish' (I].); rarely transitive 'sink, ruin' (A. R., Musae.). <?>

    *VAR Aor. ἠμῦσαι.

    *COMP Also with kat-, ἐπ-, ὑπ-.

    *DER Also ἄμύω 'id.' (Hes. Fr. 216). Here probably also the perfect ὑπεμνήμῦκε (X  491) for ᾿ὑπ-εμήμῦκε (with metr. length.), see Bechtel 1914 sv. ἠμύω.

    *ETYM Unexplained.

XXXXXἤν [interj.] interjection calling attention: 'hey!, look over there', also ἠνίδε (ἣν ἴδε), ἢν ἰδού (Ar. Herod., Hell.). Added in Argiv. ta5-év, tovdev-év.

    <IE? *h,én 'see there'>

    *ETYM Acc. to Frisk, the formally identical Lat. én is a Greek loan, at least in part.

XXXXXἠνεκής = διηνεκής.

XXXXXἡνία [n.pl.) 'reins, bridles (Hom., Hes., Pi.). «1Ὲ *h,ensieh, 'rein'>

    *VAR ἡνίαι [f.].], also -ia [sg.] (post-Hom.), Dor. av- (av-).

    *DIAL Myc. a-ni-ja /anbiai/, anijapi /aniap*i/ [dat.plLf.). Is the Homeric neuter  secondary?

    *COMP As a first member e.g. in ἡνί-οχος 'driver', 'charioteer' (Il; epic also -ἥα,  τ-ῆες, metrically conditioned) with ἡνιοχ-ικός, -éw (epic -etw), -ἡσις, -ela. As a  second member eg. in χρυστ-ήνιος 'with golden reins'.

===Pag_568: Beekes_Página_0568.tiff=== XXXXXἠπανᾷ 521

    *ETYM As Lacon. ἀνιοχίον = ἡνιοχέων (IG 5(1), 213) seems to point to original  psilosis (the origin of the aspiration is unknown), ἀνία may go back to *avoia and be  identical with a Celtic word for 'rein', MIr. éis(s)i [m.pl.] < *ansio-. It has further  been connected with Lat. Balt. and Gm. expressions for 'grip, handle': Lat. dnsa =  Lith. gsa; semantically more doubtful is ON es [f.] < *ansia 'hole for shoe-strings'.

XXXXXἡνίκα [conj.] 'when, at the time when' (x 198).

    <IE *io- relative pron.>

    *VAR Dor. Aeol. (Pi., Theoc.) ἁνίκα, also ἀν-. A form without -ka in koiné-Cypr. a-ni  /hani/ (Kafizin 267).

    *DER Beside it τηνίκα, πηνίκα; cf. on ▶︎ ἡλίκος.

    *ETYM From the relative 6-, ἀ- (see ▶︎ ὅς 1) with the same adverbial ending as in αὑτί-  ka, ὅ-κα. The element -νι- is found in the Arc. dem. ὀ-νι. For the *-eh,-, cf. ▶︎ HALE.

XXXXXἤνῖς [acc.pl.] epithet of βοῦς, βοῦν (Hom.). <?>

    *VAR ἤνϊῖν (Fev?) [acc.sg.] Hom., ἤνιος [gen.sg.] A. R. 4, 174.

    *ETYM Probably with sch. A 1 'yearling, one-year-old', for which Wackernagel  1955(2): 1171' suggested a lengthened grade formation of a word for 'year' also seen in  ▶︎ ἐνιαυτός, with criticism of other ideas. Not very probable; criticism by Szemerényi  Sprache 11 (1965): 6-12.

XXXXXἠνορέη > ἀνήρ.

XXXXXἧνοψ, -οπος [adj.] of χαλκός (II 408, Σ 349 = κ 360), of οὐρανός and πυρός (Call. Fr. anon. 24, 28); also PN (il). Meaning debated, already in antiquity, cf. ἤνοπα' λαμπρόν, πάνυ ἔνηχον, διαφανῆ (H.). < o>

    *ETYM Formation in -οΨ, but further unclear; originally *ffjv-ow (Chantraine 1942:    152). Cf. νῶρ-οψ, ai€-ow, which are also said of χαλκός, but remain without clear  interpretation. Older literature in Frisk.

XXXXXἤνυστρον [n.] 'the fourth stomach of ruminants, rennet stomach'; also a dish (Ar. Arist.).

    *VAR év- (LXX).

    *ETYM The form with év- perhaps arose under the influence of ἔντερα, ἐγκοίλια (but  it is late in any case). Assuming *frjvvotpov, ἤνυστρον is traditionally connected  with a NGm. word for 'rennet stomach', e.g. MoNw. dial. vinstr [f.], but it differs  regarding the quantity of the first syllable and the color of the intermediate vowel  (although Gr. -v- might be analogical after ὑστέρα). As a pre-form, IE *yénes-tro-,  -tra- has been assumed. Further, with a different suffix, there is OHG wanast 'belly',  also 'the first stomach of ruminants', Skt. vanisthi- [m.]} 'entrails' vel sim. (used as an  offering). However, a digamma is uncertain, and the connection with the Germanic  and Sanskrit words seems most improbable, as the forms are not well comparable. I  think the ending in -otpov is Pre-Greek (Pre-Greek: suffixes s.v. -otp-). Fur. 258'  points to the variation εἰ 11, for which he gives parallels.

XXXXXἠπανᾷ [v.] and ἠπανεῖ' ἀπορεῖ, σπανίζει, ἀμηχανεῖ 'is at loss, is in need of (H.). 4?

    *DER Further ἠπανία' ἀπορία, σπάνις, ἀμηχανία H., EM 433, 17; conj. in AP 5, 238.

===Pag_569: Beekes_Página_0569.tiff===

    *ETYM Reminiscent of πανία ᾿πλησμονή᾽, so metrical lengthening for "ἀ-πανία (WP  2, 8) has been suggested. However, cf. onavia 'lack, shortage'. DELG wonders how ἡ-  can reflect an ἀ- privative.

XXXXXἠπάομαι [v.] 'to mend, repair' (Hes. Fr. 172, Ar. Fr. 227, Gal., Aristid.). <?>

    *VAR Aor. ἠπήσασθαι, perf.ptc. pass. ἠπημένος.

    *DER ἠπητής 'mender, repairer' (X. Cyr. 1, 6, 16 [worse ν.]. ἀκεσταί], Batr., paps  rejected by Atticists, cf. Fraenkel 1912: 15), fem. ἠπήτρια (pap.); ἤπητρα [pl.]  'mender's wages' (pap. ), ἠπητήριον 'mender's instrument, needle' (Ael. Dion.).

    *ETYM For the formation, cf. πηδάω and other deverbatives with lengthened é-vowel  (Schwyzer: 719); further unclear. The root shape is reminiscent of Hitt. happ-* 'to  join, attach' (connected with Lat. aptus by Puhvel).

XXXXXἧπαρ, -ατος [n.] 'liver' (IL). «ὲ *(H)iek'-r 'liver'>

    *COMP As a first member eg. in ἠπατοσκοπέω 'inspect the liver' (to predict the  future) (LXX).

    *DER ἠπάτιον name of a dish (Ar.); ἠπατῖτις [f] 'belonging to the liver' (Hp.), also  name of a stone and a plant (Plin, Ps.-Dsc., Strémberg 1940: 41); ἠπατ-ικός, -tatoc,  τίας, -ηρός 'ptng. to the liver' (Hp.); ἥπατος [m.] name of a fish (com., Arist.;  Strémberg 1943: 45f3 acc. to Thompson 1947 s.v. Egyptian [?]).

    *ETYM The IE word for 'liver', *iek'-r, gen. *iek'-n-és (-6s), is also retained in Skt. yaky-t, yakn-ds and indirectly in Lat. iecur, iecin-or-is. In other languages the r/n-  stem led to a paradigm split: e.g., OAv. yakara, MP jakar, MoP jigar (but Pashto  yina, and perhaps Old Iran. huydyna-, for *ha-yakana-, properly 'of common liver',  acc. to Krause KZ 56, 304ff.), or Lith. ()éknos 'fish egg; calf; (plur.) spawn', Ru. ἱκγά  'id? < *(H)ik'-r-. In some branches, we find initial */-, which may have been taken  from the word for 'fat' (cf. on ▶︎ Aimoc): Gm. e.g. OHG lebara, Arm. leard (with the  ending of *iek'r); attempts to connect the /-forms with *iek'r by assuming an anlaut  *li- have failed (Schmidt 1889: 198f., Benveniste 1935: 132). Hitt. li-i-Si is probably a  loan (Kloekhorst 2008 s.v.). Szemerényi KZ 73 (1956): 191 suggested that the Greek  long vowel must be secondary, e.g. from ἧτορ; this is also advocated by Kortlandt.

XXXXXἠπεδανός [adj.] 'weak, light, slight, halting' (II.). <?>

    *ETYM Formation like ῥιγεδανός, πευκεδανός (Chantraine 1933: 362, Schwyzer: 530,  Risch 1937: 106), but further unclear, like several emotional adjectives. An Ionic  word, acc. to DELG. Pokorny maintains the uncertain comparison with Lith. opis  'soft, receptive, invalid' (beside which *rn0¢ [n.] has been assumed, like ῥῖγος to  ῥιγεδανός); it has also been compared with Skt. ap,va- 'mortal fear' (see Hoffmann  1955: 8off., who also connects it with OP afuva and *h,ep- 'to seize').

XXXXXἤπειρος [f.] 'continent' as opposed to the sea and the islands, 'coast', also in opposition to the inland (1].), as a TN Epeiros. <1E? *Heh.per- 'shore'>

    *VAR  Dor. ἄπειρος, Aeol. ἄπερρος.

    *COMP Asa first member in ἠπειρο-γενής 'born on the mainland' (A. Pers. 42).

    *DER ἠπειρώτης, fem. -τις 'inhabitant of the continent, of Asia Minor, of Epeiros'  (IA; on the formation Fraenkel 1912: 128 ἢ. 1) with ἠπειρωτικός (X.); denominative

===Pag_570: Beekes_Página_0570.tiff=== XXXXXἤπιος 523 verb ἠπειρόομαι, *6w 'become (part of the) continent, connect with the mainland' (Th., Arist.).

    *ETYM Except for the suffixal yod, PGr. "ἄπεριος agrees with the WGm. word for  'shore', OE 6fer [m.], MoHG Ufer, εἰς, PGm. *éfera-, which points to IE *apero- <  *Heh,pero-. Arm. ap'n 'shore' (Benveniste 1935: 13) cannot be compared phonetically  (so is it a substrate word?).

XXXXXἠπεροπεύς [m.] 'cheat, deceiver' (A 364, A. R. 3, 617, AP 9, 524, 8).

    *VAR -ηΐς [f.] (Hom., apud Str. 1, 2, 4).

    *DER ἠπεροπεύω (only present stem) 'cheat, deceive' (Hom., Hes.) together with  ἠπεροπευτής (only voc. -ta Γ 39 = N 768, h. Merc. 282, etc; on the formation  Fraenkel 1910: 2of., Fraenkel 1912: 34) and ἠπερόπευμα (Critias).

    *ETYM Because of the rarity of the attestations, ἠπεροπεύς could be a back-formation  from ἠπεροπεύω. The basic form "ἠπερ-οψ, *hep-ondc, -ἥ that was assumed  received various explanations (see Frisk). Kuiper's connection (Kuiper Glotta 21  (1933): 283f.) with ▶︎ ἀπάτη is semantically attractive, but an IE reconstruction is  excluded in this case. A loan from Pre-Greek is quite possible (thus also DELG),  especially in view of suffixal -op-.

XXXXXἠπίαλος [m.] 'ague, ague from fever' (Thgn., Ar., Hp., etc; on the meaning Stromberg 1944: 82ff.); 'nightmare'. « PG(V)>

    *VAR ἐπίαλος Alc. apud EM 434, 6 (probably after ἐπί). Cf. ἠπίολος 'moth' (Arist. HA  605b 14; ν.]. -όλης) with ἠπιόλιον' ῥιγοπυρέτιον 'ague' (H.).

    *DER ἠπιαλώδης 'ague-like' (Hp.), ἠπιαλέω 'suffer from agues' (Ar., Arist.), ἐξ-  ηπιαλόομαι 'turn into an ague' (Hp.).

    *ETYM Acc. to Strémberg 1944: 82ff. (with parallels), it is from ἤπιος, so properly  'mild fever', which would be a taboo paraphrase. This seems an improbable  hypothesis. On the suffix -aAo-, see Chantraine 1933: 246f. The word ἠπίολος 'moth'  (better, -όλης; after the nouns in -όλῃς) should not be separated from ἠπίαλος, as is  shown by the words adduced by Bugge BB 18 (1892): 166: Lith. drugys 'fever, malaria,  butterfly, moth' (related to Ru. drozdt' 'shiver'), Alb. ethe 'fever' with ethézé 'moth'  ('feverbird'). In folklore, butterflies, etc. bring fever (Frisk). Given the variation αἱ 0,  it is probably a Pre-Greek word (Fur.: 258, 342). See also on ▶︎ φιάλτης.

XXXXXἤπιος [adj] 'friendly, gentle, kind, mild, soothing' (IL).

    <IE? *h,e-h.p-i- 'friendly'>



    *COMP As a first member e.g. in ἠπιότφρων 'with mild intention' (Emp.).

    *DER ἠπιότης 'mildness' (Hell.) and the rare denominatives ἠπιόομαι 'to become  mild' (Phld.), ἠπιαίνω 'id' (Arist. Mu. 397b 1; uncertain).

    *ETYM Mostly connected with Skt. api- 'friend'. Floyd Glotta 71 (1993): 10-16  confirms this connection and compares the uses in Homer and the Rigveda,  especially the turn of phrase πατὴρ ὡς ἤπιος. As Pinault LALIES 6 (1987): 111-128  convincingly shows, the central meaning of ἤπιος in Homeric Greek is 'favorable,  well-disposed' (French propice, favorable), not 'mild'. Van Beek (p.c.) suggests that  we should reconstruct *h,e-h,p-i- 'fitting, allied' (of the type Skt. cdkri- 'doing' <  *k'é-k"r-i-) on the basis of Greek and Sanskrit; this is more convincing than a

===Pag_571: Beekes_Página_0571.tiff===

lengthened grade locative *h,ép-i 'proche', from which Pinault departs, a formation which would be isolated.

XXXXXἠπύωῳ [v.] 'to sound loudly, cry loudly' (1].). <?>

    *VAR Dor. Arc. ἀπύω, aor. ἠπῦσαι.

    *COMP Also with ἀν-, é1-; βρι-ἤπυ-ος 'crying loudly' (N 521).

    *DER ἠπύτᾶἄ 'cryer', as an epithet (H 384, Q. 5., Opp.), Ἠπυτίδης name of a herold (P  324).

    *ETYM It is possible that ἠπύω is based on a noun "ἦπυς 'loud cry' (Fraenkel 1910:  165). On the ending, cf. ynpv-w, οἰζύ-ω, di-oat; further unclear. The comparison  with Lat. vapuld 'to be beaten' (probably properly 'lament, cry') and Gm. words like  Go. wopjan 'cry (which suppose a deviating labial) supposes an initial digamma. However, there is no trace of it in Homer. Improbable comparison by Fur. 236 with  ▶︎ avy 'to cry, call'.

XXXXXἧρα [acc.sg.) (or [n.pl.}?) 'service, favor' in (ἐπὶ) ἧρα φέρειν 'do a favor' (1].); post- Hom. as a postposition with gen. = χάριν 'for the sake of, on account of (B., Call.). «1Ὲ *ueh,r- 'true' ἦν

    *DER ▶︎ ἐρίηρες [pl] 'faithful', also ἐπίηρος (perhaps a reinterpretation of ἐπὶ ἦρα  φέρειν ine.g. A 572 and578). Also βριηρόν' μεγάλως κεχαρισμένον 'highly charming'  (H, perhaps Bpt- is a mistake for épi-); PN Πολυ-ήρης, etc. The appurtenance of  Lesb. ▶︎ ἠρώνα and ▶︎ ἐπιήρανος 'pleasant' is doubtful.

    *ETYM A pre-form *ffjp-a (on the digamma, see Chantraine 1942: 152; on the  formation, Sommer 1948: 138) can be connected in several ways. First, with words for  'friendly': Lat. sevérus 'earnest', if < *sé véré 'without. friendliness' (but see now  Nussbaum 1998 apud De Vaan 2008 s.v. sevérus on this word), Gm., eg. ON verr  'friendly', OHG ala-wari 'friendly'. Alternatively, it can be connected with the word  for 'true': Lat. vérus = Olr. fir = OHG war, OCS véra 'faith', etc., from *ueh,-ro-. Within Greek, some have tried to connect it with ▶︎ Eoptn, ▶︎ ἔρανος, ▶︎ Epotic.

XXXXXἭρα [f.] Hera, the wife of Zeus (II.).

    *DIAL Myc. E-ra, Ion. Ἥρη; Cypr. Epat [dat.] (see Del.? 681, 4).

    *COMP As a first member e.g. in Ἡρα-κλέης, -κλῆς (1].), explanation in Kretschmer  Glotta 8 (1917): 121ff., with Bin Ἡρακληείη (probably an Achaean formula, see Ruijgh  1995: 82f.), also -κλήϊος, -κλειος ἀηά Ἡρακλείδης (II).

    *DER Ἡραῖος 'belonging to H' (IA); fem. -aia, -άα place name (Arcadia VI*) with  Ἡραιεύς inhabitant of Heraia; also Eppacvot (ΕἸ.); Ἡρα(ι)ών month name (Tenos,  Eretria).

    *ETYM The Mycenaean, Cyprian and Arcadian forms without digamma make ΕἸ. Epfadio suspect. Therefore, the connection with Lat. servare, etc. is quite  improbable. Other proposals are highly doubtful: eg. to IE *Hieh,r- 'year' (see  ▶︎ dpa). As with most theonyms, Pre-Greek origin is most probable.

XXXXXἠράνθεμον [n.] 'spring anthemon' (Dsc.).

    *ETYM From ἔαρ 'spring'; cf. Stromberg 1940: 72. On the formation, see Risch IF 59  (1949): 531.

===Pag_572: Beekes_Página_0572.tiff=== XXXXXἠρίον 525

XXXXXἤρανος [m.] 'keeper, lord, helper' (Hell. poetry), in H. = βασιλεύς, ἄρχων, σκοπός, φύλαξ 'king, ruler, overseer, guardian'. <?> ΑΚ Found as ἐπι-ἥρανος 'powerful, ruling, protecting' in earlier sources (Emp., Pl. Com., AP).

    *DER ἠρανέων: βοηθῶν, χαριζόμενος 'helping, charming' (H.).

    *ETYM For the suffix, cf. ▶︎ κοίρανος. Since Fick 1874-1876(2): 270, it has been  compared with Skt. varaka- 'who wards off, opponent' (or, rather, vérand- 'averting,  strong RV), from the root of »ἔρυμαι. Frisk compares ἐπι-ἤρανος with ém-  βουκόλος and asks whether ἤρανος is an archaizing simplex. Connection with ▶︎ ἦρα,  > Eninpos seems semantically improbable.

XXXXXἠρέμᾷ [adv,] 'quietly, gentle, slowly, alittle' (Pl, Ar., Arist.); also ἠρέμᾶς (A. ΚE. 3» 170; antevocalic), -μῖ (Ar. Ra. 315). «1Εὖ *h,remH- 'rest, be quiet'>

    *DER Comp. ἠρεμέστερος (X., Thphr, innovation, not an old s-stem to Go. rimis),  together with ἠρεμαιότης (Hp.); ἤρεμος 'id' (Thphr. back-formation from ἠρεμέω)  with ἠρεμότης (late); further ἠρεμαῖος 'quiet' (Pl, Hp.). Denominative verbs: 1. ἠρεμέω 'be quiet' (PL, Hp. etc.) with ἠρέμησις 'rest' (Ti. Locr., Arist.), also ἠρεμία  'id? (Arist; after the type ἐπιδημέω : ἐπιδημία; Schwyzer: 469; cf. also ἤρεμος [:  ἐπίδημος]); 2. ἠρεμίζω 'calm' (X., Arist.) with ἠρέμισμα (Comm. Arist.); 3. ἠρεμάζω  'be quiet' (LXX).

    *ETYM See Schwyzer: 622 on the formation: ἠρέμᾶς, like ἀτρέμᾶς (ibid. 620); on  ἠρεμῖ (εἰ). ibid. 623. The word ἠρέμα cannot be separated from a widespread group  for 'rest, quiet': e.g., Skt. rdmate 'to rest, etc., Lith. rimti 'to be quiet' (the acute  accent pointing to a root-final laryngeal), Go. rimis [n.] 'rest', Olr. fo-rimim 'to set,  lay'. A prefix 1; cannot be assumed (cf. ▶︎ ἠβαιός); neither is a lengthened prothesis  attractive (the archaic epic word ▶︎ ἠΐθεος, with metrical lengthening, is not a  parallel).

XXXXXἦρι [adv.] 'early' (IL).

    *COMP Asa first member e.g. in ἠρι-γένεια 'born early' (I1.), epithet of' Hac, also as a  substantive denoting dawn; later also -ἤς (A. Κ.); ἠρι-γέρων 'early grey', also the  plant 'Senecio' (Thphr.; Stromberg 1940: 56).

    *ETYM Seems to stand for *jept (cf. ἠέριος, Hepi-Bota). This used to be explained as  from "ἄιερι as a locative with lengthened grade, beside a full grade *ajer-i seen in  Greek in ▶︎ ἄριστον 'breakfast', as well as in Go. air, ON dr [adv.] 'early'. The noun is  seen in Av. aiiara, gen. aiign 'day. However, the lengthened grade assumed for  Greek is found nowhere else. Kiparsky Lang. 43 (1967): 624-6 convincingly derived  the form from a locative *aus-er-i 'in the early morning', belonging to the root  *h,eus- of ▶︎ ἠώς, to which ▶︎ ἠικανός also belongs. The old explanation should be  rejected.

XXXXXἠρίον [n.} 'burial mound, barrow' ( 126). <?>

    *COMP Asa first member in ἠρι-ἐργής: τυμβώρυχος 'grave digger' (H.).

    *DER Not here the river name'Hptdavoc.

    *ETYM Formation like κηρίον : κηρός, μηρία : μηρός, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 59). By  the ancients, it was connected with ἔρα 'earth' (cf. Schwyzer: 424, where unclear

===Pag_573: Beekes_Página_0573.tiff===

πολύηρος: πολυάρουρος, πλούσιος 'having much farmland, rich' [H.] is adduced), but given μέγα ἠρίον in Ψ 126, we should rather reconstruct fnpiov. Often derived from a root uver- 'cover', with reference to Gm. words like ON vor [f.] 'hill or bank of stones or gravel', ON ver [n.] 'dam' < IE *uorio-, which derive in the first place from a verb for 'avert', Go. warjan, etc. This is not convincing, as it supposes a lengthened grade for Greek.

XXXXXἦρος [m.] with ἠρίσκος of unknown meaning (Delos IV -III*). <?>

    *ETYM Unexplained.

XXXXXἤρυγγος 1 [f.] name of a thistle-like plant, 'Eryngium' (Nic. et al.).

    *VAR Mostly ἠρύγγιον (Thphr..), also ἠρύγγη (Plin.) and ἠρυγγίτης (Plu.).

    *DER Hpvyyic [f.] 'belonging to E.' (Nic.).

    *ETYM Formation like eiAtyyoc and πίσυγγος; the suffix -Vyy- is much more  frequent in athematic forms like φάρυγξ, etc. Acc. to Stromberg 1940: 72, it derives  from ἔαρ, ἦρος 'spring', as 'spring flower'. Clearly a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXἤρυγγος 2 [m.] 'goat's beard' (Arist. HA διοῦ 29). 4 PG(S)>

    *ETYM Although the meaning 'goat's beard' is unexplained beside those of ἤρυγγος 1,  the word is clearly Pre-Greek.

XXXXXἠρώνα [f.] 'consecrated object' = iepwvia (inscr. Thermi near Mytilene, IG 12(2), 242, cf. also 251).

    *ETYM For tepwvia, a Lesbianized form. See Hodot ZPE 49 (1982): 187-9.

XXXXXἥρως [m.] 'lord, hero' (11...

    *VAR Gen. -wos, rarely -wvoc, -wvi, -ωτι, etc. (details in Schwyzer: 479f., 557, 582).

    *DIAL Myc. ti-ri-se-ro-e /tris-érd"es/.

    *DER ἡρώϊος, ἡρῷος 'heroic' (Pi., Pl.) together with ἡρώϊον, -Wov 'sanctuary of a  hero' (IA); ἡρωϊκός 'id' (Att., Arist.). Several feminine formations (cf. on βασιλεύς. 1. ἡρωΐς (Pi); 2. ἡρωΐνη, ἡρῴνη, fpoiva (Ar. inscr.); 3. ἡρώϊσσα, ἡρῷσσα (A. R,  inscr.); 4. ἡρώασσα (Creta); 5. ἧρυς (Lilybaeum II*), probably an innovation (after  θῆλυς or γρηῦςϑ); ἡρωϊασταί, ἡρωϊσταί (-οἷσταί, -worat) [pl.] 'adorer of heroes'  (inscr. [V*); after the nouns in -αστής, -ἰστής, see Fraenkel 1910: 175ff; ἡρωϊσμός  'adoration of heros' (Mytilene); the verb ἡρωΐζω only in Eust. 4, 1 in the sense of  'write epic poems'. PN 'HpvAAa (Chantraine 1933: 252).

    *ETYM Not from ἡρωρ-, as previously assumed, because of the Mycenaean form. Probably a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXἩσίοδος [m.] PN Hesiod (since Pi.). <?>

    *DER Hotddetoc (PI.).

    *ETYM Solmsen 1901: 81 supposed a governing compound to {nut *fodry 'to start a  song'. See on ▶︎ αὐδή; further Knecht 1946: 48f. A survey of the proposals is given by  Meier-Briigger Glotta 68 (1990): 66-67.

XXXXXἥσυχος [adj.] 'quiet, silent, slow' (Hes.). <?>

    *VAR Also ἡσύχιος (Φ 598), ἡσύχιμος (Pi. O. 2, 32; analogical to ἡσυχία, Arbenz 1933:  77)» ἡσυχαῖος (Att; to ἡσυχῆλ

===Pag_574: Beekes_Página_0574.tiff=== XXXXXἭφαιστος 527

    *DIAL Dor. ἅσυχ- is not ἃ hyperdorism, see Forssman 1966: 48ff.

    *DER ἡσυχῆ, -ῇ [adv.] 'quiet, softly, secretly' (A; Schwyzer: 550); ἡσυχία, -in 'rest' (o  22); ἡσυχάζω, -άσαι 'be quiet, rest, bring to rest' (Att.) with ἡσυχαστικός 'calming'  (late).

    *ETYM Unexplained. A hypothesis by Osthoff and Brugmann is given in Pok. 890  and WH sv. sino: that it is from the root *seh,- in Lat. sémen. This is now viewed as  impossible, as the word had initial ha-.

XXXXXἦτα [n.] the seventh letter of the alphabet (Hp., Pl.).

    *ETYM From Semitic; cf. Hebr. heth. See Schwyzer: 140.

XXXXXἦτορ [n.] 'heart' (Il.); on the meaning Bolelli Ann. d. Scuola Norm. di Pisa 17: 65ff. and Biraud LAMA 10: 1-32. ΑΒ Only nom.-acc. except ἤτορι (Pi., Simon.).

    *COMP As a second member in μεγαλ-ἥτωρ, -ορος 'magnanimous (II.).

    *DER ἦτρον [n.] 'abdomen' (1A; on the formation Schwyzer: 461) with ἠτριαῖος  'belonging to the abdomen' (Ar.); cf. e. g. νεφρ-ιαῖος and Chantraine 1933: 49.

    *ETYM Old r-stem with Aeol. -op from zero grade *-r. The word is also found in Gm. and Celt., eg. ON ear [f.] 'vein', OHG dd(a)ra, MHG adder 'vein', plur. 'intestines',  Olr. inathar (< *en-dtro-) 'intestines. On the meaning 'heart' ~ 'intestines', cf. e.g. OE hreder 'breast, belly, heart' next to OHG herdar 'intestines'. See also ▶︎ κῆρ,  ▶︎ καρδία.

XXXXXἤτριον [n.] 'warp' (Ρ]., E., Theoc.). <?>

    *VAR ἄτριον Theoc. 18, 33 (better -iov?).

    *ETYM For the formation, cf. ἠρίον. Semantically, connection with ▶︎ ἄττομαι 'set the  warp in the loom' is probable; cf. the derivatives dopa, δίασμα with related meaning. It is difficult to give a precise derivational model, however. The word ▶︎ ἐπήτριμοι  'closely woven, thronged' perhaps also belongs here.

XXXXXἥττων

    *VAR Ion. ἥσσων. 5' ἧκα.

XXXXXἠΰτε [pcl.] 'as, just like' (IL). <1E *h,é 'or'>

    *ETYM From ἤ, ἠ(Ε)έ 'or' and *(H)ute, found in Skt. utd 'and, also'. See Schwyzer  1950: 564 and 576. Cf. ▶︎ εὖτε.

XXXXXἭφαιστος [m.] the divine smith, god of fire, also meton. for 'fire' (11...

    *VAR Dor. Aeol. 'Ag-, Ag-, Att. vases Hépactoc (Schwyzer: 276; on the form of the  name also Kretschmer Glotta 30 (1943): 19ff.).

    *DIAL Myc. A-pa-i-ti-jo PN /(H)ap*aistios/.

    *COMP Ἡφαιστό-τευκτος 'made by H.' (S.), ἀν-ἤφαιστος 'without H., without  warmth' (πῦρ, E. Or. 621).

    *DER Hgaiotiog, -ἰών month-name (Thess.), Ἡφαιστῖτις (scil. λίθος) name of a stone  (Plin.). Ἡφαίστια [pl.] 'festival for Hephaestus' (Att.), -elov 'temple of Η. (1A), also  -tetov (pap. I?, after Ἀσκληπι-εῖον), etc; -ἰάς 'a plaster'.

    *ETYM A Pre-Greek theonym; the form without -i- shows a typical Pre-Greek  variation (Fur. 296, 336) and points to original 95}.

===Pag_575: Beekes_Página_0575.tiff===

XXXXXἦχη [f.] 'sound, noise' (I1.). «Ὲ *(s)ueh,g"- 'sound'>

    *VAR Dor. aya.

    *COMP As a second member eg. in ὑψ-ηχής 'with high neighing' (ἴππος, II); ἄντ-  NXo¢ 'sounding towards' (Ph.), to ἠχή, ἦχος or ἠχέω.

    *DER ἠχήεις 'sounding, making noise' (Il; with shortening ἠχέεντα Archil. 74, 8; see  Schwyzer: 246). ἠχώ [f.] 'sound, noise' (Dor. axw), also personified (h. Hom., Hes. Se., Pi., A.). ἦχος [m.] (secondarily [n.], Schwyzer: 512) = ἠχή, together with ἠχώδης  (Hp., Hell.); also as a PN Faxog (Arc.), short name like ρᾶχυς (Cor. Chalcid.). Verb  ἠχέω, aor. ἠχῆσαι, often with prefix, eg. avt-, ὑπ-, 'sound, rustle, give a sound'  (Hes.); with ἀντ-ήχημα, -ἤχησις, ἠχέτης, -τᾶ (ἀχ-) 'who sounds, cicada' (Hes.; also  from ἦχος, Schwyzer: 500, Fraenkel 1910: 165), ἠχητής Hes. with ἠχητικός 'sounding'  (late), ἠχεῖον 'drum' (Ph., Plu.). See also on »ἰάχω, ▶︎ ἰαχή.

    *ETYM ἠχή (from *faxa), ἠχώ, and secondary ἦχος (cf. κόμπος, τάραχος) continue a  root noun or an uncharacterized verb. These were replaced by innovations ἠχή and  deverbative (or denominative?) ἠχέω. Beside it stands a primary zero grade  reduplicated present fi-Fay-w; see ▶︎ ἰάχω. The forms ἠχή, ἠχέω have no exact parallels in other languages. The closest are Lat. vagire 'wail (though with IE *-g-) and a few Baltic and Germanic words with initial  *su-, eg. Lith. svagitt, -éti 'to sound' (IE *-g-), OE swégan 'sound' (IE *-g*- as in  ἠχή).

===Pag_576: Beekes_Página_0576.tiff=== XXXXXΘ

XXXXXθαιρός [m.]-'pivot of a door' (Μ 459, Ω. 5., Agath.), also 'axle of a chariot' (δ. Fr. 596). <1E *d"uer- 'door'>

    *COMP θαιροδύται: οἱ ἐν τῷ ζυγῷ δακτύλιοι, δι᾿ wv οἱ ῥυτῆρες 'the rings on the yoke,  whence the reins' (H.).

    *DER Oatpaiag (Poll.).-

    *ETYM A technical term, which Brugmann IF 17 (1904-1905): 356ff. derived from  Ἰθραρ-ιό-ς (thus IE *d"yy-id-) as 'Tiirganger', from ▶︎ θύρα and ἰέναι 'to go'. The  form reconstructed for Greek would rather contain the suffix *-io-, thus *d'ur-io-. This remains uncertain. MoNw. (dial.) darre 'pivot of a door, small standard in the  corner of a sledge' (Falk & Torp 1910: 178) is remotely related at best.

XXXXXθᾶκος [m.] 'seat, chair' (Att.).

    *VAR  Epic Ion. Dor. θῶκος (since 1].), lengthened θόωκος (β 26, μ 318 verse-finally;  see below).

    *COMP As a second member eg. in σύν-θακος, -θωκος 'who shares his chair with  someone else' (S., E.).

    *DER Denominative verbs: 1. θάσσω, epic θαάσσω (only present stem) 'sit? (IL) <  Ἰθαξακ-ίω, see below; θοάζω for ᾿θοάσσω; 2. Oaxéw, θωκέω (also with prefix, eg. συν-, év-) 'sit' (post-Hom.) together with θάκημα 'sitting' (S.), ἐνθάκησις 'sitting'  (S.), ἐνθακὴ 'ambush' (Pompeiopolis; deverbal), θακεῖον 'seat' (Attica IV4 cf. ἀρχεῖον, Chantraine 1933: 61). 3. θακεύω 'go to stool' (Plu., Artem.). On ▶︎ θοάζω, see  5.0.

    *ETYM From θάβακον: θᾶκον ἢ θρόνον Η., it appears that θᾶκο was contracted  from *84(F)akoc; θῶκος would then come from θό(ελᾶκος (not from θώ(ξλακος, as  per Frisk et al.), shortened *06(p)akog; it yielded θόωκος after diectasis. Details on  θᾶκος, θῶκος in Bjorck 1950: 349ff. Connection with *d"eh, (comparing θωμ-ός  'heap') as zero grade and 6-grade is impossible because of ἔθαρακ-ος. In accordance  with Schulze 1892: 435, ᾿θάρακος has been explained as assimilated from *Odfakoc,  but this is most improbable. The word must be Pre-Greek, as was observed by Fur.:  342. A suffix -ax- is frequent in Pre-Greek (Pre-Greek: Suffixes); the variation *-af-/  -of- is normal in substrate words.

XXXXXθάλαμος [m.] 'inside room at the back of a house' (as opposed to μέγαρον, δῶμα); room for women and bedroom, also a room for provisions (Il; on the meaning Wace JHS 71 (1951): 203ff.), in mariners' language 'the lowest deck of a ship' (Timae., Poll.). «Ρα(ν)» ᾿

===Pag_577: Beekes_Página_0577.tiff===

    *COMP As a first member e.g. in θαλαμη-πόλος [f.], late [m.] 'chamber maid, lady's-  maid; eunuch' (Od.; -ἡ- metrically conditioned). θαλάμῃη [f.] 'lair, den, cavity of the  body' (ε 432, E, Hp, Arist.), as a nautical term = θάλαμος (Luc.); on θάλαμος ~ -μη  see Porzig 1942: 284.

    *DER θαλαμιά 'oar hole' (Hat. 5, 33), also 'oar at the lower deck' (Ar. Ach. 533, inscr.); θαλαμίας [m.] 'rower in the θάλαμος or θαλαμιά᾽ (Th. 4, 32, App., Them.), in this  meaning also θαλάμᾶξ (Ar. Ra. 1074) and θαλαμίτης (sch. ad loc.). From θάλαμος  also the rare θαλαμήϊος (Hes. Op. 807, A. R.), θαλαμαῖος (Ph.), θαλαμίς (An. Ox.)  and denominative θαλαμεύομαι, -ebw [v.] 'to (be) take(n) into the θάλαμος, as a  wife (Ph. Hld. et al.) with θαλαμεύτρια = νυμφεύτρια (Poll.); θαλάμευμα = θάλαμος  E. Ba. 120 (lyr.), cf. Chantraine 1933: 185; θαλαμευτός (Tim. Pers. 245).

    *ETYM Reminiscent of ▶︎ θόλος 'circular building', but further unknown; Pre-Greek  origin is quite possible, as its structure (CaC-aC-) is typical for such words. It could  be cognate with θόλος (Fur. 342). Not related to ▶︎ ὀφθαλμός.

XXXXXθάλασσα [f.] 'sea' (IL).

    *DIAL Att. θάλαττα, Late Cretan θάλαθθα (Buck 1955: 5810), Lacon. in σαλασσο-  μέδοισα Alc. 84.

    *COMP Several compounds, e.g. θαλασσο-κράτωρ (Hdt., Th.), ἀμφι-θάλασσος  'surrounded by the sea' (Pi; bahuvrihi); often in hypostases, mostly with -10¢  (-idto0¢), e.g. ἐπι-, παρα-θαλάσσιος, -ἰδιος (IA).

    *DER θαλάσσιος 'belonging to the sea, maritime' (Hom.), -ia [f.], -tov [n.] as a plant  name (Dsc; Stromberg 1940: 114), θαλασσ-ίδιος (Hdt.), -αἴος (Simon., Pi.) 'id',  θαλασσώδης 'sea-like' (Hanno Peripl.), θαλασσερός [m.] 'kind of eye-salve' (Gal.);  θαλασσίτης (οἶνος Plin.). Denominatives: θαλασσ-εύω 'be in the sea' (Th.), -όομαι,  -6w 'to be filled by sea water, turn into sea' (Arist. Hell.) with θαλάσσωσις  'inundation' (Thphr,, Ph.), -ίζω 'to be like sea water, wash in sea water' (Ath., pap.).

    *ETYM For the notion of 'sea', the Greeks did not use the stem *mor-i-, limited to the  European languages (Lat. mare, MoHG Meer, etc.), but they used old words in a new  meaning (ἅλς properly 'salt', πόντος properly 'path'), or borrowed words from Pre-  Greek, like πέλαγος. The latter is the case for θάλασσα. It belongs to the gloss Maced. (Ὁ) δαλάγχαν: θάλασσαν (H.). Fur.: 195 notes that it is uncertain that δαλάγχαν is  Macedonian (Kalléris 1954 does not give it). The word, with its prenasalized variant,  is typically Pre-Greek. Fur. further connects σάλος, ζάλος, which seems possible but  remains uncertain. Acc. to Lesky Herm. 78 (1943): 258ff., θάλασσα was originally a  foreign word for 'salt water'. See Beekes fthc. [on PG *ky].

XXXXXθάλλω [v.] 'to flourish, grow' (Hes., h. Cer. 402). 41E *d"(e)h,-l-, d'hJ- 'flourish. green'>

    *VAR Them. aor. ἔθᾶλον (h. Hom. 19, 33, Hell.), perf. with present meaning τέθηλα,  Aeol. Dor. τέθᾶλα (ΠΣ later forms s-aor. ἀν-έθηλα (Ael.), fut. ἀνα-θᾶλήσομαι (AP).

    *COMP Also with prefix (dava-, etc.).

    *DER 1. From the root aorist: θάλος [n.] 'sprout', only metaph. (Il.) ν  ἀμφι-θαλής  'surrounded by θάλος (OdAea), rich' (X 496; also to θαλεῖν); adj. fem. θάλεια  'flowering, rich' (Il; on the accent cf. ἐλάχεια, see ▶︎ ἐλαχύς), while *8arvc¢ [m.], -0

===Pag_578: Beekes_Página_0578.tiff=== XXXXXθαλυκρός 531 [n.] is found only in θαλέων [gen.pl.] (Χ 504); instead of it we find θαλερός (1].). like γλυκερός to γλυκύς. Badia, -in 'flower, abundance', plur. 'festival' (Il, Hdt.; Scheller 1951: 39 with different analysis) with θαλιάζω [v.] 'to amuse oneself (Plu.). PN Θάλης (-fic), gen. Θάλεω, OGAntos, etc. (Schwyzer: 461f.). See also on ▶︎ θαλύσια. 2. From the present: θαλλός [m.] 'green twig, especially of the olive; sprout', also '(festive) gift' (p 224) together with θαλλία [fsg.] 'foliage' (Thphr.), θαλλία [n.pl.] 'gifts' (pap.), OGAAivoc 'consisting of θαλλοι' (Rhodes). Θαλλώ [f] 'goddess of growth' (lusi. apud Lycurg. 77, Paus. 9, 35, 2). Secondary presents: 1. to the root aorist: OGA-é0w (Il; see Chantraine 1942: 327, Shipp 1967: 39); 2. to the perfect: θηλέω, θᾶλέω, aor. θηλῆσαι, θᾶλ- (Il.), together with ἐρι- θηλής 'richly growing' (IL, Hes.), etc. (but cf. ἐριθαλίς: εἶδος δένδρου 'kind of tree' Η., erithales [n.] Plin. to θάλος). Lengthened from θηλέω: τηλεθάω, old only the pte. τηλεθάων (IL; Chantraine 1942: 359).

    *ETYM Ascertained correspondences are found only in Albanian and Armenian:  present Alb. dal 'to' sprout' < *d'al-n- (which may even be identical with θάλλω, cf. on »βάλλω), aor. dol(Da < IE *d'eh,J- as in τέθᾶλα, and the Arm. adjective dalar  'green, fresh', which has been compared directly with θαλερός. The Celtic material  (MW deillyau 'to emanate, proceed, etc.'), and the Germanic even more so (see Pok. 234), is best considered separately. See LIV? s.v. *d"alh,- (which cannot be the correct  reconstruction, however). Clackson 1994: u18ff. argues concerning the comparison Arm. dalar : θαλερός that  -ar- is a productive suffix in Armenian and that 'the semantic development may be  independent'.

XXXXXθάλπω [v.] 'to warm', rarely intr. 'to be warm' (Od.). 4 PG>

    *VAR  Aor. θάλψαι.

    *COMP Also prefixed with dva-, ém-, ovv-, ὑπο-, etc.

    *DER θάλπος [n.] 'warmth' (IA) with δυσ-θαλπής 'with bad warmth, shivery' (P 549);  or from θάλπω; θαλπωρή 'refreshment' (Hom.); θάλψις 'warming' (Hp.); θαλπνός  'warming' (Pi; cf. tep7tvéc; Chantraine 1933: 193); θαλπεινή 'Iris' (Str6mberg 1940:  82); PN Θάλπιος B 620. Lengthened ptc. pres. θαλπιόων 'warm' (tT 319, Arat. 1073; on  the formation see Risch 274).

    *ETYM Connection with θάλλω as 'make flourish' is improbable. The root is also  found in »θαλυκρός, *d'al-uk'-; the syncopated form, without -u-, yielded θάλπω. Thus Kuiper Lingua 21 (1968): 270-275 and Fur.: 384, 391. On syncope in Pre-Greek,  see Fur.: 378-385.

XXXXXθαλυκρός [adj.] 'warm, glowing' (Call. Fr. anon. 69, AP 5, 219), in H. = ἰταμόν, λαμπρόν, βλοσυρόν, ἀναιδές, πανοῦργον 'rash, splendid, hairy, shameless, knavish', with θαλυκρέονται: ψεύδονται 'they are deceived' (H.).

    *DER θαλύ«πτρεσθαι' φλέγεσθαι 'to be burnt [up]; θαλύψαι: θάλψαι, πυρῶσαι 'to  [soften by] heat, burn'; θαλυσσόμενος: φλεγόμενος 'who is burnt (upy (H.).

    *ETYM Beside the present θαλύσσομαι, the aorist had θαλύψαι (Schulze GGA 1897:  874; Schwyzer: 704). Brugmann connected it with ▶︎ θάλπω 'to heat', assuming that  -%- represents *k', and that its labial element found as -v- in θαλύσσομαι, etc. in the

===Pag_579: Beekes_Página_0579.tiff===

preceding syllable, after which -κ- was retained. Although (as Frisk remarks) this is not convincing from an IE point of view, such mechanisms are well-known for substrate words. Both θάλπ- and θαλύκ- can be explained as from *tal-uk'-, while in θαλυκρός we have retention of k after u. See on ▶︎ θάλπω. The form ἀλυκρός is unclear; see ▶︎ ἀλέα 1 'warmth'.

XXXXXθαλύσια [n.pl.) 'offerings of first fruits' (I 534, Theoc. 7, 3).

    *DER θαλύσιος ἄρτος 'bread from the first corn' (Ath. 3, 14a; cf. on Θαργήλια),  θαλυσιὰς ὁδός 'the road to the Th.' (Theoc. 7, 31); patronynicon Θαλυσιάδης (A 458).

    *ETYM From θάλλω, etc., first from an adjective "θαλύς, -ὑ (found only in θαλέων  [gen.pl.] and θάλεια [f.], of Saic, ἑορτή), as was observed by Solmsen 1901: 37 and  Solmsen Glotta 1 (1909): 80. On the formation, see Fraenkel 1912: 124 and Chantraine  1933: 41f. On the Thalysia see Nilsson 1941(1): 468.

XXXXXθαμά [adv.} 'often' (IL). <?>

    *DER θαμάκις (: πολλάκις) 'id? (Pi). θαμινά 'id? (Pi, Hp.), adjective θαμινός  'crowded, close-set' (Call; cf. πυκινά, -tvdc) with θαμινάκις (Hp.); also θαμεινός after  αἰπεινός (h. Merc. 44). Next to θαμά stands the u-stem *Bapd< (τάχα : ταχύς) in θαμέες [pl.) 'close-set, crowded', θαμειαί [f.] (Hom; on the accent Schwyzer: 385); cf. also Θαμυ-κλῆς PN (Bechtel 1917b: 197). Compar. θαμύντεραι- πυκνότεραι (H.), cf. ἰθύντατα. Here also θάμυρις (H.), probably after πανήγυρις, by which EH. glosses it;  also as a PN (B 595, inscr.); cf. Bechtel 1917a: asf; further ὁδοὺς θαμυρούς- τὰς  λεωφόρους 'highways'; θαμυρίζει: ἀθροίζει, συνάγει 'brings together' (H.); also intr. (BCH 50, 401, Thespiae). Denominative of θαμά: θαμίζω [v.] 'to frequent' (Ils cf. Schwyzer: 736).

    *ETYM It was previously assumed that θαμ-ά was a reduced grade beside ▶︎ θημών,  ▶︎ θωμός, but this is impossible, since the latter two derive from @n- in τί-θη-μι. This  had a zero grade θε- < *d'h,, as in »θέμεθλα, ▶︎ θέμις. Therefore, the etymology  remains unknown.

XXXXXθάμβος [n.] 'amazement, fright' (11...

    *COMP As a second member eg. in ἀ-θαμβής 'fearless, undaunted' (Ibyc., B.) with  ἀθαμβία, -in 'fearlessness' (Democr. 215); back-formation ἄθαμβος 'undaunted'  (Democr. 216), also as a PN (Delphi); cf. ἔκθαμβος below; see Schwyzer: 469.

    *DER θαμβαλέος (Nonn.). Denominative verbs: 1. θαμβέω, -ἦσαι, also with prefixes  like éx-, 'be amazed, be frightened' (Il.), Hell. also trans. 'amaze, frighten' (LXX),  together with θάμβ-ησις, -ημα (Aq.), ἔκθαμβος (Plb.). 2. θαμβαίνω intr. 14. (Pi.). 3. θαμβεύω trans. 'id.', together with -ευτής (Aq.).

    *ETYM Beside θάμβος, Greek has an archaic-looking perfect ▶︎ τέθηπα 'I am  perplexed' with the thematic root aorist tapeiv (tagwv, tage; 1].); from the latter  derives τάφος [n.] = θάμβος (Od., Ibyc.). Secondary to τέθηπα are θήπω- ἐπιθυμῶ,  θαυμάζω; also, ▶︎ Suny. However, a nasal did not voice a following stop in Greek;  Barton Glotta 71 (1993): 1-9 incorrectly assumes a complicated series of  developments; ὀμφαλός disproves the rule ND < ND, and ἄνθρωπος is a Pre-Greek  word; the rule has been rejected on several occasions. Moreover, there is no evidence

===Pag_580: Beekes_Página_0580.tiff=== XXXXXθάνατος 533 for e-vocalism (viz. d"emb'-), as we would expect if the word were of IE origin, so the whole approach thus far has been wrong: θάμβος and τέθηπα cannot be genetically related. The group is further isolated; Go. afdobn [ipv.] 'become speechless' cannot be connected. Just as doubtful is the connection with a Germ. group for 'hit', e.g. ME dabben 'hit softly, MoHG tappen. The variation θαπ-" tag-/ Bau B- (with Pre-Greek prenasalization), to which Oaf- in θαῦμα, etc. also belong, cannot be IE. The rare form θωπ- is a variant of ἔθαυπ-. The whole group is of Pre- Greek origin; thus already Kuiper 1956: 225 and Fur. passim.

XXXXXθάμιξ [2] - ἀλώπηξ 'fox (H.). «τ»

    *ETYM Improbable hypothesis by von Blumenthal 1930: 36{{; see WH s.v.

XXXXXθάμνος [m.] 'bush, shrub' (IL). «ΡΟ»

    *VAR Also [f.], after other tree names.

    *DER Diminutive θαμνίσκος [m] (Dsc.), θαμνῖτις 'shrub-like' (Nic. Th. 883),  θαμνώδης 'id. (Thphr.), θαμνάς = ῥίζα (EM). Beside it θάμνη (-a) [f.] 'wine from  pressed grapes (?Y (Herod. 6, 90, Gp.).

    *ETYM The word θάμνος exists next to θαμινός and θαμά just as πυκνός next to  πυκινός and πύκα; the barytonesis is caused by the substantivization (cf. Schulze  19334: 124°). For the meaning, cf. the explanation in H.: θάμνοι- δασέα καὶ πυκνὰ  δένδρα 'dense and thick trees'. Not, as per Alessio Studi etruschi 18 (1941): 414,  related to Lat. tamnus; see WH s.v. With its ending in -apv(oc), the word seems Pre-  Greek; its meaning makes this quite possible.

XXXXXθάνατος [m.] 'death' (1].). «1ὸὲΕ *d"(u)enh,- 'die'>

    *COMP Compounds like ἀ-θάνατος 'immortal' (Il.), θανατη-φόρος 'death-bringing'  (A. ; -η- metrically and analogically conditioned, Schwyzer 438f.).

    *DER Adjectives: θανάσιμος 'bringing death, going to die' (IA; on the formation  Arbenz 1933: 17 and 7of.; rarely θανατήσιμος, op. cit. 78f.); also θανατώδης (Hp.),  θανατόεις (S. E.), θανατήσιος (Afric, after βιοτήσιος, βροτήσιος), θανατικός (Ὁ. S.,  Plu.), θανατηρός (Eust.); θανατούσια (sc. ἱερά) [Ρ].] 'festival for the dead' (Luc,; after  γερούσιος). Denominative verbs: 1. θανατόω 'kill, bring to death, sentence to death'  (IA) with θανάτωσις; 2. θανατάω 'like to die', also 'be dying' (Ρ].); 3. θανατιάω 'id. (Luc.). Old perfect τέθνηκα 'I am dead', plur. τέθνᾶμεν, ptc. τεθνηώς, τεθνεώς, Aeol. inf. τεθνάκην, with the thematic root aorist ἕθανον 'I died' (II), the fut. θανοῦμαι  (11) and a present θνηισκω (inscr.), θνήσκω (mss.), Aeol. θναισκω (Hdn. Gr. 2, 79);  in prose mostly ἀπο-θνήσκω; also with other prefixes, eg. κατα-θνήσκω, -θανεῖν,  -τέθνηκα (all 11.}; on the function of the prefix see Schwyzer 1950: 268f. Verbal  adjective θνητός 'mortal' (11... Thence θνήσιμος (only Arg. to 5. OT 7) with  θνησιμαῖον 'cadaver' (LXX); in the same meaning also θνᾶσίδιον, θνησζ(ελίδιον  (Lesbos, Ael.; Schwyzer: 270). Verbal subst. θνῆσις 'dying, mortality' (medic.),  εὐθνήσιμος 'preparing a soft death' (A. Ag. 1294) from εὖ θνήσκειν; cf. εὐθάνατος,  -τέω, -ola.

    *ETYM The comparison with the Skt. aorist d-dhvani-t 'he disappeared' and the pte. dhvan-td- 'dark' previously led to a reconstruction IE d'yenh,-, but this etymological  connection is not certain. The Greek forms θαν-(εῖν) and θάνα-(τος), θνᾶ-(τός)

===Pag_581: Beekes_Página_0581.tiff===

point to a reconstruction d'nh,-, d'nh,-e- beside d'nh,-C-. Τ1Ν' therefore combines them under a root d'enh,- 'sich in Lauf setzen, sich davonmachen', to which also belong Indo-Iranian forms like Ved. dhdnvati 'flows', prd dhanvati (YV) 'dies', as well as ToA tsnantdr [subj.] 'flow'. Semantically, this is possible, but not wholly convincing.

XXXXXθάπτα [f.] - μυῖα, Κρῆτες 'fly (Cretan)' (H.).

    *ETYM Fur.: 388, etc. compares Adtta < *Aanta (glossed as μυῖα, Πολυρρήνιοι H.),  δάπτης (Lyc.), and Lat. tabanus 'horse-fly'. However, see ▶︎ θάπτω on Latte.

XXXXXθάπτω [v.] 'to bury' (1].). «Ἰεῦ *d'emb". 'dig, bury'>

    *VAR Aor. θάψαι, pass. ταφῆναι, also -θῆναι, perf. pass. τέθαμμαι.

    *COMP Also with prefix, e.g. év-, συν-, κατα-.

    *DER τάφος [m.] 'burying, tomb' (IL), ταφή 'id' (1A); derived from this the  hypostases év-, ἐπι-τάφιος 'ptng. to a burial' together with ἐνταφιάζω, ἐνταφιαστής  (LXX, pap.); émtagéw [v.] 'to attend a burial (inscr.); ταφήϊος 'ptng. to a burial  (Od.), ταφεύς 'grave-digger' (S.), tag(e)wv (place) of a tomb' (inscr.), ταφικόν  'burial costs' (pap.). τάφρος [f.] (on the genus see Schwyzer 1950: 34') 'ditch (for  fortification, etc.) (IL) together with tappevw 'make a ditch' (Att.), whence tagp-  cia, τάφρ-ευμα, -ευσις, -ευτής; rare τάφρη 'id.' (Ion.); τράφος (Tabl. Heracl. I, 130). Uncertain 04nt<p>a: μνῆμα (cod. μυῖα). Κρῆτες 'monument (Cret.)' (H.); see Latte  Glotta 34 (1955): 196f.

    *ETYM It has traditionally been compared with Arm. damb-an 'tomb', starting from  IE *d'mb*-. Greek would also have generalized the zero grade 8an-, tag- < ἔθαφ-,  and the full grade *d*emb*- would have been eliminated in both languages. However,  Clackson 1994: 120f. doubts that the words are old. Armenian and Greek could well  be borrowings; IE origin is uncertain.

XXXXXΘαργήλια [n.pl.] Ionic-Attic festival before the harvest, connected with the cult of Apollo (Hippon,, Archil.), also Ταργήλια (Milete).

    *DER Θαργηλιών (Tapy-) month name (IA), Θαργήλιος (Tapy-) PN (Ion.). Beside it  θάργηλος, acc. to Crates apud Ath. 3, 1148 name of a bread, which was otherwise  called θαλύσιος (ἄρτος) (8. θαλύσια), also name of a pot (χύτρα) with cooked fruits,  which was considered a symbol of fertility (Suid., H., EM 443, 19).

    *ETYM Pre-Greek origin is demonstrated by the variant forms with T-.

XXXXXθάρνυμαι = Bopdc and θρέομαι.

XXXXXθάρσος [n.] 'confidence, courage, audacity' (II.).

    *VAR Att. θάρρος (partly a reshaping of Hom. θάρσος, etc. acc. to Leumann 1950:  115); Aeol. θέρσος.

    *COMP E.g. εὐ-θαρσής 'of good courage' (A.), θερσι-επής 'talking courageously' (B.;  on the first member Schwyzer: 448).

    *DER θαρσαλέος, -pp- 'with confidence, courageous' (Il; on the formation  Chantraine 1933: 253f.), Θερσίτης PN (Hom., etc.), θαρσήεις 'courageous' (Call,  Nonn, innovation, see Schwyzer: 527); denominative verb θαρσέω (-pp-), aor. θαρσῆσαι 'be courageous' (Il; cf. Schwyzer: 724, Chantraine 1942: 349; hardly from

===Pag_582: Beekes_Página_0582.tiff=== XXXXXθάψος 535 εὐθαρσέω as per Leumann l.c.) together with θαρριητικός (Arist.). Beside θάρσος, θέρσος we have the adjective θρασύς 'audacious, courageous, bold' (since I1.), often as a first member, e.g. θρασυκάρδιος 'with audacious heart' (Il.), Rhod. Θαρσύ-βιος, Ther. @hap(p)v-paqhog (more forms in Schwyzer: 284); thence θρασύτης 'boldness' (IA), Θρασώ epithet of Athena (Lyc.), denominative verb θρασύνω, θαρσύνω, -pp- 'encourage' (IL) with θάρσυνος 'with confidence' (Il; deverbal; cf. Schwyzer 491); compar. θρασίων (Alcm.), θρασύτερος, superl. -ὑτατος (Att.); see Seiler 1950: 55f. Cf. also ▶︎ ἀτάσθαλος.

    *ETYM An exact correspondence to θρασύς would be Skt. dhrsi-, but the latter is only  attested in grammarians; the typical form is dhrsnu- 'bold' (RV), from dhrsndti  [3sg.pres.] 'be audacious'. The s-stem θέρσος (for which secondarily θάρσος, θράσος  by influence of θρασύς) has no parallel in Sanskrit. Greek has only the denominative  verbs θαρσέω, θαρσύνω, while other IE languages have primary formations: Skt. dhrs-n-6-ti, perf. da-dharsa, Go. ga-dars 'dare, τολμῶ᾽, Lith. drjsti 'dare' (with infixed  nasal, cf. OPr. dyrsos [adj.] 'courageous, skillful').

XXXXXθάσσω 'sit'.

    *VAR θαάσσω. = θᾶκος.

XXXXXθάσσων 'quicker'.

    *VAR Att. θάττων. - ταχύς.

XXXXXθαῦμα [n.] 'wonder, astonishment' (1].).

    *VAR  Hat. εἴ al. θῶμα (mss. also θῶυμα; see below).

    *COMP Asa first member eg. in θαυματο-ποιός 'wonder-worker = juggler' (PI, D.).

    *DER θαυματός 'wonderful' (Hes. Sc. 165, h. Hom., Pi.) with θαυμάσιος 'id' (IA;  Schwyzer: 466), from which θαυμασιότης (Hp.); θαυματόεις 'id.' (Man.); Θαύμας,  -avtoc (Hes.; Schwyzer: 526, Chantraine 1933: 269). Denominative verbs: 1. θαυμαίνω  'wonder, admire' (8 108, h. Ven. 84) with Dor. Θωμάντας (Phleius); 2. θαυμάζω 'id,  Cl; on the formation Schwyzer: 734) with θαυμαστής 'admirer' and θαυμαστικός  (Arist.), θαυμασμός 'admiration' (Hell.), θαύμακτρον probably 'money paid to see a  conjurer's tricks' (Sophr. 120; cf. Chantraine 1933: 332); 3. θαυματίζομαι: ἐκπλήττομαι  'I am astonished' (H.). PN Θώμων (Boeot.); cf. γνῶμα : γνώμων et al.; see Bechtel  1917b: 214.

    *ETYM The word θαῦμα belongs to the group of θάμβος, τέθηπα, etc. with Pre-Greek  labial/ ¢ (Fur.: 228-33). This also explains θῶμα with av/w, beside which (with  'etymological' notation) there is also θῶυμα in Hdt.; the variation cannot be  explained in IE terms. Thus Kuiper 1956: 225 and Fur.: 236, 242. It is possible, though  by no means certain, that θαῦμα, etc. are verbal nouns of a word for 'see, observe' in  ▶︎ θέα 'looking at', θεάομαι 'behold', etc.

XXXXXθάψος [f.] name of a plant, 'fustic, Rhus Cotinus', used for dyeing yellow (Theocr.).

    *VAR  Also θαψία ῥίζα (Thphr.); θαψία [f.] 'deadly carrot, Thapsia garganica' (Arist.,  Thphr.).

    *DER θάψινος 'yellow-colored' (Ar.).

    *ETYM Identical with the name of the peninsula Thapsos (on the eastern coast of  Sicily), or derived from it. See Strémberg 1940: 127.

===Pag_583: Beekes_Página_0583.tiff===

XXXXXθέα [f.] 'sight, aspect, spectacle' (IA). 4 PG>

    *VAR Ion, θέη (Syrac. Oda'; see Kaibel 1899-1901(1): 200).

    *COMP As a first member in ▶︎ θεωρός 'spectator, envoy ata festival', s.v.

    *DER PN @atic [f.] (Ὁ. S.). Verb θεάομαι, Ion. θηέομαι, Dor. θαέομαι (with θάμεθα  [Sophr.] and other contracted forms; see Bechtel 1921, 2: 191) 'to look at, behold' (1].),  also with prefix, e.g. ἐκ-, kata-, ovv-. Several deverbal nouns: 1. θέαμα, θέημα 'sight,  spectacle' (Semon., A.); 2. θέασις 'contemplation, insight' (Gal. Porph.); 3. θατύς  (Dor. < *Baatuc): ikpiov (= 'bank in a theatre'), θεωρεῖον, ἐς θατύν: εἰς θεωρίαν H.;  4. θέατρον, θέητρον 'place for spectators, theatre' (IA) with several compounds and  derivatives, eg. ἀμφι-θέατρος [adj.] 'having place for spectators around' (e.g of  ἱππόδρομος, στοά), substantivized -ov 'amphitheatre' (Ὁ. H.,, Str.), θεατρικός,  θεατρίζω, θεατρισμός; 5. θεατής, θεητής 'spectator' (IA) with θεατικός (Arr.); 6. θηϊτήρ (φ 397), θατήρ (B. 9, 23) 'id'; 7. θεήμων 'id' (API).

    *ETYM At the basis of θέα, etc. is Ἰθᾶρᾶ. In Ionic-Attic, "θά ρᾷ gave θέα, where one  would expect contraction of two like vowels after loss of Ε (see the discussion in  Peters 1980a: 307f.). Other primary nouns are probably θῆβος (= θῆρος): θαῦμα and  θήγεια (= Onfeta): θαυμαστά, ψευδῆ and θηταλά (= θηραλά)-: θαυμαστά, ψεύδεσιν  ὅμοια (all H.). The verbs 8a(F)éopat, On(F)Eopat (with ao > eo) and the development  giving θεάομαι are discussed in Szemerényi SMEA 3 (1967): 71-72. They can be taken  as denominatives, or alternatively as deverbatives (Schwyzer: 720) with θέη, θέα as  back-formations (this direction seems to be indicated by the chronology of the  attestations)? No IE cognates; the word is Pre-Greek, as is proven by the variations  (see ▶︎ θαῦμα, ▶︎ θάμβος). Incorrectly, Szemerényi Glotta 33 (1954): 256, who traces  Ἰθάρᾷ to IE *d"insua.

XXXXXθειλόπεδον = εἱλόπεδον.

XXXXXθείνω [v.] 'to slay', also 'to kill (11). 41Ε *g'en- 'strike, slay'>

    *VAR  Reduplicated aor. πε-φν-εῖν (1].), med. ἐπέφατο (cod. d-): ἀπέθανεν 'he died'  (H.); beside it also, probably as an innovation, the thematic root aor. θενεῖν (E., Ar.)  and the ptc. θείνας of the s-aorist (Y 481); fut. θενῶ (Ar.), 38g. perf. pass. πέφαται, inf. πεφάσθαι (I1.), together with fut. pass. πεφήσεται (Ὁ 140, etc.).

    *COMP The verbal adjective as a second member in compounds, e.g. ἀρηΐςτφατος (see  also on ▶︎ διφάσιος).

    *DER Beside it ▶︎ φόνος [m.] 'murder', s.v; cf. also Ἀργεϊφόντης.

    *ETYM From this root, Indo-European formed an athematic root present: 3sg. Skt. hénti = Av. jainti = Hitt. kyen-zi 'he slays, kills', IE *g'"én-ti. This was replaced by a  thematic root formation: YAv. janaiti 'kill, Lith. gentt 'to drive (cattle), hunt', OCS  Zeng 'to drive, pursue', as well as perhaps Arm. jnem 'slay' (which may instead be  denominative from jin 'stick'). Other formations are Olr. gonim 'to wound, kill  (iterative) and Lat. -fend6 in deé-, of-fendé (with a suffixa] -d-). The reduplicated  aorist is also found outside Greek, e.g. in Indo-Iranian: Av. auua-jaynat (if not an  intensive) 'he struck' = πέφνε. The perfect formations also correspond: Skt. 3sg. ja-  ghan-a < IE *g'e-g*"on-; πέ-φα-ται and Skt. 3pl. ja-ghn-tih < *gre-g'"n-. Verbal  adjectives: Skt hatd- = Av. jata- = -patoc, IE.*g'"n-to-. The full grade thematic yod-

===Pag_584: Beekes_Página_0584.tiff=== XXXXXθελεμόν 537 present θείνω was connected (cf. Frisk) with Lith. genii (inf. genéti) 'to prune branches' (< IE g'"en-i6), beside OCS Zonjo (inf. Zeti) 'to reap, mow'. However, as Derksen 2008 s.v. Zéti II remarks, the Balto-Slavic words point to a root-final laryngeal. Arm. jnjem 'to wipe off, clean' could belong here phonetically as well, but differs in meaning. Connection with Alb. gjan 'to hunt, follow' is very doubtful. On the meaning of the IE root, see recently Garcia Ramon 1998: 139-154.

XXXXXθεῖον [n.] 'brimstone' (Il., IA). 418 *d"ues- 'smoke'>

    *VAR  Epic θέειον, also θήϊον (x 493).

    *DER Diminutivum θε(ι)άφιον (H., Tz.; θέαφος Eust.), adjective θειώδης 'sulphuric'  (Str. medic.); denominative verb θειόω, θεόω, epic θεειόω (also prefixed with δια-,  ἐκ-, περι-) 'treat with sulphur' (Od., medic.); thence θεώματα:' τὰ περικαθαρτήρια  'purificatory offerings' (H.).

    *ETYM The basic form was θέειον, whence θεῖον by hyphaeresis and, by further loss  of thet, θεόω, θεάφιον. The hapax θήϊον arose by metrical lengthening and change of  suffix. Perhaps Hom. Qéetov derives from *Oféhetov; it would be a substantivized  adjective from a noun *@féhoc [n.], properly 'smoke', formed from a verbal root  *d"ues- 'smoke, breathe' (cf. LIV? s.v.) in Lith. dvésti 'breathe, blow'. Not connected  to ▶︎ θεός. Cf. ▶︎ θύω 2.

XXXXXθεῖος [m.] 'uncle, father's or mother's brother' (Att.).

    *DER Innovations are πρόθειος 'great-uncle' (Laodicea; after proavus) and θεία [f.]  'aunt' (pap.; for τηθίς acc. to Schwyzer 1950: 31).

    *ETYM Onomatopoeic ἔθη, with a suffix -eroc? Cf. reduplicated τήθη. From θεῖος  came Ital. zio 'id'.

XXXXXθέλγω [v.] 'to enchant, beguile, cheat' (II.). <?>

    *VAR Aor. θέλξαι, pass. θελχθῆναι, fut. θέλξω (Od.); iterative ipf. θέλγεσκ᾽ (y 264).

    *COMP Rarely with prefix (δια-, ém-, kata, mtapa-). θέλξι- as a first member in  governing compounds, e.g. θελξι-επής 'with enchanting words' (B.), θελξί-φρων  'enchanting the mind' (E. [lyr.]); see Schwyzer 443.

    *DER θελκτήρ 'enchanter, etc. (h. Hom. 16, 4) with θελκτήριον 'charm' (1].), adj. θελκτήριος 'enchanting (A. E.); θέλκτωρ 'id? (A. Supp. 1040 [lyr.]); θέλκτρον =  θελκτήριον (S. Tr. 585), θέλγητρον 'charm, spell' (E.); θέλγμα 'id.' (sch., H.); θέλκταρ  (cod. θέρκαλ)- θέλγμα (H.), Fraenkel Glotta 32 (1953): 29; (κατά-)θέλξις 'charm'  (Plu, Luc., Ael.).

    *ETYM Unexplained. Several unconvincing hypotheses: that it is related to Lith. Zvelgitt 'look at' (de Saussure MSL 8 (1894): 443, who connects it as 'enchanting by an  evil look'); to Skt. hvdrate 'go obliquely' < *g"uel- with Gr. enlargement -y- (Ehrlich  1910: 29); to Gm. words like OE dolg, OHG tolc 'wound' (Havers IF 28 (1911): 190ff.;  see also on ἀσελγής).

XXXXXθελεμόν [adj.] epithet of πῶμα 'drink' (A. Supp. 1027 [lyr.]) of unknown meaning, glossed by H. as οἰκτρόν, ἥσυχον 'pitiable, quiet', connected with ▶︎ θέλω by Hdn. Gr. 1, 171.

===Pag_585: Beekes_Página_0585.tiff===

538 -θελυμνος

    *ETYM Unexplained. Cf. θελημίνλά (te καὶ στερεωπά) Emp. 21, 6; taken as  'supporting, basic', on which see Solmsen 1909: 63. See discussion on ▶︎ -θελυμνος. Pur.: 317 thinks the word is Pre-Greek (due to suffix -ep10c).

XXXXXτθελυμνος [adj.] in προ-θέλυμνος, epithet of δένδρεα (1541), of χαῖται (K 15), of σάκος (N 130); post-Hom. of various objects (δρῦς, kaprjata). «ΡΟ»

    *COMP Also in τετρα-θέλυμνος epithet of σάκος (O 479 = x 122); cf. τριθέλυμνος =  τρίπτυχος (Eust. 849, 5).

    *DER The simplex is unknown, but Sturz read it in Emp. 21, 6 for traditional  BeArp(v)a (Diels and others: θελεμνάλ).

    *ETYM We may compare the prefix in προ-θέλυμνος with mpd-ppiloc 'of which the  root is gone, uprooted', Lat. pré-fundus 'of which the bottom is removed, deep', Skt. pra-parna- 'whose leaves have fallen off, stripped of the leaves'. The second member  of προ-θέλυμνος, which can be reconstructed as ᾿θέλυμα as well as ἔθελυμνον (-ος),  has been interpreted as 'base' since antiquity. Thus, προ-θέλυμνος would mean 'the  base (bottom) of which is removed; without foundation', which might fit in all  occurrences except N 130 (after this Nonn. D. 22, 183; 2, 374). Improbably,  Wackernagel 1916: 237ff. (with criticism of older views), who recognizes in προ-  θέλυμνος a variant of τετρα-θέλυμνος 'with four layers', with npo- as the Aeolic  parallel of tpa- from *ntfpa- (cf. τρά-πεζα). The glosses of H., ἀθέλιμνοι- κακοί;  ἀθέλημον ἄκουσμα' κακόν are unclear, as is θέλεμνον: ὅλον ἐκ ῥιζῶν (Latte apud  Mayrhofer KEWA 2: 94 fn.). Krahe Die Antike 15 (1939): 181 thinks the word is Pre-  Greek. This is without a doubt correct, because of the suffix (-vpvoc). Older attempts  (e.g, Wackernagel above, or the comparison with Sanskrit dhariina- [n.] by  Mayrhofer) should therefore be discarded.

XXXXXθέλω = ἐθέλω.

XXXXXθέμεθλα [n.pl.] 'fundaments, base', also metaph. (IL).

    *DER Also θεμείλια [n.pl.} 'id' (IL), a metrically lengthened form of θεμέλια, adjective  θεμέλιος 'belonging to the fundaments', as a substantive (sc. λίθος) 'foundation-  stone' (Att.) with θεμελιόω 'lay the foundation' (X.), θεμελίωσις 'fundament' (LXX). A poetical-archaizing back-formation is θέμειλον (AP) with the same meaning, -a  (verse inscr. Adana).

    *ETYM Formations with θλο- and Ao- from a nominal m-stem. Cf. θεμούς s.v.> θεμόω. On the formation of θεμέλιος, see also Frisk Eranos 41 (1943): 51ff. Cf. also  ▶︎ θεμέριη, ▶︎ θέμις. See also Rix 1994: 35-53.

XXXXXθεμέρη [adj.] - βεβαία, σεμνή, εὐσταθής 'firm, revered, well-based'; θέμερον: σεμνόν. ἀφ᾽ οὗ καὶ τὸ σεμνύνεσθαι θεμερύνεσθαι 'revered; hence, σ. 'to be revered' is also called 8' (H.). <1E *d'eh,- 'put, make'>

    *COMP As a first member in θεμερῶπις, epithet of Ἁρμονίη (Emp. 122, 2), of αἰδώς  (A. Pr. 134 [lyr.]}; θεμερόφρονας' συνετούς, σώφρονας 'understanding, wise' (H.).

    *DER As a simplex only θεμέρᾳ Omi (v.l. Pi. N. 7, 83), θεμε[ρώτε]ρα (IG 14, 1018: 3  [IVP], if supplied correctly).

===Pag_586: Beekes_Página_0586.tiff=== XXXXXθεμόω 539

    *ETYM Beside θέμερος (or θεμερός) 'solid, firm' stands ᾿θέμιστος in Θεμιστο-κλῆς  (cf. Ἀριστο-κλῆς), like κράτιστος from κρατερός (Frisk Eranos 48 (1950): 6). The  basis would be nominal θεμ-, as found in θεμούς (s.v. ▶︎ θεμόω), ▶︎ θέμεθλα, θεμέλια. It is doubtful that we should assume a separate word θέμερος in the meaning σεμνός  'revered'. The JE etymology, too, is not without doubts.

XXXXXθέμις [f., n.] 'justice, law, custom', also goddess of justice (I].).

    *VAR Different oblique forms: gen. θέμιστος (8 68; Thess. inscr.), dat. -ἰστι (Ὁ 87;  Thess. inscr.), acc. -tota (E 761, Y 4); θέμιδος (A. Pr. 18), θέμιτος (Pi. O. 13, 8); rarely  also θέμιος (Hdt. 2, 50; ν.1. -ιἰδος), θέμεως (inscr. Metropolis); acc. θέμιν (Hes.), voc. Θέμι (0.93). Plur. θέμιστες, acc. -ἰστας, etc. 'statutes, (divine) laws, oracles' (Hom.,  Hes., Thgn., Pi.).

    *DIAL Myc. te-mi, gen. ti-mi-to; cf. Ruipérez Minos 5 (1957): 176f. 181ff.

    *COMP As a first member e.g. in θεμι-σκόπος 'guarding justice' (Pi.), θεμισ-κρέων  'ruling through justice' (Pi.), θεμιστο-πόλος 'protecting the laws, obeying the oracles'  (h. Cer. 103, inscr. Delphi IIJ*). As a second member e.g, in ἄ-θεμις 'lawless, unlawful  (Pi. E.), ἀ-θέμιτος 'id' (Hdt.), ἀ-θέμιστος 'id' (IL), also ἀ-θεμίστιος (Od.; metrical  variant).

    *DER θεμιστός (A. Th. 694 [lyr.]; after ἀ-θέμιστος); θεμιτός in ob θεμιτόν = οὐ θέμις  (IA); Θεμίστιος epithet of Zeus, 'Lord of the θέμιστες᾽ (Plu.); also month name  (Thessaly); θεμιστεῖος 'regarding the 0.' (Pi.); θεμιστοσύναι = θέμιστες (Orph. H. 79,  6). Denominative verbs: 1. θεμιστεύω 'to proclaim the laws, oracles' (Od.) with  θεμιστεία 'oracle-giving' (Str.). 2. θεμιτεύω 'to behave lawfully' (E. Ba. 79 [lyr.]). 3. θεμιζέτω- μαστιγούτω, νομοθετείτω. Κρῆτες 'to flog, frame laws (Cret.)' (H.); to be  changed in ᾿θεμισσέτω (= Paus. Gr. Fr. 202) acc. to Bechtel 1921, 2: 786; aor. pte. θεμισσάμενος (Pi.). Several PNs, e.g. Θεμιστο-κλῆς (see on ▶︎ θέμερος).

    *ETYM In Av. da-mi- [f.] 'creation', also 'creator' ([m.] and [f.]), we seem to have a  formation corresponding to θέμις. Cf. the same difference between θέ-σις, -θε-τος as  opposed to -dd-ti-, dd-ta- 'basis, justice, law' (= θέμις). The remarkable formations  θέμιστες, θέμιστος, etc. are problematic; the explanation by Schulze as a compound  of θεμι- and στᾶ- 'stand' leads to unsurmountable difficulties, acc. to Frisk s.v. However, C. J. Ruijgh suggested (pers. comm.) that interchange between i-stem  forms and forms in -ἰ(σ)τ- seems to point to Pre-Greek origin. Acc. to Fraenkel, the  occasional neuter forms originated from synonymous expressions like δέον, καλόν,  προσῆκον; this is possible, but this may be an inheritance from Pre-Greek as well. On the meaning of θέμις, see Vos 1956.

XXXXXθεμόω [v.] only aor. θέμωσε in (νῆα) ... φέρε κῦμα (...), θέμωσε δὲ χέρσον ἱκέσθαι (1 486, 542). <?>

    *DER Denominative verb to θεμός, which is only found in θεμούς' διαθέσεις,  παραινέσεις 'dispositions, exhortations' (H.) and in the PNs @ép-avdpoc, Θεμό-θεος  (Bechtel 1917b: 201...

    *ETYM The usual rendering with 'to cause, enable' or simply 'drove ashore  -(landwardsy (LSJ) is too abstract; for a denominative verb, we would rather expect  'to provide with θεμός᾽ vel sim. The etymology remains unknown.

===Pag_587: Beekes_Página_0587.tiff===

θέναρ, -αρος [π.] 'palm of the hand' (also metaph.), 'sole of the foot' (1].λ. «1Ὲ *d"en-r 'palm of the hand'>

    *COMP Also as a second member, e.g. ὀπισθέναρ [n.] 'back of the hand' (Poll.) for  Ἰὀπισθο-θέναρ, παραιθένατα: τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν μικρῶν δακτύλων παρὰ τὸ θέναρ, ἤγουν  ἐπὶ τὸν καρπόν 'what [runs] from the small fingers along the palm, or rather up to  the wrist' (H.).

    *DER Denominative verbs: θεναρίζει: τύπτει 'strikes'; ἐνθεναρίζει: ἐγχειρεῖ  'undertakes, attacks' (H.).

    *ETYM Old word for 'palm of the hand', also found in Gm.: OHG tenar [m.], tenra  [ἢ] 'id? (thematic derivations of the r-stem). Hypothetical further combinations in  Pok. 249.

XXXXXθεοκόλος [m.] 'servant of a god, priest' (Dyme II). «1Ὲ *k'el- 'turn, move around'>

    *VAR Also θεηκόλος (Schwyzer: 438).

    *DER Denominative θεοκολέω [v.] (also θεη-); -ia, -εών (Hell.).

    *ETYM Innovated on the madel of βουκόλος 'cow-herd', but occasionally, the  expected form θεο-πόλος, -éw is found (Pl. Lg. 909d, Phot., Suids cf. αἰ-πόλος).

XXXXXθεοπρόπος [m.] 'fortune-teller, seer', also as an adjective 'prophetic'.

    <IE *prep-  'appear'>

    *DER θεοπροπέω (only ptc.) 'prophesy' and θεοπρόπιον, -ia 'prophecy, oracle' (IL).

    *ETYM From »θεός 'god' and ▶︎ πρέπειν 'to catch the eye, be conspicuous'. Semantically analyzed by Bechtel 1914 s.v. as 'the one who appears from god'.

XXXXXθεός [m., f.] 'god, goddess' (I].). «IE *d"(e)h,s- 'god'>

    *COMP Myc. te-o /the"os/. Very frequent in compounds, e.g. ἄ-θεος, θεο-ειδής; θεόσ-  δοτος after Διόσ-δοτος; on the form θεσ- see ▶︎ θέσκελος, θέστπις.

    *DER 1. θεά [f.] 'goddess' (epic; see Wackernagel 1920-1924(2): 25; on θεά and θεός [f.]  in Hom. see Humbach MSS 7 (1955): 46ff.). 2. θέαιναι [pl.] 'goddesses' (after  τέκταιναι et al; in Hom. as metrical filling; not an archaic form as per Chantraine  REGr. 47: 287°). 3. θεῖος 'divine' (Il; cf. below) with θειώδως [adv.] (pap.), θειότης  'godliness' (LXX, NT, Plu.), θειάζω 'prophesy, worship as a god' (Th.), also with  prefix, eg. ἐπι-θειάζω 'swear by the gods' together with (ἐπι-)θειασμός (Th.) 4. θεϊκός 'id' (late). 5. Denominative verb θεόω, -dopat 'turn into a god, become a god'  (Call.}, mostly with prefix, eg. ἀπο-θεόω 'id'? (pap, Plb, Plu.) together with  ἀποθέωσις (Str.).

    *ETYM The connection with Arm. di-k' [pl] 'gods' < *d'eh,s- seems to be generally  accepted. The old etymology *Ofeo-d¢ with Lith. dvasia 'spirit', MHG getwas 'ghost'  has been abandoned, as there is no trace of the Ε in Greek and since the Armenian  word contradicts it. To *d'eh,s- further belong Lat. fériae 'festive days', féstus feastly',,  fanum 'temple' < *fasnom < *d'h,s-nom; see Rix Kratylos 14 (1969 [1972]): 179f. and  more recent literature in De Vaan 2008: s.vv. We must assume thematicizations of  an old s-stem *d'h,-s- from the root *d'eh,-, since Arm. and Lat. presuppose a full  grade, while Greek requires a zero grade *d"h,s-. The -s- is preserved in θέσ-κελος et  al. as well as in θεῖος < *Béo0-L06.

===Pag_588: Beekes_Página_0588.tiff=== XXXXXθερμός 541

XXXXXθεουδής [adj] 'god-fearing, devout' (Od.). «6Ὰ»

    *DER θεούδεια [f.] 'fear of god' (A. R. 3, 586).

    *ETYM Contracted Att. PN Θουδῆς, Govdiadov. The form stands for θεο-δρής <  Ἰθεο-δρειής, which is derived from *d5peiog > ▶︎ δέος 'fear'. The meaning 'like a god'  (in late poets) arose from confusion with θεο-ειδής.

XXXXXθέπτανος [adj.] - ἀπτόμενος 'touching, [here:] set on fire' (H.). 418 d'eg'- 'burn'>

    *ETYM Compared with Lith. dégtinas 'what has to be burned', which is derived from  degu, dégti 'to burn'. Cf. on ▶︎ τέφρα 'ashes'. However, acc. to Maas ByzZ 37 (1937):  381 and Latte Glotta 34 (1955): 198f, it is corrupt for Bentaivwv- ἀπτόμενος (Cyr.),  which Latte corrects to θ(ελιγγάνων. On the origin of suffixal -tavoc, Lith. -tinas TE  *-tnHo-?), see Benveniste 1935: 107f.

XXXXXθεράπων, -οντος [m.] 'attendant, servant; companion' (II.).

    *VAR  Aeol. (gramm.) gen. -ovac (see below); also θαραπ- (see Threatte 1980 (index)  and Fur.: 352), probably recent.

    *DER Diminutive θεραπόντιον (Ὁ. L.). θεράπαινα [f.] 'servant, maid' (LA), together  with Oepanatvic, -ίδιον (PL, Men.); also θεράπνη 'id.' (h. Ap. 157; see below) together  with θεραπνίς (AP); unclear is θεραποντίς, epithet of φερνή (A. Supp. 979). Also  θέραψ, -απος [m.], mostly plur. 'id' (E.) together with Bepamov (Hyp.), -πίς (Pl. Mx. 244e). Denominative verb θεραπεύω 'serve, honour, care for, heal' (since v 265) with  several nouns: θεραπεία, Ion. -nin, θεράπευμα 'serving, etc.' (14), θεράπευσις 'id.'  (Phid.); θεραπευτής 'servant? (IA) with θεραπευτικός (PL, X., Arist.), also  Bepanevinp (X. Aristox; probably Doric, Fraenkel 1912: 541.) together with  Bepanevtpic (Ph.), -evtpia (EM); θεραπήϊος = θεραπευτικός (AP), -ηἷς [f.] (Orac. apud Jul. Ep. 88b).

    *ETYM Except as 'servant', θεράπνη also occurs in Eur. and successors in the meaning  'dwelling, habitation' (epanvar abA@vec, σταθμοί H.), which is reminiscent of  δοῦλος: ἡ οἰκία (H.); one might assume a meaning 'house', whence a collective  'servants. We can hardly separate the Laconian TN Θεράπνα, -ναι from θεράπνη  'house' (cf. also tépapva with the same meaning); this points to Pre-Greek origin of  the whole group. The form θεράπνη can be derived from an n-stem θεράπων; the nt-  stem may be secondary (cf. θεράπαινα). Van Brock Rev. Hitt. As. 1959: 117-126  compares Hitt. tarpassa-.

XXXXXθέρμος [m.] 'upine, Lupinus albus' (middle com., Thphr.).

    *DER θέρμιον 'id. (pap.), θέρμινος 'from Lupine' (Luc., Dsc.).

    *ETYM Identical with θερμός 'warm', with a regular shift of accent upon  substantivization. See Stromberg 1940: 82. See »θερμός.

XXXXXθερμός [adj.] 'warm' (I1.).

    *COMP Often as a first member, e.g. Θερμο-πύλαι (Hdt; see Risch IF 59 (1949): 267). On ἄ-, ἔκ-, ἔν-θερμος, etc. see below on θέρμη and θερμαίνω.

    *DER A. Substantives: 1. θέρμη, also -μᾶ (see Chantraine 1933: 102 and 148) [f.]  'warmth, heat, heat of fever' (IA) with ἄ-θερμος 'without warmth', ἔν-θερμος 'having  warmth inside, warm' (Stromberg 1946: 95); θερμίζω [v.] 'to be feverish' (Euboea). 2.

===Pag_589: Beekes_Página_0589.tiff===

θερμότης 'warmth, heat' (1A). 3. θερμωλή 'id? (Hp; Frisk Eranos 41 (1943): 52). 4. θερμέλη: ἡ θέρμη Suid. (Stromberg 1944: 79). 5. θέρμασσα = κάμινος 'oven' (Hdn. Gr. 1, 267; formation unclear, cf. Schwyzer: 525f.). B. Adjectives: 1. θερμώδης 'lukewarm' (Aret.); HN Θερμώδων, -οντος (Boeotia, Pontos; see Krahe Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 2 (1950-1951): 236; 3, 162). 2. θερμηρός epithet of ποτήριον (H. s.v. κελέβη; to θέρμη). C. Verbs: 1. θέρμετο ipf. 'became warm' (IL), θέρμετε [ipv.] (8 426; after it Ar. Ra. 1339); on the formation cf. Schwyzer 722f, 2. θερμαίνω, aor. θερμῆναι 'warm up' (1].), often with prefix, e.g. éx-Oeppaivw 'heat up completely' (Hp., Arist.) with deverbal ἔκθερμος 'very hot' (Vett. Val); from there θέρμανσις 'heating' (Arist.) with θερμαντικός 'suited to warm' (PL, Arist.), θερμασία 'heating, warmth' (Hp., Arist, cf. Schwyzer 469), θέρμασμα 'warming cuff (medic; see Chantraine 1933: 176), θερμάστρᾶ (see θερμάζω below); θερμαντήρ 'warmer', 'kettle for boiling water' (Poll.) with θερμαντήριος 'warming' (Hp., inscr.). 3. θερμάζω 'id. only aor.opt.med. θερμάσσαιο (Nic. Al. 587) together with θερμάστρα [f.] furnace' (Call; also to θερμαίνω); also written θερμαύστρα, by confusion with θερμαυστρίς (θέρμ-), 'fire- tongs' (Arist., H.), cf. πυρ-αύστρα 'id. (αὔειν 'scoop fire'); also metaph. as the name of a dance (Poll, Ath.) with θερμαυστρίζω (Critias, Luc.); from θερμάστρα: θερμαστρίς (θέρμ-) = θερμαντήρ (Eup., LXX); the forms in -αστρ-, -avotp- are not well distinguished, cf. Schulze 1933a: 189; by dissimilation θέρμαστις meaning unclear (Attica IV*) with θερμάστιον (Aen. Tact.).

    *ETYM Inherited adjective, identical with Arm. jerm 'warm', Thraco-Phr. germo- (in  TNs, eg. Γέρμη), IE *g'"er-mo-; also, in substantivized function, Alb. zjarm, zjarr  'heat'. With o-vocalism, originally substantival, IE *g'"or-mo- in Skt. gharmd- [m.]  'heat', OPr. gorme 'id.'; secondarily, also adjectival in Av. garama-, Lat. formus, MoE  warm. See ▶︎ θέρομαι, ▶︎ θέρος.

XXXXXθέρομαι [v.] 'to become warm, warm oneself (I].).

    *VAR Rarely act. θέρω 'to warm' (A. R., Nic.), only present stem except aor. pass. subj. θερέω (p 23; for ᾿θερή-ω), fut.ptc. θερσόμενος (τ 507).

    *COMP Asa second member e g. in εἰλη-θερής, but see on ▶︎ εἵλη.

    *DER θέρος [n.] 'summer' (IL), 'harvest' (IA). Thence θέρειος 'belonging to the  summer', fem. θερεία, -ἡ (scil. ὥρα) 'summer' (Pi. Hdt.), θερινός 'id.' (1A; after  χειμερινός etc., Chantraine 1933: 201), θερόεις 'id' (Nic. Al. 570; poetic formation,  Schwyzer: 528), θεριακός 'fitting for the summer' (ἱμάτια 8. pap. VIP; after ἡλιακός et  al.); θερίδιον 'summer residence' (Jul.), Oépetpov 'id.' (Hp. cf. Chantraine 1933: 332). Denominative verb θερίζω, aor. θερίσαι 'harvest, mow down' (IA), also intr. 'pass the  summer' (X, Arist.), with θερισμός 'harvest' (Eup., X.), θεριστής 'harvester' (Att.)  with -ἰστικός (pap.), also -ἰστήρ 'id' (Lyc. 840), -ἰιστήριον 'sickle' (LXX); θέριστρον  'summer tunic' (LXX, pap.), -iotptov 'id' (Theoc.; Wackernagel KZ 33 (2895): 50);

XXXXXθέριστρα [pl.] 'reward for harvesting' (pap.).

    *ETYM Formally, Skt. hdras- [n.] 'heat' < IE *g'"éros- corresponds exactly with θέρος,  like Arm. jer 'id'. The meaning 'summer' is a Greek innovation ('heat' = θέρμη,  θάλπος). In the sense of 'harvest', θέρος may be from θερίζω *to do summertime  work'. The thematic root present θέρομαι agrees with Olr. fo-geir 'warms, heats'. The

===Pag_590: Beekes_Página_0590.tiff=== XXXXXθεσπέσιος 543 other languages have different formations : Arm. je?-nu-m, aor. je?-ay 'warm oneself (Skt. ghy-no-ti lights, burns' [gramm.]; cf. ghy-1d- [m.] 'glow, heat'), OCS gréti se, 155. gréjo se 'to warm oneself (gorjo, goréti 'burn'), etc.

XXXXXθέσις [f.] 'situation, position, adoption, custom, etc.' (Alc, Pi.). <1E *d'eh,- 'set, make'>

    *COMP Very frequently as a derivative of prefixed verbs, eg. διά-, ovv-, ὑπό-θεσις  (from δια-τίθημι, etc.).

    *DER -θέσιμος in παρα-, περι-, éx-, ἀπο-θέσιμος (from παράθεσις, etc. cf. Arbenz  1933: 91f.).

    *ETYM Greek θέσις corresponds to a Skt. formation which is found only in  derivatives and compounds: -(d)hiti-, e.g. dpihiti- = ἐπίθεσις (from api-dha- = ἐπι-  θη-), upahiti- = ὑπόθεσις (from upa-dhdé- = bno-8n-); cf. apihi-ta- = ἐπίθε-τος,  upahi-ta- = ὑπόθε-τος; with Av. taréi-di-ti- (-i- secondary) 'putting aside, etc.' from  taré-da- (= Skt. tiro-dha- 'id', ptc. tirohi-ta-); also, late Lat. con-diti-6 'foundation'  (after condi-tus, -tor from con-dé). Additionally, one finds various full grade forms  (IE *d'eh,ti- as opposed to *d"h,ti-): Go. ga-deds 'putting, adoption' (du suniwe  gadedai > εἰς υἱοθεσίαν᾽ Eph. 1, 5), missadeps 'crime', OHG tat, Av. -dditi in ni-dai-  ti- (from ni-da- lay down'), etc., Lith. détis 'load', OCS blago-détw 'benediction', and  probably also Lat. *fé-tis 'settlement, treaty' in féti-dlis 'war-messenger'. A verbal  noun of ▶︎ τίθημι; cf. also ▶︎ θεσμός and other derivatives.

XXXXXθέσκελος [adj.] 'marvelous, wonderful (Il.).

    *ETYM Compounded from ἔθεσ- 'god' (see ▶︎ θεός) and ▶︎ κέλομαι 'drive', thus  properly 'moved by a god'. On the e-vocalism of the second member, see Schwyzer:  449°. Cf. ▶︎ θεσπέσιος, ▶︎ θέσφατος.

XXXXXθεσμός [m.] 'settled agreement, law, custom' (w 196).

    <IE *d"h,-d'mo-? 'agreement,  custom'>

    *VAR Dor. τεθμός, Lacon. Arc. Locr. also θεθμός.

    *COMP E.g. θεσμο-θέται, ἔνθεσμος.

    *DER θέσμιος, τέθμιος, θέθμιος 'awful, customary' (IA, Dor., etc.); θεσμοσύνη  'lawfulness' (AP).

    *ETYM Synonymous Celtic words (Olr. deidmea, MW deddf [f.]) require a pre-form  *d'ed'mo- (-d-). Reduplicated *d'e-d'h,-m-o- is impossible for Greek, because this  would give **teBepdc vel sim. Rather, θε- could be the same form of the root as in  θέ-σις et al to which suffixes -θμ- or -σμ- were added within Greek. In θεθμός, the  result of Grassmann's Law was removed by influence of θέσις.

XXXXXθεσπέσιος [adj.] 'divine, superhuman, enormous, wonderful (11... <1£ d'h,s- 'god' and sek'- 'speak'>

    *COMP As a first member, e.g. θεσπι-δαές (πῦρ, Il; see on ▶︎ Saiw) and as a PN.

    *DER Thence θεσπίζω, aor. θεσπίσαι, -ίξαι (Theoc.) 'prophesy, give an oracle' (Hdt.,  trag.) with θεσπίσματα [pl.] (rarely [sg.]) 'oracle' (trag.), θεσπιστής 'fortune-teller,  prophet' (Man.). Also θέσπις, toc, -ἰν, -ιἰδα 4. (Od.). Here also Θεσπιαί [pl.] town in  Boeotia and other TNs. .

===Pag_591: Beekes_Página_0591.tiff===

    *ETYM Like e.g. ἀμβρόσιος from ἄμβροτος, θεσπέσιος derives from ᾿θέσ-σπ-ετος, a  compound of ἴθεσ- 'god' (see ▶︎ θεός) and the verb (ἐνι-)σπεῖν 'to proclaim' (see  ▶︎ év(v)émtw), with a suffix -eto- (cf. d-on-etoc). Thus, it properly meant 'proclaimed  by a god'. It is thought that θέσπις was from "θέσ-σπ-ις; however, Hamp MSS 43  (1984): sof. explains that θεσπι- is the Caland form of θεσπεσιος, and therefore arose  by decomposition.

XXXXXΘεσσαλία [f.] 'Thessaly' (Hdt.).

    *VAR Att. OettaA-; Thess. Πετθαλ-, Boeot. Φεττ-.

    *DER -ός (Hdt.), PN (B 79, son of Heracles, father of Pheidippos and Antiphos); -ειος  (Gal.); fem. -ἰς 'Thessalian' (S.); -ιῶτις (Hdt.); -πκός (Hp.). -ικέτης 'serf in Τ᾿  (Philocr. Hist.); τίζω [v.] 'to imitate the Thessalians, speak Thessalian' (Ael.);

    *ETYM No doubt a Pre-Greek name, probably from *K'ett'al-. This explains all the  variants, notably oo/ tt/ 18. Connection with θεσσάσθαι 'to pray' is rejected by  Chantraine s.v.

XXXXXθέσσασθαι [v.aor.] 'pray, ask'.

    *VAR  Ptc. θεσσάμενος, 3pl.ind. θέσσαντο (Hes., Archil.); glosses θέσσεσθαι- αἰτεῖν,  ἱκετεύειν 'to ask (for), supplicate'; θεσσόμενος- δεόμενος, ζητούμενος, ἱκετεύων  'wanted, sought for, supplicating' (H.).

    *COMP As a second member in πολύ-θεστος et al., probably also in ▶︎ ἀπό-θεστος, PN  Ἀγλω-θέστης (Fraenkel 1910: 14 n. 2).

    *DER Oeotopidnc, Θεστόρειος; Θέστωρ 'entreater', father of Kalchas, etc. (II.).

    *ETYM A sigmatic aorist beside ▶︎ ποθέω 'entreat'. Together with the Boeot. PN @16-  φειστος, this points to IE *g'"ed'- + -σασθαι. Olr. has a subjunctive in -s-, ipl. -gessam (recalling θέσσασθαι), and an indicative guidiu 'pray' = ποθέω. Iranian has a  yod-present in Av. jaidiieimi = OP jadiyamiy 'pray', which may be identical to the  supposed present θέσσεσθαι (IE *g'"ed"-j-). Cf. also the EN ▶︎ Θεσσαλοί.

XXXXXθέσφατος [adj.] 'decreed by a god, decided' (1].), also 'enormous' (ἀήρ ἡ 143; cf. ἀχλὺς θεσπεσίη n 42; different Schwyzer Glotta 12 (1923): 10).

    <IE *d"h,s- 'god, holy'>

    *DER Also ἀ-θέσφατος (ὄμβρος, θάλασσα et al; 11.), properly 'what has not been  decided by the gods', ie. 'what does not fit in a given order' (Fraenkel 1923: 2811... Perhaps a pleonastic privative ἀ-, like in a-BéAtepoc, but cf. the analysis in  Benveniste 1969(2): 140ff.

    *ETYM Compound from *@go- 'god' (see ▶︎ θεός) and the *to-ptc. of φημί. Cf. ἄ-φα-  τος, as wellas διφάσιος, etc. θέω 1 [v.] 'to run' (IL). <1 *d*eu- 'run'>

    *VAR Fut. θεύσομαι, ipf. θέεσκον (Hom.), later aor. θεῦσαι (Vett. Val.).

    *DIAL Myc. pe-ri-to-wo /Peri-t"owos/ (in Πειρίθοος, εἰ by metrical lengthening).

    *COMP Also with prefix, eg. dva-, κατα-, mapa-.

    *DER θεῦσις 'running' (Corn. N D1), θοός 'quick' (1].) with Θόας, -avtoc PN, also HN  (Krahe Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 2 (1950-1951): 236; 3, 162), Θόωσα [f.] PN (Od., Emp.);  θοάζω 'bring in quick movement, move quickly' (E.) together with θόασμα 'dancing  place' (Orph. H. 49, 6). On ▶︎ βοηθόος, -θέω, see s.v.

===Pag_592: Beekes_Página_0592.tiff=== XXXXXθήγω 545

    *ETYM The thematic root present θέ(ε)ω (cf. θεῦ: δεῦρο, τρέχε 'Over here!, Run?  (H.]) is identical with Skt. dhavate 'stream, flow', except for the diathesis. Skt. dhavati 'run, stream' with lengthened grade has no counterpart in Greek; epic θείη  and θείειν have metrical lengthening, and the latter may stand for *Oe(f)éuev (cf. Chantraine 1942: 102; 346; 492). The Germanic word for 'dew' remains uncertain:  OHG tou [m.], ON dogg, gen. dpggwar, PGm. *dawwa-, etc. < IE *d"éuo-, -a (would  be Gr. *86(F)oc, *80(F)1). The gloss ἄδδεε" ἐπείγου 'hurry? (H.) is also unclear.

XXXXXθέω 2 [v.] 'to glow', only in ὀδόντων λευκὰ θεόντων (Hes. Sc. 146); thence by imitation ὕλῃ χλωρὰ «θρούσῃ (Theoc. 25, 158) and ποίην ... χλωρὰ θέουσαν (Epigr. Gr. 1046, 83). «Ἰεῦ deu- 'glow', GR>

    *VAR  Cf. Badv- λαμπρόν 'bright (H.; also explained as ὀξύ, σκοτεινόν, ἰσχυρόν,  ταχινόν 'bright, dark, strong, swift'); θοῶσαι: ὀξῦναι, λαμπρῦναι 'blaze, make  brilliant' (HL).

    *ETYM For λευκὰ θεόντων, Wackernagel 1955(2): 852ff. attractively reads one word  λευκαθεόντων (from λευκαθέω for "λευκάθω = λευκαθίζω). If this is correct, Béw 'to  glow' would cease to exist. The explanation of θοός, θοῶσαι as λαμπρός, λαμπρῦναι  probably goes back on the same tradition. From *Aevkd@w also comes the name of  the goddess Λευκαθέα (Wackernagel 1955(2): 852ff.).

XXXXXθεωρός [m.] 'spectator, envoy to a festival or to an oracle' (IA, post-Hom.), also name of an overseer (Mantinea, Thasos).

    *VAR As a loan from Attic, adapted to the local dialect, Dor., etc. θεᾶρός, Arc. also  θεαορός; Ion. also Beopdc (Paros), Bevpdc (Thasos).

    *COMP As a first member in θεαρο-δόκος 'who receives the 8.', together with -δοκέω,  -doxia (inscr.).

    *DER 1. Bewpic (sc. ναῦς) [f.] 'ship of the 8.' (IA); 2. Θεάριος epithet of Apollo as an  oracle-god (Troezen), θεάριον 'meeting place of the 8.' (Pi.); 3. θεωρικός 'reserved  for the spectators', τὸ 8. 'contrbution of the spectator' (Att.). 4. θεωρία, -in, θεαρία,  Boeot. Q@awpia (hybrid form) 'perception, awareness; mission to a festival'. 5. θεωροσύνη 4. (Man.). 6. denominative verb: θεωρέω 'be θεωρός, observe,  contemplate' (IA), together with θεωρητικός 'contemplative, etc. (Arist; θεωρητής  Phid.), θεώρημα (Att, Arist.), -ησις (Pl; Réttger 1937: 17f.), -ητήριον et al. On  Θεάριστος Zucker Maia 11 (1959): 162.

    *ETYM Properly 'who watches a show', "θεᾶ-(ξ)ορός, *Ben-(F)opdc > Be(e)wpdc with  quantitative metathesis and hyphaeresis; also, θεορός > θευρός, probably after -ορος  (as in ἔφορος). See Buck 1953: 443f. and Szemerényi Glotta 33 (1954): 2507. Koller  Glotta 36 (1958): 273ff. connects θεωρός with θεός, which is implausible; see the  objections in DELG. The meaning 'theory, theoretical, etc. is not found until after  Aristotle, and developed from 'contemplation of a Form' (cf. Festugiére 1936).

XXXXXθήγω [v.] 'to sharpen, whet; to excite' (Il.).

    *VAR  Also Onydvw (A. Ag. 1535 after H.), aor. θῆξαι, With d-vocalism: τέθωκται-  τεθύμωται 'to be provoked'; τεθωγμένοι: τεθυμωμένοι 'who are provoked' (H.); less  certain are θῶξαι (also θᾶξαι): μεθύσαι, πληρῶσαι 'to make drunk, make full';  τεθωγμένοι (also τεθαγμένοι): μεμεθυσμένοι 'drunken' et 8]. (H.).

===Pag_593: Beekes_Página_0593.tiff===

    *DIAL Dor. θάγω.

    *COMP Also with prefix, e.g. παρα-, ovv-, ὑπο-.

    *DER θηγάνη 'whetstone' (A, S.; H. also θήγανον) with θηγανίτης λίθος 'id.' (16 14,  317, Sicily); θηγαλέος 'sharp' (AP, Chantraine 1933: 253); in H. also θηγάνεον, θηγόν'  ὀξύ, ἠκονημένον, ἀκονητόν 'sharp, sharpened', θῆξις: ῥοπή, στιγμή, τάχος 'decision  [weight], point [of time], speed'.

    *ETYM From IE *d'eh.g-oH, with the Arm. instrument noun daku, gen. pl. dakuayt  'axe', probably from an u-stem IE *d"eh,g-u- 'sharp'. See Lidén 1906: 55. LIV'  (following Clackson 1994: 116ff.) calls this connection with Arm. uncertain.

XXXXXθήκη [f.] 'case, chest; tomb' (IA). <1E *deh,- 'set, make'>

    *COMP Very frequently as a second member, both prefixed (δια-, ὑπο-, ovv-, etc.)  and with nominal first member (βιβλιο-, χαλκο-θήκ!))..

    *DER Diminutive θηκίον (pap.) and θηκαῖος 'for the tomb' (Hdt.); thence again  several derivatives.

    *ETYM Often connected with Skt. dhakd- [m.] 'container, etc. (gramm.), but perhaps  independent formations; see ▶︎ τίθημι.

XXXXXθηλέω [v.] 'to flourish'. = θάλλω.

XXXXXθηλή [f.] 'mother's breast, nipple' (IA). <1E *d"eh,- 'suck(ley>

    *COMP As a second member eg. in ἄ-, ed-, νεότθηλος (-θηλήςλ

    *DER θηλώ: τροφός, τήθη 'nurse, grandmother (H., Plu.). Denominative verb  θηλάζω 'to suckle, suck' (IA, Dor.) with θήλασμα, θηλασμός 'suck(])ing' (Plu. pap.),  θηλάστρια 'wet-nurse' (S., Com.); also θηλαμών 'id' (Sophr., Thespis), probably to  θηλά-σαι after τελά-σαι : τελα-μών et al; here θηλαμινοῦ: veoyvod 'new-born';  θήλαντο: ἐθήλασαν 'they suckled' (H; correct?); cf. Bechtel 1921, 1: 361. Uncertain  θηλονή 'wet-nurse' (Plu. 2, 278d).

    *ETYM A counterpart to θηλή is *féla 'mother's breast' in Lat. ἐδ ἄγε 'to suckle', IE  *d'eh,-leh,. From similar pre-forms stem Latv. déls 'son' < *d*eh,-lo-, properly  'suckling', and U feliuf [acc.pl.m.] 'sues lactantes, 1.6. 'sucklings' (Untermann 2000:  27if.); Lith. délé 'leech'. Various languages have forms with an i-extension, which comes from the present of  the verbal root, *d"h,-i-: Lat. filius 'id' < *d"(e)h,i-l-io, Latv. dile 'sucking calf (IE  *d'h,i-l-), Mlr. del 'nipple', OHG tila [f.] 'female breast'. Unclear is Arm. dayl, dal  'Biestmilch'; Hiibschmann 1897: 437, Pedersen KZ 39 (1906): 406. On Lat. felix  'fertile', see the comments in De Vaan 2008 s.v. Cf. ▶︎ θῆλυς and ▶︎ θῆσθαι.

XXXXXθῆλυς [adj.] 'female', also metaph. (IL). «1Ὲ *d"eh,- 'suck(ley>

    *VAR Fem. -eta, ntr. -v; also a fem. subst., cf. Chantraine 1942: 252.

    *COMP Compounds like θηλυ-γενής, μιξό-θηλυς.

    *DER θηλυδρίας 'woman-like man' (Hdt, Arist.), from ᾿θηλύδριον (Chantraine 1933:  72); θηλυκός 'womanly, womanislY (Arist., Hell, cf. Chantraine 1956a: 165), θηλώδης  'womanish' (Ar.), θηλῶτις [f] 'id? (Prisc.); θηλύτης 'womanhood' (Arist.);  denominative verb θηλύνω 'make womanish' (Ion., Hell.). On the comparative  θηλύτερος see Benveniste 1948: 117f.

===Pag_594: Beekes_Página_0594.tiff===

    *ETYM A formal counterpart to θῆλυς < IE *d*eh,-lu-, except for the accent, is Skt. dharu- 'suckling'. The Skt. form may directly derive from the verb 'suck' (see  > θῆσθαι) with a suffix -ru- or -lu-, while for the Greek form we may assume an  intermediate nominal /-stem.

XXXXXθῆμα

    *VAR θημών. = τίθημι.

XXXXXθην [pel.] 'indeed, certainly, without ἃ doubt', in ἦ θην, οὔ θην εἰ al. (1].). <?>

    *ETYM Unexplained.

XXXXXθήρ, -ρός [m.] 'wild animal, beast of prey' (I1.). «1Ὲ *g'ueh,r- 'wild animal>

    *DIAL Aeol. φήρ (Pi.).

    *COMP E.g. θηρο-φόνος 'killing wild beasts' (Thgn.), Θηρε-φόνα (Paus. 5, 3, 3; on the  compositional vowel -e- see Schwyzer 438); &v-Onpoc 'full of wild beasts' (trag.), ἄ-  θηρος (Hdt. A.) 'without wild beasts', also 'without hunting' (from θήρα; Sommer  1948: 149f.). .

    *DER θηρίον 'wild animal, hunted animal (Od; Wackernagel 1916: 218; originally  diminutive); post-Hom. also 'animal', with several derivatives: diminutive θηρίδιον  (Thphr.), O8npagioyv (Damocr. apud Gal.; Wackernagel Glotta 4 (1913): 243f.);  θήραφος 'spider' (Cyren. 62), probably a back-formation; θηριακός 'regarding the  animals (medic.), θηριώδης 'full of wild animals, animal-like' (IA); θηριότης 'animal  being' (Arist); denominatives: 1. θηριόομαι, -dw 'to turn into an animal' (Ρ]., Eub.)  with θηρίωσις (Luc.); beside it θηρίωμα 'malignant ulcer' (medic.) from θηρίον 'id';  2. θηριάζομαι 'id' (Corp. Herm. 10, 20). θήρειος 'ptng. to wild animals' (IA). Denominative verbs: 1. θηράω 'to hunt' (A.), perf. ptc. πεφειράκοντες (Thess.);  thence θηρατήρ, -άτωρ (-prt-) 'hunter' (Il.) with θηρατήριος (S.); also θηρατής 'id.'  (Ar.) together with θηρατικός (X.); θήραμα 'hunting booty' (E.), θήρατρον 'hunting  device, net' (X.); θηράσιμος 'worth hunting, worth trying' (A. Pr. 858). Here also  belongs the back-formation θήρα 'hunt, booty' (Il.) together with θηροσύνη 'id.'  (Opp., AP), θηρότις: θηρεύτρια (H.), after aypotic. As a second member -θήρας, e.g. ὀρνιθο-θήρας 'bird-catcher' (Ar., Arist.). 2. θηρεύω 'to hunt' (τ 465) together with  θηρευτής 'hunter' (Il), θηρευτικός (Ar. X., Arist.), also θηρευτήρ (Opp.), fem. θηρεύτρια (pap.), θήρευμα 'catch' (S., E., Pl.), θήρευσις 'hunt' (Ph).

    *ETYM Lat. férus 'wild' underwent pretonic shortening from *feérd- (cf. Schrijver 1991:  343), which makes a reconstruction *g'ueh,r- possible. The plural forms θῆρες,  θηρῶν have exact counterparts in Eastern Lith. Zvéres, Zvérij, < IE *$*ueh,r-es, -om. Most BS]. forms were transferred into the i-stems: nom.sg. Lith. Zvéris, OCS zvérp  'id', Also related is ToB Serwe 'hunter' < *¢"ueh,r-uo-.

XXXXXθής, θητός [m.] 'serf, bondsman; hired labourer' (Od.).

    *VAR  Fem. θῆσσα, Att. θῆττα (E., Posidipp.). Also θᾶτας: θῆτας (θάτας' θύτας  'sacrificers' cod.), τοὺς δούλους. Κύπριοι 'slaves (Cypr.) (H.).

    *DER θητικός 'of a serf (Lex. apud D., Arist.), θητεύω 'be a serf; work for wages' (11)  with θητεία 'wage-earning' (S., Isoc.), θητεῖον 'wages' (Ath.).

    *ETYM Unexplained. Argumentation against connection with θέω 'run' in Fraenkel  1910: 877). Acc. to ASmann Glotta 9 (1918): 96, it is a loanword from West Semitic.

===Pag_595: Beekes_Página_0595.tiff===

See E. Kretschmer Glotta 18 (1930): 79f. on the meaning, etc. The original form was tat-, thus it was probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXθησαυρός [m.] 'treasury, warehouse, receptacle, treasure' (Hes.).

    *COMPE.g. θησαυρο-φύλαξ 'guard of the treasury' (Hell.).

    *DER θησαυρικός 'belonging to the treasury' (pap.), θησαυρώδης 'full of treasures'  (Philostr.); θησαυρίζω 'save, collect' (IA) together with θησαύρισμα 'savings, store,  treasure' (Democr., trag.), θησαυρισμός 'storage, preservation' (Arist. Thphr.),  -ἰστής 'who preserves' (Poll.) with -ἰστικός (Arist.).

    *ETYM No etymology, but probably a technical loanword, without a doubt from Pre-  Greek. The appearance of the word could suggest a pre-form in *-ar'-o-. From  Greek, Lat. thésaurus, thésaurizo.

XXXXXθῆσθαι [v.inf.pres.] 'suck' (ὃ 89). IE *d"eh,-i- 'suck, suckle'>

    *VAR Aor. 38g. θήσατο (O 58, Call. Jov. 48), θησάμενος (h. Cer. 236); θήσατο 'suckled'  (as opposed to 'sucked', ἢ. Ap. 123); act. θῆσαι: θρέψαι, θηλάσαι 'to feed, suckle' (H.).

    *ETYM IE has a root *d*eh,, found in Greek θη- (θηλή, θῆλυς, τιθήνη, γαλαθηνός,  θήνιον: γάλα H.) and in Sanskrit (inf. dhatave, dhatri- 'wet-nurse', etc.). Correspondences to θῆ-σθαι have a yod-present: OHG tden, 1sg. taju; Latv. dét, 1sg. déju 'to suck. Although it seems athematic, a yod-present *@1-1e-c8a1 may be  assumed for θῆσθαι ἃ5 well; it is perhaps an innovation after the aor. θήσατο (Frisk). Beside these formations, there was an i-present *d*h,-(e)i- in Skt. dhdyati, which  agrees with OCS dojo and with Go. daddjan, OSwed. deggja 'suck' (with  'Verscharfung' [gemination] of the yod). Further forms belonging to this present:  Skt. dhitd- 'sucked', dhenti- 'milch cow', MHG dien 'suckle'. See LIV? s.v. *d'eh,(i)-  'Muttermilch saugen'. Discussion of Anatolian forms like Lyc. tideimi 'child' in  Kloekhorst 2008 s.v. téta(n)-. Unrelated is ▶︎ τιθασός.

XXXXXθῆτα [n.] the eighth letter of the Greek alphabet (Ar.).

    *VAR Gen. θήτατος (Democr. 20), Lat. tetates [Ρ].] from Orta tec; further uninflected.

    *ETYM From Semitic; cf. Hebr. téth. See Schwyzer: 140.

XXXXXθίασος [m.] 'Bacchic revel; religious guild (1A).

    *DER θιασώτης 'participant of a 8. (IA), fem. -ῶτις (Opp.) together with -wtixdc;  also θιασίτης 'id.' (Ion. and Hell. inscr.) together with -ἰτικός; θιασώδης '6.-like,  belonging to a 6.' (Nonn.); θιασῶνες: οἶκοι, ἐν οἷς συνιόντες δειπνοῦσιν οἱ θίασοι  'halls in which the companies took their meals communally' (H.). Denominative  verbs: 1. θιασεύω 'introduce in a 8., participate in a 9.' (E,, Str.) with θιασεία (Procl.);  2. back-formation θιάζω in ἐξεθίαζε: χορείας ἐπετέλει 'was performing dances';  ἐπεθίαζεν-: ἐχόρευεν 'was dancing', aor. θιάσαι: χορεῦσαι (H.).

    *ETYM Formation like θύρσος et al. An expression of the Dionysiac religion, and as  such suspected of foreign origin: probably Anatolian (= Pre-Greek?), in spite of  older interpretations in Indo-European terms (see Bq).

XXXXXθῖβις [Π] 'basket of papyrus' (LXX).

    *VAR  Nom. also θίβις, θίβη; gen. -ews, also θίβωνος: κιβωτοῦ, Κύπριοι 'coffer (Cypr.)    (H.).

===Pag_596: Beekes_Página_0596.tiff=== XXXXXθιώτης 549

    *ETYM Α Ἰοδῃ from Semitic, Hebr. tébhah, which itself is a loan from Egyptian db:t  'box'; see E. Masson 1967: 76.

XXXXXθιβρός [adj.] meaning uncertain (only in Alexandrian poets); epithet of Κύπρις (Call Fr, 267), of Σεμίραμις (Euph. 81), of dea χελύνιης (Nic. Al. 555), and of ὀφίων κῆρ 'snake-poison' (Nic. Th. 35).

    *VAR  Also θιμβρός (Nic. Th. 35 ν.1.).

    *DER The Spartan name Θίβρων is often found as Θίμβρων in the mss. (Harp., Phot.,  Su.). Besides θίρρον- τὸ τρυφερόν (Theognost.).

    *ETYM Explained gropingly by the ancients as 'hot, soft, etc'; cf. H.: θιβρόν-  τρυφερόν, καλόν, σεμνόν, ἁπαλόν 'delicate, beautiful, revered, soft'; θιβρήν-  φιλόκοσμον, καλλυντικήν .... καὶ παρὰ μὲν Νικάνδρῳ τὴν ἔμπυρον καὶ καυστικήν,  τινὲς δὲ χαλεπήν. Although the etymology is uncertain, the prenasalized form points  to Pre-Greek origin. Therefore, not related to φοῖβος (as per Ehrlich 1910: 33, who  derives it from IE * guj 'g'-ro-, based on comparison with Slov. Zigra 'tinder').

XXXXXθιγγάνω [v.] 'to touch with the hand, occupy oneself with' (Ion. Dor. Arc.; not in Attic or in Hom.; see Wackernagel 1916: 222). <1E? *d'eig"- 'smear, knead'>

    *VAR  Aor. θιγεῖν (Lacon. σιγῆν Ar. Lys. 1004), fut. med. προσ-θίξῃ (E. Heracl. 652;  codd. -εις), τεθίξομαι (E. Hipp. 1086), aor. pass. θιχθῆναι (S., E.).

    *COMP Also with prefix like npoo-, ἐπι-, ὑπο-.

    *DER θίξις 'touch' (Hp., Arist.), θίγμα 'id' (Pergam.), θιυγμάτων: μιασμάτων 'stains'  (H.); uncertain θίγημα (AP 12, 209; cod. φιλήματα) and θιγάνα 'cover?' (Delph.,  Labyadae inscr. C 39).

    *ETYM The form θιγγάνω has been analyzed as a nasal present of the IE root *d'eig"-  (see ▶︎ τεῖχος), with supposed parallels in Lat. fingé 'to spread, knead, form, εἰς. Arm. diz-anem 'to heap up' (for further forms, see LIV? s.v.). The -y- would have  spread from the present to the aorist θιγεῖν (for *tiyelv). This etymology  presupposes, however, that original IE ᾿ξ, became y after nasal, but this is incorrect,  as is shown by ▶︎ ὄμφαλος (see ▶︎ θάμβος). Gic, θῖνός [m., f.] 'heap (of sand), beach, dune, shore' (11... <PG?>

    *DER ἀποθινόομαι 'silt up' (PIb.). As a second member in ἀκρο-θίνια (-va) [pl.]  (rarely [sg.}) 'the upper part of a heap, offering of first fruits' (mostly post-Hom. poetry), a compound from ἄκρος θίς and a suffix -ἰο- (differently, Risch IF 59 (1949):  289).

    *ETYM Without explanation. Wackernagel 1916: 82 A. 2) compares Skt. dhisnya-  [adj.] 'put on a heap of earth', substantival 'heap of earth with sand', which would go  back to an n-stem IE *d"isen-, d'isn-. Thence he derives Gr. ἔθιων, ἔθιην, θῖν-, of  which the nom. θίς would be an innovation. Improbable. Often compared with  MoHG Diine and cognates, but this is formally impossible. There have been  unsuccessful attempts to relate Bic to the root of ▶︎ τίθημι; the word is rather a loan  (from Pre-Greek?).

XXXXXθιώτης of ἄρτος (pap. ΠΡ). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

===Pag_597: Beekes_Página_0597.tiff===

XXXXXθλάσπις [f.] 'shepherd's purse, Capsella bursa pastoris' (Ηρ.). <?>

    *VAR Gen. -ἰος, -εως; θλάσπι [n.] (Dsc., Plin.).

    *DER θλασπίδιον (Ps.-Dsc.).

    *ETYM Unknown; folk-etymological derivation from θλάω by Dsc. 2, 156 (see  Strémberg 1940: 155). A neuter in -ἰ is extremely rare in Greek.

XXXXXθλάω [v.] 'to crush, bruise' (1].). <?>

    *VAR (Arist., Herod.), aor. θλάσ(σλαι (I.), pass. θλασθῆναι, fut. θλάσω (Hp.), perf. τέθλασμαι (Alex., Theoc.).

    *COMP Also with prefix, e.g. ἀμφι-, κατα-, συν-.

    *DER θλάσις 'crushing' (Arist.), θλάσμα 'bruising, bruise' (Arist.), θλαστός (Com.);  θλάστης 'crusher' = ἐμβρυοθλάστης (medic.), θλαστικός 'crushing' (Arist.); θλαδίας  [m.] 'eunuch' (LXX, Ph.) with θλαδιάω (H.) = pAadidw; from ᾿θλάδος, ᾿θλαδεῖν, cf. φλαδεῖν.

    *ETYM No certain connection. Cf. ▶︎ θλίβω and ▶︎ φλάω.

XXXXXθλίβω [v.] 'to press, bruise' (p 221). «ἴ»

    *VAR Aor. θλῖψαι.

    *COMP Often with prefix, eg. ἐκ- ovv-, ἐν- ἀπο-.

    *DER θλῖψις 'pressure' (Arist.), also prefixed (ἕκ-, etc.); θλιμμός 'id.' (LXX, Aq.); ἀπό-  θλιμμα 'what is pressed out, sap' (Hp.), also with ἕκ-; (ἐκ- θλιβή 'pressure' (LXX,  Gal.) together with θλιβερός (Paul. Aeg.), θλιβώδης (Aq.); θλιβίας = θλαδίας (Str.).

    *ETYM It has been proposed that it is cross between θλάω and φλίβω (also τρίβω)  (Walde IF 19 (1906): 105, Giintert 1914: 149).

XXXXXθνήσκω 'die'. -οθάνατος.

XXXXXθοάζω 1 'sit'. = Bacow.

XXXXXθοάζω 2 'move quickly'. -- θέω.

XXXXXθοίνη [f.] 'meal, banquet, feast' (IA, Dor., Hes. Sc. 114).

    *VAR Dor. θοίνα, Hell. θοῖνα.

    *COMP θοινοδοτέω 'to host a banquet' (Crete I*-I?), θοιναρμόστρια [f.] 'mistress of  the banquet' (inscr.).

    *DER θοινάτικός (vl. -νητ-) 'of a banquet' (X. Oik. 9, 7). Denominative verbs: 1. θοινάω, -dopat 'to entertain, feast' (5 36) together with θοίνᾶμα 'entertainment,  banquet' (E. [lyr.], Posidon.), θοινατήρ 'host' (A. Ag. 1502) with θοινατήριον = θοίνη  (E. Rh. 515), θοινάτωρ 'host' (E.), -ἦτωρ (AP), θοινατάς 'id' (Kallatis I*); on Doric a  see Fraenkel 1912: 16f., Bjorck 1950: 140ff. 2. θοινάζω 'to entertain' (X, Ael.). 3. θοινίσαι v.]. for θοινῆσαι (Hdt. 1, 129).

    *ETYM Previously derived from ἔθωι-να, and connected with ▶︎ θῶσθαι - δαίνυσθαι,  θοινᾶσθαι (A. Fr. 49), θῶται: εὐθηνεῖται, θοινᾶται (H., also θώσασθαι, θωθῆναι);  θωσούμεθα (Epich. 139), θωστήρια-: εὐωχητήρια (Alcm., Η.); see Frisk. However, the  verb has no etymology; Pre-Greek origin of the group (including ▶︎ θώς 'jackal'?)  seems possible.

XXXXXθόλος [f.] 'round building with conical roof, rotunda', 'round bath' (Od.).

===Pag_598: Beekes_Página_0598.tiff=== XXXXXθόρυβος 551

    *VAR Hell.-also [m.]; see Schwyzer 1950: 325,34. On σαλία, θαλιο- see below.

    *DER Diminutive θολίδιον (Att.). θολία 'conical hat with broad brim' (Theoc. 15, 39),  also 'chest with conical lid' (Poll.); cf. cadia (o- < θ-): πλέγμα καλάθῳ ὅμοιον, ὅ ἐπὶ  τῆς κεφαλῆς φοροῦσιν αἱ Λάκαιναι. οἱ δὲ θολία 'something plaited, like a basket,  which Laconian women wear on the head; others: 8.' (H.); see also H. θαλιοποιοί,  which Latte corrects to ᾿θαλλοκοποιοί. θολωτός 'provided with 8., with conical  form' (Procop.), θολικός 'id.' (Suid.).

    *ETYM A technical word without explanation. The comparison with a European  word for 'valley, εἴς, eg. Go. dal(s) [m., n.] φάραγξ, βόθυνος', ON dalr 'valley,  arch', OCS dole 'βάραθρον, λάκκος᾽, Ru. dol 'valley, lower part', MW dol [f.] 'valley',  should be discarded. The connection with θάλαμος (e.g. Maat RAM 77 (1928): iff.)  makes more sense; the variation a/ 0 is typical of Pre-Greek.

XXXXXθολός [m.] 'mud, dirt, ink of the cuttlefish' (Hp. Arist. on the accent Schwyzer: 459), also adjectival 'troubled' (Ath.). <?>

    *DER θολερός 'troubled' (1A), θολώδης 'id' (Hp. Arist.), θολόω 'make turbid,  unclean' (IA) together with θόλωσις 'making turbid' (Arist., Gal.).

    *ETYM The word has been connected, as *OfoAdéc, with some Gm. terms for  turbidness of the mind: primary verb OS for-dwelan 'neglect, forsake', OHG gi-  twelan 'be deafened, linger', with several verbal nouns (ON dvol [f.] 'lingering', OS  dwalm, OHG twaim 'stupefaction', Go. dwals 'stupid'). These may or may not be  connected with a Celtic word for 'blind', e.g. Olr. dall. There is no indication,  however, that these IE forms (more in Pok. 265) are cognate. Fur.: 391 compares  ὀλός 'the dark sap of the cuttlefish' (Hp.).

XXXXXθοός 1 'quick'. >= Béw.

XXXXXθοός 2 [adj.] 'sharp', in νήσοισι ἐπιπροέηκε Θοῇσιν (0 299); cf. Str. 8, 3, 26 Θοὰς dé εἴρηκε τὰς Ὀξείας κτλ. (Bechtel 1914 s.v.); said of γόμφοι, ὀδόντες, πελέκεις, ξίφος (Hell. and late: A. R., AP). «ἢ

    *DER Factitive aorist ἐθόωσα 'I made sharp' (1 327), pass. perf. ptc. τεθοωμένος (Nic.,  Opp.).

    *ETYM No certain connection; probably not related to Skt. dhara 'cutting edge, blade  (of a sword)' (compared by Schulze 1933a: 370).

XXXXXθορός 'masculine seed'. ⟹ θρώσκω.

XXXXXθόρυβος [m.] 'noise, crying, tumult, confusion' (Pi., IA). <PGr

    *DER θορυβώδης full (of) noise, etc. (LA) and denominative θορυβέω (also prefixed  with ἀνα-, émt-) 'make noise, stir, confuse' (IA); θορυβητικός 'noisy' (Ar.) and  θορύβηθρον plant name = λεοντοπέταλον (Ps.-Dsc.); on naming motive Strémberg  1940: 80, on the formation ibd. 146.

    *ETYM Formation like ὄτοβος, κόναβος, φλοῖσβος, et al. (Chantraine 1933: 260). The  reduplicated form τον-θορύ-ζω (see Tichy 1983: 215f.), τόνθρυς is comparable. Perhaps θρῦ-λέω, θρῦ-λος also belong here; see also ▶︎ θρέομαι. The variation θορυβ-  (from *tarup-?), tov-Opv-, Opv(A)- suggests a Pre-Greek word (cf. Fur. 229, 381).

===Pag_599: Beekes_Página_0599.tiff===

XXXXXθοῦρος [adj.] 'rushing, impetuous, furious' (IL). 1Ὲ *d"erh,- 'jump, mount'>

    *DER θοῦρις, -ίδος [f.] (Hom., H.), θουράς (Nic, Lyc. cf. Chantraine 1933: 354f.);  extended in θούριος 'id.' (trag.); also θουραῖος, θουρήεις et al. (H.); denominative  ptc. θουρῶσαι [nom.pl.f.] 'rushing towards' (Lyc. 85), from θουράω + accus.

    *ETYM From *Odp-fog, either directly from the aorist θορεῖν or as a transformation  of an u-stem Ἰθόρ-υ-ς (cf. μανός < *Lav-f-dc, στενός < ἔστεν-Ε-ός, etc.). Not related  to ▶︎ ἀθύρω, as per Persson 1891: 59.

XXXXXθρᾶνος [m.] 'bench, supporting beam' (Att. and Hell. inscr., Ar.).

    *DIAL Myc. ta-ra-nu /t*ranus/.

    *DER Diminutive 8paviov 'id. (Ar.) together with θρανίδιον (Ar.); θρανίτης 'rower  of the upper of the three rows' (Th, Ar.), see Morrison Class. Quart. 41 (1947): 128ff 5  fem. θρανῖτις (κώπη; Att.); θρανιτικός (Callix.); θρανίας [m.] (Marcell. Sid.), θρᾶνις  or -ἰς (Xenocr.) = ξιφίας 'swordfish', after the shape of the upper jaw, cf. Thompson  1947 5.0. Denominative verb θρανεύω 'to stretch to the tanner's board' (Ar. Eq. 369), also  Opavevetat- συντρίβεται 'was rubbed together' (H.), ἀθράνευτον- dotpwtov 'bare'  (H. = E. fr. 569); cf. συν-θρανόω and ▶︎ θρανύσσω. θρῆνυς, -voc [m.] 'footstool (Hom.), cf. Hermann Gétt. Nachr. (1943): 8; Chantraine  1933: 118; Benveniste 1935: 56), also θρῆνυξ, -vKoc (Euph.), θρᾶνυξ (Corinn.) with a  secondary x-enlargement; see Chantraine 1933: 383.

    *ETYM If vo- or vv- is a suffix, we can connect the aorist inf. θρήσασθαι, which is  usually translated as 'to sit down' (only Philet. 14 [IV-III*]: θρήσασθαι πλατάνῳ  y<p>ain ὕπο). This group of words is often connected with ▶︎ θρόνος, whence the assumption that  θρᾶνος, θρῆνυς originally meant 'support'. Recently, De Lamberterie 2004: 236-253  has argued that θρόνος is a younger form of "θόρνος (Myc. to-no, Cypr. θόρναξ H.). He assumes a root *d'erh,- 'support, hold', found in Skt. dhar-, assuming *d"orh,-no-  for *8dpvoc, with loss of laryngeal by the Saussure Effect. This would mean that  θρᾶνος, θρῆνυς derive from the zero grade of the root. The fact that the Indo-Iranian  root is anit is problematic for this account, however. The existence of variants θόρν-  and 8pév- could also be an indication of Pre-Greek origin. See ▶︎ θρησκεύω.

XXXXXθρᾱνύσσω [v.] 'to crush'. <?>

    *VAR Only aor. ptc. θρανύξαντες (Lyc. 664); συν-θρᾶνόω 'id', only perf. pass. συντεθράνωται (E. Ba. 633; = συμπέπτωκε 'has dashed together' H.).

    *DER Cf. also Opavevetat- συντρίβεται 'is rubbed together' (H.).

    *ETYM Connection with a hypothetical noun *Opavo-avo-¢ from θραύω 'shatter'  inspires little confidence (cf. Sommer 1905: 64f.). Acc. to Frisk, more probable is  connection with θρανεύω 'stretch on the tanner's bench', which H. glosses as  συντρίβεται. One hypothesis posits the meaning change 'tan (torture)' > 'crush',  together with formal adaptation, perhaps to ἀμύσσω, νύσσω, etc. (Sommer 1905:  64f.). Thus also DELG. See ▶︎ θρᾶνος.

XXXXXθράσος

    *VAR θρασύς. = θάρσος.

===Pag_600: Beekes_Página_0600.tiff=== XXXXXθρέομαι 553

XXXXXθρᾶσσω [v.] 'to trouble, disturb' (Pi., Hp., Att.). <1E? *d'reh,g'- 'irritate'>

    *VAR Att. θρᾶττω; aor. θρᾶξαι (A, E.), pass. ἐθράχθη (δ. Fr. 1055); perf. tétpnxa intr. 'be troubled, agitated' (I].).

    *COMP Sometimes with prefixes év-, ὑπο-, ἐπι-.

    *ETYM The form θρᾶσσω is a primary yod-present from *Opay-1w, beside the old  perfect *té-Opay-a. The rare aorists θρᾶξαι and ἐθράχθη could be innovations after  the type πράσσω : πρᾶξαι for older ταράξαι (like δαμάσαι), from which the present  ▶︎ ταράσσω was formed, which has the same disyllabic stem form as ταραχή and may  be a denominative of it. The form ταραχή should not be explained as from *d"rh,-  eg'-, since the verbal forms point to a full grade *d'reh,g'.. Therefore, the only  possibility seems to be *d"fh,g'-, with secondary accent (see Rix 1976: 73f.), in spite of  earlier objections (cf. Dev. 206ff.). The form ν» τραχύς 'raw, hard' is a primary  nominal formation. The words for 'dregs, sediment' (e.g. ON dregg [f.], OLith. dragés [pl.], Alb. dra, Lat. fracés [f.pl.]) should be kept separate from θράσσω. The  same holds true for the Baltic group of Lith. dragés, dérgti 'soil, defile, etc'; the acute  accent does not point to a laryngeal (with unattractive **d"erh,g"- next to *d'reh.g'-),  but rather to PIE *d'erg-, where the acute is a result of Winter's Law. A possible  comparison is that with the Slavic group of OCS raz-draditi 'incite, provoke', which  (like Greek) could point to *d"reh.g'-. However, Derksen 2008 sv. *draziti objects  that the Slavic accent does not point to a laryngeal. Lit.: Tichy 1983: 17f.

XXXXXθρᾷττα [f.] name of a small sea-fish (middle com.,, Arist.). <?>

    *DER Diminutive θρᾷττίδιον (Anaxandr.).

    *ETYM Acc. to Stromberg 1943: 86, properly 'the Thracian'; see ▶︎ Θρᾷξ. Otherwise, it  could be a deformation of θρίσσα (s.v. ▶︎ θρίξ).

XXXXXθραυπαλος [f.] name of a plant, ephedra campulopoda (Thphr.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXθραυπίς, -ίδος [f.] name of a small bird (Arist. HA 592b). <2?

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXθραύω [v.] 'to break in pieces, shatter, enfeeble' (IA). «3»

    *VAR Aor. θραῦσαι, pass. θραυσθῆναι, perf. pass. τέθραυσμαι.

    *COMP Also with prefix, e.g. ἀπο-, περι-, συν-.

    *DER (ἀπό-, obv-)Opatotg 'breaking, etc.' (Arist.), acc. to H. also = σφῦρα, ἡ τοὺς  βώλους θραύουσα 'hammer breaking the earth', from which MoGr. dial. (Chios,  Ikaros) θράψα (Kukules 'Apy. "Eg. 27: 6:ff.); θραῦμα (A., etc.), also θραῦσμα  (Agatharch., Arist.) 'fragment, crushing, wound'; θραυσμός 'breaking' (LXX),  θραυστήριος 'appropriate for breaking' (Aét.); θραυστός 'breakable, broken' (Ti. Locr, Thphr.); θραῦλον- κόλουρον 'truncated' (wrong von Blumenthal 1930: 38),  Bpabpov: tpayavév, θραυνόμενον 'broken in pieces' (H.; see Schwyzer: 282).

    *ETYM The a-vocalism is unexplained. Bechtel 1914 s.v. connects it with θρυλίζω,  > *8pvAicow (θρυλίχθη, θρυλίξαι), etc. See there and s.v. ▶︎ θρύπτω.

XXXXXθρέομαι [v.] 'to cry aloud, shriek, proclaim' (A., E., always of women).

===Pag_601: Beekes_Página_0601.tiff===

    *VAR Only present except θρεύετο (poet. inscr. Epid. ΓΝ), artificially formed after  θρεῦμαι (A. Th. 78); on the imperfective aspect see Fournier 1946: 90 and 228.

    *COMP Very frequently as a second member, e.g. ἀλλό-θροος 'with another man's  voice, with foreign language' (Od.).

    *DER θρόος, Att. θροῦς [m.] 'noise, murmur, rumour' (A 437, Pi. N. 7, 81, Th. X.). Iterative deverbative (or denominative) verb θροέω 'cry, proclaim, speak' (trag.),  with aor. θροῆσαι; rarely with prefix δια-, προσ- et al; pass. θροεῖσθαι, θροηθῆναι 'be  drowned, confused, frightened' (LXX, NT); from there συνθρόησις. 'confusion,  shyness' (S. E. M. 9, 169).

    *ETYM Beside the thematic root present 8pé(F)oat, which points to IE *d'reu-o-,  Armenian has an athematic root present erdnum, aor. erdu-ay 'swear', from QIE  *d'ru-neu-mi (cf. OLat. deicé next to Gr. δείκνυμι). See Frisk 1944: 8ff., where  relation with θάρνυται as 'speak' (δηλοῖ τὴν διὰ λόγων ἔντευξιν H.) is also  considered. Non-IE words like θόρυβος, θρυλέω, θρῦλος must be kept separate. Pok. 255 contains much Greek material of non-IE origin. Cf. also »θρῆνος and  > τονθορύζω.

XXXXXθρῆνος [m.] 'dirge, lament, lamentation' (IA, Q 721; on the meaning Diehl RAM ΝE. 89 (1940): 90 and 112). «ΡΟ»

    *COMP Compounds like θρην-ῳδός 'who sings a lament' (Alciphr.), together with  θρην-ῳδέω, -ia (E., Plu.); ἔντθρηνος 'full of lament' (pap.).

    *DER θρηνώδης 'like a lament' (P1.), θρήνωμα = θρῆνος (pap. 1", cf. Chantraine 1933:  186f.). Denominative verb θρηνέω, aor. θρηνῆσαι 'start a lament, lament, wail for (Ω  722), also prefixed, e.g. ém-, kata-, with several derivatives: θρήνημα 'lament' (E.),  θρηνη-τής, -ητήρ (A.) 'lamentation', also θρηνήτωρ (Man.); θρηνητικός (Arist.);  ἐπιθρήν-ησις (Plu.).

    *ETYM In the first place, θρῆνος should be connected within Greek with ablauting  θρώναξ' κηφήν. Λάκωνες 'drone (Lacon.) (H.) and reduplicated τενθρήνη 'hornet'  (cf. also on ἀνθρηδών; see Kuiper 1956: 221f.). In other languages, we find words  denoting sounds of similar appearance: Skt. dhrdnati 'sounds' (gramm.) and the Gm. word for 'drone', eg. OS dreno, and Go. drunjus 'sound'. These are rather  independent onomatopoeic formations. We are probably dealing with a Pre-Greek  word. θρῆνυξ

    *VAR θρῆνυς, θρῆσασθαι. = θρᾶνος.

XXXXXθρησκεύω [v.] 'to perform or observe religious customs' (Hdt.), 'to worship' (LXX). < PG?

    *DER θρησκεία, Ion. -ηἴη 'holy service, religious practice' (Ion.), also θρήοκευμα,  -evoig 'id? (Hell); θρησκευτής 'worshipper' (late); deverbal θρῆοκος 'fear of the  gods' (Ep. Jac. 1, 26) with θρησκώδης 'id' (Vett. Val); θρήσκια [n-pl.] 'religious  customs' (POxy. 1380, 245, ΠΡ, OGI 210, 9, Nubia III'). On the history of θρηοκεύω, -εία see van Herten 1934.

    *ETYM As θρῆσκος is clearly deverbal, another starting point for θρησκεύω must be  found. Another ox-present is found in the glosses θρήσκω: vow 'to think of and

===Pag_602: Beekes_Página_0602.tiff=== XXXXXθρίδαξ, -ακος 555 θράσκειν: ἀναμιμνήσκειν 'to remember' (H.); θρησκεύω could be an enlargement of these. The glosses would point to Ionic origin for θρησκεύω. Beside the present θρήσκω, we also find a gloss évO@peiv: φυλάσσειν 'to guard, observe' (H.). However, if we explain this as a zero grade thematic aorist, then θρήσκω, which must derive from d'rh,ske/o-, becomes unexplainable. Perhaps, then, the word is Pre-Greek. The relevant nominal gloss ἀθερές: ἀνόητον, ἀνόσιον 'stupid, unholy' (H.) could point to a neuter "θέρος or an aorist Bepetv. Further connection with ▶︎ θρόνος, ▶︎ θρᾶνος is improbable.

XXXXXθριαί [f.pl.] Nymphs on the Parnassos who fed Apollo; also name of pebbles that served as lots of an oracle (Philoch. 196, Call. Ap. 45; uncertain conj. h. Merc. 552). See the texts in Amandry 1950: 27-29. <?>

    *VAR Also θρῖαι.

    *COMP θριοβόλοι [Ρ].] 'who threw the θ᾽ (Epic. apud St. Byz. s.v. Opta, Suid.).

    *DER θριάζειν: ἐνθουσιᾶν, ἐνθουσιάζειν 'be inspired, be possessed by a god' (H.) from  S. (Fr. 466) and E. (Fr. 478) together with θρίασις (Suid.); also θριᾶσθαι-: μαντεύεσθαι  'to divine' (AB 265).

    *ETYM Origin unknown. von Wilamowitz 1931: 379ff. thought it was originally  identical with Opia 'leaves of the fig'. See Amandry 1950: 62, 133 and Fur. 191  (uncertain). There seems little reason to connect it with θριαμβος.

XXXXXθρίαμβος [m.] name of hymns sung at festivals for Dionysus (Cratin. 36), also said of the god (Trag. Adesp. 140 et al.); also a Hell. rendering of Lat. triumphus (Plb., Ὁ. S.). < PGP

    *DER θριαμβικός = triumphdlis, θριαμβεύειν = trium phare.

    *ETYM Formation like ▶︎ διθύραμβος, »ἴαμβος and, like these, probably Pre-Greek. Since Sommer 1905: 58ff., it has often been connected with the numeral 'three'  ('Dreischritt' vel sim.), which is impossible. Acc. to Sturtevant Class. Phil. 5 (1910):  323ff.,, it is from θριάζω, θρίασις, by influence of tayBoc. See also Theander Eranos 15  (1915):126°. Fur.191 connects it with τριάζω 'to conquer'.

XXXXXθριγκός [m.] 'topmost course of stones in a wall, cornice, frieze', also metaph. (Od.), 'fence' (E., Ar.).

    *VAR  Mostly plur, late also τριγχός (SIG 1231, 6 [Nicomedia II]-IV*], Ἡ., sch.),  Optyydc (v1. Plu. 2, 85f.), θριγχός (v.1. Dsc. 4, 85).

    *DER Optyxiov (Luc, App.), θριγκώδης 'like a coping' (H.) sub αἱμασιαί; θριγκόω [v.]  'to provide with a 8., crown, complete' (ξ 10 et al.) with 8piykwpa = θριγκός (J., Plu.),  see Chantraine 1933: 186f.

    *ETYM A term of construction; see discussion on ▶︎ γεῖσον. The forms τριγχός and  θριγγός may show old variation or more recent developments. The form στριγχός:  τειχίον, στρικτόριον, στεφάνη δώματος 'little wall, crown of a building' (H.) may be  a cross of τριγχός and otpiktdptov (= Lat. strictérium). The word is without a doubt  Pre-Greek.

XXXXXθρίδαξ, -ακος [f.] 'lettuce' (Epich., Ion., Hell.).

===Pag_603: Beekes_Página_0603.tiff===

556 Opivak, -ακος

    *DER Optdaxivn 'id.' (Att., Hell; Chantraine 1933: 204) together with -ivic [f.] (Stratt.),  θριδακίσκα (Alcm. 20; Chantraine 1933: 407), θριδάκιον (Plu.); also θριδακίας =  μανδραγόρας θῆλυς (Dsc., Chantraine 1933: 94) and the adjective Opidax-ric [f]  (Nic.), -ώδης (Dsc.) 'lettuce-like'. Several by-forms: θίδραξ (Arr., H.) together with  θιδρακίνη (H.; metathesis of liquids, see Schwyzer: 258), θρύδαξ (pap.; after Opvov?),  θρόδαξ (H.) together with θοδράκιον (Choerob.).

    *ETYM Acc. to Nehring Glotta 14 (1925): 151, it is Pre-Greek. Because of the typical  leaves, Stromberg 1940: 39 thinks of Opiov 'fig-leaf, leaf in general' and compares  οἶδαξ 'unripe figs'. By folk-etymological association with τρι- 'three' arose τετρακίνη  = θριδακίνη (Hippon. 135). For the interchange οἱ t, cf. topvia: σταφυλή beside  θρινία- ἄμπελος (Fur.: 392).

XXXXXθρῖναξ, -ακος [f.] 'three-pronged fork, trident' (Ar., Tab. Heracl. 1, 5, Nic.).

    *DER Thence Θρινακίη [f.] 'fork-island', name of a mythical island (Od.), later  identified with Sicily, and changed to Τρινακρία (τρία ἄκρα) by folk etymology; also Θρινακίς [f.] (Str.); adj. Θρινάκιος 'Sicilian' (Nic.).

    *ETYM Technical word in -ἄξ (Chantraine 1933: 377ff.). Mostly interpreted as a  compound with tpt- 'three', but the attempts at finding an IE etymology have failed  (see examples in Frisk). Fur: 189 compares τρίναξ 'an instrument in agriculture',  with τί 9; note also the suffix -ax-, frequent in substrate words. Another comparison  has been with θρῖον 'fig-leaf (because of the form), with θρινία: ἄμπελος ἐν Κρήτῃ  'vine on Crete' (H.); very unlikely.

XXXXXθρίξ [f.] 'hair', especially the bodily hair in opposition to κόμη, the well-groomed hair of the head (1].). «?»

    *VAR Gen. τριχός.

    *COMP E.g. τριχότφυλλος 'with leaves like hair' (Thphr., of a pine forest), οὐλό-θριξ  'with curly hair' (Hdt, etc.).

    *DER 1. θρίσσα, Att. θρίττα [f.] < *Opix-ta 'Clupea alosa' (middle com., Arist.), a kind  of anchovy called after its hairlike bones (Stromberg 1943: 47f.; also Thompson 1947  s.v.); diminutive θρισσίον (pap.); in the same meaning also τριχίς, -ίδος [f.] (Ar.),  τριχίδιον (Alex.), τριχίας [m.] (Arist.). 2. Diminutive tpixiov (Arist.). 3. τριχώδης  'full of hair, hairlike (Hp. Arist.). 4. τριχωτός 'hairy' (Arist, cf. τριχόομαι below). 5. τρίχἵνος 'of hair' (Pl, X.). 6. tpryitic, -ιδος [f.] sort of alum (after its fibrous  structure; Dsc., Plin.). 7. τριχία 'knot' (pap.). 8. τριχισμός 'hairline split of a bone'  (Paul. Aeg.), as if from "τριχίζω; cf. Chantraine 1933: 143ff. Denominative verbs: 1. τριχόομαι, -dw 'to (be) provide(d) with hair' (Arist.); thence τρίχωμα 'hair growth'  (Hdt. E, X.) together with τριχωμάτιον (Arist.); τρίχωσις 'hair growth' (Arist.). 2. τριχιάω 'to suffer from a hair disease' (Hp., Arist.) together with τριχίασις, name of  some hair diseases (medic.). 3. *tprxiCw cf. τριχισμός above.

    *ETYM The words for 'hair' are different in most Indo-European languages. The  comparison with MIr. gairb-driuch 'bristle' (from garb 'raw' and *drigu- or *driku-)  is better abandoned. Lith. drika 'threads hanging from the loom' (Fraenkel 1955 s.v. draikas) presupposes *drik-, and therefore cannot be connected.

===Pag_604: Beekes_Página_0604.tiff=== XXXXXθρόνα 557

XXXXXθρῖον [n.] 'fig leaf, secondarily also 'leaf in general; mostly as the name of a dish from eggs, milk, and honey in fig leaves (Ar.). «Ὁ

    *COMP As a second member in λεπτό-θρῖος 'of fine leaves' (Nic.) with metrical  shortening of -i-.

    *ETYM No etymology; a Mediterranean word (Frisk)? Cf. Opivia- ἄμπελος ἐν Κρήτῃ  'vine (Cret.)' (H.), and see also θρῖναξ and θρίδαξ.

XXXXXθρίσαι [v.] 'to cut off (Archil., E., Dsc.). 41Ε»

    *VAR Also ἀπο-θρίξαι, -ασθαι (vl. E. Or. 128, Ael.), after 9piE(?); aor. ἔθρισεν δόμον  (A. Ag. 536), mostly derived from ἀπο-θερίσαι. Also συνέθρισε: συνέτεμε, λεπτὰ  ἐποίησεν. ἀπὸ τοῦ θρίσαι, ὅ ἐστι τεμεῖν 'was cut down, made small; from θ., which  means to cut' (H.).

    *ETYM Mostly taken as a syncopated form of ἀπο-θερίσαι (LXX, Ael.), belonging to  θερίζω 'to mow down' (s.v. ▶︎ θέρομαι); the syncope is supposed to be metrically  licensed, but it was hardly influenced by θραύω, θρύπτω (as per Frisk). Cf. ▶︎ Opiy.

XXXXXθρίψ [m.] 'woodworm' (Thphr., Men.).

    *VAR Gen. θρῖπός.

    *COMP As a first member e.g. in θριπ-ήδεστος 'eaten by woodworms' (Ar., Hyp., Att. inscr.), from ἐδεστός with compositional lengthening).

    *DER θριπώδης 'full of woodworms' (Thphr. HP 3, 8, 5; v.l. θριπηδέστατος), together  with θριπωδέστατος,

    *ETYM Cf. iy, κνίψ, oxviy. Giintert 1914: 134f. assumes a transformation of "θρύψ  based on these words, which would belong to θρύπτω 'crumble, rub'; unlikely. See  Gil Fernandez 1959: 114f. Probably a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXθροέω 'call, proclaim, speak'. = θρέομαι.

XXXXXθρόμβος [m.] 'clump, clot, curd', especially of blood (1A).

    *DER θρομβίον (Dsc.), θρομβήϊον (Nic.), θρομβώδης 'full of clumps' (JA),  θρομβόομαι 'form θ., congeal' together with θρόμβωσις 'curdling, thrombosis'  (medic.).

    *ETYM Compared with Molc. drambr [m.] 'knag, knot' for the reconstruction IE  *d'rémb*o-. However, deaspiration of stop after nasal (thus Schwyzer: 333) did not  occur in Greek (see especially ▶︎ ἀμφί and ▶︎ ὀμφαλός; cf. on ▶︎ θάμβος), so a direct  connection is impossible. The same holds for the comparison with the group of Lith. dramblys, dremblys fat belly', Latv. dramblis 'glutton'. Within Greek, θρόμβος is  generally connected with »tpépw as 'make congeal', med. τρέφεσθαι, them.aor. tpageiv 'to congeal'; θρόμβος would then mean 'curdled mass'. The verb later  received the specialized meaning 'make thick, feed', and had its proper development  in Greek. Since τρέφω does not have a convincing IE etymology, the present word  would be of Pre-Greek origin as well (Fur.: 274 takes no decision).

XXXXXθρόνα [n.pl.] 'flowers', as a decoration in woven tissues and embroidery (1].), as a medicine and charm (Hell. poets). Acc. to the sch. on Theoc. 2, 59, the Thessalians used θρόνα for colorful embroidered figures (πεποικιλμένα ζῷα), and the Cypriots for variegated clothes (ἄνθινα ἱμάτια); H. glosses θρόνα both as 'flowers' and as

===Pag_605: Beekes_Página_0605.tiff===

'colorful embroideries' (θρόνα- ἄνθη, καὶ τὰ ἐκ χρωμάτων ποικίλματα); cf. Bechtel 1921, 1: 448; Bowra JHS 54 (1934): 73. «ΡΟ()Ρ»

    *COMP ποικιλό-θρονος as an epithet of Aphrodite (Sapph. 1, 1), probably after θρόνα  ποικίλα (X 441); likewise χρυσό-, dpyvpd-Bpovoc et al., see Lawler Philological  Quarterly 27 (1948): 80ff.

    *ETYM Many desperate attempts at finding an etymology: for example, Lidén 1897:  67f., 95f. compared Alb. dré-ri, dré-ni [m.] 'deer' (PAlb. *drani- 'variegated'?, =  Illyrian Spavic [corrected for ἀρ-]' ἔλαφος 'deer' [H.]), from IE *d"roni-. Solmsen KZ  35 (1897/98): 474f. compared θρόνα as 'herbs, flowers' with Ru. dérn 'lawn, grass', etc. (rejected by Vasmer 1953 s.v. dérn). Fur.: 189 compares τρόνα- ἀγάλματα, ἢ ῥάμματα  ἄνθινα 'statues, colorful stitchings' (H.), which proves Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXθρόνος [m.] 'throne, seat', also 'chair of state, judge's seat'. «ΡΟ»

    *DIAL Myc. to-no /t*ornos/, to-ro-no-wo-ko /t"orno-worgos/.

    *COMP χρυσό-θρονος 'with golden throne' (I1.).

    *DER Diminutives Opovic [f.] (Them.), θρόνιον (EM, Ptol.); further θρονίτης (cod. -τις)" πρώτιστος 'principal (H.); θρονιτικός 'throne-like' (Sidyma); denominative  verb θρονίζομαι 'be placed on the throne' (LXX) together with θρονιστής 'enthroner'  (liter. pap.), θρονισμός 'enthronisation' (D. Chr.); also θρόνωσις 'id' (Pl. Euthd. 2774; as a rite of the Corybantes), as if from *Opovoouat; cf. Chantraine 1933: 279.

    *ETYM The formation has been compared with that of κλόνος, which would belong  to κέλομαι; the root is assumed to be *d'er- 'to hold, support', found in Skt. dhar-,  perf. dadhara. Within Greek, this root has been recognized in évOpelv- φυλάσσειν 'to  guard' (H.) (see ▶︎ θρησκεύω). The original meaning θρόνος would then be  'supporter, bearer'. A number of formal problems persist, however. First, a suffix *-ono- does not seem  to have existed in Indo-European or in Greek: there is no certain instance of IE *CC-  on-o- (as opposed to the normal thematic type *CoC-no-). Since Greek has only a  few forms in nom. -ovog (next to the frequent types in -wv, gen. -wvoc and -wv, gen. -ovoc; see Chantraine 1933: 159ff.), derivation from *d"er- with such a suffix is  improbable. No other words for 'chair' are derived from the root *d*er-, nor does  Greek have a certain derivative from this root (see Pok. 252f.). Secondly, the connection with »8pavoc 'bench' and θρῆνυς 'footstool' (see De  Lamberterie 2004) is problematic, as there are no indications for a set root *d'erh,- in  PIE. Neither is there any indication that ▶︎ θρησκεύω has anything to do with θρόνος. A related form within Greek is θόρναξ' ὑποπόδιον. Κύπριοι. ἢ ἱερὸν Ἀπόλλωνος ἐν  τῇ Λακωνικῇ 'footstool (Cypr.) or a sanctuary of Apollo in Laconia' (H.), for which  one assumes metathesis from *OpdvaE, which is perhaps derived from θρόνος. Greek words in -ovoc are suspected to be of Pre-Greek origin; cf. also χρόνος and  Κρόνος with a typical consonantal variation. This may be the case for θρόνος as well.

XXXXXθρόος 'call, voice'.

    *VAR Att. θροῦς. = θρέομαι.

XXXXXθρυαλλίς [f.] 'wick', also the plant name 'plantain, Plantago crassifolia' (Thphr., Nic.), the leaves of which were used to make wicks (hence it was also called Avyvitic, Stromberg 1940: 78 and 106).

===Pag_606: Beekes_Página_0606.tiff=== XXXXXθρύον 559

    *DER From θρυάλλις or from the diminutive θρυαλλίδιον (Luc.) as a back-formation  θρύαλλον (n.] 'shower of smut? (Vett. Val. 345, 22).

    *ETYM Cf. φυσαλλίς, συκαλλίς; see Schwyzer: 484 and Chantraine 1933: 252 and 346. The suffix occurs mostly with plants or birds, so the word is probably Pre-Greek. Cf.> Optov.

XXXXX*@pvAicow [v.] 'to crush, smash'.

    *VAR Or "θρύλίζωξ Only in θρυλίχθη δὲ μέτωπον (Ψ 396), θρυλίξας (Lyc. 487).

    *DER OpbAtyua 'fragment' (Lyc. 880).

    *ETYM May be analyzed as a denominative verb from *OptAoc 'fragment', which  would belong to MW dryll fragment', Gallo-Rom. *drullia [pl.] 'waste', and go back  to IE *d'rus-lo- vel sim. The primary verb is seen in Germanic, e.g. Go. driusan fall  down', properly *'crumble (down)'; Lat. frustum 'morsel' is probably derived from  this verb, like Latv. druska 'morsel, crumb' with velar suffix. It is doubtful whether  θρυλί[λ]εῖ: ταράσσει, ὀχλεῖ 'agitates' (H.) belongs here; it may also be an occasional  use of θρυλεῖν 'brag, boast' (Frisk). Another hypothetical connection is with ▶︎ θραύω  (Bechtel 1914 s.v.), but then its vowel would remain unexplained, as one would  expect *d'reh,-u-; one might also compare ▶︎ θρύπτω.

XXXXXθρῦλος [m.] 'murmer' (Batr., Orph., pap.). <1E? *d"reu- 'murmur, drone, rumble' (or ΡΟ»

    *VAR Also θρύλλος.

    *DER Further θρυλέω (-AA-) [v.] 'to boast, brag' (Att.), also with dia- and other  prefixes; πολυ-θρύλ(λ)η-τος 'much discussed' (Pl. Plb.), θρύλημα 'gossip, boast'  (LXX); also θρυλίζω 'produce a false tone on the cithara' (h. Merc. 488; cod. θρυαλ-  [would be metrically better] = θρυλλ- 2), together with θρυλισμός, -ἰγμός (Ὁ. H.).

    *ETYM While it seems most obvious to assume that θρυλέω was derived from θρῦλος,  both the dates and the frequency refute this. Rather, θρυλέω was formed after the  many (denominative, deverbative or primary) onomatopoeic verbs in -éw, e.g. κομπέω, κελαδέω, βομβέω, δουπέω, ῥοιβδέω (see Schwyzer: 726), from which the  rare and late θρῦλος was a back-formation. It seems obvious that θρυλέω is  connected with θρέομαι, θόρυβος, τονθορύζω. It has been suggested that it is a zero  grade derivative of IE d*reu- (Pok. 255), but this root is not well attested (though  there is Gr. Opéopat). As Frisk remarks, it is questionable whether one should  analyze an onomatopoeic word in such a purely grammatical way. The frequent  notation -AA- may be an expressive gemination, but it may also point to Pre-Greek  origin. Fur: 237, 281 separates the word from the IE forms and connects it with  θόρυβος, with variant ἔθρυρ-.

XXXXXθρύον [n.] 'reed, rush' (Il.).

    *COMP As a first member in θρυο-πώλης 'seller of reed' (pap.).

    *DER θρυόεις 'rich in reeds' (Nic.), fem. Θρυόεσσα place on the Alpheios (A 711), also  called Θρύον (B 592); θρυώδης 'id' (Str.); Opvivoc 'made of reeds', Opvitic 'grown  with reeds' (of γῆ, pap.). Fur. 135 adduces θρύσιος (EM 456, 31) and θρύσις (sch. Φ  351). On »θρυαλλίς, see s.v.

===Pag_607: Beekes_Página_0607.tiff===

    *ETYM Formally, one may compare βρύον, but further details are unclear. Sommer's  connection (Sommer 1905: 6of.) with the Balto-Slavic group of OCS trosto [f.] 'reed,  cane', Lith. tr(i)usis 14. (which presupposes IE *truso-) is impossible because of the  anlaut. The variants with -o- (see Fur. above) point to a Pre-Greek word, and this is  not unexpected in the case of a plant name.

XXXXXθρύπτω [v.] 'to break in pieces, crumble, enfeeble, weaken', med. 'to be effeminate or prudish, be enervated' (IA). ΑΚ Aor. θρύψαι, pass. τρυφῆναι (1].), later θρυφθῆναι (Arist.), θρυβῆναι (Dsc.), perf. med. τέθρυμμαι.

    *COMP Also with prefix, eg. dia-, év-.

    *DER 1. τρύφος [n.] 'fragment' (6 508, Hdt. Pherecr. et al.). 2. τρυφή 'softness,  luxuriousness, wantonness' (Att.); τρυφερός 'soft, wanton' (Att; after θαλερός,  γλυκερός et al.) together with τρυφερότης (Arist.); τρυφηλός 'id' (AP); τρυφαλίς =  τροφαλίς and transformations of it (Luc.); τρύφαξ 'wanton, debauchee' (Hippod.);  denominative verb τρυφάω, also with prefix, eg. év-, with ἐντρυφής = τρυφερός  (Man.), 'live softly, luxuriously, be wanton' (Att.) with τρύφημα 'wantonness,  luxuries', also concrete (E., Ar.), τρυφητής 'voluptuary' (Ὁ. S.). 3. θρύμμα 'fragment'  (Hp., Ar.) with θρυμματίς [f.] a kind of cake (middle com.), perhaps also Opuptic:  ἰχθῦς ποιός 'a kind of fish' (H.). 4. θρύψις 'tiring out, softness, debauchery' (X,  Arist.) with θρύψιχος = τρυφερός 'dainty' (Theognost, H.), after μείλιχος  (Chantraine 1933: 404). 5. From the present: θρυπτικός 'mellow, crumbling' (Gal.,  Dsc.), 'softness' (X., D. C.), θρύπτακον' κλάσμα ἄρτου. Κρῆτες 'morsel of bread  (Cret.)' (HL).

    *ETYM The word θρύπτω may continue a pre-form *d'rub'-ie/o-, and is compared to  Northern European forms: Latv. drubaZa 'piece, fragment', drubazas 'splinter', OS  dribén, driivon 'to be sad', Olr. drucht 'drop' (PCI. *drub-tu-). Latvian also has  forms in p, e.g. drup-u, drup-t 'crumble', and in Germanic we find variants too: ON drjúpa [v.] 'to drip' ropi [m.] 'drop'). It is probable that ▶︎ δρύπτω was modelled on  θρύπτω. We are probably dealing with a non-IE substrate word from Europe of the  type discussed by Kuiper NOWELE 25 (1995): 68-72.

XXXXXθρώσκω [v.] 'to spring, leap upon, rush, dart' (1].). «1Ὲ *d'erh,- 'leap, mount'>

    *VAR θρῴσκω (Schwyzer: 710, Chantraine 1942: 317), aor. θορεῖν, fut. θοροῦμαι (IL),  ἔθρωξα (Opp.), perf. ptc. fem. teBopving (Antim. 65); after θορεῖν the pres. θόρνυμαι  (Hadt. 3, 109, 5. Fr. 1127, 9, Nic. Th. 130) for original θάρνυσθαι = κυΐσκεσθαι 'to  conceive in H.; therealso thematic θαρνεύει: ὀχεύει 'covers'; see also on ▶︎ θρέομαι.

    *COMP Often with prefix, e.g. ava-, éx-, ἐπι-, ὑπερ-.

    *DER 1. From θρω-: θρωσμός (θρῳσμός) 'springing, rising' (K 160, A 56 = Y 3; A.R. 2,  823); θρῶσις 'cord, line' (Theognost., H.). 2. From the aorist: θορός [m.] (Hdt., Hp.,  Arist.), θορή [f.] CHdt., Alcmaion) 'masculine seed', properly 'spring, jump'; from  there θορικός 'of seed' (Arist.), θοραῖος 'containing seed, etc. (Nic., Lyc.), θορώδης  'id, (Gal.), θορόεις 'consisting of seed' (Opp.); denominative verb θορίσκομαι 'to  receive semen' (Ant. Lib,; cf. kuioxojtat). On ▶︎ θοῦρος, see s.v.

===Pag_608: Beekes_Página_0608.tiff=== XXXXXθυεία 561

    *ETYM The only plausible comparison is found in Olr. -dair* 'to leap upon', together  with the nouns der 'young girl (< PCI. *derd) and MW -derig 'rutty'. The ablaut  pattern is identical to that of ▶︎ βλώσκω, μολεῖν, μολοῦμαι. The root was *d'erh,-,  with *d'rh,- giving 8pw- before a consonant; θορή contains an o-grade *d'orh,; the  forms with @apv(ev)- go back to an old nasal present *d"r-n-(e)h;- > ἔθαρνωςμι,  which was regularly transferred into the class of vv-presents. The form θόρνυμαι has  analogical op for ap after ἔθορον (cf. Hardarson 19932: 218). The fut. θορέομαι may  go back to *Oepo- < *d'erh, with metathesis (Ruipérez Emerita 18 (1950): 386-407);  the aorist may have its vocalism from here.

XXXXXθύαρος [m.] 'darnell, Lolium temulentum' (Ps.-Dsc.).

    *ETYM Formation in -αρος like κόμαρος, κίσθαρος, et al. (Strémberg 1940: 58). Connected with ▶︎ θύω 'rage, seethe' by comparison with, e.g., Ru. durnica 'id' from  dur' [f.] 'stupidity'. However, the form in -apocg rather points to a Pre-Greek word  (cf. the sequence -v-ap-), and connection with θύω is a mere guess.

XXXXXθυάω 'be rutty'. = θύω 1.

XXXXXθυγάτηρ, -τρός [f.] 'daughter' (1... 41 *d'ugh,-ter- 'daughter'> ὍὈΙΑΙ, Myc. tu-ka-te, tu-ka-te-re, tu-ka-ta-si /thugatér, -eres, -arsi(?)/.

    *COMP Rarely in compounds, late as a first member, e.g. θυγατρο-ποιία 'adoption of  a daughter' (Cos, Rhodos).

    *DER Diminutive θυγάτριον (Com., pap.); θυγατριδοῦς, Ion. -δέος [m.] 'daughter's  son, grandson', θυγατριδῆ [f.] 'daugher's daughter, granddaughter' (IA), also Ovyatepeic [f.] (Magnesia; after patronymics in -i¢); θυγατρίζω 'call daughter' (com.;  cf. Schwyzer 731°).

    *ETYM Old word for 'daughter', preseved in most IE languages: Skt. duhitdr- (nom. duhita; on the accent, see below), OAv. dugadar-, Arm. dustr, Osc. futir, MoHG  Tochter, Lith. dukté, OCS dosti, ToB tkacer, ToA ckacar, all from IE *d'ugh,tér-. New  evidence has come from Anatolian: HLuw. tuwatra/i- 'id.', Lyc. kbatra- 'daughter'. According to Kloekhorst 2008, these forms point to an old full grade of the root, and  he reconstructs *dyetr- < *duegtr- « *d'uegh,tr-. The ablaut pattern of Greek  (barytone θυγάτηρ) would confirm this reconstruction; it is, then, unnecessary to  explain θυγάτηρ as opposed to Skt. duhitd by analogy after the vocative θύγατερ.

@veia [f.] 'mortar' (Com.), also 'oil-press' (pap.). <1E? *d"uH- 'fly about, dash'?>

    *VAR Also -ein (Nic. Th. 91); late also itacistic -ia, -in; also θυεῖον [n.] 'id.' (pap.).

    *DIAL Myc. fu-we-ta /t*uestas/.

    *DER Diminutive θυ(ε)ίδιον (Ar.); back-formation (?) θυΐς, -ίδος [f.] (Damocr. apud  Gal.). Further θυέστης [m.] 'pestle' (Dionys. Trag.).

    *ETYM Formation like ἐγχείη (to ἔγχος), etc. which points to *Oveo-id as a derivative  in -ia from θύος 'burnt sacrifice' (Solmsen 1909: 250 fn.). We may compare other  words in -ia for concreta, especially names of vases like ὑδρία, ἀντλία (Scheller 1951:  48ff.). The meanings 'mortar' and 'oil-press' are supposed to have developed from  'vase for pounding the incense', which is rather strange. The neuter Oveiov is

===Pag_609: Beekes_Página_0609.tiff===

reminiscent of the vessel name ἀγγεῖον. On the formation of θυέσ-της, see Chantraine 1933: 312f.

XXXXXθύελλα [f.] 'thunderstorm, hurricane (Il, Arist.).

    *COMP θυνελλό-πους (Nonn.) after ἀελλό-πο(υ)ς (© 409) et al.

    *DER θυελλώδης (sch. S.) like ἀελλώδης (sch. 11.).

    *ETYM From θύω 'storm, rage, dash', perhaps based on ▶︎ ἄελλα, in which the suffix  in -I- was inherited.

XXXXXθυηλή [f.] '(part of) a victim sacrificed in a burnt offering' (I 220).

    *DER Lengthened form (Chantraine 1933: 186f.) θυηλήματα [Ρ].] (Thphr. Char. 10, 13;  beside στέμματα). Cf. further: 1. θυάλήματα [pl.] 'id' (Milete V*), lengthened from  Ἰθυάλη (type ἀγκάλη : ἄγκος) or after ἄλημα, παιπάλημαξ 2. θυλήματα [pl.]  'sacrificial cake' (Com., Thphr.), from an A-derivative to ▶︎ θύω. θυλέομαι (Porph.) is  a back-formation from θυλήματα.

    *ETYM Formation like ▶︎ γαμφηλαί (but this is not from ▶︎ γόμφος; s.v.), ἀκανθηλή (:  ἄκανθα, Hdn.). Other comparanda are some barytones like ἀνθήλη (to ἄνθος,  ἀνθέω), Seixnrov (from δείκνυμι), τράχηλος (from τρέχω, τροχός The form θυηλή  would then be derived from θύος or (less probably) directly from θύω 'to sacrifice'.

XXXXXθύλακος [m.] 'sack, bag', mostly made of leather (IA).

    *VAR θυλλίς: θύλακος (H.), θυλίδες: οἱ θύλακοι (H.); also θῦλαξ (com.), perhaps a  back-formation from θυλάκιον.

    *COMP As a second member in παρσουλακίρ (= napabvAaxic) τὸν τρίβωνα, ὅταν  γένηται ὡς θύλακος 'a threadbare garment, as it came to be like a sack' (H.; Lacon.).

    *DER Diminutives: θυλάκιον (IA), θυλακίς [f] (Ael.), θυλακίσκος [m.] (com., Dsc.). Other derivatives: θυλακή 'scrotum' (Hippiatr.), θυλακώδης (Thphr.), θυλακόεις  (Nic.) 'like a sack'; θυλακῖτις in plant names (Dsc.): θ. μήκων (after the capsules of  the seeds), 8. vapdoc (after the acorn-like stock of the root; Strémberg 1940: 36);  θυλακίζειν: τὸ ἀπαιτεῖν τι ἑπόμενον μετὰ θυλάκου. Ταραντῖνοι (H.). Short form,  possibly with hypocoristic gemination: θυλ(λ)ίς (H.).

    *ETYM Unexplained. Like σάκκος, probably foreign. The suffix -ax- points to Pre-  Greek origin (Pre-Greek: Suffixes). A form ᾿θῦλ(ο)-, obtained after removing a suffix  -κ(ο)-, has been compared with Lith. dundtiis 'puffed, big-bellied', but this is only  speculation. The forms θαλλίς: μάρσιππος μακρός 'long bag' and θάλλικα' σάκκου εἶδος 'kind of  bag' (H.), with different vocalism, are unexplained.

XXXXXθύμαλλος [m.] name of a fish 'Thymallus vulgaris, Salmo thymallus' (Ael.). < PG(s)>

    *ETYM Formation in ταλλος (Chantraine 1933: 317 compares κορύδ-αλίλν)ος et al.),  which has been connected with θύμον 'thyme' because of the scent (Stromberg 1943:  6of. doubts in Thompson 1947 s.v.).-- However, as the suffix is Pre-Greek, it is  improbable that the basic word was of inner-Greek formation. Via Lat. thymallus,  the word was borrowed as Ital. temolo, etc.

===Pag_610: Beekes_Página_0610.tiff=== XXXXXθύμον 563 θυμάλωψ, -ωπος [m.] probably 'piece of firewood, charcoal (Com., Luc. Lex. 24).

    *ETYM Formation like αἱμάλωψ 'mass of blood, blood clot' (Hp., pap.), νυκτάλωψ  'seeing in the night' = 'day-blind(ness)'; secondarily 'night-blind(mess)', based on  which ἡμεράλωψ was created. Since the present word has nothing to do with 'seeing',  we are probably dealing with a Pre-Greek suffix -Awy. Cf. also ▶︎ ἀγχίλωψ, ▶︎ αἰγίλωψ,  which no doubt derives from a Pre-Greek word as well.

XXXXXθύμβρᾶ [f.] name of a sweet-scented plant, 'savory, Satureia Thymbra' (com., Thphr., Dsc.). 4PG(V)> ΝΑΙ Also θύμβρον (Thphr.) and θυμβραία (Hp. apud Gal, after other plant names in -aia). By metathesis (or adaptation to θρύ-πτωΐζ): θρύμβη (Gp.).

    *DER θυμβρώδης 'like 0.' (Thphr.), θυμβρίτης οἶνος 'wine spiced with 6.' (Dsc.).

    *ETYM Hardly derived from θύμον, θύμος 'thyme' (Strémberg 1940: 149), in which  case the -B- could.be epenthetic between μ and p. Persson 1891: 56* proposed a  derivation from τύφω in -p-, with nasalization and deaspiration. This is most  improbable, unless the word is Pre-Greek (where prenasalization is common); there  was no deaspiration after nasal (cf. ▶︎ ἀμφί) The proposal is rejected by DELG. Niedermann Glotta 19 (1931): 14 recalls Anatolian TNs like Θύμβρη, Θύμβριον, and  on the other hand Τυφρηστός (southern spur of the Pindos, named after θύμβραξϑ). Clearly a non-IE Greek plant name, probably Pre-Greek; note the metathesized  form. The ending -ata is remarkable. The Anatolian toponyms could stem from a  language related to Pre-Greek.

XXXXXθυμέλῃη 'hearth'. = θύω 2.

XXXXXθυμιάω [v.] 'to produce smoke, fumigate' (IA).

    *VAR  Aor. -tdoat, Jon. -ἰῆσαι; lengthened forms: θυμι-άζω, -ατίζω (Gp.), -aivw  (gloss.), -atebw (sch.).

    *COMP Also with prefix, e.g. ava-, éx-, ἐπι-, ὑπο-.

    *DER (Ionic forms unmarked): θυμίασις, mostly from the prefixed verbs (ava-, ἐπι- et  al.), 'fumigating' (IA); θυμίαμα, also from the prefixed verbs, 'incense' (IA);  ἐπιθυμιατρός 'fumigator' (Ephesus), θυμίατρον 'vessel for fumigation' (Milete,  Hell.), also θυμιατρίς (Dam.), mostly θυμιατήριον (1A); deverbal θυμίη = -ίημα  (Aret.); θυμιατός 'fir for fumigation' (Hp, Arist.), -τικός 'id' (P1.).

    *ETYM Formation in -tdw (after kovi-dw, etc. Schwyzer: 732) from ▶︎ θυμός in its old  meaning 'smoke', which was lost in the Greek base form.

XXXXXθύμον [n.] 'thyme' (IA).

    *VAR Rarely -ος [m.].

    *COMP As a first member in θυμ-ελαία [f.] name of a plant, perhaps 'Daphne  Cnidium' (Dsc., Plin; cf. on ἐλαία) together with -αἵτης (οἶνος) 'wine spiced with 8. (Dsc.); θυμ-οξ-άλμη [f.] 'drink from thyme, vinegar and brine' (Dsc.).

    *DER θύμιον = σμῖλαξ, also 'large wart' (Hp., Dsc.; cf. Stromberg 1940: 97), θυμίτης  'spiced with 8. (Ar., Dsc.), θύμινον (μέλι) 'made of 8. (Colum., Apul.), θυμόεις 'rich

===Pag_611: Beekes_Página_0611.tiff===

in 0' (Choeril.), θυμώδης θ.-πΚε᾿ (Thphr.). Denominative verb θυμίζω 'taste 8. (sp. medic.), θυμιχθείς: πικρανθείς 'bitter' (H.).

    *ETYM Primary derivative in -μο- from ▶︎ θύω 2 'smoke', named after its scent  (Stromberg 1940: 27)? This is doubtful. A variant of ▶︎ θῦμός with short ἐμ seems  impossible in IE terms. As a local plant name, the word is liable to be of Pre-Greek  origin. Cf. further the fish name ▶︎ θύμαλλος.

XXXXXθῦμός [m.] 'spirit, courage, anger, sense' (I].); on meaning and use in Hom., etc. Marg 1938: 47ff.; also Magnien REGr. 40 (1927): u7ff. (criticism by Wahrmann Glotta.19 (1931); 214f.). 41Ὲὲ *d"uH-mo- 'smoke'> ᾿

    *COMP Many compounds, eg. θυμο-βόρος 'eating the heart' (11), θυμ-ηγερέων  'gathering one's spirit, coming to oneself (n 283; Leumann 1950: 116", Chantraine  1942: 349), θυμᾶρής, θυμήρης 'delighting the heart' (Il; Bechtel 1914 s.v., Leumann:  66); πρότθυμος 'prepared, willing' (A) with προθυμία, -in 'willingness' (B 588) and τέομαι [v.] (LA).

    *DER Diminutive θυμίδιον (Ar. V. 878); adjectives θυμικός and θυμώδης 'passionate,  vehement' (Arist.); denominative verbs: 1. ▶︎ θυμιάω 'fumigate' together with Ouptin  'incense'; 2. θυμόομαι 'get angry' (IA), rarely -όω 'id' (E. Supp. 581), together with  θύμωμα 'anger' (A. Eu. 861, Epigr.), θύμωσις 'id.' (Οἷς. Tusc. 4, 9, 21); 3. θυμαίνω 'be  angry' (Hes. Sc. 262, Ar., A. R.).

    *ETYM Identical with Skt. dhiimd-, Lat. fumus, Lith. dimai [pl.], OCS dymo 'smoke';  the meaning 'smoke' is preserved in ▶︎ θυμιάω. On the meaning of ▶︎ θῦμός, see  Chantraine 1933: 134. OHG toum 'steam, vapor', with an JE diphthong *ou, has been  cited, Cf. ▶︎ θύω 2. DELG compares ▶︎ θύω 1 'rush in, rage', because derivation from  'smoke' is judged to be difficult.

XXXXXθύννος [m.] 'tunnyfish' (Orac. apud Hdt. 1, 62, A. Pers. 424, Arist.).

    *VAR Fem. θύννᾶ or *-n, gen. -ης (Hippon. 26, 2 W, see LSJ Supp.); also -ic, -άς  (com.).

*CcOMP As a first member eg. in θυννο-σκόπος 'watcher for tunnies' (Arist.), -éw (Ar.) together with -ia, -etov (Str.).

    *DER θύννᾶξ, -ἄκος [m.] (com, affective formation, see Bjérck 1990: 62); θυννίτης  'tunny fisher' (inscr. Varna), θύννειος, θυνναῖος 'of tunny' (Ar.), θυννώδης 'tunny-  like (Luc.), @vwveta [pl.n.] 'tunny-fishing' (Troezen), θυννευτικός 'belonging to  tunny-fishing' (Luc; as if from *Ovvvevw, cf. also ἁλιευτικός et al.); denominative  verbs θυννάζω 'catch tunny' (Ar.), also -ίζω (Suid.).

    *ETYM Mediterranean word, often compared to Hebr. tannin 'big water-animal,  whale, shark' (Lewy 1895: 14f.), but this is rejected by DELG. See Strémberg 1943:  126f. and Thompson 1947 s.v., also on folk etymologies (from θύω, θύνω). Borrowed  as Lat. thynnus, thunnus, whence the Romance forms are derived. The fem. in short  -a could point to Pre-Greek origin (see Bq.).

XXXXXθύνω 'rush in'. = θύω 1.

===Pag_612: Beekes_Página_0612.tiff===

XXXXXθύον [n.] name of a tree, the wood of which was burned for its good fragrance: 'arborvitae' (e 60, Hell.), 'Callitris quadrivalvis'. DELG also gives 'Juniperus foetidissimus' (s.v. θύω 2). <?>

    *VAR Also θυία, Ova.

    *DER θυῖον 'resin' (Thphr.).

    *ETYM It has been suggested that it is a primary derivative of ▶︎ θύω 2. The relation of  these forms is not clear; it does not seem very probable that two distinct trees had  nearly identical names.

XXXXXθύος [n.] 'burnt offering', mostly in plur. θύη (IL). <1E deuH- 'smoke'>

    *DIAL Myc. tu-we-a /t*ue*a/ 'aromatic products'.

    *COMP  As a first member in ▶︎ θυοσκόος, θυο-δόκος 'accepting burnt offerings' (E.),  θυη-πόλος 'making offerings, priest(essy (A., E.), together with -é, -ia (θυη- after  the plural?).

    *DER θυόεις, θυήεις 'rich in incense, etc., fragrant' (Il; Oud@ev- εὐῶδες 'fragrant' H.);

XXXXXθυώματα [pl.] 'incense, spices' (Ion.), lengthened from θύος (cf. Chantraine 1933: 187) rather than from a denominative *®vdopat, -dw, though such a verb seems presupposed by the ptc. τεθυωμένος 'with odour' (I 172 et al.), to which also θυωθέν (Hedyl. apud Ath. 11, 486b); θυΐσκη (LXX, J. v.1. -o¢), also θύσκη, -ος [f.] (pap., Suid., EM) 'censer', after καδίσκος et al; θυΐτης (λίθος) [m.] name of an Ethiopian stone (Dsc., Gal.).

    *ETYM Primary derivative of ▶︎ θύω 2. Thence Lat. LW tis, tiris [n.] '(frank)incense'. See further ▶︎ Oveia.

XXXXXθυοσκόος [m., f.] name of a sacrificial priest, probably 'observer of sacrifices' (Hom., E.), also as a translation of Lat. haruspices (D. H.); adjectival θυοσκόα ipa (1G 14, 1389: 12; verse inscr.).

    *DER θυοσκεῖν: ἱεροῖς παρέζεσθαι, ἢ θεοῖς 'to attend to a sacrifice' (H.); θυοσκεῖς  [2sg.] (A. Ag. 87; -κινεῖς codd.); on the hyphaeresis from ᾿θυοσκοεῖν Cf. βοηθεῖν from  βοηθόος.

    *ETYM An analysis of θυο-σκόος as containing a second member ἴσκορός is  attractive. This seems to be found as well in Go. un-skawai (for *us-skawai?) sijaima  = νήφωμεν. The Gm. iterative OS skauw6n, OHG scouw6n 'see, perceive' is certainly  connected, being parallel to the Greek iterative ▶︎ κοέω 'to note, perceive' with s-  mobile (s.v. and LIV? s.v. *(s)keuh,- for further cognates). Cf. also ▶︎ ἀνακῶς.

XXXXXθύρα [f.] 'door, doorleaf, mostly plur. 'gate' (Il.).

    *VAR Ion. θύρη.

    *DIAL Myc. o-pi-tu-ra-jo /opi-t*uraidi/ 'doorkeeper'

    *COMP Several compounds, eg. Ovpd-wpd¢ (X 69), θυρ-ωρός, -ουρός (Sapph.)  'doorkeeper' (cf. on ▶︎ dpaw), as a second member with thematic enlargement, e.g. πρό-θυρ-ον 'place before the gate, forecourt' (II.).

    *DER Diminutive: θύριον (Att.) and θυρίδιον (Gp.), θυρίς [f.] 'window (openingy  (IA) with θυριδεύς 'window frame' (Delos III'; cf. the names in -εύς in Chantraine  1933: 128), θυριδόω 'provide with a window' (pap.) together with θυριδωτός (inscr.). Further θυρεός [m.] 'door-stone' (i 240, 313), name of a long shield = Lat. scutum

===Pag_613: Beekes_Página_0613.tiff===

(Hell; on the formation Chantraine 1933: 51), together with θυρεόω 'cover with a shield' (Aq.); θύρετρα [pl.] '(frame of a) door' (epic), together with θυρετρικός (Chios); θύρωμα, often plur. -ώματα 'doorway' (1A; cf. Chantraine 1933: 187); θυρών, -@voc¢ [m.] 'hall, antechamber' (S.). Adjective θυραῖος, Aeol. θύραος 'belonging to the door, standing before the door, outside, foreign' (trag., Hell.). Denominative verb θυρόω 'to provide with doors' (Att.) together with θύρωσις (Epid.), θυρωτός (Babr.).

XXXXXθυραυλέω [v.] 'to sleep before the door' is from a compound with αὐλή; *Ovpaypata- ἀφοδεύματα 'excrements' (H; in wrong position), as if from θυράζω.

    *ETYM Starting from Ovp-5a- ἔξω. Ἀρκάδες 'outside (Arc.)' (H.), θύσθεν for "θύρ-  σθεν = θύρα-θεν (Tegea), and from θύραζε 'outside, outdoors' < ᾿θύρἄᾶς-δε, we can  reconstruct a consonant stem IE *d'ur-, which is attested in many other languages:  OHG turi = Tiir (properly plur.) < IE *dvir-es; Lith. dur-is [acc.pl.], dir-g [gen.pl.],  Skt. dur-ah [acc.pl.] < IE *d"tir-ys (on the anlauting d- instead of dh-, cf. Mayrhofer  EWAia sv. dvar-). This root noun is frequently replaced by suffixed formations, e.g. the i-stem in Lith. duir-y-s [nom.pl.], dur-i-g [gen.], the o-stem in Go. daur [n.] =  MoHG Tor, etc., by an n-stem in Arm. du7-n, by a h,-stem in Gr. θύραι, and also in  Arm. dr-a-c' [gen.dat.acc.pl.], dr-a-w-k'' [instr.].- - Beside the zero grade *d'ur-, we  find the full-grades *d*uer-, *d'uor-, e.g. in Skt. nom.pl. dvdr-ah, acc.pl. diir-ah (see  above), which were often generalized as in Lat. for-és, ToB twere. Enlargements: Skt. dvar-a- [n.], OCS dvor-e 'court', Lat. for-is 'outside', for-ds (towards) outside'. A  zero grade *d'yr- has been supposed in »θαιρός 'pivot of a door', but its  appurtenance is not certain. The thematic enlargement of mpd-8vp-ov also occurs,  e.g., in Skt. satd-dur-a- 'with a hundred doors' (Sommer 1948: 131). Cf. Benveniste  1969.1: 311ff.

XXXXXθύρσος [m.] 'the thyrsos-wand', wreathed in ivy and vine-leaves with a pine-cone at the top (E.). «τὴν Anat»

    *COMP E.g. θυρσο-φόρος, ἄ-θυρσος (E.).

    *DER Diminutive θυρσίον (Hero), θυρσάριον (Plu.}; plant name θύρσιον (Ps.-Dsc.),  θύρσις (Cyran.), θυρσ-ίνη and -ίτης (Dsc., see Stromberg 1940: 50; thelast also name  of a stone, Redard 1949: 55); θυρσίων name of a dolphin-like fish (Ath., Plin; see WH  s.v. ἐμγ 516). Denominative verbs: θυρσάζω 'flourish the 8.' (Ar. Lys. 1313; Lacon. pte. θυρσαδδωᾶν = - -αζουσῶν), θυρσόω 'use as a 8.' (Ὁ. S.). Does θυρξεύς, epithet of  Apollo in Achaea (Paus. 7, 21, 13), also belong here? See BoShardt 1942: 77.

    *ETYM Loanword from Anatolia; cf. HLuw. tuwarsa- 'vine' (Laroche BSL 51 (1955): p. xxxiiif,, Forbes Glotta 36 (1958): 271f.). See Heubeck 1961: 80.

XXXXXθυρωρός 'doorkeeper'. = ipa and ὁράω.

XXXXXθύσᾶνος [m.] 'tassels, fringe' (Il.).

    *VAR Usually plur. -ot; on θυσσανόεις see below.

    *DER θυσσανάόεις (Il; on -σσ- see below), θυσανωτός (Hat, J.) 'framed with tassels',  θυσανώδης 'tassel-like' (Thphr.), -ηδόν [adv.] 'id' (Ael.).

    *ETYM Technical word in -ανος (Chantraine 1933: 200). Acc. to Persson 1912(1): 45, it  is from "θύσσα < *608-1a, which would be identical with Latv. duga 'bundle of straw,  etc.' < IE *d'ud"-ih,. A primary yod-present is found in θύσσεται: τινάσσεται 'shakes'

===Pag_614: Beekes_Página_0614.tiff=== XXXXXθύω 2 567 (H.), but Latte states that the word is an invention of grammarians in order to explain θύσανος. Skt. dudhi- 'tempestuous' and several Gm. words (Pok. 264f.) are unrelated because of their meaning; therefore a separate IE pre-form *d"ud"- can hardly be reconstructed. The variation o/oo rather points to Pre-Greek origin (Fur.: 387, who refers to e.g. Ὀδυσ(σ)εύς. This would be understandable for a word of this meaning.

XXXXXθύσθλα [n.pl.] 'the sacred implements of Bacchic orgies' (Z 134), secondarily 'sacrifice' (Lyc.; influence of ▶︎ θύω 2).

    *ETYM The form θύσ-θλα has been derived from ▶︎ θύω 1 by means of a suffix -θλο-  (Chantraine 1933: 375). This derivation does not seem adequate: it presupposes a  much more general meaning than the very specific one of the present entry. It is  rather be a loan, either from Anatolian or from Pre-Greek. Hardly related to θύρσος  (as per Benveniste 1935: 203).

XXXXXθύω 1 [v.] 'to rush in, storm, rage' (IL). <?> «ΑΚ Also θυίω (Hom., h. Merc. 560; cf. Chantraine 1942: 51 and 372), θύνω (IL), ipf. also ἐθύνεον (Hes.), aor. ἔθῦσα (Call. Fr. 82).

    *COMP Rarely with prefix, e.g. ava-, ὑπερ-.

    *DER Ov(1)dc, -άδος [f.] 'the storming one', 'thyiade, Bacchante' (A., Tim.), also θυῖα  [6] (Str. 10, 3, 10 [and S. Ant. 1151, lyr.?); cf. Fraenkel 1910: 95); Θυῖα [n.] name of a  festival of Dionysus in Elis (Paus. 6, 26, 1), Θυῖος name of a Thessalian and Boeotian  month (inscr.); Θυώνη epithet of Semele (ἢ. Hom., Sapph., Pi.); also θύστα' Ovia and  θυστάδες: νύμφαι τινές, ai ἔνθεοι, καὶ Βάκχαι 'maidens that are possessed, Bacchae'  (H.); Θυστήριος epithet of Bacchus (EM); θῦνος: πόλεμος, ὁρμή, δρόμος 'war,  assault, race' (H.; from θύνω; not = Skt. pte. dhiina-); θῦσις (Pl. Cra. 4ige as an  explanation of θυμός). Deverbative: θυάω 'be rutty (of swines)' (Arist; after βακχάω,  μαργάω et al; see Schwyzer: 7267). Unclear θυωθείς: paveic, ὁρμήσας 'frenzied,  inspired' (H.). On »θύελλα and ▶︎ θύσθλα,. see s.vv. Here also θυάκται [m.pl.]  (Troezen II*), if = 'mystae sive thiasotae'; cf Fraenkel 1910: 174; DELG shares this  under ▶︎ θύω 2.

    *ETYM The form θύνω has been analyzed as an old vé-present "θύ-νετω (with  ἐθύνεον < ᾿ἐ-θύ-νερ-ον), and identified with Skt. dhiinéti 'shake'. It is unclear,  however, what 'to shake' has to do with the meaning of this verb. A stem θυσ- has  been posited for θυστάδες, θύσθλα, and also for θυίω, if this derives from *Ovo-1w. It  is uncertain, however, that this supposed ἔθυσ- has anything to do with our verb  (Lat. furé is better left aside; see De Vaan 2008 s.v.). See also ▶︎ θύω 2. The hesitation  between θύω 1 and θύω 2 shows how uncertain the interpretation is. One can hardly  even rule out that ἔθυσ- is of foreign origin. Note rare forms or meanings, such as  θύστα, θυτάδες, θυάω. Pok. 261}. gives an enormous amount of forms and  meanings, but no close parallel for the meaning of θύω 1. In the present situation,  without further research, nothing can be said.

XXXXXθύω 2 [v.] 'to offer by burning, sacrifice, slaughter' (Il). <?>

    *VAR  Fut. θύσω, aor. θῦσαι (11), τυθῆναι (Hdt.), perf. τέθῦκα, τέθῦὕμαι (Att.).

    *COMP Often with prefix, e.g. €k-, KaTa-, προ-, GUV-.

===Pag_615: Beekes_Página_0615.tiff===

    *DER Derivations partly show the older meaning of 'smoke, incense' (see below): 1. θῦμα 'sacrifice' (IA, etc.); 2. ἕκ-, πρό-θυσις from éx-, προ-θύω (late); 3. θυσία see  below on θύτιης; 4. ▶︎ θύος [n.] with ▶︎ θυέστης et al. 'incense'; 5. ▶︎ θύον 'life-tree'; 6. θυητά [n-pl.] 'incense' (Aret; on the formation cf. s.v. ▶︎ θυηλη); 7. θυζελα [f.]  'strong-smelling cedar, thuja' with θυῖον [n.] 'resin' (Thphr.); to ▶︎ Ovoc? 8. θύτης  [m.] 'sacrificer' (Hell; ἐκ-θύτης from ἐκ-θύω E.); θύτας (Thess.), together with  θυτεῖον 'place for the sacrifice' (Aeschin.), θυτικός 'belonging to the sacrifice' (Hell. directly from θύω), θυσία 'ceremonial offering' (ἢ. Cer.); from there θυσιάζω  'sacrifice with Ovoiaopa, -αστήριος, -ov; 9. θυτήρ [m.] 'id.' (trag.) together with  θυτήριον 'sacrificial animal (E.), also 'altar', name of the constellation Ara (Arat. Scherer 1953: 192); 10. θύστας: ὁ ἱερεὺς παρὰ Κρησί 'priest (Cret.)' (H.), fem. θυστάς,  -450¢ 'belonging to the sacrifice' (A, S.); 11. θύστρα [n.] = θύματα (Cos); 12. θυ«σρ»τηρίοις: θυμιατηρίοις 'censer' (H.); 13. θυσμικός 'regarding the sacrifice' (ἕτος;  Paros, Tenos). See also ▶︎ θυηλή, ▶︎ θυμός; not in ▶︎ θύμον, ▶︎ θυμάλωψ. Unclear θυμέλη  'hearth, altar' (trag.), with θυμελικός.

    *ETYM The verb was probably thematicized in Greek. We find a yod-present in Latin  suf-fid fumigate', explained as from *-d'uH-ie/o-. Ragot RPh. 75 (2001): 144 connects  Hitt. tubhae-* 'to sigh' from *d"uh,-, which would be very far semantically. However,  Kloekhorst 2008 s.v. tuhhae-* now asserts that the meaning is 'to produce smoke' in  Hitt. as well (said of volcanoes). Tocharian has a verb twasastar [3sg.med.] 'to ignite',  which Hackstein 1995: 354 connects with our root. It is often supposed that 1. θύω  and 2. θύω were originally identical. A semantic core like 'rush, rage, whirl, make  dust, smoke' vel sim. has been assumed, but this is far from compelling. The  different languages show a mass of formations and meanings which can no longer be  neatly interpreted; see Pok. 261-267 (and 268-271) for all material. See also ▶︎ τύφομαι. On the other hand, θάνατος, θολός and ἀθύρω, which were connected with our verb  by Frisk and others, are unrelated.

XXXXXθυωρός [m.] 'table for offerings, ἱερὰ τράπεζα᾽ (Pherecyd. Syr., Call.).

    <IE *uer-  'observe'>

    *VAR  Also θνωρίς [f.] (Poll.).

    *DER θυωρίτης: τραπεζίτης 'banker' (H.), metaph. in Lyc. 93; θυωρία 'ceremonial  offering' (Didyma), θυωρεῖσθαι- εὐωχεῖσθαι 'to relish' (H.).

    *ETYM From *Ov0-Fwpdc (cf. θυωρόν: τράπεζαν τὴν τὰ θύη φυλάσσουσαν H.); see  also ▶︎ θυρωρός (but Ovo- is difficult). By association with θεός, θεωρία, etc., the  spellings θεωρίς, θεωρία arose (Poll., Didyma, imperial period). Not from *Ove-wpoc  < *Ov-dfopoc, as per DELG s.v., as this is semantically implausible.

XXXXXθωή [f.] 'penalty' (N 669, β 192). «ἸΕῦ deh, 'put'?>

    *VAR θωϊή, θωιιή (Archil., Jon. inscr., Call.), 90a (1G 1, 114: 42; Att.).

    *COMP As a second member in ἀ-θῷος 'unpunished, innocent' (IA) with ἀθῳόω  'declare somebody innocent' (LXX).

    *DER Denominative verbs: 8Odw (IG 1', 4: 7; 12), fut. θοάσει (IG 2', 1362: 14; Att.),  θωέω (Delph.), θθέω (Locr.) with ἀθώητος: ἀζημίωτος 'immune from penalties'  (H.), @Oaiw (Cret.), θθάζω (EL) 'fine, punish'; thence θωΐασις (Delph.).

===Pag_616: Beekes_Página_0616.tiff=== XXXXXθῶσθαι 569

    *ETYM Formation in -ἰά (cf. στωιά, στο(ιλά, etc.), often derived from τίθημι as 'the  settled penalty' with o-grade of the root; a rather simplistic solution.

XXXXXθῶκος = θᾶκος.

XXXXXθῶμιγξ, -ιἰγγος [[] 'cord, string; bow-string' (Hdt. trag,, etc.).

    *DER Denominative θωμίσσει: νύσσει, δεσμεύει 'to pierce, fetter' (H.), θωμιχθείς  (Anacr.).

    *ETYM Formation in -tyy-, which proves Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXθωμός [m.] 'heap' (A., Ar, Thphr.). «1Ὲ *d'eh,- 'set, lay'>

    *DER Denominative θωμεῦσαι: συμμῖξαι, συναγαγεῖν 'mix together, gather together'

    *ETYM Probably identical with a Gm. word for 'judgement, opinion, situation, etc.',  Go. doms, ON démr, OHG tuom. An old verbal noun of IE d'eh,- 'set, lay' (see  ▶︎ τίθημι), thus it properly means 'setting', etc.; cf. ▶︎ θέσις, ▶︎ θημών.

XXXXXθώραξ [m.] 'cuirass' (1].), 'trunk, chest' (Hp.).

    *VAR Jon. θώρηξ, hyper-Aeol. plur. θόρρακες (Alc.).

    *DIAL Myc. to-ra-ke [n.p].].

    *COMP E.g. θωρακο-φόρος 'wearing a cuirass', χαλκεο-θώριηξ 'with bronze cuirass'.

    *DER θωρακεῖον (A., inscr.), θωράκιον (Plb.) 'breastwork, parapet'; θωρηκτής 'soldier  with cuirass' (Il; on the formation Triimpy [see below]), θωρακίτης 'id' (PIb.);  θωρακικός 'belonging to the trunk' (Aét.), θωρακαῖος 'with cuirass (2) (Delos II'). Denominative verbs: 1. θωρήσσομαι, -w 'to put on a cuirass, armor oneself (Il.), also  metaph. 'to strengthen oneself (with wine, οἴνῳ, etc.)' (Hp., Thgn.) with θώρηξις  'drinking to intoxication' (medic.). 2. θωρακίζω 'to armor' (Th., X.) together with  θωρακισμός (LXX).

    *ETYM Technical word without etymology; probably a loan. Unrelated to Skt. dharaka- 'container', but compared with Lat. I6rica as a loanword. As a medical  term, the meaning 'trunk, etc. is probably secondary from 'cuirass, armour'. Ample  treatment by Triimpy 1950: 10ff. See also Hester Lingua 13 (1965): 354. Most probably  a Pre-Greek word; Fur.: 302% points to a v.l. θύραξ, which would prove Pre-Greek  origin. Fur. gives more examples of w/v; Pre-Greek *u was often rendered by Greek  w. The suffix -ἂκ- is very frequent in Pre-Greek.

XXXXXθώς, θωός [m., f.] 'jackal, Camis aureus' (IL, Hdt., Arist.); on the meaning (also a ferret?) see K6rner 1930: 17f.

    *COMP No compounds or derivatives.

    *ETYM Several hypothetical explanations (see Frisk). Fraenkel IF 22 (1907-08): 396ff. interpreted it as 'glutton', related to ▶︎ θῶσθαι, ▶︎ θοίνη. Probably a loanword;  perhaps Pre-Greek.

XXXXXθῶσθαι [v.] 'to eat'. «ΡΟ»

    *DER θωστήρια [pl.] = εὐωχητήρια 'offer-food' (Alcm., H.; cf. Kukula Phil. 66 (2907):  226ff., Bechtel 1921, 2: 374).

    *ETYM Connected with ▶︎ θοίνη; Pre-Greek origin seems quite possible, however.

===Pag_617: Beekes_Página_0617.tiff===

XXXXXἸθώσσω [v.] 'to make drunk, intoxicate', in θῶξαι- μεθύσαι, πληρῶσαι 'to intoxicate, make full', θᾶξαι- μεθύσαι; τεθωγμένοι:" ... μεμεθυσμένοι, τεθαγμένοι- μεμεθυσμένοι (all Η.), θωχθείς (8. Fr. 173; contracted from θωρηχθείςξ See Schwyzer: 16"), etc. <?>

    *ETYM The traditional connection with θήγω is doubted by WP 1, 823; instead, they  connect it with θοί- νη (as ᾿θο(ιλάκ-ιω, *Bo(t)-a&). DELG thinks the connection with  θήγω is folk-etymological.

XXXXXθωὔσσω [v.] 'to bark, bay, cry aloud, call aloud' (trag.). <?>

    *VAR Aor. θωῦξαι.

    *COMP Also with prefix: dva-, ἐπι-, ὑπο-.

    *DER Agent noun θωῦκτήρ (API. 4, 91).

    *ETYM Formation in -ύσσω; further details unknown. Perhaps derived from θώς *'cry  like a jackal'?    Owy, θωπός [m.] 'flatterer', secondarily also as an adjective (IA). <PG?>

    *DER θωπικός 'flattering' (Ar.), θωπεύω [v.] 'to flatter' together with Owneia,  θώπευμα 'flattery, diminutive θωπευμάτια [pl.], θωπευτικός (Att, etc.); θώπτω [v.]  'id'? (A.).

    *ETYM Hardly a root noun of τέ-θηπ-α, ▶︎ θάμβος, as per Saussure 1879: 156, since this  is a Pre-Greek word. Cf. θώψ' κόλαξ, ὁ μετὰ θαυμασμοῦ ἐγκωμιαστής 'flatterer,  praiser' (H.), which may be due to learned analysis.

===Pag_618: Beekes_Página_0618.tiff===

XXXXX-ί [pcl.] particle added to pronouns, mostly of demonstrative value. «1Ὲ *-iH 'demonstrative pcl.>

    *VAR Att. 06-1, οὑτοσ-ἶ, νυν-ἶ, etc; also El. to-i, Boeot. tav-i, etc., rarely -iv.

    *ETYM Comparable with the enclitics Skt. OAv. im, i, and -i in Hitt. asi, uni-, ini-  'that (one)'; perhaps-also seen in Lat. ut7. Gothic has a deictic element -ei.

XXXXXἵ [f.] 'she', anaphoric/reflexive pronoun (S. Fr. 471; also Q 608?). <1 *sih, 'she'>

    *ETYM Identical with Go. si, Ol. si, Skt. si-m [acc.]. See Ruijgh 1996: 335-352.

XXXXXἴα [f.] 'one and the same', also '(the) one' as opposed to 'the other' (1.5 'that one' (Gortyn).

    <IE *i- pron. 'he, she'>

    *VAR Acc. iav (IL, ξ 435). Incidental forms, partly doubtful, in Lesb., Thessal., Boeot. [Corinn.] and in Hp. (Morb. 4, 37), gen. ἰῆς, dat. ἰῇ (IL); further dat. n. ἰῷ (Z 422),  acc. m. ἰόν (IG 5(1), 1390: 126 [Messen. 15], after Z 422; not quite certain), dat. m. ἰῷ  (Gortyn).

    *ETYM An old pronoun without certain correspondences outside Greek, originally  only feminine, and adapted to pia in inflexion (Frisk). It probably continues an  inflected form of *h,i-, rather than a reflex of *smih,, gen. -ieh.-s (the latter option  was recently defended by J. Katz, lecture at the ECIEC 2007). Ruijgh Lingua 28  (1971): 172 separates the Cretan pronoun ἰός ᾿ἐκεῖνος᾽ and thinks that Homeric ἰῷ  (only Z 422) is an artificial form.

XXXXXἰα [f.] 'cry, lament, voice' (Orac. apud Hdt.1, 85, A. E. [lyr.]).

    *VAR Ion. ἰή [f.].

    *DER As an interjection, iai (S., Ar.) and in (A. [lyr.], Ar. Call.; ἰήιος, epithet of  Apollo 'who is invoked with in| (nawv)' (Pi., trag. [lyr.]); also 'lamenting, sad' (S., E. [lyr.]); denominative verb ἰάζω 'cry aloud' (Theognost.).

    *ETYM Elementary formation like iw, ἰού, etc; the noun arose from the interjection. Cf. ▶︎ idpwpot, »ἰάλεμος, also ▶︎ Ἴωνες and ▶︎ ἰώ.

XXXXXἰαίνω [v.] 'to (make) warm, delight, heal' (IL). <?>

    *VAR Aor. ἰᾶναι (Ion. ifjvat), pass. ἰανθῆναι.

    *DER On ἰηδονές: εὐφροσύνη, ἐπιθυμία, χαρά 'joy, desire' (H.) see Latte, who reads  ἡδοναῖς.

    *ETYM In Skt, we find ἃ yod-present isanydti 'to urge on, incite' that might  correspond to iaivw as *Hisy-ie/o-. The etymology has been doubted because of the  deviant meanings. If correct, iaivw and isanydti may be derivatives of an *r/n-stem

===Pag_619: Beekes_Página_0619.tiff===

(cf. Ved. isdn-i, and perhaps also ἱερός), which was based on primary és-yati, is-nati 'bring in quick movement' (with the root-noun is- 'refreshment, comfort'). See van Brock 1961: 255ff. and Ramat Sprache 8 (1962): aff. Comprehensive suggestion by Garcia Ram6n; see on > ἰάομαι. Cf. ▶︎ iepdc.

XXXXXἰάλεμος [m.] 'lament, dirge' (trag. [lyr.], Theoc.), 'tedious, dull person', also adjectival 'slow' (Hell, cf. below).

    *VAR ἰήλεμος (on the distribution Bjérck 1950: 16).

    *DER ἰαλεμώδης 'pitiful' (H., Phot., Suid.), ἰαλεμέω, -iw (ἰη-) [v.] 'to lament' (Hdn.,  Call.) together with ἰηλεμίστρια [f.] 'wailing woman' (A. Cho. 424, lyr.). Ὁ

    *ETYM It is improbable that this expressive word derives from the interjection ▶︎ ἰή. The suffix is found only in ▶︎ κοἄλεμος, which may have influenced the later meaning  of iddeuoc. Zacher IF 18 Anz.: 86 assumes Thraco-Phrygian origin for ἰάλεμος. Since  κοάλεμος is probably Pre-Greek, the same must hold for the present word (Fur.: 151,    317).

XXXXXἰάλλω [v.] 'to send forth, stretch out' (Il; also Th. 5, 77, Dor.); intr. 'flee' (Hes. Th. 269). 4IE? *sel- 'set in movement'>

    *VAR Aor. ἰῆλαι, Dor. (Sophr.) ἰᾶλαι, fut. ἰαλῶ (ἐπ- Ar. Nu. 1299).

    *COMP Also with prefix, e.g. ἐπ- (ἐφ-, see below), προ-.

    *DER 'Id\pevoc PN (IL), see below.

    *ETYM A reduplicated yod-present *i-aA-1w; the reduplication has spread to the non-  presentic forms. If the aspiration in ἰάλλω (Hdn. Gr. 1, 539; also in φιαλεῖς [Ar. V. 1348] and φιαλοῦμεν (Ar. Pax 432] for (é)miaA-) is original, idAAw could belong to  > ἄλλομαι 'jump' (Leumann 1950: 80 ἢ. 45). The connection with Skt. iyarti [pres.]  'to incite, set in motion' (Frisk) is impossible, as this continues *h,j-h,er-ti. Narten  MSS 26 (1969): 77ff. connects it with Skt. sisarti 'stretch out, draw out', and separates sisrate [3pl.med.] 'to flow, run'. Within Sanskrit, this root is synchronically distinct  from sar- 'to stretch out', but probably etymologically related. Further cognates of  this root are ToB salate [pret.med.] 'jumped', ToB salamo, ToA salat 'flying' (see  LIV? s.v. u*sel- 'sich losschnellen, springen'). Connection of Lat. salié 'jump' seems  probable, but see the objections in De Vaan 2008 s.v.

XXXXXἴαμβος [m.] name of a metrical foot and a verse, 'iambus, mocking verse' (Archil., Hdt,, Att.).

    *COMP E.g. ἰαμβο-ποιός (Arist.), χωλ-ίαμβος 'choliambus' (Demetr. Eloc, cf. Risch IF  59 (1949): 284f.).

    *DER ἰαμβικός 'iambic, mocking' (Arist, D. H.), ἰαμβώδιης 'mocking' (Philostr.),  ἰαμβύλος 'mocking poet' (Hdn.), ἰαμβύκη name of an instrument (Eup. H5 cf. σαμβύκῃ), ἰαμβεῖος 'iambic', ἰαμβεῖον [n.] 'iambic verse' (Att.). Denominative verbs:  ἰαμβίζω, -τάζω 'speak, mock in iambi' (Gorg, Arist.) with ἰαμβιστής 'mocking poet'  (Ath,).

    *ETYM Like διθύραμβος and θρίαμβος, ἴαμβος is doubtless of Pre-Greek origin. See  Hester Lingua 13 (1965): 354f. For the formation, cf. »ἴθυμβος. See ▶︎ διθύραμβος.

XXXXXἴαμνοι 'lower land, humid meadow' = iapevy..

===Pag_620: Beekes_Página_0620.tiff=== XXXXXἸαπετός 573

XXXXXἰάνθινος [adj.] 'violet-colored' (Str., Plin., Aq., Sm.).

    *DER Backformation ἴανθος [m.], -ov [n.] = tov (H., Theognost.).

    *ETYM Properly 'violet-flowered', from ἄνθινος (see ▶︎ ἄνθος) and determinative first  member ἴον 'violet'. Differently on ἴανθος, Deroy Glotta 35 (1956): 193.

XXXXXἰανογλέφαρος [adj.] 'with violet-blue eyes' (Alcm. 13, 69, of girls).

    *VAR Cf. ἰανοκρήδεμνος: ἴοις ὅμοιον τὸ ἐπικράνισμα 'head-dress that resembles a  violet' (H.).

    *ETYM Extended from ἰο-γλέφαρος (Pi.) after comparable compounds with kvavo-  (eg. -χαίτης, etc.). The word κυανοβλέφαρος first occurs in AP 5, 60; note also  ἀγανο-βλέφαρος (Ibyc.). With different second member: iavégpuc (PMich. τι, 13),  modelled on κυανόφρυς. On iavoyAégapos, see Taillardat RPh. 79 (1953): 131ff. and  Treu 1955: 265 and 285. Not related to ἑᾶνός.

XXXXXἰάομαι [v.] 'to heal' (IL). <?>

    *VAR Aor. ἰάσασθαι, Ion. ἰήσασθαι (I1.), pass. ἰάθην, ἰήθην (TA), fut. ἰάσομαι, ἰήσομαι  (Od.), perf. ἴαμαι (Ev. Marc. 5, 29).

    *DIAL Myc. i-ja-te.

    *COMP Rarely with prefix (ἐξ-, é1-).

    *DER 1. ἴαμα, Ion. ἴημα [n.] 'medicine, healing' ([A) together with ἰαματικός (Cyran.);  2. ἴασις 'healing' (IA) together with ἰάσιμος 'curable' (Arbenz 1933: 71f.), probably  also ἰασιώνη plant-name, 'Convolvulus sepium (?Y (Thphr.,, Plin.); Strémberg 1940:  81 because of its medical use (though this is unknown); 3. Ἰασώ [f.] name of a healing  goddess (Ar., Herod.), from ἴασις or from the aor., cf. Καλυψώ. 4. ἰατήρ 'physician'  IL, Cypr., with ἰήτειρα [adj., Ε] 'healing' (Marc. Sid.), ἰατήριον 'medicine, healing'  (medic. Q. S.); 5. iatwp 'id' (Alcm., Thess. inscr.) with iatopia 'medical art' (B, 5. [lyr.]); 6. ἰατής 'id' (LXX) with ἰατικός (Str.) 7. ἰατρός 'id. (IL), with ἰατρικός, ἡ  ἰατρική (τέχνιη) 'art of healing' (IA), iatpia [f.] 'midwife' (Alex.), ἰατρίνη 'id'  (imperial period), iatpevw 'heal' (Hp.) together with ἰατρεία, -eiov, ἰάτρευσις, -evpa,  -ευτικός; 8, ἴατρα [n.pl.] 'payment for healing' (Epidauros, Herod.). More on iatip,  ἰάτωρ, ἰατρός in Fraenkel 1910-1912 (index); on the difference ἰατήρ : ἰάτωρ see  Benveniste 1948: 46. Here also ldowv?

    *ETYM Schwyzer: 681 and 683 explains ἰάομαι as a transformation of earlier athematic  'G-par (seen in Ἰα-μενόν M 139, 193 and in Cypr. ijacQa?). Doubts on the  connection with iaivw in Schulze 1892: 381f. On the quantity of the i- (- in Hom.,  later also i-), see Schulze lc. and Sommer 1905: 9f. See also van Brock 1961: off. Garcia Ramo6n 1986: 497-515 derives the verb from the root *h,eis- (Pok. 509) 'move  strongly, drive on, comfort'. The root may have the form *h,i(e)sh.-. The root-final  *h, is apparent from ivaw and Skt. isnati, while he supposes that the long 7 spread  from the reduplicated athematic present *h,i-h,ish,-, which gives PGr. *ihamai. He  also connects ▶︎ iaivw from *h,is(h,)n-ie/o-, like Skt. isanydti.

XXXXXἸάονες = Ἴωνες.

XXXXXἸαπετός [m.] Iapetos (Il).

    *VAR  I- metrically lengthened.

===Pag_621: Beekes_Página_0621.tiff===

    *ETYM The name was connected with the biblical Japheth, see eg. West 1978: 134. The idea seems most improbable for a god thrown into Tartaros by Zeus. Further,  the name is often connected with iamtw as 'the one thrown off' (© 479, Hes.), with  ἸΙαπετιονίδης (Hes.). The interpretation seems improbable to me (it is a mere guess). It seems obvious  that the name, of a pre-Olympian god, is Pre-Greek. A suffix -etoc is found in Pre-  Greek, Pre-Greek: Suffixes 42. Fur. 155? mentions a demon Aofetdéc (which he  compares with Ἄσπετος: ὁ Ἀχιλλεὺς ἐν Ἠπείρῳ H.); it is also found in TNs, cf. Tavyetov, Ταλετόν.

XXXXXἰάπτω [v.] 'to shoot, send on, hurt, wound' (IL). <?>

    *VAR Aor. ἰάψαι (Il.), pass. ἰάφθη (Theoc.), fut. ἰάψω (A.).

    *COMP Also with prefix, e.g. προ-.

    *DER On »Ἰαπετός, see s.v.

    *ETYM For the range of meanings, see "βάλλω. There is no reason (as per Schulze  1892: 168%, Bechtel 1914 s.v. ἵπτομαι, LSJ) to assume two different words with the  respective meanings 'shoot' and 'hurt' (this is still maintained in the Supplement to  LSJ; the meanings given there are rather different from those in Frisk and DELG). The reduplication was generalized from the present to the other tenses. Etymology  unclear. Often combined with »*intopat, ἵψασθαι 'squeeze, oppress', but this is  semantically difficult. It is uncertain whether the original present of ἰάψαι is  contained in ἰάσσειν (cod. -eiv): θυμοῦσθαι, δάκνειν 'to be angry, bite' (H.); one  could assume *h,i-h,ek'-, but again the meanings are difficult to combine.

XXXXXἰασιώνη plant name. = ἰάομαι.

XXXXXἰάσμη [f-] 'jessamine, Jasminum officinale' (Aét.).

    *DER ἰάσμινον [n.] 'oil of jasmine', also ἰασμ-έλαιον [n.] (Aét.).

    *ETYM From Iranian; cf. MP yasman, MoP yasaman, ydsam, ydsamin, etc. iaome, -ίδος [f.] 'jasper' (Pl, Thphr.), also the plant-name (Dsc.), probably from the  color (Strémberg 1940: 26). <LW Sem.>

    *VAR ACC. τιν.

    *COMP As a first member in ἰασπ-αχάτης 'jasper-like agate' (Aét., Plin.) et al.

    *DER ἰασπίζω 'be like jasper' (Dsc.).

    *ETYM Oriental LW. Cf. Hebr. jaspe, Akk. jaSpu name of a stone; originally Egyptian?  See Lewy 1895: 56 and E. Masson 1967: 65f.

XXXXXἰαύω [v.] 'to sleep, rest, spend the night' (IL).

    *VAR Rare aor. ἰαῦσαι (A 261, Call.) and fut. iavow (Lyc.).

    *COMP Also with év-, map-, ἐπ-.

    *DER ἰαυθμός 'sleeping-place, bed', μηλ-ιαυθμός 'sheep fold' (Lyc.), ἐνιαυθμός 'abode'  (EM; uncertain Call. Fr. 127); doubtful tavoc: κοίτη 'bed' (H.).

    *ETYM Reduplicated present (secondary ἰαῦσαι, iavow) of the root seen in αὖ-λις, av-  Af, and ἀέσκω, from *h,i-h,eus-ié/o-. Peters 1980a: 34ff. (followed by Hackstein 1995:  220f., LIV? 293 s.v. *h.ues-) reconstructs *h,us-ié/o-, and thinks that the reduplication  is a secondary addition within Greek. This suggestion must be rejected, since the

===Pag_622: Beekes_Página_0622.tiff===

development of h.u- to Greek αὖ- is unacceptable. There is also unreduplicated atet (Nic. Th. 263, 283). Cf. the related aorist »deoa < h,u-es-. The glosses ἄιες and αἰέσκοντο in H. are unclear; see Latte. See ▶︎ αὐλή.

XXXXXἰάχω [v.] 'to cry aloud, shout, shriek, resound, roar' (IL). 'ΑΒ Aor. ἰαχῆσαι (h. Cer. 20), pres. also iayéw with fut. ἰαχήσω (trag.); perf. pte. augiaxvia (B 316), to which ἀμφιάχω (Orph., Q. S.).

    *COMP Also mept-, ἐπ-ιάχω (Hom.), ἀντ-ιαχέω (Theoc., A. R.).

    *DER ἰαχή 'cry, noise' (Il; cf. Porzig 1942: 228) with ▶︎ αὐίαχοι; ἰάχημα 'id.' (E. [lyr.],  AP; on the formation Chantraine 1933: 186); see ▶︎ Ἴακχος.

    *ETYM From reduplicated *Fi-Fay-w (on the digamma, see Chantraine 1942: 139f.). A  thematic aorist *faxetv, *Faxe is supposed for Homeric ἴαχε, which functions as an  aorist (see Chantraine 1942: 393 and Schwyzer: 748). The present may derive from  the aor. iayfjoat or (less probably) be denominative from iayn. On the  unreduplicated ptc.. augi-(F)ayvia, see Schwyzer: 767 and Chantraine 1933: 1, 421. The long scansion of the a, which occurs once in a while in the tragedians, may  result from expressive gemination of the velar (cf. ▶︎ Ἴακχος), but influence of the  present ἀχέω has also been assumed. See also ▶︎ ἠχή.

XXXXXἰβάνη [f.] 'water-bucket'. <?>

    *VAR Also iBavov [n.]. LSJ does not give a form *iBavoc (DELG s.v. iBavn). ἴβδης  'cock, plug in a ship's bottom',

    *ETYM Usually connected with ▶︎ εἴβω; doubts in Bq. The word seems to live on in  Tsakon. ἰμάνι 'bucket to scoop water'; see Kukules Apy. Eg. 27: 6aff., as well as on  ἱμάς. See also Fur.: 220f. - The word ἴβδης can hardly be IE. Fur: 307 compares Hitt. impa 'load'. Though it has to do with emptying a ship, it is not evident that it belongs  to the word ἰβάνη.

XXXXXἴβηνοι [m.pl.) - [copoi, θῆκαι, ὀστράκιναι, κιβωτοί] εὔθυμοι 'urns, cases, earthenware, box; cheerful' (H.). <?>

    *VAR There is also ἴβηνος: πλησμονή 'satiety' (H.).

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXἰβηρίς, -ίδος [f.] plant-name, 'pepperwort, Lepidium' (Damocr. apud Gal., Aét. apud Ps.-Dsc.). <?>

    *ETYM Probably named after its native environment, Ἰβηρία (Stromberg 1940: 124f.). Alessio Studi etruschi 15 (1941): 205ff. thinks the name is Aegean, like ▶︎ iBioxoc,  ἰβάνη, et al.

XXXXXἴβις [f.] 'ibis, Egyptian bird' (Hdt., Ar.). «τὴν ΕB.»

    *DER ἰβιών 'chapel where ibises live' (pap.).

    *ETYM Eg. hb, hib; see Roeder in PW s.v. Ibis 813.

XXXXXἰβίσκος [m.] a kind of mallow, 'marsh mallow = ἀλθαία᾽ (see on ▶︎ ἀλθαίνω).

    *VAR V1. in Ps.-Dsc. 3, 146, Erot. Also ἐβίσκος (Gal. Aét.).

    *ETYM Formed like other plant names, e.g. synonymous ἀλθίσκος (Chantraine 1933:  407). Further unclear; it seems to be identical with Lat. (h)ibiscum (also eb-, -us),

===Pag_623: Beekes_Página_0623.tiff===

which is attested earlier (since Verg.). Given the form of the suffix, it was perhaps taken from there, in which case Celtic origin is possible (WH sv.). Cf. also on ▶︎ iBnpic. Fur: 355 thinks the word comes from Greek and is of Pre-Greek origin, where e/ 1 is frequent.

XXXXXἰβύ [pcl.] Interjection or adverb (H., Phot. from Telecl.). <ONOM; Lw Anat.

    *DER ἰβύει' τύπτει, βοᾷ 'strikes; cries' with deverbal ἰβύς: εὐφημία, στιγμή  'auspiciousness; spot' (H.). A velar suffix is shown by the glosses in H.: ἴβυξ: ὀρνέου  εἶδος, καὶ ἶβις 'kind of bird, also an ibis' (see Thompson 1895 s.v.), ἰδύκη: εὐφημία  and ἰβυκτήρ 'singer of a march-song on Crete' (cod. iBnx-). Perhaps also Ἴβυκος PN  (Radermacher Glotta 16 (1928): 135f.). The gloss ἰβυκινῆσαι: ἐπευφημῆσαι, βοῆσαι  'sing praises to; cry (H; ἰβυκηνίσαι EM) is a cross with βυκινίζω, βυκανίζω (Eust,;  see ▶︎ BuKdvn). Details in Kock ad Telecl. 58. With a dental suffix ἰβυδῆνας: τοὺς  εὐφημοῦντας 'using auspicious words' (H.), cf. the sound-imitating nouns in -doc,  like κέλαδος, etc.

    *ETYM Onomatopoeic word; Lydian (ν ἰβύ) or Ionic (ἰβυκινήσαντες), acc. to H. It  was also used as a cry of surprise, which explains why it is glossed with τὸ πολὺ καὶ    μέγα by H. It is unclear how the meanings τύπτειν and στιγμή should be understood. Cf. ▶︎ βύζω and ▶︎ ἰύζω.

XXXXXἴγδις, -εως [f.] 'mortar' (Sol, Com., AP).

    *VAR Also ty6n [f.] (dn. Gr., Ηρ.

    *DER Diminutive iyéiov (Gp., Paul. Aeg.), verbal noun ἴγδισμα (as if from *iydiCw 'to  pound the mortar') name of a dance (EM, Suid; cf. Lawler ClassJourn 43 (1948): 34).

    *ETYM The form is reminiscent of λίγδος 'mortar' (Giintert 1914: 158). As a technical  term, it is most probably a loan. It can hardly belong to > ixtap, »ἴξ, nor to ▶︎ αἰχμη. Fur.: 351 believes it is of Pre-Greek origin (note -γδ-); on the variation \-/zero, see  Fur.: 392, 7.

XXXXXἴγκρος [m.] - ἐγκέφαλος 'brain' (H.); also Hdn. < GR>

    *ETYM For *éyxpoc with 1 < ε before nasal (see Schwyzer: 275), a hypostasis of ἐν and  the zero grade of κάρᾶ, κάρη 'head'; cf. ἔγκαρος and dxapdc. See Nussbaum 1986:  index.

XXXXXἴγνητες [pl.] ᾿αὐθιγενεῖς, native' (A. D., H.), also as a name of the old inhabitants of Rhodes (Simmias un, H.).

    <IE *genh,- 'procreate'>

    *ETYM From *év-yvn-tec, a compound of ἐν and the root *genh,- in ▶︎ γίγνομαι (cf. γνήσιος from *yvn-t6- < *gnh,-t6-) with a suffix -τ-.

XXXXXἰγνύη [f.] 'hollow ofthe knee, ham' (II.). <1E *genu- 'knee'>

    *VAR  ἰγνύα (Arist.), also forms pointing to *iyvic (ἰγνύσι h. Merc. 152, ἰγνύων, -bv  Arist.)

    *ETYM A hypostasis *év-yvv-n 'place in the knee'. The stem ἰγνύς was formed after  ἰξύς, ὀσφύς and other body-parts in -bc. See Solmsen 1909: 214f. See ▶︎ γόνυ.

XXXXXἰγνύς 'dust'. > ixvuc.

XXXXXἰδανός [adj.] 'fair, good-looking' (Call. Fr. 535, H.). <1£ *uid- 'see'>

===Pag_624: Beekes_Página_0624.tiff=== XXXXXἴδιος 577

    *COMP ἰδανό-χροος 'with beautiful colors' (Ep. Alex.).

    *ETYM Primary derivative of ▶︎ ἰδεῖν; cf. πιθανός, ἱκανός et al. (Chantraine 1933: 196f.).

XXXXXἸδάρνας [m.] - ὁ ἐκτομίας, οἱ δὲ βάρβαρον' οἱ δὲ μάντεως ὄνομα' οἱ δὲ πόλιν τῆς Καρίας εἶναι ᾿Ιδάρνην, καὶ ἀπὸ ταύτης τοὺς μάντεις λέγεσθαι "eunuch; barbarian; name of a diviner; name of a city of Karikos, whence the name of the diviners' (Η.).

    *ETYM From the Carian town Ἰδάρνη; further details in Maas RAM 74 (1925): 432ff.

XXXXXἰδέ [conj.] 'and' (11), '(and) ther' (Cypr.).

    *ETYM Perhaps from the deictic pronoun *h,i- and δέ 'and, but'. Details in Schwyzer  1950: 566f. Cf. ▶︎ ἠδέ.

XXXXXἰδέα [f.] 'appearance, form', whence in philosophical terminology 'idea, prototype, category' (IA).

    <IE *u(e)id- 'see'>

    *VAR Ion. -én. .

    *ETYM Verbal abstract from ▶︎ ἰδεῖν. For the formation, cf. ▶︎ ἀλέα 'warmth of the sun'  et al. in Chantraine 1933: 91. On the meaning, see Brommer 1940, Wersd6rfer 1940:  43ff., Gillespie Class. Quart. 6 (1912): 179ff., and Baldry Class. Quart. 31 (1937): 14iff.

XXXXXἰδεῖν [v.aor.] 'behold, recognize' (I].).

    *VAR Ind. εἶδον (ἴδον).

    *COMP Often with prefix, an-, eio-, KaT-, συν-, etc.

    *DER On Pidéa, »ἰδανός, see s.vv. Also ἰδανικὸς κόσμος 'realm of ideas' (Ti. Locr. 97d). Note that ἰλλός = ὀφθαλμός (H., eg. s.v. ἔπιλλος) does not derive from IE  *yid-lo- (von Blumenthal 1930: 36), but was created from ἔπιλλος: παράστραβος,  ἰλλώπτειν: στραβίζειν et al. Cf. on ▶︎ ἰλλός.

    *ETYM Old thematic root aorist, formally identical with Arm. egit and Skt. dévidat 'he  found', IE *h,e-uid-e-t. Cf. also Lat. vided. The perfect was ▶︎ οἶδα 'I know'. As a  present, Greek used suppletive ▶︎ ὁράω; cf. Kolligan 2007: 274-285. See also  ▶︎ ἰνδάλλομαι, ▶︎ εἴδομαι, ▶︎ εἶδος.

XXXXXἴδη [f.] 'wood, wooded hill (Hdt., Theoc.).

    *VAR  Dor. (Theoc.) ida.

    *DER As a TN Ἴδη wooded hill in western Mysia (Il.) and.on Crete (Ὁ. P., Paus.);  thence Ἴδηθεν, Ἰδαῖος (IL).

    *ETYM Pre-Greek word without further etymology.

XXXXXἴδιος [adj.] 'own, private' (Od.).

    <IE *sue- reflexive pronoun>

    *VAR Dor. fidtoc, Arg. hidtoc.

    *COMP Often as a first member, e.g. ἰδιο-γενής 'of one's own kind' (Pl. Plt. 265;  opposite κοινο-γενής), Hell.

    *DER 1. ἰδιώτης [m.] 'private, layman, uneducated man' (IA; on the formation  Chantraine 1933: 311) with the fem. ἰδιῶτις (Hell.); thence idtwtixdc 'belonging to an  ἰδιώτης, common, ordinary, vulgar, vile, uneducated' (IA; Chantraine 1956a: 120 and  123) and ἰδιωτεύω 'act or live on one's own, be uneducated or without esteem' with  itwteia 'private life, uneducatedness' (Att.); also ἰδιωτίζω 'pronounce in a special

===Pag_625: Beekes_Página_0625.tiff===

way (Eust.). 2. ἰδιότης, -ητος [f.] 'specific character, peculiarity' (Ρ]., X.). 3. ἰδικός = ἴδιος (late). 4. ἰδιόομαι [v.] 'to make one's own, appropriate' (Pl) with ἰδίωμα 'specific character, pecularity' (Hell.), ἰδίωσις 'isolation, appropriation' (Pl. Plu.). 5. ἰδιάζω 'be peculiar, live on one's own' (Arist.) ν ἰδιαστής, ἰδιασμός (late).

    *ETYM As is shown by Arg. Fhedteotac = ἰδιώτης (cf. κηδεσ-τής, El. teheo-ta), ἴδιος  goes back to original *phedioc, derived from the reflexive fhe = ἕ (IE *sue) (one >,  see Schwyzer: 256). A different etymology connects it with Skt. vi 'separate', in which  case Arg. hidioc would have its aspiration after ἑαυτοῦ, ἕκαστος, etc. However, an  equivalent of Skt. vi is not found elsewhere in Greek.

XXXXXἰδίω [v] 'to sweat' (v 204, Hp., com.). 41 *sueid- 'sweat'>

    *VAR Aor. ἰδῖσαι (Arist, Thphr.).

    *COMP Rarely with prefixes ἐξ-, dv-.

    *DER ἶδος [n.] 'sweat? (Hp. Coac. 105), 'heat' (Hes. Sc. 397, Emp.) with ἰδάλιμος  'causing sweat' (Hes. Op. 415; after εἶδος : εἰδάλιμος, Arbenz 1933: 29); ἀν-ιδ-ιτί  'without sweat' (Pl. Lg. 718e).

    *ETYM The glosses εἶδος: καῦμα and ἠεῖδος: πνῖγος (H.) point to an s-stem *feidocg  from IE *sueid-os-, beside * suoido- [m.] in Skt. svéda-, OHG sweiz 'sweat'. The form  ἶδος shows Ionic psilosis and itacistic notation (favored by ▶︎ ἱδρώς The verb ἰδίω =  eldiw (after κηκίω etc.) represents older "εΐδω = Skt. svédate 'sweats', IE *sueid-. Cf. Rix 1985: 339-43. Other derivations are Skt. svidyati = OHG swizzit 'id' < TE *suid-ie-  ti, and a ske/o-present in Latvian and Iranian (Leumann IF 58 (1941): 120).

XXXXXἴδμων 'knowing'. = οἶδα.

XXXXXἰδνόομαι [v.] 'to bend oneself, double oneself up' (Hp.). «Ὁ ~

    *VAR Aor. ἰδνωθῆναι (Hom.), act. ἰδνόω (Hdn. Gr. 1, 451).

    *ETYM From a verbal adjective *[f]ié-véc 'curved'? The comparison with Skt. vedd-  [m.] 'bundle of grass' is uncertain; see Mayrhofer EWAia 2: 581. WH s.v. compares  Lat. vidulus 'twined basket'; doubtful. The lemma *uweid- (Pok. 1124) should be  dismantled. Cf. »ἴτυς, ▶︎ εἰμάδες; also ▶︎ ἶρις and ▶︎ οἶνος.

XXXXXἴδρις 'expert'. = οἶδα.

XXXXXἱδρύω [v.] 'to make sit down, settle, establish, found' (1].). <1E? *sed- 'sit'>

    *VAR Aor. ἱδρῦσαι, pass. ἱδρυνθῆναι (I 78, H 56), perf. pass. ἵδρῦμαι (A.), Act. ἵδρυκα  (Arist.).

    *COMP Often with prefix, especially καθ- (whence again ἐγ-καθιδρύω et al.).

    *DER ἵδρυμα 'what has been established or founded: statue, temple' (IA), ἵδρυσις  'founding, settlement' (Hp., Pl, Str. Plu.).

    *ETYM Frisk followed Schwyzer in positing a noun *i6pv-, which would ultimately  reflect a derivative in -r- (comparing ἕδρα) of the root *sed- in ▶︎ ἕζομαι, ▶︎ iw. The i-  was explained as from ἵζω or as a reduced grade of ε, but the latter is impossible. See  now Manessy-Guitton 1970, who departs from s°d- with reduced grade; Meier-  Briigger 2000: 9of. posits *s°d-wr-y-.

XXXXXἱδρώς, -tas [m., f.] 'sweat', also metaph. of other moisture (1].). <1E *sueid- 'sweat'>

===Pag_626: Beekes_Página_0626.tiff=== XXXXXἱέραξ, -ἄκος 579

    *VAR Ερὶς dat. -@, acc. -ὦ (cf. below).

    *COMP Rarely in compounds, eg. idpwto-notéw (Arist.), δυσ-ίδρως 'with bad sweat,  having difficulty sweating' (Thphr.), also with transition to a thematic stem, e.g. κάθ-  ιδρος 'covered with sweat' (LXX).

    *DER Diminutive ἱδρώτιον (Hp.); ἱδρώεις 'sweaty' (B.), ἱδρώδης 'accompanied by  sweating' (Hp.), ἱδρωτικός 'sudorific' (Hp, Thphr.); t6p@a (?) pl. 'smallpox' (Hp. Aph. 3, 21; reading uncertain) together with idpw-tdpta, -τίδες 'id' (medics cf. Stromberg 1944: 102); ἱδρώιον 'sweat-towel' (pap.); ἱδροσύναι [pl.] 'efforts that cause  sweat' (poet. inscr. Phrygia, imperial period). Denominative verbs: ἱδρώω 'sweat'  (IL) together with ἵδρωσις 'sweating' (late) and ἱδρωτήρια [pl] 'sudorifics' (Paul. Aeg.); ἱδρώττω 'id.' (Gal.).

    *ETYM Gr. ἱδρώς corresponds to Arm. kirtn 'sweat', which goes back to an r-stem  *suid-r-. This formation is also found in Latv. sviédri [pl.], Alb. dirsé 'sweat'. This r-  stem was combined in Greek with a stem in -ds-, which is found in Lat. siidor, if  from *suoidés. Like γέλως, ἔρως, et al, ἱδρώς was later transformed into a stem in  -t-. The old s-stem is still seen in epic ἱδρῶ [acc.] (perhaps to be read as -6a;  Chantraine 1942: 54), perhaps also in idp@ [dat.], if for -ot (doubtful; see Chantraine  1942: 211), and in several derivatives: ἱδρώ-ω, ἱδρώεις (*-os-uent-; see Ruijgh Lingua  28 (1971): 173), ἱδρώιον. On the absence of the digamma in Hom., cf. ▶︎ ἐμέω (other  explanations are no better; Chantraine 1942: 156). Cf. ▶︎ ἰδίω.

XXXXXἰδυῖοι [m.pl.] ἰδῦοι 'witnesses' (μάρτυρες, συνίστορες, Lex Solon. apud Ar. Fr. 222, Paus. Gr. fr. 151, H.), also οἱ τὰς φονικὰς δίκας κρίνοντες 'who are in charge of murder trials' (H.).

    *ETYM For *fidviot = Lacon., etc. ▶︎ βιδυζ(ι)οι; see also Kretschmer Glotta 18 (1930):  gif.

XXXXXἵεμαι [v.] 'to move forward, hasten, be eager, desire' (I].),

    <IE *uei(H)- 'move towards,  go for, desire'>

    *VAR Aor. (ἐλείσατο, fut. ▶︎ εἴσομαι.

    *ETYM The form *fiejtat (on the digamma, see Chantraine 1942: 142), as a middle of  ἵημι, was taken at an early stage as an old athematic formation (e.g., Chantraine 1942:  293). The word belongs to the widespread group of Skt. véti, 3pl. vydnti 'to pursue,  drive', Lith. vyti, isg. νεὼ 'hunt, pursue', and perhaps also Lat. vis 'you want' (Meiser  1998: 224), in-vi-tus 'unwilling'. Cf. Ruijgh Lingua 28 (1971): 170f. Hardarson 1993b:  159ff, assumes a reduplicated *ui-yih,entoi, which was contracted to *yiientoi, from  which a stem *uiie- was abstracted. The aspiration was taken from inu. Cf. further  »ἰωκή (unclear -x-), as well as ν ἱέραξ (appurtenance unclear), »ic (possible),  > οἶμος (certainly) and ▶︎ ἰότης (unclear).

XXXXXἱέρᾱξ, -ᾱκος [m.] 'hawk, falcon' (Alcm. 28, E., Ar. Arist.); also a name of a fish (Epich. 68; Str6mberg 1943: 113f.). <1E? *ueiH- 'pursue' or PG?>

    *VAR Also ἴρηξ, -nxog (epic Ion. since II.).

    *COMP Rarely in compounds, e.g. ἱερακο-βοσκός falconer' (pap.).

    *DER Diminutive ἱερακίσκος (Ar.); ἱερακίδιον, -άδιον 'statuette of a hawk' (Delos II*;  on the mg. Chantraine 1933: 70), iepaxeiov 'hawk-temple' (pap. II*), ἱερακιδεύς

===Pag_627: Beekes_Página_0627.tiff===

'young hawk (Eust, like ἀετ-ιδεύς et al; BoShardt 1942: 78f.); ἱερακάριος 'falconer' (Cod. Cat. Astr.); ἱερακίτης name of a stone, after its. color (Plin., Gal.), ἱεράκιον, also -ia, -ἰάς, -ἴτις plant-name, 'hawk-weed, Hieracium' (Ps.-Dsc,; on the unclear naming motive Strémberg 1940: 118). ἱεράκ-ειος, -ώδης 'hawk-like' (late).

    *ETYM Though ἴρηξ in Hom. shows no digamma (Chantraine 1942: 156), the glosses  Belpaxec ἱέρακες and βειράκη ἡ ἀρπακτική (H.) point to an original *ripat, with  -ax- as in several other animal names. Ebel KZ 4 (1855): 164f. started from an  adjective (or noun) *fipoc, which he connected with (Ελεμαι. The secondary form  ἱέραξ would then be folk-etymological based on ἱερός. Possible but uncertain;  alternatively, the suffix -ἂκ- could point to Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXἱερός [adj.] 'holy', 'dedicated to a god, divine', also used in a glorifying way: 'glorious, excellent, strong, quick, etc. (I1.).

    *VAR  Dor. and NWGr. ἱαρός, Ion. poet. ipdc, Aeol. ipoc. Substantivized: ἱερόν [n.]  'consecrated area, temple' (post-Hom.), ἱερά [n.pl.], rarely sing. 'votive offering,  (animal) sacrifice' (11...

    *DIAL Myc. i-je-ro, i-je-re-u, i-je-re-ja, i-je-ro-wo-ko /™iero-worgos/.

    *COMP As ἃ first member in many compounds, not mentioned here.

    *DER Dialectal forms are often not mentioned separately: 1. ἱερεύς (IL), Arc. Cypr. ἱερής, Ion. also ἱέρεως (hardly taken from ἀρχιέρεως, Sommer 1948: 129) [m.] 'who  performs sacrifices (ta ἱερά), sacrificer, priest' (on mg. and spread Kretschmer  Glotta 18 (1930): 81f.). From ἱερεύς: a) several feminines (cf. on βασιλεύς: ἱέρεια (1].),  Cypr. ἰερήρι)α, Ion. igpén, -ῆ; ἱερηΐς (Megar.), ἱέρισσα (pap. ΠΗ. Ὁ) the nouns ἱερεία  'priestly office' (Thyateira; cf. Bechtel 1921, 1: 311), ἱερεῖον, -ἤϊον 'sacrificial animal'  (11.,, ἱερ(εχυσύνη 'priestly office' (IA) with ἱερ(ε)ώσυνος 'priestly' (Hell.); c) the  adjective ἱερευτικός 'priestly' (pap.); d) the denominatives ἱερεύω [v.] 'to offer,  consecrate' (Il.) with ἱέρευσις (sch.) and ἱερεύσιμος (Plu. 2, 729d, besides θύσιμος;  Arbenz 1933: 94), or from ἱερός, ἱερά; ἱερεώομαι, ἱερεώσασθαι [v.] 'to be priest'  (Hell.). 2. ἱερόλας = ἱερεύς (S. Fr. 57; uncertain; on the formation see Chantraine  1933: 238). 3. ἱερῖτιν καθαρμοῦ δεομένην, ixétiv (Η.: A. Fr. 93). 4. ἱερατικός 'priestly,  hieratic' (Pl. Pit. 290d, Arist; cf. also igpatetw, ἱερατεία below). 5. Ἵερυς PN  (Leumann Glotta 32 (1953): 220). 6. Several denominative verbs: a) ἱερεύω; ὃ)  ἱεράομαι 'to care for the victims (ἱερά) (Hdt, Th.); ¢) ἱεράζω 'id' (Ion. islands),  Boeot. ἱαρειάδδω, probably from iapeia; 4) igpdw 'to consecrate' (Att., Locr., etc.)  togehter with ἱέρωμα 'consecration' (Cret., Epid., etc.), ἱερωτός (Thess.); e) ἱερίζω =  καθαίρω 'cleanse' (H.) (see ἁγνίτης) with ἱεριστής 'who cares for the iepa' and  ἱερισμός 'holy service' (Hell.); Ὁ ἱερατεύω 'be priest' with iepateia, ἱεράτευμα,  ἱερατεῖον; ἱεριτεύω 'id'; ἱερωτεύω 'id' with ἱερωτεία; all dialectical, Hell; on the  formation Schwyzer: 732, Solmsen Glotia 1 (1909): 80.

    *ETYM The different meanings and the formal variation induced many scholars to  split ἱερός into two or even in three words. Thus, a separate Flepdc 'rapid, quick'  (whence ἱέραξ 'hawk', s.v.) was assumed because of the long anlaut in ἱερὸν ἰχθύν Π  407, ἱαρὸς ὄρνις (Alcm. Fr. 26), and ἱερὸς ὄρνις (AP 7, 171). This length can easily be  explained as metrical lengthening. In the meaning 'strong, forceful', however, ἱερός  would be identical with Skt. isird- 'strong, active'. A third ἱερός 'holy would have

===Pag_628: Beekes_Página_0628.tiff=== XXXXXἵημι 581 connections with Italic and Germanic words like Osc. aisusis 'sacrifiis', Palign. aisis, U erus 'dis', OHG éra 'honor'. Duchesne-Guillemin 1937: 333ff. supported the old comparison with Skt. isird- by pointing to the agreement between ἱερὸν μένος and Skt. isiréna mdnasa [ins.]. See R. Schmitt 1967: 111-114 on this correspondence. Further literature: Wiilfing von Martitz Glotta 38 (1960): 272-307 and Wiilfing von Martitz Glotta 39 (1961): 24-43; Locher 1963. Formally, the Greek dialects show three different forms: ἱερός, ἱαρός, ἰρός. Ramat Sprache 8 (1962): 4-28 connects it with Skt. isnati 'set in movement', which means that the root contained a laryngeal. Garcia Ramén 1992b: 183-205 assumed a pre-form h,ish,-ro- because of the connection with »ἰνάω. He also assumed that the laryngeal was lost between s and r. Lesbian ipoc, then, continues the regular pre-form *isro-, while Dor. ἱαρός and Att. (etc.) ἱερός replaced the suffix with -apo- or -epo-. On the meaning (against ἅγιος, ἁγνός), see Nilsson 1941(1): 61ff; also, Bolkestein 1936, Palmer Eranos 53 (1955): 4ff., and Defradas RPh. 81 (1955): 208ff.

XXXXXἵζω 'sit down'. ⟹ ἕζομαι.

XXXXXἰή -οἰήιος.

XXXXXἰηθενέουσα [adj.] - ἐκπεπληγμένη, καὶ ἀποροῦσα; ἰαθενεῖ: διαπορεῖ ἐπί τινι κακῷ. Κῶοι 'driven away, looked away from; be in difficulty in some harm (Cos) (H.). «ἴὉ

    *ETYM Unexplained. DELG suggests that the glosses may be corrupt. Fraenkel KZ 77  (1961): 188 proposes to change in-, ia- into the privative particles vn-, va-, based on  comparison with ▶︎ εὐθενέω 'be strong'.

XXXXXἰήϊος [adj.] epithet of Apollo, who is invoked by the call ἰή (παιών) or ἰήϊε παιάν. Also said of Bod, γόος, κάματοι, 'accompanied by laments' (Pi, trag. [lyr], A. R.).

    *DER Here also ἰάζω 'cry' (Theognost.).

    *ETYM From the interjection ἰή (A., Ar., Call.), to which ifjte (Pi. P. 6, 120) was taken  to be a plural (Wackernagel Phil. 95 (1943): 184), but the latter is rather a form of  ἵημι. The same holds for ἰή (Call., H-Ap. 103); see Strunk Glotta 38 (1960): 79-82.

XXXXXἰήϊος has been incorrectly derived from int by the ancients ('and τῆς ἀφέσεως καὶ τοξείας" H.). Cf. ▶︎ ἤϊε and ▶︎ Εὔιος.

XXXXXἵημι [v.] 'to send (away), let go, throw, hurl, etc. (Il); details on the inflexion in Schwyzer: 686f., 741, 770, 775. «15 *(H)ieh,- 'throw'> «ΑΚ Aor. ἕηκα, tka, inf. ἕμεναι, εἶναι, med. εἵμην (ἡκάμην), inf. ἕσθαι, pass. εἴθην, ἐθῆναι, fut. ἥσω (Il.); perf. med. εἶμαι, act. εἶκα (Att.), ἕωκα (Hell.).

    *DIAL Myc. (jo-)i-je-si [(86) "i-en-si/; i-je-to /Pietoi/

    *COMP Mostly (in some forms exclusively) prefixed, eg. av-, ἀφ-, ég-, καθ-, προ-,  ovv-, ὑφ-, etc., in several mgs.

    *DER Many derivatives, almost only from the prefixed forms: 1. ἦμα 'throwing, throw  (of a javelin) (¥ 891), ἥμων 'throwing (a javeliny (Y 886); κάθημα, Hell. -εμα  (Schwyzer: 523) 'collar' (Antiph., LXX); μεθήμων 'negligent' with -μοσύνη (Hom.),  συνήμων 'companion' (A. R.) with -μοσύνη 'treaty, companionship' (IL). 2. ▶︎ ἑσμός  'swarm (of bees)'. 3. ἄν-, ἄφ-, ἔξ-, ἔφ-, κάθ-εσις, etc. (IA; go1c only Pl. Cra. 411d, 420a

===Pag_629: Beekes_Página_0629.tiff===

as an artificial formation, EM 469, 49) together with ἀφέσιμος et al. (Arist.); 4. évveoiat 'advice' (IL), ἐξεσίη 'sending out' (Hom.), avecia 'leaving off (Cratin.); on the formation see ▶︎ évveciat. 5. ἐνετή 'clasp, needle' (I1.). 6. év-, ἀφ-, καθ-ετήρ (Hp. Hell.) together with -ετήριος, etc; καθετηρίζω, -ἰσμός (medic.). 7. ▶︎ ἐφέται, ▶︎ ἐφετμή; ἀφέτης 'sender, hurler' (Plb.). 8. συνετός 'sensible' (Pi, IA, beside σύνεσις ''comprehension'), ἄν-, ἄφ-, κάθ-ετος, etc; dv-, προ-ετικός (: dv-, πρό-εσις; X., Arist., Hell.).

    *ETYM The pairs ἔθηκα : Lat. féci and ἕηκα : Lat. ἰδεῖ point to an archaic formation  with k-extension. On the original distribution of these forms, see Untermann 1993:  461-8. Latin innovated the present iacié 'to throw', whereas Greek kept the old  reduplicated athematic present. Further cognates are found in Anatolian: Old Hitt. pe-iezzi 'sends away', u-iezzi 'sends hither' contain prefixes and preserve the old  meaning. It has also been connected with Hitt. je/a- 'to do, make' (LIV? s.v. *Hieh,),  but see Kloekhorst 2008 s.v. je/a- for objections to this view. For the initial laryngeal,  cf. Peters Die Sprache 22 (1976): 157-161, who shows that Aristophanes consistently  has ἴημι < *Hi-Hieh,-mi. Kortlandt thinks that PIE *h, originated from an Indo-  Uralic velar phoneme, and that the *k alternating with *h, in ἔθηκα (and perhaps  éka) might be a remnant of the old situation.

XXXXXἰθαγενής [adj.] 'born here, born in lawful matrimony' (ξ 203, Ion, A, Arist.).

    *VAR Secondary ἰθαιγενής (Schwyzer: 448).

    *ETYM Formation like αὐθι-γενής: a bahuvrihi of γένος, possibly with an inherited  adverbial first member ἰθα- = Skt. ihd, Prakr. idha, Av. ida 'here', as well as Lat. ibi  'there'. The same pronominal stem *h,i- is found in Cypr. ▶︎ iv, and the same suffix in  ἔν-θα.

XXXXXἰθαρός [adj.] 'cheerful, bright'. «VaR ἰθαίνω = εὐφρονῶ (Hsch.). = αἰθήρ. (pata [n.pl] 'steps'. = εἶμι.

XXXXXἰθουλίς [?] name of a fish (BCH 60, 28; Boeot., II*).

    *ETYM Thought to be a mistake for iovAic (see ▶︎ ἴουλος), but adding a θ by mistake is  not very probable. Fur. 391 argues for a 'regular' variation in Pre-Greek words.

XXXXXἴθρις = ἔθρις.

XXXXXἴθυμβος [m.] name of ἃ bacchic song with dance; one who performs this dance (Poll. 4, 104, H., Phot.). «ΡῈ»

    *ETYM Formation like tapBoc, διθύραμβος, etc, and like these probably a loanword  from the substrate.

XXXXXἰθυπτίων [adj.] 'flying straight (of a lance) (Φ 169, verse-final).

    *VAR Only accus. μελίην ἰθυπτίωνα.

    *ETYM Analyzed as a compound of ἰθύς and the zero grade of πέτομαι, with ending  after the nouns in -wv, -iwv (καταπύγων, οὐρανίων, κυλλοποδίων), for older ᾿ἰθύ-

===Pag_630: Beekes_Página_0630.tiff=== XXXXXἱκέτης 583 πτ-ιος (type ὁμόγνιος). Hackstein Glotta 70 (1992): 154-167 proposed a meaning 'striking straight with zero grade *pih,- and analogical nt-; see ▶︎ πτήσσω.

XXXXXἰθύς [adj.] 'straight, just' (Il). <>

    *VAR  Also adverbial 'straightforward' (II), beside rare ἰθύ, ἰθέως; cf. on ▶︎ εὐθύς. Superl. ἰθύντατα (Hom.), perhaps after ἰθύνω.

    *COMP Often as a first member (see Stromberg 1946: 156), e.g. ἰθυ-ωρίη, for which see  > εὐθνωρία; also ἰθυ-βέλεια epithet of Artemis 'whose arrows go straight' (ZPE 88,  1991, 70 1.11, I*).

    *DER 1. ἰθῦς [f.] 'straight direction, course, enterprise', only accus. dv' ἰθύν, πᾶσαν ἐπ᾽  ἰθύν, etc. (Hom.); explanation in Schwyzer: 463, Frisk Eranos 43 (1945): 221; 2. ἰθύτης  [f.] 'id' (Aret.). Denominative verbs: 1. ἰθύω, aor. ἰθῦσαι (also with ém-) 'go straight,  strive, aim (for)' (Il.) 2. ἰθύνω, aor. ἰθῦναι, pass. ἰθυνθῆναι (also with prefixes δι-, ἐξ-,  én-, κατο-ιθύνω, etc.) 'straighten, direct, steer, lead' (Il.) together with ἰθυντήρ 'who  steers, leader' (Theoc., A. R.), fem. ἰθύντειρα (Orph. A. 352), adj. -τήριος 'steering,  leading' (S. Ichn. 73); also ἰθύντωρ (Orph.), ἰθύντης (H.) 'id.'; deverbal ἴθυνα =  εὔθυνα (Chios V-IV*).

    *ETYM The comparison with Skt. sédhi- 'straight, just', sadhati, sadhnoti 'reach the  goal is obsolete, as the zero grade in sidhyati 'id' and ptc. siddha- is due to the  vocalization of a laryngeal, viz. *seHd'- beside *sHd'-. Therefore, earlier  reconstructions with a long diphthong can now be forgotten. A Cret. fem. εἰθεῖα  confirms the existence of a form "εἰθύς (De Lamberterie 1990: 287f.). Willi KZ 114  (2001): 117-146 proposes connection of both ἰθύς and εὐθύς with *Hieud"-, for which  root he assumes a basic meaning 'make right' (*Hieu-d'-?). Cf. further ▶︎ εἶθαρ.

XXXXXἱκανός 'enough'. >ikw.

XXXXXἴκελος [adj.] 'comparable, resembling' (Il.). «ΑΚ Also εἴκελος (after εἰκών, εἰκάζω, etc; originally perhaps for metrically lengthened ἴκελος, Leumann 1950: 306 A. 76)

    *COMP As a second member in θεο-(ελίκελος 'god-like' (1].) et al., and in ém-, mpoo-  (εΐκελος 'resembling' (Hom., Hdt.) from ἐπι-, προσ-έοικα; cf. also on ἐπιεικής.

    *DER ἰκελόω 'make identical' (AP).

    *ETYM Old formation on the basis of the zero grade of the root of ▶︎ ἔοικα, with a  suffix -Ao- (Chantraine 1933: 243). Cf. d-ixij¢ beside ἀ-εικής.

XXXXXἱκέτης [m.] 'suppliant', also attributive 'seeking refuge' (1].).

    *VAR Fem. ἱκέτις, -160¢ (Hdt.).

    *DER 1. ixéouos 'of the ἱκέτης, etc.', epithet of Zeus as a protector of suppliants (trag.,  etc.); 2. ikeoia 'request for protection, supplication' (E., Aeschin.); 3. ἱκετήσιος =  ἱκέσιος (ν 213), after φιλοτήσιος, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 41.: Fraenkel 1912: 1511.);  beside this ἱκτήριος from ἱκτήρ (see mikw); a cross is ixetnpia (scil. ῥάβδος),  properly 'the twig (of laurel or olive) of the suppliants', 'request' (IA), ἱκετῆρες =  ἱκέται (S. OT 185; lyr.), ixetnpic [f.] (Orph. H.); reversed ἵκτης (Lyc. 763); 4. ἱκετικός  = ἱκέσιος (Ph, Aq.). 5. Ἱκέτυλλος PN (Att. inser; Leumann Glotta 32 (1953): 219 and

===Pag_631: Beekes_Página_0631.tiff===

225¹). Denominative ἱκετεύω [v.] 'to be a suppliant' (IL) together with ἱκετεία (Att.), also ixétevpa (Th.), ἱκέτευσις (Suid.) = ixesia; ἱκετευτικός (sch.).

    *ETYM From »ἵκω, ἱκέσθαι. Several details on the formation in Fraenkel 1910-1912  (see index}; on the meaning, see van Herten 1934.

XXXXXἰκμαμένος = αἰχμή.

XXXXXἱκμάς, -άδος [f.] 'wetness, moisture, secretion' (Ρ 392, Hdt.).

    *COMP As a second member (transformed to an o-stem) dv-, ἔν-, δύσ-ικμος (Hp.,  Arist.), as a first member in ἰκμότβωλον [n.] 'moist clump of earth' (Dsc, on the ntr. gender cf. on ▶︎ διόσπυρον).

    *DER ἰκμαδώδης (H. s.v. ἴκμενος), ἱκματώδης (Ach. Tat; after αἱματώδης) 'moist';  also ἰκμαῖος (A. R.), ἴκμιος (Call), ἰκμώδης (sch.), ἰκμαλέος (Hp. Opp.); ἰκμαίνω  'moisten' (A. R.). ἴκμαρ' votic 'moisture' (H.). Here also the back-formation ἴκμη  'duckweed, Lemna minor' (Thphr; different on the formation Stroémberg 1940:113);  also'IkjtdAtog τ 57? Speculations by Lacroix Collection Latomus 28 (1957): 300ff.

    *ETYM Formation in -d6- like νιφάς et al. (Schwyzer: 507f., Chantraine 1933: 3498)  from an -stem. A primary aorist was perhaps retained in iar διηθῆσαι 'filter' (H.). Outside Greek, there are several relatives, e.g. Skt. sificdti 'pour out' (nasal present),  OHG sihan 'strain, filter', OCS socati 'urinate' (iterative). The reconstruction *seik'-  in Pokorny and LIV? does not work for Greek, nor for Germanic. The root is *seik-,  with a pure velar.

XXXXXἰκμάω 'winnow'. Ξολικμάω.

XXXXXἴκμενος [adj.] epithet of οὖρος 'wind' (A 479, Od.). «1Εὖ *seik- 'reach, grasp'>

    *ETYM Old athem. pte. like ἄρμενος, ἄσμενος, etc. (Schwyzer: 524, Chantraine 1942:  384), probably derived from ἵκω, ἱκέσθαι 'arrive', but the proper meaning is unclear. Perhaps 'mit dem man gut vorwarts kommt' (Schwyzer), thus 'with which one  advances well', i.e. 'favorable'. Others (Schulze 1892: 493, Bechtel 1914, et al.) suggest  that the word meant 'desired' (comparing Lat. flatus optati), and connect it with  προ-ἵκτης, ἱκετεύω, etc. They derive this group from a verb 'ask' (Go. aihtron; also,  αἰκάζει: καλεῖ H.) instead of from ἵκω 'come'. Casevits Eos 83 (1995): 27-32 proposes  that the word belongs to ἔοικα 'resemble', *Fixjievog meaning 'qui convient, adapté  a', but I find the assumed development of meaning unconvincing.

XXXXXἱκνέομαι 'come'. >ikw.

XXXXXἰκνύς, -bog [f.] 'dust, ashes' (Cyrene). 4 PG(V)>

    *VAR Cf. ixwwov: κονίαν, σμῆμα 'dust, soap' (H.) and ἰγνύς 'id' (Hp. Nat. Mul. 88).

    *ETYM Like previous authors, Fur.: 118 compares λιγνύς 'smoke, soot', but without  referring to his p. 391 on the alternation A/zero. The variation (also «/y) proves a  Pre-Greek word. Fur. further compares λιγνύς with ἀλισγέω 'pollute' (298), which is  formally difficult.

XXXXXἴκρια [n.pl.] 'half deck' (Hom.,, B.), 'platform, stage, benches' (Hdt, com., inscr., etc, cf. Beare Class. Rev.53 (1939): 54f.); sing. 'mast' (Eust. 1533, 31 [?]). <?>

===Pag_632: Beekes_Página_0632.tiff===

    *VAR Probably ἴ- (Ar. Th. 395, Cratin. 323).

    *COMP ἰκριο-ποιέω [v.] 'to build a platform' (Hell. inscr.); ἐπ-ίκριον [n.] 'yard-arm' (ε  254, 318, A. R.), properly a hypostasis 'what is on the ixpta'; as an adjective perhaps in  Nic. Th. 198.

    *DER Denominative verb ixpidw 'to provide with ixpia, construct a platform' (Att. inscr., D. C.), whence ixpiwpa 'support, framework' and ἰκριωτῆρες [pl.] 'uprights,  flooring of a deck' (Att. inscr; often written hix-).

    *ETYM Technical term without etymology. On the meaning, see also Martin RPh. 83  (1957): 72-81.

XXXXXἰκταίνω ⟹ ἴκταρ 1.

XXXXXἴκταρ 1 [adv., prep.] 'near, nearby' (Hes., Alcm., A.), with gen. or dat.

    *VAR καρ' ἐγγύς, καὶ παρ᾽ ὀλίγον τοῦ ἐφικνεῖσθαι 'near; to reachat' (H.).

    *ETYM Acc. to Schwyzer: 63of., the same formation is found in ▶︎ ἄφαρ, ▶︎ εἶθαρ, etc. Like these, ixtap could be a verbal noun in -(t)ap. It has been connected with Lat. icé 'to strike', comparing the Skt. adverbs ghandm and taditas 'near', from han- 'beat'  and tad- 'strike', for the semantics. The expression ὑπερικταίνοντο πόδες (ψ 3) is  unclear in meaning; Aristarchus interpreted it as ἄγαν ἐπάλλοντο; this is often  connected with ἴκταρ. A vl taoaxtaivovto is glossed with ἔτρεμον by (H.); see  Bechtel 1914 s.v. ixtaivw. If the variant in H. is reliable, the word is Pre-Greek («t/ x). See »ἴγδις, ▶︎ αἰχμή.

XXXXXἴκταρ 2 [n.] 'genital parts of awoman' (Hp. Mul. 2, 174).

    *ETYM Correction for ἧπαρ, acc. to Erot. and Gal. 19, 105. Most probably a Pre-Greek  word; see Fur.: 134'.

XXXXXἴκταρ 3 [m.] name of asmall worthless fish (Call. Fr. 38, Eust.).

    *VAR  ἱκτάρα (H.), also κτάρα: ἰχθῦς βραχύτερος πάντων 'shortest fish of all' (H.),  axtdpa (sch. Opp. H. 1, 762).

    *ETYM See Thompson 1947 s.v. Given the variants, the word is clearly Pre-Greek  (Fur.: 376f.).

XXXXXἴκτερος [m.] 'jaundice' (Hp.), often plur. also name of a bird, Lat. galgulus (Plin.), named after its color. «ΡΟ»

    *DER ἱκτερικός, ἱκτερώδης 'jaundiced, regarding jaundice' (medic.), also ἱκτεριώδης  'id? (Hp. Dsc.; after ἱκτεριάω) and ἱκτερόεις 'id. (Nic.); ixtepitic [f.] 'rosemary' (Ps.-  Dsc.; used as a remedy, see Stromberg 1944: 29), -itng 'id.' (gloss.); ixtepiag name of a  yellow stone (Plin; like καπνίας et al, Chantraine 1933: 94). Denominative verbs  ἱκτερόομαι (Hp., Gal.), ἰκτεριάω (M. Ant, 5, E.) [v.] 'to suffer from jaundice'.

    *ETYM The formation is reminiscent of bSepoc, χολέρα (Chantraine 1933: 228), but  further details are unknown. The connection with ixtic, ἰκτῖνος is defended by  Gro'elj Ziva Ant. 6 (1956): 236f., who assumes a color root ix- 'yellow, green', and  compares ἰκμαλέον: χλωρόν, ὑγρόν 'green, moist' (H.). This remains speculative. Acc. to Fur: 321, the group -κτ- points to Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXἰκτῖνος [m.] 'kite' (IA). <1E *thiH-in- 'kite'>

===Pag_633: Beekes_Página_0633.tiff===

    *VAR Also (secondary?) ixtiv (-ic), gen. -ivoc (com., Paus.), after δελφίς acc. to  Thompson 1895 s.v.

    *ETYM For the formation, ἐχῖνος has been compared (Chantraine 1933: 204), but  ἰκτῖνος is probably inherited and identical with Arm. c'in 'id.', Skt. syend- [m] 'eagle,  falcon', Av. saéna- name of a big bird of prey are rather deviant. For the  reconstruction *tkiH-in-, see Beekes in Kortlandt 2003: 200. See Piktepos.

XXXXXἴκτις, -ίδος [f.] 'marten' (Ar. Arist.). <?>

    *VAR Also ixtic, gen. -idoc.

    *DER κτίδεος (ἰκτίδεος Suid.) in κτιδέη κυνέη 'helmet of marten skin' (K 335, 458);  with apocope of the first vowel; artificial back-formation «tic in H. s.v. κτιδέα.

    *ETYM No etymology; see on > ixtepoc.

XXXXXἵκω [v.] 'to come, reach' (Hom. Pi. Dor. Arc.).

    <IE *seik- 'reach, grasp (with the  handy>

    *VAR ἱκάνω (epic), ἱκνέομαι (Od., almost only prefixed, see below), with aor. ἱκέσθαι,  fut. ἵξομαι (I.); epic aor. i€e, ov (Chantraine 1942: 418f., Leumann Glotta 32 (1953):  213), perf. typat (Od.).

    *COMP Often with prefix (in prose almost exclusively), especially ἀφ-, an- (whence  eig-, συν-αφ-ικνέομαι, etc.), also ἐξ-, ép-, καθ-, etc. (see Fraenkel Glotta 35 (1956):  886).

    *DER 1. ἵξις (ἴξις) 'passage, direction' (Hp.); from ἀφικνέομαι, etc. ἄφιξις 'arrival (1A),  rarely ἔφ-, κάθ-, δί-τξις; 2. iktwp, ἱκτήρ = ἱκέτης, ἱκέσιος, also προσ-, ἀφ-ίκτωρ 'id.'  (trag.) together with ἱκτήριος (S.); 3. »ἱκέτης together with ἱκετεύω, etc; beside it  (mpoo-)ixtng (Hell. poetry); 4. πόθ-ικ-ες [pl.] ἱπροσήκοντες, relatives' (Tegea V*); 5. ἱκανός 'enough' (IA prose), cf. πιθανός, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 196f.); see also  »ἴκμενος, ▶︎ mpoik.

    *ETYM The verb »ἥκω has been compared, but the point of the comparison is  unclear. The forms in long vowel (κω, typot) may be secondary morphological  creations of Greek. All other forms have short vocalism, including ἱκανός and other  nominal formations. The full grade was thought to occur in ▶︎ ἐνεῖκαι 'carry off, but  this is now connected with ▶︎ ἐνεγκεῖν; in any case, it was semantically deviant from  tka. An acceptable connection is provided by Lith. siékiu, siékti 'reach with the hand,  swear', at-siékiu 'reach with the hand', ToB pres. siknai, subj. saikam 'set foot', for  which IE *seik- is reconstructed. See LIV? s.v. *seik- 'erreichen', where the form U  pru-sikurent 'confirm' is also adduced, but this is uncertain. The Lithuanian acute  accent is unexplained under this reconstruction, however.

XXXXXἱλάειρα, ἵλαος, ἱλαρός, ἵλεως = ἱλάσκομαι.

XXXXXἱλάσκομαι [v.] 'to propitiate, appease, reconcile', intr. perf. and aor. pass. 'to be merciful (Il.).

    *VAR Rarely ἵλαμαι (h. Hom. 19, 48; 21, 5; inf. ἵλασθαι Orph. A. 944; on the quantity of  the anlaut see below), ἱλάονται (B 550, ἱλάεσθαι A. R. 2, 847}; aor. ἱλάσ(σγασθαι (II.),  ἱλάξασθαι (Delph., A. R.), pass. ἱλασθῆναι (LXX); fut. ἱλάσ(σγομαι (Pl, Orac. apud

===Pag_634: Beekes_Página_0634.tiff=== XXXXXἱλάσκομαι 587 Paus. 8, 42, 6), ἱλάξομαι (A. R.); Aeol. perf. ipv. ἔλλᾶθι (gramm., B. 10, 8), plur. ἔλλᾶτε (Call. Fr. 121); besides ἵλᾶθι, ἵλᾶτε (Theoc., A. R.), ἵληθι (y 380, π 184), cf. below; subj. ἱλήκῃσι (φ 365), opt. ἱλήκοι, etc. (h. Ap. 165, AP, Alciphr.).

    *COMP Also with prefix, especially ἐξ-.

    *DER ἐξίλασις, (ἐξ- ἵλασμός (LXX), ἱλασία (inscr. imperial period), (2&-)iacpa  'appeasement, expiatory sacrifice' (LXX), ἱλάσιμος 'appeasing' (M. Ant, after  ἰάσιμος, etc, Arbenz 1933: 93), ἱλαστήριος 'appeasing', τιον 'propitiatory gift' (LXX,  pap.), also analogical ἱλατήριον (Chron. Lind.), ἱλαστής 'appeaser' (Aq., Thd.) with  ἐξιλαστικός (Corn.). Older formations: 1. ἵλαος (epic, Arc; on the quantity of the a see below), ἵλεως  (Att. also Ion.), (Agog (Cret. since III', also Hdt.), διλέρδι [dat.] (Lacon., IG 5(1), 1562  [VI-V7]), ὕλαος (Aeol., gramm.) 'merciful, benevolent'; Arc. 'appeased';  denominative verb ἱλαόομαι (MAMA 1, 230), ἱλεῶμαι, ἱλεόομαι (A. Supp. 117 [lyr.],  Pl.) 'to appease', together with ἱλέωσις (Plu.), ἱλεωτήριον (Phot., Suid.). 2. ἱλαρός  'cheerful, glad', also = ἵλεως (Ar. X.) together with ἱλαρότης, ἱλαρία, ἱλαρόω, -ρύνω,  -pevopat (Hell.); Lat. loan hilarus, -is. 3. ἰλλάεις, -evtog (Alc.), ἱλᾶς, -ἄντος (Hdn. Gr., H.), lengthened from ἴλλαος, ἵλαος (cf. Schwyzer: 527). 4. ἱλάειρα [f.], said of  φλόξ and σελήνη (Emp, on the varying quantity cf. below), also ἑλάειρα (sch., Steph. Byz.) and EAEPA (Kretschmer 1894: 208; see also Schulze 1933a: 716), innovated after  πίειρα, κτεάτειρα, Δάειρα, etc., see Chantraine 1933: 104, Schwyzer: 543.

    *ETYM The Aeol. imperative ἔλλαθι, ἔλλατε is decisive for the interpretation of these  forms, from older *he-hla-t'i, -te. They may therefore be analyzed as old perfect  forms, cf. τέτλαθι, ἕσταθι, δείδιθι. The length of the a in ἔλλᾶθι (B. 10, 8) must be  secondary; perhaps the Attic form was seen in εἵληθι" ἵλεως γίνου 'be merciful' (H.),  which was remodelled after φάνηθι, etc., presumably because the reduplication was  no longer recognizable. Another source of innovations was the reduplicated present ἱλάσκομαι < *si-slh,-  ske/o-, with short -4- perhaps analogical after the s-aorist. The anlauting long vowel  was introduced into other forms: into the perf. subj. and opt. ἱλήκῃσι, ἱλήκοι instead  of expected *ei\-; perhaps also into ἵλᾶθι, -te and Hom. ἵληθι (cf. εἵληθι H.). The t- was further introduced into the aorist and future: ἱλάσίσγασθαι, ἱλάξασθαι,  ἱλάσσομαι, ἱλάξομαι; beside these, there is a short vowel in ἱλάσσεαι (A 147),  ἱλασσάμενοι (A 100), ἵλαμαι (h. Hom.; but ἵλασθαι Orph.), ἱλάομαι, as well as in  ἱλαρός and ἱλάειρα (Emp. 85). Because the short i- cannot be understood in terms of  ablaut, it may replace an older e-grade (in éAdetpa, "ἕλαμαι, *éAapdc). The forms  'Anos, ἵλεως (secondary (doc) are from reduplicated *si-slh,-yo-. The discussion by Klingenschmitt MSS 28 (1970): 75-88 is fundamental, showing that  Arm. atac'em 'to pray' < *slh,-ske/o- is the closest cognate. The Greek form goes back  to *si-slh,-ske/o-; the aorist would have been *selh,-s-, but the beginning has taken  over the i-vocalism from the present. This explains the forms with short t-. LIV' sv. *selh,- and Clackson 1994: 173-4 are somewhat sceptical about this proposal. Lat. s6ldri 'to comfort' is related too, but has an obscure lengthened grade solH- (see De  Vaan 2008 s.v.).

===Pag_635: Beekes_Página_0635.tiff===

XXXXXἴλη [f.] 'band, troop', especially a division of the Spartan youth; troop of horses = Lat. turma (Pi, S., X.). <ΙΕ? *uel- 'turn, wind'>

    *DIAL Dor. ἴλα.

    *COMP As a first member in ἰλ-άρχιηης, also -apxoc (Hell.) together with ἰλαρχέω, -ia,  Boeot. ριλαρχίω. H. has βειλάρχας as an explanation of βειλαρμοστάς (Tarent.).

    *DER ἰλαδόν 'in squadron' (B 93, Hes. Op. 287, Hdt.), which was metrically easier  than *iAnddv.

    *ETYM The gloss ἴλλαι: τάξεις, συστροφαί (H.) could point to original *FifAcu, and be  derived from ἴλλω 'press together' < *yi-ul-e/o- (see ▶︎ εἰλέω). If this is correct, ἴλη  would show an unexpected reduction of the geminate with compositional  lengthening. Solmsen 1901: 227' departs from *fiA-va, comparing πίλναμαι for the  vocalism. However, in the latter form, the t is explained as an analogical schwa  secundum.

XXXXXἴλια [n.pl] · μόρια (δῶρα cod.) γυναικεῖα; tov TO τῆς γυναικὸς ἐφήβαιον δηλοῖ. καὶ κόσμον γυναικεῖον παρὰ Κῴοις female private parts; the female pubes; ἃ woman's ornament (Kos) (H.). <?>

    *ETYM In the last meaning, ἴλια has been connected with ▶︎ εἰλέω 2 'turn, wind', witht  for et like perhaps in ἴλη. The Greek gloss may also be a loan from Lat. ilia, -ium  [n.pl.) 'the soft, the lower part of the body, intestines, womb' (cf. on ▶︎ ἰξύς    ἴλιγγος «ναΑκἴλιγξ., = εἴλιγγος, εἶλιγξ.

XXXXXἼλιος [f.] 'Ilios, the city of Troy' (Il.); τιον only O 71, always in tragedy (E.). «τῶν Anat

    *ETYM In a treaty between the Hittite king Muwattali II (az90-72) and Alaksandu  (which must be Homer's Alexander) of Wilusa, Wilusiya, a small state in the far  north West of Anatolia. First considered by Kretschmer Glotta 13 (1924): 205-13, it  has in recent years been generally accepted that this refers to Schliemann's ruins. See  eg. Latacz 2001: 98-119. There is no agreement on the interpretations of the Greek  form μίλιος (as the -s- would normally have been preserved; so this form must come  from a variant without -s-). The Ε- is ascertained by Homer. On Troy see ▶︎ Τροίη  (which originally only denoted the land).

XXXXXἰλλάς = εἰλέω 2.

XXXXXἰλλός [adj.] 'squinting' (Ar., Sophr.). <ΙΕ? *uel- 'turn, wind', PG?>

    *VAR Fem. ἰλλίς: στρεβλή, διεστραμμένη 'twisted, distorted' (H.). Note ἰλλός =  ὀφθαλμός (Poll. 2, 54).

    *DER ἰλλώδης 'id' and ἰλλαίνω (Hp.), ἰχλώπτω (com.), ἰλλίζω (Suid.) [v.] 'to squint,  look askance', also ἴλλωσις 'squinting' (Hp.) as if from *iAAéw. PN Ἰλλεύς (see  Bofshardt 1942: 132).

    *ETYM From ἴλλω 'turn, wind'? Or from Pre-Greek? See ▶︎ εἰλέω 2.

XXXXXἴλλω 1 'press together'. = εἰλέω 1.

XXXXXἴλλω 2 'turn'. = εἰλέω 2.

===Pag_636: Beekes_Página_0636.tiff===

ϝίλσις 'distress'. + εἰλέω 1.

XXXXXἰλύς, -ύος [f.] 'mud, slime, dregs, impurity' (Ion, IL, Arist.). <1E *(H)iHlu- 'mud, dark'>

    *VAR The ἰ- is long; on the length of the v see LSJ.

    *DER ἰλυώδης (Hp., Hell.), ikvdetc 'muddy' (A. R., Nic.); ἰλύωμαι: ἐρρύπωμαι (HL). Further ἰλύματα (Gal. 13, 45) as a cross with λύματα, Adjective ἰλύ (cod. εἰλύν μέλαν  'black, dirty' (H.).

    *ETYM Formation like ἀχλῦς, etc. (see Schwyzer: 495), and identical with a Slavic  word for 'mud', e.g. OCS ila, gen. ila (old u-stem); also in Latv. ils 'very dark'.

XXXXXἱμαλιά [f.] 'heap of flour, abundance', glossed by H. with τὸ ἐπίμετρον τῶν ἀλεύρων. ἐπιγέννημα ἀλετρίδος. καὶ ὁ ἀπὸ τῶν ἀχύρων χνοῦς. Kai περιουσία 'the excess of wheat-meal; surplus of a grinding woman; dust from the chaff; abundance'. <?>

    *DER ἱμαλίς, -ίδος [f.] 'yield (of flour), etc', in H. = νόστος, δύναμις, ἐπικαρτπία,  ἡδονή, ἀπαρχὴ τῶν γινομένων 'yield, quality, profit, enjoyment, first-fruits of that  which is produced'; thus Trypho apud Ath. 14, 618d (Doric word); also 'song of the  mill, ἐπιμύλιος ᾧδή᾽ (H., Poll) and as an epithet of Demeter in Syracuse (Polem. Hist. 39). Adjective ἱμάλιος, in H. = πολύς, ἱκανός, νόστιμος 'much, sufficient, abundant', etc.,  also a month name in Hierapytna (SGDI 5040, 4).

    *ETYM Popular terms of agriculture that rarely occur in literature. For the ending of  ἱμαλιά, we should first compare ἁρμαλιά 'distributed food, portion', ἀχυρμιά 'heap of  chaff, φυταλιά 'plants in the garden', etc. On the other hand, ἱμαλίς is reminiscent of  tpopanic 'fresh cheese' and μολυβδίς 'clump of lead' (Chantraine 1933: 342ff.). Prisk assumes a derivation in -μαλ- from the root seen in ▶︎ ἠθέω 'sieve'; extremely  doubtful, because ablaut *séi- / si- does not exist. See on ▶︎ ἁρμαλιά. On Lat. simila  'finest flour of wheat', see ▶︎ σεμίδαλις.

XXXXXἱμανήθρη [f.] 'well-rope' (Herod. 5, 11). <?>

    *ETYM Formation like κολυμβήθρα (related to koAvp Baw), ἀλινδήθρα (to ἀλινδέω,  ἀλίνδω), et al. (cf. Chantraine 1933: 373f.), which would presuppose a verb *ipavaw  (Bechtel 1921(3): 304) or *ipaivw; see on ▶︎ ἱμάς (especially ἱμονιάλ.

XXXXXἱμάς, -avtog [m.] 'leather strap', for drawing, lashing, etc. 'thong' of a sandal, of a door, etc; as a term of construction, 'beam' (Il; Delebecque 1951: 63, 187f.).

    <IE  *seh,i-m(n)- 'rope'>

-

    *COMP As a first member e.g. in ἱμαντ-ελίκται [pl] 'pricker of tapes', name of the  Sophists in Democr. 150; ἱμαντελιγμός, name of a game (Poll. 9, 18); compounds of  ἱμάντας ἑλίσσειν, cf. Fraenkel 1910: 244.

    *DER Diminutive ἱμάντιον (Hp.), ἱμαντ-άριον (Delos II', etc.), -ἰδιον (EM), -ίσκος  (Herod.); adjective ἱμάντινος 'of ropes' (Hdt., Hp.), ipavtwéng 'rope-like' (Ρ]., Dsc.,  Gal.); denominative verbs: 1. ἱμάσσω, aor. ἱμάσαι a) 'lash' (I1.) together with ἱμάσθλη  'lash, whip' (IL); also μάσθλης (perhaps cross with μάστιξ, cf. on ▶︎ μαίομαι); Ὁ)  'provide with ἱμάντες, 1.6, beams' only in ἱμασσια 'beams? (IG 4, 823: 26 [Troezen  ΓΝ]; see Fraenkel 1910: 14.9, Bechtel 1921, 2: 510). 2. ἱμάσκω 'thrash, wallop' (also 'to

===Pag_637: Beekes_Página_0637.tiff===

fetter' in Del? 409, 7? Cf. Brugmann IF 29 (1911-1912): 214). 3. ἱμαντόω 'provide with ἱμάντες, i.e. bed-straps' in ἱμαντωμένην κλίνην (Η. s.v. πυξείνιν;»); thence ἱμάντωσις (LXX, Poll.), ἱμάντωμα 'hawser' (H.). Independent of ἱμάς, but cognate with it: 1. ἱμαῖος (sc. 51), ἱμαῖον (μέλος, Goa) 'song while scooping water' (Call, Tryphon, Suid.) ψν ἱμαοιδός (haplological for ἱμαιο-αοιδός) 'who sings an ἱμαῖον᾽ (Poll, H.); 2. ἱμάω 'to draw (water) with a rope (from a welly, also metaph. (Arist, Ath.), usually ἀν-, καθ-ιμάω (Ar. X.) together with ἱμητήρ (κάδος, Delos 112), ἱμητήριος (H., see iBavatpic), av-, καθ-ίμησις (Plu.); 3. ἱμονιά 'well-rope' (com., Ph., Luc. et al; Scheller 1951: 75f.); 4. »ἱμανήθρῃη 'id'.

    *ETYM As a secondary formation in -vT-, ἱμάς presupposes a noun *iwa or *ipa 'rope',  which is also continued in ἱμάω, ἱμαῖος. An n-stem is continued by ἱμονιά and by  καθ-, κατ-ιμονεύει' καθίησι, καθιεῖ 'lets go' (H.), which probably derive from *ipwv. Likewise, »ἱμανήθρη may go back to *ipavy (via "ἵμανάω, or perhaps 'ἱμαίνω; cf. πλεκτάνη, ἀρτάνη)λ, or to *ipta. Note the variable quantity of the anlauting vowel: long in ἱμονιά, ἱμανήθρη, καθιμάω,  but short in ἱμαῖος, and most of the time also in ἱμάς (except Φ 544, K 475 etc; see  Schulze 1892: 181, 466") and its compounds and derivatives. This variation cannot go  back to old ablaut (as Frisk stated), but rather continues *sh,i-, which gives a long  vowel after metathesis to *sih,n-, and a short vowel without it; regarding the  conditioning, see Schrijver 1991: 519ff., who supposes that stressed *Hi resulted in the  long vowel. The form μων reconstructed above exactly matches a Germanic word for 'rope':  ON simi, OS simo [m.], and also Skt. siman- [m., f.] 'skull, boundary' (although this  has a slightly deviant meaning), all from IE *sh,i-mon-, sh,i-men- (note that for Gm.,  *seh,i-m- is possible too). A suffix -m- is also found in Irish sim 'chain'. The primary verb meaning 'to bind' is still found in Indo-Iranian, Baltic and Hittite,  eg. Skt. syati < *sh,-ie/o-, sinati < *si-neh,-ti, ptc. sita- < *sh,-to-, Lith. siéti, sg. sient  < *sh,ei-, Hitt. iShai-. Garcia Ramén Minos 29-30 (1994-1995): 335-346 connects Myc. a-ja-me-no-  /ai™aimeno-/ 'inlaid', with a semantic specialization from 'put on' < 'attach, bind'.

XXXXXἱμάτιον [n.] 'outer garment, dress, cloth', often plur. -a (Att.). 41Ε *ues- 'clothe'>

    *VAR Ion. εἱμάτιον (εματιοις inscr. Ceos), Dor. ἡμάτιον (Cyrene IV").

    *COMP As a first member eg. in ἱματιο-πώλης 'cloth-seller' (Critias, pap.).

    *DER Diminutive ἱματίδιον, -ἰδάριον (Ar.) and denominative ἱματίζω [v.] 'to clothe'  (pap., NT), whence ἱματισμός (εἷμ-) 'clothing, wardrobe' (Thphr., Plb, inscr.).

    *ETYM An informal diminutive of εἷμα, Cret. ξῆμα (see ▶︎ évvupt), with early  transition of εἰ = [6] to i. See Wackernagel IF 25 (1909): 330.

XXXXXἱμάω 'to draw with a rope'. > ἱμάς.

XXXXXἴμβηρις [3] - ἔγχελυς. Μηθυμναῖοι 'eel (Methymna)' (H.).

    *ETYM The ending is reminiscent of λεβιηρίς 'snake-skin' (Muller 1926: 30). Do we  therefore have to read ipiBnpic?  The word resembles some Balto-Slavic words for 'eel', e.g. Lith. ungurys, Ru. vigor'. A  pre-form IE *Heng'- has been reconstructed, with e > t before nasal (but this is not a

===Pag_638: Beekes_Página_0638.tiff===

iv 591 general rule in Greek) and Aeolic development of the labiovelar. No IE proto-form can be reconstructed for these words. The ending, which is also seen in λεβηρίς, rather points to a Pre-Greek word. On -np-, see Pre-Greek: Suffixes. If one assumes interchange initial -/zero as well as prenasalization, the words could be identical. Note that ε΄ τ is frequent in Pre-Greek. The relation to ▶︎ ἔγχελυς, Lat. anguilla, etc. is unclear.

XXXXX*(F Bw? [v.] 'to yoke, harness (horses)? «Ὁ, PG?>

    *VAR Aor. ἴμψας: ζεύξας, Θετταλοί 'having yoked (Thess.)' (H.).

    *DER Ἴμψιος: Ποσειδῶν 6 Ζύγιος 'Poseidon the Yoke'; γιμβάναι (= F-)- ζεύγανα (H.). Bechtel 1921, 1: 206 adduces the Boeot. PN ρμιμππίδας.

    *ETYM Two hypotheses have been advanced: that the word is related to Lat. vincio 'to  wind around', vicia 'vetch' with labiovelar auslaut (followed by LIV' s.v. *uiek'-); or  to Go. bi-waibjan 'to wind around', etc. In both cases, the semantic connection does  not seem to be very strong. There seems no reason to connect the two glosses iywv:  δεσμωτήριον 'prison' (but see also on > istac) and ἱψόν' τὸν κισσόν. O<o>vpto. 'ivy'  (H.). Note that the gloss Ἴμψιος has -μψ-, although it is not an aorist. This could be a  Pre-Greek variant. See Latte on γιμβάναι.

XXXXXἵμερος [m.] Jonging, yearning, love' (11... <ΙΕ? seh,i-mr, sh,i-men- 'bond'>

    *COMP ἐφ-ίμερος 'filled with yearning, lovely' (Hes. Archil., A.), ἱμερό-γυιος 'with  lovely limbs' (B.).

    *DER ἱμερόεις 'longing, lovely' (I].), ἱμερώδης 'id' (Callistr.); ipetpw, -ομαι [v.] (also  with &-) 'yearn, desire' (I].), together with ἱμερτός 'longed for, lovely' (since B 751).

    *ETYM The old connection with Skt. ismd- 'spring, (god of) love' (lex.), which  belongs to icchdti (< *h,is-ské-ti) 'to wish', may be semantically possible, but it leaves  the formation of the Greek word (secondary suffix -ero-?) unexplained. Another  proposal by Bally MSL 12 (1903): 321 assumed a reconstruction *si-smer-o-, and a  yod-present *si-smer-ie/o-, by comparison of Av. hi-Smarant- 'well-conducted' to Skt. smdrati 'to remember' (< *smér-e-ti). As remarked by Weiss HSPh. 98 (1998): 47ff.,  the problem with these proposals is that they lead us to expect Aeolic ἔἵμμερος, while  we consistently find ἵμερος, ἱμέρρω in Sappho and Alcaeus. Weiss convincingly  derives ἵμερος from *sh,i- 'to bind' instead, as found in Skt 'sydti, Hitt. iZhai-': he  reconstructs a heteroclitic *seh.i-mr, *sh,i-men-, with a suffix *-mer/n- also found in  τέκμαρ and ἦμαρ (Weiss ibid.: 54 points to ἡμέρα as a formal parallel for ἵμερος); he  also compares ▶︎ αἵμων. This means that ἵμερος may originally have been a bond or  spell. See »αἵμονα.

XXXXXἱμονιά 'well-rope'. > ἱμάς.

XXXXXἰμπαταον = παπταίνω.

XXXXXἵν [pron.] - αὐτήν, αὐτόν. Κύπριοι 'her, him (Ογρτ.} (H.). «1 *h,- 'he'>

    *ETYM Identical with OLat. im 'eum', from the IE demonstrative *h,i- seen in Lat. and Go. is, etc. See also > iva, and on »μιν, ▶︎ viv.

===Pag_639: Beekes_Página_0639.tiff===

XXXXXἵνα [adv., conj.] 'where, to where' (Hom., also IA); as ἃ final conjunction 'that, in order that, etc.' (IL). «1ὲ *h,- 'he', etc.»

    *ETYM Origin unclear. For the ending, we may compare Skt. instrumentals like yéna,  téna 'by which, by that', OHG hina (< *-na), Olr. cen 'on this side' (from IE *ki- in ἐ-  kei), etc. The stem i- is perhaps cognate with the IE relative *Hio- (see ▶︎ dc), or was  formed after interrogative *tiva. On the use, see Schwyzer 1950: 672ff. and Gonda  1956: 92, 126f., 141. See also Monteil 1963: 376-384 and Ruijgh Lingua 28 (1971): 171.

XXXXXἰνάω [v.] 'to empty, purify', also προΐεσθαι 'to be sent forth' acc. to H. s.v. ἰνᾶσθαι. < IE? Hish,-, His-neh,> ᾿

    *VAR  -dopat (also -éw, -όω gramm.), fut. med. ἰνήσομαι (Ηρ...

    *COMP With prefix ὑπερ-ινάω 'empty excessively, vehemently' (Hp. apud Erot.)  together with ὑπερίνησις (Hp. Loc. Hom.) and ὑπέρινος 'excessively emptied,  exhausted' (Hp. Epid. 6, 5, 15, Arist., Thphr.).

    *DER ἰνηθμός 'emptying, cleaning' (Hp. Loc. Hom.), ἵνησις 'id.' (ibid., Pherecyd. Hist. VI"). Uncertain ἐπινάω (comm. Arist. VIP); on ▶︎ περίναιος (-£0¢), etc. s.v.

    *ETYM Assuming that 'send forth' was the original meaning and that the i- was long,  ivaw was compared by Meister KZ 32 (1893): 136ff. (cf Brugmann-Delbriick 1897-1916  2:3, 301 and Bechtel 1921(3): 304f.) with Skt. isnati 'to bring in quick movement', also  'to spurt out' (cf. on miaivw). This is followed by Garcia Ramén 1986: 497-514, see on  > ἰάομαι. The reconstruction is taken over by LIV' sv. *h,eish.-.

XXXXXἰνδάλλομαι [v.] 'to appear, seem' (1]., Att.). < PG2>

    *VAR  Only present stem except ἰνδάλθην (Lyc., Max.).

    *DER ivdahpdc 'appearance, image' (Hp.), ἴνδαλμα 'id' (LXX).

    *ETYM For the formation, one hypothesis has compared ἀγάλλομαι and posited a  noun *ivSaXov vel sim. Frisk states that it must eventually belong to ▶︎ ἰδεῖν, ▶︎ εἶδος,  comparing ▶︎ εἴδωλον for the A-stem, and citing Chantraine 1942: 142 on the  digamma. The nasal is supposed to have spread from a nasal present, and is also  recognized in Skt. vinddti 'find' and in several Celtic forms, e.g. Olr. ro-finnadar  'finds out', and nouns like Olr. find 'white', Gaul. Vindo-(magus, -bona) < PCI. *yindo-. However, note that these supposed cognates have a different meaning. The  conclusion of Indo-European origin is drawn too quickly. The formation in -a)-  (and -ahpoc) is non-IE: for ▶︎ σχινδαλμός and ▶︎ ὀφθαλμός, this becomes evident  from their variants with oy-/ ox-, -ἰνδ-} -ἰδ-, and -aA(a)poc. Therefore, the word is  rather Pre-Greek. The apparent agreement in form and meaning with *ueid- is just  like that between ▶︎ ὀφθαλμός and *h,ek'-: such coincidences may be expected to  occur every now and then.

XXXXXἴνδουρος [m.] - ἀσπάλαξ 'mole' (H.). 4 PGP

    *ETYM The similarity with Skt. undura- 'rat' is rather accidental; see Mayrhofer  KEWA sv. (not mentioned in Mayrhofer EW Aia 3: 34f.). For the ending, we may  compare >» σκίουρος 'squirrel', which must be a loan, perhaps from Pre-Greek.

XXXXXἵνις [m., f.] 'son, daughter' (A, E. [lyr.], Lyc., Call, also Cypr. inser; cf. Leumann 1950: 2747).

===Pag_640: Beekes_Página_0640.tiff=== XXXXXἰξός 593

    *VAR Accus. -ἰν.

    *ETYM Acc. to Walde Glotta 13 (1924): 127ff., it is from *€v-yv-c with Cypr. tv < ev  and assimilation to the nasal with compensatory lengthening like in γίνομαι. This  would confirm the Achaean character of the word. Olr. ingen, Ogam inigena  'daughter' have also been compared, as well as νεο-γν-ός 'newly born'. Alternatively,  we may compare the expressive forms tvvog ((vvnv- κόρην μικράν, ἴννους: παῖδας  H.), Byz. and MoGr. wivi 'child, pupil' (older litt. in Frisk). See now Masson REGr. 88  (2975): 1-5.

XXXXXἴννος 1 'child' (H.).

    *ETYM See on > ivic 'son, daughter'.

XXXXXἴννος 2 [m.] (young) mule', = γίννος (Arist.); more on the mg. in H. s.v. and Meister KZ 32 (1893): 143ff., with a wrong etymology. «Ὁ

    *COMP As a second member probably in ▶︎ é6vivvoc name of an animal.

    *ETYM A foreign word without explanation, like yivvoc. Borrowed as Lat. hinnus,  with h- after hinnire. Cf. on ▶︎ ὄνος.

XXXXXἵἴντυβος = ἔντυβον.

XXXXXἴξ [m.] name of a worm that damages the vine (Alcm. 43).

    *VAR Gen. ἰκός.

    *ETYM See Gil Fernandez 1959: 115[. Probably related to »ἴψ as a substrate element.

XXXXXἴξαλος [m.] (castrated) he-goat' (A 105, AP; on the mg. see Maat} RAM 74 (1925): 464f.).

    *VAR Cf. ἰσχαλωμέναι: Sedeppatwpévar 'skinned? (H.), and ἴσκλαι αἱ αἴγειαι  μηλωταί 'goatskins' (H.).

    *DER ἰξαλῆ [f.] 'goatskin' (Hp. Fract. 29) with several orthographic variants: ἰσάλη  (sch. Ar. Nu. 72), ἰτθέλη (Poll.), ἰττέλη (Poll), ἰσσέλη (Theogn.), ἰσσέλα, ἰσθλῆ,  ἰτθέλα (ἢ), etc.

    *ETYM Older scholars like Solmsen and Bechtel considered the variations as evidence  for Anatolian origin. The word is Pre-Greek, acc. to Fur.: 129, 286, 349, 379, 393. The  form with ἴσκλ- shows syncope of the a/e; that with ἰσχαλ-, metathesis. The variation  a/e is well known in Pre-Greek words. I suggest that the word had *ikt'al- with a  palatalized as its second consonant. See Pre-Greek: 5.5, also Heubeck 1961: 66 and  80.

XXXXXἰξός [m.] 'mistletoe, the birdlime prepared from it', metaph. of all kinds of sticky substances (Hp. E, Ar, Arist., Thphr.). < EUR>

    *COMP As a first member e.g. in ἰξο-βόρος name of thrush, 'Turdus viscivorus'  (Arist.).

    *DER ikia 'misteltoe' (perhaps derived from ἰξός in the mg. 'birdlime', cf. Strémberg  1937: 114), also name of a thistle, χαμαιλέων λευκός, Atractylis gummifera' (in this  mg. also itivy [Thphr., Strémberg 1937: 86]), name of a disease: 'varicose vein'  (Arist. Thphr.), cf. Scheller 1951: 42; ἰξίας [m.] a thistle, χαμαιλέων μέλας,  Cardopatium corymbiferum' (Dsc.), ἰξιόεις 'made of ἰξίας᾽ (Nic.); ἰξίον 'leaf of the  χαμαιλέων λευκός (Gal.); ἰξώδης 'sticky' (Hp., Luc.). Denominative: 1, ἰξεύω 'catch

===Pag_641: Beekes_Página_0641.tiff===

with birdlime' (Artem., ΡΟ]].); from there ἰξευτής 'birdcatcher' (LXX, Bion) together with ἰξευτικός, also ἰξευτήρ (Man.), fem. -evtpia (Plus Τύχη ἰξεύτρια = Fortuna viscata); 2. ἰξόομαι 'be smeared with birdlime' (Thphr.).

    *ETYM An old cultural word, identical with synonymous Lat. viscum (viscus). It has  been compared with Germanic and Slavic names for the cherry (also used for  preparing birdlime), eg. OHG wihsela 'morello', Ru. visnja 'cherry'. DELG wonders  whether the word is IE, but given the structure, it is rather a European loanword.

XXXXXἰξῦς, -Bog [f.] 'waist, loins' (e 231 = Κ 544, Hp., Hell. poetry).

    *DER Adverb ἰξυόθεν (Arat.); also i€va, -1 (EM).

    *ETYM Formation like ὀσφύς, νηδύς, δελφύς, etcs ἰξύα was created after δελφύα,  ἰγνύη, et al. (Schwyzer: 463). Etymological relation with Lat. ilia [pl.] 'side of the  body' is improbable. Fur.: 393 proposed to connect ▶︎ ἰσχίον 'hip'; if correct, the word  is Pre-Greek because of the variation.

XXXXXἰόμωροι [pl.] epithet of the Ἀργεῖοι (A 242, 5 479). <?>

    *ETYM The explanation by the scholia as 'famous for their arrows' is incorrect,  because the i- is short (see ▶︎ id¢ 2). The epithet ἀπειλάων ἀκόρητοι in the second  part of the verse suggests connection with id, in 'crying', as do the expressions βοὴν  ἀγαθός and ὑλακό-μωροι (κύνες ξ 29, π 4). The sense of the second member has also  been unknown since antiquity; cf. Leumann 1950: 37 and 272". On the second  member, which derives from *moh,-ro- 'great', see ▶︎ ἐγχεσίμωρος.

XXXXXἴον [n.J 'violet'? (Hom., Thphr.).

    *COMP Determinative compound λευκό- ἴον = tov λευκόν 'stock, gillyflower' (Thphr,  Risch IF 59 (1949): 257} often as a first member, e.g. ἰο-ειδής 'violet-colored' (Il; of  πόντος), io-otépavos 'crowned with violets' (h. Hom. 6, 18, Pi, Thgn.), ἰό-κολπος  'with violet bossom' (Sapph; Treu 1955: 171); on ἰο-δνεφής see ▶︎ δνόφος; on  > ἰάνθινος s.v.

    *DER idetg 'violet-colored' = 'deep blue' (σίδηρος ¥ 850, θάλασσα Nic.); ἰωνιά 'violet-  bed', also a plant name (Thphr.), after podwv-td, θημων-ιά (Scheller 1951: 706);

XXXXXἰοντῖτις [f.] plant name = ἀριστολόχεια (Dsc, after κληματῖτιςξ, Redard 1949: 72).

    *ETYM The gloss yia (for fia): ἄνθη 'flowers' (H.) and the epic metrics confirm the  initial f- and the connection with Lat. viola. Both probably come from a  Mediterranean language; see WH s.v.

XXXXXἴονθος [m.] 'young, downy hair', usually 'eruption on the face which accompanies the first growth of the beard' (Hp., Arist., Phld.).

    *DER ἰονθώδης 'like i? (Thphr., Gal.) and iov@dc [f] 'hairy, beard-like', of aif 'goat' (ξ  50; on the formation Chantraine 1933: 354).

    *ETYM May belong to a word for 'hair', etc., which appears in Celtic, Germanic and  Balto-Slavic: MIr. find 'hair, OHG wint-brawa 'eyelash' < IE *uend'-o-; with a  different formation, ΜΙγ fés 'hair, OPr. wanso [f.] 'the first beard', CS gse  'moustache' (IE *uend"-s-o- or *uond"-s-o-). The Greek word would have to  represent a reduplicated formation *fi-fovO0c. The words have been interpreted as  verbal nouns of IE *uwend'- 'to wind'. For the meaning, cf. »ἴουλος within Greek.

===Pag_642: Beekes_Página_0642.tiff===

ἴορκος 'roe, gazelle'. = δορκάς.

XXXXXἰός 1 'one and the same'. > ia.

XXXXXἰός 2 [m.] 'arrow' (1].), see Triimpy 1950: 67.

    <IE *(H)isu- 'arrow'>

    *VAR Plur. ioi, also id (Y 68).

    *COMP As a first member e.g. in ἰο-δόκος 'receiving arrows', of φαρέτρη (Hom.), -ἢ  [f.] 'quiver' (A. R.); on ▶︎ ἰοχέαιρα s.v.

    *ETYM Compared with Skt. isu- [f., m.], Av. igu- 'arrow < *(H)isu-; Greek ἰός <  *ihwo- must be a thematization of this word. Meier-Briigger MSS 49 (1988): 75-77  thinks that ἰά is the ntr.pl. of PGr. *ihu, and that ἰός is a secondarily thematicized  singular derived from it.

XXXXXἰός 3 [m.] 'poison' (Pi. trag., Plu.).

    *COMP As a first member e.g. in ἰο-βόρος 'eating poison' (Nic., Opp.).

    *DER ἰώδης 'poisonaus' (imperial period).

    *ETYM Old word for 'poison', replaced in many languages by other (and in most  cases euphemistic) expressions, like Gr. φάρμακον, Lat. venénum, German gift,  French poison, etc. Besides Greek, the word is still present in Tocharian, Indo-  Iranian and Italo-Celtic: ToA wads, ToB wase 'poison, venom' < *uisd-, Skt. visd- [n.],  Av. visa-, Lat. virus [n.], MIr. fi < IE *uiso-. Tocharian and Skt. clearly point to a  reconstruction *uiso-; the length in Latin, Irish and Greek should then be explained  as secondary. Matasovi¢ 2008 s.v. *wisu- assumes an old root noun nom. *ueis, gen. *uis-os, which was levelled in various ways in the daughter languages. This could  explain the occurrence of athematic forms like Av. vis- 'id'. Szemerényi 1989: 91  argues that ἰός underwent secondary lengthening in hiatus, whereas De Vaan apud  Matasovié 2008 suggests a secondary formation *yis-jo-. Forms with deviating  meaning are perhaps found in Skt. vis- 'faeces', Lat. virus in the meaning 'viscous  liquid, slime, sap', W gwyar 'blood'. For this reason, the present entry has been  identified with midc 4. ἰός 4 [m.] 'rust' on iron, 'verdigris' on copper, bronze (Thgn., Hp., Pl., Theoc., SIG  284, 15 [Chios IV*]). <?>

    *DER ἰώδης 'rust-colored' (Hp., Thphr.).

    *ETYM Given the varying meaning of IE *uis(o)- (see on »ἴός 3), the present word  has been identified with it. It could be due to different technical uses.

XXXXXἰότης [f.] 'will, decision' vel sim. (Hom), in θεῶν ἰότητι, etc. On the use in Homer see Krarup Class. et Med. 10 (1949): 13. <ΙΕ? *h.eis- 'wish'>

    *VAR  Only dat. ἰότητι (Hom, A. R.); ἰότατι (Alc. ἃ 309 LP, A. Pr. 558 [lyr.]), except  for ἰότητα O 41.

    *ETYM Etymology uncertain. There are two hypotheses: 1) related to Skt. is- 'to wish'  (pres. icchéti), either from *h,iso-teh,t- or *h,isto-teh,t- from the ptc. *h,isté- = Skt. istd- 'wished' (Chantraine 1933: 294); 2) to ἵεμαι 'to hasten, desire', in which case we  would have to posit *fié-try¢ (or, with haplological shortening, *fioté-tn¢ from  *Flotog 'wishing' = Lat. (in-)vitus, for which see on ▶︎ ἵεμαι). However, ἵεμαι has a  long i-. Improbable suggestion by Leumann 1950: 127ff,, who explains ἰότητι as from

===Pag_643: Beekes_Página_0643.tiff===

a false split of δηιοτῆτι (-τος) 'enmity' into δὴ ἰότιηγχτι, -τος. The Boeot. PN Θειο- βίοτος strongly speaks in favor of original *fuétrytt.

XXXXXἴουλος [m.] 'down, first growth of the beard, etc corn sheaf; catkin'; also name of a centipede-like worm (A 319, A. Th. 534, Arist, Thphr.).

    *COMP As a first member e.g. in ἰουλό-πεζος 'with feet like an ἴουλος", also of a ship,  ie. 'with many rowers' (Lyc. 23).

    *DER ἰουλίς [f.] fishname 'Coris iulis' (Arist.), because it resembles a centipede  (Stromberg 1943: 125; also Thompson 1947 s.v.), also called ἴουλος (Eratosth.); Ἰουλώ  [f.] 'goddess of the corn sheaf', i.e. Demeter (Semus 19); thence the back-formation  ἴουλος 'song for Demeter' (ibid, Eratosth.), also καλλίουλος (for καλλι-ίουλος,  Semus); ἰουλώδης 'like a centipede' (Arist.); denominative verb ἰουλίζω 'get down'  (Tryph.)

    *ETYM From reduplicated *fi-foAvog (cf. »ἴονθος), related to οὖλος 'woolly, fuzzy'  and ▶︎ εἰλέω 2 (< *feAvéw) 'turn, wind'.

XXXXXἰοχέαιρα [adj.] epithet of Artemis, also used as a substantive (Hom, Pi. P. 2, 9 [with shortening of the i-], poet. inscr.), also of the φαρέτρα (AP 6, 9); also name of the viper (Nic. Fr. 33). 41Ε Hisu- 'arrow' and g'esr- 'hand'>

    *ETYM Since antiquity, this epithet has often been explained as 'shaking out arrows,  she who shoots arrows', from ἰός 'arrow and χέω 'to pour', by comparison with  δούρατ᾽ ἔχευαν E 618. However, Heubeck Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 7 (1956): 275ff. more  convincingly derived it from ἰός and χείρ as 'who has arrows in her hand'; this is  supported by Skt. formations like isu-hasta- 'who holds an arrow in the hand', siila-  hasta- 'holding a lance in the hand'. See also R. Schmitt 1967: 177ff., Hagen Glotta 76  (1998): 53-58, and especially Peters 1980a: 223-228 with an extensive discussion.

XXXXXἴπνη [f.] name of a bird (Boios apud Ant. Lib. 21, 6). <?

    *DER Also imma (or rather * inta, with Vossius, because of the alphabetical order),  ἵττα' δρυοκόλαψ, ἐθνικῶς 'woodpecker (dialectal) (H.).

    *ETYM The form ἵττα recalls ▶︎ σίττη; further unclear. Cf. Solmsen 1909: 173'.

XXXXXἰπνόν [n.] = ἵππουρις (Thphr. HP 4, 10, 1), a plant. <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXἰπνός [m.] 'furnace', also 'kitchen' and 'lantern' (IA). <1E? sp-no-, se p- 'boil, bake'>

    *DIAL Myc. i-po-no.

    *COMP ίἰπνο-πλάθος 'oven-maker' (Ρ].), Ἔφο-ιπνος: Ζεὺς ἐν Χίῳ 'Zeus in Chios' (H.).

    *DER Diminutive ἰπνίον (medic.); ivwv (Delos III*), ἰπνιών (Gortyn) 'kitchen';  ἰπνίτης (ἄρτος) 'bread baked in an oven' (Hp.); ἴπνιος 'belonging to an oven', ina:  τὰ καθάρματα τοῦ invod 'the offscourings from an oven' (H.) (Call. Fr. 216); invebw  [v.] 'to bake in an oven' (Hj hutve[beo8a] IG 17, 4: 15) together with ἰπνευτής'  furnarius (gloss.).

    *ETYM The form ἱπνός may have developed from *imtvéc (cf. "Ep-invog and  hinve[beoOat] IG 1', 4: 15). It has been compared with a synonymous West Germanic  word: OE ofen, OHG ovan 'oven', also ON ofn, from PGm. *ofna- < *ufna-. However, these words cannot be combined because of the vocalism (and the Greek

===Pag_644: Beekes_Página_0644.tiff===

aspiration). The same holds true for the forms with velar: Go. auhns, OSw. oghn, from PGm. oyna-, ogna- < uyna-, ugnd-. Neither is there any possibility to connect it with Skt. ukhd- [m.], μκμᾶ [f] 'pot, cooking-pot'. A new proposal, which seems the most promising to date, has been advanced by Vine 1999a: 5-30: derivation from the root sep- of ἔψω as s°p-no-, with a secondary zero-grade yielding -1-. The formation, an adjective in -πό- with active sense, must be old.

XXXXXἶπος [f, n.] 'press', of a fuller, or for medical purposes; 'weight (in a mouse-trap, etc.) (Pi, Archil, Hp. Ar.). <?>

    *VAR The primary aorist ἴἵψασθαι, with fut. tyetar (A 454 = Π 237, B 193), rather  means 'to squeeze, oppress' than 'to damage' (φθεῖραι, βλάψαι H.); pres. intw =  BAantw only EM 481, 3.

    *DER Denominative verb inéw 'to press' (Hdt, Ηρ., A.), also with ἀπ-, ἐξ-; ἴπωσις  'pressing, pressure' (Hp.), ixwtnptov 'oil-press, wine-press' (pap.), 'bougie' (medic.),  inwtpic 'pressing' (σπάθη, medic.), ἐξιπωτικός 'pressing out' (Gal.).

    *ETYM Unexplained. One could compare ἰἱψών: δεσμωτήριον 'prison' (H.).

XXXXXἵππος [m., f.] 'horse, mare' (II.), collective fem. 'cavalry' (IA).

    <IE *h,ekuo- 'horse'>



    *DIAL Myc. i-go /hikk'os/, i-gi-ja /hikk'ia/ 'chariot'.

    *COMP Very frequent in compounds: bahuvrihis (λεύκ-ιππος), governing  compounds (ἱππό-δαμ-ος, ἱππ-ηλά-της), determinative compounds (ἱππο-τοξότης),  compounds with transformed second member (ἱππο-πόταμος, ἵππ-αγρος for ἵππος  ποτάμιος, ἄγριος, see Risch IF 59 (1949): 287; on ἱππο-κορυστής see ▶︎ Κόρυς); with  metrically conditioned inmo- for ἱππο- in ἱππιο-χαίτης, -χάρμης (epic). As a first  member also augmentative, especially in plant-names (ἱππο-λάπαθον et al,  Stromberg 1940: 30).

    *DER A. Substantives: diminutive istdpiov (X.), ἱππίσκος '(small) statue of a horse'  (Samos IV*), etc., ἱππίδιον as ἃ fishname (Epich.; Stromberg 1943: 100). ἱππότης [m.]  'horseman, chariot driver' (IL; in Homer always ἱππότα), fem. ἱππότις (Nonn.);  ἱππεύς 'chariot fighter' (I1.), 'horseman' (Sapph., A., Hdt.), 'knight' as a social class  (Hdt, Ar., Arist.); thence inmebw, see below; also as a name of a comet like ἱππίας  (Plin., Apul; Scherer 1953: 107); ἱππών 'stable' (Att. inscr., X.); ἱππάκη 'cheese of  mare-milk' (Hp.), also a plant name (Stromberg 1940: 136; formation like ἐριθάκη,  ἁλωνάκη et al.); ἵππερος 'horse-fever' (Ar, like iktepoc, téepoc); ἱπποσύνη 'art of  driving, cavalry' (11. B. Adjectives: ἱππάς [f] 'belonging to a horse, status and census of the knights in  Athens' (Hp., Arist.); ἵππειος 'belonging to a horse' (1].); ἵππιος 'id.' (Alc., Pi, trag.),  often as an epithet of gods (Poseidon, Athena, εἴς.) thence Ἱππιών as a month name  (Eretria); ἱππικός 'id' (IA; Chantraine 1956a: 141); ἱππώδης ''horse-like' (X.). C. Verbs: 1. ἱππάζομαι (also with ag-, ép-, καθ-, etc.) 'drive horses, serve as a riding-  horse' (Il.) together with ἱππασία, ἱππάσιμος, ἱππαστήρ, -άστρια, ἱπιπαστής, -αστικός,  ἵππασμα, ἱππασμός. 2. ἱππεύω 'id' (1A), originally from ἱππεύς, but also referring to  ἵππος; also with prefix, eg. ἀφ-, καθ-, map-, ovv-; thence ἱππευτήρ, -τής, inneia,  ἵππευσις, ἵππευμα; details in BoShardt 1942: 34f. Countless proper names, both full  and short names (ππόλυτος, Ἱππίας, Ἵππη, etc., etc.). See Delebecque 1951.

===Pag_645: Beekes_Página_0645.tiff===

    *ETYM Derives from the inherited word for 'horse', represented in Skt. ἀένα-, Av. aspa-, Lat. equus, Venet. ekvon [acc.], Olr. ech, OE eoh, OLith. esva 'mare', ToB  yakwe, as wellas perhaps the Thracian PN Βετεσπιος and Arm. és 'donkey'. All these  forms derive from IE *h,ekuo-. According to Kloekhorst 2008 s.v. *ekku-, the  Anatolian evidence (Hitt. phonetic complements in -us, -un, HLuw. asu-, Lyc. esb-)  points to an athematic stem *h,eku-. This form must have been thematicized in PIE  to *h,ekuo- after the separation of Anatolian. From this form, we expect an outcome  Gr. "ἕππος, so one problem is the vocalism i-, for which Mycenaean origin has been  suggested. A second problem is the initial aspiration. Connection with ὠκύς cannot  be demonstrated. A form with geminate velar is found in ἵκκος (EM 474, 12), ἼἽκκος  PN (Tarent, Epid.); see Lejeune 1972: 83. A recent discussion of the origin of the  type ἱππεύς is found in De Vaan JIES 37 (2009).

XXXXXἵπταμαι 'fly'. = πέτομαι.

XXXXX*intopat 'press'. > toc. ipny

    *VAR ἰρήν. = εἰρήν.

XXXXXἶρις, -δος [f.] 'rainbow' (Il.), also of the halo of the moon, etc. (Arist., Thphr., Gal.), as a plant name 'purple Iris', etc. (Arist., Thphr.), see Stromberg 1940: 49; also name of a stone (Plin.). As a ΡΝΊρις, -ίδος, -tv daughter of Thaumas and Elektra, messenger of the gods (IL, Hes.).

    *VAR Acc. -ἰδα, -ἰν.

    *DER {tptvog (com., Thphr, Plb.), -εος (Nic.) 'made of the Iris'; ipwrj¢ 'like a rainbow'  (Arist.), ipitic [f.] name of a stone (Plin.), see Redard 1949: 55; denominative ἰρίζω  [v.] 'to be iridescent' (PHolm. 7, 6).

    *ETYM Evidence for the original form Εἴρις comes both from an inscription from  Corinth and from the epic metrics (see Chantraine 1942: 152). The name of the goddess is no doubt identical with the appellative. This appellative  has been derived from the root *ueh,i- 'bend', which is also seen in ▶︎ ἰτέα and »ἴτυς,  a suffix -r- is also seen in the Germanic group of OE wir, ON virr 'metallic wire,  twisted ornament' (Kretschmer Glotta 2 (1910): 354). Fur. 356 compares ἔριδας: tac ἐν οὐρανῷ ἴριδας (H.), and concludes to Pre-Greek  origin; does Eipic (formerly explained as 'E-fipic with prothetic vowel, which is  impossible for an IE word) point to the same? Against the traditional etymology, it  must be said that a pre-form PIE *uwh,i-r-i- is hard to motivate.

XXXXXἴς [f.] 'power, strength' (Hom, Hes.).

    *VAR Accus. ἵν(α) (3 times, only before vowel, see below), instr. ἶφι.

    *DER ἴφι-ος 'strong' (tga μῆλα Hom., Ὁ. P.) with PNs like ριφιάδας, ρίφιτος (Boeot.,  Cor.), Ἶφις (1 667, etc, pet name); »ἴφθιμος does not belong here.

    *ETYM The gloss yic (= fic): ... ἰσχύς (H.) confirms the identity of (Εἰς 'strength'  with Lat. vis 'id.'; the expected accus. (F)Iv = Lat. vim can be restored from iv, which  is always antevocalic.

===Pag_646: Beekes_Página_0646.tiff===

XXXXXἴς [f.] 'sinew, tendon' (Hom. ΗΡ., Archil. Ar.), 'tendon of the neck' (P 522), 'muscle fibres, fibrin, fibre of plants, ribs of leaves' (Pl, Arist, Thphr.); details on the botanical usage in Stromberg 1937: 129ff. <1E? *uiH- 'tensile force'>

    *VAR  Gen. ἰνός; mostly plur. ives, dat. ἴνεσι, late ἰσίν, ivatc.

    *COMP &-, πολύ-ἵνος 'without, with many ivec', etc. (Thphr.).

    *DER ἰνίον [n.] 'the tendons at the back of the head, the neck' (IL, Hp., Arist.), cf. κρανίον, and see Chantraine 1933: 59; ἰνώδης 'sinewy, fibrous' (X., Arist, Thphr.);  probably also ivaia- δύναμις 'power, capacity' (H., uncertain conj. Peripl. M. Rubr. 46); denominative verbs: ivéw 'to provide with Ivec, stengthen' (Hdn.), ἐξ-ινόω  'remove theivec, make powerless' (Lyc.), also ἐξεινίζω, -ινιάζω (Gal, Peripl. M. Rubr. etal). |

    *ETYM It is debatable whether ic 'sinew' (which seems to have had initial F-) is a  concretization of ic 'strength', or if it was originally a separate word. We may  compare the meaning 'tensile force' in Skt. véyas-, which also means 'power, etc.'. It  is mostly assumed that the n-stem inflexion iva, Ivec, etc. arose from an accus. (θῖνα,  with -α added like in Zijv-a. This is quite possible. Scheftelowitz IF 33 (1913/1914):  158f. assumed an independent word (εἷς, (ελῖνός 'sinew' (cf. γίς: ἱμάς 'strap' H.)  from a verb 'bow, bend', seen in »ἴτυς, »Ἶρις.

XXXXXἴσᾶμι [v.] 'I know'.

    *VAR Inf. ρμισάμην (Gortyn).

    *ETYM A Doric innovation (Theoc., Cret., etc.) starting from the 3pl. ἴσαντι = Att. ἴσασι, based on ἵσταντι : iota. Rejected by Floyd KZ 90 (1976): 166-177.

XXXXXἰσάτις [f.] name of a blue-coloring plant, 'woad, Isatis tinctoria' (Hp., Thphr., Samos IV*), «ἢ

    *VAR Gen. -ίδος, -106, -εως.

    *DER toatwong 'woad-like' (Hp., Aret.).

    *ETYM Lat. vitrum 'id? and OHG weit, OE wad 'woad' have been adduced, as well as  MLat. waisda (Prellwitz 1905 s.v.); these seem too far off, but perhaps all these words  are loans from a common source. The plant was probably named for its glass-like  color (see De Vaan 2008 s.v. vitrum).

XXXXXἰσθμός [m.] 'small entry, spit of land, strait of earth or sea, neck', especially as a TN of the strait of Corinth (IA).

    *VAR Also fem., after ἡ ὁδός, etc. (cf. Schwyzer 1950: 34).

    *COMP As a second member with a suffix -to- in the hypostasis τταρ-ίσθμια [n.pL, sg.]  'fauces, tonsils' (Hp., Arist.).

    *DER ἴσθμιος 'belonging to the Isthmos' (Pi. trag.), τὸ ἴσθμιον 'collar' (σ 300), τὰ  ἴσθμια 'fauces' (Hp.); ἴσθμιον also metaph. from the neck of a flask (Cypr. word in  Pamphil. apud Ath. 11, 4726; different Leumann 1950: 271); τὰ Ἴσθμια name of the  Corinthian games (Pi. Simon. Ar.) together with Ἰσθμιο-νίκης, -νικος 'winner at  these games' (B.), Ἰσθμιασταί 'spectators of the games' (title of a play of A, like  ᾿Ἀπολλωνιασταί, etc, Chantraine 1933: 317); ἰσθμιάζω (Suid, H.), also Ἰσθμιᾶται  (Delos II*); ἰσθμικός, -ιακός 'belonging to the Isthmos, the Isthmian games' (Ar,,

===Pag_647: Beekes_Página_0647.tiff===

Str.), ἰσθμώδης 'isthmos-like' (Th.). Denominative ἰσθμαίνω = ἀσθμαίνω, with ἴσθμα = ἄσθμα 'panting' (H.), arose as a cross of ἰσθμός with ἀσθμαίνω.

    *ETYM Derivation from εἶμι 'go' with a suffix -θμο- has been assumed, by comparison  with the by-forms Ἰθμός, Ἰθμο-νίκα (inscr.) and ἴ-θμα, εἰσ-ί-θμη. In derivatives of  this root, the meaning 'strait' is also found in ON eid [n.) 'strait of land', from IE  *Hoi-d'o- (or *Hoi-to-). However, the -o- is unexplained, and as a basic form *Hid"-  d'mo- cannot be accounted for. Chantraine 1933: 137 therefore assumes adaptation of  a local loan; likewise, Fur.: 294°.

XXXXXἰσίκιον [n.] 'a dish of mince-meat' (Ath. 376 b, pap.). <Lw Lat»

    *DER toiKog 'id' (Alex. Aphr., Pr. 1, 22), ἰσικιάριος and ἰσικιομάγειρος 'butcher'.

    *ETYM From Lat. insicium

XXXXXἴσκαι [f.pl.] 'fungus growing on oaks and walnut-trees (Aet. 7, 91, Paul. Aeg. 6, 49).

    *VAR ὕσκαι, uncertain reading Aet. 7, 91.

    *ETYM Unknown. If the variant is reliable (Fur.: 367), it would point to a Pre-Greek  word.

XXXXXἵσκλαι 'sheep-skin'. -οἴξαλος.

XXXXXἴσκω [v.] 'to make like, imitate, think like, interchange' (Hom.), also 'to imitate, feign' (τ 203 with λέγων; cf. Lat. simuldre), 'to suppose by mistake' (x 31, after τ 203); thence 'to suppose' (Simon. 130). In Alexandrian poets (where also 1sg. ἴσκον, ptc. toxwv) 'to speak, say' (Theoc., A. R., Lyc.).

    *VAR  Only 356. ipf. ioxe(v) and ptc. ioxovtec, ἴσκουσα.

    *ETYM Probably from *fix-ox-w; see on ν» ἔοικα, as well as Bechtel 1914 s.v. and  Chantraine 1942: 317.

XXXXXἴσος [adj.] 'equal' in number, strength, size, status, etc. (Il.). < IE? *ueid- 'see, know'>

    *VAR Epic ἶσος, fem. éton (see below), Arc. Cret. Boeot. μίσρος (H. γίσγον- ἴσον).

    *COMP Very frequent as a first member, e.g. ἰσό-θεος 'god-like' (Il.), hypostasis of  ἴσος θεῷ or a bahuvrihi 'having gods as equals' (Risch 1937: 186; cf. Sommer IF 55  (1937): 1957), ἰσό-πεδον 'plain' (Il.), ἰσό-πεδος 'of the same level, as high as' (Hdt.,  Hp, cf. Risch IF 59 (1949): 15), io-nyopin, -ia 'equal right to speak, political equality'  (IA; a compound of ἴσον ayopacBat); on »ἰσοφαρίζω sv. As a second member e.g. in G(v)-too¢ 'unequal, unfair' (1A).

    *DER ἰσότης 'equality' (Pl, Arist.), ἰσάκις 'as often' (Pl.), ἰσαχῶς 'in as many ways'  (Arist.); denominative verbs: ἰσάζω 'make, be equal' (Il.) with ἰσασμός (Epicur.) and  ἰσαστικός (Eust.); ἰσόομαι, -dw 'to become (make) equal' (since ἡ 212); ἰσαίομαι 'to be  (made) equal' (Nic. Arat.).

    *ETYM Formally, ficfog > epic ἶσος (on the digamma, cf. Chantraine 1942: 144; the  apparent prothetic vowel in é-(F)icn is artificial; Beekes 1969: 65f.), Att. ἴσος. The  development corresponds to that in ᾿μόνρος > epic μοῦνος, Att. μόνος, and "ὅλρος >  epic οὖλος, Att. ὄλος, etc. As IE *-su- was not retained in Greek, the comparison with Skt. visu- 'to several  sides' must be given up. Phonetically, a basic form *yit'yo- would do, but the

===Pag_648: Beekes_Página_0648.tiff=== XXXXXἱστία 601 morphological connection to a zero grade ἔριδσ- from εἶδος 'shape' (thus Brugmann-Delbriick 1897-1916 2:1, 205) is hypothetical. An ingenious but probably incorrect analysis as δύω 'two' + thematization of a suffix -tv- by Meillet BSL 26 (1925): 12f. Extensive discussion by Ruijgh Minos 20-22 (1987): 533-544.

XXXXXἰσοφαρίζω [v.] 'to match oneself against, measure oneself with' (Il., Hes., Simon., Theoc.); 'to make equal' (Nic. Th. 572).

    *VAR Only present.

    *ETYM With comparable meaning, there is also ἀντιφερίζω 'to oppose somebody'  (Il.), after ἀντι-φέρω. The word αὐτοφαρίζειν: αὐτοματεῖν 'to act spontaneously' (H.)  arose after the example of ἰσοφαρίζω. This probably stands for *icopopiCw = ica  φέρειν, from hypothetical *ico-pdpoc, but the a-vocalism is unclear. Perhaps after an  unknown example (type ἰσοβαρής)ξ However, note that the a is also found in  φαρέτρα.

XXXXXἴσσασθαι - κληροῦσθαι 'to be appointed by lot' (H.).

    *ETYM See Bechtel 1921, 1: 120 and Luther 1935: 70. See ▶︎ αἶσα.

XXXXXἱστάνω [v.] 'to arise, acquire'.

    *VAR Hell. present for ἵστημι (PIb., pap., inscr.), formed to the inf. ἱστάναι.

    *ETYM A parallel case is that of Cret. στανύω 'install' (πόλιν στανυέσθων SGDI 5040,  66), which has been compared with Av. fra-stanuuanti 'they gain an advantage'. In  reality, the Cypr. form is rather a thematic enlargement of a primary present of the  type αἴνυμαι, probably after τανύω et al. See Schwyzer: 696f., 698f.

XXXXXἵστημι [v.] 'to make stand, set up, take position, bring to a standstill, etc. (Il.). 41Ε *steh,- 'stand, set'>

    *VAR  Med. ἵσταμαι 'to stand up, etc.', aor. στῆσαι, στήσασθαι, fut. στήσω, aor. pass. σταθῆναι (Od.), fut. σταθήσομαι (Att.); intr. aor. στῆναι with fut. στήσομαι 'take a  stand, arise', perf. ἕστηκα 'to stand'.

    *DIAL Dor. ἵστᾶμι

    *COMP Very often with prefix, dva-, κατα-, ἀπο-, ἐξ-, μετα-, etc.

    *DER Several (partly inherited) derivations are ▶︎ ἱστός, »σταθμός, ▶︎ σταμῖνες,  ▶︎ στάσις, ▶︎ OTATHP, ▶︎ στήλη, ▶︎ στήμων, ▶︎ στοά, etc. See also ▶︎ στάμνος, ▶︎ σταυρός.

    *ETYM The intr. athem. root aorist ἔστην neatly corresponds to Skt. dstham < PIE  *h,é-steh,-m. Beside this, Greek innovated (already in Hom.) a transitive s-aorist  ἔστησα, like ἔφῦσα beside ἔφῦν, etc. The intr. future στήσομαι was originally built  from ἔστην, but became associated with the s-aorist later. Also, the trans. reduplicated athematic present ἵστημι is limited to Greek; one may compare τίθημι,  ἵημι, βίβημι. Both Indo-Iranian and Italo-Celtic have thematic formations: Skt. tisthati 'stands', Lat. sistit (both < *-sth,-e-ti). The intr. perf. ἕστηκα, plur. ἕστἄμεν is  old (leaving aside the enlargment in -x-), and together with Skt. tasthdu, plur. tasthimd, Lat. stetimus it continues an IE perfect formation. The verbal adjective  στατός (Il.), also in Skt. sthitd- 'standing', Lat. status, ON stadr, etc. < PIE *sth,-to- is  old as well. For more different IE formations, see LIV' s.v. *steh,-. See also ▶︎ iotavw.

XXXXXἱστία 'hearth'. «Var Ion. =i). - ἑστία.

===Pag_649: Beekes_Página_0649.tiff===

XXXXXἱστός [m.] 'beam (of a loom), loom, tissue; mast' (11.}. IE *steh,- 'stand, set'>

    *COMP Often as a first member, e.g. ἱστο-δόκη 'support of the mast' for the mast  when let down (A 434), ἱστο- πέδη 'hole in the keel for stepping the mast' (μ 51 = 162,  Alc. Z 2, 6); cf. Risch IF 59 (1949): 26; ἱστο-βοεύς 'pole, thill (Hes. Op. 431, 435, A. R. 3, 1318 and Orac. apud Paus. 9, 37, 4), metrical enlargement of *ioté-Bpoocg = ἱστὸς  βόειος, βοῶν (cf. ἱππο-πόταμος) after the instrument names in -evc; also ἱστο-βόη  (AP 6, 104, after -δόκη, etc.).

    *DER ἱστίον, mostly plur. -ia 'sail' (Il), also 'curtain' (LXX), 'piece' as a measure  (pap.). ι

    *ETYM Formation like φορτίον 'load, wares' et al. (Chantraine 1933: 59). Belongs to  ἵσταμαι (or a lost present of the type Lat. si-st-0) as 'stand'; originally used for the  (standing) beam of the loom; cf. Chantraine 1928: 14 and Hermann Gétt. Nachr. (1943): 7. See also »ἵστημι, ▶︎ στήμων.

XXXXXἴστωρ, -ορος [m.] 'knowing, expert' (h. Hom. 32, 2, Heraclit. B., S.), 'witness' (Ηρ... Boeot. inscr., Att. oath for ephebes in Poll. 8, 106), in unclear mg. Σ 501, Ψ 486 (witness' or 'arbiter'?), also Hes. Op. 702.

    *DIAL Boeot. Fiotwp.

    *COMP With prefix in ovv-iotwp 'witness, conscious' (to σύν-οιδα; trag.,, Th. Pb.)  with συνιστορέω 'to be conscious of a matter' (Hell.); ém-ictwp 'knowing  something, familiar with' (φ 26, A. R, AP et al.), bnep-ic-twp 'knowing all too well'  (S. El. 850 [lyr.], momentary formation); d-iotwp 'unknowing' (Pl. Lg. 8450, E. Andr. 682), πολυ-ἵστωρ 'polyhistor' (Ὁ. H., Str.), ptA-iotwp 'who loves knowledge' together  with φιλιστορέω (Str, Vett. Val.).

    *DER ἱστόριον 'testimony' (Hp.), ἱστορία (see below). Denominative verb iotopéw  (also with prefix, e.g. dv-, ἐξ-) 'be witness or expert, give testimony, recount, get  testimony, find out, search' (Ion., trag. Arist, Hell.) together with ἱστόρημα  'account' (Ὁ. H.); usually ἱστορία, -in 'knowledge, account, (historical) account,  history, search, investigation' (IA, Hell.), which formally derives from ἵστωρ, but was  functionally associated with iotopéw. Adjective ἱστορικός 'regarding ἱστορία or  ἱστορεῖν, historical' (PL, Arist, Hell.; cf. Chantraine 1956a: 134-136).

    *ETYM From *yid-tér, an agent noun of οἶδα, ἴσμεν. The word itself, but especially  the derivations iotopéw, iotopin that arose in Ionic, have spread over the Hellenic  and Hellenistic world together with Ionic science and philosophy. The aspiration is  probably not original; explanation in Schwyzer: 226 and 306. Unsuccessful attempt  by Floyd Glotta 68 (1990): 157-166 to derive the word from ἵζω 'sit, seat' as  'convenor'. On the history of the concepts iotwp, iotopéw, iotopin, see Kretschmer  Glotta 18 (1930): 93f. Fraenkel 1910: 218f., Snell 1924: s9ff., Keuck 1934, Frenkian  REIE 1 (1938): 468ff., Leumann 1950: 277f, Muller Mnem. 54 (1926): 235ff., and Louis  RPh. 81 (1955): 39ff. See ▶︎ οἶδα.

XXXXXἰσχίον [n.) 'hip-joint, haunches' (IL). 4 PG(V)>

    *COMP As a second member eg. in ἐξ-ίσχιος 'standing out from the haunch' (Hp.),  εὐ-ίσχιος 'with beautiful hips' (Hell. poetry).

===Pag_650: Beekes_Página_0650.tiff=== XXXXXἰσχύς, -ύος 603

    *DER Diminutive ἰσχάριον (Hero); ἰσχιακός 'belonging to the hip' (Thphr.); ἰσχιάς,  -άδος ([f.] (scil. νόσος) 'pain in the hip' (Hp.) with ἰσχιαδικός (medic.), as a plant-  name = λευκάκανθα (Dsc., as a remedy against ἰσχιάς, Stromberg 1937: 194); ἰσχίᾶσις  = ἰσχιάς (medic, as if from *icyiaw, see Schwyzer: 505 and 732); denominative verb  ἰσχιάζω (ἰσχιάδδειν H.; Lacon.) 'bend the hip-joint' (Procop., Suid. Phot. H.;  uncertain Gal. 18 [1] 786).

    *ETYM No etymology. Ificyt- ὀσφύς 'loins' (H.) is correct, the formation corresponds  to that of ἄλφι and μέλι. Skt. names for body parts like sékthi 'thigh-bone' (which is  unrelated to ἰσχίον) and dsthi 'bone' seem to have a similar formation, but these  probably have -i < *-H. Latte thinks that ἴσχι is simply a mistake for ἰσχίον. Fur. 393  connects it with ἰξῦς, which seems quite possible if one assumes consonant  metathesis in ἰσχίον. One might assume a Pre-Greek pre-form *ik?-; cf. on ▶︎ ἴξαλος. Pre-Greek had several words ending in -t, which is very rare in inherited Greek (Pre-  Greek: 3.1b).

XXXXXἰσχνός [adj.] 'dry, arid, languishing, lean' (IA). <?>

    *COMP E.g. ἰσχνό-φωνος 'with dry (weak) voice' (Hdt. Hp. Arist.), often connected  with ἴσχω (vl. ioxd-pwvoc; cf. below on icyvaivw) and understood as 'having an  impediment in one's speech'; ἔν-ισχνος 'a little dry' (Nic. Al. 147; cf. Stromberg 1946:  128).

    *DER ἰσχνότης 'dryness, etc.' (Hp., Arist.); denominative verbs: 1. ioxvaivw (also with  prefixes like xat-, ἀπ-) 'dry up, make lean' (IA) with icxvacia, -in 'dried up state,  leanness' (Hp. Arist.), ἰσχνασμός (Hp.), ἴσχνανσις (Paul. Aeg.) 'emaciation',  ἰσχναντικός 'fit for reducing' (Arist.); 2. ἰσχνόομαι 'to get dry', -6w 'to make dry',  also with ἀπ-, ἐξ-, etc. (Hp. Arist.), together with ἴσχνωσις, -wtikdc (medic., etc.). Further ἰσχαλέος 'dry, barren' (τ 233, Man.) and ἰσχάς, -άδος [f.] 'dried fig' (com.,  Arist.) with derivatives ἰσχαδο-πώλης, ἰσχάδιον, etc. (com.).

    *ETYM The pair ἰσχνός, ἰσχαλέος does not show an old interchange v : A (which is no  IE category, though it does have a parallel in σμερδνός : σμερδαλέος). One might  have expected a verb ἰσχαίνω (cf. κερδαλέος : κερδαίνω), which incidentally is often  found as a ν.]., but this may also be a cross with ἰσχάνω 'to hold back'. A cognate u-  stem has been assumed in Av. hisku-, MIr. sesc 'dry', IE *si-sk-u-(o-). These are  derived from a root *sek- 'wither' (see Pok. 894). For ἰσχνός, an ad hoc base form *si-  sk-sno- has been assumed (Brugmann-Delbriick 1897-1916 2:1, 475). The derivational  basis for ἰσχάς is unclear; given οἶνάς, κοτινάς, φυτάς, μυρτάς, etc. one would expect  a noun. ἰσχῦς, -ύος [f.] 'power, strength, might' (Hes.). <PG?>

    *COMP Compound ἄν-ισχυς 'powerless' (LXX). As a first member e.g. ἰσχυρο-ποιέω  'strengthen, fortify' (Plb.), as a second member in ἀν-ίσχυρος 'powerless' (Hp., Str.),  ὑπερ-ίσχυρος 'extremely strong' (X., Arist.).

    *DER Denominative verb ἰσχύω, aor. ἰσχῦσαι (also with prefix, e.g. év-, ἐξ-, κατ-,  bmep-) 'have power, be strong' (Pi., Hp., Att.) together with ἴσχυσις (LXX). Adjective ἰσχῦρός 'powerful, strong, mighty, vehement' (IA); thence ἰσχυρικός  'strong' (Pl. Tht. 169b), see Chantraine 1956a: 147, with denominatives: 1. ἰσχυρίζομαι

===Pag_651: Beekes_Página_0651.tiff===

'to prove one's strength, exert oneself, proclaim emphatically, etc.' (Heraclit., Att.), also with prefixes like Si-, ἀπ-, ἀντ-, together with the desiderative icyupt-eiw 'to venture to affirm' (Hp.); 2. κατ-ισχυρεύομαι 'to be violent' (Aq.). ῬΝΊσχύλος (inscr.).

    *ETYM The glosses (Lacon.) βίσχυν, γισχύν: ἰσχύν (H., also Hdn. Gr. 1, 509) point to  PGr. "εισχῦς, which was connected with Skt. vi-sah- 'to have in one's power' by  Brugmann IF 16 (1904): 493f. and Brugmann-Delbriick 1897-1916 2:1, 209. The latter  word belongs to the root *seg"- (s.v. σχεῖν, ▶︎ ἔχω) with a prefix *ui- 'apart, asunder',  but this prefix does not exist in Greek, so the etymology fails. However, Myc. i-su-  ku-wo-do-to has no digamma, which means that the f- in the glosses may be  secondary after *fic 'power' (thus Meillet BSE 27 (1927): 129ff., though with false  explanation of the i- as 'prothetic'). The connection with ἔχειν seems rather  improbable. On the d-stem (like πληθῦς, νηδύς, etc.), see Schwyzer: 463f. and Meid  IF 63 (1958): 19, who assumes an abstract formation from an adjective *ft-oy-vc  'resisting' (-v- like in ἐχυ-ρός), which is not very convincing. Chantraine Emerita 19  (1951): 134ff. considers connection with ἰξύς, ἰσχίον. Pre-Greek origin seems quite  possible.

XXXXXἰταμός [adj.] 'headlong, hasty, eager, bold, reckless' (Att.). <?>

    *DER Also ἴτης, -ov [m.] 14. (Ar. PL), and ἰτητικός = ἰταμός (Arist.); from itaw? See  ▶︎ εἶμι. Further ἰταμότης (PL, Plb.), ἰταμία (LXX) 'vigour, effrontery', ἰταμεύομαι 'be  it. (Jul. Or. 7, 210¢; interpolated).

    *ETYM Mostly, i-try¢ is derived from ἰέναι 'to go' (Chantraine 1933: 318) as  'Draufganger' (thus already in antiquity, e.g. Pl. Prt. 349e, 359c), though most other  oxytones in -αμός are substantives (ποταμός, etc.). Probably a word from the Attic  popular language (incorrectly, Fraenkel 1912: 58f.).

XXXXXἰτέα [f.] 'willow' (® 350), also 'shield made of willow' (E., Ar.; cf. Triimpy 1950: 73).

    <IE  *ueh,i- 'bend', *uh,i-tu->

    *VAR Epic Ion. ἰτέη (-ei- A. R. 4, 1428, with metrical lengthening?).

    *COMP Compound ἰτεό-τφυλλος 'adorned with willow-leaves' (Halic. III*).

    *DER ἰτέϊνος 'of willow' (Hdt., Thphr., pap.), itewv 'willow forest' (Gp.).

    *ETYM Formation like πτελέα and other tree names (Chantraine 1933: 92). From a  noun parallel to (F)ituc, which derives from *ueh,-i- 'bend'; cf. γιτέα (Ξ fitéa): ἰτέα  (H.). See on »ἴτυς for further etymology. Itacistic writing has been assumed for the  initial t- on account of the Att. deme name Eitéa (cf. on olcoc).

XXXXXἴτον [n.] Thracian name for a kind of mushroom (Thphr. fr. 167, Plin. H.N. 19, 36).

    *VAR OUITOV TO ὑπ᾽ ἐνίων οἰτόν (H.).

    *ETYM Probably fitév (thus DELG). Fur.: 110, 184 connects it with ▶︎ ὕδνον, ὕτνον  'truffle' which has variants oiSvov, oitvov. Furnée is mistaken to assumes a prothetic  6-, since 6- and ov- just indicate f-, a bilabial [w]. So we have *wit- and *wid-n-, with  a suffix beginning with n-, and voicing before the nasal (cf. Fur: no on σπίκανος,  σπιγνός; on the suffixes with a nasal added after a consonant, see Pre-Greek: Suffixes,

===Pag_652: Beekes_Página_0652.tiff===

-v-). Moreover, in ὕτνον, the t became v after the w, which itself disappeared before the v (so wit- > wut- > ut-).

XXXXXἴτριον [n.] name of a cake (IA), made from sesame and honey acc. to Ath. 14, 646d. <?>

    *VAR Usually plur; long initial syllable in Ar. Ach. 1092.

    *COMP  ἰτριο-πώλης (Poll.) 'seller of itpiov'.

    *DER ἰτρίνεος 'like itpiov' (AP).

    *ETYM Unknown; probably a loanword.

XXXXXἴττον [n.] -év. Κρῆτες 'one (Cret.)' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM See Latte 1953, who notes that Solmsen BB 17 (1891): 135 reads Sittov.

XXXXXἴτυς, -vog [f.] 'felloe, rim of a shield', also metaph. 'shield' (IL). <1£ ueh,i- 'bend', uh,i-tu->

    *ETYM Aeol. ritug (gramm.; cf. also Chantraine 1942: 144) proves that the connection  with ἰτέα, οἷσος, ἶρις is correct. It therefore properly means 'bend, curve' (whence  first 'willow'?), a derivative in -tv- from a verb 'bend, twist', seen in Lat. vie6 'to bind,  twist', Skt. vydyati 'wind, wrap, envelop', ptc. vitd-, Lith. vyti, 1sg. νε]ὰ, ptc. vytas, Ru. vit', 18g. vju 'to turn, wind'. Greek fituc corresponds exactly to Lat. vitus 'felloe' (also  vititus 'provided with a felloe', concluded from βιτωτός Ed. Diocl.), but the latter is  rather a loan (WH s.v.). Elsewhere, there are also traces of tu-derivatives, both in  Greek and in Balto-Slavic: ἰτέα, oicoc next to OPr. witwan 'willow', OCS vétvs, Ru. vitvina 'twig, rod'.

XXXXXἰυγή

    *VAR ἴυγμα, ἰυγμός. -οἰύζω.

XXXXXἴυγξ, -γγος [f.] name of a bird, 'Tynx torquilla' (Arist., Ael.), which was bound to a turning wheel during incantations to win back a lost love; thence the meaning 'spell, charm' (Pi, Ar, X. [cf Gow JHS 54 (1934): iff.) and Theocr. 2, 41 [cf. Kretschmer Glotta 26 (1938): 63)); also (mostly in plur.) name of certain Chaldaic gods (Procl., Dam.).

    *DER Ἰύγγιος month name in Thessaly (IG 9(2), 258: 5); to Ἰυγγίης: ὁ Διόνυσος (H.)?  Cf. on itu; ἰυγγικός 'belonging to the tvyyec (Dam.).

    *ETYM Formation like navy, στρίγξ, σύριγξ, and other names of birds and musical  instruments (Chantraine 1933: 3 and 398). It has been connected with ἰύζω, after the  crying of the bird (e.g. Osthoff MU 4 (1881): 1857). However, it was without a doubt  originally a loanword that was adapted to ▶︎ ἰύζω by folk etymology.

XXXXXἰύζω [v.] 'to cry aloud, how? (IL).

    *VAR Aor. ivEat (Pi. P. 4, 237). Also av-w lw (Q. S.). Cf. ἀβιυκτον (cod. -ηκτονν ἐφ᾽  οὗ οὐκ ἐγένετο βοὴ ἀπολλυμένου (H.), and ἐκβιούζει: θρηνεῖ μετὰ κραυγῆς 'bewails  with crying' (H.); DELG explains the Ε as analogical after ἰάχω, but this seems  unnecessarily complicated; see below.

    *DER ἰυγή (Orac. apud Hdt. 9, 43, S, Nic.), ἰυγμός (2 572, A, E.) 'crying', also εἰύγματα [pl.] 'id' (A. Dict. in PSI 11, 1209, 17); ἰύκτης [m.] 'howler, flutist', only in  ἰύκτἄ (Theoc. 8, 30; after ἠπύτα, ἠχέτα, Fraenkel 1910: 223).

===Pag_653: Beekes_Página_0653.tiff===

With prenasalization ἰυγκτόν: τορόν 'piercing' and ἰυγγοδρομεῖν: ἐκβοηθεῖν. Βοιωτοί 'to march out to aid (Boeot.)' (Η.), after βοηδρομεῖν; perhaps a mistake for ivyo-? Also Tvyying: Διόνυσος (H.), with the Thessalian month name'Ivyyioc; details in Kretschmer Glotta 18 (1930): 98.

    *ETYM A verbalized interjection, cf. ij (Hdn. Gr. 1, 506); or is the latter a back-  formation from ἰύζω We also find ἰού, iw, iad, but these may have had another  initial. From the interjection also 'Ivoc, epithet of Dionysus (Lycaonia; cf. Robinson  AJA 31 (1927): 26ff., Wahrmann Glotta 19 (1931): 161). See further ▶︎ ivyé. The forms ἀβίυκτον (cod. -κτον)" ἐφ᾽ οὗ οὐκ ἐγένετο βοὴ ἀπολλυμένου (cf. Latte  ad loc.) and ἐκβιούζει- θρηνεῖ μετὰ κραυγῆς (H.) point to ᾿ειύζω (cf. Furs 277). With  its prenasalization, the word is typically Pre-Greek; note the vocalism of -βιουζει.

XXXXXἴφθιμος [adj.} 'powerful, strong, vigilant' (Hom., Theoc., D. P.).

    *ETYM Uncertain etymology, as the meaning itself is uncertain. The absence of a  digamma (Chantraine 1942: 143) makes connection with ic, ἶφι impossible. Kuiper  Glotta 21 (1933): 28off. and Kuiper ΖΗ 8 (1930): 249f.) connected it with φθάνω and  Skt. ksdyati 'possess, dominate; doubts in Schwyzer: 326'. Athanassakis Glotta 49  (1971): 1-21 explains the word as from *igt-tip-o¢ (with τιμ- 'honor'), but syncope  does not occur on a regular basis in Greek, so this must be wrong. The word is non-  JE and therefore probably Pre-Greek, just as Fur.: 318 assumes (following Ruijgh  1957: 155).

XXXXXἴφιος ⟹ ἴς 1.

XXXXXἴφυον [n.] kind of lavender, 'Lavandula Spica' (Ar., Epich., Thphr.).

    *ETYM Fur.: 391 connects τίφιον [n.] 'Scilla autumnalis' (Thphr.), (see Stromberg  1940: 155f.) with ἴφυον as a variant without t- (for which there are only few examples,  however). Nevertheless, a Pre-Greek word is probable a priori.

XXXXXἰχανάω [v.] 'to desire, try, crave' (Hom., Babr., Herod.). «IE *h,eh.g"-, h,i-h.g'- 'desire'>

    *VAR Often med. -άομαι."

    *DER Also ixaivw 'id? (Call. Aet. 1, 1, 22).

    *ETYM Probably an innovation after boavaw : ὑφαίνω et al. (see Schwyzer: 700). More details on the formation in Risch 1937 (par. 1126) and Chantraine 1942: 360. An  alternating r-stem may be seen in iyap 'desire' (A. Supp. 850 [lyr.]). For the  connection with Skt. thate 'desires', Av. iziieiti 'longs for', see ▶︎ ἀχήν.

XXXXXἰχθῦς, -boc [m.] 'fish' (1... «1ὲ *dg'uH- 'fish'>

    *COMP Often as a first member, mostly with added 0, e.g. ἰχθυο-πώλης 'fish seller'  (com.) beside ἰχθυ-βόλος (A., AP ; -βολεύς Nic., Call.). As a second member in dv-,  εὔ-, πολύ-ἴχθυς (Str.), also πολυ-ἴχθυος (h. Ap. 417; metrically convenient).

    *DER Diminutive ἰχθύδιον (com., pap.), probably from -v-iéiov > -ὕδιον; later -b-  (Schwyzer: 199 and Fraenkel 1912: 1778; different Chantraine 1933: 70). Other substantives: ἰχθύᾶ, Ion. -ὕη 'dried fish(skin), fishery' (medic. pap.);

XXXXXἰχθυήματα [pl.] (rarely sing.) 'fish-scales' (Hp.); ix8via 'fishery' (Procl.); ἰχθυεῖον 'fish market' (Nesos; uncertain); ἰχθυόνερ- ἰχθυαγωγοί H; cf. Schwyzer: 487.

===Pag_654: Beekes_Página_0654.tiff=== XXXXXἰχώρ, -ὥρος 607 Adjectives: ἰχθυόεις 'rich in fish, consisting of fish' (Hom.); ἰχθυώδης 'rich in fish, fish-like (Hdt.); ἰχθυηρός 'consisting of fish, scaly, polluted' (Ar., Ph.), ἰχθυηρά [f.] 'fish-taxes' (pap.); ἰχθυϊκός 'regarding fish, fish-like' (LXX), -ἰκή 'fish toll' (Magnesia, Ephesus); ἰχθυακός 'id.' (Aq., Sm., Thd.); ἰχθύϊνος 'id.' (Ael.). Verbs: ἰχθυάω 'fish', also intr. 'behave like a fish' (Od.), also ἰχθυάζομαι 'fish' (AP). Cf. the derivatives of ἅλς (ἁλι-εύς, -εύω, -εία, etc.), which compete with the group of ἰχθῦς.

    *ETYM On the accent, see Schwyzer: 377f. and Berger MSS 3 (1953): 7. An old word for  'fish' in general, also found in Armenian and Baltic: Arm. jukn (acc. to Kortlandt, -k-  is a reflex of the laryngeal, like in mu-kn < *muH-n- beside μῦς), Lith. Zuvis, Ζμνᾷ  [gen.pl.], Latv. zuvs. For the 'prothetic' vowel i-, cf. on »ἰκτῖνος and ▶︎ χθές. The  word is now reconstructed *dé"uH-, the long vowel in the nom. being caused by a  laryngeal. The western languages (Latin, Celtic, Germanic) had a different word for  'fish': Lat. piscis, Olr. iasc, MoHG Fisch.

XXXXXἴχλα [f.] name of a sea-fish. < PG(V)>

    *VAR κίχλα, κίχλη (BCH 60, 28 [Boeotia II"), H.); cf. ἰχάλη = ἐσκευασμένος ἰχθῦς. ἢ  κίχλη τὸ ὄρνεον 'a prepared fish; thrush', and ἴχλα' κίχλα (H.), also ἴσλαι = κίχλαι  'thrushes' (H.). Nasalized κίγκλος.

    *ETYM See Lacroix 1938: 52f. The variants show that the word is Pre-Greek; see Fur.:  130, 297f., 379. On the initial x-, see Fur.: 391.

XXXXXἴχνος [n.] 'footstep, trace, track, sole of the foot' (p 317). <?>

    *COMP As a first member eg. in ἰχνο-σκοπέω 'look at the track (or traces)' (A, S.,  Plu.).

    *DER ἴχνιον 'id.' (IL), with ὑπ-ίχνιος 'what is under the sole' (Ὁ. S.). Denominative  verb ἰχνεύω 'to trace' (X 192), also with prefix, e.g. ἀν-, ἐξ-, δι-; thence ἰχνευτής  'bloodhound, Ichneumon' (Hdt,, 5.), also ἰχνευτήρ 'id.' (Opp., Nonn.; cf. Fraenkel  1910: 134f.) and ἰχνεύτειρα (Corcyra); ἰχνεύμων, -ονος [m.] 'tracer', name of an  Egyptian kind of weasel, 'Ichneumon', also metaph. of a kind of wasp (Arist. Eub.);  ἴχνευμα 'trace' (Poll.); ἰχνευτικός 'good at tracing' (Ph., Arr.). Also ἐξ-ιχνιάζω 'to  trace' with ἐξιχνιασμός (LXX, Aq.), from ἴχνος after the verbs in -140w (cf. Schwyzer:  735) rather than from iyviov. Tyvain epithet of Θέμις (h. Ap. 94) derives from the TN  Ἴχναι in southern Thessalia. ᾿

    *ETYM Formation in *-nos- like ἔρνος, κτῆνος, etc. but of unclear origin. Perhaps  related to ▶︎ οἴχομαι, which is doubted by DELG s.v. Different explanations by Wood  Class. Phil. 16 (1921): 65 and Wood Class. Phil. 21 (1926): 72. Perhaps the form ἴχματα:  ἴχνια (H.) stands for ἴθματα (related to ▶︎ εἶμιλ. West Glotta 77 (1999): 123f. reads  ἴχματα in N 71.

XXXXXἰχώρ, -ὥρος [m.] 'juicy, watery part of blood' (Hp., Arist; from the poetic language, see Leumann 1950: 310), 'blood of the gods' (E 340, 416), secondarily of the blood of the Giants (Str. 6, 3,5), blood in general (A. Ag. 1480 [anap.]). <?>

    *VAR Acc.sg. ix@ (E 416).

    *COMP As a first member eg. in ixw(po)-ppoéw [v.] 'to run with serous matter  (Hp.).

===Pag_655: Beekes_Página_0655.tiff===

    *DER ἰχωρώδης 'serous' (Hp.).

    *ETYM Without an exact morphological parallel (cf. Schwyzer: 519 and 569,  Chantraine 1942: 212), and probably a foreign word. Several unconvincing  explanations have been proposed: a loan from Hitt. eshar (which is related to ▶︎ Zap),  e.g. Heubeck 1961: 81 and Neumann 1961: 18; comparison with ἱκμάς (Pisani RILomb. 73 (1939-40): 492ff.); or with ἶχαρ, ixavaw (Bolling Lang. 21 (1945): 4off.), etc. All of  these and other previous proposals are rejected by DELG, which continues by stating  that the word is probably Indo-European; this is far from certain, of course. Acc. to  Jouanna and Demont REA 83 (1981): 197-209, we should start from the technical,  medical conception, and not from the poetic one.

XXXXXἴψ, ἰπός [m.] name of a worm that eats horn and wood, notably vines ( 395, Thphr. Str.).

    *COMP Ίπο-κτόνος name of a god in Erythrai (Str. 13, 1, 64).

    *ETYM Rhyming with Opty, κνίψ, σκνίψ; Frisk suggests a cross of one of these with  >it. Traditionally connected with ἔψασθαι (see ▶︎ imac). See also Gil Fernandez 1959:  116. Rather, ἴξ and ty reflect one and the same Pre-Greek word *ik'-, which was  adapted in two different ways.

XXXXXἴψος [m.] a tree, 'cork-oak, Quercus Suber (?)' (Thphr. HP 3, 4, 2). <?>

    *VAR Also ἱψός; ἰψόν' τὸν κισσόν. Θ«ορύριοι 'ivy (Thurii)' (H.).

    *ETYM Unknown. Some compare *(F )iuBw.

XXXXXἰώ [exclam,] 'alas!' (A.).

    *DER ἰωή 'cry, noise (Il.), ἰωά (A.). =i), ἰήϊος.

XXXXXἰωγή = ἐπιωγαί.

XXXXXἰωκή [f.] 'rout, pursuit' (Il).

    *VAR Acc.sg. ἰῶκα (A 601); see Chantraine 1942: 231, Egli 1954: 12f.

    *DER ἰωχμός 'id.' (1]., Hes., Theoc, cf. Triimpy 1950: 160), ἴωξις: δίωξις 'pursuit' (H.),  παλΐωξις 'pursuit in turn' (Il, App.), whence προίωξις (Hes. Sc. 154).

    *ETYM Primary formations from fiwKet 'pursues' (Cor.), so for (FLwKh, παλι-  (Fyiwkic, etc. On traces of the digamma, see Chantraine 1942: 143; ἰωχμός (with  metrically lengthned 1.) is from *iwx-opo-. For the relation between fiwKet (only  inscr. Corinth, see LSJ) and figpau, see ▶︎ διώκω. The verb may be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXἼωνες [m.pl.] 'Ionian', one of the four Greek main tribes (since N 685 Ἰάονες ἑλκεχίτωνεςλ <?>

    *VAR In epic poet. mostly plur. Ἰάονες, rarely sing. Ἴων, Tawv.

    *DIAL Myc. I-ja-wo-ne.

    *COMP As a second member in Παν-ίωνες (Eust. 1414, 36), a back-formation after  Παν-έλληνες from Πανιώνιον [n.] 'temple of all Ionians', +a [pl.] name of the  festival (Hdt.), Πανιώνιος [m.] epithet of Apollo and others (inscr.).

    *DER 1. Ἰάς, -άδος [f.] Ionian woman, Ionic' (Hdt., Th.), Ἰακός (Plb.), formed to  Ἴωνες after Ἕλληνες: Ἑλλάς. 2. Ἰαόνιος 'Tonic, Greek' (A. [lyr.]), Iaovic [f.] (Nic.);  late Ἰώνιος 'id.' (Philostr.), Ἰωνίς [f.] (Call., Paus.), Ἰωνιάς [f.] (Nic. Str.); hereTwvia  'Tonia' (A. Pers. 771), Ἰαονίη-θε (Nic. fr. 74, 2). 3. Ἰωνικός 'Tonic' (Hdt., Th.). 4. ὁ

===Pag_656: Beekes_Página_0656.tiff=== XXXXXἴωψ, -ωπος 609 Ἰόνιος (κόλπος) [m.] 'the Ionic Sea' (between Epirus and Italy). 5. Ἰάνειος patronymic (Thess.). 6. iwvicxog [m.] Ephesian name of the fish χρυσόφρυς 'gilt- head' (Archestr.), cf. Stromberg 1943: 86. Denominative verb ἰωνίζω [v.] 'to speak Ionic' (A. D.). Uncertain is the appurtenance of lawAkéc, Twikd¢ town in Magnesia on the Pagasaic gulf (since Hes. Th. 997), which could properly mean 'port of Ionians' if it derives from Ἰαρξο-ολκός.

    *ETYM The foreign adaptations of the tribal name, Eg. jwn(n)', Hebr. jawan, OP  yauna, etc. point to a pre-form Ἰάρονες, but a further analysis of this form is  uncertain. A shorter form *"lov-ec is supposed in Ἰόνιος (Jacobsohn KZ 57 (1930):  76ff.), if it is not a reshaping after χθόνιος (Beaumont JHS 56 (1936): 204 connects  Ἰόνιος with Ἰώ). In any case, lac and' lawAkéc can be explained from Ἰάονες, Ἴωνες. Unclear Ἰάνων (anapestic in A. Pers. 949f. [lyr.]). Acc. to Vendryes BSE 25 (1924): 49,  the accent in Ἴωνες shows the Attic shift as in ἔγωγε. As the proper meaning is unknown, the name remains without a clear etymology. An interesting attempt was recently made by Nikolaev 2006, who suggests an  original meaning 'die Kraftigen', starting either from *uiH- 'force' or from *h,ish,-, to  which a suffix *-awon- was added. See also Ruijgh Minos 9 (1968): 109-155 and Heubeck MSS 48 (1987): 139-148.

XXXXXἰωρός [m.] mg. uncertain (A.D.). <?>

    *ETYM Acc. to A. D. Pron. 55, 26 Att, = ὁ αὐτῆς τῆς πόλεως φύλαξ, wrongly  connecting the pronoun i. Cf. Hdn. 1, 200: ὁ γνήσιος φύλαξ; Suid. gives iwpdc:  θυρωρός, φύλαξ: kai παροιμία: οὐδ᾽ ἐντὸς ἰωροῦ: Kai ὁ νόμος ὁ παρ᾽ ᾿Αθηναίοις  ἐκτὸς ἰωροῦ ἐκέλευεν ειναΐ τοὺς ἀνδροφόνους. (App. Prov. 4, 39), so a ban (ἐντὸς,  ἐκτὸς ἰωροῦ) on a killer, taken as 'house' by Η:; cf. also ἰωρός- τὸ ὀρ«ερινὸν χωρίον,  καὶ τὸ ὄρος. καὶ οἶκος, καὶ ὁ τούτου φύλαξ (H.). Boisacq posited *Fi-fwpd-c, related  to ὁράω, ὥρα, Hom. οὖρος 'guardian'; this is purely hypothetical.

XXXXXἰῶτα (n.] the ninth letter of the alphabet (Pl. Cra. 4180). «τὴν Sem.>

    *VAR Indeclinable.

    *DER ἰωτακισμός 'repetition of the iota' (Quint.), after σολοικισμός, ἀττικισμός, etc.

    *ETYM From Semitic, cf. Hebr. jadh; see Schwyzer: 140 and 313.

XXXXXἴωψ, -ωπος [m.] name of a small fish (Nic. Call. in Ath., Ael., Hdn. Gr. 1, 247).

    *VAR Boeot. fiwy (BCH 60, 28, II*).

    *ETYM Thompson 1947 s.v. No doubt a local word for small useless fishes, i.e. a Pre-  Greek word (cf. on ▶︎ ixtap 3). I therefore think that it started with *w', like e.g. ἰύζω.

===Pag_657: Beekes_Página_0657.tiff===

===Pag_658: Beekes_Página_0658.tiff===

XXXXXκα [pcel.] Ξ' κε.

XXXXXκαβαθα --γάβαθον.

XXXXXκάβαισος [m.] 'gluttonous fellow' (Cratin. 103), also PN (IG 5(2), 271: 9 [Mantinea ΙΝ).

    *VAR Also κάβασος (Poll. 6, 43 ν.1.).

    *ETYM In antiquity, the word was analyzed as a compound of κάβος and αἶσα, which  is of course nonsense. For the ending, cf. Ἀγόραισος (SGDI 3269, 12; 3386, 36;  Schulze 1933a: 665). The meaning and structure of the word point to Pre-Greek  origin. Fur.: 214 points to the v.l. κάβασος. If we combine these variants, we arrive at  a Pre-Greek form *kamas'-. He further connects καμασός: βάραθρον 'abyss', which  is possible but uncertain; the comparison with καμασήν 'fish' is even more uncertain.

XXXXXκαβάλλης, -ov [m.] 'workhorse, nag, ἐργάτης ἵππος᾽ (Plu. AP, H.).

    *DER καβάλλ(ελιον [n.] 'id' (inscr. Callatis, H.), also metaph. = ἡ πρώτη tod  τρικλίνου κλίνη: διὰ TO ἀνάκλιτον 'the first couch in a dining-room with three  couches' (H.). Further καβαλλάτιον (< Lat. *caballatium) plant name, =  κυνόγλωσσον (Ps.-Dsc. cf. the plant names in inmo-, Strémberg 1940: 30);  καβαλλάριος (Teucros Astrol.) = Lat. caballdrius 'groom' (gloss.), καβαλλαρικός  (μύλος, τάπης Edict. Diocl.).

    *ETYM The PN Καβαλλᾶς (IV%, Rev. Arch. 1925, I 259) shows that the word is old in  Greek. Like Lat. caballus, W PN Caballos, καβάλλης (with technical and popular -ης;  Chantraine 1933: 30f.) is an Asiatic loan or a Wanderwort, perhaps originally an  ethnicon like Wallach et al. It has been compared with Turk. kdéval epithet of at  'horse', MoP kaval 'second class horse of mixed blood', and further with Ru. kobyla  'mare'. Connection with the Anat. EN Καβαλεῖς (Καβηλέες Hdt.) is uncertain, as is  the appurtenance of κάβηλος, κάληβος: ἀπεσκολυμμένος τὸ αἰδοῖον (HL), cf. on  βάκηλος.

XXXXXκαββαλικός [44].] 'good at throwing somebody to the ground', said of a fighter (Gal. Thras. 45).

    *DER Compar. καββαλικότερος (Plu. Mor. 236e, M. Ant. 7, 52).

    *ETYM Laconian for καταβλητικός.

XXXXXΚάβαρνοι [m.pl.] name of the priests of Demeter on Paros (IG 12(5), 292 [1ΠΡ], H.).

    *DER KaBapvic, poetic name of Paros (St. Byz.).

===Pag_659: Beekes_Página_0659.tiff===

612 -καβδαλος

    *ETYM See Κάβειροι  -καβδαλος = αὐτοκάβδαλος.

XXXXXκάβειος [adj.] - νέος. Πάφιοι 'young (Paph.)' (H.).

    *ETYM The word has been corrected to "κάβειρος, which is possible but uncertain. It  has been suggested that it refers to the fact that the Kabeiroi are often children. The  word is probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXΚάβειροι [m.pl.] name of chthonic gods, especially on Samothrace and Lemnos, as well as in Boeotia (Pi, Hdt., inscr.).

    *VAR  Κάβειροι: καρκίνοι 'crab, pair of pincers' (H.); whether there is any relation  with the gods, is unknown.

    *DER Καβειρίδες (vipat); Καβειρώ mother of the C; Καβείριον sanctuary of the C.

    *ETYM Not related to Skt. Kubera- (Wackernagel KZ 41 (1907): 316ff.), see Mayrhofer  KEWA sv. The root of the name is clearly the same as that in Κάβαρνοι. This root  must have been Pre-Greek *kabar'-. The palatalized consonant explains both *a > ε  and the 4 before the v, the palatal character was neglected. See Beekes Mnem. 57  (2004): 465-477. See Hemberg 1950.

XXXXXκάβος [m.] measure of grain: 4 ξέσται (LXX). «τὴν Orient>

    *ETYM From Hebr. gab. Cf. also Eg. kb, see Hemmerdinger Glotta 46 (1968): 247. See  > γάβαθον, ▶︎ καβαθα.

XXXXXκάβουρος [π|.] 'crab' (Επ51.), see Rohlfs 1930: 94f.**. < PG>

    *DER καβουρᾶς 'crab-fisher' (Inscr. Ephes. 4282).

    *ETYM MoGr. has κάβουρος 'crab'. The word is no doubt Pre-Greek; cf. on  > σκίουρος.

XXXXXκάγκαμον [n.] name of the 'resin of an oriental tree' (Dsc.).

    *ETYM Related to Arab. kamkdm, but not to the word for 'saffron', Arab. kurkum,  Hebr. karkém, Akk. kurkdnu. Cf. on ▶︎ κρόκος. Lat. cancamum was borrowed from  κάγκαμον (since Plin.).

XXXXXκάγκανος [adj.] 'arid, barren' (Il.).

    *DER καγκάνεος 'id' (Man.). Denominative καγκαίνει: θάλπει, ξηραίνει 'heats, dries';  also καγκαλέα: κατακεκαυμένα 'what has been burnt up' (H.), which is probably an  innovation after the many adjectives in -αλέος meaning 'arid, dry (ἀζαλέος,  αὐαλέος, etc.). Without a suffix: καγκομένης: ξηρᾶς τῷ φόβῳ (H.) and πολυ-καγκής  epithet of δίψα 'thirst' (A 642), perhaps formed to a present *KayKopau.

    *ETYM Words for 'hunger, pain' are traditionally connected with the group of  κάγκανος: the full grade primary verbs κέγκει: πεινᾷ 'is hungry' (Phot.); from other  IE languages: Lith. kerikti, sg. kefikia 'to ache' (burns, withers'), secondary ON hd  'to tease, pain' < PGm. *hanhon, and the verbal nouns Lith. kanka 'pain', Go. huhrus  'hunger', denominative huggrjan 'to hunger'. If this comparison is correct and if we reconstruct a root *kenk-, the ablaut of  κάγκανος, etc. must be secondary. Schulze KZ 29 (1888): 269f. connects the glosses  κακιθής: ἄτροφος ἄμπελος 'untended vine', κακιθές: χαλεπόν, λιμηρές 'harsh,

===Pag_660: Beekes_Página_0660.tiff=== XXXXXΚαδμῖλος 613 hungry', κακιθά: λιμηρά (Η.), the second member of which would belong to ▶︎ αἴθω, ἰθαίνω; but if so, the first member could also be κακός, as DELG s.v. notes. Because of the root structure (nasal and a-vocalism), the word is suspect of Pre- Greek origin. The words compared mean 'hunger, pain', and not primarily 'arid, dry'.

XXXXXκἀγκελί(λ)οι [m.pl.] 'railings, barrier, starting gate' (pap., inscr., imperial period; sch.), also as a measure (μέτρῳ τῷ καγκέλλῳ, etc.) in pap. <LW 1.41.»

    *VAR Sometimes sing. -ος, ntr. τον.

    *DER καγκελ(λ)γωτή 'provided with lattice', of διαβάθρα, θύρα (pap., sch.).

    *ETYM From Lat. cancelli [pl.] 'id' (Cic.); likewise, καγκελλάριος (Lyd. Mag., pap. VIP) = Lat. cancellarius (since ΝᾺ.

XXXXXκαγκύλας [acc.pl.] - κηκίδας. Αἰολεῖς 'mussels (Aeol.)' (H.).

    *ETYM Cf. κογχύλαι- κηκῖδες (H.) and κογχύλια τὰ ὄστρεα. Kai πορφυραι. Oettinger  General Linguistics 40 (2003): 7iff. concludes that καγκ- is just a mistake for koyx-. However, the variation αἱ 0 is typical for Pre-Greek, as is κί x. Therefore, there seems  no reason to reject the attested form. Of course, the word has nothing to do with  MoHG Hengst, etc.

XXXXXκαγρᾶ(ς) [m.] - καταφαγᾶς, Σαλαμίνιοι 'gluttonous (Salaminian)' (H.).

    *ETYM From xata- and ypaw (Bechtel 1921, 1:, 421).

XXXXXκαγχαλάω [v.] 'to rejoice, exult' (1].).

    *VAR  Only pres. and ipf. καγχαλάασκε (A. R, Q. S.).

    *COMP Also with prefix: ἐπι-, mept-.

    *DER καγχαλίζεται: χαίρει, ἱλαρύνει 'rejoices' (H.).

    *ETYM Expressive verb of onomatopoeic character. If one compares κακχάζω and  καγχάζω, -aAdw may be considered as a lengthening, comparing ἀσχαλάω,  βαυκαλάω (see ▶︎ παμφαλάω). However, Apollonius and Bechtel 1914 reject the  derivation from καγχάζω, and connect it with yaAdw 'to relax, let go', assuming  intensive reduplication. Further arguments in favor of the former view are given by  Tichy 1983: 222f.

XXXXXκάδαμος [adj.] - τυφλός. Σαλαμίνιοι 'blind (Salamis)' (H.).

    *ETYM If reliable (see Schmidt ad loc. and van Herwerden 1910 s.v.), it may belong to  Hom. xexadwv, κεκαδήσει 'to rob'. Not related to Lat. cadamitas (which is secondary  for calamitds; see WH s.v.). One gets the impression of a Pre-Greek word (a-  vocalism), and it is preferable to abandon attempts at an inner-Greek or Indo-  European etymology.

XXXXXΚαδμῖλος [m.] one of the ▶︎ Κάβειροι, son of Kabeiro and Hephaistos; he is the younger man, beside an older one and the Mother Goddess. < PG>

    *VAR Also Κάσμιλος, Κάμιλλος; on the forms of the name see Beekes Mnem. 57  (2004): 466ff.

    *ETYM The suffix of this name has been compared with MurSili and Troilos, and  Morinail (of the Lemnos inscription). As a whole, it may be identical with that of

===Pag_661: Beekes_Página_0661.tiff===

Hasammil(i/as), ἃ Hattic god. Was it originally *Hafmil? It is probably a derivation of Kadmos, though there is no tradition that confirms this.

XXXXXΚάδμος [m.] name of a hero, the founder of Thebes (Od.) < PG(S)>

    *VAR  Κασσμος (vase Rhegium).

    *DER Καδμεῖος, Καδμήιος [44}} (Hes.); Καδμεία 'the hill of Thebes' (X.); Καδμειῶνες  'the inhabitants of Thebes' (Il.); καδμεία (γῆ) 'cadmia, calamine' (Dsc.).

    *ETYM The connection with ▶︎ κέκασμαι is certainly wrong. The name is found for a  river in Thesprotia and for a mountain and a river in Caria. Therefore, the word is  without a doubt Pre-Greek, and of unknown meaning (Beekes Mnem. 57 (2004):  46sff. and Beekes Kadmos 43 (2004): 172f. This is confirmed by the name Καδμῖλος  which has a suffix -tA-, which is well known in Anatolia. The structure of the name  agrees with that of Πάτμος, Λάτμος, Λάκμος. There is no further support for the  gloss κάδμος: δόρυ, λόφος, ἀσπίς (H.). Cf. on ▶︎ Καδμῖλος.

XXXXXκάδος [m.] 'vessel for wine and other fluids'; also a measure (IA). 4Lw Sem.?, PG?>

    *DER Diminutive κάδιον (LXX, Delos III*, Cyrene II-III°), καδίσκος, also 'voting urn'  (Att.); with hypocoristic gemination and familiar suffix -χ- (Chantraine 1933: 404)  κάδδιχος, as a measure 'half ἑκτεύς᾽ (Lac, H.), together with κεκαδδίσθαι (-ix8ar?)  'to be rejected by a vote' (Lac., Plu. Lyc. 12); also κάδδιξ (Heracl.), probably after  χοῖνιξ and ἄδδιξ (Ar. Fr. 709); hypercorrect καταδίχιον (Tauromenion) for  Ἰκαδδίχιον as if from κατά and diya. See Wackernagel 1907: 11f,, Bechtel 1921, 2: 374f.,  Fraenkel Phil. 97 (1948): 163.

    *ETYM Generally considered to be a loanword, probably from Semitic, cf. Hebr. kad  'bucket' (Schwyzer: 64 andis2 and E. Masson 1967: 42-44). From κάδος, Lat. cadus  and Arab. kadiis were borrowed (Lokotsch 1927: N° 988). Fur.: 130 compares ἄδδιξ,  with interchange ΚΙ zero, and suggests that the words are Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκάδουσα [f.] - εἶδος σταφυλῆς 'a kind of vine' (H.).

    *ETYM The word is most probably Pre-Greek (Fur.: 173⁵⁵).

XXXXXκάδυρος [m.] « κάπρος dvopyic 'boar without testicles' (H.). «ΡΟ»

    *ETYM von Blumenthal 1930: 39 connected it with Hom. κεκαδών, κεκαδήσει 'to rob'. Cf. Perpillou 1996: 112-124. The connection seems improbable; the element -vp-  rather points to Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXκαθαπτή [f.] name of a vessel (PSI 4, 420, 26 [III*)).

    *ETYM Named after the strap through its handles (Bonner AmJPh. 62 (1941): 453ff.);  as an adjective, καθαπτός means 'connected with' (E. Fr. 752).

XXXXXκαθαρός [adj.] 'clean, spotless, pure, unmixed, white (of bread, linen)' (Il.).

    *VAR Dor. κοθαρός (Heracl. et al.), Aeol. κόθαρος (Alc.).

    *DER καθάρειος (-10¢) 'pure, elegant' (Arist., Men., Plb.), adverb καθαρείως (X.), after  ἀστεῖος; on καθάρυλλος (of ἄρτος, etc., com.) cf. Leumann Glotta 32 (1953): 219%. καθαρότης 'purity' (Hp. PL), καθαρ(ελιότης 'purity, refinement' (Hdt.). Denominative verbs: 1. ka8aipw (κοθ- Heracl.) 'to purify' (Il.), aor. καθῆραι (-ἄραι),  often with prefix, eg. ἀνα-, ἀπο-, dia-, éx-, περι-; thence κάθαρσις (1A; κόθ- El.)

===Pag_662: Beekes_Página_0662.tiff=== XXXXXκαιέτα 615 'purification, καθαρμός 'atonement' (Hdt., trag.), κάθαρμα (often plur.) 'purification, refuse' (Att.); καθαρτής 'purifyer, conciliator' (Hp. S.), -τήρ 'id. (Man., Plu.), -τήριος (Ὁ. H.); καθάρσιος (to καθαρτής, κάθαρσις, καθαρτός) 'purifying' (Hdt., trag.), καθαρτικός 'id' (Hp., Ρ].). 2. καθαρίζω 'to purify' (LXX), also with prefixes ἀπο-, dta-, ἐκ-, περι-, with καθαρισμός (LXX), καθάρισις (pap.), etc. 3. καθαρεύω 'to be pure' (Ar., Pl.) with καθάρευσις (H., EM); also καθαρι-εύω (Paus., gramm.). 4. καθαρι-όω 'to purify' (LXX).

    *ETYM No etymology, see Frisk and DELG for unsuccessful older attempts. The  variation a/o points to Pre-Greek origin (Fur.: 391 even connects it with ἀθαρής, but  this is doubtful). Alternatively, Peters 1993b: 95ff. takes up the old connection with  Skt. sithird- 'loose', reconstructing *kyth.-ro-, but this etymology needs too many ad  hoc assumptions: independent dissimilatory loss of the first r in both branches,  doubtful laryngeal aspiration *tH > 9 (πλατύς is a strong counterexample, and  cannot be explained away by πλαταμών), and too complicated semantics.

XXXXXκαθειστόν [n.] - εἶδος φιλήματος 'kind of kiss' (H.). 42>

    *ETYM Mistake for xAeiotév? Latte suggests καθελκτόν.

XXXXXκάθιδοι [m.] - ὑδρίαι. Ἀρκάδες 'vessels (Arc.)' (HL). <?>

    *ETYM Hoffmann 1891: 103 considers reading κάθυδροι 'those filled with water' or  κάθυδοι 'id.' (from ὕδος; cf. ὑδαλέος). For -t- instead of -v-, Thurneysen Glotta 12  (1922): 146 compares Metidpiov = Μεθύδριον. See ▶︎ κηβίς.

XXXXXκαί [conj.] 'also, even; and' (I1.). <1 *knt- 'along with, downwards'>

    *DIAL Arc. Cypr. κας (secondarily xa).

    *ETYM From *xatt (cf. Hitt. katti) > *xaoi> κάς, καί (Ruijgh 1967a: $293). Also found  in ▶︎ κασίγνητος. Acc. to Klingenschmitt MSS 33 (1975), καί, Arc. Cypr. «ag 'also,  even; and' and -κάς in ἀνδρα-κάς may all derive from *kNs(-i).

XXXXXκαιάδᾶς [m.] 'pit or cavern at Sparta, into which people sentenced to death (or their bodies) were thrown' (Th. 1, 134, Paus. 4, 18,4, D. Chr. 80, 9). «ΡΟ»

    *VAR Gen. -ov, Dor. -a.

    *DER Also καιάτας, -έτας 'id' (Eust. 1478, 45); καιετός 'fissure produced by an  earthquake' (Str. 8, 5, 7), καίατα' ὀρύγματα' ἢ τὰ ὑπὸ σεισμῶν Katappayévta χωρία  'pits; places split by earthquakes' (H.).

    *ETYM The connection with Skt. kévata- [m.] 'pit' must be rejected (Kuiper 1991: 27),  and we cannot reconstruct PIE *kaiuy-t-; cf. Mayrhofer KEWA s.v. The form καιετός  may be a reshaping after ὀχετός, (σ)κάπετος, etc., and καιάδας does not necessarily  contain an old variant with -6-, since glosses like γαιάδας: ὁ δῆμος ὑπὸ Λακώνων  'people (Lacon.)', yavoddac: ψευδής 'false' (H.) show that Laconian extended the use  of the suffix -6a-. The forms καιάτας, -étac are secondary. It seems clear that the word is Pre-Greek. A pre-form *kaw'at- would probably give  *xaipa/et-, where the ε is from a after a palatalized consonant; the ὃ can also be  interpreted as a normal variant of τ. See Fur.: 180, 349 and on ▶︎ κητώεσσαν.

XXXXXκαιέτα [f.] - καλαμίνθη. Βοιωτοί 'mint' (H.).

===Pag_663: Beekes_Página_0663.tiff===

, -ov

    *VAR καιετας (without accentuation, Apollon. Lex. s.v. κητώεσσαν), καιατῶν  (gen.pL.] (Anon. Lond. 36, 57). Also kaiata(c).

    *ETYM Has been connected with καίω, because of the burning taste (Fraenkel 1910: 62  A. 2, Bechtel 1921, 1: 306). The word is rather Pre-Greek, though a direct connection  with ▶︎ καιάδᾶς is not evident.

XXXXXκαικίας, -ov [m.] 'northeast wind' (Ar., Arist.). <?>

    *ETYM For the formation, cf. ἀπαρκτίας, Ὀλυμπίας, and other wind names  (Chantraine 1933: 95); basis uncertain. Already Ach. Tat. Intr. Arat. 33 (cf. von  Wilamowitz 1931: 265") explained it as '(the wind) coming from the Kdixog', a river  in Aeolis, comparing the similar names Ὀλυμπίας, Ἑλλησποντίας, etc. Others (Pisani  KZ 61 (1934): 187, Huisman KZ 71 (1954): 99) take it as 'the blind one' = 'the dark,  obscuring one' from the word for 'blind, one-eyed': Lat. caecus 'blind', Olr. caech  'one-eyed', Go. haihs 'id', Skt. kekara- 'squinting'. Lat. aquilé 'north wind', from  aquilus 'dark', has also been compared. Not very probable.

XXXXXκαινός [adj.] 'new, newly found, unexpected' (IA).

    *COMP Often as a first member, e.g. in καινο-τομέω (: καινὰ τέμ νειν), properly an  expression of mining: 'cut out a new (type of) stone', metaph. 'introduce innovations  (in the stateY (Att.), together with -topia, -τόμος; καινο-ποιέω 'introduce  innovations, renovate' (S., Plb.) together with -ποιΐα, -ποιητής (see Fraenkel 1912:  gof.).

    *DER Abstract καινότης 'innovation' (Att.). Denominative verbs: 1. καινίζω 'to  innovate, inaugurate' (trag.), also with prefix, especially dva- (Isoc., Str. Plu.), ἐγ-  (LXX, NT); thence (ἐγ-)καίνισις, -τσμός (LXX); deverbal ἐγκαίνια [pl.] 'consecration  of a temple' (LXX, NT). 2. xatvéw 'to innovate, inaugurate' (Hdt., Th.), ava- (NT,  etc.), whence (ἀνα-)καίνωσις (J, NT). PNs Katviac, Καίνιος, etc. (Bechtel 1917b: 229),  Katvetc together with Καινεΐδης (BoShardt 1942: 128, Debrunner 1923: 32).

    *ETYM Comparisons have been made with YAv. nom.sg. kaine 'girl', acc. kaininam,  Skt. gen.pl. kanindm 'id', full grade kanya 'girl' (reinterpreted as an d-stem), and the  adj. kanina- 'young'; grades of comparison kdniyas-, kdnistha-. Another cognate is  Lat. recéns 'fresh, new, young', which must derive from re-cen-t(i)-, from a verb 'to  rise, begin' seen in Olr. cinim 'to originate', OCS -ceti, 18g. -Cong 'begin' < IE *ken-. The appurtenance of OW cein 'beautiful is doubtful (cf. Matasovi¢ 2008 s.v. *kani-. See Pok. 563f. and LIV? s.v. *ken-.

XXXXXκαίνυμαι [v.] 'to overcome, surpass, excel' (Od.). 4GR?>

    *VAR  In éxaivuto (y 282, Hes. Sc. 4), ἀπε- (0 127, 219; A. R. 2, 783), περι-καίνυται  (Nic. Th. 38), act. ipv. καινύτω (Emp. 23, 9).

    *ETYM Perhaps analogical from ν κέκασμαι, ▶︎ κέκασται after δαίνυμαι, ἐδαίνυτο,  which were connected with δέδασμαι, δέδασται (Brugmann 1886-1900 2: 1012,  Brugmann 1913: 339; also Hester Lingua 13 (1965): 373).

XXXXXκαίνω [v.] 'to kill' (trag., Timocr.1, 9, Theoc. 24, 92).

    *VAR Aor. kaveiv (κανῆν Theoc. l.c.), fut. κανῶ, perf. κέκονα (5. Fr. 1058).

    *COMP Also with xata- 'id.' (X.).

===Pag_664: Beekes_Página_0664.tiff=== XXXXXκαῖρος 617

    *DER kovat- φόνοι 'murders' (H.).

    *ETYM By-form of ▶︎ κτείνω with the same simplification of the anlaut as in χαμαί  beside χθών (Schwyzer: 326). It was supposed that καίνω, κανεῖν arose from κατα-  κανεῖν by dissimilation from κατα-κτανεῖν (Kieckers [836 (1916): 233ff., Chantraine  Sprache 1 (1949): 142°), but it is difficult to connect this with the chronology of the  attestations.

XXXXXκαίπετος [m.] - dbivij'axe-head' (H.).

    *ETYM Stands at an alphabetically wrong place in Hesychius. Specht KZ 52 (1925): 90  compared CS cépiti 'split'. It is rather a Pre-Greek word (in which -eto- exists as a  suffix).

XXXXXκαιρός [m.] 'right measure, (right, decisive) point of time, (favorable) opportunity, time of the year, time' (Hes.; cf. καίριος below). <?>

    *COMP καιρο-φυλακέω [v.] 'to guard (at the right time) (D., Arist.), ἄ-, εὔ-καιρος  with 4-, εὐ-καιρία, -έω, etc.

    *DER καίριος 'finding its mark, decisive, deadly' (Il); 'coming at the right time,  convenient'; καιρικός 'at the right time, belonging to certain times', καίριμος 'deadly'  (Macho apud Ath. 13, 581b; not quite certain), 'matured', of wine (PFlor. 143, 2; 1ΠΡ),  after ὥριμος (Arbenz Die Adj. auf -ιμος: 55 and 59).

    *ETYM Uncertain. Several proposals: related to κείρω as 'decisive moment' or '(a  certain) time', for which compare Lat. discrimen (Persson 1891: 107, Brugmann  Sachs. Ber. 52 (1900): 410"); to κεράννυμι 'mix' (Brugmann IF 17 (1904-1905): 363f;  morphologically complicated; similarly, Benveniste 1940a: 11ff., who asserts that it is  properly 'atmospherical mix'); to κύρω 'meet, meet accidentally (Bq, phonetically  difficult); to Skt. Καὶ ά- 'time' (Giintert 1923: 232; phonetically impossible, on which  see Mayrhofer KEWA s.v.). On the meaning of καιρός, see Wersdorfer 1940: 54ff. and Pfister 1938: 131ff.

XXXXXκαῖρος [m.] 'row of thrumbs (on the loom), to which the threads of the warp are attached' (Ael. Dion. Fr. 440, Phot. 304, EM); the exact construction remains unknown. <?>

    *DER καίρωσις (Poll. 7, 33, H.), acc. to H. = τοῦ στήμονος οἱ σύνδεσμοι 'the fastenings  of a warp', a collective abstract from *xaipdw 'to provide with kaipou'; καίρωμα =  καῖρος (Ael. Dion. |.c., see Chantraine 1933: 187), also 'texture' (Call. fr. 295);  καιρωτίδες (-wot(p)idec) 'female weavers' (Call. fr. 356, H., Suid.). Note καιροσέων,  epithet of ὀθονέων (η 107) for kaipovocéwv (on the explanation Wackernagel 1916:  84f. against Kretschmer Glotta 13 (1924): 249 who sticks to his interpretation), gen.pl. of καιρόεσσα, fem. to καιρόεις which properly means 'provided with Kaipou'; exact  meaning uncartain. Cf. καιρία, mostly ▶︎ κειρία (-17-, -1-).

    *ETYM A technical expression of unclear meaning, and therefore etymologically  difficult. According to H. Petersson (see Pok. 577f.), it is related to Arm. sarik' [pl.],  gen. sareac' 'sling, rope', as well as to sard, instr. sardi-w 'spider'. Clackson 1994:139-  140 pleads for a different origin of the Armenian sari-k', which rather means 'chain,  fetter', also 'band'. Cimochowski Ling. Posn. 5 (1955): 194 connected it with Albanian  thur 'twine, weave'.

===Pag_665: Beekes_Página_0665.tiff===

XXXXXκαίω [v.] 'to kindle', med.-pass. 'to burn' (Il). <1E? *keh,u- 'burn'>

    *VAR Att. Kaw, aor. καῦσαι, epic (also Att. inscr. IG 1, 374: 96; 261) κῆαι, pass. καῆναι᾽  (epic Ion.), καυθῆναι, fut. καύσω, perf. κέκαυκα, κέκαυ(σ)μαι (1A).

    *DIAL Myc. a- pu-ke-ka-u-me-no, pu-ka-wo /pur-kawos/ (vel sim.).

    *COMP Often with prefix, eg. δια-, ἐκ-, κατα-, ὑπο-. Among the compounds, note  ἔγκαυ-μα, -σις, -(σ)τής, -στήριον, -στον (> Lat. encaustum; the red purple with  which the Roman emperors signed, from where Fr. encre); also ὑπόκαυ-σις, -στης,  -στήριον, -OTPA, etc.

    *DER 1. καῦμα 'fire, heat, glow' (IL) with kavpat-wdng (Hp., Arist.), -npds (Str.), fac  (Thphr;; of the sun) 'burning, glowing', καυματίζω 'burn, singe' (NT, Plu., Arr.). 2. καῦσις (ἔγκαυσις, etc.) 'burning' (IA) together with (&y-, κατα-)καύσιμος  'inflamable' (Pl, X.). 3. καῦσος [m.] 'causus, bilious remittent fever, etc.' (Hp. Arist.), from καῦσαι, or rather with a suffix -σο- (Stromberg 1944: 87f.)? Thence  καυσία 'Macedonian hat against the sun', καύσων 'id', also 'heat, hot wind, etc.'  (LXX, NT, medic.), καυσώδης 'burning, hot' (Hp., Thphr.), καυσόομαι, -dw 'to have  causus, burn; to heaten' (medic., NT, pap.) together with καύσωμα 'heating' (Gal.). 4. καυ(σ)τήρ [m.] 'burner, burning iron' (Pi, Hp.), fem. gen. καυστειρῆς, epithet of  μάχης (II) or καμίνου (Nic.), from *kavoteipa (Schwyzer: 474, Chantraine 1942: 192;  note the switch of accent); καυτήριον 'branding iron, brand(mark)' (LXX, Ὁ. S.,  Str.), diminutive καυτηρίδιον (Gal.), denominative verb καυτηριάζω 'to brand' (Str.,  NT). 5. καύστης [m.] 'heater, etc. (pap.). 6. kavotpa [f.] 'place where corpses were  burnt? (Str. inscr.). 7. καυστικός, rare Kavt- 'burning, inflamable' (Arist.). 8. καυθμός 'scorching (of trees), firewood' (Thphr., pap.). Beside these formations  there are older ones whose connection with καίω became less clear due to phonetic  developments: ▶︎ κᾶλον 'wood', ▶︎ κηλέος 'burning, blazing', ▶︎ κηώδης, ▶︎ κηώεις  'smelling', κηυα mg. uncertain; πυρκαιᾶ, πυρκαίη, adj. -ἰός,

    *ETYM All forms go back to ἃ root καυ-, καρ-: καίω (whence Att. Kaw) derives from a  yod-present "κάριτω, while the once enigmatic form ἔ-κητ-α is now explained from  eka'wa < *h,e-keh,u-s-m by Kiparsky Lang. 43 (1967): 627-8. This form is often  incorrectly written with -et-, as in Keiavto, etc. (see Chantraine 1942: 9), and in Att. Kéavtog with quantitative metathesis. The full grade also occurs in epic κηλέος,  κηώδης, and in Delph. κηυα, which shows a PGr. κηρ- beside κἄρ-. For an etymology, we have to rely on Baltic material: Lith. kulés 'Brandpilze,  Flugbrand, Staubbrand des Getreides', kiléti 'brandig werden', Latv. kiila 'old, dry,  grass of last year' (cf. Fraenkel 1955 s.v.). These would represent a zero grade kit <  *kHu-, beside a full grade *keh,us- continued in Greek éxnfa, and zero grade *kh,y-  in *KdF-1w, καῦ-μα.

XXXXXκάκαλα (n.pl.) - τείχη. Αἰσχύλος Νιόβῃ (Fr. 166) 'walls' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Uncertain hypothesis by Solmsen 1909: 215: related to ποδο-κάκκη 'piece of  wood in which the feet of prisoners were tied' (Leges apud Lys. et D., Pl. Com. 249,    sch. [not in LSJ]), also written -κάκη (perhaps after κακός). Chantraine comments:  'rapprochement en lair'.

XXXXXκακιθής [adj.] - ἄτροφος ἄμπελος 'a withering grapevine' (H.). <?>

===Pag_666: Beekes_Página_0666.tiff=== XXXXXκακός 619

    *VAR Also κακιθβές, κακιθά (H.), κακιθή (Theognost. Can, 109).

    *ETYM Acc. to Collinder Eranos 67 (1969): 210, it is itacistic for κακ[ο-]ήθης. See  ▶︎ κάγκανος.

XXXXXκακκάβη 1 [f.] 'three-legged pot' (com.), acc. to Ath. 4, 169¢ = χύτρα.

    *VAR Also κακάβη, κάκαβος (Gal. Alex. Trall.), κάκκαβος [m.] (Nicoch., Antiph.)

    *DER Diminutive κακ()άβι(ο)ν (Eub., pap.).

    *ETYM Technical LW of unknown origin. Semitic origin proposed by Lewy Glotta 16  (1928): 137 and Grimme Glotta 14 (1925): 19 (who compares Akk. kukubu); rejected  by E. Masson 1967: 83-83, but defended again by Szemerényi IF 73 (1968): 194f. In the  meaning 'kettle', it could be a metaphor of 'partridge', acc. to Hemmerdinger Glotta  48 (1970): 53. Lat. cac(c)abus, diminutive cac(c)abulus (= κακουβαλουμ in Ps.-Dsc.;  André Latomus 14 (1955): 518) are borrowed from the Greek. Cf. WH s.v. cac(c)abus. Given the variations and the variant in Lat. cascabus 'cacabus grandis' (gloss.), cited  by Fur.: 298, the word is likely to be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκακκάβη 2 [f.] 'partridge' (Ath. 9, 3904).

    *VAR  κακκαβίς [f.] (Alcm. 25).

    *DER κακκαβίζω 'to quack', of a partridge (Arist., Thphr.), of owls (Ar. Lys. 763; ν.. -βάζω; cf. κικκαβάζωλ also κακκάζω, of hens (H.).

    *ETYM For the ending, Chantraine 1933: 260 compared ὄτοβος, κόναβος, θόρυβος;  further onomatopoeic. Lat. cacabare 'quack' was borrowed from Greek. One may  compare Lat. cacillare 'id.', MoHG gackern, MoDu. kakelen, Ru. kokotdt', etc., all  onomatopoeic for 'to quack'. On the other hand, Hitt. kakkapa-, Akk. kakkabanu  'partridge' have also been compared (Benveniste 1962: 7); see also Szemerényi IF 73  (1968): 94 and Cardona Orbis 16 (1967): 161-164. Neumann 1961: 60 suggests Lydian  origin.

XXXXXκακκάω [v.] 'to shit (Ar. Nub. 1384, 1390), κάκκη 'human ordure' (Ar. Pax 162). <ONOMP

    *ETYM Lallwort from the language of children with expressive gemination, like Lat. cacare, MIr. caccaim 'to shit', cacc 'ordure', Du. kakken, Ru. kdkat', Arm. k'akor  'dung', etc. kak(k)aAia name of several plants (Dsc., Plin.).

    *VAR  κακαλίς: νάρκισσος 'narcissus' (H.). = ἀκακαλίς.

XXXXXκακός [adj.] 'bad, awful, worthless' (IL). <ΙΕ? *knk- 'slight', PG?>

    *VAR  Grades of comparison: κακώτερος (1].), κακίων, κάκιστος (Il.), after ἄριστος  acc. to Seiler 1950: 100f., but see now DELG Supp.

    *DIAL Myc. ka-zo-e /kazohes/.

    *COMP Often as a first member (in opposition to εὖ); also as a second member, e.g. bahuvrihi ἄ-κακος 'who does not know what is bad, unguilty' (Sapph., A.); also ἀ-  κάκᾶς (Dor.), epithet of Hades (Megara), of Darius (A. Pers. 855 [lyr.]), cf. Chantraine 1933: 28.

    *DER Abstracts: 1. κακότης 'badness' (1].); 2. κακία 'id' (Thgn., Att; on κακότης :  κακία see Porzig 1942: 212); 3. κάκη 'bad character, cowardice' (A. E.); after πάθη,

===Pag_667: Beekes_Página_0667.tiff===

βλάβη, cf. Frisk Eranos 43 (1945): 221; as a second member in otopa-Kaxn a disease of mouth and teeth (Str., Plin.). Denominative verbs: 1. κακίζω 'to revile', -iGouat 'to behave badly, be a coward' (1].), with κακισμός (Phid., Str.), κάκισις (Vett. Val.) 'scorn'; 2. κακόω 'to revile, damage, ruin' (IL) together with κάκωσις 'maltreatment, damage' (IA), κακωτής 'damager', κακωτικός 'damaging, harmful (Ph., Vett. Val.); 3. κακύνομαι 'to prove to be bad or cowardly', -bvw 'to damage' (E., PL).

    *ETYM No clear etymology. Neo-Phrygian xaxo(v)v is a loan from Greek, acc. to  Solmsen KZ 34 (1897): 52* and others. De Lamberterie (see DELG Supp.) compares  OAv. kasu- 'small, slight', with grades of comparison kasiiah-, kasista- 'smallest'. However, if this is accepted, his reconstruction of a PIE root *kak- may be altered to  *knk-. Another option is comparison with the root of Lith. ke/ikti 'to ache' < *kenk-,  and the Germanic group of Go. huhrus 'hunger'. Alternatively, the word could be  Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκάκτος [f.] 'a kind of thistle, cardoon, cactus' (Epich., Theophr., Theoc.). «ΡΟ»

    *ETYM Foreign word of unknown origin (cf. Strémberg 1937: 102). See André 1956  s.v. cactus. Lat. cactus was borrowed from the Greek. Fur.: 321, 371 thinks the -κτ-  points to Pre-Greek and compares ἀκακία.

XXXXXκακχαδίαι - ἰσχνόφωνοι 'wth weak voices' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Schmidt corrects it to κισχαῦδαι, which would be contracted from καὶ  ἰσχαῦδαι; cf. σχαῦδαι (= ἰσχαῦδαι): ἰσχνόφωνοι (H.).

XXXXXκαλαβοῦτοι [9] - ἐν τῷ τῆς Δερεάτιδος ἱερῷ Ἀρτέμιδος ἀδόμενοι ὕμνοι 'songs sung of Artemis in the sanctuary οὔ). (H.). <?>

    *ETYM On a suggestion by Laum, see Wahrmann Glotta 17 (1929): 242f. M. Schmidt  suggests reading "καλαβοίδια; see ▶︎ καλαοίδια. Latte reads -βῶται.

XXXXXκαλαβύστας = daKdhaBoc.

XXXXXκαλαβώτης -'-'ἀσκάλαβος.

XXXXXκαλαδία [f.] - ῥυκάνη 'plane-tree' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Acc. to von Blumenthal 1930: 39, it belongs to κλαδαρός, κλάδος (2).

XXXXXκαλάζει [v.] - ὀγκοῦται. Ayatot 'is elated (Achaian) (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXκάλαθος [m.] 'basket (Ar, Arist.), also metaph. of various objects, e.g. 'capital of a pillar' (Callix.), 'reservoir of an oil-lamp' (Hero).

    *COMP As a first member e.g. in καλαθη-φόρος [f.] 'bearer of a «.' (Ephesus III),  Καλαθηφόροι title of a comedy by Euboulos. On -1- see Schwyzer 438f.

    *DER καλαθίσκος (Ar, Lys.), τον [n.] (Delos II}; καλάθιον (Poll. Orib.); also  καλάθωσις 'coffering of a ceiled roof (gloss.).

    *ETYM For the formation, cf. ▶︎ γυργαθός (ybpya8oc), ▶︎ κύαθος, ὁρμαθός, etc. Connected with ▶︎ κλώθω by de Saussure 1879: 267, which is formally impossible. Probably Pre-Greek.

===Pag_668: Beekes_Página_0668.tiff=== XXXXXκάλαμος 621

XXXXXκαλάϊνος [adj.] 'blue-green, bluish', of stones, earthenware, etc. (PSI 4, 396, 9 [III], Peripl. M. Rubr. 39 [cod. καλλεανός), AP, Dsc.). <?>

    *VAR Also καλλ-.

    *ETYM An adjective in -1voc, seemingly derived from κάλλαις 'blue-green stone,  turquoise' (Plin. NH 37, 151), but this could also be a back-formation. Comparison  with »xdAAatov 'cock's comb, the feathers of a cock' and ▶︎ καλαΐς 'hen' is  improbable.

XXXXXκαλαΐς [f.] 'hen', msc. 'cock' (IG 41). 40: 5, 41: 6 Epid. [V*]). <?>

    *VAR Only acc. -ἰδα.

    *ETYM No etymology. Mostly taken from ▶︎ καλέω. Bechtel 1921, 2: 5i1o0f. posits  *xaAapic, a fem. of *kahapéc, which would properly mean 'the calling one', by  comparison with Skt. usd-kala- 'cock', 'who calls early' (see ▶︎ ἠϊκανός). However,  we cannot obtain *xada- from ▶︎ καλέω, as the root ended in -h,. Pagliaro Arch. glott. ital. 39 (1954): 145ff. identifies καλαΐς 'hen' with κάλλαϊς 'turquoise' (and with κάλαϊς'  τὸ ἱστίον H.), καλάϊνος, and perhaps with κάλλαιον. Fur.: 125 fn. connects it with  Lat. gallus.

XXXXXκαλαμίνθη [f.] name of an odoriferous plant (Hp., Ar., Arist.).

    *VAR Also -μινθα (Philum. Ven., Phot.), -μινθος (Nic. Th. 60).

    *DER καλαμινθίνη 'id.' (medic; after prtivy, etc, Chantraine 1933: 204),  καλαμινθίτης (Dsc., of οἶνος), καλαμινθώδης 'full of κ΄ (Str., Apollon. Lex.). Καλαμίνθιος name of a frog (Ar. Bair. 224).

    *ETYM Unknown. The formal agreement with κάλαμος and μίνθη does not permit a  conclusion. The assumption of a pre-form "καλαμο-μίνθη with dissimilation is  unconvincing. A derivation kaAdu-tv80cg from κάλαμος (Schwyzer: 526) and the  assumption of a foreign word, with popular adaptation to κάλαμος and μίνθη,  remain hypothetical as well. Cf. Chantraine 1933: 370. A Pre-Greek word is most  probable because of the suffix and the meaning,

XXXXXκαλαμίνδαρ [?] - πλάτανος ἡδονιεῖς (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXκάλαμος [m.] 'reed, grass-stalk', often metaph. of objects made of reed, 'flute of reed, fishing rod, reed pen', etc. (h. Merc. 47 [cf. Zumbach 1955: 5], Pi, IA); on the botanical mg. see Stromberg 1937: 100f. <1 *kolh,-m-, klh,-em- 'reed, straw'>

    *VAR καλάμη [f.] 'stalk or straw' (Hom., Hdt., X, Arist.).

    *cOMP Especially in botanical terminology (Stromberg 1937: 112), e.g. μονο-κάλαμος  'with a single stalk' (Thphr.), καλαμη-φόρος 'with reed' (X. HG 2, 1, 2; vil. -o-, cf. Schwyzer: 526), καλαμη-τόμος 'cutting off stalks' (A. R.).

    *DER Diminutives καλαμίσκος (Ar., medic.), καλάμιον (pap.); καλαμίς [f.] name of  several objects made of reed (Hell. cf. Chantraine 1933: 342f.); collective καλαμία  (ela) 'reed' (pap.); καλαμών 'id.' (lit. pap.); καλαμάριον 'reed-case' (pap.). καλαμεύς 'fisher' (Pancrat. apud Ath.); also καλαμευτής 'id' (AP; as if from  "καλαμεύω, cf. Chantraine 1933: 318); καλαμίτης 'provided with κάλαμος, etc.' (D.).

===Pag_669: Beekes_Página_0669.tiff===

καλάμινος 'made of reed' (IA), καλαμόεις 'of reed' CE. [lyr.]), καλαμώδης 'full of reed, reed-like' (Arist., Thphr.), καλαμικός 'id.' (pap.). καλαμόω [v.] 'to provide with reed, splint (a bone) with reed' (Gal.) together with καλαμωτή 'fence of reed' (Eust., H.); καλαμίζω 'blow a reed flute' (Ath.). From καλάμη : καλαμαία [f.] 'kind of grasshopper' (Theoc. 10, 18), καλαμαῖον [n.] 'kind of cicade' (Paus. Gr., H.), cf. Gil Emerita 25 (1957): 315f. and Georgacas Glotta 31 (1951): 216), καλαμάομαι 'collect grain-stalks, gather ears (of corn) (Cratin, LXX, Plu.) with καλάμημα (Thd.).

    *ETYM An old word for 'reed, straw', with cognate forms in Latin culmus, Germanic  (eg. OHG halm), Balto-Slavic (e.g. OPr. salme 'straw', Latv. salms , Ru. soléma, SCr. slama). Except for κάλαμος, -μη, all these forms can go back to IE *kolh,-mo-, koth,-  meh,-. Therefore, κάλαμος has been explained as from "κόλαμος (comparing  ποταμός, πλόκαμος) by vowel assimilation, but this unsatisfactory solution is  unnecessary, as the proto-language may have had a paradigm *kolh,-m, *kih,-em-,  ie. an m-stem, which was thematicized in the separate branches. From κάλαμος, Lat. calamus and Skt. kaldma- 'writing reed', Arab. galam > Osman. kalém > MoGr. καλέμι were borrowed (Maidhof Glotta 10 (1920): 11).

XXXXXκάλανδρος [m.] 'kind of lark' (Dionys. Av. 3, 15).

    *ETYM Ending like tapavd(p)oc, Μαίανδρος; origin unknown. Thence Ital. calandro  'lark' (Meyer-Ltibke 1911-1920: N° 1486). See also WH s.v. caliandrum. No doubt  either Pre-Greek, or a loan from Anatolia.

XXXXXκαλαοίδια [f.] - ἀγὼν ἐπιτελούμενος Ἀρτέμιδι παρὰ Λάκωσιν 'contest in honour of Artemis (Laconian)' (H.). «σῇ»

    *ETYM Acc. to Fraenkel Glotta 4 (1913): 35, a univerbation of καλεῖν and ἀείδειν. Acc. to Frisk, it is rather a derivation in -ἰο- from καλαὶ ἀοιδαί.

XXXXXκαλάπους [m.] 'shoemaker's last', καλαρῖνες: ὀχετοί. Λάκωνες 'water-pipes (Laconian)'; καλαρρυγαί: τάφροι 'ditches' (H.). Ξ'κᾶλον.

XXXXXκαλάρις [m.] a small bird (Arist. ΗΑ 609a). «ΡΟ»

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXκαλάσιρις, -ἰος [f.] an Egyptian garment with tassels or fringes at the bottom (Hdt. 2, 81, Cratin. 30; a Persian garment in Democr. Eph. 1), also worn at the Mysteries in Andania (Messenia) (IG 5(1), 1390: 17; written -onpic); Καλασίριες [m.pl.] name of a kind of Egyptian soldier (Hdt. 2, 164; after the garment or vice versa?).

    *VAR Also -σηρις.

    *COMP As a second member in τρυφο-καλάσιρις name of a women's garment (Ar. Fr. 320, 6; cf. Risch LF 59 (1949): 269).

    *ETYM Egyptian word without certain etymology; cf. Spiegelberg Zs. f dgypt. Spr. 43  (1905): 87ff. On the notation, see Schwyzer Glotta 11 (1921): 7sf. Further discussion in  Drioton-Vandier 1962: 572f.

XXXXXκαλαῦροψ, -οπος [f.] name of a herdsman's staff, which was thrown to drive back the cattle to the herd (Ψ' 845, Antim, A. R.).

===Pag_670: Beekes_Página_0670.tiff===

    *VAR  Also κολλόροβον (Hipparch. Ptol. written κολλώροβον in BGU 59.13), =  Kopbvn 'staff (H., who has κολλορόβον), see Fur.: 145f.

    *DER καλαυρόπιον (Artem.). Unclear is καλαυρόφις: βακτηριοφόρος 'staff-bearer'  (H.), at an alphabetically wrong position; Fur.: 146" suggests that it is a mistake for  "καλαυροπο-φορίς.

    *ETYM Explained as an Aeolic compound καλα-έροψ by Schwyzer: 224 and  Chantraine 1942: 158, but with unexplained second member. The comparison of the  first member with Skt. sald- 'stick' (cf. on ▶︎ κῆλα) or with ▶︎ κλάω, κλάσαι must be  forgotten. It is a typical Pre-Greek word, containing a labialized phoneme 7, from a pre-form  *kalar'-ap-, where the labial element was anticipated in kakavport-, and colored the  following *a into o. In κολλορ-, the preceding *a was colored to o as well, and the  first *a was assimilated to the following o or w (which may have been contracted  from av). Compare ▶︎ ἄλοξ for the phenomena described here, which are typical of  Pre-Greek loans.

XXXXXκαλέω [v.] 'to call, call by name, name' (IL). <1 *klh,- 'call' >

    *VAR  Epic also κικλήσκω, Aeol. κάλημι, Cypr. καλήζω, aor. καλέσ(σλαι (Il.), pass. κληθῆναι (Archil.), fut. καλέω (IA since Γ 383), καλῶ (Att.), καλέσω (young Att.,  Hell.), perf. med. κέκλημαι with fut. κεκλήσομαι (IL), act. κέκληκα (Ar.).

    *COMP Very frequently with prefix, e.g. dva-, év-, ék-, ἐπι-, Mapa-, προ-, προσ-, συν-. As a first member in καλεσσί-χορος 'calling to the dance' (Orph. L. 718; Schwyzer:  443f.); cf. ▶︎ ὁμοκλή (also Op-), ὁμο-κλέω, -άω.

    *DER With a disyllabic stem: 1. καλήτωρ 'Caller', epithet of κῆρυξ (QO 577), also as a  PN (O 419), with Καλητορίδης (Ν 541); KaAn- as in καλή-μεναι (K 125; athem. Aeol. formation?) 2. Καλήσιος (Z 18); 3. κάλεσις = κλῆσις 'nominative' (gramm.). With a monosyllabic stem: 4. κλῆσις 'call, invitation, summon, etc.' (Att. Hell.), often  to prefixed verbs, e.g. ἐπίκλη-σις 'surname' (11) 5. -kAnpa, eg. ἔγκλη-μα 'reproach,  accusation' (Att.) with éyxAnpov, -ματικός, -patitw, etc. 6, κλητήρ, -ἦρος 'herald,  witness (A., Att.); ὁμοκλη-τήρ 'who calls' (IL) from ▶︎ ὁμοκλή, -ἔω; ἀνακλητήρια  [n.pl.] 'festival when a king is nominated' (Plb.); 7. κλήτωρ, -opoc 'witness', also PN  (Hell.), after κλητήρ (Fraenkel 1910: 17f5 on καλήτωρ : κλητήρ see Benveniste 1948:  29, 40, 46). 8. κλητός 'called, invited, welcome' (Hom.; Ammann 1956: 14 and 21)  with κλητεύω 'call to justice, etc' (Att.), (ἀνα-, εἴς.)-κλη-τικός; often from the  prefixed verbs, e.g. ἔκκλη-τος 'called in' ([A, Dor.) with the collective abstract  ἐκκλησία '(called) meeting' (IA), 'community, church' (LXX, NT); with ἐκκλησι-άζω  and -αστής, -aopds, etc. with nominal first member in πολύ-κλη-τος 'often called',  ie. 'called on from many sides' (A 438, K 420). 9. κλή-δην 'by name' (1 1; cf. eEovopakAndny); 10. ἐπίκλη-ν 'with (sur)name' (Pl; Schwyzer: 425). Deverbative  formation καλιστρέω = καλέω (Ὁ. 47, 60 from Harp., Call; probably first from a  noun, cf. ἐλαστρέω, Schwyzer: 706). On κληΐζω, κληδών (κλεη-, κλη!-) see ▶︎ κλέος.

    *ETYM The disyllabic verbal stem in καλέσαι (analogical καλέσσαι), beside κλιγ- in  κέκλημαι, κικλήσκω, κλητός, points to a root *klh, (καλε- going back to *klh,-e-). Latin has cla- (clamare, clarus) beside cald-re, both from a zero grade root. The

===Pag_671: Beekes_Página_0671.tiff===

present καλέω may be an innovation after καλέσαι; differently, Hardarson 1993a: 82%, Cognate verbal forms include Lat. caldre 'to announce, summon', U karetu < kale- tod; further, OHG hellan 'to resound' and OS haldn 'to call, fetch' (= caldre), OE hléwan 'to low', Hitt. kallis- / kaliss- 'to call, summon'. Noticeable among the nominal forms are Skt. usd-kal-a- 'cock' (see on ▶︎ ἠϊκανός) and Lat. clarus 'sonorous, bright' < kih,-ro-, MoHG hell 'id'. κέλαδος 'noise' is not cognate.

XXXXXκάλη 'tumour'. -'κήλη.

XXXXXκάληβος - ἀπεσκολυμμένος τὸ αἰδοῖον 'with cut off private parts' (H.). =BaxnAos, as well as καβάλλης.

XXXXXκαλῖά [f.] 'hut, barn, granary, nest' (Hes.). <?>

    *VAR  Ion. -ιή; καλιός [m.] 'hut, scale' (Epich., Cratin.).

    *DER Diminutive καλίδιον (Eup.); καλιάς, -άδος [f.] 'hut, nest, chapel' (Attica ΓΝ", Ὁ. H., Plu.) with καλιάδιον (Delos 115).

    *ETYM The word καλιά differs from other oxytone words in -té by its 1, which is long  almost everywhere (but short in Theoc. 29, 12). Etymological connection with  > καλύπτω, etc. is extremely doubtful.

XXXXXκαλίδια (n.pl.]? - ἔντερα. Κύπριοι 'entrails (Cypr.) (H.).

    *ETYM Lidén KZ 61 (1934): 23ff. connected it with Arm. Katird 'intestines (of  animals), with -rd after leard 'liver', and Lith. skilvis 'stomach', Fur.116 compares  γάλλια: ἔντερα (H.) and considers the word to be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκαλινδέομαι [v.] 'to roll about, wallow' (IA).

    *VAR Only present stem.

    *COMP Also with év-, npo-, προσ-, συν-.

    *DER καλινδήθρα 'place for horses to roll' (Ael.), καλίνδησις 'name of a throw of the  dice' (Alciphr.).

    *ETYM Perhaps (but not quite certainly) the aorist δια-καλῖσαι 'transport by rolling'  (SIG? 587, 158) belongs here, together with διακάλισις (Hermione); also, ἐσ- and nap-  κάλισις (Epid.); however, cf. on ▶︎ κᾶλον. For the formation, cf. ἀλινδέομαι and  κυλινδέομαι (Giintert 1914: 1316); DELG thinks it is a cross of these two. Fur.: 391  reminds of the alternation x-/ zero in Pre-Greek words.

XXXXXκαλιστρέω --καλέω.

XXXXXκαλλαβίς, -ίδος [f.] name ofa lascivious dance (Eup. 163, Phot.).

    *VAR  Also καλαβίς (H.) = τὸ περισπᾶν τὰ ἰσχία, ἢ γένος ὀρχήσεως ἀσχημόνως τῶν  ἰσχίων κυρτουμένων.

    *ETYM The word seems to be derived from ἐκάλλαβος; it would belong to the group  of popular, lower class words in -Bog (cf. Chantraine 1933: 26off.). Acc. to Bechtel  1921, 2: 375, it derives from *kataAaBic, but this is semantically unexplained. Fur.: 343  compares κόλαβρος, a song that accompanies the κολαβρισμός.

===Pag_672: Beekes_Página_0672.tiff=== XXXXXκᾶλον 625

XXXXXκάλλαιον [n.] 'wattles' (Ar., Ael., Paus.), 'cock's crest' (Arist.), 'cock's tail feathers' (Ael. Dion.).

    *VAR  Usually plur. -a.

    *ETYM Unknown. The connection with καλαΐς 'cock' was rejected by WP 1, 444. Probably Pre-Greek. See ▶︎ καλάϊνος, ▶︎ καλαΐς.

XXXXXκάλλαΐς, -ίδος [[1 'blue-green stone, turquoise' (Plin.). Ξρκαλάϊνος.

XXXXXκαλλαρίας [m.] a kind of cod-fish (Archestr., Opp., H. s.v. λαζίνης). «ΡῈ»

    *VAR yad(A)apiac: ἰχθύς, ὁ ὀνίσκος 'cod-fish' (H.), γαλλερίας, yeAaping (Dorion)  and χελλαρίης = ὀνίσκος (Dorio apud Ath. 3, 1180).

    *ETYM Acc. to Frisk, formed from κάλλος with a suffix -ἰας (Chantraine 1933: 94). The synonymous γαλ(λ)αρίας is sometimes connected with γαλεός 'dog-fish' (?); see  Stromberg 1943: 130f., as well as Thompson 1947: 97. The variants clearly point to a  Pre-Greek word (Fur.: 140); the two variants with e's and the geminate -λλ- suggest a  pre-form *kal'ar-.

XXXXXκαλλίᾶς [m.] 'monkey' (Din., Herod., H.).

    *VAR Ion. -ing, Dor. -iap (H.).

    *DER PN Καλλίας.

    *ETYM Perhaps a euphemistic usage of the PN (cf. Gal. 18 : 2, 236 and 611), which has  been connected with κάλλος. Cf. Kretschmer KZ 33 (1895): 560 and Kretschmer 1909:  122. A semantic parallel from Indic is given by Schulze KZ 56 (1929): 124: MInd. su-  mukha 'nice face', as a way of addressing an ape. Cf. also Spitzer KZ 57 (1930): 63.

XXXXXκαλλιβάντες [3] - ὅμοια σμιλίοις καὶ ψαλίσιν, ἐν αἷς τὰς ὀφρῦς κοσμοῦσιν ai γυναῖκες. [ἄνθη.] [ἤ γένος ὀρχήσεως ἀσχημόνως τῶν ἰσχίων κρατουμένων) (H.). «Ρ67(9)»

    *ETYM Unknown. Words with the suffix -(iB)avt- are mostly Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκαλλιερέω [v.] 'to bring καλὰ ἱερά᾽, ie. 'to sacrifice favorably' (1A); intr. impersonal (of a sacrifice) 'to be καλὰ ἱερά, work out well' (Hdt.).

    *VAR Aor. καλλιερῆσαι (1A), perf. κεκαλλιέρηκα (X.).

    *DER καλλιέρησις (Attica), -ημα (H., EM); Dor. καλλιαρία (Cos; from ᾿καλλιαρέωλ.

    *ETYM Compounded from καλὰ ἱερά (cf. Schwyzer: 726), with adaptation of the first  member to nominal compounds with καλλι-. See ▶︎ καλός.

XXXXXΚαλλικύριοι > Kiddtkdpiot.

XXXXXκαλλονή

    *VAR κάλλος, καλλύνω. >Kahdc.

XXXXXκᾶλον [n.] 'wood, logs (for burning), timber' (h. Merc. 112, Hes. Op. 427, Ion. trag,, Call., Cyrene), also 'wood for ships' = 'ship' (Lacon. in Ar. Lys. 1253, X. HG 1, 1,23, Plu. Alc. 28.).

    *VAR Mostly plur. -a.

    *COMP As a first member in καλοτύπος: ὁ δρυοκολάπτης 'woodcutter' (H.), καλο-πέδιλα [n.pl.] 'wooden shoes', fetters for the feet of a cow (Theoc. 25, 103); καλό-  πους, -ποδος [m.] 'wooden foot', i.e. ''shoemaker's last' (v.]. in Pl. Smp. 191a and Poll. 2, 195; Edict. Diocl.), also καλά-πους (Pl. l.c., Poll. 10, 141; after tetpd-novc?), with

===Pag_673: Beekes_Página_0673.tiff===

the diminutive καλοπόδιον (Gal. 6, 364 [ν.1. -απ-], Suid.); as technical expressions, καλόπους and καλοπόδιον entered into Eastern languages, e.g. Arab. qalib, whence Osman. kalyp 'form, model > MoGr. τό καλούπι 'id', MP kalapad, MoP kalbud (Maidhof Glotta 10 (1920): 11; Bailey TPS 1933: 49). Of doubtful appurtenance is kahap

va 'canal, water conduit' (Ambracian acc. to sch. Gen. ® 259), kadappufai (cod. -yai): τάφροι. Ἀμερίας 'ditches' (H.), acc. to Schwyzer: 438* properly 'wooden water conduit'; similarly καλαρῖνες: ὀχετοί. Λάκωνες 'water-pipe (Lacon.)' (H.); cf. ῥινοῦχος 'canal', etc., see Kretschmer Glotta 4 (1913): 335.

    *DER κάλινος 'of wood' (Epich., Lyc., A. R., Cyrene); diminutive (?) κάλιον (-iov?):  EvAdptov, βακτηρίδιον 'small piece of wood; small staff; καλύριον (-bqiov?)-  ξυλήφιον 'piece of wood' (H.).

    *ETYM The word has been connected with ▶︎ καίω, καῦσαι as 'firewood', by  comparison with the synonymous δᾶλός 'fire-brand' < δαρ-ελός (to ▶︎ Saiw), under  the assumption that κᾶλον would represent *kdaf-eAov. However, since Dor. κᾶλον  cannot be derived from it, it was necessary to assume *Kdf-aAov (Schwyzer: 248,  Lejeune 1972: 263). Nevertheless, in the case of a pre-form ἔκαξ-αλ-, Pre-Greek  origin is much more likely. The connection with ▶︎ καίω is not certain at all. From the  plur. κᾶλα, Latin borrowed cala [f] 'dry wood, firewood'. See ▶︎ κῆλα.

XXXXXκαλός [adj.] 'beautiful, noble, good' (Il.)) on the mg. Smothers Traditio 5 (1947): 1-57; also Kretschmer Glotta 22 (1934): 261. 4 ?>

    *VAR Primary compar. καλλίων (Alc. ntr. κάλιον [see below], El. καλίτερος  [graphic?], rarely καλώτερος, καλλιώτερος), sup. κάλλιστος; Dor. adv. (Alcm. 98)  καλλά; cf. Wackernagel 1916: 87f.

    *DIAL Epic Ion. κᾶλός, Boeot. καλρος (Del.3 538 [VI*]).

    *COMP Rare as a first member (for καλλι-, ev-), e.g. καλό-φυλλος 'with beautiful  leaves' (Thphr, after μακρό-, λειότφυλλος, etc.); as a second member e.g. ἀπειρό-  καλος 'not knowing what is beautiful' (Pl; from τὸ καλόν). Note especially  καλοκἀγαθία (orators, X.), univerbating abstract of καλὸς K(al) ἀγαθός (IA; see  Berlage Mnem. 60 (2007): 2off.).

    *DER καλότης 'beauty' (Chrysipp. Stoic. 3, 60). With geminate: 1. κάλλος [n.] 'beauty'  (1), as a second member e.g. in περι-καλλής 'very beautiful' (IL, bahuvrihi); thence  κάλλιμος 'beautiful (Od., h. Hom.; after κύδιμος, see Arbenz 1933: το), καλλύνω  'give beauty, make beautiful, sweep' (S., PL, Arist.) with καλλυντής 'sweeper' (pap. II*), κάλλυντρον 'broom', also name of a shrub (Arist.), κάλλυνθρον 'duster' (LXX,  pap.), καλλυντήρια [n.pl.] name of a purificatory festival (Phot., EM), καλλύσματα  [pl.] 'dust' (Ceos). Fom κάλλος also καλλονή 'id.' (cf. ἡδονή), καλλοσύνη 'id.' (E.). 2. compar. καλλίων, κάλλιστος (1].); thence καλλιόομαι 'be made more beautiful'  (LXX), καλλιστεύω, -ouat 'be the most beautiful' (Ion.) with καλλιστεῖον,  καλλίστευμα 'sacrifice of the most beautiful, price of beauty, price of honour' (S., E.,  inscr.). 3. καλλι- as a first member (IL); e.g. καλλι-γύναικ-α, -ος, -t 'with beautiful  women' (cf. Sommer 1948: 62), also in PNs, whence short names like Καλλίας, etc.

    *ETYM Att. κἄλός and Ion. κᾶλός both derive from καλρός; the noun κάλλος, the  compar. forms καλλίων, κάλλιστος and the first member καλλι- differ from these by  their geminate -AA-, an explanation of which is still wanting. One proposal has been

===Pag_674: Beekes_Página_0674.tiff=== XXXXXκάλτιος 627 a basis "κάλ-νος or "κάλ-ιος for κάλλος (and καλλίων, κάλλιστος, while καλλι- may be analogical?), but this does not inspire confidence, as κάλλος seems to be a Greek innovation (cf. Chantraine 1933: 416f.), and there is no good explanation for καλλι- either. The assumption of expressive gemination (Chantraine ].c.) is an ad hoc hypothesis and not a solution. Beside xaA-Fdéc (with an old suffix -wo-), one would expect καλι- as a first member (is it retained in Alc. xaAtov?), which Wackernagel KZ 61 (1934): 191ff. recognized in Skt. kaly-dna- 'beautiful. Pinault BSL 98 (2003) assumes that the original Skt. form was fem. kalydni- 'with beautiful hips', the second part of the compound being Skt. dni- 'axle-pin, linch-pin'; 'part of the leg above the knee'. Schwyzer: 447% derives καλλ- from antevocalic ἔκαλι-, whence καλλι- and (as a back-formation) κάλλος, etc. Differently, Risch 1937 (par. 62a): -AA- is from a compar. ᾿κάλλων < kadwwv, whence κάλλιστος, etc. Similarly, Seiler 1950: 68ff.: a neuter comparative "κάλλον < *kadtov was interpreted as a positive, and resulted in a new comparative κάλλιον, καλλίων (whence κάλλιστος, etc.).

XXXXXκάλπη [f.] 'trot' (Paus., Plu., Hippiatr.). < PG(v)>

    *DER καλπάζω 'to trot' (A. Fr. 145A, Aq. Suid.) with καλπασμός (Philum. apud  Orib.).

    *ETYM Technical term of horse riding without etymology, perhaps originally  onomatopoeic ('clapper'). Brugmann (e.g. Brugmann-Delbriick 1897-1916 1: 260,  572) connected it with OPr. po-quelbton 'kneeling', Lith. klupti 'to kneel, stumble',  Germanic (e.g. Go. hlaupan 'walk'), but these forms cannot explain the Greek -a-. The same holds for the comparison with κέλης, κολυφρόν' ἐλαφρόν 'nimble' (H.). Fur.: 379 compares oxaAndCetv: ῥεμβωδῶς βαδίζειν 'to walk around at random' (H.),    σκαλαπάζει: ῥέμβεται 'id' (H.) with prothetic o-, which suggests that the word is  Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκάλπις, -t6a¢ [f.] 'pitcher' (η 20; on the mg. Brommer Herm. 77 (1942): 358 and 365).

    *VAR Acc, -Lv, -ἰδα.

    *COMP καλπο-φόρος 'carrying a pitcher' (epigr.).

    *DER κάλπη (κάλπην v.L for -mv Plu., Hdn.) name of a constellation (Vett. Val.;  Scherer 1953: 173 and 190); κάλπος: ποτηρίου εἶδος 'kind of drinking vessel' (H.). Diminutive κάλπιον (Pamphil. apud Ath. 11, 475c).

    *ETYM Without a certain explanation, like many other vessel names. Most often  connected with a Celtic word for 'urn, bucket', e.g. Olr. cilornn (< *kelpurno-), but  this does not explain the -a-. Acc. to others, it is connected with Assyr. karpu 'vase,  pot' or with OHG hal(a)p 'handle'. Lat. calpar (formation unclear) was borrowed  from κάλπη. Fur.: 146 connects it with κελέβιη, for which there seems no reason. Still,  κάλπις is possibly Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκάλτιος [m.] 'shoe' (Rhinth., Plu., Edict. Diocl.).

    *VAR Also κάλτοι (for κάλτειροιθ)- ὑποδήματα κοῖλα, ἐν οἷς ἱππεύουσι 'hollow  sandals, in which horsemen rode' (H.).

    *ETYM A Sicilian loanword from Lat. calceus (καλίκιοι Ρ]Ό. 30, 18, 3).

===Pag_675: Beekes_Página_0675.tiff===

XXXXXκαλύβη [f.] 'hut, cabin' (Hdt.); 'bridal bower' (A. R.); 'sleeping-tent' (PFlor. 335, 2).

    *VAR Also καλυβός (Epigr. Gr. 260, Cyrene), κολυβός: ἔπαυλις 'farmstead' (H.).

    *DER καλυβίτης 'living in a hut'; καλυβο-ποιέομαι [v.] 'to make oneself a cabin' (Str.).

    *ETYM The variant κολυβός, adduced by Fur.: 343, shows that the word is Pre-Greek. Pre-Greek has a rule a - v > 0 - v; see Fur.: 340.

XXXXXκάλυγες [?] - τὰ ἔμβρυα 'embryos' (H.).

    *ETYM The structure of the word (kaA-vy-) is typically Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκαλυδίλα [?] - γέφυρα 'bridge' (H.).

    *ETYM Probably a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXκαλύδριον [n.] 'a small cable' (BCH 29, 543, Delos 115),

    *ETYM Unknown. Probably a Pre-Greek word. κάλυξ, -ὕκος [f.] 'cup, calyx of a flower, husk, shell, pod, rosebud', also metaph. for the  ornament of a woman (Σ 401). <PG(S)>

    *COMP As a first member e.g. in καλυκοστέφανος 'crowned with buds' (B.).

    *DER Diminutive καλύκιον (Dsc., H.); καλυκώδης '«.-like' (Thphr.), καλύκειος λίθος  name of a stone found in the fish called σάλπη (H.); also κἀάλυξις: κόσμος τις ἐκ  ῥόδων 'an ornament made of roses', καλύξεις: ῥόδων καλύκια 'rosebuds' (H.),  καλύκωσις 'rosebud? (Aq.), as if from *kaAtoou, or "καλυκόω; cf. the formations in  Chantraine 1933: 288 and καλυκίζειν: ἀνθεῖν 'to blossom' (H.).

    *ETYM On the ending -υξ, cf. Chantraine 1933: 383. The word resembles Skt. (class.)  kaliké- 'bud', but must probably be kept separate; see Mayrhofer KEWA s.v. Cf.> κύλιξ and ▶︎ σκαλλίον. Both root and suffix look Pre-Greek (xaA-vx-).

XXXXXκαλύπτω [v.] 'to cover, hide' (Il, 1A).

    *VAR Aor. καλύψαι, perf. med. κεκάλυμμαι, etc.

    *COMP Very often with prefix, e.g. ἀμφι-, κατα-, περι-, συν-, also with dva-, ἀπο-, ἐκ-  in the mg. 'to open up, reveal'.

    *DER 1. See »καλύβιη 2. καλυφή 'submerged land' with ἀποκάλυφος (αἰγιαλός,  ἄρουρα) 'land that can be cultivated after inundation' (pap.), περικαλυφή  'envelopment' (Pl. Lg. 942d); on -Bn and -@n beside καλύ-πτω Schwyzer: 332f. 3. (mpo-, mapa-, etc.) κάλυμμα 'cover, veil, etc. (Il) with καλυμμάτιον (Ar.). 4. συγκαλυμμός 'cover' (Ar. Av. 1496). 5. ἐγ-, κατα-, ἀπο-κάλυψις 'cover, etc. (Hell.);  here, probably as an endearing name Καλυψώ [f.] 'one who covers' (Od.), properly  a goddess of death acc. to Giintert 1919, see also Bérard REGr.67 (1954): 503f. 6. καλυπτήρ, -ῆρος [m.] 'cover, tile' (Hp., Arist., Att.), καλυπτηρίζῳ 'cover with tiles'  (inscr.), fem. καλύπτειρα 'veil' (AP); ἐπι-, ἐγ-, ἀνακαλυπτήριον, -ἰα 'concealing;  ceremony of unveiling' (Arist.). 7. καλύπτρα, -ρη [f.] 'veil, cover' (Ιλ 8. ἐκ-  καλυπτικός 'revealing' (Stoic., 8. E.).

    *ETYM The word has been compared to κρύπτω for the formation. In Western  European languages, a full grade thematic root present *kel-e/o- is found, e.g. in Olr. celim, Lat. *cel6, -ere (in occulere), OHG helan 'to hold back, hide'. Further, with a

===Pag_676: Beekes_Página_0676.tiff=== XXXXXκαμάρα 629 lengthened grade, deverbative Lat. céldre, 'to hide', and a zero grade yod-present in Germanic, e.g. Go. huljan 'to veil, conceal'. Cf. ▶︎ κέλυφος. However, in this way neither the Greek a-vocalism nor the element v + labial can be accounted for. In view of the variants, the root xaAvB/n/g- is clearly Pre-Greek. Cf. on ▶︎ καλύβη, which proves Pre-Greek origin in a different way.

XXXXXκάλχη [f.] 'murex, purple flower, Chrysanthemum coronarium' (Alcm., Nic., Str.), metaph. as a term of construction 'rosette of a capital' (Att., Hell., inscr.). < PG?>

    *VAR With metathesis of aspiration χάλκη (Meisterhans 1900: 103f.), also xGAxn.

    *DER Denominative verb xadyaivw 'to be purple' (Nic. Th. 641), originally medial,  metaphorically trans. 'to ponder deeply' (ἔπος, 5. Ant. 20), intr. 'to be unquiet,  excited' (E. Heracl. 40), 'to long for' (Lyc. 1457).

    *ETYM A loan of unknown origin. The poetic meaning 'to ponder, be excited' may  have arisen after ▶︎ πορφύρα : ▶︎ πορφύρω, which were secondarily connected with  each other. It cannot be decided whether the name of the seer Κάλχας belongs here  as well.

XXXXXκάλως [m.] 'reefing rope, cable, rope in general' (ε 260).

    *VAR ACC. -ὦ, -wv; κάλος (€ 260 and Hdt.), Hell. plur. -wec, -wac, -wot

    *COMP kadw-oTpdgos 'rope-twister' (Plu. Per. 12).

    *DER Diminutive καλῴδιον, also καλοίδιον (com., Th., inscr., pap.).

    *ETYM No etymology; probably a technical loan. The IE etymologies that have been  proposed (see Frisk) are untenable.

XXXXXκαμάν [f.] - τὸν ἀγρόν. Κρῆτες 'field (Cretan) (H.). <?>

    *DIAL Myc. ka-ma a plot of land, ka-ma-e-u 'tenant of a ka-ma' (see below).

    *ETYM Unknown. An interpretation /kamas/ has been proposed; see Lejeune RPh. 42  (1968): 233f. and Ruijgh Lingua 58 (1982): 208.

XXXXXκάμαξ, -ακος [f., m.] 'pole to support the vine, bar, shaft ofa spear' (Σ 563).

    *DER καμάκιον (sch.), καμάκινος 'made of one bar' (X.), καμακίας σῖτος 'corn with a  stalk that is too long' (Thphr;; cf. Strémberg 1937: 91).

    *ETYM Formation like δόναξ, πῖναξ, κλῖμαξ, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 377ff.). Several  languages have similar words for 'bar, wood, stick, etc.', but they are all different: Skt. Samya 'stock, nail', Av. simd 'part of the harnass of the wagon for horses', Arm. sami-  Κ' [pl.] 'wood of the yoke', Gm., e.g. MHG hamel 'bar, bobbin'. Fur.: 221 compares  ἀμάκιον' κάμαξ (H.), with alternation «/zero (see ibid. 391). The suffix -ax- is highly  frequent in Pre-Greek. See ▶︎ καμασήν.

XXXXXκαμάρα [f.] 'vault, vaulted room, wagon and bark with vaulted roof (Hdt., LXX, Str.). «ιν»

    *DIAL Ion. -ρη.

    *DER καμάριον (inscr.), καμαρία: κοιτὼν καμάρας ἔχων 'having a vaulted chamber of  beds' (H.), καμαρικός 'vaulted' (Ath. Mech.). Denominative verbs: 1. καμαρόω 'to provide with a vault' with καμάρωσις 'vault'  (Hell.), καμάρ-ωμα 'vault? (Str. Gal.), -wtd¢ 'vaulted' (Str.), -ωτικός 'used in  vaulting' (pap.); 2. καμαρεύω [v.] 'to accumulate, exert oneself (H.). Further

===Pag_677: Beekes_Página_0677.tiff===

καμάρης: δέσμης 'package, bundle', καμάραι: ζῶναι στρατιωτικαί 'belts for soldiers', Kapapic: κοσμάριον γυναικεῖον 'women's ornament' (H.); cf. below.

    *ETYM The form kapdpa recalls Av. kamara 'girdle', with a different meaning that is,  however, found in the glosses καμάρη, καμαρίς (H.). Lat. camurus, -a, -um 'curved  (of horns), vaulted' has also been adduced. Comparisons with other languages  remain uncertain: eg. Skt. kmdrati 'to be curved' (gramm,; see Mayrhofer KEWA  s.v.), Gr. »μέλεθρον if from "κμέρεθρον (2), the Gm. word for 'heaven', e.g. Go. himins. It is rather a loan, perhaps from an eastern language (from Carian, acc. to  sch. Orib. 46, 21, 7). From the Greek word, Lat. camera was borrowed; thence it was  borrowed into Germanic and Balto-Slavic. See ▶︎ κάμινος.

XXXXXκάμαρος 1 [m.] name of a poisonous plant, kind of Aconitum (?), also = δελφίνιον, 'larkspur' (Hp. Stratt., Nic., Dsc.). 4 EUR>

    *VAR Also κάμμαρος.

    *ETYM It has been compared with the Germanic and Slavic word for 'hellebore':  OHG hemera, Ru. cemerica (from CS cemere 'poison', properly 'hellebore'), and  Lith. kémeras 'hemp agrimony (Eupatorium cannabium), burr marigold'. The  notation κάμμορον (Dsc., Erot.) can be folk-etymological after κάμμορος 'unhappy'. Given the distribution, the word seems to be a loan from a European subtrate  language (see Beekes 2000: 28). From κάμμαρος: kammédri 'spurge' in Lower Italy;  see Rohlfs ByzZ 37 (1937): 53, Rohlfs 1930: N° 877, and Dawkins JHS 56 (1936): 4.

XXXXXκάμαρος 2 [adj.] = ἀσφαλής (Apollon. apud sch. Orib. 46, 21, 7). <?>

    *ETYM The word would be Carian. Further unknown. See > καμάρα.

XXXXXκαμασήν, -ἦνος [m.] name of an unknown fish (Emp., AP, Hdn. Gr., H.).

    *ETYM Given the fish name ἠλακατήν (from ἠλακάτη), one would posit a basic form  *xduaoos for καμασήν, with suffixal -ασος like in πέτασος, κόμπασος (Chantraine  1933: 435; unclear). It has been connected with Balto-Slavic words for the 'sheatfish':  Lith. S4mas, Latv. sams, Ru. som, etc. Further, connected with ▶︎ κάμαξ 'pole, bar' by  Solmsen 1909: 122f; on the naming motive, see Strémberg 1943: 36. Probably a loan  from the European substrate. Fur.: 214 connects it with κάβαζ(ι)σος, καμασός, but  without evidence.

XXXXXκάμηλος [m., f.] 'camel (Hdt., A, Ar.). «τὴν Sem>

    *COMP As a first member e.g. in καμηλο-πάρδαλις [f.] 'giraffe' (Agatharch., LXX;  Stromberg 1944: 12); also in καμηλάτης for ᾿καμηλ-ελάτης 'camel-driver' with  καμηλ-άσιον 'camel-driver's wages' (pap.), -acia 'camel-driving' (Dig.).

    *DER Diminutive καμήλιον; adjectives καμήλειος, καμηλικός 'belonging to a camel',  καμηλώδης 'like a camel' (Gal.); nouns καμηλίτης (Arist.), καμηλάριος 'camel-  driver'; καμηλών 'camel stable'; verb καμηλίζω 'to resemble a camel' (Hld.).

    *ETYM From Semitic (originally Babylonian?; Grimme Glotta 14 (1925): 17); cf. Hebr. gamal (= γαμάλ' ἡ κάμηλος παρὰ Χαλδαίοις H.), with (Ionic?) development of ἃ to ἡ  in -nAog; cf. Γαυγάμηλα = καμήλου οἶκος Str. 16, 1, 3 (Kretschmer KZ 31 (1892): 287). From κάμηλος come Skt. kramela- (after krdmate 'stride'), Lat. camélus, and the  European forms.

===Pag_678: Beekes_Página_0678.tiff=== XXXXXκάμμορος 631

XXXXXκάμιλος [m.] 'rope, cable' (sch. Ar. V. 1035, Suid.). «LW Sem.>

    *ETYM From Semitic, acc. to Lewy 1895: 154, who compares Arab. gamal 'id.'. Others  argue that it arose from the v.l. κάμιλος for κάμηλος Ev. Matt. 19, 24, Marc. 10, 25,  Luc. 18, 25 (κάμηλον διὰ τρήματος ῥαφίδος διελθεῖν 'a camel going through the eye  of a needle'), as 'rope' would fit better.

XXXXXκἀμῖνος [f.] 'furnace for smelting, baking, burning, etc.' (Hom. Epigr. 14, Hdt,, A.).

    *VAR  Also -n (pap. VIP).

    *DER Diminutive καμίνιον (Gp., Olymp. Alch.). Other substantives: καμινὼ γρηῦς  'furnace woman' (σ 27; Chantraine 1933: 116); καμινεύς name of an artisan working at  a furnace, e.g. 'smith' or 'potter' (Ὁ. 5. BoShardt 1942: 76); καμινίων 'id.' (Tegea ΠΡ);  καμινίτης ἄρτος (Philistion apud Ath.). Adjectives: kapivoc 'belonging to the furnace' (Thphr.); Καμιναῖος 'id' (Ezek.) with  καμιναία = κάμινος (LXX; cf. Chantraine 1933: 86); καμινώδης 'like a furnace' (Str.). Verb καμινεύω 'to burn or smelt in a furnace' (Arist. Thphr., Str.) with καμινευτής =  καμινεύς (pap. III*, Luc.), καμινευτήρ (αὐλός) 'pair of bellows in a smithy' (AP), fem. -evtpia (Aristarch.), καμινεία (-ia) 'burning, smelting' (Thphr., Gal.). All derivatives  are rare, most of them late.

    *ETYM On the gender, see Schwyzer 1950: 34'. A technical loan of unknown origin. The comparison with καμάρα has little value; that with OCS kamy 'stone' is possible. Is it a loan from the north or from the east? From κάμινος, Lat. caminus, to which  MHG kamin, etc. are related. Note that -iv- is a Pre-Greek suffix.

XXXXXκάμμαρος 1 [m.] 'kind of crab' (Epich., Sophr., Rhinth., H.), on the mg. cf. Thompson 1947 S.v. «ΑΚ καμμαρίς 'id? (Gal.); κομμάραι ἢ κομάραι: καρίδες. Μακεδόνες 'shrimps (Maced.)' (H.).

    *ETYM Has been compared with ON humarr, LG and MoHG Hummer. However, the  variation a/o points to a Pre-Greek word (which may in turn be a loan from  elsewhere). Skt. kamdtha- [m.] 'turtle' is unrelated in any case. From κάμμαρος, Lat. cammarus was borrowed.

XXXXXκάμμαρος 2 --κάμαρος.

XXXXXκαμμονίη [f.] 'perseverance, successful defense' (Χ 257, ¥ 661, API1.), on the mg. see Triimpy 1950: 201f.

    *ETYM For *katapovin, with Aeolic treatment of the preposition, either as an abstract  of κατάμονος (Hell.), or with a metrically conditioned change of the suffix for  "καμμονή = καταμονή (Hell.), belonging to καταμένειν. See ▶︎ κάμμορος.

XXXXXκάμμορος [adj.] 'unhappy' (Od., A. R.).

    *ETYM Aeolic for metrically unfit "κατά-μορος (via ᾿κάτ-μορος), a hypostasis for  κατὰ μόρον (μόρου) 'who is subject to μόρος, fate'. Beside it exists the older form  κάσμορος: δύστηνος 'unhappy' (H.), = *kaoopopoc < *Kat-cHopos.

===Pag_679: Beekes_Página_0679.tiff===

XXXXXκάμνω [v.] 'to toil, labor, build; to get tired, die, be in danger, be in need' (IL); the euphemistic meaning 'to die' almost only in epic of καμόντες, Att. of κεκμηκότες.

    *VAR Aor. καμεῖν, fut. καμοῦμαι, perf. κέκμηκα, Dor. (Theoc.) κέκμᾶκα, epic pte. κεκμηώς.

    *COMP Also with prefix, e.g. ἀπο-, ἐκ-, ovy-. As a second member in compounds: ἀ-  κάματος 'without fatigue' (IL). ἀπκάμας, -αντος 'indefatigable' (IL); more usual -κμη-  T- (-KHG-T-), -κμη-το- (ςκμᾶ-το-), eg. ἀ-κμής, -ῆτος 'id, ἄ- 'χμῆτος 'id', πολύ-  Κκμῆτος 'prepared with much labor',

    *DER Verbal noun κάματος [m.] 'labor, much demanding labor, fatigue, pain' (11);  καματώδης 'tiring' (Hes. Pi.), καματηρός 'tiring, tired' (Ion. h. Ven. 246), after  ἀνιηρός, etc; καματηδόν 'with fatigue' (Man.); also the verbal forms καματῶν:-  κοπιῶν 'weary', ἐκαμάτευσε- peta κακοπαθείας εἰργάσατο 'he labors with  perseverance' (H.), to καματάω, -τεύω.

    *ETYM Beside the thematic nasal present κάμνω, which is a Greek innovation,  Sanskrit has an athematic nasal present: e.g. med. Samnite 'to exert onself, labor'. The  disyllabic root *kemh,- is also seen in the ipv. amisva and in the agent noun Samitdr-  'who prepares'; Gr. κάματος < *kmh,-eto- is a different formation (on the type, see  Vine 1998. The thematic aorist ἔκαμον, ἔκαμε is parallelled by Skt. asamat, both from  zero grade *kiph,-e/o-; the full grade sigmatic aor. dSamista (RV) points to an older  athematic root aorist *(h,e-)kemh,-t. The Greek zero grade is κμη-, PGr. κμᾶ- <  *kmh,-C- (in κέκμη-κα, ἄκμητος), which gave Skt. s4n-td- [ptc.]; see Rix 1976: 73. Traces of the root in other languages have not been found with certainty; perhaps in  some Celtic nouns, like MIr. cuma 'trouble', cumal 'female slave'. See ▶︎ κομέω,  > κομίζω.

XXXXXκάμπανος [m.] 'weighing-machine, steelyard' (pap. VI?). «LW Lat>

    *ETYM From Lat. campana.

XXXXXκάμπη 1 [f.] 'caterpillar, silkworm' (Hp. com., Arist. Thphr.). <?>

    *COMP πιτυο-κάμπη 'caterpillar of the pine woods, Gnethocampa processionea'  (Dsc. also ai πιτύϊναι κάμπαι).

    *ETYM Related to κάμπτω, in the sense of 'curve'? However, note Skt. kapana  'caterpillar', Latv. kape, képars 'larva of an insect, caterpillar'; if cognate with kapana,  κάμπη was adapted to καμπή, κάμπτω by folk etymology (Frisk). The explanation in  Stromberg 1944: 9 is unclear. See Gil Fernandez 1959: 147 (who refers to Arist. IA  706b and 709a). The etymology seems doubtful.

XXXXXκάμπη 2 [f.] 'sea monster' (Epich. apud H, Ὁ. 5.. Nonn.). 4PG(v)>

    *VAR Also κάμπος [n.] in Libya (Lyc; H.), after κῆτος 'id'?

    *ETYM It has been compared with ἱππο-καμπος, Fur.: 119 mentions Κέμμορ: μέγα  κῆτος (< ἔκεμπορξ) and γεμπός: κοῖτος, γεμπύλους τοὺς ἰχθῦς, τὰς πηλαμύδας  'tunnies' (H.); this would show that the word is Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκάμπτω [v.] 'to bend, curve, turn' (IL, IA).

===Pag_680: Beekes_Página_0680.tiff=== XXXXXκάναβος 633

    *VAR Fut. κάμψω, aor. κάμψαι, pass. καμφθῆναι (A., Ths v.l. 1 158), perf. pass. κεκάμφθαι (Hp.).

    *COMP Often with prefix, e.g. dva-, Kata-, éml-, περι-, Ovv-; as a first member e.g. in  καμψί-πους epithet of Eptvic (A. Th. 791 [lyr.]), mg. uncertain.

    *DER Substantives: 1. (ava-, ἐπι-, περι-, συγ-)καμπή 'curve, curvature' (IA) with  κάμπιμος 'bent' (E. IT 81, at verse end; after πομπή : πόμπιμος, see Arbenz 1933: 81);  ἐπικάμπ-ιος 'forming an ἐπικαμπή, bow, bend', military and architectonical  expression (Ph. Bel., Plb.). 2. (ava-, κατα-, ἐπι-, Ovy-, εἰς. )κάμψις 'bow, curving' (IA);  3. καμπτήρ, -ἦρος [m.] 'bender, curver', as a military and sports term, 'curve,  turning-point of the racecourse' (X., Arist, Herod.) with καμπτήριος (sch.). 4. περικάμπτης 'tergiversator' (gloss.). Adjectives: 5. καμπύλος 'bent, curved' (IL; after ἀγκύλος, Chantraine 1933: 250) with καμπύλη [f.] 'crook, crozier' (Ar, Plu.), καμπουλίρ (= καμπυλίςγ): ἐλαίας εἶδος. Λάκωνες 'kind of olive tree' (H.), καμπυλότης 'curvedness' (Hp., Arist.), καμπύλλω  'curve' [v.] (Hp.), also καμπυλεύομαι, καμπυλόομαι (medic.), καμπυλιάζω (Phot.,  Suid.); poetical lengthening καμπυλόεις (AP; Schwyzer 527). 6. ἐπι-, περι-καμπής  'curved', from ἐπι-, περι-κάμπτω. 7. καμπτικός 'flexible' (Arist. Poll.). 8. kapyov:  καμπύλον 'bent, curved' (H.); after γαμψόςξ (cf. Stang Symb. Oslo. 23 (1944): 46ff.).

    *ETYM A non-ablauting verbal stem καμπ-, with primary formations καμπή (and  καμπύλος), and ἃ yod-present κάμπτω. In other languages, we find scattered  nominal formations, partly in metaphorical meanings (so that the comparison is  often uncertain: Latv. kam pis 'curved wood, hook for a kettle', Lith. kari pas 'corner,  side, hidden place', also 'curved wood at the collar (of a horsey, which remind of Lat. campus 'field' (properly 'curve, depression'?), OCS kets [m.] 'corner' and a  Germanic adj. 'mutilated, lame', e.g. Go. hamfs. Baltic has several words for 'curved,  etc. with u-vocalism: Lith. kur pas 'curved', Latv. kum pt 'become bent', etc. Lat. campsdre 'to sail around, bend off was perhaps borrowed from κάμψαι; and  from καμπή were borrowed Lat.-Rom. camba, gamba and Alb. kémbé 'leg, foot';  from καμπύλος, Osman. kambur 'hump, humpy' > MoGr. καβούρης. Amantos  (apud Kretschmer Glotta 16 (1928): 179) assumes a noun *ydupa, "κάμμα in Byz. γαμματίζω = κάμπτω, -ομαι. |    Most parts of Frisk's discussion have been maintained here, as it nicely illustrates  how unreliable the material is: the words adduced with their alternations are rather  from a substrate language. Add to this the fact that an IE reconstruction would  require a form *kh,mp-, a root structure that is suspicious. The conclusion can only  be that καμπ- is of Pre-Greek or European substrate origin. Cf. on ▶︎ γαμψός and  > γνάμπτω, for which the same conclusion is reached.

XXXXXκάναβος [m.] 'wooden framework around which artists molded wax or clay; block- figure; mannikin; lean person' (Stratt., Arist. Poll., H.). ΑΚ Also κάνναβος; κίνναβος (Suid.) [f.. acc. to LSJ 953], κιναβεύματα: πανουργήματα 'crimes' (H., Phot, uncertain Ar. Fr. 699).

    *DER κανάβιος, -tvog 'belonging to a κι, like a «. (AP, H.).

    *ETYM On the formation, cf. words in -βος like κάκκαβος, κόλλαβος, σίττυβος  (Chantraine 1933: 262);perhaps from »>xdavva 'reed', if properly a 'reed frame'.

===Pag_681: Beekes_Página_0681.tiff===

However, given the variation v/vv, the word would be Pre-Greek; note Lat. canaba, cannaba.

XXXXXκάναδοι [m.] - σιαγόνες, γνάθοι 'cheeks, jaws' (H.).

    *ETYM See on γνάθος s.v. ▶︎ γναθμός.

XXXXXκαναχή [f.] 'noise, sharp sound' (Il.).

    *DIAL Dor. -ά.

    *COMP As a first member in καναχή-πους, Dor. -χά- 'with noisy feet' (Alcm.).

    *DER Kavayéw, aor. -ῆσαι (τ 469, Cratin, A. R.), lengthened καναχίζω (M 36, κ 399  v.L, Hes. Sc. 373) [v.] 'to ring, clash' (cf. Schwyzer: 736, Porzig 1942: 231); aor. δια-,  éy-, ἐκ-κανάξαι of gurging and gulping sounds (E. Cyc. 152 and 157, Ar., Eup.),  κανάξαι acc. to Poll. 10, 85 = τὸ ἐκκενῶσαι ἢ ἐκπιεῖν 'to empty, drink up'; κανάξας:  ἐγχέας 'pouring' (H.); καναχηδά 'with noise' (Hes. Th. 367 et al.), -nddv 'id' (Ὁ. P.,  Aret.) andthe hapax καναχής (A. Ch. 152 [lyr.], of δάκρυ), kavayds (Nic. Th. 620; of  βάτραχοι 'frogs'), both first from Kavayéw; καναχισμός (Orac. Chald.) from  καναχίζω.

    *ETYM Explained as an expressive formation like στοναχή (related to στενάχω; cf. Chantraine 1933: 403), derived from a verb 'to sing, etc.' seen in Lat. cand = Olr. canim, whence names for 'cock like Gr. ▶︎ ἠϊκανός, Go. hana, etc. are derived. Fur. 343 compares κόναβος and concludes that the word is Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκάνδαρος [m.?] - ἄνθραξ 'charcoal, coal' (H.). «ΡΟ»

    *ETYM Generally connected with Skt. candrd- 'glowing, light', Lat. candor 'white  glow', canded 'to glow. This etymology must be wrong: how could a stem form  κανδ- ever arise? Fur. 391 connects κάνδαρος with ἄνθραξ (with alternation καὶ  zero), which is not evident. Still, Pre-Greek origin seems certain.

XXXXXκάνδαυλος [m.] a Lydian meal or sauce (com. Men.).

    *VAR Also κάνδῦλος.

    *ETYM Loan from Lydia?    κάνδυς, -vog [m.] a mantle with sleeves, worn by the Persians (X.). <Lw Orient»

    *ETYM From OP *kantu-: see Szemerényi 1991: 2034f.; also, Happ IF 68 (1963): 99.

XXXXXκανδύτᾶνες [?] 'chest where precious clothes are kept'

    *VAR κανδυτάναι, κανδύλαι.

    *ETYM From ΟΡ *kandu-ddana-. See de Lamberterie in DELG Supp. (also RPh. 70),  who cites Szemerényi connecting the first member of the Persian word with a root  *kam- 'to cover'. Extensive discussion, with various explanations for the second  member, in Brust 2005: 290ff.

XXXXXκάνθαρος [m.] 'kind of (dung-ybeetle, Scarabaeus pilularius', also metaph. of a drinking cup, canoe, fish (Strémberg 1943: 123f.), and a women's ornament (IA).

    *COMP As a second member e.g. in ἡλιο-, κυκνο-κάνθαρος (com.).

    *DER κανθάριον name of a cup (Att. inscr., Plu.); κανθαρίς a beetle, also name of a  fish and a plant (Hp. Arist.); κανθάρεως name of a vine (Thphr.; -ewc like in

===Pag_682: Beekes_Página_0682.tiff=== XXXXXκανθός 635 ἐρινεώς; see on ▶︎ ἐρινεός), κανθαρίτης οἶνος (Plin.), both of the Κανθάριος ἄκρα on Samos (Str.), (also called Ἄμπελος, Redard 1949: 97); κανθαρίας name of a precious stone (Plin.); κανθαρώδης 'like a x.' (sch.).

    *ETYM Not well explained. Connected with the name of the ass (xavOwv, κανθήλιος)  by Strémberg 1944: 10f., with the same suffix as in χίμαρος, κίσσαρος, et al. (Chantraine 1933: 226f.). Hardly probable. On the plant name κανθαρίς,  ἀντικάνθαρον, see Stromberg 1940: 140. DELG sv. points out that there are  anthroponyms (Bechtel 1917b: 582 and 589) as well as toponyms like KavOapog, a  port of Piraeus, and concludes from this that the term may be from Pre-Greek, with  is likely. As an Akkadian word kanda/uru- 'cup' exists, it would be a loan in this  meaning; see Szemerényi Gnomon 43 (1971): 672.

XXXXXκανθήλια [n.pl.] 'panniers on both sides of the pack-saddle' (Ar. Artem.), also 'curved pieces of wood at the back of a ship', which were used when a tent was drawn up' (H.).

    *VAR Also -tov [acc.sg.] 'rafters' in architecture (IG 27, 463: 73); ὄνος κανθήλιος  'pack-ass' (PL, com., X.).

    *DER κανθηλικός 'belonging to the pack-basket or pack-ass' (pap.). Also κανθίαι-  σπυρίδες 'creels' (H.), κάνθων = ὄνος κανθήλιος (Ar, AP), κανθίς: ὀνίς 'dung of an  ass' (H.).

    *ETYM The relations of these words among each other and to other similar  formations are unclear, due to their specialized technical meanings. Formally, we  may compare κανθήλια with κειμήλια, γαμήλιος; also note τράχηλος, γαμφηλαί, and  other words with a suffix -ηλ-. The form κανθίαι could be another derivation  without A. The form (ὄνος) κανθήλιος 'ass' is secondary to κανθήλια 'pack-baskets'  (Debrunner IF 54 (1936): 55); κάνθων and κανθίς could be short forms (like Lat. cabo  to caballus). Lat. cant(h)érius 'castrated stallion', also 'rafters', which has a different  suffix, cannot be separated from κανθήλια, -toc. However, there is no Indo-  European etymology; acc. to Deroy Glotta 35 (1956): 190f., it is a Mediterranean  word. Fur. 130 connects it with ἀνθήλιον (Charax), with alternation καὶ zero, and  assumes Pre-Greek origin; he further connects it with kavOiat- σπυρίδες and with  κάθος: σπυρίς (Fur.: 290). See ▶︎ κάνθαρος, ▶︎ κανθός, ▶︎ κανθύλη.

XXXXXκανθός [m.] 'corner of the eye' (Arist., Nic. Gal.); poet. 'eye' (Hell,); acc. to H. also 'opening in the roof for the smoke, funnel, καπνοδόκη᾽ and 'pot, kettle, χυτρόπους᾽ (Sicilian).

    *COMP Hence the hypostasis ἐγκάνθιος 'which is in the κανθός᾽ (Dsc., Gal.) with ἐγκανθίς [f.] 'tumor in the inner angle of the eye' (Cels., Gal.), acc. to Poll. 2, 71 =  'inner corner of the eye'; also ἐπικανθίς 4' (Hippiatr., ν.1. in Poll. L.c.).

    *DER κανθώδης 'rounded' (Call. Fr. 504 conj. Hemsterhuys; codd. καθν-, kvKv-).

    *ETYM Not well explained. κανθώδης in Callimachos does not allow us to assume an  original meaning 'curve'. It has been compared with Celtic words like W cant 'iron  band, brim', Gallo-Rom. *cantos, and a Slavic word for 'corner (of a farm), etc.', e.g. Ru. kut. However, this comparison is problematic, since Gr. -0- remains  unexplained, and because the Slavic words are suspect of western European origin.

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The material accumulated by Belardi Rend. Acc. Linc. 8: 9 (1954): 610ff. and Belardi Doxa 3 (1950): 209 needs to be sifted. Since there is no IE etymology, and since an IE pre-form is impossible (kh,nd"- would have given «xa8-), the conclusion must be that the word is Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκανθύλη [f] 'swelling, tumor', only in κανθύλας: τὰς ἀνοιδήσεις. Αἰσχύλος Σαλαμινίαις (Fr. 220) 'swellings' (H., at an alphabetically incorrect place). < PG(S,V)>

    *VAR Also κονθηλαί: ai ἀνοιδήσεις (H.).

    *ETYM The comparison with a Germanic word for 'ulcer, pus', e.g. OHG gund, Go. gunds 'yayypatva', would require that κονθ- is original, or that κανθ- is secondary  for *xa8- (which is highly unlikely). Stromberg 1944: 94 derives κανθύλη from the  name of the ass (κάνθων, κανθήλιος), which is semantically unconvincing. The  variation a/ ο is clearly Pre-Greek, as is the suffixation (Fur.: 201").

XXXXXκάννα [f.] 'reed, Arundo donax, reed-fence, -mat' (Com, inscr., Plb.).

    *VAR Often plur. Further forms see below.

    *DIAL Myc. ko-no-ni-pi /kononi-pti/. Ion. κάννη.

    *COMP As a first member in κανη-φόρος [f] 'female carrying a basket' (Ar.),  Kavnpop-éa, -la, -τκός.

    *DER 1. κάνης, -ητος [m.] 'reed mat' (Solon. Law in Plu. Sol. 21, Crates Com., Ὁ. H.)  with καννητο-ποιός (Hippon. 116). 2. κάννηκες: πλέγματα ταρσῶν 'windings of  wickerwork' (H.). 3. κανοῦν, Ion. κάνεον, epic also -e1ov [n.] 'reed basket, dish' (1].;  substantivized adjective). Diminutive κανίσκος, -ἰσκιον (Ar.), κανίδιον (pap.);  further κάναστρον (Hom. Epigr., Nicophon, Attica, Crete; cf. on ζύγαστρον), also  -avoTpov (like θερμα(ύ)στρα; see ▶︎ θερμός), -ἰοτρον, -voTpov (inscr., pap. Polls  Kretschmer Glotta 11 (1921): 283) = Lat. canistrum; thence καναστραῖα: κοῖλά τινα  ἀγγεῖα 'any hollow vessels' (Suid.); κάνασθον (Naucratis). Cf. also ▶︎ κάναβος,  ▶︎ κάνναθρον, ▶︎ κανών.

    *ETYM From Babylonian-Assyrian qani 'reed', which may come from Sumerian-  Akkadian gin 'id', Ugar. qn, Punic qn'. See E. Masson 1967: 47. The word κάννα was  borrowed as Lat. canna 'reed, εἴς; see WH s.v. Fur: 303 points out that κάναθρον,  etc. are clearly Pre-Greek formations, so the word may have been of Anatolian  origin; note further the Mycenaean form pointing to variantion a/o, which is also a  sign of Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXκάνναβις [f.] 'hemp, Cannabis sativa' (Hdt,, S., Dsc., Gal.).

    *VAR Gen. -tac, -εως. Also κάνναβος (Poll. 10, 176).

    *DER καννάβιον 'id. (Ps.-Dsc., Gp.), κανναβίς, -ίδος [f.] 'dress-of hemp', plur. 'hemp  seeds burnt and used at a steam-bath' (Hdt., Ephipp. Com.); thence κανναβισθῆναι:  πρὸς τὴν κάνναβιν ἐξιδρῶσαι kai πυριασθῆναι (H.); κανναβίσκα [n.pl.] 'hemp shoes'  (Herod. 7, 58); καννάβινος 'from hemp, hemp-like' (AP); κανναβάριος member of ἃ  professional organization = stupparius (Ephesus, gloss.; Wahrmann Glotta 22 (1934):  421.

    *ETYM Loan of unknown eastern origin, perhaps Scythian or Thracian (Hdt. 4, 74f.);  cf. also Sumer. kunibu 'hemp'. From κάνναβις comes Lat. cannabis; the word

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reached Germanic (OE haenep, OHG hanaf, etc.) before Grimm's law. Fur. 343 connects it with κόμβος, on insufficient grounds.

XXXXXκάνναθρον [n.] 'cane or wicker carriage' (X. Ages. 8, 7, Plut. Ages. 19, H., Eust.).

    *VAR Also κάναθρον.

    *ETYM Perhaps from κάννα 'reed' with a suffix -@po- (cf. Chantraine 1933: 373f.). Lidén 1924: 227ff. assumes a compound from κάννα and a word for 'wagon box' in  ▶︎ ἄθρας: ἅρμα. Ῥόδιοι (H.), which is highly improbable. The gloss is considered to  be corrupt by Latte. On the suffix, see Fur.: 303°.

XXXXXκανών, -όνος [m.] 'straight rod, bar, stave or grip to handle the shield, directive, rule, model, etc.' (IL).

    *DIAL Myc. ko-no-ni-pi /konéni-p*i/.

    *DER Diminutive κανόνιον (Ph. Bel, Hero); kavovic 'ruler, frame, etc.' (Arist. Ph. Bel.); kavoving [m.] 'straight man, like a rod' (Hp. Aér. 24); κανονικός 'belonging to  the xavwv' (Hell.); Κανονωτός 'provided with κανόνες᾽ (pap.). Denominative verb  Kavovitw 'to measure, decide' (Arist.) with κανονισμοί [pl.] (Man.), κανόνισμα (AP),  κανονιστικός (Choerob.).

    *ETYM Most often connected with κάννα as *'stave of reed'. The variation a/ o shows  that it is a Pre-Greek word. The Semitic etymology by Lewy 1895: 133 (Hebr. qanoeh  'measuring reed, balance') is not to be preferred.

XXXXXκανωπικόν 1 [n.]? = πιτοῦσσα or πιτύουσα, 'spurge' (Dsc. 4. 165). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXκανωπικόν 2 [n.]? 'kind of cake' (pap.). «τὴν Eg.>

    *ETYM Probably derived from the TN Κάνωπος in Lower Egypt. See ▶︎ Κάνωπος.

XXXXXκάνωπον [n.]? 'elderflower, elder bark' (Alex. Trall. 12). <?>

    *ETYM No etymology. See André 1956 s.v. canopus.

XXXXXκαπᾶνα [f.] Thessalian word for 'wagon' = ἀπήνη (Xenarch. 1, H.).

    *VAR Also -1 'crossbar of the wagon (?) (Poll. 1, 142), καπᾶναι (καπαλαί cod.):  φάτναι 'mangers' (H.).

    *DER καπάναξ 'side-piece of the wagon box' (Poll. ibid; cf. δίφραξ from δίφρος);  καπανικώτερα epithet of Θετταλικά (δεῖπνα) in Ar. Fr. 492, in Ath. 9, 418d =  ἁμαξιαῖα 'filling a wagon', acc. to H. as an alternative = χορταστικώτερα, ἀπὸ τῆς  φάτνης 'more foodful, more plenteous (after g. = manger)', from καπάνη = Kann. Unclear καπάνη: τριχίνη κυνῆ 'helmet of hair', καπάνια: ἁρπεδόνες 'cords',  καπαλίζει: ζευγηλατεῖ 'drives a yoke' (H.). Perhaps also Kanavetc PN (Bofhardt  1942: 121)?

    *ETYM Assuming an original meaning 'chest, box', a formation in -ava from ▶︎ κάπη,  »κάπτω has been assumed (Chantraine 1933: 206), especially comparing ἀπήνη. However, Kuiper 1956: 213° compared ἀπήνη in the light of the alternation x-/ zero,  which would mean that the word is Pre-Greek. This seems most probable. Fur. 224°°  further compares γάπος: ὄχημα. Τυρρηνοί 'wagon (Etruscan)' (H.). xandva is

===Pag_685: Beekes_Página_0685.tiff===

further reminiscent of Gallo-Romance capanna (Alessio Studi etruschi 19 (1946- 1947): 175%).

XXXXXκάπανοι [m.] - ἀλφίτων εἶδος 'barley-groats' (Phot.). <?>

    *DER One connects the PN Καπανᾶς, L. Robert 1963: 171".

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXκαπέτις, -toc [f.] a Persian measure, 1/48" of an ἀρτάβη (Polyaen. 4, 3, 32) = χοῖνιξ (H.).

    *DER Also καπίθη [f.] a Persian measure = 2 χοίνικες (X. An. 1, 5, 6) = 2 Att. κοτύλαι

    *ETYM Persian words, so a connection with κάπτω is improbable. They are certainly  not from a Persian cognate of κάπτω, as DELG assumes. Others reference Skt. kapati  [f.] 'two handfuls (?)' (lex.), on which see Mayrhofer EWAia 3 s.v. and Lagarde 1866:  198. Frisk (Supp.) refers to MoP gafiz (also Arab.), a measure.

XXXXXκάπετος = σκάπετος.

XXXXXκάπη = κάπτω.

XXXXXκάπηλος [m.] 'merchant, innkeeper' (IA; on the mg. cf. on ἔμπορος).

    *DER Secondarily as an adjective = καπηλικός (A., Com. Adesp., Ὁ. H.). Fem. καπηλίς  'female merchant or innkeeper' (com. pap.), καπήλισσα (sch.); καπηλεῖον 'shop,  tavern' (Att.); καπηλικός 'belonging to a κάπηλος᾽ (Ρ]., Arist.); καπηλεύω [v.] 'to be a  retail trader' (A) with καπηλεία 'retail trade' (Pl, Arist.) and καπηλευτικός =  καπηλικός (Ph Lg. 842d).

    *ETYM Derivation from κάπη 'crib, manger' has been considered, assuming that the  word could mean 'chest' ('who sells from a chest'); highly improbable. As  loanwords, Lat. caup6 'innkeeper', etc. have been compared (WH s.v.). Fur. 257  considers Hitt. appar 'purchase, price' as a comparandum. As there is no  etymology, the word could be Pre-Greek (the suffix does occurs in Pre-Greek; see  Fur.: 115).

XXXXXκαπνός [m.] 'smoke, steam' (Il.). <PG?, EUR?

    *DIAL Myc. ka-pi-ni-ja.

    *COMP καπνο-δόκη 'flue (of a chimneyy (IA), δύσ-καπνος 'with an unpleasant  smoke' (A., Thphr.).

    *DER Substantives: 1. kamvn (com.), short form of καπνοδόκη; also = καπνιαῖος λίθος  (PHolm, see below); 2. kanvia for κάπνη (Moer. 292, gloss.; cf. Scheller 1951: 56); 3.

XXXXXκαπνίας [m.] (a) a wine that got its special taste by fumigation (com.), (Ὁ) a kind of jasper (= kanvitnc), after its color (Dsc., Plin.), (c) of the poet Ekphantides (Ar. V. 151), διὰ τὸ μηδὲν λαμπρὸν γράφειν 'because he wrote nothing clearly' (H.). 4.

XXXXXκαπνίτιης [m.] name of a stone, after the color (Alex. Trall; Redard 1949: 55),

XXXXXκαπνῖτις [f.] plant name, 'fumitory, Fumaria officinalis', after its smoke-colored leaves (Ps.-Dsc.), also called κάπνιος and καπνός (Strémberg 1940: 27). Adjectives: 5. κάπνεζιγος (scil. ἄμπελος) [f.] 'vine with smoke-colored grapes' (Arist., Thphr., pap.); 6. καπνώδιης 'smokey, smoke-colored' (Arist., Thphr., Plb.);° 7.

===Pag_686: Beekes_Página_0686.tiff=== XXXXXκάπρος 639 καπνηλός 'like smoke' (Nic. Th. 54); 8. καπνιαῖος λίθος 'smoke-colored quartz' (PHolm.). Denominative verbs: 1. καπνίζω 'to smoke, produce smoke, be smoke-colored' (IL.), aor. καπνίσ(σ)αι (also with prefix ano-, nept-, ὑπο-), κάπνισις 'exposure to smoke' (Arist.), κάπνισμα 'incense' (AP), καπνιστήριον perhaps 'steam-bath' (inscr. Priene); 2. καπνόομαι 'to vanish into smoke' (Pi., E.); 3. καπνιάω 'to smoke a bee-hive' (A. R. 2, 131), after θυμιάω; 4. καπνείω 'to make vanish into smoke, burn' (Nic. Th. 36). Beside καπνός, there is an aorist ἀπὸ (δὲ ψυχὴν) ἐκάπυσσεν 'he breathed forth' (X 467; κάπυσσεν Q. S. 6, 523), with a present καπύσσων: ἐκπνέων 'breathing out' (H.); the supposed base form seems preserved in κάπυς: πνεῦμα 'breath, spirit', also κάπος: ψυχή, πνεῦμα CH.). Uncertain is the gloss καπυκτά: πνέοντα 'breathing' (H., at an alphabetically wrong place); is it connected with kanboowv? Cf. ▶︎ ἀλύω beside advoow. The stem with -v-.also in »καπυρός 'dry, etc; uncertain is the appurtenance of ▶︎ κέκηφε - τέθνηκε 'is dead' (H.), »κεκαφηότα (Hom.).

    *ETYM A pre-form *kwap-nd- has been assumed in view of the comparison with Lith. kvapas 'breath, smell', kvépti, sg. kvépit: 'to gasp, breathe', Latv. kvépt, isg. kvépstu  'to smoke, smell'. This group is close to Go. af-apjan 'to suffocate, extinguish', af-  Wapnan 'to extinguish', but this has root-final -p instead of expected -f or -b. It is  unclear whether Lat. vapor 'vapor, smoke' is cognate with these words, with its v-  instead of expected qu-. Schrijver 1991: 260f. assumed a laryngeal in view of the  Latvian word and posited *kuh,ep-, but it is improbable that such a form would  result in Gr. *kfan-. Frisk remarks: 'Man hat somit in den verschiedenen Sprachen  mit zahlreichen, nicht unerwarteten Entgleisungen zu rechnen'. At any rate,  Mycenaean does not have a -w-. This has been explained as a dissimilation PGr. *k' -  p> *k - p, cf. Schwyzer: 302 for more examples, but most etymologies adduced there  are doubtful. Indo-European origin is improbable. *kap- is unprobelematic for Pre-Greek; an u-  stem (κάπυς) is frequent in Pre-Greek (see Heubeck 1961: 31-39), as is a suffix -n-  after consonant (Pre-Greek: Suffixes). However, in view ofthe similarity of the Balto-  Slavic material and of Lat. vapor, it may be best to assume a European substrate  word.

XXXXXκάππα [n.indecl.] the tenth letter of the Greek alphabet (Callias apud Ath. 10, 453d).

    *ETYM From Semitic; cf. Hebr. kaph. See Schwyzer: 140.

XXXXXκάππαρις [1] 'caper plant, Capparis spinosa' (Hp. Arist.).

    *VAR Gen. -εως, -ἰος.

    *DER Diminutive καπ(τ)άριον (pap.). κάππαρος [m.] a fish (PCair. Zen. 83, 15),  after the way of preparation, see Stromberg 1943: 88.

    *ETYM Berger MSS 9 (1956): 13ff. connected the word with MoP kabar 'id' and  BuruSaski copuri, copari.

XXXXXκάπρος [m.] 'Cwild) boar', also epithet of σῦς (IL); as a fish name = 'Capros aper' (Arist; after the sound, Thompson 1947 s.v., Strémberg 1943: 101). <?>

===Pag_687: Beekes_Página_0687.tiff===

    *DER Diminutive καπρίδιον, -ίσκος (com.); fem. κάπραινα of a lewd woman (com.);

XXXXXκαπρία [f.] 'the ovary of a rutting sow' (Arist.); καπρών 'pigsty' (Delos 115); (σῦς) κάπριος = (σῦς) κάπρος (IL, A. ΒΚ.) κάπριος 'having the form of a boar' (Hat. 3, 59), κάπρειος 'belonging to a boar' (Nonn.). Denominative verbs: καπράω 'to go to the boar', of a rutting sow (Arist.), also καπριάω (Arist. vl, Ar. Byz.), on the formation see Schwyzer: 731f; καπρίζω 'id. (Arist.); καπρῴζομαι 'to rut', of the boar (Sciras Com.).

    *ETYM Agrees with a Italo-Germanic word for 'he-goat', Lat. caper, U cabru  'caprum', and in Germanic eg. ON hafr. An uncertain trace of the word in Celtic is  supposed in Gallo-Rom. *cabrostos 'honeysuckle, privet'. The newly created Greek  name of the he-goat, τράγος, made another use possible for *kapro-. The word was  probably first used appositively with σῦς, as in Homer. Lat. aper 'boar' took the  vowel of caper, but is further unrelated. Briand 1997: 91-115 analyzes the attested forms as continuing an old adjective  'devouring (greedily)' from the root *kap- 'to take' (Lat. capid 'id', G happen 'to  swallow, snatch'). The root was used for a snatching way of eating (Hom. κάπη 'crib',  κάπτω 'to gulp down', cf. τράγος 'goat' beside τρώγω), and the adjective lexicalized  in the separate languages, where it came to denote different male animals. See DELG  Supp. If the root was Indo-European, it must have been *kh,p-, not *kap-;  alternatively, it was borrowed from the European substrate. See ▶︎ κάπτω.

XXXXXκάπτω [v.] 'to gulp down' (Hdt., Herod., com., Arist.).

    *VAR Fut. κάψω, perf. -κέκαφα, -κέκαπται.

    *COMP Also with ava-, éy-, ὑπο-.

    *DER (ἀνά-)κάψις 'swallowing' (Arist.); κάμματα [pl.] 'what is supped up, sacrificial  cake' with καμματίδες [pl.] 'laurel leaves, for supping up' (Nicocl. 2); ἔγκαφος 'what  you have in your mouth' (Eup. 330). Further κάπη [f] 'crib' (© 434, 6 40, 5. Ichn. 8,  Lyc. 95), Κάπηθεν (Suid.).

    *ETYM The present κάπτω might be identical with Lat. capié 'to take' and the Gm. verb Go. hafjan 'to raise'. In use and meaning, however, it corresponds much better  to popular MoLG (= MoHG) happen 'to swallow', MoDu. happen 'to snap'. These  belong to IE *keh,p- 'to seize, etc.', which has several variants. The form kann 'crib' is  rather an old formation than a direct derivation from kantw (cf. κώπη).

XXXXXκαπυρός [adj.] 'dry, brittle, crackly, clear-sounding' (Hp., Epich, Antiph., Arist. Theoe.). ;

    *DER καπύρια, -idta [pl.] 'kind of cake' (pap.); καπυρόομαι 'to be dried, singed,  crackly' (Str., Orib.), καπυρίζω 'make noise, drink' with καπυριστής 'drinker' (Str.).

    *ETYM Derived from the u-stem in *xkanbw (κάπυς), so properly 'giving smoke,  burnt on the meaning, see Legrand REGr. 20 (1907): 10ff. and Bogiatzides Ἀθηνᾶ 26  (1914): 109ff. See ▶︎ καπνός.

XXXXXκαπύσσαι = καπνός.

XXXXXκάρ [n.] indecl. 'head', only in ἐπὶ κάρ 'on its head, topsy-turvy' (Π 392) and ἀνὰ Kap 'upwards' (Hp. apud Gal. 19, 79). > Kapa.

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XXXXXκάρᾱ [n.] 'head' (trag,, Cratin, Eup.). <1 *krh,-(e)s-n- 'head'>

    *VAR κάρη (epic).

    *DIAL Myc. ka-ra-a-pi [instr.pl.] /kra*at-p*i/.

    *DER As a first member in kapa-topéw 'to behead' (E., J.) with kapda topos 'beheaded'  (S, E.), apparent basis καρατόμος 'beheading' (Lyc.), cf. on Seipotopéw s.v. ▶︎ Sépn;  καρηβαρέω (-dw) 'to feel heavy in the head, be sleepy, have a headache' with  καρηβαρία, -in, etc. (Hp. Arist.); from there Lat. caribaria > Fr. charivari, (WH 1,  854); on ▶︎ καραδοκέω s.v. Cf. ▶︎ κράσπεδον, ▶︎ κρησφύγετον, ▶︎ κρήδεμνον. Other forms: A. recent analogical formations to κάρᾶ, κάρη: dat. τῷ κάρᾳ (A, S.),  κάρῃ (Thgn.); κάρης, -ην (Call. Nic.), κάρᾶν (Anacreont.). B. Older disyllabic forms: epic καρή-ατος, -att, plur. -ata; also κάρη-τος, -τι; a new  nom.sg. κάρηαρ (Antim.) was made to καρήατα. C. monosyllabic forms: xpa-atoc, -att, pl. -ata; usually contracted (also trag.)  κρᾶτός, -ti, plur. κρᾶτα (Pi. Fr. 8); further isolated forms: κράτεσφι (K 156; probably  88.» Kpatwv (x 306), κρᾶσίν (K 152), κρᾶτας (E.); κρᾶτα accussg. (6 92, trag.),  nom.sg. (5. Ph. 1457); new nom.sg. κράς (Simm. 4). Ὁ. κάρᾶ (antevoc.) as a nom.pl. (h. Cer. 12), κάρᾶ [pl.] (ζ, Sannyr. 3). On ▶︎ κάρηνα  see s.v. and below.

    *ETYM The origin of the Greek forms has to be judged by the Skt. word for 'head'. The oblique forms are, e.g., sirsn-ds [gen.sg.], adverbial abl. sirsa-tds, which represent  a zero grade root sirs-n- < *krh,-s-n-, i.e. an s-stem enlarged with -n-. The disyllabic  nom.-acc. siras- (also Av. sarah-) derives from *krh,-os. Therefore, it appears that Gr. κρᾶατος represents earlier *krahatos (which may also be found in Myc. ka-ra-a-pi) <  *krh,s-yt-os, which by contraction gave κρᾶτός (κρητός, acc. to Zenodotus). The  antevocalic form *krdsn- is continued in ▶︎ kpaviov. The explanation of the Greek  disyllabic forms has to start from the plur. κάρηνα < *karasna < *krh,-es-n-h,, which  formed the basis for the creation of the singular forms καρήατος, -ατι (for earlier  *karahatos, -ti), if these were not innovated from the sg. κάρη. This nom.-acc.sg. may go back to analogical *kdpao-a (like ὄνομα), from κάρη, the forms κάρη-τος, -τι  were constructed. Beside the old s-stem, there are isolated forms without -5-: ἐπὶ κάρ 'on its head',  ἔγκαρος, ἴγκρος: ἐγκέφαλος 'situated in the head' and κατὰ (ἀπὸ) κρῆθεν 'from the  head down' (Hom. Hes.), ▶︎ κρήδεμνον 'head-band'. The explanation is debated:  kata κρῆθεν (whence ἀπὸ κρῆθεν) may stand for kat' ἄκρηθεν (see especially  Leumann 1950: 56ff.), but this seems unncessary; ἔγκαρος has been interpreted as a  learned innovation of κάρη after κεφαλή : ἐγκέφαλος; on ▶︎ κρήδεμνον, see s.v. An s-  less form κάρ is supported by Arm. sar 'hight, top' < *krh,r-o-. Very extensive  treatment by Nussbaum 1986 (review by Beekes Kratylos 34 (1989): 55-59). Perpillou  KZ 88 (1974): 230-234 analyzes the form *krh,-s-r/n- 'head' and discusses the  possibility of a suffix -uer, -uen-. See »kapéw 1, > Kapw, ▶︎ KapwTdv, ▶︎ κέρας,  ▶︎ κράνος, ▶︎ κριός.

XXXXXκάρα - αἷξ ἥμερος Πολυρρήνιοι: ὑπὸ Γορτυνίων.. ἄλλοι δὲ ἡ συκῆ. Ἴωνες τὰ πρόβατα, καὶ τὴν κεφαλήν 'tame goat (ΡοΪγτγεπίαΠ); others: fig-tree (Gortynian); cattle, head (oniany (H.). <?>

===Pag_689: Beekes_Página_0689.tiff===

    *ETYM The gloss is partly corrupt; see Latte. The meaning aif seems to be confirmed  by kapava; see on ▶︎ κάρηνα.

XXXXXκἄραβος [m.] 1. 'a prickly crustacean' (Epich., Ar, Arist; cf. Thompson 1947 s.v.), metaph. a light canoe (EM); 2. 'a horned beetle' (Arist.). < PG(V)>

    *VAR  σκορόβυλος: κάνθαρος 'kind of beetle' (H.).

    *DER καραβίς 'kind of sea-crab' (Gal. Sch.), καράβιον = ἐφόλκιον 'small boat towed  after a ship' (ἢ. s.v. ▶︎ ἐφόλκια, sch.); probably also καραβαία: δίκρουν ξύλον 'forked  timber' (H.). Further κηραφίς = καραβίς (Nic. Al. 394), secondary after the names in  -φ(ο)-, and n an epic imitation for a?

    *ETYM Cohen BSL 27 (1927): 100 gives several similar Arabic words. Boisacq s.v. suggests that -Boc is Macedonian for Gr. -φος < IE *-b*o-. Fur. (index) connects it with several other words: καρβάρεοι: κάραβοι (H.),  additional prenasalized forms καράμβιος (Ar. Byz. Epit. 9, τι; v.l. Arist. HA 5510 17),  ▶︎ κεράμβυξ (Nic. Fr. 39, H5 s.v.), and κεράμβηλον (H.); the suffix -nAo- is well-  known in Pre-Greek. These forms cannot be derived from Képac, as assumed by  Frisk. Fur. further posits *oxapafaioc on the basis of Lat. scarabaeus, which seems  unavoidable. The form σκορόβυλος perhaps continues *oxapaf-vA-, where both a's  turned to -o- before the -v- in the following syllable (Fur. 340 discusses the  phenomenon, but did not see that it operated here); thus, we have evidence for  σκαραβ-. Then there is ▶︎ γραψαῖος (Diph. Siph. apud Ath. 3, 106d) = κάραβος, which  Pur. assumes to stand for *yapwatoc (doubtful). The word ▶︎ σκορπίος does not seem  to belong here. In conclusion, it is clear that we are dealing with a Pre-Greek word *(s)karab- with  several of its usual variants. From Κάραβος came Lat. carabus 'crab', also 'small boat'  (also Romance, e.g. MoFr. caravelle) and a Slavic word for 'ship', e.g. Ru. kordbl'.

XXXXXκάραγος [m.] - ὁ τραχὺς ψόφος, οἷον πριών 'raw sound, like a saw' (H.). 4GR?>

    *ETYM Related to κέκρᾶγα, like τάραχος (-χήλ) to τέτρηχα. See ▶︎ κράζω. Alternatively,  is it Pre-Greek?

XXXXXκαρᾷδοκέω [v.] 'to await the outcome of something (udxn, πόλεμος, etc.), wait for something, take care' (Hdt, E, Ar, X. Plb.); in Hdt. perhaps an Atticism; cf. Wackernagel 1916: 3'. < GRP

    *COMP Also with ano-, dta-.

    *DER (4n0-)kapadoxia 'eager expectation' (Aq., Ep. Rom., Ep. Phil.).

    *ETYM On the use of καραδοκέω, cf. Aly Glotta 15 (1927): 104f. Acc. to the traditional  assumption, properly 'expect something with the hand strechted out', which is  neither factually nor formally very convincing. Given 5wpo-, ξενο-δοκέω, etc. (ὁδοι-  δοκέω after ὁδοι-πορέω), one would expect kapa- to be the object of δοκέω. DELG  remarks that κάρᾷ 'head' may have been used in the sense of 'end, outcome' here, for  which we may compare Kpafatvw 'to accomplish'.

XXXXXκαράκαλλον [n.] 'cap' (AP, Edict. Diocl.). «τὰν Lat.>

    *DER καρακάλλιον (pap. V-VIP).

    *ETYM From Lat. caracalla. Probably originally Gaulish; see WH s.v.

===Pag_690: Beekes_Página_0690.tiff=== XXXXXκάρδαμον 643 κάραννος

    *VAR κάρανος, etc. = κάρηνα.

XXXXXκαρβάν [9] 'outlandish, foreign'. <Lw ΟΥἱεηῖ.»

    *VAR Acc. -ἄνα (A. Supp. 129 [lyr.], H.), κάρβᾶνος (ἀ. Lyc.).

    *DER καρβάζειν, καρβαΐζειν, καρβανίζειν = βαρβαρίζειν 'to behave like a foreigner'

    *ETYM Unknown. Acc. to Kretschmer Glotta 31 (1951): 250, it is from the toponym  Qarbana (= Herakleion) in Egypt, whence the captive Danaeans escaped to the  Peloponnese. Acc. to Hommel Phil. 98: 132ff., καρβάν is identical with Hebr. κορβάν  (NT), properly 'sacrificial gift', which became an epithet for Phoenician merchants,  but this is hardly convincing; see E. Masson 1967: 107. Perhaps there is a relation  with the name of the east wind in Cyrene, Κάρβας. Arist. (Vent. 9730) has ἀπὸ τῶν  KapBav@v τῶν κατὰ Φοινίκην. Phoenician, acc. to Thphr. Vent. 62. Acc. to  Neumann 1961: 92f, it is from Hitt. kureyana- 'foreign state that is not a vassal' (on  the meaning, see Puhvel s.v.).

XXXXXκαρβάτινος [adj.] 'made of skins' (Ph. Bel.). < EUR>

    *VAR καρβάτιναι [f.pl.] 'shoes of unprepared leather' (X., Arist.); also kapnativov-  ἀγροςιρκικὸν ὑπόδημα μονόδερμον 'one-layer farmer's sandal' (H.).

    *ETYM Formation like δερμάτινος, etc. it has been compared with words for 'shoe,  etc. in Balto-Slavic, Germanic, and Celtic, e.g. Lith. kurpé 'shoe', Cz. krpé 'id', ON  hriflingr, OE hrifeling 'id', Olr. cairem 'shoemaker', but the formations differ among  each other. Further, Lat. carpisc(u)lum 'kind of shoe' (IV), which is considered to be  a loanword because of its late attestation. In yet other respects, these words seem to  be technical loans; cf. Beekes 2000: 28. From καρβάτινος came Lat. carpatinus 'of  raw leather'. See ▶︎ κρηπίς.

XXXXXκάρβις [?] -μαστροπός 'pimp' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. DELG notes: cf. Lat carissa?

XXXXXκάρδαμον [n.] 'nose-smart', 'Lepidium sativum' (X., Ar.).

    *VAR Also παρδαμάλῃ (Phot.).

    *COMP As a first member in καρδάμωμον, haplological for καρδαμ-άμωμον [n.]  'cardamom' (Thphr., Dsc.; on the formation Schwyzer: 263).

    *DER kapdapic = κάρδαμον (Nic., Plu.), after κεδρίς, etc. acc. to Chantraine 1933: 343;  kapdapivn 'id', also = σισύμβριον, etc. (Dsc.; Chantraine 1933: 204); kapdapaAn  'Persian cake from κάρδαμον᾽ (Trypho apud Ath; as ἀμυγδάλη, etc.); καρδαμίζω 'to  talk cress', 1.6, 'to talk nonsense' (Nic. Th. 617). By-form καρδάνη 'id. (gloss.), after  Botavr?

    *ETYM Among the plant names in -αμον (Schwyzer: 494, Chantraine 1933: 133), there  are several clear loanwords, and the same holds for κάρδαμον. Doubtful suggestion  in Strémberg 1944: 38: from *xdpdoq = κράδος 'twig' in καρδίδιον, dva-,  κατακάρδιον. The solution of Grogelj Razprave 2: 41 is no better: related to  ▶︎ σκόροδον. The suffix -αμον is known from Pre-Greek (Fur.: 6439). The word has  -been connected with Hitt. karsani 'an alcalic plant' (Fur: 252).

===Pag_691: Beekes_Página_0691.tiff===

XXXXXκαρδία [f.] 'heart', metaph. 'soul, spirit' (IL), also 'cardiac orifice of the stomach' (Hp., Th.), 'heart of wood' (Thphr, pap. Stromberg 1937: 125ff.). «1Ὲ kér(d), gen. krd- (ios 'heart'>

    *VAR Ion. -ἰη, epic mostly κραδίη.

    *COMP As a first member, e.g. kapdt-aA yéw 'to suffer from heartburn', together with  -ἧής, -la, -xd¢ (Hp.); very often as a second member, e.g. θρασυ-κάρδιος 'with daring  spirit' (1).

    *DER κάρδιον [n.] 'heart-shaped ornament' (Delos III*), καρδικός 'belonging to the  heart' (pap.), καρδιᾶτις [f.] Pythagoraean name of the number of five (Theol. Ar.);  καρδιώσσω, Att. -ώττω = καρδιαλγέω (Epich., Hp. Ar. Arist.) with καρδιωγμός  (Hp.), also καρδιάω (καρδιόωντα Nic. Al. 581); καρδιόω 'to revive' (LXX). Beside it  κῆρ (epic), κέαρ [n.] (Pi. B., trag.), κῆρι [dat.], κηρόθι [adv.] 'in the heart', together  with κηραίνω [v.] 'to be afraid' (E., Max., Ph.).

    *ETYM The word καρδία may be compared with other body parts in -ia, like κοιλία,  ἀρτηρία, λαυκανίη. The starting point is a monosyllabic neuter κῆρ < IE *kér(d) with  ablaut: cf. Lat. cordis < IE *krdés, which would have resulted in Gr. *xap6dc¢ or  *kpaddéc. We often find an i-stem, which is probably old, in the genitive: Hitt. kardias [gen.] next to nom. ke-ir /kér/. The i-stem also appears in Lith. sirdis (but  this is expected for an old root noun), Arm. srt-iw [instr.] beside sirt [nom.] < IE  *kérd, and in Skt. the -i is found in the nom.-acc. hardi, while the gen. is hrdds, like  Lat. cordis. Disyllabic κέαρ was created by poets as a false archaism of κῆρι, based on ἔαρ (ip) :  ἦρι 'spring'. On the accent of κῆρ, see Schwyzer: 377 and Berger MSS 3 (1953): 3. Further, e.g., Olr. cride < krd-io-, OCS sredv-ce beside OCS sréda 'middle' < PSlav. *serda, Go. hairto, gen. hairtins (transformed into an n-stem like augo 'eye', auso  'ear', etc.), Skt. hfd-aya- [n.] = Av. zarad-aé- [n.]. The Indo-Iranian word shows a  secondary *j*- instead of *¢- < IE *k-, probably by contamination with another word,  while the original *¢- is preserved in sraddhd- 'to trust'. See now the collection of  different formations in Wodtko et al. 2008: 417ff. Cf. also on ▶︎ κραδάω.

XXXXXκάρδοπος [f.] 'kneading-trough' (com., Pl, Hom. Epigr., Nic; for the fem. gender, cf. the instances in Schwyzer 1950: 34'; on καρδόπη [Ar. Nu. 678] see ibid. 28'). «ΡΟ»

    *DER Diminutive καρδόπιον (Delos ΠΣ xapdonetov 'cover of a trough' (H; cod. -tov), also 'muzzle' (Ar. Fr. 301); also κάρποδος (H.), with metathesis?

    *ETYM No clear etymology. Fur: 2575 suggests Hitt. barduppi with uncertain  meaning. No doubt a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXκάρηνα [n.pl.] 'heads, tops, mountain tops' (IL). <1E kerh,- 'head, horn', krh,-es-n- h»>

    *VAR Secondary sing. κάρηνον (h. Hom.), kapavov (A. Cho. 396 [lyr.], Mosch. 1, 12).

    *DER Hence κάραννος: κεκρύφαλος, κρήδεμνον 'headband', Aeol.; καρανώ" τὴν αἶγα. Κρῆτες 'goat (Cretan) (H.); Lacon. κάρᾶνος 'chief (Χ. HG 1, 4, 3) is a Persian  loanword from *kdrana- 'leader of the kdra-', acc. to Testen Glotta 69 (1991): 173  unclear is Κόραννος: βασιλεὺς Μακεδονίας probably an appellative. Denominative

===Pag_692: Beekes_Página_0692.tiff=== XXXXXκάρκαρον 645 verbs: καρανόω 'to crown, complete' (A.); *kapavilw 'to behead' in καρανιστῆρες ... δίκαι opayai te (A. Eu. 186), καρανιστὴς μόρος (E. Rh. 817).

    *ETYM From *karahna < *krh,-es-n-h,, which is also continued in Skt. Sirsa. OHG  hirn(i), MDu. hersene 'brain' (from *kerh,snio-) also belong here. The alternating r-  stem is found in καράρα' κεφαλή 'head' (H.) < *karasra, and probably also in Lat. cerebrum 'brain' < *keras-ro- < *kerh,-(e)s-ro- (but see also Nussbaum 1986: 243). Further relatives are ▶︎ κάρᾷ, ▶︎ κρανίον, ▶︎ κραίνω; see also ▶︎ κέρας.

XXXXXκαρθμοί - κινήσεις 'movements' (H.). = σκαίρω.

XXXXXκαρίς [f.] name of small crustaceans; see Thompson 1947 s.v. «ΡΟ»

    *VAR Gen. -ίδος (Anan., old com.), -ἴδος (middle com.); also κουρίς, κωρίς (Epich.,  Sophr.).

    *DER Kapidiov (Arist.), καριδάριον (Anaxandr.); καριδόω (τὸ σῶμα) 'to move (the  body) like a xapic; to wriggle, twist about like a shrimp' (Anaxandr.).

    *ETYM Ath. 3, 106b says ἀπὸ τοῦ κάρα' τὸ πλεῖστον yap μέρος τοῦ σώματος ἡ κεφαλὴ  ἀπηνέγκατο, which is clearly folk-etymological. Ehrlich KZ 39 (1906): 556f. derived  Kapic from *kapoic and xoupic, κωρίς from *kopoic, but there is no evidence for such  a form (cf. on ▶︎ Képon). Acc. to Frisk, it rather belongs to κάραβος as a popular short  form. κουρίς and κωρίς are unexplained; Chantraine (see DELG) pleads for  association with kwpa, κούρα 'girl', but this is hardly understandable. The variation  may well point to a Pre-Greek word. Cf. Acatyan 1937: 4, who considers καρίς  together with Arm. kari¢ 'scorpion' as an Asiatic loan.

XXXXXκαρκάδων, -wvog [Ὁ] 'the price paid to Charon by the dead for their passage' (Phot., Suid.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXκαρκαίρω [v.] only in Y 157 κάρκαιρε δὲ γαῖα πόδεσσιν ὀρνυμένων, explained in antiquity as éxpadaiveto, σείετο 'trembled', or as ἐψόφει 'roared' (details in Fraenkel 1910: 132', though with a wrong explanation).

    <IE *kerH- 'praise (loudly)'>

    *VAR  ἐκάρκαιρον' ψόφον τινὰ ἀπετέλουν 'produced a noise' (H.).

    *ETYM A yod-present with intensive reduplication (Schwyzer: 647), of onomatopoeic  origin. Sanskrit has an athematic reduplicated form car-kar-ti 'to mention with  praise'. Not related to ▶︎ κῆρυξ.

XXXXXκάρκαροι [adj.] - τραχεῖς 'coarse, rough' (H.).

    *ETYM Seems to agree with Skt. karkara- 'hard', but this is a late form; cf. Mayrhofer  EWaAia 3 sv. On the other hand, cf. ▶︎ kapyapog and ▶︎ καρκίνος. Fur.: 130 adduces  ▶︎ κέρχνος 'raw voice, hoarseness' and 'raw surface', which would be a Pre-Greek  variant, with the interchanges a/ ε and κί x. κάρκαρον [n.] 'prison' (Sophr. 147). <Lw Lat.>

    *VAR Also -ος (D. S. 31, 9), τον or -ος (Vett. Val. 68, 26); κάρκαροι: δεσμοί 'fetters'  (H.), also κάρκαρα, explained ia. with μάνδραι 'enclosed space', but the gloss is  corrupt.

    *ETYM From Lat. carcer; see WH s.v.

===Pag_693: Beekes_Página_0693.tiff===

XXXXXκαρκαρίς [Ὁ] - ξύλων ἢ φρυγάνων φορτίον 'timber; ἃ load of firewood' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM DELG supposes it is a mistake for καγκανίς; see ▶︎ κάγκανος.

XXXXXκαρκίνος [m.] 'crab' (Epich., IA), metaph. 'ulcer, pair of pincers, kind of shoe, etc.', also name of a constellation (Scherer 1953: 167f.). On the mg. also Thompson 1947 S.V.

    *DER Diminutive καρκίνιον (Arist. Hp.), also 'kind of slipper' (Herod.), καρκινάς,  -άδος [f.] (Gal. Ael.); καρκινίας [m.] name of a precious stone (Plin; after the color;  like καπνίας, etc, Chantraine 1933: 94); καρκινευτής 'crab-catcher' (Artem. 2, 14;  after ἀλιευτής, ὀρνιθευτής et al.); καρκινώδης 'crab-like' (Arist., medic.). Denominative verb καρκινόω 'bend, crook one's fingers' (Antiph., Thphr, cf. Stromberg 1937: 65), -όομαι 'become cancerous, suffer from cancer' (Hp.) with  καρκίνωμα 'cancer' (medic.), καρκίνωσις 'formation of dangerous growth' (Aét.);  καρκίνωθρον (codd. -a8pov, -ηθρον) plant name, 'Polygonum aviculare' (Dsc. 4, 4;  after Strémberg 1940: 147 properly 'Krebsmittel', but rather after the roots spreading  like a crab.

    *ETYM Clearly connected with Lat. cancer 'crab', Skt. karkata- 'id', but not all  morphological details are clear. Like Lat. cancer from *car-cro-, καρκίνος may also  have undergone a dissimilation of r-sounds, and later added the suffix -vo-. The  etymological connection with Skt. karkata- is doubted in Mayrhofer EWAia 1: 64  and by Fur.: 129. A loan from καρκίνος is Skt. karki(n)- 'the crab in the zodiac'  (perhaps karka- 'crab' [lex.] is a back-formation). Connection with the adjective for 'hard' (see ▶︎ Kdpkapoc, κράτος) was deemed  possible by Frisk, but this is a substrate word, like the present entry. Fur. connects it  with κάρχαι' καρκίνοι, καὶ <K>dyAou Σικελοί (H.), not mentioned in Frisk or DELG,  which is completely self-evident. The interchange «/ x proves Pre-Greek origin. Fur. doubts the appurtenance of Lat. cancer < *karkro-, and prefers to connect it with  yayypatva, yayyAtov. For καρκίνος, he also adduces (op.cit. 130) the PN Kepxivoc  and the HN Κερκινεύς (Thessaly), with ἔκερκιν-. The suffix -vo- can also be Pre-  Greek (Fur.: 129°4; Pre-Greek: Suffixes).

XXXXXκάρνη [f.] - ζημία 'punishment' (H.). <?>

    *VAR αὐτόκαρνος: αὐτοζήμιος 'self-punished' (H.).

    *ETYM It has traditionally been compared with Lat. carindre 'insult, ridicule' (Enn.,  gramm.) and (without an n-suffix) several Celtic, Germanic and Balto-Slavic words:  Olr. caire 'blame', OHG harawén 'mock', Latv. karindt 'tease', Ru. kor 'insult, scoff;  perhaps also ToAB kéarn*- probably 'to strike, afflict'. Note that xapv- can hardly be  explained in IE terms (*r would give pa), which means that the word may be Pre-  Greek. The word κάραννος hardly belongs here, although glossed as ζημία by H. (cf. DELG), or *kapavitewy 'to behead' in καρανιστήρ, -τής, which is derived from  κάρᾶνον (see ▶︎ Κάρηνα). See ▶︎ KEpTOHEW.

XXXXXκάρνος [?] - φθείρ, βόσκημα, πρόβατον 'louse, beast, cattle' (H.). < PG?; GR?

    *ETYM In the meaning φθείρ, it is related to κόρις, etc. (see also ▶︎ kapov 1 and Kapdc);  in the sense βόσκημα, πρόβατον᾽ perhaps with the group of »Képac? Fur.: 371,

===Pag_694: Beekes_Página_0694.tiff=== XXXXXκαρόω 2 647 however, connects it with ἀκαρί 'mite'. On Κάρνειος [m.] epithet of Apollo on the Peloponnesus, see Nilsson 1941(1): 532f. and Robert REGr. 80 (1967): 31ff.

XXXXXκάροινον [n.] name of a sweet wine (Edict. Diocl. καροίνου Meoviou; Hippiatr., gloss.). <?>

    *ETYM Grimme Glotta 14 (1925): 19 assumes a loan from Semitic: Akk. khurunnu  'sesame wine' (first from Hitt.); this is doubtful. Note οἶνος καρύϊνος (Gal.; from  Maeonia); also, ἀβόλλης, χιτὼν Kapdivoc (pap.), perhaps for kaptivog 'nut-brown?    κάρον 1 [n.] plant name 'cumin, Carum carvi' (Theb. Ostr. 135 [I?], ν.1. Dsc. 3, 57). <?>

    *VAR  Also καρώ [f.] (Dsc. Lc., Orib., uncertain Ath. 9, 371e; popular formation acc. to  Chantraine 1933: 116).

    *ETYM Perhaps from kdp: φθείρ (H.), because a corn of cumin would resemble a  louse.

XXXXXκάρον 2 [n.] - μεγάλη ἀκρίς 'big locust' (H.).

    *VAR Also κάρνος (see Fur.: 371).

    *ETYM See Gil Fernandez 1959: 148. Fur.: 341 compares ἀκορνός = ὀκορνός (H.), and  further πάρνος. Thus, it is clearly a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXκαρός [gen.] only in tiw δέ μιν ἐν καρὸς αἴσῃ (I 378), indicating something useless. <?>

    *ETYM The word καριμοίρους also perhaps belongs here, explained by H. in two  ways: τοὺς ἐν μηδεμιᾷ μοίρᾳ, ἢ μισθοφόρους 'serving for wages'. Most often  interpreted as '(cut off) piece, futile' and connected with xeipw, but perhaps rather  from Kdp 'louse' (H.), which acc. to Frisk would be more visual and expressive. Moreover, we cannot obtain xap- from the root of keipw, which did not have a  laryngeal.

XXXXXκαρόω 1, -όομαι [v.] 'to plunge into a deep sleep, stupefy, anasthesize' (Hp., Antipho Soph., Arist.), med. 'to be stupefied'. <?>

    *COMP Also with ὑπο-.

    *DER κάρωσις 'heaviness in the head, drowsiness' (Hp.), καρωτικός 'stupefying'  (Arist, Gal.), καρώδης 'id., drowsy, soporific' (Hp; on the formation cf. ὑπνώδης  and the verbal derivations in -w5r¢ in Chantraine 1933: 431); καρωτίδες (ἀρτηρίαι)  [pl.] 'carotid arteries' (medic.), also sg.; deverbal κάρος [n.] 'torpor, drowsiness'  (Arist. Phid., A. R., cf. καρός: κωφός, οἱ δὲ σκοτόδινος 'deaf, numb; dizzy' (H.).

    *ETYM The word is often taken as a denominative of κάρα, κάρη 'head': 'to have a  heavy head', like kapnBapéw. This is doubtful. The verb was originally intransitive,  and later joined the class of factitives in -dw. Cf. καρωθείς: τὴν κεφαλὴν σεισθείς,  μεθυσθεὶς ἢ βαρηθείς 'shaken in the head, drunk or heavy (H.).

XXXXXκαρόω 2 [v.] 'to estimate'. <?>

    *VAR  Only pte. aor. καρούσαντες (IG 9(2), 1229: 25 [Thessal. II*]) and καροῦσθαι:  ὠνεῖσθαι 'to buy', καρούμενος: ὠνησάμενος 'bought' (H.).

    *ETYM Unknown. Cf. Bechtel 1921, 1: 206f.

===Pag_695: Beekes_Página_0695.tiff===

XXXXXκαρπαία [f.] name of a mimetic dance in arms of the Thessalians (X. An. 6, 1, 7, Ath. 1, 15f.).

    *VAR Also καπρία' εἶδος ὀρχήσεως 'kind of dance' and κάρπεα' ὄρχησις Μακεδονική  'Macedonian dance' (H.).

    *ETYM The description of the dance in Ath. lc. (and in Max. Tyr. 28, 4 without  mention of the name) does not allow a comparison with καρπός 'fruit' or with  καρπός 'root of the hand'. The variation -ata / -ea / -ta points to substrate origin; see  Pre-Greek: Suffixes: -at- / -e(1)-.

XXXXXκαρπάλιμος [adj.] 'swift, eager' (IL, h. Merc. 225, Ar. Th. 957 [lyr.], A. R.), epithet of πόδες, of yévuec (Pi. P. 12, 20). < PGP

    *VAR  Adv. καρπαλίμως (I1.).

    *ETYM On the formation, see Arbenz 1933: 28f. The etymology is unknown. Schrader  KZ 30 (1890): 473 connected it with καρπός 'root of the hand' as 'handy', with  further connection to OHG hwerban 'turn', etc; see "καρπός 2. Solmsen KZ 30  (1890): 602 does not connect it with καρπός and starts directly from the meaning 'to  turn'. Others recognize the base form in κάλπη 'trot' (with dissimilation of A - \ to p  - \). A first syllable kapn- can hardly be of IE origin.

XXXXXκάρπασον [n.] name of a plant with poisonous sap: 'white hellebore, Veratrum album' (med., Orph.).

    *DIAL Myc. women's names Ka-pa-si-ja, Ka-pa-ti-ja.

    *COMP ὀπο-κάρπασον (Dsc. Lat. opocarpathon) = ὀπὸς καρπάσου 'sap of the κ᾿ (=  Lat. sucus carpathi, Plin.), after ὀπο-βάλσαμον; ξυλο-κάρπασον (Gal.) after EvAo-  βάλσαμον (Risch IF59 (1949): 287).

    *ETYM Lat. carpathum with th instead of -σ- points to foreign (Mediterranean)  origin. Both forms already existed in Mycenaean. A form with dental is found also in  the name of the island Κάρπαθος, which was named after the plant (Bogiatzides  Ἀθηνᾶ 29 (1917): 72ff.); the TN Kapracia (Cyprus) also belongs here. The s-form  also entered Latin (carpasum, carbasa). Derivation from Καρπός (Brugmann Sachs. Ber. 51 (1899): 185) is not feasible. The variation 0/o is typical for Pre-Greek and  points to a palatalized phoneme -?'-.

XXXXXκάρπασος [f.] 'a kind of fine flax (Ὁ. H. 2, 68, sch. Ar. Lys. 736), 'cotton' (Peripl. M. Rubri 41). <Lw Ind»

    *VAR Also -a [n.plL] 'sails from linen' (AP 9, 415, 6; after ἱστία). Also κάλπασος  (pap.).

    *COMP ψευδο-κάρπασος [m.] = ▶︎ κάχρυ (Ps.-Dsc.; s.v.).

    *DER καρπάσιον 'Spanish flax (pap. ITI), καρπάσινος 'made of x.' (LXX, Str., Ὁ. H.)  = Lat. carbasinus. λίνον Καρπάσιον 'from K. on Cyprus' (Paus. 1, 26, 7).

    *ETYM Reminiscent of Skt. karpdsa- [m.] 'cotton bush', but the exact relation is  unknown. The word κάρπασος is usually thought to be a loan from Indic (cf. also  Mayrhofer EWAia s.v.), but acc. to Porzig ZII 5 (1927): 272ff., the origin is a  Mediterranean or Anatolian language. Lat. carbasus, -a was borrowed from  κάρπασος, -a (either directly or indirectly); see WH and Fohalle 1925: 172-175. There  is no connection with the plant κάρπασον. On 'cotton', see also ▶︎ βαμβάκιος.

===Pag_696: Beekes_Página_0696.tiff=== XXXXXκαρπός 2 649

XXXXXκαρπήσιον [n.] name of an aromatic plant from Anatolia, 'Valeriana Dioscoridis' (Gal. Alex. Trall.). ΑΚ καρπησία = κάρπασος (Paul. Aeg.; not -ov as given by Frisk).

    *ETYM On the meaning, see Thiselton-Dyer Journal of Phil. 34 (1915): 310f5 on the  ending -ἥσιος, see Chantraine 1933: 41f. The etymology is unknown. Fur: 349  compares κέρπαθος (Uran. 12), a kind of incense. The word can hardly be IE; thus,  probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκαρπός: [m.] 'fruit, fruits of the earth, corn, yields' (II.).

    *DIAL Myc. ka-po /karpos/.

    *COMP Several compounds, e.g. Καρπο-φόρος, ἄ-καρπος.

    *DER Diminutive καρπίον (Thphr., pap.); adjectives: κάρπιμος 'giving fruit' (trag.,  com. Hell; cf. Arbenz 1933: 45 and 47), καρπώδης 'rich in fruits' (imperial period). Denominative verbs: 1. καρπόομαι 'to reap fruits, exploit' ([A), -6w 'to offer, produce  fruit' = 'to bring (burnt) sacrifices' (A., LXX) together with κάρπωμα 'fruit, sacrifice'  and κάρπωσις 'use, profit, sacrifice', καρπώσιμος (Hermipp. Hist.); cf. Bechtel  1921(1): 449 and 1921(2): 550. 2. καρπίζομαι (-ίζω Paros; Hell. inscr.) 'to reap fruits'  (E., Hell.), -ἰζω 'to fertilize' CE. [lyr.]); Καρπισμός 'yields' (Arist. Thphr.). 3. καρπεύω,  -εύομαι 'to reap fruits' (Hyp., Hell.) with καρπεία 'profit, income', καρπεῖον 'id.', also  = καρπός.

    *ETYM Commonly compared with the root *ker p- of Lat. carpo 'to pluck (off)', Lith. kerpu 'to cut with scissors', Hitt. karp(iie)-' 'to take away, lift, pluck', which would  imply that καρπός originally meant 'what is plucked or reaped'. Another  comparandum is the Germanic word for 'autumn', e.g. OHG herbist (*karp-isto-  'best time to pluck'). However, the assumption is that the a in καρπός may  represent vocalic *r. Yet, in classical Greek, Ἢ would normally have given -pa-, and  the Mycenaean form proves that there was no Ἢ in Proto-Greek, as its normal reflex  between two stops is Myc. /-or-/ (see Garcia Ramén Minos 19 (1985): 195-226). This  has led to the assumption that PGr. *karp- is a secondary zero grade, but this seems  unlikely. DELG posits an 'a populaire', which means that the word is a loan,  perhaps from a European substrate? The connection with ▶︎ xpwmiov is probably  wrong (the word is Pre-Greek).

XXXXXκαρπός 2 [m.] 'wrist' (IL). <?>

    *COMP As a first member in καρπό-δεσμον, -δεσμος, -déoutov 'bracelet' (pap., Luc.),  hypostasis ὑπο-κάρπιος 'under the wrist' (Aristaenet.).

    *DER καρπωτός 'reaching to the wrist' (LXX); καρπίζομαι [v.] 'to be taken by the  hand', i.a. as a sign of manumission, ἐπὶ ἐλευθερίᾳ = 'adseror in libertatem' (gloss.),  καρπιστής 'emancipator' (Arr.), καρπισμός, -ἰστία 'vindiciae' (gloss.).

    *ETYM Has been connected with a Germanic verb for 'turn, etc.', e.g. Go. Wvairban,  OHG hwerban, hwerfan 'to turn (intr.), whirl? (see on ▶︎ καρπάλιμοςλ. In this case,  the basic form would be *k'rpo-, from an IE root *k'erp- 'to turn' (cf. Schwyzer: 302  for the dissimilation *k' - p > k - p). However, the fact that the verb is limited to  Germanic makes the connection uncertain. Michler Herm. 94 (1966): 314-319  assumes that it is the same word as καρπός 'fruit'; see the remarks in Frisk Supp. s.v.

===Pag_697: Beekes_Página_0697.tiff===

XXXXXκάρρον [n.] 'wagon with four wheels, car' (LXX, pap., Edict. Diocl.).

    *VAR Also -ος (Ed. Diocl.).

    *COMP As a first member in καρρο-πηγός, -ποιός (gloss.).

    *DER Diminutive καρρίον (gloss.) and καρρικὸς γόμος 'load of a wagon' (Palmyra  IP).

    *ETYM From Lat. carrus (the Greek gender is after ἅρμα; late Lat. also -um), which  itself comes from Celtic. Further details in WH s.v. carrus.

XXXXXκάρσιον [adj.] - πλάγιον 'sideways' (H.).

    *VAR Also -ίως (Suid.).

    *ETYM Taken from éy-, ▶︎ ἐπικάρσιος.

XXXXXκάρτα [adv.] 'strongly, very' (Ion., trag.).

    *ETYM From *kaptig¢ = κρατύς (cf καρτερός, κάρτιστος); see on ▶︎ Κράτος. On the  ending -a, see Schwyzer: 622f; on the ablaut type, see Ruijgh 1980: 189-198.

XXXXXκαρτάζωνος [m.] Indian word for the rhinoceros (Ael, N.A. 16, 20).

    *ETYM To be corrected to *xapydtwvoc; cf. MoP karyadan. See Benveniste 1929: 371-    376.

XXXXXκαρταῖπος [n.] 'larger cattle, beasts' (Gortyn).

    *VAR Plur. καρταί-ποδα (Gortyn) like tetpa-noda (sing. τετράπος Gortyn).

    *ETYM Innovation of msc. "καρταί-πως for καρταί-πους (Pi.) = κραταί-πους 'with  strong feet' (Hom. Epigr.). It also bears a short form, κάρτην (for -tav) τὴν βοῦν. Κρῆτες (H.); see Bechtel 1921, 2: 787, Fraenkel Glotta 35 (1956): 86ff., and Fraenkel  1956a: 101; however, the gloss is probably corrupt (see Latte s.v. and p. 815).

XXXXXκάρταλλος [m.] 'basket with pointed bottom' (LXX, Hell. Ph., H.).

    *VAR Rarely -αλος.

    *DER Diminutive καρτάλλιον (Hell.).

    *ETYM Technical or popular word in -αλλος (cf. Chantraine 1933: 245ff.), which was  formerly connected with a root *k(e)rt- 'turn' (Pok. 584), 'aber im einzelnen dunkel'  (Frisk). It was also supposed in ▶︎ κύρτος. However, the variant with single -\- rather  points to a Pre-Greek word, and this would not be surprising, given the meaning. DELG and Fur.: 352 suggest to connect καρταλάμιον and κερτύλλιον.

XXXXXκαρτός [adj.] 'cut', epithet of πράσον 'onion', κρόμμυον 'garlic': τὸ καρτόν 'chive' (Dsc., Gal., Gp.); also of clothes, perhaps '(finely) cut' (IG 2, 1514: 39[: of xAavic, χλανίσκιον). <GRP

    *VAR  καρτοί: κεκουρευμένοι 'who have had the hair cut' (H.).

    *ETYM Zero grad verbal adjective of »xeipw. For the connection with onion, cf. MOHG Schnittlauch 'chive' from schneiden 'to cut', and Knoblauch 'garlic', from  OHG klobo-louh, related to OE clufu 'onion' and OHG klioban 'to split'; cf. also Lat. sectile porrum 'chive'. The vocalization xapt- is analogical after the full grade κερ-.

XXXXXκἄρὑύκη [f.] name of a Lydian 'soup of blood and spices' (Pherecr., Ath. Plu., Hdn.).

    *VAR Also -ύκκη.

===Pag_698: Beekes_Página_0698.tiff=== XXXXXκάρφω 651

    *COMP As a first member in καρυκο-ειδής (Hp.), -ποιέω (Ar.).

    *DER καρύκινος 'k.-colored', i.e. 'dark red' (X.); denominative verbs: 1. καρυκεύω 'to  provide with «, prepare' (Alex., Men.), also 'to mix, confound' (Erot. H.), with  kapukeia (Ath.), καρύκευμα (Poll, comm. Arist.); 2. καρυκάζειν: ταράττειν 'to  agitate' (H.).

    *ETYM Unexplained. Frisk suggested Lydian origin; but the variation points to a Pre-  Greek (= Pre-Antolian) word; see Fur.150**. The structure kap-v«- fits the picture of  Pre-Greek (see Pre-Greek: Suffixes).

XXXXXκάρυον [n.] 'nut' (Epich.,, Ar. Thphr.).

    *COMP καρυο-ναύτης 'who sails in a nut' (Lyc.); καρυότφυλλον 'dried flower-bud of  the clove, Eugenia caryophyllata' (medic.), acc. to Maidhof Glotta 10 (1920): 11 folk-  etymological adaptation of a loan (Skt. katuka-phala-).

    *DER 1. καρύα [f.] 'walnut-tree', especially 'hazel, Corylus avellana' (S., LXX, Thphr.,  etc; on the gender Schwyzer 1950: 30). 2. Diminutives: καρύδιον (Philyll. 19) with  kapvd6w 'castrate', καρύδωσις (Hippiatr.); καρυΐσκος (LXX). 3. Adjectives: καρύ-  tvog 'of nuts, nut-brown, εἰς, -ώδης, -ηρός 'nut-like' (Hell.); καρυωτός 'with nut-  like hump or fruit' (= 'date-tree'), καρυῶτις [f.] 'kind of date' (Hell.); substantive  καρυΐτης 'kind of Euphorbia' (Dsc.; Strémberg 1940: 53, Redard 1949: 72). 4. Adverb:  kapundov 'like nuts' (medic.). 5. Verb: xapuatitw 'play with nuts' (Ph; after the  verbs in -atitw). A lengthened plural form in καρυήματα' κάρυα. Λάκωνες 'nut  (Lacon.) (H after τραγήματα et al; Chantraine 1933: 178).

    *ETYM Several words have been compared, but they all differ from κάρυον and from  one another: Lat. carina 'ship's keel' (since Enn. and Plaut.), 'shell of a nut' (Plin.);  Skt. karaka- [m.] '(shell of the) coconut' (lex.), 'jar for water'. For Lat. carina, a  Greek loan (from Kaptivoc = 'like a nut-shell' > 'ship's keel'?) has been supposed  (WH s.v.); for karaka-, the priority of the meaning 'coconut' beside 'water-jar' is  doubted by Mayrhofer E WAia 3: 59 (later form). Beside κάρυον, we find ἄρυα: ta Ἡρακλεωτικὰ κάρυα (H.), which points to a Pre-  Greek word (interchange «-/ zero; Fur. 391). The connection with a group *kar-  'hard' (Pok. 531f-) is completely hypothetical.

XXXXXκάρφω [v.] 'to dry up, wither, wrinkle' (Od.).

    *VAR Aor. κάρψαι, fut. kapyw.

    *COMP Also with kata-, ὑπο-.

    *DER 1. κάρφος [n.] 'arid stalk, twig, halm, hay' (IA); diminutive καρφίον (Dsc.),  καρφηρός 'consisting of arid stalks' (E. Ion 172; cf. αὐχμηρός, αὐστηρός et al.,  Chantraine 1933: 232f.), καρφίτης 'id' (AP), καρφώδης 'full of κ᾿ (gloss.), καρφεῖα  [n.pl.] = κάρφη [pl] (Nic. Al. 118); καρφόομαι (AP) = καρφύνεσθαι- ξηραίνεσθαι,  φθείρεσθαι 'to dry up, perish' (H.); see Fraenkel 1906: 294. 2. κάρφη [f.] 'hay' (X.,  Arr.). 3. καρφαλέος 'arid' (Il.),ὄ like αὐαλέος; perhaps from κάρφος, cf. Chantraine  1933: 253f. 4. κατακαρφής 'withered' (Nic. Fr. 70, 9).

    *ETYM There is no correspondence in the other IE languages to a zero grade thematic  root present κάρφω (does κάρφος stand for older *kép@oc?). A widespread group in  Balto-Slavic and Germanic has been adduced, eg. Ru. kordbit' 'to curve, bend', refl.

===Pag_699: Beekes_Página_0699.tiff===

'to writhe', beside which (with anlauting s-) skérbnut' 'to writhe', Lith. skrébti, sg. skrembu 'to get a thin crust, get stiff, Molc. herpa-st 'to draw together convulsively', ON skorpna 'writhe, wither', etc. from a root IE (s)kerb'-, (s)kreb'- (Pok. 948f.). Within Greek, we also find the glosses κορφῶς: ἐλαφρῶς 'light, small and κέρβαλα'' ἀσθενῆ 'weak' (H.). The problem with this Indo-European etymology is the consistent a-vocalism of the Greek words. The comments by Frisk are illustrative ('Die expressive Wortgruppe hat offenbar lautliche Entgleisungen und Verschrankungen erlitten'), as are those of DELG ('Les rapprochements proposés par les étymologistes ne donnent satisfaction ni pour la forme ni pour le sens'). It seems, then, that the word is non-IE and it may well be Pre-Greek. In this context, note the vocalism of κορφῶς.

XXXXXκαρχαλέος [adj.] 'arid, scorching, biting, sharp' (® 541 [v.l. kap@-], Nic. Th. 691 [v.l.

XXXXXκαρφ-], A. R.). <?>

    *ETYM A cross of κάρχαρος and καρφαλέοςξ DELG remarks that the oldest sources  attest to the sense 'arid', which could mean that the readings with -p- are to be  preferred. See > κάρφω, ▶︎ κάρχαρος.

XXXXXκάρχαρος [adj.] 'biting, sharp, raw' (Alcm. 140, Lyc., Opp.). 4PG(V)>

    *VAR  With reshaped ending καρχαρέος (EM).

    *COMP καρχαρόδων (-ους), -ovtos 'with sharp teeth' (IL, Hes. Ar. Arist. Thphr.; cf. Sommer 1948: 93).

    *DER καρχαρίας [m.] 'kind of shark' (Pl. Com., Sophr,; cf. Thompson 1947 s.v.,  Stromberg 1943: 45).

    *ETYM Onomatopoeic reduplicated formation (Schwyzer: 423; cf. Tichy 1983: 174°),  which has been compared with Skt. khara- 'hard, raw, sharp', MoP xar(a) 'rock,  thorn'; however, Skt. kh- does not correspond to Gr. -x-. Acc. to Leumann 1950: 156,  κάρχαρος was taken from Hom. xapyapddovtec. An unaspirated form appears in  > KdpKapol - τραχεῖς καὶ δέσμοι (H.). Blane REGr. 107 (1994): 686-693 thinks that the word is connected with χάραξ  'pointed pole' and χαράσσω 'to sharpen, engrave, etc.'. Fur: 130 rejects the IE  comparison (see Mayrhofer EWAia 3: 139). The comparison with κάρκαροι rather  points to Pre-Greek origin; Fur. refers to Urart. karhar 'heap of stones', Arm. karkar  'slippery rock'.

XXXXXκαρχήσιον [n.] 'a drinking vessel which is narrower in the middle', metaph. 'masthead, top', also 'cage or chamber in a torsion engine' (Sapph., Pi, IA).

    *VAR -άσιον (Pi.).

    *DER καρχήσιος [m.] 'halliard of a ship, rope in general' (Gal.).

    *ETYM Foreign word of unknown origin; cf. Schwyzer: 470, Chantraine 1928: 3, and  Hermann Gott. Nachr. (1943): 1f. Borrowed as Lat. carchésium (see Friedmann 1937:  2off.), whence Sp. carquesia, Ital. calcese > MoFr. calcet. The word could be Pre-  Greek,

XXXXXκαρώ [f.] 'cumin, Carum carvi' (Dsc., Gal., Orib.). < PG?>

    *DER καρωτόν [n.] 'carrot' (Ath. 9, 371e? Uncertain); Lat. carota (Apic.).

===Pag_700: Beekes_Página_0700.tiff=== XXXXXκασίγνητος 653

    *ETYM A form of the word κάρον. Derived from κάρη 'head', like κεφαλωτόν 'kind of  onion' from κεφαλή, by Frisk. However, the form in -w seems Pre-Greek. -κάς adverbial suffix. = ἑκάς.

XXXXXκασαλβάς, -άδος [f.] 'strumpet' (Ar.).

    *VAR  κασσαβάς (EM).

    *DER κασάλβιον 'brothel' (sch. Ar. Eq. 1825 ν.1.), κασαλβάζω (Ar., Hermipp. Com.). Also κασωρίς with kacwpetw (Lyc.) and xaowpitic 'id' (Hippon., Antiph.),  κασώριον (Ar. Eq. 1285) = κασωρικὸς δόμος (uncertain conj. in Hippon. 74);  κασαύρα: κασωρίς, πόρνη 'strumpet, prostitute', also κασαυράς, with κασαυρεῖα [pl.]  (H.). Short form κάσσα (Lyc.).

    *ETYM Vulgar words. There seems no reason whatsoever to connect it with κασᾶς  'blanket'. The form xao-wp- continues κασ-αυρ- (a well known development in Pre-  Greek; see Fur.: 3013'). In turn, the form κασαυρ- may continue κασαβ-, with 6  varying with v, Ff. The relation between κασαλβ- and κασαβ- is unclear; Fur.: 305f. thinks that the d is secondary, but he gives only little evidence. I am inclined to think  that the A is old, and suggest that κασαλβ- originates from *kasal'-, with a labialized  phoneme /' that may easily have become w > b.

XXXXXκασᾶς [m.] 'horse-cloth' (Agatharch., X. Cyr.). «τὴν Orient.»

    *VAR Acc. -av, acc.du. -@. Also κασῆς (PTeb.), also κάσσος (Hdn. 1, 208), acc. to H. ἱμάτιον παχὺ Kai τραχύ, περιβόλαιον 'thick and coarse cloth, covering cloth', and  κάς: ... δέρμα 'skin' (H., PLond. 2, 402 V5).

    *COMP As a first member in κασ(σ)ο-ποιός (pap. Ostr.).

    *DER κασωτός epithet of ἐσθής (Diog. Oen.).

    *ETYM An oriental loanword; cf. Hebr. kissé' and k'siit, properly 'cover, over-  garment' (Cuny MSL 19 (1915-16): 193f. and Nyberg in Bjérck 1950: 295). Borrowed  from Greek as Lat. casula; see Kramer AfP 45 (1999): 192-204 and Kramer AfP 46  (2000): 62-64.

XXXXXκασία [f.] 'cassia, Cinnamomum iners', a kind of cinnamon (Sapph. Melanipp., Hdt., Thphr.). «τὴν Orient»

    *VAR Ion. -iy (rarely -co-).

    *DER κασσίζω 'to smell or taste cassia' (Dsc.).

    *ETYM An oriental loanword; cf. Hebr. q'si'ah, Assyr. kasia. Originally Austro-Asiatic  (Kretschmer Glotta 27 (1939): 250 after Gonda). Cf. E. Masson 1967: 48f. and Welles  1934: 342.

XXXXXκασίγνητος [m.] 'brother (of the same mother)' (Il.). 41Ε kmt-i- + gnh,-to- 'born together'>

    *VAR κασιγνήτη [f.] 'sister, cousin' also Corc., Cypr., Lesb. (cf. Bowra JHS 54 (1934):  65), Thess. κατίγνειτος [m.].

    *COMP αὐτο-κασίγνητος (1].), -ἡτη (« 137), πατρο-κασίγνητος, -ἤτη 'uncle, aunt'  (Hom.), ματρο-κασιγνῆται [pl.] 'uterine sister' (A. Eu. 962); συγ-κασιγνήτι (own)  sister' (E. IT 800).

===Pag_701: Beekes_Página_0701.tiff===

    *DER Short form (see below) κάσις, -ἰος [m., f.] 'id' (trag., Call, Nic.), σύγ-κασις  '(own) sister' (E. Alc. 410 [lyr.]). Also κάσιοι (for -te¢?): of & τῆς αὐτῆς ἀγέλης  ἀδελφοί te καὶ ἀνεψιοί. καὶ ἐπὶ θηλειῶν οὕτως ἔλεγον Λάκωνες 'brothers and  cousins who are from the same band; the Laconians also say it in the case of females'  (ΗΠ) cf. Leumann 1950: 307, where κάσις, κασίγνητος are questionably taken from  poetical language. Unclear are kacev (Lacon. Knabeninschr.; see Kretschmer Glotta 3  (1910-1912): 270ff., Schwyzer: 625° [for καθ᾽ Ev?]) and Kavita: ἀδελφή, Katvitac:  ἀδελφοὺς καὶ ἀδελφάς (H.), perhaps Cyprian < κασιγνητ- (with itacism)? See von  Blumenthal 1930: 22.

    *ETYM From **kmti-gnh,-to-, so 'born together', i.e. from the same mother. On κασι-  < ἔκατι-, see on ▶︎ Καί. See Ruijgh 1957: 137f and Beekes 1969: 219f.

XXXXXκασκάνδιξ [?] - ἡ γηθυλλίς 'kind of onion' (H.).

    *ETYM It has been connected with σκάνδιξ, -ἰκος 'chervil', σκάνδυξ, -ὔκος (ν.,, Dsc. 2,  138), assuming reduplication and dissimilation of ox - ox (Brugmann-Delbriick 1897-  1916 1: 856, Schwyzer: 260). The word is Pre-Greek, in view of the a-vocalism and the  suffixation.

XXXXXκασκός [m.] - ὁ μικρὸς δάκτυλος 'small finger' (H.). <?>

    *VAR Also κακκός 'id.' (H.).

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXκάσμορος - δύστηνος 'unhappy' (H.). = κάμμορος.

XXXXXΚασσάνδρα [f.] daughter of Priamos (II.). 41ῈῸ (s)kend- 'raise', keNs- 'order'>

    *DIAL Ion. -ἡ, Also Κασάνδρα (first syllable always long), Κεσάνδρα (Cor., Tarent. vases.), Κατάνδρα (Att. amphora). On the forms Sommer 1948: 189f. Cf. also Myc. ke-sa-do-ro /Kessandros/, ke-sa-da-ra /Kessandra/.

    *ETYM Heubeck Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 8 (1957): 272-274 suggested derivation from a  root κασ- in κέκασμαι. DELG Supp. suggests to connect the Myc. PN ke-sa-me-no  and the root *keNs-. Garcia Ramdén 1992a follows Heubeck in connecting κέκασμαι, but reconstructs a  root *(s)kend- for this form. The name would be a Motionsbildung to Kassandros,  which is then a τερψίμβροτος compound, i.e. *kyd-ti-, which we find in Kaoti-  άνειρα and Κασσ-ἄνόρ, the group -ti- yielding -σσ-. The Myc. PNs in /Kess-/, on the  contrary, would be derived from the root *keNs-, and are not cognate.

XXXXXκασσίτερος [m.] 'tin' (11... <PGr

    *VAR Att. καττίτερος.

    *COMP As a first member in κασσιτερο-ποιός 'tinner' (Ptol.).

    *DER κασσιτέρινος (kattt-) 'made of tin' (Att. inscr., Arist.); Κασσιτερίδες νῆσοι 'the  tin-islands', probably South-West of Britain (Hdt. 3, 115, Str.; κασσιτερᾶς [m.]  'tinner' (pap.); κασσιτερόω 'tin' (Dsc.).

    *ETYM Elamitie origin has been suggested, from *kassi-ti-ra 'coming from the land  of the Kassi' (whence Kaooitipa island in the Indian Ocean [Dion. apud St. Byz.]?). Further, Celtic names like Cassi-velaunus were also connected, with the  Κασσιτερίδες νῆσοι giving their name to the metal (cf. e.g. Κύπρος: copper), or vice

===Pag_702: Beekes_Página_0702.tiff=== XXXXXκάστωρ, -ορος 655 versa. More recently, Freeman Glotta 75 (1997): 222-225 pleaded for Near Eastern origin, referring to Kaooitepa in Steph. Byz. The Greek word spread widely: Lat. cassiterum (after ferrum, aurum et al.), OCS kositero, Skt. kastira-, Arab. qazdir, etc. The group oo / tt is typically Pre-Greek, so the word would have come from Greece or Western Anatolia, like the word for 'lead', ▶︎ μόλυβδος.

XXXXXκασσύω [v.] 'to stitch, sew together like a shoemaker' (Nic. Fr. 85, 6). «ΡΟ»

    *DIAL Att. καττύω (com., Pl.).

    *COMP Also with év-, éml-, mapa-, συν-.

    *DER κάσσυμα (Hp.), κάττυμα (com.) 'sole of a shoe', καττύς [f.] 'piece of leather'  (Ar. Fr. 285).

    *ETYM The form καττύς is not the basis (as per Kretschmer Glotta 1 (1909): 52f.), but  rather a back-formation from Kkatttw. The 'foreign phoneme' oo / tt, in  combination with the a-vocalism, shows Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXκάστανα [n.pl.] 'sweet chestnuts' (Mnesith. apud Ath. 2, 54b, Gal. Dsc. v.1.).

    *VAR Also κάστανοι (Gal.); sing. κάστανον (Gp.), -ος (H. s.v. καρύαι), καστανίαι  (Dsc.).

    *COMP As a second member in βαλανο-κάστανον = βάλανος καστανικός (thus Gal.)  and βολβο-κάστανον 'earth-nut' (Alex. Trall.).

    *DER καστάναια, -ela [pl] = κάστανα (Att. inscr.), xaotavén 'chestnut tree',  καστανεών 'chestnut forest' (Gp.), καστανικός (Gal; see above), κασταναϊκὸν  κάρυον (Thphr.); Καστανὶς aia land in Anatolia (Nic. Al. 271; cf. Kaotavéa = πόλις  Μαγνησίας EM).

    *ETYM The ἡ in καστηνοῦ (gen.) 'chestnut-tree' (Nic. Al. 269) is unclear. An  Anatolian word? Except for the TN mentioned, cf. Arm. kask 'chestnut', kaskeni  'chestnut-tree'. From κάστανον, -άνεια comes Lat. castanea (cf. e. g. picea), whence  OHG chestinna, and, via new borrowing, MoHG Kastan(i)e. Further, see WH s.v. castanea. Fur.: 389 has a variation x / τ, but there is no Pre-Greek material for this  (the k in Armenian may be due to assimilation). The variation -ata / -ela may,  however, be a Pre-Greek feature (Pre-Greek: Suffixes 6. -at-/-e(t)-).

XXXXXκάστον [n.]? - ξύλον. Ἀθαμᾶνες 'timber (Athamanian)' (H.).

    *ETYM Fur. 164 compares ἄκαστον: ἡ σφενδαμνος 'maple', noting that the hard  wood of this tree is excellent for building; he further compares κόστον 'wooden part  ofa carrier' (343). Several other proposals can be found in Frisk.

XXXXXκάστωρ, -ορος [m.] 'beaver' (Hdt., Hp., Arist.). <?>

    *DER καστόρί(ελος 'belonging to the beaver' (Pi, X., Dsc.), καστόρ(ελον [n.] 'castor  (= Bibergeil)' (pap., Plu.}; καστορίδες [f.pl.] 'Laconian race of dogs, initially elevated  by Castor' (AP, Poll.), 'beaver' (Opp., Ael.); καστορίζω 'to be like castor' (Dsc., Vett. Val.).

    *ETYM Since Kretschmer 1909:121-3, it has been assumed that the name Κάστωρ, who  was known as σωτήρ of women, was transferred to the beaver, presumably because

===Pag_703: Beekes_Página_0703.tiff===

of the medicinal effect of castor for women's diseases. This idea has been uncritically taken over, and in fact Kretschmer gives no specific argument. Gantz 1993: 323-328, who discusses the Dioskouroi rather extensively, mentions nothing about a relation with the beaver, so Kretschmer's idea should be abandoned. Schrader-Nehring 1917: 138 point out that the animal no longer existed in Greece; the word would be foreign. It is first mentioned in Hdt. 4, 109 in the North Pontic area, which is close to the supposed homeland of the Indo-Europeans, so the word could in principle be inherited. A Pre-Greek word for 'beaver' may have been λάταξ. κάστωρ was borrowed by Latin, and thence it spread to the other European languages. From xaotdp(e ov comes Skt. kastiiri [f.] 'musk'.

XXXXXκασύτας [?] - Συριακὸν βοτάνιον 'Syriac plant' (H.).

    *VAR  Also καδύτας (Thphr. CP 2, 17, 3) 'Cassyta filiformis'.

    *ETYM From Arab. kasith; cf. Grimme Glotta 14 (1925): 19. Fur: 256 remarks that the  assibilation to -ov- does not prove anything, and that the plant probably came from  Anatolia.

XXXXXκασωρίς = κασαλβάς.

XXXXXκάτα [adv., prep.] 'down(wards), against, along, through, over, across, concerning' CIL.). «1Ὲ *kmt- 'down, with, along'> 'ΑΚ Asa prep. with gen. and acc.

    *DER Also καται- in καται-βαταί (v 110), καται-βάτης epithet of Zeus, etc. (Thera,  Melos, Thasos, trag.); cf. ▶︎ καταῖτυξ,

    *ETYM Identical with Hitt. kattan [adv.] 'below, underneath', katta [postpos.] 'along  with' (for further distinction in Old Hittite, see Kloekhorst 2008 s.v.); the old Celtic  word for 'with', e.g. OW cant, Olr. cét-, may belong here, too. The IE base form is  then *kmt-, possibly with further connection to IE *kom in Lat. cum, etc. (see  ▶︎ κοινός). The by-forms καται- and Arc. κατύ are best explained as analogical after  παραί and ἀπύ.

XXXXXκαταδίχιον [n.] name of a vase (IG 14, 427: I, 15, Tauromenion).

    *ETYM Hypercorrect form of *kaddixiov. See ▶︎ κάδος.

XXXXXκαταῖτυξ, -vyog [f.] name of aleather helmet without φάλος or λόφος (K 258). <?>

    *ETYM Formally reminiscent of ▶︎ ἄντυξ. The explanation by the sch. παρὰ τὸ κάτω  τετύχθαι- λόφον yap οὐκ ἔχει is useless, as it is clearly constructed from the text; see  Triimpy 1950: 45. A loan, acc. to Bechtel 1914 s.v; Semitic connection proposed by  Lewy KZ 55 (1928): 20f., unconvincing according to Frisk.>    κατ᾽ ἄκρας

    *VAR Ion. κατ᾽ ἄκρης.

    *ETYM See ▶︎ ἄκρος; on κατ᾽ ἄκρηθεν, see ▶︎ Kapa.

XXXXXκαταρράκτης. [m.] 'down-swooping, sheer, waterfall, portcullis, movable bridge, sluice'; also name of a bird, 'cormorant' (Hdt, S., Ar.).

    *VAR Ion. -ρρήκτης.

    *ETYM From κατα-ρράττω, -ρρήσσω; see on ▶︎ pacaw.

===Pag_704: Beekes_Página_0704.tiff=== XXXXXκαύαξ 657

XXXXXκατασκενε [v.subj.] 'he kills' (SGDI 4998: 1, 14{., Gortyn).

    *ETYM Equivalent to Att. κατα-κτείνῃ, with a special phonetic development of the  consonant group κτ- (Schwyzer: 325f., Strunk 1967: 99).

XXXXXκατενῶπα «ΝΑΙ κατένωπα. = ἐνῶπα.

XXXXXκατῆλιψ, -ἰφος [{1 mg. unknown, perhaps 'ladder, roof-beam, upper story' (Ar. Ra. 566); = ἰκρίωμα 'scaffold' (HL). <?>

    *ETYM For the formation, aiyiAup, ἄλιψ have been compared; further unexplained.

XXXXXκατηφής [adj.] 'with downcast eyes, ashamed, sad' (w 432, Hp., E.). «ΟΕ»

    *DER κατήφεια, epic Ion. -ein 'being downcast, etc.' (Il, Th.). κατηφέω (E., Arist.),  aor. -ἦσαι 'to be downcast, be ashamed, etc.' (1].); is κατηφής a back-formation? By-  forms: κατηφόνες = κατηφέες (O 253; see Schwyzer: 487, Chantraine 1933: 160);  κατηφιάω = κατηφέω (A. R., AP, Plu.), after the verbs in -ἰάω.

    *ETYM Uncertain. Acc. to Schwyzer 1908: 247ff., it is from ἀφή, ἄπτω as 'having the  view downwards'; to the contrary, Kretschmer Glotta 5 (1914): 309. Blanc 1988: 33-48  (see DELG Supp.) connects the group of θάμβος, etc, and assumes "κατα-τηφής  'completely stupefied'; one would rather expect *-Onitnc, however.

XXXXXκατιάς, -άδος 'surgical lancet' (Heliod. apud Orib. 44, 14, 4).

    *DER κατιάδιον (Aret., C. D.1, 2).

    *ETYM Probably from καθίημι 'to let down (into); the psilosis does not surprise in  Tonic.

XXXXXκατούλᾶ [f.] juridical term of unclear mg. <?>

    *DER κατουλέω.

    *ETYM Cf. ἐξουλή (Schwyzer: 668).

XXXXXκατουλάς, -άδος [adj] epithet of the night (δ. fr. 433, A. R. 4, 1695).

    *ETYM From κατειλέω. Connected with ὀλοή by A. R. (folk etymology).

XXXXXκατρεύς, -Ews [m.] name of an Indian peacock (Clitarch., Nonn.). «τὴν πα.»

    *ETYM Unknown, probably Indian; for the formation, cf. ἐριθεύς, χλωρεύς, etc. (Bofhardt 1942: 20). It hardly belongs to the Cretan town name Katpetc, Katpn, as  per BoShardt op. cit. 74. Cf. Thompson 1895 s.v.

XXXXXκάττα word for 'cat', which replaced αἴλουρος (Ar. Pl. 693). <?>

    *VAR κάττος (sch. Call. H. Dem. 1102, p. 79 Pf.).

    *ETYM Origin unknown, but the word is found in Latin and most other languages of  Europe.

XXXXXκατώτιον [n.] 'lifeboat' (pap.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXκαναλός - μωρολόγος 'speaking foolishly' (H.).

    *ETYM Perhaps related to ▶︎ κόβαλος.

XXXXXκαύαξ - λάρος (H.), name of a sea-bird, perhaps 'seamew, tern' (see Thompson 1895 S.V.).

===Pag_705: Beekes_Página_0705.tiff===

    *VAR καύηξ, -ῆκος [m.] (Antim., Hell.), also κήξ [f.] (0 479) and κῆῦϊξ [π1.] (Babr.,  Dionys. Av.).

    *ETYM Ending like in ἱέραξ, ἴρηξ, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 380). Has been compared  with bird-names like MW cuan 'screech-owl and other Celtic words, whence Lat. cavannus 'id., OHG (with regular sound shift) hawo 'owl'. Within Greek, one also  finds forms with internal velar: καυκαλίας: ὄρνις ποιός 'kind of bird', καυκιάλης: ... ὄρνις H., with which are compared Lith. kaukjs [m.] name of a crying bird and  primary verbs like Skt. Κάμε 'cry', Lith. kaikti 'to howl, moan', etc, cf. on ▶︎ κωκύω. Is Kabat πανοῦργος 'criminal (Suid.) a term of abuse from comedy? See  Kretschmer KZ 31 (1892): 354. The word with -ax- is probably Pre-Greek (the second  velar does not belong to the root). Cf. on ▶︎ κῶβαξ.

XXXXXκαύης [m.] name of a priest(ess) in Sardes (Hippon. 2).

    *VAR Acc. -ἣν [f.] (IG Rom. 4, 1755 et al; written -etv).

    *ETYM A Lydian word; cf. Latte Phil. 97 (1948): 43. From Lyd. kaves, acc. to Masson  Jb. f. kleinas. Forsch. 1 (1950-51): 182-188 and O. Masson 1962: 107f.

XXXXXκαυκαλίς, -ίδος [f.] an umbelliferous plant, 'Tordylium apulum' (Thphr., Nic., Dsc., Gp.).

    *VAR  Also καῦκον (Ps.-Dsc. 2, 139) and καυκιάλης: βοτάνη τις, ὁμοία Kopiw (cod. Kwp-) 'a plant like coriander' (H.).

    *ETYM On the suffix -αλίς, see Chantraine 1933: 251f. The plant was also called δαῦκος  ἄγριος (Dsc. 2, 139); see Strémberg 1940: 153. Further hypotheses in Nencioni Riv. degli stud. or. 19 (1940): τοι. Is it Pre-Greek?

XXXXXκαῦκος [m.] 'cup' (gloss.). <?>

    *DER Diminutive καυκίον (pap. VI', AP 9, 749 in lemm.,, Just.). Also καυκάλιον 'id'  (Alex. Aphr. Pr.1, 94; after βαυκάλιον).

    *ETYM Identical with Lat. caucum [n.] 'id? (Script. hist. Aug.), but further unknown;  cf. WH s.v. Schrijver 1997: 295 compares Olr. cuach 'cup'.

XXXXXκαυλός [m.] 'shaft, stalk, quill of a feather' (I1.); on the botanical and anatomical mg. Strémberg 1937: osff. and 49.

    <IE *keh,ulo- 'shaft'>

    *COMP Often as a second member, e.g. μονό-καυλος (Thphr.; Stromberg 1937: 104f.),  rarely as a first member, e.g. in καυλο-κινάρα 'the shaft of the artichoke' (Gp.); see  Stromberg 1944: 7.

    *DER Diminutives: καυλίον (Arist.), καυλίοκος (J. Ὁ. S., Dsc.); further καυλεῖον =  καυλός (Nic; after ἀγγεῖον et al.); καυλίας 'sap of the shaft' (Thphr.), like ῥιζίας  'root-sap', cf. Stromberg 1937: 91, Chantraine 1933: 94f; καυλίνης fish name = χλωρὸς  κωβιός (Diph. Siph. apud Ath. 8, 355c), after the color, acc. to Stromberg 1943: 26;  formation like Αἰσχίνης; further καυλικός, καυλώδης 'like a stalk (Thphr.), καύλινος  'consisting of a shaft' (Luc.), καυλωτός 'with a stalk' (Eudem. Phil. IV*; like αὐλωτός,  εἰς.) καυληδόν 'stalk by stalk' (Opp.). Denominative verb καυλίζομαι 'to have a shaft' (Ar. Fr. 404); δικαυλέω 'to have two  shafts', éxxavAéw 'to grow out in one shaft' (whence éxxavAnotc, -μα) and

===Pag_706: Beekes_Página_0706.tiff=== XXXXXκαχάζωῳ 659 ἐκκαυλίζω 'to remove the shaft' (Thphr.) derive from virtual ἔδιτκαυλος, *éx-Kavroc, etc. (καυλέω only Suid.).

    *ETYM Old inherited word, also found in Latin and in Baltic: Lat. caulis [m.) 'shaft'  (secondary i-stem); Lith. kdulas 'bone, cube', Latv. kadls 'id.', also 'shaft', OPr. caulan  'bone'; Olr. οὐαὶ 'faggot, bundle of sticks' < *kauld. Not related to Skt. kulya- 'ditch,  canal' and the Gm. word for 'hollow', ON holr, Go. us-hulon 'to hollow out'.

XXXXXκαυνάκης = γαυνάκης.

XXXXXκαυνός [m.] - κακός, σκληρός, κλῆρος 'bad, hard, lot' (H.); in the last mg. also Cratin. 194 and Ar. Fr. 660 (see Kock ad loc.). <?>

    *DER διακαυνιάσαι = διακληρῶσαι 'to assign by lot' (Ar. Pax 1081).

    *ETYM In the meaning κακός, καυνός has been compared with a Balto-Germanic  word for 'humble, shame, etc', eg. Go. hauns 'lowly, humble', MoHG Hohn, Latv. kauns 'shame, contumely'. However, the text of Hesychius is very uncertain; the  form σκληρός (in this meaning taken as related to καίω by Schulze KZ 29 (1888):  270) looks like a dittography (with o- from κακός) of the following κλῆρος. DELG  splits the word in two, but this too is unclear. See Fur. 237

XXXXXκαῦρος [adj.] = κακός (S. Fr. 1059, Phot., H.). <?>

    *ETYM Giintert 1914: 131 assumes a cross of παῦρος and καυνός = κακός. Frisk thinks  that a cross of κακός and παῦρος is possible. There is no support for these  suggestions.

XXXXXκαυσία [f.] name of a royal felt hat among the Macedonians (Hell.; see Hoffmann 1906: 55ff.). < ?>

    *ETYM Unexplained; a suggestion was made by Sapir Am] Ph. 60 (1939): 464. DELG  connects it with καίω. Fur.: 119 refers to γαύσαπος and γαυσάπης; also, Lat. gloss on  gausape.

XXXXXκαυχάομαι [v.] 'to boast, be proud' (Pi., Sapph.). <?>

    *VAR Aor. καυχήσασθαι (καυχάσία]ιτο Sapph. Supp. 4, 21), fut. καυχήσομαι, perf. κεκαύχημαι (2 Ep. Cor. 7, 14).

    *COMP Also with ἐκ-, év-, κατα-.

    *DER Kavya [f.] 'ostentation' (Pi. Nem. 9, 6; back-formation), καῦχος [n.] 'object of  boasting' (Syria V?; back-formation); καύχημα, -ἅμα 'id' (Pi) with καυχηματίας  'boaster' (Ptol., sch.) and καυχηματικός (sch.), καύχησις 'boasting' (Hell.); καυχήμων  'boasting' (Babr.); καυχητής 'boaster' with καυχητικός, καυχητιάω (sch., EM).

    *ETYM There is no direct parallel in the other languages; the connections with Arm. xausim 'to speak' and Lith. saukti, isg. Saukiti 'to cry, call loudly' cannot be  substantiated. The -au- remains unexplained.

XXXXXκαφώρη — σκαφώρ!.

XXXXXκαχάζω [v.] 'to laugh loudly' (1A, Theoc.).

    *VAR Also κακχάζω, καγχάζω (on the gemination and nasalization see Schwyzer: 315  and 647), aor. καχάσαι, fut. καχαξῶ (Theoc.).

    *COMP  Also with prefix, e.g. dva-, ἐκ-.

===Pag_707: Beekes_Página_0707.tiff===

    *DER καχασμοί [Ρ}.] (Ar. Nu.1073, v. L.), κακχαδίαι- ἰσχνόφωνοι 'thin-voiced' (H.).

    *ETYM Reduplicated sound word with comparable forms in several languages: Skt. (gramm.) kdékhati, OCS xoxotati, OHG kachazzen 'id', Arm. xaxan-k' [pl.], Lat. cachinnus 'resounding laughter', with cachinn6, -dre. Genetic relation of these forms  remains uncertain. See also ▶︎ *xnkdtw.

XXXXXκαχεξία [f.] 'bad condition of body or mind' (IA).

    *DER back-formation καχέκτης [m.] 'in bad condition, ill, ill-disposed', whence  καχεκτικός, -téw, -τεύομαι (Hell.), also καχεξής (Phid Rh. 1, 36 S; uncertain). Opposite εὐεξία with -éxtng, etc. ,

    *ETYM A compound of κακῶς ἔχειν.

XXXXXκαχεταιρίη [f.] 'bad company' (Thgn. 1169).

    *ETYM From κακοὶ ἑταῖροι 'bad companions'. Cf. Porzig 1942: 212f.

XXXXXκαχλάζω [v.] 'to splash, bubble', of water (Pi., A.).

    *VAR Almost only present and imperfect.

    *COMP Rarely with prefix, e.g. ἀνα-, ὑπερ-.

    *DER καχλασμός (Zos. Alch., gloss.), ἀνακάχλαοις (sch.). Rare by-form κοχλάζω  (PHolm. 3, 1; conj. in Plu. 2, s9of.) with κόχλασμα (H. s.v. ἀπόβρασμα, πομφόλυξ).

    *ETYM Onomatopoeic word with intensive reduplication (Tichy 1983: 252f.); cf. ▶︎ παφλάζω. It has been compared with ▶︎ κάχληξ. There is no IE etymology, but the  variation αἱ ο (κόχλασμαλ is typical of Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκάχληξ, -ἢκος [m.] 'small stones, gravel in a river-bed', also collective (Th. Str., J.).

    *VAR Also κόχλαξ, -ἄκος (LXX); ἄχλαξ' κάχληξ (Suid.), cf. Fur. 391.

    *ETYM Formation in -nf, like τράπηξ, νάρθηξ, et al. (cf. Bjérck 1950: 261f.). The word  has been connected with the Germanic word for 'hail', OHG παραὶ [m.], ON hagl  [n.], εἴα However, the alternations αὐ o and x-/ zero rather point to a Pre-Greek  word. Giintert 1932: 28° and Porzig ZIT 5 (1927): 269f. are also in favor of foreign  origin.

XXXXXκάχρυς [f.] 'parched barley' (IA), 'winter-bud' (Thphr.).

    *VAR Gen. -voc, in Dieuch. apud Orib. also -υδος; ace. -vda. Also κάχρυ [n.] 'fruit of  the frankincense-tree, also the tree itself (Hp., Thphr., Dsc.).

    *COMP As a first member καχρυο-φόρος 'with winter-buds' (Thphr.), καχρυ-φόρος  'bearing κάχρυ᾽ (Nic.; epithet of ABavwrtic).

    *DER καχρυώδης 'like winter-buds' (Thphr.), καχρυόεις = καχρυφόρος (Nic.);

XXXXXκαχρύδια [pl] 'chaff of the κάχρυς᾽ (Arist; on the formation Chantraine 1933: 70),

XXXXXκαχρυδίας [m.] 'kaypuc-like' (τυρός, Thphr.), 'made of κάχρυς᾽ (ἄρτος, Poll.); καχρυδιάζομαι 'bud in winter' (Cat. Cod. Astr.).

    *ETYM Connected with κέγχρος 'millet' since Persson 1891: 103 and 124), but the  meaning of the present etymon rather points towards 'parched, dry', which suggests  connection with ▶︎ κάγκανος 'arid, barren'. Genetic connection is prohibited by the  -x- of κάχρυς, but we may think of a substrate element *ka(n)k-. Fur. 277 points to  the variant κάγχρυς (also -ὕδιον, -vdiac) found in the mss. This would point to

===Pag_708: Beekes_Página_0708.tiff=== XXXXXκεάζω 66ι *ka"kru--(with prenasalization); he also connects ▶︎ κέγχρος, but see s.v and the objection above.

XXXXXκάψα [f.]? - κίστη, θήκη 'basket, chest' (Suid. cf. Phot.).

    *VAR κάμψα: θήκη, γλωσσοκομεῖον 'chest, casket' (H.).

    *DER καψάριος (inscr.), καμψίον (pap.), κα(μψάκης (LXX), καψάκιον (pap.);  καψάκιον: γλωσσόκομον 'case' (H.), καψικός (pap.).

    *ETYM DELG comments that it is a borrowing from Lat. capsa 'box'; however, as the  latter has no etymology, it is rather a loan from Greek, where the prenasalization  points to a Pre-Greek word. For the structure of the word, cf. δίψα (note the short    -a).

XXXXXκαψοί [?] - οἱ τοῖχοι 'walls' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM No etymology.

XXXXXκάω 'burn'. = καίω...

XXXXXκε [pcl.] modal particle (Aeol. Cypr.), equivalent of IA, Arc. dv. 418 *ken, kn modal pel.>

    *VARKev (Hom.); ka (Dor.; poetic ka).

    *ETYM Gr. ka is reminiscent of Ru. -ko (after the dative of personal pronouns and  after the imperative), also -ka (like xa). Further, the pair ka : κε is compared with ya  : ye. In this line, the final nasal in kev has be explained as an Ionic v ἐφελκυστικόν. Alternatively, connection with the Skt. particle kdm and the Slav. preposition ke  (both from TE *kom) may be envisaged; note the comparison nu kam : νύ κεν. The  form Kev has been connected as a full grade, beside the zero grade κα < *ky before  consonant, and in Arcadian xav before vowel; xe has, in this view, been reshaped  after κα (Palmer 1962: 90-92). The phrase ob kav may have been changed to οὐκ dv. See Forbes Glotta 37 (1958): 179-182 and Lee Am] Ph. 88 (1967): 45-56.

XXXXXκεάζω [v.] 'to split, pound, rub to pieces' (11... 415 *kes- 'cut'>

    *VAR  Aor. κεάσ(σλαι, pass. κεασθῆναι, perf. ptc. pass. κεκεασμένος.

    *DIAL Acc. to Palmer 1963: 186-8, Myc. ke-ke-me-na (ko-to-na) is also related in the  sense of 'divided (land) (cf. also on ▶︎ κεῖμαι).

    *COMP Also with ἀμφι-, δια-.

    *DER εὐκέατος 'easy to split' (e 60, Theoc. 25, 248), kéapva- σίδηρα textovika  'carpenter's axe' (after oxénapvov); uncertain Keddao [gen.] (B 847).

    *ETYM The disyllabic aorist κεάσ(σ)αι (with facultative analogical -co-) is formed like  ἐλάσ(σλαι, πετάσζ(σλαι, etc. and has been taken to derive from a root PGr. *kesa- <  PIE *kesh,-; the other forms (e.g. κεάζω) are then recent creations. This supposed  PGr. *kesa- has been compared with Skt. Sasi-s yati 'he will cut', but the value of this  form is doubtful, as the root fas- 'to cut' is anit. An alternative assumption would be  that the a(w-present is a Greek invention, and that the other forms are based on it  (thus LIV? sv. *kes-). Another present formation is perhaps seen in κείων (ξ 425,  verse-final), if for κεῶν < *xedwv (Schulze 1892: 434). -

===Pag_709: Beekes_Página_0709.tiff===

Gr. κεσ- and Skt. ὅα5- show a full grade *kes-, as opposed to a zero grade in Lat. castro, -dre 'cut', where a is explained as an anaptyctic vowel in a sequence of four consonants (Schrijver 1991: 496).

XXXXXκεβλή [f.] 'head' (Call. Fr. 140, EM). «1Ὲ *g'eb"-i- 'head'>

    *VAR Also κεβαλή (H., EM), Macedonian for κεφαλή.

    *COMP Asa first member in κεβλή-γονος 'born from the head', epithet of Ἀτρυτώνη  (Euph. 108) and of the moon (Nic. Al. 433).

    *DER κεβλήνη: ἡ ὀρίγανος 'organy' (H.), from the three buds close to each other of  the Origanums (Gro&elj Razprave 2: 42); κέβλος: κυνοκέφαλος, κῆπος 'kind of  monkey' (H.).

    *ETYM On κεβ(α)λή, see Pisani Rev. Int. ét. balk. 3 (1937): 14ff., and especially  Kretschmer Glotta 21 (1933): 162 and Kretschmer Glotta 22 (1934): 100ff.; also, Krahe  IF 60 (1952): 297, who assumes Illyrian origin. Acc. to Mayer Glotta 31 (1951): 114ff. and Mayer Glotta 32 (1953): 72) the Illyrian TN Cibalae is to be included here as well. See also Chantraine BSL 61 (1966): 158 and 153. See on ▶︎ κεφαλή.

XXXXXκεβλήπυρις name of an unknown bird (Ar. Av. 303); also used as a nickname of Themistocles (Hermipp. Com. V*). <?>

    *ETYM Connection with ▶︎ κεβλή and πῦρ (redpoll, 'Hanfling') is not comprehensible;  cf. Thompson 1895 s.v.

XXXXXκέγχρος [m., f.] mostly plural, 'millet, grain of millet', metaph. 'spawn of fish, small ball, speck in the eye, etc.' (Hes. Sc. 398, Sapph. 5, 13 [?], Hecat., Hdt., Arist.). <?>

    *comp As a first member eg. in κεγχρο-φόρος (Str.). With metathesis or  dissimilation (cf. below) képx voc (Anaxandr., Gal., H.); also the TN Kepyveia?

    *DER 1. κεγχρίς [f.] = κέγχρος (Hp.), also name of a bird fattened with millet, Lat. miliarius (Ael, cf. Thompson 1895 s.v.) 2. κεγχρίας [m.] 'millet-like protuberances'  (ἕρπης, Gal.) with -ἰδίας 14. (Dsc.). 3. κεγχρίνης [m.] 'snake with millet-like spots'  (Nic. Lyc.); cf. κέγχρινος below. 4. κεγχρίτης 'id' (Aét.), -ἴτις ἰσχάς 'dried fig' CAP). 5. κεγχραμίς [f.] 'kernel of a fig' (Hp. Arist, Thphr.), after kaAapic, σησαμίς et al;  not a foreign suffix as per Schwyzer: 494; also -ἰδώδης, 6. Keyypwpata [pl.] 'small  openings on a shield, used as visors' (E. Ph. 1386, cf. Chantraine 1933: 186; see also on  κέρχνος). 7. κεγχρεών, -ὥνος [m.] 'place where iron is granulated' (Docum. apud D. 37, 26). 8. κεγχρ-ιαῖος 'of the size of a millet corn' (Luc., Dsc.; Chantraine 1933: 49). 9. κέγχρινος 'made of millet? (Dsc., Gal.). 10. κεγχρώδης 'millet-like', of eruptions  (Hp.), of plants (Thphr.). 11. κεγχρωτός 'with corns, drips' (pap.). 12. Keyxpeat [pl.]  TN.

    *ETYM Mostly derived from reduplicated IE *g'er-g"r-o- 'pulverized', with old  dissimilation r- ΤΡ -r (or r- xn), and further connected with χέρμα, χεράς 'pebble,  gravel', etc. The word κάχρυς has also been adduced, to which MHG griz 'corn of  sand or grain', Lith. gri:das 'corn', etc. can be connected. Niedermann 1927-1928:  uff. assumes *Képy voc (with metathesis) < *kerk-sno-, connecting it to OHG hirso  'millet' < *hirhso; this is improbable. The etymology remains unclear. See on  ▶︎ Kaxpuc, which is argued to be Pre-Greek. However, if κέγχρος is Pre-Greek as well,

===Pag_710: Beekes_Página_0710.tiff=== XXXXXκεῖμαι 663 one would also expect forms without prenasalization (ἤκεχρ-ος), and these do not occur.

XXXXXκέγχρων, -wvog [m.] 'name of a wind on the river Phasis, which is described as βίαιος καὶ χαλεπὴ καὶ θερμή 'violent, troublesome, warm' (Hp. Aér. 15). <?>

    *ETYM Acc. to Pisani RILomb. 73 (1939-40): 496 (with von Wilamowitz), it is from  κέρχνος 'hoarseness', with metathesis. Schwyzer: 487 considers foreign origin.

XXXXXκεδάσσαι = σκεδάννυμι.

XXXXXκέδματα [π.Ρ].] (Ηρ.); acc. to Gal., Erot. and H. = αἱ χρονιώτεραι διαθέσεις νοσώδεις περὶ τὰ ἄρθρα 'chronical limb-diseases'. <?> ΦὈΕᾺ κεδματώδης (Ηρ. apud Erot,; uncertain).

    *ETYM Connected with κεδάσ(σ)αι 'to tear apart' by Prellwitz, but one would expect    -κεδάσματα. The explanation is neither formally nor semantically satisfactory  (DELG).

XXXXXκεδνός [adj.] 'careful, trusty, cared for, noble, cherished, dear' (II.).

    *DER κεδνοσύνη (IG 3, 1370; metrical inscr., imperial times; cf. Wyss 1954: 64).

    *ETYM A connection with κήδομαι, Dor. κᾶδος, epic κεκἄδών < *k(eh.d- has been  considered impossible because of the -e-, but De Lambererie 1996 tries to revive this  proposal in the light of Lubotsky's Law for Indo-Iranian: loss of a laryngeal before a  glottalized PIE stop (*d, g, g, 55) plus a consonant. If this is true, a pre-form *keh,d-  no- lost its laryngeal before it colored the neighboring vowel to *a. Fur: 195  compares σκεθρός.

XXXXXκέδρος [f.] 'cedar-tree' (ε 60). <?>

    *COMP Few compounds, eg. κεδρ-ἕέλαιον 'cedar oil' (Aét.), ὀξύ-κεδρος [f.] 'prickly  cedar' (Thphr.; cf. Strémberg 1940: 35).

    *DER κεδρίς [f.] 'juniper-berry (Hp. Ar.); κέδρον [n.] 'id? (inscr, EM, H.); κεδρία  'cedar oil' (Hdt., Ὁ. S.), also kedpéa (pap., medic.; after μηλέα, συκέα, etc.). κεδρίτης  (οἶνος) 'wine with juniper flavouring'; κέδρινος 'of cedar-wood' (Hp. E., Arist.), also  kedpiveos 'id.' (Nic; metrical reshaping), kedpwtdc 'made of cedar-wood' (E. [lyr.]),  Kedpeatic, -ίδος [f.] name of Artemis in Arcadian Orchomenos (Paus. 8, 13, 2; after  Teyedtic, etc.). κέδρωστις, -ews [f.] 'bryony' (Dsc. 4, 182; after Gypworic, s.v.). Denominative verb κεδρόω 'to lay in cedar resin, embalm' (Posidon., Str.).

    *ETYM Unknown. The similarity with Baltic names of the juniper (e.g. Lith. kadagjs)  is limited to the first syllable; connection with Ru. cad 'vapor', OCS kaditi 'smoke' is  also quite hypothetical. Borrowed as Lat. cedrus. Acc. to Fohalle 1925: 197ff, a  Mediterranean word for 'cedar', Lat. citrus 'Thuia articulata', and Gr. κέδρος would  have been adapted to each other; doubtful. See also ▶︎ ki tpov, -Kitptov.

XXXXXκεῖμαι [v.] 'to lie, be somewhere, happen, etc.' (1].).

    <IE *kei- 'lie, rest'>

    *VAR 38g. κεῖται, 3pl. κέαται (Att. κεῖνται), inf. κεῖσθαι, etc. (further forms in  Schwyzer: 679).

    *DIAL The interpretation of Myc. ke-ke-me-na is highly uncertain.

===Pag_711: Beekes_Página_0711.tiff===

    *COMP Very frequently with prefix in different mgs, ἀἄνά-, κατά-, παρά-, ἔγ-, ἔκ-,  ἐπί-, σύγ-κειμαι, etc.

    *DER 1. κοῖτος [m.] 'layer, bed, sleep' (Od.), κοίτη [f.] 'id, matrimonial bed, nest,  parcel, lot' (Od.); often in compounds, e.g. ἀπό-, σύγ-, ἡμερό-κοιτος, ἀ-, παρα-  κοίτης (cf. on ἀκοίτης). From κοῖτος, κοίτη: κοιτίς [f.] 'box' (Men., J; cf. Schwyzer:  127) with κοιτίδιον 'id' (sch.); κοιτάριον 'bed' (sch.); κοιτών [m.] 'sleeping room'  (Ar. Fr. 6, Hell.) with koitwwov, -ωνίσκος, -wvitns, -wvikds ; κοιτατήριον 'id'  (Cyrene; cf. ἑστιατήριον s.v. ▶︎ ἑστία); κοιταῖος 'lying on the layer' (Decr. apud D. 18,  37, Plb.), κοιτάριος 'belonging to the bed' (Edict. Diocl.). Denominative verb  κοιτάζομαι 'lay down, nest' (Pi., Hell.), -άζω 'bring to rest, lay down', also 'partition  the land' (from κοίτη 'parcel'), Hell. Hence κοιτασία 'living together' (LXX),  κοιτασμός 'folding the cattle' (pap.). 2. "κοίμη or *koiwoc, whence denominative  κοιμάω 'to lay to rest, put to bed', κοιμάομαι 'to go to bed' (Il.); thence κοίμησις 'lying  down, sleep (of deathY (Pl, LXX, NT), κοίμημα 'sleep, sleeping with' (S.),  κοιμητήριον 'sleeping room, place of rest or burial' (inscr.); also κοιμίζω = κοιμάω  with κοίμισις, -ἰσμός, -ἰστής, -ἰστικός; rather reshaped from κοιμάω. 3. κειμήλιον [n.]  'valuable, precious thing' (Il.), secondary -toi [m.pl.] (Pl. Lg. 931a; apposition of  πατέρες ἢ μητέρες); derivation in -ηλ- from a neuter *xetjla (Frisk Eranos 38 (1940):  42 and Frisk Eranos 41 (1943): 52). In the same mg. κεμήλιον (Alc. G 1, 8)? Specht KZ  68 (1943): 145 (after ᾿θεμήλιον, θέμηλα); but see on ▶︎ κεμάς. Cf. also »κῶμα and  ▶︎ κώμη. Verbal derivatives: iterative (παρε)-κέσκετο (ξ 521, φ 41); desiderative or  future forms κείω, κειέμεν, κείοντες, etc; late lengthening κατεκείαθεν: κατεκοιμήθη  'wentto sleep' (H.), after Hom. μετεκίαθεν.

    *ETYM The full grade middle athematic present κεῖται, pl. κέαται may be compared  with Skt. 3sg. Saye, 3pl. Sere, which goes back to an old stative paradigm sing. *kei-o,  plur. *kei-ro. Beside the stative, there was a regular middle, as evidenced by Skt. séte  (Av. saéte 'lies') and Anatolian, where we find Hitt. 3sg. kitta < *kei-to, next to Lyc. sijéni, sijeni 'id. << *kei-o. The nominal formations in -t- and -m- are also found outside Greek: Bret. argud  'light sleep' < *are-koi-to-, Go. haims 'village, home' < *koi-mo-, Latv. sdime 'family',  Lith. Seimyna 'id', OCS sémpja 'id', Olr. céim 'dear'. Other derivatives of the verb  are seen in Lat. civis, Go. heiwa-frauja 'lord of the house', Skt. séva- 'trusty, friendly,  dear', and in Arm. sér 'love' with denominative sirem 'love'.

XXXXXκειμήλιον = κεῖμαι.

XXXXXκειρία [f.] 'girth of a bedstead, bandage (for wounds, dead), tapeworms' (Ar. Av. 816, LXX, pap., medic., Ev. Jo. 11, 44). 4PG(V)> 'ΑΚ Often plur. Also κιρία, κηρία, καιρία.

    *ETYM Connection with καῖρος 'string, snare' or the like seems obvious, but then the  most common notations, K(e)ip-, Knp-, remain incomprehensible. Cf. Scheller 1951:  57f. The variation is probably Pre-Greek: a before a palatalized consonant is realized  as αἱ, which becomes εἰ and/or ἡ (cf. λαίθαργος, λήθαργος). See Fur.: 235, 352 (who  had not yet seen the mechanism).

===Pag_712: Beekes_Página_0712.tiff===

XXXXXκείρω [v.] 'to cut (off), shave', especially of hair; 'to mow off, cut down, ravage' (1].). «1Ε *(s)ker- σα»

    *VAR Aor. κεῖραι, epic also κέρσαι, pass. καρῆναι (καρθέντες with v.l. κερθέντες Pi. P. 4, 82), fut. kepéw, κερῶ, perf. pass. κέκαρμαι, new act. κέκαρκα (Hell.).

    *COMP Often with prefix, eg. ἀπο-, dia-, περι-. Compound ἀ-κερσε-κόμης 'with  uncut hair' (Y 39), also ἀ-κειρε-κόμᾶς, -n¢ (Pi.); on the form Schwyzer: 442, on the  mg. Fink Phil. 93 (1938): 404ff.

    *DER 1. κέρμα [n.] 'cut-off piece, especially a small piece of money, change' (Emp. 101,  1 [not quite certain], com., Hell.) with κερμάτιον (Hell.) and κερματίζω 'to change in  small money' (Att. Arist.); from it κερματιστής 'money-changer' (Ev. Jo. 2. 14);  κερματισμός 'cut into little bits' (Olymp.); κερματόομαι = -ίζομαι (Procl.). 2. κορμός  [m.] 'cut-off piece, bobbin, trunk' (ψ 196) with kopyiov (Hell.), κορμηδόν 'in pieces'  (Hld.), κορμάζω 'saw into pieces' (Ὁ. H.). 3. ▶︎ koupa. 4. ▶︎ καρτός. Cf. also »κόρση,  > κόρις, ▶︎ κερτομέω, ▶︎ KEAWP 2.

    *ETYM κείρω « *kep-1w belongs to a widespread IE group of words, but there are no  exact correspondences to the Greek verbal forms. The nearest are Arm. k'erem 'to  scratch, shave', Alb. sh-gerr 'tear apart' (pret. sh-kora < IE *kér-); further, Hitt. Καγξ- τ  'to cut off (with s-enlargement like in ▶︎ κουρά). Forms with initial *sk- are frequent:  OHG sceran 'to shave', Lith. skirti, isg. skiritt 'to separate', Olr. scar(a)im 'id.'. Skt. kyntdti 'separates' shows an enlarged root *kert- (infixed nasal present; perfect ca-  kart-a); such a reconstruction would be possible for the aorist ἔκερσα (Risch 1937:  249). The number of nominal derivatives in the separate languages is enormous; most of  them are independent innovations. Thus, formal agreement exists between κέρμα  and Skt. cérman-, Av. caraman- [n.] 'skin, hide', OPr. kérmens [m.] 'body' (IE *kér-  men-); and only difference in ablaut grade between κορμός and OCS kroma [f.]  'steering oar, back part of the ship', Ru. kormd 'puppis'.

XXXXXκείω 1 desiderative or future forms of ▶︎ κεῖμαι.

    *VAR κειέμεν, κείων, Kelovtec, etc. = κεῖμαι.

XXXXXκείων 2 'splitting' (ξ 425). ⟹ κεάζω.

XXXXXκεκαδών [ptc.aor.act.] 'robbing' (A 334). <?>

    *VAR κεκαδήσει [fut.] 'he will rob' (@ 153 = 170), κεκαδῆσαι: βλάψαι, κακῶσαι,  φείσασθαι, στερῆσαι 'to damage, maltreat, spare, rob' (H.); further med. ὑπὸ ... κεκάδοντο 'they receded' (A 497 = O 574) and the intr. plpf. ἐκεκήδει:  bne<ke>ywprjket 'had withdrawn' (H.).

    *ETYM The difference of meaning between the active-transitive and the middle-  intransitive forms may perhaps be explained from the diathesis. The glosses  κάδυρος: κάπρος ἄνορχις (suffix -vp-) and κάδαμος: τυφλός. Σαλαμίνιοι (H.) rather  seem Pre-Greek. Connection with κήδω 'to care for, etc.' is possible (see LIV? s.v. *keh.d-), but  semantically not evident; ὑπὸ ... κεκάδοντο is sometimes connected with Lat. cado,  in which case the intransitive middle 'to recede' < 'to fall back' would be primary, the  active meaning 'to rob' going back to a factitive 'to make fall' (LIV? s.v. *kad-, where

===Pag_713: Beekes_Página_0713.tiff===

we would prefer a root reconstruction *kh,ed-). The connection with ▶︎ χάζομαι is phonetically impossible.

XXXXXκέκασμαι [v.] 'to surpass, excel' (11... «Ἰεῦ *kend-'excel'>

    *VAR (ἐλγκέκαστο, κεκαδμένος (Pi. O. 1, 27).

    *DER κάδμος: δόρυ, λόφος, ἀσπίς. Κρῆτες 'stem, crest, shield (Cretan) (H.), ie. 'equipment' (see Bechtel 1921, 2: 787)? Cf. also ▶︎ Κάδμος,

    *ETYM A synonymous active perfect is found in Skt. s4sadih 'excel', ptc. SaSadana-  (though note that Kimmel 2000b: 512-4 argues that the Skt. meaning is different). Quite uncertain is the connection with MIr. cd(i)d 'holy', Gaul. caddos 'sanctus'. Within Greek, a present ▶︎ καίνυμαι was created analogically from κέκασμαι after  δαίνυμαι : δέδασται. The root καδ- could be from *kend-, seen in Sanskrit chand- 'to  appear' (see Garcia Ramon 1992a: 239-255). Heubeck BNF 8 (1957): 274-277 had  argued earlier that κασ- is from *kms- (root *keNs- 'proclaim, honor', LIV? s.v.). The  gloss on κάδμος seems unreliable; the proper names are also quite unclear.

XXXXXκεκαφηότα [ptc.perf.act. acc.sg.m.] with θυμόν (E 698, ε 468); the mg. 'exhausted, tired' is certain in later authors, and is also found in Homer; cf. Nehring Class. Phil. 42 (1947): 113ff.

    *VAR In later epic (Opp., Nonn.) constructed with γυῖα, δέμας or absolute; also  τηότας (Nonn.) and -ηότι (of θυμῷ, ταρσῷ; Opp., AP).

    *ETYM The indicative is attested in κέκηφε' τέθνηκεν 'is dead' (H.); on the pte. in  τηώς, see Schwyzer: 770 and Chantraine 1942: 428. Further connections are  hypothetical: relation to ἐκάπυσσεν (ψυχήν X 467), ἐγκάπτει' ἐκπνεῖ 'exhales' (H.),  etc. (see on ▶︎ καπνός); or to κηφήν, κωφός 'deaf (Solmsen 1909: 123, Bechtel 1914  S.V.).

XXXXXκεκῆνας [2] - Aaywous. Κρῆτες 'hares (Cret.)' (H.). <1 *k(e)h,-s- 'grey'>

    *ETYM Uncertain. For the n-stem, cf. λειχήν, κωλήν, et al. (Chantraine 1933: 167f.,  Schwyzer: 487). Skt. sasd- 'hare' cannot be separated from the widespread name of  the hare (in Germanic, e.g. OHG haso, also OPr. sasins, W cein-ach < *kasni). Lubotsky 1989: 56f reconstructed keh,-s-, *kh,-s- for this word, with *kh,s-no- > Lat. canus 'grey'. A dialectal assimilation of *k - s > *k - k has been assumed for Indo-  Iranian (Skt. sas-) and Greek (kek-), but no trace of such a development is found in  Modern Iranian and Pamir forms (e.g. Pashto sde, Wakhi sii; see Morgenstierne  1927: 66). This means that it is difficult to relate the Greek word.

XXXXXκεκρύφαλος [m.] 'hair-net of a woman, envelopped by the ἀναδέσμιγ (IL), also 'part of the head-stall of a bridle' (X., Att. inscr.), 'pouch of the belly of a hunting-net' (X,, Plu.); 'the second stomach of a ruminant, reticulum' (Arist. Strémberg 1944: 63f.). See Marinatos 1967: B 22. 4PG>

    *ETYM Technical word of unknown, perhaps Asiatic origin, that may have been  reshaped after κρύφα, κρύπτω. Unacceptable IE (κρύπτω, κορυφή, κρόκη) and  Semitic etymologies in Bq. No doubt Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκέλαδος [m.] 'sound, noise, sharp sound' (Il; on mg. and spread see Triimpy 1950: 155). <?>

===Pag_714: Beekes_Página_0714.tiff=== XXXXXκελέβη 667

    *COMP Rarely in compounds, e.g. κελαδο-δρόμος 'who runs in the noise' (Orph. of  Artemis), δυσ-κέλαδος 'with terrible noise' (Π 357); οη Ἐγ-κέλαδος s.v.

    *DER κελαδεινός (Aeolic -evvdéc Pi.) 'noisy, sounding' (Il; Chantraine 1933: 195f.);  κελαδῆτις 'id.' (γλῶσσα, Pi. N. 4, 86); κελάδων, -ovtos 'id.' (I].), also a river name (H  133; see Krahe Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 2 (1950-1951): 236; Krahe Beitr. z. Namenforsch.

3 (1951-1952): 162), rather a secondary formation in -vt- (cf. on ἱμάς) than from a denominative ἐκελάδω (Schwyzer: 723, Bechtel 1914 s.v. xéAadoc). Denominative κελαδέω 'to sound, make noise' also transitive 'to sing of (1].), aor. κελαδῆσαι, with κελάδημα (E.).

    *ETYM Formation like ὅμαδος, χρόμαδος, ῥοῖβδος, etc. (Schwyzer: 508, Chantraine  1933: 359f.). Not related to καλέσαι, κλητός, which is from *kelh, and would give  -ehe-. It has been compared with ▶︎ κελαρύζω.

XXXXXκελαινός [adj.] 'black, dark' (IL). <?, PG?>

    *COMP As a first member e.g. in haplological κελαι(νο)-νεφής 'with black clouds', of  Ζεύς (Hom., Pi.); also of αἷμα (Hom.), of πεδίον, σκότος (Pi.); explanation in  Leumann 1950: 2o02ff.

    *DER Denominative verbs: κελαινόομαι 'to get dark' (A. Ch. 423, lyr.), κελαινιάω 'to  be black' (Opp., Nonn.), after the verbs of disease in -ιάω, Schwyzer: 732.

    *ETYM Morphologically isolated and therefore difficult to assess. For the ending, cf. περκνός, ἐρεμνός, et al, but κελαι- remains unclear. Assuming a suffix -10-, we arrive  at an n-stem *kel-n-, which may be found in Lat. colum-ba 'dove' (after its color). See  further ▶︎ κηλίς, One might think of Pre-Greek *kelan?-o-, with a palatalized nasal.

XXXXXκελαρύζω [v.] 'to babble, murmur', of water (1].). <?>

    *VAR  Only present stem except aor. κελάρυξε (Lyr. Ades p. 90, 1).

    *DER κελάρυσμα 'murmuring' (Opp.), κελάρυξις 'id? (H.).

    *ETYM Expressive sound-word in -(ργύζω, like τονθορύζω, γογγύζω, ὀλολύζω,  κλύζω, probably related to κέλωρ: φωνή 'voice' (H.) (also κελωρύειν, -ρύσας H.),  first from an adjective ἔκελαρός, -ἧς (as ὕδωρ : ὑδαρής; see Bechtel 1914 s.v.), or from  a by-form "κέλαρ (cf. τέκμωρ : τέκμαρ; cf. Bq and Benveniste 1935: 17); otherwise,  from κέλαδοςξ Certainly not related to καλέσαι.

XXXXXκελεα [f.] name of an agon for youths in Sparta (Lacon. inscr. imperial period), cf. Bechtel 1921, 2: 376. «ΡΟ»

    *VAR Also ntr.pl.? Also -e1a, -ηα, -o1a; καιλοῖα, -va.

    *ETYM A hypothesis by Laum in Wahrmann Glotta 17 (1929): 242. The variation  suggests a Pre-Greek word; cf. on ▶︎ ketpia. See DELG s.v. κελοῖα.

XXXXXκελέβη [f.] 'vase with a big opening, kind of mixing bowl (Anacr., Theoc., Call.).

    *DER κελεβήϊον (Antim. 17).

    *ETYM Hebr. koeloeb 'vase' was compared by Lewy 1895: 104, but the Semitic word  does not exist; see E. Masson 1967:107f. Cf. also Kretschmer Glotta 11 (1921): 284. Acc. to Gintert 1932: 27), it is related to Lat. calpar; see on ▶︎ κάλπις. Schréder Germ.-rom.

===Pag_715: Beekes_Página_0715.tiff===

Monatsschrift N.F. 10 (1960): 184 compares λέβης with 'movable k-'. More probably, the word is Pre-Greek (though a suffix -εβ- is unknown).

XXXXXκελεβρά [n.pl.] - λεπτὰ καὶ νεκρὰ κτήνη 'weak and dying herds' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM The gloss is reminiscent of κενέβρεια. Is it corrupt?    κελεῖς - ἀξίνη 'axe' (H.). = κελεός. -κελεμν- 'οἀμφικέλεμνον, κελέοντες.

XXXXXκελένδρυνον [1] - δρύινον, κελαιόν. λέγεται δὲ καὶ μυσκέλενδρον (9)" καὶ τὸ μακρόν (H.); κελενδρύονα: ἀπὸ τοῦ κελέοντος καὶ τῆς δρυὸς ὡς μακρὸν καὶ δασύ (Phot. 154, 4).

    *ETYM These glosses are probably corrupt. The word(s) look Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκελέοντες [m.pl.] 'the beams of the standing loom' (Ar. Fr. 795, Antipho Fr. 1, Theoc., Ant. Lib.), acc. to H. also τὰ ὁπωσοῦν μακρὰ ξύλα, δοκοί, ἱστοί 'wood that is long in some sense, beams, masts or looms'. 4IE?>

    *ETYM Acc. to Frisk I F 49 (1931): 97f. originally a pres.ptc. of *keAéw, which would be  a denominative of "κέλος and mean 'rising up' vel sim. Formally, the latter could be  compared with OCS éelo 'forehead', and further connected with ▶︎ κολωνός, It does  not belong to κελοί = ξύλα (HL); cf. on »κελεός. Fur. 245 assumes a pre-form  "κελέξοντες as a variant of ἤκελεμος, which stands beside -κελεμνο- seen in  > ἀμφικέλεμνον.

XXXXXκελεός [m.] 'green woodpecker, Picus viridis' (Arist.).

    *ETYM For the suffix see Chantraine 1933: 51. Perhaps it belongs to ▶︎ κολάπτω,  »κόλος, together with κελοί = ξύλα (H.) as 'chopper, cutter' vel sim. (see  ▶︎ kedgovtec)? Some recognize a diminutive in xeAeic- ἀξίνη (H.), 'hacking'. Bechtel  KZ 44 (1911): 357 connected Lith. kilti 'to thresh', but acc. to Huber 1921: 16, the  variae lectiones καλιός, KoAtdc, etc. are a sign of foreign origin. It is probable that  these variations are due to Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXκελέτρα [f.] a term of land (IG 9(2), 521 [Larissa III*]). <?>

    *ETYM The precise meaning is unknown. Frisk Symb. Oslo. 11 (1932): 64ff. analyzed it  as 'drove', connecting it with ▶︎ κέλομαι, ▶︎ κέλλω. Unclear.

XXXXXκέλευθος [f.] 'road, path, course, journey' (IL, also IG 5(2), 3: 23 [Tegea IV']). «ἣν

    *VAR Also ntr.pl. -a.

    *COMP Rarely as a first member, e.g. κελευθο-ποιός 'making a path' (A.), more often  as a second member, e.g. ἱππο-κέλευθος 'making the road on a chariot, chariot-  fighter' (IL, of Patroclus); ▶︎ ἀκόλουθος 'following, attending'.

    *DER κελεύθειᾶ [f.] 'goddess of the road', epithet of Athena in Sparta (Paus. 3, 12, 4),  after the nouns in -e1d; κελευθείας: τὰς ἐνοδίους δαίμονας 'the divinities [whose  statues were situated] on the way' (H.); κελευθήτης 'voyager' (AP 6, 120), after  ἀγυιήτης, πολιήτης et al.

    *ETYM The difficulty of finding a parallel for the suffix -θ- within Greek resulted in  attempts to connect κέλευθος with the root ἐλευθ- (in ἐλεύσομαι, etc.). For these old

===Pag_716: Beekes_Página_0716.tiff=== XXXXXκελλάς 669 attempts, see Frisk s.v. Specht 1944: 254 and 280 suggested direct connection with κελεύειν, comparing th in Skt. pdnthah 'road' (see on ▶︎ πόντος) and in Lith. kelidta 'road'. Since the latter is clearly built on kéli-as 'road, street, course', it has no direct connection with κέλευθος; cf. Fraenkel KZ 72 (1955): 177. The word therefore remains without etymology. On κέλευθος and its relatives, see Ruijgh 1957: 123f.

XXXXXκελεύω [v.] 'to urge, drive on, exhort, command' (I1.). <?>

    *VAR Aor. κελεῦσαι.

    *COMP Often with prefix, eg. mapa-, dta-, ἐπι-, év-.

    *DER Derivations from compounded verbs are frequent, but are not indicated  separately here: κέλευ(σγμα 'exhortation, command' (IA), also 'call of the  κελευστής᾽, κελευσμός (IA), keAevopootvn (Hdt.), κέλευσις (Att.) 'id'; κελευστής  'commander of the rowers' (Att.; on the mg. see Richardson Class. Quart. 37 (1943):  55ff.); κελευστικός 'exhorting' (Att.). Enlarged ptc. κελευτιόων, -dwvte (-άων,  -dovte) 'stimulating, inciting' (N 125, M 265), the model for which is unclear, cf. Schwyzer: 7325.

    *ETYM If from ▶︎ κέλομαι 'to incite, set in movement', the -ev- remains unexplained; it  may be the same element as in κέλευθος 'road', and perhaps also in ▶︎ τελευτή, but  we do not know.

XXXXXκελεφός [adj.] 'leprous' (Cat. Cod. Astr. 8 (4), 189). <Lw Sem.

    *COMP As a first member in κελυφο-κομεῖον 'hospital for lepers' (BMus. Cat. Copt. MSS. p. 453, Nr. 1077).

    *DER κελεφία 'leprosy' (Cyran. 15).

    *ETYM Synonymous ἀλφός 'lepra' has the same word-ending. Benveniste RPh. 38  (1964): 7ff. argued that the word was taken from Semitic, e.g. Syrian qalafa 'cortex,  squama, putamen', qalafand 'lepra'. Stromberg 1944: 99 thinks it is just a phonetic  variant of κέλυφος 'shell' (with oppositive accent), which is semantically possible but  seems improbable to me. See ▶︎ κέλυφος.

XXXXXκέλης, -ητος [m.] 'runner' (1 371), cf. Delebecque 1951: 49f,; also a fast-sailing ship (IA). IE? *kel- 'run'>

    *VAR Also Lacon. κέληξ 'runner' (IG 5(1), 213 [Sparta V*]).

    *DER κελήτιον 'sloop, shallop' (Th., App.); κελητίζῳ [v.] 'to ride on race-horses' (O  679), κελητιᾶν- κελιητίζειν, ἱππεύειν 'to be a horseman' (H.).

    *ETYM Perhaps a derivation in -nt- (or -nx-) from ▶︎ κέλομαι 'to incite'. From Greek,  Lat. celés, celox (after vélox) 'fast-sailing ship' was borrowed.

XXXXXκελλάς [adj.] -μονόφθαλμος 'one-eyed' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM A remarkable semantic identity as well as formal similarity are found in OIr. coll, Skt. kand- 'one-eyed'. These may represent IE *kol-no-. The geminate -AA- may  go back to -Av-, which in turn could be derived from an n-stem. The ending of  κελλάς is different; Frisk and DELG suggest that it could be the feminine of κελλός,  which H. glosses as otpeBAdc, πλάγιος 'twisted, athwart'. The fact that the proposed  cognates have o-vocalism casts doubts on the comparison (or could it point to an old  n-stem?). Fur.: 354 connects it with κίλλιξ (H.), which is rather improbable.

===Pag_717: Beekes_Página_0717.tiff===

XXXXXκελλίβας = κιλλίβας.

XXXXXκέλλω [v.] 'to drive, incite' (both trans. and intr.), 'to pull (a ship) ashore, to land' (Od.), <1E? *kel- 'drive, incite'; (ὀγκέλλω PG?>

    *VAR  The present only attested in grammarians. Aor. κέλσαι (Od.), fut. KéAow (A.,  E.), xeA@ (H.).

    *COMP One asssumes a prefix ▶︎ - in ὀκέλλω [v.] 'to pull ashore' (TA), aor. ὀκεῖλαι,  but this is unlikely (see ▶︎ 6-). Rarely with preverbs ἐπι-, éy-, elo-, ovy-«éAoa (epic,  Hp., Ar.); ἐπ-έκειλα Act. Ap. 27, 41.

    *DER κέλομαι [v.] 'to drive on, exhort, call (Il, Dor.) rarely with ém-, παρα-;  reduplicated aor. (ἐγκέκλετο (II.), to which a new present κέκλομαι (A. R.), also aor. (ἐγκελήσατο (Pi, Epich., Epid.), fut. κελήσομαι (Κ 296). Athematic kévto (Alcm. 141)  < "κέλτο with dialectal Laconian devopment. See also ▶︎ κέλης, ▶︎ κελεύω; doubtful is  the appurtenance of ▶︎ κλόνος.

    *ETYM It is often assumed (e.g. DELG) that κέλλω 'to spur' and κέλλω 'to drive  ashore' (in unprefixed form; the latter occurs only in grammarians) are cognate, and  that ὀκέλλω continues an old prefix 6-, also assumed in ὄζος 'branch' < *Hosdo-. For  the meaning 'to call of κέλομαι, one has to assume that it secondarily developed  from 'to drive on, summon, request'. However, this meaning is also reminiscent of  καλεῖν, so we may also envisage two separate words for Greek: 1) (ὀγκέλλω 'to haul  ashore', which is Pre-Greek ('prothetic' vowel, and a technical term), and 2) κελ- 'to  drive, summon'. The question remains, then, whether some or all forms of the latter  derive from *kelh, 'to call' (thus, LIV' s.v. *kel- connect the reduplicated aorist  (ἐγκέκλετο with καλέω). Connections with other languages are scarce and rather doubtful. Semantically, the  secondary present Skt. kalayati (kal-) 'drives' is close to Greek, but its appurtenance  is uncertain (it could belong to *kerH- 'to strew', acc. to LIV' l.c.). In Tocharian, we  find PTo. *kal- relflected in ToB 3sg.pres.med. kalstar 'goads' (only twice in this  meaning), from which perhaps the pres. ToB kalsdm 'to bear, endure', pret. keltsa  developed. Not connected is PTo. *kal*- 'lead, bring' from *k'elh, 'to turn'; although  it fits well semantically with the present root, its set-character precludes comparison  with κέλλω 'to drive'. A comparable nominal formation is Lat. celer 'quick'. The meaning of (ὀγκέλλω 'to run a ship aground', the usual way of landing (except  in a harbor), is so concrete that I would assume a separate Pre-Greek verb; but I see  no further indications for substrate origin.

XXXXXκέλῦφος [n.] 'husk or skin of fruit, skin of an onion, eggshell' (Ar. V. 545 [lyr.], Arist., Thphr., AP).

    *DER κελύφιον (Arist.), κελύφανον 'id' (Lyc., Luc.), κελυφανώδης 'like a shell'  (Thphr.); also κολύφανον: φλοιός, λεπύριον 'bark; husk, skin., etc.' (H.), perhaps  with -o- after κολεός, etc.

    *ETYM For the neutral gender, which is rare in derivations in -@-, cf. the synonyms  σκῦτος, νάκος, δέρος, etc. On account of the semantic and formal similarity,  κέλυφος has been connected with the group of ▶︎ καλύπτω. Since the latter is Pre-

===Pag_718: Beekes_Página_0718.tiff=== XXXXXκενεών 671 Greek, the same must be true of the present entry. Note -v@-, which may be a Pre- Greek suffix. Cf. on ▶︎ κολέον.

XXXXXκέλωρ 1, -wpog [m.] 'descendant, son' (E. Andr. 1033 [lyr.], Lyc.).

    <IE? *kelH- 'rise',  *kelH-or>

    *DER κελώριον' παιδίον 'young child' (H.).

    *ETYM The ending (cf. ἕλωρ, τέκμωρ) suggests an original neuter 'descendance'. Perhaps it arose from *xépwp by dissimilation, from the root *kerh,- 'to grow, create'  in Arm. ser 'generation, descendance' (cf. ▶︎ kopévvu and ▶︎ κόρη). Alternatively,  Fur.: 212° suggested Pre-Greek origin, comparing other forms in -wp like ἄχωρ,  iywp, βιάτωρ, Aeitwp, ψόθωρ, but there are no further indications in this direction. Indo-European origin seems likely, and derivation from *kelH- 'to rise' seems quite  possible, cf. Lith. kiltis 'clan'.

XXXXXκέλωρ 2 [m.] - ἐκτομίας, γάλλος, σπάδων 'eunuch' (H.).

    *ETYM If dissimilated from *xépwp, the word may derive from ▶︎ κείρω 'to cut'. However, given the meaning, one would rather expect a foreign word.

XXXXXκέλωρ 3 [?] - φωνή 'voice' (H.).

    *DER κελωρύειν: κεκραγέναι, βοᾶν 'to cry aloud, shout' (H., Phot.), κελωρύσας:  φωνήσας, βοήσας 'having produced a sound, cried aloud' (H.). = κελαρύζω.

XXXXXκεμάς, -άδος [f.] 'young deer, young dog' (K 361, A. R., Call.). «1Ὲ *kemh,- 'without horn'>

    *VAR Also κεμμάς (Q. S, AP, H; hypocoristic gemination?) and κεμφάς (H.),  perhaps after the animal names in -φάς, -φος, like γρομφάς.

    *COMP κεμαδο-σσόος 'hunting young deer' (Nonn.).

    *DER κεμήλιος epithet of Dionysus (Alc. G 1, 8); other interpretations in Risch IF 33  (1913/1914): 195 (see also on ▶︎ κειμήλιον). Note also ▶︎ κέμων.

    *ETYM A derivation in -dc¢, probably from an o-stem *xéuoc = Skt. Séma- 'without  horn' (cf. λίθος beside Av8ac). Cf. the Germanic word for 'hind, doe', e.g. OHG hinta  (f.] < PGm. *hin-di < IE *kem-ti- (enlarged like hund 'dog' < PGm. *hun-da- < IE  *kun-t6-; see on ▶︎ κύων). Lubotsky 1988: 76 assumes a root *kemh,-. The zero grade  of the root is found in Lith. smilas 'without horn'.

XXXXXκέμμερος [m.] - ἀχλύς, ὀμίχλη 'mist, fog' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXκέμων [adj.] - ἑτερόφθαλμος 'one-eyed' (H.). <1E? *skem- 'mutilated'(?)>

    *ETYM Unknown; cf. perhaps Pok. 929 *skem- 'mutilated'. DELG suggests it is a  mistake for κέλλων; cf. on ▶︎ κελλάς.

XXXXXκενέβρεια [n.pl.] 'carrion, especially of dead cattle' (Ar. Av. 538, Erot., Phot.); also 'dog-meat market' (Erot.).

    *VAR Also sg. (Ael. NA 6, 2).

    *ETYM Unknown. Cf. ▶︎ κινάβρα. It looks like a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXκενεών 'hollow between ribs and hip, flank'. = κενός.

===Pag_719: Beekes_Página_0719.tiff===

XXXXXκενός [adj.] 'empty, idle' (Att.). «1 ken- 'empty', ken-u->

    *VAR Epic xeve(p dc (also IA, Cypr. and Epid.), epic Ion. κεινός (since [].).

    *COMP Often as a first member, e.g. κενε-αυχέες [voc.pl.] (© 230), -éa (AP), κεν-  αὐυχής (Plu. AP) 'empty, vain' (the second member belongs to αὐχέω 'to boast', if it  was not reshaped after this for earlier -evyéec after εὖχος, »εὔχομαι; see  Wackernagel 1916: 65); κέν-ανδρος 'empty of men' (A. Pers. 119 [lyr.], 5. OC 917),  whence -ia (A. Pers. 730 [troch.]), cf. Sommer 1948: 191; κεν-εμβατέω lit. 'tread on  emptiness', 'lack a solid foundation, reach a cavity', whence κενεμβάτησις (Plu,  medic.), as if from "κεν-εμβάτης (after other derivatives in -Batéw derived from  compounds with -βάτης).

    *DER κενεών, -ὥνος [m.] 'the hollow space between hip and ribs' (epic Ion., X., LXX);  κενεότης (-νότης) [f.] 'emptiness' ([A); κενήριον = κενοτάφιον (Hell.), probably  after ἠρίον, if not composed with it; thence ψευδήριον 'id.' (Lyc.). Denominative  κενόω, -vedw [v.] 'to empty, make desert' (IA), whence κένωσις, -véwotc 'emptying'  (Ion. poet., Att.), κενώσιμος (Anon. apud Suid.), κένωμα, -νέωμα [n.] 'empty space'  (Hell.), κενωτικός [adj.] 'emptying' (Gal.).

    *ETYM Att. κενός and Ion. κεινός, both from ἔκενβός, may be compared with  στενρός. Further, κενερός is reminiscent of ἐτερός. We should assume an old v-stem  *kevuc (it is not found in De Lamberterie 1990: 187f.). Ruijgh Minos 20-22 (1987): 537  compares the ablauting pair with ὀλοός << *ol-ewo- and οὖλος < *ol-wo-. The root  correspondence between κενός and the Arm. o-stem sin, gen. sn-oy 'id. < IE *ken-o-  is noteworthy. See Clackson 1994: 138-9 on this lexical correspondence.

XXXXXκεντέω [v.] 'to sting, goad' (Pi.). «1Ὲ *kent- 'sting'>

    *VAR Aor. κένσαι ( 337), κεντῆσαι (Hp.), κέντᾶσα (Theoc. 19, 1), pass. κεντηθῆναι  (Arist.), fut. κεντηθήσομαι (Hdt.), κεντήσω (S.), κεκέντημαι (Hp.).

    *COMP Also with prefix, e.g. κατα-, mapa-, ἀπο-, dia-.

    *DER 1. Kévoat < *kévt-oat points to a root κεντ-, which developed to κεσ- before  dental. Thus κεσ-τός < *Kevt-tdc 'stitched' (epic); xéo-tpov 'pointed iron' (Plin.),  κεστρωτός and κέστρωσις (H.), presupposing *keotpdw, κέσ-τρος 'kind of arrow,  etc. (Plb, Ὁ. H., H.), diminutive κεστρίον (Attica) and κέστρειον 'stock of arrows  (Ὁ) (Delos III*); kéo-tpa [f.] 'sharp hammer, arrow' (S., Ph. Bel., Hero), also a fish  name = σφύραινα (Ar, after the shape of the body, see Strémberg 1943: 35); keatpevc  'mullet' (IA) and κεστρῖνος, -tvioxog 'id' (com.). 2. κέντρον 'sting', as a geometrical  technical term also 'leg of a compass, centre of a circle' (II.), perhaps a reshaping of  κέστρον after κεντέω; thence many compounds and derivatives, e.g. κεντρ-ηνεκής  'driven by a goad' (Il; cf. Soup-, 105-1vexnc); substantive ▶︎ κέντρων; adjectives like  κεντρικός, κεντρώδης, κεντρήεις; fish and plant names like κεντρίνης, κεντρίσκος,  κεντρίτης; denominative verbs κεντρόω 'to provide with a sting, to sting' (IA),  κεντρίζω 'to sting' (X.); from κέντρον as a back-formation κέντωρ [m.] 'stimulator,  driver' (Il, AP). 3. From xevtéw (kevtijoat, -ow): κέντημα 'stitching, mosaic' (Arist,  inscr. Smyrna [imperial period]), κεντητής 'mosaic-worker' (Edict. Diocl.),  κεντητήριον 'picker' (Luc.), κεντητικός 'stingy' (Thphr.), κεντητός 'stitched, with -  mosaic' (Epict., pap.). 4. κοντός [m.] 'pole, crutch, staff to spur on cattle' (1 487),  which was borrowed into Lat. contus, percontor; thence κοντά-κιον, -άριον, -ίλος,

===Pag_720: Beekes_Página_0720.tiff=== XXXXXκεραΐς 673 -wtdc, etc; κοντός 'short' (Adam.) arose by reanalysis of κοντο-μάχος, -βόλος, -βολέω, where κοντός was taken as 'short'; likewise in κοντο-πορεία (PIb.).

    *ETYM The sigmatic aorist κένσαι < *xévt-oat is old; the formation of the present  κεντέω is unclear (one would expect *xovtéw); thence κεντῆσαι, κεντήσω, etc. were  created. Other languages have only isolated nominal formations: OHG hantag  'pointed', derived from PGm. *handa- (identical formation with κοντός), Latv. sits  'hunting spear' < IE *knt-o-. Celtic words like Bret. kentr 'spur', W cethr 'nail' were  probably all borrowed from Lat. centrum. κέντρον 'sting, goad, etc.'. > κεντέω.

XXXXXκέντρων 1, -ωνος [m.] 'rogue' (S. Fr. 329, Ar. Nu. 450).

    *ETYM From κέντρον; see ▶︎ kevtéw. Originally meant 'who bears the mark of the  κέντροςἢ.

XXXXXκέντρων 2, -ωνος [m-] 'piece of patchwork' (Hell.). <Lw Lat»

    *DER κεντρωνάριον (pap. -6ptov) mg. unknown (POxy. 2, 326 [IF]).

    *ETYM From Lat. cento 'id.' and adapted to κέντρον. It cannot be established whether  ▶︎ κέντρων 1 had any influence.

XXXXXκέπφος [m.] name of an unknown water-bird, mostly identified with the stormy petrel, Thalassidroma pelagica, but without sufficient reason (Arist, Thphr., Lyc., Nic.); also metaph. of a simple man who can easily be deceived (Ar., Call.).

    *DER κεπφόομαι 'to be deceived easily, be simple' (LXX, Cic.).

    *ETYM A by-form is κεμπός: κοῦφος, ἐλαφρὸς ἄνθρωπος 'stupid person' (H.), where  the prenasalization shows that the word is Pre-Greek. For the semantics, cf. the  description of the bird κέπφος in H.: εἶδος ὀρνέου κουφοτάτου, etc, so 'a  featherlight kind of bird'. Solmsen IF 30 (1912): 7' compared Lat. hebes 'blunt', but  the bird name is no doubt primary. See Thompson 1895 s.v. See ▶︎ κάμπος.

XXXXXκεραΐζω [v.] 'to destroy' (IL). «1Ὲ *kerh,- 'damage', intr. 'fall apart'>

    *VAR Aor. κεραΐσαι (Hdt.), -ἰξαι (Nonn.), fut. inf. κεραϊξέμεν (Π 830 for κεραϊζέμεν  acc. to Bekker).

    *COMP Also with ἐκ- (Call., AP).

    *DER κεραϊστής 'destroyer' (h. Merc. 336; Zumbach 1955: 7); κεραϊσμός 'destruction'

    *ETYM The secondary present κεραΐζω, which stands at the basis of the group, may  have replaced an older primary verb. Skt. retains a nasal present in synati 'breaks',  but the etymological connection (thus Frisk) with Olr. ar-a-chrin 'to fear, perish' is  not followed anymore in Matasovic 2009. The disyllabic stem κερα- has an exact  counterpart in the Skt. aorist asarit and in the Olr. preterit do-cer 'he fell', from IE  kerh,-. In Greek, this stem is also seen in ἀ-κέραιος 'unhurt', and possibly also in  ▶︎ ἀκήρατος 'id' (ἡ perhaps by metrical lengthening; cf. s.v.). The form ▶︎ κεραυνός is  an independent formation; ▶︎ κήρ does not belong here.

XXXXXκεραΐς [f.] 'black radish', acc. to Thphr. a medical name of the wild radish, ῥάφανος ἀγρία. «τὴν Balkans>

===Pag_721: Beekes_Página_0721.tiff===

    *VAR Only acc. κεραΐν (Thphr. HP 9, 15, 5; cerain Plin. HN 19, 82); the accent given  by Frisk is probably wrong.

    *ETYM The agreement with the Slavic word for 'horse-radish, Cochlearia Armoracia'  (eg. Ru. xren, Cz. kfen) is due to a loan from a common source. See Schrader-  Nehring 1917(2): 55.

XXXXXκερᾱΐς [f.] 'a small bird' (Lyc. 1317). <ΙΕ? *kerh,-u- 'horn'>

    *VAR Acc. -ΐδα

    *ETYM Acc. to the sch., the name of a small bird that was put beside Medea in the  passage cited. The gloss κεραΐς: κορώνη (H.) also refers to this. Originally a feminine  of xepadc 'horned', and therefore a bird of the Bucerotidae, says Frisk. However,  note that this pre-form would have to yield a short -a-, while DELG gives a long a  (s.v. κερᾶΐς, but not s.v. kepadc).

XXXXXκεράμβυξ, -ὐκος [m.] 'longicorn beetle' (Nic. Fr. 39, H.); on the mg. see Goossens Ant. class. 17 (1948): 263ff. 4 PG(S,V)>

    *ETYM Cf. σήραμβος, κόλυμβος, κόρυμβος, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 261) and βόμβυξ,  ὄρτυξ, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 383 and 397). Another formation is κεράμβηλον,  glossed as κάνθαρος 'beetle' by H. and others; cf. πέτηλος, κίβδηλος, etc. The form  cannot be derived from κέρας 'horn'. If the word has prenasalization, which seems  probable, it is of Pre-Greek origin. Moreover, -nA(o)- and -vx- are Pre-Greek  suffixes. Fur. (passim) compares κᾶραβος, καρά(μ)βιος, and καραβίδες, as well as  Ἰσκαραβαῖος (all names of beetles); the form with κερα- may have been adapted to  κέρας by folk etymology.

XXXXXκέραμος [m.] 'potter's earth, tile, earthen vessel, jar, wine-jar, pottery' (II.), in E 387 denoting a (subterranean) dungeon, a use which is Cyprian acc. to the scholiast (on this topic Leumann 1950: 270', 273, and Latte Glotta 34 (1955): 20o0ff., who compares σιρός: πίθος, δεσμωτήριον 'large wine-jar, prison' (H.) for the semantics. < PG?>

    *DIALMyc. ke-ra-me-u /kerameus/.

    *COMP κεραμουργός 'potter' (Hell.).

    *DER A. material adjectives: κερά-μινος (Hdt.), -μικός (IA), -μεος (PI.), -μεοῦς (Att;  after ἐρεοῦς to épéa), -μοῦς (Hell.), -μαῖος (Plb.), -μιος (Str.), -μήϊος CNic.), -μῖτις  (Ηρ. Plu.). B. Substantives 1. κεραμεύς 'potter' (Il.), to which Κεραμεικός [m.]  'potter's market' (X.), also as an adjective = -μικός, κεραμευτικός 'belonging to the  potter' (Ὁ. S.), Kepapetov 'pottery' (Att.), κεραμεύω [v.] 'to make out of potter's  earth, be a potter' (Att.), with kepapeia 'pottery' (Ρ].λ. 2. κεράμιον 'earthen jar, vase'  (IA), κεραμύλλιον 'small pot' (Delos, pap., III'). 3. κεραμίς [f.] 'roof-tile' (IA),  κεραμίδιον (late) and κεραμιδόω [v.] 'to cover with tiles' (Arist.). 4. κεραμζ(εχύν  'pottery' (Ar. Lys. 200, Hdn. Gr. 1, 32; 40). Denominative verb xepaytdw [v.] 'to cover  with tiles' (Att. inscr.), whence κεραμωτός (PIb., Str.), κεράμωσις (Epid. IV").

    *ETYM No certain etymology. Connection with κεράσαι, κεράννυμι 'to mix' is  formally unproblematic, but semantically not very convincing. A verb *kerH- 'to  burn, glow' (Pok. 571f.), which is found in several Baltic and Germanic nominal  derivations, e.g. Lith. kdrstas 'hot, glowing, burning', Go. hauri [n.] 'coals', OHG  herd 'hearth', would be better from the semantic side. However, among the words in

===Pag_722: Beekes_Página_0722.tiff=== XXXXXκεράννυμι 675 -(a)j10-, several are suspected of being loans (Chantraine 1933: 133f., Schwyzer: 493f.). Therefore, this technical term for tile-making may well be Pre-Greek (or Anatolian). The Carian TN Κέραμος should be noted in this connection (Kretschmer Glotta 11 (1921): 284, Schrader-Nehring 1917(2): 694).

XXXXXκερανίξαι [v.] - κολυμβῆσαι, κυβιστῆσαι 'to dive, tumble head first' (H.).

    *VAR Also κρανίξαι- ἐπὶ κεφαλὴν ἀπορρῖψαι 'to throw away on the head' (H.).

    *ETYM The last word seems to be a denominative of κρανίον, and κερανίξαι would  then be a reshaping after κέρας. This seems improbable. The variation might point  to a Pre-Greek form. There is no (direct) connection with Lat. cernuus 'head  foremost'.

XXXXXκεράννυμι [v.] 'to mix, mix up' especially of wine with water, 'to temper', of the climate, etc. (com., Hyp.). <1 *kerh,- 'mix'>

    *VAR Also κεραννύω (com., Hyp.), κεραίω (I 203, Delph. V*), κεράω (Od5 subj. κέρωνται A 260), κίρνημι, -vaw (Od.), aor. κεράσ(σλαι (Il.), also (ἐπι-)κρῆσαι (η 164,  Hp.), pass. κρᾶθῆναι, κρηθῆναι (IA), also κερασθῆναι (Att.), perf. med. κέκρᾶμαι,  -κρη- (Sapph., Pi, IA), also κεκέρασμαι (Arist.), fut. κερῶ (Att.), κεράσω (Them.),  pass. κραθήσομαι (Att.).

    *DIAL Myc. ka-ra-te-ra /kratéra/.

    *COMP Also with prefix, especially συν-.

    *DER A. From monosyllabic κρᾶ- (κρη-): 1. κρᾶσις, κρῆσις (σύγ-, etc.) 'mix' (IA),  with *xpactov > MoGr. κρασί 'wine'. 2. κρᾶμα (rarely also Κράμμα, after βάμμα, etc.),  Ion. κρῆμα, 'mix, alloy', also 'mixed wine' (Ion., Hell.), whence κραμάτιον (Dsc.) and  κραμ(μλάτινος 'consisting of an alloy' (pap.). 3. κρᾶτήρ, κρητήρ [m.] 'mixer',  'mixing bowl', also metaph. 'crater' (Il.), whence xpatnpia 'id. (Dsc.) and the  diminutives κρατήριον, κρη- (Hp.), κρατηρ-ίδιον (Boeot., J.), -ἰσκος (Delos IIT',  Ath.); xpatnpitw [v.] 'to drink a bowl', 'to intoxicate oneself (Sophr., D.). 4. compounds like ἄ-κρᾶ-τος (-n-) 'unmixed' (I1.), αὐτο-κρη-ἤής 'mixed with itself', i.e. 'unmixed' (Nic. Al. 163), αὐτό-κρας 'id.' (Poll.). B. From disyllabic kepa-: κατα-κέρασις 'mixing (with water)' (Arist.), κέρασμα 'id.'  (Hell.), συγ-κερασμός 'id' (gloss.), κεραστός (εὐ-, éy-Kép.) 'mixed' (Ὁ. H., Plu,  API), κεραστής 'mixer' (Orph.), ém-, κατα-κεραστικός 'causing a (real) mix'  (medic.), μετά-κερας [adj., n.] 'tempered, lukewarm' (com.), αὐτό-κερας [adj., adv.]  'unmixed' (Poll., Phryn.; cf. on αὐτοκρηής} See also ▶︎ ἀκήρατος 2. In the mg. 'unmixed' (οἶνος; Dsc. 5, 6, 10), ἀκέραιος is a reinterpretation of ἀκέραιος  'undamaged'; see ▶︎ ἀκήρατος 1.

    *ETYM The set-character of the root *kerh,- is apparent from the verbal adjectives  (&)-Kpatog and corresponding Skt. 4-Sir-ta- 'mixed'. Gr. κίρνημι is from *k'rnami,  which contains a schwa secundum and therefore did not vocalize the *y. The nasal  present found in Skt. srinati rather belongs with *kreiH- 'to shine, excell', acc. to  Narten KZ 100 (1987): 270-96. On the other hand, Av. sar- 'to unite' does belong  here, e.g. OAv. saranté [3pl.pres.]. The old aorist κεράσαι gave rise to analogical  innovations Kepaiw, Kepdw, κεράννυμι, just like κερῷῶ, Kepdow, κερασθῆναι,  κεκέρασμαι (with analogical o); older forms are κραθῆναι, κέκρᾶμαι.

===Pag_723: Beekes_Página_0723.tiff===

XXXXXκεραός [adj.] 'horned', secondarily 'made of horn' (1]...

    *ETYM ἵκεραρός is identical with several words for 'deer' and other horned animals:  Lat. cervus (like xepadc from IE *kerh,u-o-), MW carw 'deer' < IE *krh,y-o-, Alb. ka  'ox', Ru. koréva, SCr. krava 'cow' < *korh,ueh, with centum-treatment of *k from the  zero grade, which must consequently have been present in the paradigm), Lith. kdrvé  'id'; also, with palatalisation and zero grade, OPr. sirwis 'roe'. We have to assume an  original paradigm *kerh,-u-o-, *krh,-eu-o-. A parallel formation is the Germanic  name of the deer, eg. OHG hiruz, from QIE *keru-d-. All words derive from a word  for 'horn', e.g. Av. srii- [f.]; see Nussbaum 1986: 19-47 and 139-157. See ▶︎ képac.

XXXXXκέρας [n.] 'horn for blowing and drinking', metaph. 'branch (of a river), part of an army, top, etc.'

    *VAR  Gen. epic -ραος, Hdt. -peoc, Att. -pwe, -patoc, dat. epic -ραΐ, Hdt. -pet, Att. τρᾳ, nom.acc.pl. epic -pa(a), Hp. and Att. -pata, gen. epic -pawv, Att. τρῶν, τρᾶτων,  dat. -ρᾶσι, epic also -ράεσσι; late epic gen.sg. -ράατος, nomacc.pl. -paata (further  forms in Schwyzer: 515).

    *DIAL Myc. ke-ra-a /keraha/ [nom.pl.].

    *COMP As a first member in κερασ-φόρος 'with a horn' (trag.), also κερατο-φόρος  'id' (Arist.); κεραο-ξόος 'polishing horn' (A 110, AP), thematically reshaped e.g. in  κερο-φόρος (E.), also κερε-αλκής 'with strong horn' (A. R.). As a second member  mostly -xepwo [m., f] < -κερα(σ)-ος, seen in byi-, ἄ-κερως, etc; special feminine  form ὑψι-, KaAAL-Képav [acc.] (B.); isolated -κέρᾶτος, eg. ἀ-κέρατος (PL, Arist; τῆς  ἀκεράτου beside τὴν axépwv Pl. Pit. 265b, c), also ἀ-κέρωτος (AP), -κερος e.g. in νή-κεροι [p].] 'hornless' (Hes. Op. 529); δί-κερας [n.] 'double horn' (Callix.) and the  plant names αἰγό-, Bov-, tavpd-xepac [n.] (after the shape of the fruit, Strémberg  1940: 54); also αἰγο-κέρως 'Capricornus', with metrically conditioned gen. -κερῆος  (Arat,, Ὁ. S.).

    *DER Diminutives: κεράτιον 'little horn' (Arist. Hell.), 'name of a weight and a coin,  'carat' (Hero) = Lat. siliqua (inscr. and pap.); τὰ κεράτια 'the fruits of the carob-tree'  (Ev. Luc. 15, 16, Dsc.); thence xepatia [f.] 'carob-tree' (Str., Plin.), also -téa (pap.,  Gp.; after other tree names in -éa), kepwvia 'id.' (Thphr,, Plin.), contaminated form  kepatwvia 'id.' (Gal. Aét.). Further substantives: κερασ-τής [m.] 'horned being' (S., E.; of ἔλαφος, Πάν, etc.)  name of a snake 'Cerastes cornutus' (Nic.), fem. -στίς (A; cf. Fraenkel 1912: 209); also  epithet of the island of Cyprus (Hdn. 1, 104, 15: ἀπὸ τοῦ πολλὰς ἄκρας ἔχειν, 'because  it has many capes'); κερατῖτις (μήκων) 'kind of poppy' (Thphr., Dsc.); κεραΐτης [m.]  = Lat. cornicularius (Lyd. Mag.), κεραῖτις [f.] 'Hornpflanze' = τῆλις (Redard 1949: 41  and 72, Stromberg 1940: 54); kepaitns and κεραῖτις, however, rather belong to κεραία  (see below); κερατίας ([m.] name of Dionysus (D. S.), also name of a comet (Plin;  Scherer 1953: 107); κεραία [f.] name of several horn-like objects, e.g. 'yard, beam,  cornucopia', as a sign of writing = Lat. apex (Att. Hell.); diminutive κεράδιον  (Attica, Delos; or xepaidiov?); κερατών, -ὥνος [m.] name of an altar on Delos  (Hell.); originally 'place adorned with horns'; after the place names in -wv. Adjectives: κεράτινος 'made of horn' (X., Pl. Com.), κερατίνης [m.] 'the fallacy called

===Pag_724: Beekes_Página_0724.tiff=== XXXXXκεραυνός 677 the Horns' (D. L., Luc.); κερατώδης 'hornlike' (Thphr.); κερόεις 'horned' (Anacr., Simon.); κερέϊνος 'id.' (Aq., Sm.). Denominative verbs: 1. κερατίζω 'to but with the horns' (LXX); thence κερατιστής (LXX), κεράτισις (Apollod. Poliorc.); κερατισμός 'loss upon exchange of solidi in ceratia', as if from κερατίζω *'to change in ceratia' (pap. VI, Lyd. Mag.); 2. κερατόω 'to change into horn' (Ael.); 3. kepdw 'to provide with horns' (Arat.), 'to form a wing' (Plb.). Cf. also ▶︎ κεραός, ▶︎ kepaic, > κερανίξαι, ▶︎ κερουτιάω, ▶︎ κέρνα. '

    *ETYM Beside the full grade root in κέρας 'horn' < *kerh,-es-, we find a zero grade in  *kapac- in κάρᾷ, κάρηνα 'head, top' < *krh,-es-, which also gave Skt. siras- [n.]  'head', and *xpao- < *krh,s- in xpaviov 'skull'. Cf. on »κάρᾶ. The s-stem was  enlarged with a suffix *-ro- in Lat. cerebrum 'brain' < *keras-ro- < IE *kerh,(e)s-ro-. Full discussion in Nussbaum 1986. The original meaning was probably 'horn',  whence 'horned animal-head' and 'head' in general. Further related forms are  discussed s.v. ▶︎ κάρα, ▶︎ Kpaviov, ▶︎ Κρήδεμνον, ▶︎ Κράνος.

XXXXXκέρασος [m., f.] 'bird cherry, Prunus avium' (Xenoph., Thphr.).

    *VAR  κερασός (acc. to Hdn. Gr. 1, 209).

    *DIAL Myc. PN ke-ra-so /kerasd/ [f.], see Heubeck Kadmos 4 (1956): 138-145;  Chantraine 1968: 575.

    *DER κερασία, -éa 'id' (Gp.), cf. kepatia, -éa s.v. ▶︎ κέρας; κεράσιον 'fruit of the κ᾿  (Hell.), "κεράσινος {adj.] in Lat. cerasinus 'cherry-colored', as a subst. xepdotvov [n.]  'cherry-colored paint' (PHolm.).

    *ETYM As the improved cherry came from the Pontos area (cf. Κερασοῦς 'rich in  cherries', town on the Pontos), the name is probably Anatolian as well. Given its  intervocalic o, the form must be Anatolian or Pre-Greek. For the suffix, cf. ▶︎ θίασος,  ▶︎ κάρπασος, which too are of foreign origin. Assyr. karsu has also been adduced. Cf. on ▶︎ κράνον 'cornelian cherry'. Gr. κέρασος, -ia, κεράσιον were borrowed into many  languages: Asiatic names of the cherry-tree and the cherry, like Arm. kefas, Kurd. ghilas, and in the West, Lat. cerasus, -ium, VLat. *cerasia, *ceresia, -ea; from Latin  came the Romance and Germanic forms like MoFr. cerise, OHG chirsa > Kirsche. Lit.: Olck in PW 11: σοί. and Hester Lingua 13 (1965): 356.

XXXXXκεραυνός [m.] 'thunderbolt, lightning' (11...

    *COMP »τερπι-κέραυνος, ἐγχει-κέραυνος 'who has the thunderbolt as a spear' (Pi.),  after ἐγχει-βρόμος 'who thunders with the spear'; also κεραυνο-εγχής 'id.' (B.).

    *DER κεραύνιος [adj.] 'belonging to the thunderbolt', also 'struck by a thunderbolt,  hurling the thunderbolt' (trag.), also κεραυναῖος (AP 7, 49; Steph. -etog); kepavviov  name of a mushroom 'Tuber aestivum' (Thphr., Gal.), conceived as protecting  against thunder, or as arisen from a thunderbolt; likewise kepavvia = ἀείζῳον μικρόν  (Ps.-Dsc.), cf. Strémberg 1940: 79f.; also name of a stone xepavviac, -νίτης (PHolm.,  Clem.). Denominative κεραυνόομαι [v.] 'to be struck by lightning', -dw 'to slay with  a thunderbolt' (Hes.); κεραύνωσις 'thunderclap' (Str., Plu.).

    *ETYM Thematic transformation of an r/n-stem *kepa-fap, Kepa-vv- 'shattering',  from a verb 'to shatter' that was replaced by ▶︎ κεραΐζω. For the formation, cf. on

===Pag_725: Beekes_Página_0725.tiff===

ἐλαύνω. Not to be included here are Skt. §dru- 'arrow' and Gm. words like Go. hairus 'sword'.

XXXXXΚέρβερος [m.] 'name of the dog that guarded the underworld' (Hes. 311, where he has fifty heads).

    *ETYM Traditionally connected with Skt. karbara-, Sdrvara- 'spotted', as an adj. Sabdla- of the two dogs of the lower world (RV 10, 14, 10). This is doubted by  Mayrhofer KEWA s.v. karbarah, where, after Kuiper, an Austro-Asiatic origin is  considered for the Skt. word (see also Mayrhofer EWAia 3: 297). Thus, it has nothing  to do with the Greek word. Lincoln JIES 7 (1979): 273-285 follows Schlerath, who  showed that there were two hellhounds in the IE conception; this is most clear in  Armenian, where Spitak 'white' is the dog of life, Siaw 'black' the dog of death. He  ends with unfounded speculations. The dog may come from the East, he may as well  be Pre-Greek; for neither do we have any evidence.

XXXXXκέρδος [n.] 'cunning, wiles; desire to win, gain, profit' (Il.); plur. also 'good advice' (Hom.). <1£? *kerd-'cunning'>

    *COMP Rarely as a first member, e.g. κερδο-φόρος 'bringing gain' (Artem.), as a  second member in αἰσχρο-κερδής 'full of lowly craving, greedy' (IA).

    *DER Diminutives κερδάριον, κερδύφιον (gloss.). Further kepdoovvn 'ruse' (Hom.,  Cleanth. Hymn. 1, 28), κερδώ [f.] 'the cunning one', i.e. fox' (Ar. Babr.); PN  Κέρδων, -wvocg (D., Argolis), whence Lat. cerd6 'ordinary artisan'; also Kepdéwv  epithet of Hermes and Kepdein Πειθώ (Herod. 7, 74); Κερδῷος epithet of Apollo  (Thessal., Lyc.), after Ant@oc; also of Hermes (Plu., Luc.), also said of the fox  (Babr.); κερδητικός 'greedy' (gloss.). Further κερδαλέος 'greedy' (1].) and xepdaivw  [v.] 'to gain, have profit' (Pi, LA), aor. κερδῆναι, -δᾶναι, -δῆσαι. Comparative forms  kepdiwv 'more profitable' (1].), κέρδιστος 'the most cunning' (Hom.). The positive  has now been recognized in ▶︎ κορδύς.

    *ETYM The only connections outside Greek are a few Celtic words: Olr. cerd 'art,  handwork', also 'aerarius, figulus, poeta' < IE *kerd-h,-, MW cerdd 'song'. The gloss  Krptea: τὰ κέρδη (H.) is doubtful. R. Schmitt Glotta 51 (1973): 94-95 convincingly  connected it with κορδύς: πανοῦργος 'crafty' (H.).

XXXXXκέρθιος [m.] name of a small bird with a clear voice, perhaps 'treekreeper, Certhia familiaris' (Arist. HA 616b 28).

    *ETYM Unexplained; the word hardly belongs to ▶︎ xpé&. Perhaps Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκέρκα [3] - ἀκρίς 'locust' (H.).

    *VAR κέρκαξ: ἱέραξ 'hawk, falcon', κέρκνος: ἱέραξ ἢ ἀλεκτρυών 'cock (H.).

    *ETYM Fur. 127 compares κερ-κ- with ἀ-κρ-ιδ-, comparing for the morphology γελ-  y-t8- beside a-yA-16-; doubtful at best. The words hardly belong to ▶︎ κέρκος 'tail', as  per Frisk. The word is rather Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκερκάς [?] - κρὲξ τὸ ὄρνεον 'ruff, corncrake' (H.).

    *VAR  κερκιθαλίς: ἐρῳδιός 'heron' (H.). = κρέξ.

===Pag_726: Beekes_Página_0726.tiff=== XXXXXκέρκουρος 679 κέρκηρις, -ews [?] name of a water-bird (PCair. Zen. 3880, III, ΒΟ 1252, 30, II), Lat. cerceris (Varro LL 5: 79). <?>

    *DER Cf. ▶︎ κερκίων [m.].

    *ETYM Compared with Lat. querquédula, which is paraphrased with κερκήδης (gloss. 3, 319, 13, etc.). It is uncertain whether κέρκηρις belongs to κέρκος or to the group of  κρέξ,    κερκίς -ίδος [f] 'weaver's shuttle' (11. metaph. of comparable objects, e.g. 'great bone  of the leg, tibia' (A. R., Heroph. Med.), 'wedge-shaped division of the seats in the  theatre' (Hell.); as a tree name 'asp, Populus tremula, etc. (Arist, Thphr.). The mgs. are discussed by Martin REGr. 80 (1967): 319f. < PG?>

    *COMP As a first member in κερκιδοποιική (τέχνη) 'the art of a Kepxidomatdc  (Arist.); as a second member in παρα-κερκίς [f.] 'splint-bone' (Poll.).

    *DER Diminutives κερκίδιον (pap.); κερκιδιαῖον 'wedge-shaped spool (Attica);

XXXXXκερκίζω [v.] 'to use the weaver's shuttle' (PL, Arist.), κέρκισις 'weaving' (Arist), κερκιστική (τέχνη) 'art of weaving' (Ρ].), κέρκιστρα [n.pl.] 'weaver's wages' (pap.). Further also κερκάδαι [p].] 'the weavers', name of a society of weavers (Argos).

    *ETYM Unclear. A technical word that seems to be Pre-Greek. Vendryes REGr. 25    (1912): 461 took it as a diminutive of ▶︎ κέρκος, assuming an original meaning 'stave,  rod'.

XXXXXκερκίων [m.] name of an Indian speaking bird, kind of mynah (perhaps Acridotheres tristis or Gracula religiosa; Ael. NA 16, 3; see Thompson 1895 s.v.).

    *ETYM The suffix of κερκίων is found in noppupiwv, ἀκανθίων, and other bird and  animal names. Frisk derives it from κέρκος, following Ael., who argues ἐπειδὴ καὶ  αὐτὸς dtaceleta τὸν Sppov, ὡς ποιοῦνται oi κίγκλοι 'because it wags its tail itself  too, like the x. do'.

XXXXXκερκολύρα > Kpexw.

XXXXXκερκορώνους [acc.pl.m.] name of an unknown Indian bird (Ael. NA 15, 14). <?>

    *ETYM Thompson 1895 s.v. assumes haplology for *kepxo-kopwvn.

XXXXXκέρκος [f.] 'tail of an animal (com., Pl. Phdr. 254d, Arist.), 'penis' (Ar. Herod.). «ἣν

    *COMP κερκο-φόρος 'with a tail', ἄ-κερκος 'tailless' (Arist.); on ▶︎ κέρκουρος and  ▶︎ κέρκωψ S.V.

    *DER Diminutive κερκίον (Aq. Sm. Thd.); cf. ▶︎ κερκίς. Also the animal names  ▶︎ κέρκα - ἀκρίς 'locust' (H.), κερκώπη name of a cicada (Ar.), see Stromberg 1944: 16  and cf. on Képxwnec, probably also > κέρκαξ - ἱέραξ (H.) and ▶︎ κέρκνος - ἱέραξ, ἢ  ἀλεκτρυών (H.). κέρκωσις 'tail-like growth' (medic.}; kepxéty¢ τὸ μικρὸν πηδάλιον  'small rudder' (Η:, Paus. Gr. Fr. 118).

    *ETYM As opposed to ▶︎ οὐρά, κέρκος seems to come from the lower stratum of the  language and may originally have meant 'stave, rod' (but see on ▶︎ κερκίς). Origin  unknown.

XXXXXκέρκουρος [m.] 'light vessel' (Hdt. Hell.), originally Cyprian; also name of a sea-fish (Opp. cf. Stromberg 1943: 48). <?>

===Pag_727: Beekes_Página_0727.tiff===

    *COMP Compounds ταυρο-κέρκουρος, κερκουρο-σκάφη names of different vessels  (Hell. pap.).

    *DER Diminutive κερκούριον (AP 5, 43; also [f.] PN); κερκουρίτης 'sailor on a «.'  (Hell. pap.).

    *ETYM Properly a bahuvrihi, 'having a κέρκος. Κα back', unless it is a folk-  etymological adaptation of a foreign word (cf. the animal names in -ovp-, Pre-Greek  (suffixes). Semitic hypothesis by Movers in Lewy 1895: 152. See Chantraine 1928: 13f. Latin borrowed cerciirus as a fish name (Ov., Plin.}.

XXXXXΚέρκωπες [m.pl.] 'name of two mischievous dwarves', which were fettered by Heracles (Hdt.), metaph. [sg.] 'teaser, rogue' (Aeschin.); name of a long-tailed ape (Manil.).

    *DER κερκωπία 'trickiness' (Semon.), κερκωπίζω [v.] 'to tease, joke' (Zenob., H.). Also, with d-stem-enlargement, κερκώπη! τέττιξ θήλεια μὴ φωνοῦσα 'female cicala  producing no sound' (H.).

    *ETYM Interpreted as 'with tail-like figure', from ▶︎ κέρκος and -wy (Schwyzer: 4264). Gil Emerita 25 (1957): 312 considers κερκώπη ᾿τέττιξ᾽ to be a compound *KepKo-Fwn-  ἡ 'with shrill voice', but this does not fit H.'s explanation above. Rather, -ωπ is the  ending of several Pre-Greek names.

XXXXXκέρνα 1 [n.pl.] 'transverse processes of the vertebrae' (Poll. 2, 180). <?>

    *VAR Also -vat [f.p1].

    *ETYM Mostly analyzed as *kers-nd (cf. κάρηνα < *karasna). An exact parallel to this  form seems to be found in the Germanic word for 'brain', e.g. OHG hirn(i) (< IE  *kers-n-iio- beside ON hjarsi < *kers-on-). However, the formation was *kerh,-s-n-  with root-final -h,, which makes this derivation impossible. See Nussbaum 1986: 192. It is semantically tempting to compare xépva with ON hvern 'the two boat-shaped  white bones in the brain of a fish', but like Go. /uairnei 'skull, this derives from  initial IE *k'- and belongs to ON hverna 'cooking utensils', etc; cf. on ▶︎ Képvoc.

XXXXXκέρνα 2 [?] - ἀξίνη 'axe-head' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Acc. to von Blumenthal 1930: 40, it is from keipw, and to be separated from  Kéapva (see on ▶︎ κεάζω). DELG even proposes to read kéapva here.

XXXXXκέρνος [n.J 'earthen vase with nipples all around, used in mystery cult' (sch. Nic. Al 217; Ammon. and Polem. apud Ath. 11, 476f and 478c; H.).

    *VAR Plur. κέρνεα- τὰ TH μητρὶ τῶν θεῶν ἐπιθυόμενα 'that which is sacrificed to the  mother of the gods' (H.); also -va (Poll. 4, 103); on the mg. Nilsson 1941(1): 128, 270f.,  726.

    *COMP As a first member in kepvo-pdpoc (Nic., Ath.), to which kepvo-popéw (sch.);  short form κερνᾶς (AP 7, 709).

    *DER Diminutive xepviov (Att. inscr., Theognost.).

    *ETYM Several unsuccessful IE etymologies have been proposed: relation to κέραμος,  Skt. cari- 'kettle', ON hverna 'cooking utensils'; to Lat. scrinium 'chest', to Skt. Sérava- 'plate' (see the relevant litt. in Frisk). The by-forms xépyvoc (IG 1', 313: 17,

===Pag_728: Beekes_Página_0728.tiff=== XXXXXκέρχνος 681 314: 23), with κερχνίον (IG 2', 1533: 19; 23), show that the word was Pre-Greek, as Chantraine already saw (DELG).

XXXXXκερουτιάω [v.] 'to toss the horns or head' (Ar. Eq. 1344).

    *DER κερουτιασμός (Phot.).

    *ETYM A denominative in -ἰάω from "κεροῦττα 'provided with horns', which is  genuine Attic for κεροῦσσα (S., E.) or xepdeooa (Anacr.), an epithet of the deer. It  may originally have meant 'to behave like a κεροῦσσα (EAagoc)'. On the formation,  where we expect *kepat-, see Nussbaum 1986: 153.

XXXXXκέρσα [9] - Ἀσιανὸν ὄνομα 'an Asiatic name' (H.). <Lw ΟΡ»

    *ETYM Schmitt 1999: 53-57 states it is a loan from OP krS, a Persian weight, which  perhaps derives from *k'els- 'to draw furrows'.

XXXXXκερτομέω [v.] 'to taunt, insult, mock, ridicule' (almost only poetic, II.).

    *VAR Aor. κερτομῆσαι (rare).

    *COMP  Also with ém-. Compound φιλο-κέρτομος 'loving mockery' (x 287, Theoc.,  API).

    *DER Képtopos 'insulting, slandering' (Hes. Op. 788, poet.), with κερτομίαι [pl.]  'mockery, slander' (Hom.); also with suffix -τἰο-κερτόμιος 'id' (Hom., 5. [lyr.]),  κερτόμησις (δ. Ph. 1236). From ἐπικερτομέω: ἐπικερτόμ-ημα (Demetr.), -ησις (Hdn.)  and, as a back-formation, ἐπικέρτομος (Q. S.).

    *ETYM Prellwitz assumed a univerbation of κείρειν and τέμνειν, a type of formation  which remains hypothetical. Fur: 349 refers to καρτομιστής: χλευαστής 'mocker'  (H.). The varying vocalism points to Pre-Greek origin. The root has been connected with Lat. carindre, and the words cited under ▶︎ κάρνη  'punishment'. Schrijver 1991: 429 is right to connect it with the group of σκερβόλλω,  -βολέω, κερβόλλουσα 'to insult, mock, slander', which in turn is connected with  (σ)κέραφος, σχέραφος. All these words are clearly Pre-Greek, a conclusion which  Schrijver also reaches. It is unknown what the second elements were, or even if the  words were compounds at all. Fur.: 349*° suggests comparison with Hitt. kartimiie/a-  τ 'to be angry', kartiminu- 'to make angry', which is possible, though the meanings  are not the same. For a different but less likely proposal: Perpillou RPh. 75  (2001):145f.

XXXXXκερχνηΐς, -ίδος [f.] a kind of falcon, probably 'kestrel, windhover, Falco tinnunculus'. <?>

    *VAR  Also -ἧς, -ἥδος (Ar. Av. 304, 589); also κεγχριγΐς, -ρίς (Arist, Ael.), κέγχρη  (Arist.), κέρχνη (FL).

    *ETYM From Képxvoc 'raw voice, hoarseness', with the same variation as in χλωρηΐς  epithet of the nightingale (to χλωρός), etc. (see Chantraine 1933: 345f.). Also xépy vn,  after the feminines in -1-. Did κεγχρηΐς, etc. arise through metathesis? Hardly after  κέγχρος 'millet' (defended by DELG); see Thompson 1895 s.v. keyypryic.

XXXXXκέρχνος [m.] 'raw voice, hoarseness' (Hp., 5. Ichn. 128), 'raw surface, rough excrescence' (S. Fr. 279), also = ὁ τῶν dpyupiwv κονιορτός 'silver dust' (Poll. 7, 99). ᾿

===Pag_729: Beekes_Página_0729.tiff===

    *COMP ἄ-κερχνος 'without hoarseness' (Aret.), αἱμό-κερχνον [n.] 'cough with bloody  sputum' (Hp, substantivized bahuvrihi). From ἄκερχνος and κέρχνω the adjective  κέρχνος (Kepy voc?) 'raw (of the voice), hoarse' (Gal.) [??].

    *DER κερχνώδης 'raw, hoarse' (Hp.), κερχνασμός 'rawness, hoarseness' (Gal.). Denominative κερχνόομαι [v.] 'to be raw or uneven', -dw 'to make uneven, engrave'  (H.), whence kepyva@pata [pl.] 'unevennesses, elevated, embossed work' (H.); to be  read as well in E. Ph. 1386 for κεγχρώμασι - cf. on κέγχρος; κερχνωτός 'embossed,  engraved' (H.); also xépyvw [v.] 'to be or make hoarse' (Hp.). κερχαλέος 'raw,  hoarse' (Hp.), also κερχναλέος (Hp. v.L, Gal.). On ▶︎ κερχνηΐς, see sv.

    *ETYM The derivation κέρχνος < "κέρκ-σνος has been proposed, but the bird name  κρέξ hardly seems comparable. Perhaps the word is onomatopoeic in origin; cf. Skt. ghar-ghara- [m.] 'crackling, rattling', as well as, independently, Lat. hirrid 'to  grumble', OE gierran 'to crack, creak, coo', etc. (Pok. 439). If we connect these, we  could assume κέρχνος < *g'er-g'r-o-; κερχαλέος would be analogical after ἰσχνός :  ἰσχαλέος vel sim. Fur. 340 compares κάρχαρος. If the word is Pre-Greek, it could  simply be *KerK-no-, with automatic aspiration before the *n (cf. Fur. 110).

XXXXXκέσκεον [n.] 'tow (Herod. 9a).

    *VAR KéOKI<Ov>: στυπεῖον, TO ἀποκτένισμα τοῦ Atvod 'what is combed from flax'  (H.).

    *ETYM Mostly analyzed as *kes-kes-o-, from a root *kes- 'to comb, hackle, scratch' in  OCS éesati, isg. ceSp, Hitt. kis-* 'to comb, card', with the verbal nouns Cz. pa-ces  'tow', Lith. kasd 'plait, braid' < IE *kos-h,-, Olr. cir [f.] < *kés-raé (for the apparent  lengthened grade, see the discussion in Matasovit 2008 s.v. *kisra). See also ▶︎ ξέω,  > ξαίνω, ▶︎ fiw. A reduplicated formation *kes-kes- is an improbable structure in IE  terms. Word-final -eov may be the Pre-Greek suffix *-ay- (Pre-Greek Suffixes sub    -αι-" €(1)-).

XXXXXκεστός [adj.] 'stitched'. = κεντέω.

XXXXXκεύθω [v.] 'to conceal', also 'to be hidden' (II.). <1 (s)keu-d'- 'conceal, hide'>

    *VAR Also kevOdvw (Γ 453), κυνθάνει' κρύπτει 'hides, conceals' (H.), fut. κεύσω, aor. κεῦσαι, also κύθε (y 16), reduplicated subj. κεκύθωσι (ζ 303), perf. κέκευθα.

    *COMP Also with ém- (€vt-, ἀμφι-).

    *DER κεῦθος [n.] 'hiding, cave, depth' (IL), often plur. -ea; κευθμών, -μῶνες 'id'  (Od.), κευθμός, -μοί 'id. (N 28, Lyc., Call.); also κευθῆνες: οἱ καταχθόνιοι δαίμονες  'subterranean deities' (Suid.).

    *ETYM A close relative to κεύθω is found in Germanic in the OE yod-present hydan,  MoE hide. A further comparandum is Arm. suzanem 'to dive, hide', but this would  presuppose an initial palatal *k, which does not fit with the other words adduced,  like Skt. kuhi- [f.] 'new moon' ('the hidden one'), kuhara- [n.] 'cave', etc. (rejected  by Mayrhofer EWAia s.v. kitha). Beside the words from IE *keud'-, several forms  with root-final *t are found; see ▶︎ κύτος. See also on "» κύσθος, ▶︎ κύστις, and  ▶︎ σκῦτος and ▶︎ σκῦλα.

XXXXXκεφαλή [f.] 'head, the uppermost or top part, source, etc.' (I1.). «1Ὲ *g'eb"-I- Shead'>

===Pag_730: Beekes_Página_0730.tiff=== XXXXXκῆβος 683

    *COMP Several compounds, e.g. κεφαλ-αλγία 'headache' (Hp.), also -αργία (Luc.) by  dissimilation; βου-κέφαλος 'with cow-head' (Ar.); also as a plant name (Strémberg  1940: 54); as a PN Βου-κεφάλᾶς [m.] the personal horse of Alexander the Great (Str.,  Plu...

    *DER Diminutive κεφάλιον (Att. inscr.), τἰδιον (Poll, pap.), κεφαλίς [f.] 'bulb of an  onion, toe-cap of a shoe, capital of a column, etc.' (Arist.), κεφαλὶς βιβλίου 'scroll'  (LXX); κεφάλαιον [n.] 'the main thing, capital (Pi, Att.); rarely adjectival κεφάλαιος  (Ar. Ra. 854, PMasp. 151, 16, VI),  κεφαλαιώδης (adv. -ωδῶς) 'regarding the  main point' (Hp. Arist. Hell.) and the denominative κεφαλαιόω [v.] 'to summarize  (the main points)' (Att.), whence κεφαλαίωμα 'sum, total' (Hdt. 3, 159), -αίωσις  'summary' (sch.), -αιωτής = Lat. capitularius, also -tia (pap. Rom. Emp.); κεφαλαία  [f.] 'chronic headache' (medic.); κεφαλώδης 'head-like' (Thphr.), κεφαλικός  'belonging to the head, to life' (pap., Dsc.); κεφαλίτης λίθος 'cornerstone, headstone'  (HL), κεφαλίτης γλήχων probably 'Mentha aquatica' (Hippiatr.); κεφαλίνη 'root of  the tongue' (Poll.); κεφαλῖνος fish name = βλεψίας (Doric apud Ath.), see Stroémberg  1943: 41, also κέφαλος 'Mugil cephalus' (Hp., com., Arist.), on which extensively  Thompson 1947 s.v.; κεφάλωμα 'sum' (Messen., Delph.); after ἀνάλωμα acc. to  Bechtel 1921, 2: 156, but cf. also κεφαλαίωμα above; κεφαλωτός 'with a head' (Arist.,  Hell.), as a plant name 'thyme' (Ps.-Dsc.), see Strémberg 1940: 50; -wtdv (sc. πράσον) 'onion' (pap.); κεφαληδόν 'per head' (Priene IV*). Denominative κ]εφαλίζω  [v.] 'to behead' (BGU 1, 341, 9); in a different mg. kepadtopds 'table of multiplication'  (Arist.); κεφαλόω in κεκεφαλωμένος 'provided with a head' (comm. Arist.);  κεφαλιόω in ἐκεφαλίωσαν (Ev. Marc. 12, 4), which may mean either 'to beat the  head' or 'to behead'. Furthermore hypostases προσ- (Dor. noti-), ὑπο-κεφάλαιον  'head cushion' (IA), ἀποκεφαλίζω [v.] 'to behead' (LXX, Phld.), -ἰσμός, -ἰσμα, -ἰστής.

    *ETYM Old word for 'head', also found in Tocharian and Germanic: ToA Spal 'head',  OHG gebal [m.], MHG gebel 'skull', OHG gibilla [f.] 'id.'; additionally, in the sense of  front', OHG gibil [m.], Go. gibla [m.] (n-stem), and ablauting ON gafl [m.] 'side of a  facade'. This points to an IE l-stem *¢eb"-L, but it is unclear from which root it is. The Greek suffixal -a- is difficult to explain. Cf. also γαβαλάν- ἐγκέφαλον ἢ κεφαλήν  (H.) and Macedonian (Illyrian?) κεβ(α)λή s.v. ▶︎ κεβλή.

XXXXXΚέως, -w [f.] one of the Cyclades (inscr., Str.).

    *DER Κεῖος, Ion. Κήϊος inhabitant of Keos (1A); Κέος [f.] place on Salamis (Hdt. 8,  76).

    *ETYM Solmsen 1901: 125 suggests derivation from "κῆρος 'fire' (to ▶︎ καίω), which  must be wrong, as it is a Pre-Greek name. Fick 1905: 59 compares Kéwc Κήιος Κεῖος  with Τέως Τήιος and Κόως Κῶιος and Cret. Λάτως Λάτιος, and notes as older forms  Κήως Τήως Κώως.

XXXXXκῆβος [m.] 'monkey with a long tail (Arist., Str., Gal.).

    *VAR Also κῆπος (Agatharch., v.l. in Str. 16, 4, 16, Ael., where also κεῖπος) and  ἤκηφος because of Lat. cephus (Plin. Nat. 1, 18, 28 and 8, 70; cef(flus Sol. 30, 22); in  Lat. also ceppus (Pol. Silv.), cae pus (ν.1. Plin. Nat. 8, 70 = *xainoc?); cf. Fur: 176, 232,  235.

===Pag_731: Beekes_Página_0731.tiff===

    *ETYM The Greek, but also the Latin variants (see Fur. l.cc.) point to a Pre-Greek  word. It was previously compared with Skt. kapi-, Hebr. gdf, Old Eg. gefi 'ape of the  land Punt' and assumed to be a loan from an unknown source (acc. to Frisk, the  vowel suggests Egyptian origin), see Mayrhofer EWAia s.v. kapi-, E. Masson 1967:  87°, and Hemmerdinger Glotta 46 (1968): 244.

XXXXXκῆδος [n.] 'care, mourning, funeral rites; connection by marriage, affinity' (Il.).

    <IE  *keh,d-s- 'care, grief; hate'>

    *VAR Dor. κᾶδος. Primary superlative κήδιστος 'closest, most dear' (Hom.).

    *COMP As a second member in ἀ-κηδής 'careless, unburied' (I.), to which ἀκήδεια,  -in, axndéw, -1dw; also ἀ-κήδεσ-τος 'id? (Il), προσ-κηδής 'careful, related by  marriage, friendly with' (φ 35, Hdt. 8, 136, A. R.); on formation and mg. see Sommer  1948: 1107, Levin Class. Phil. 45 (1950): 110f. As a first member in Κηδι-κράτης (IV*),  perhaps after Ἀλκι-, see Bechtel 1917b: 236.

    *DER 1. κηδεστής [m.] 'relative by marriage' (Att.), kndeot(e)ia 'connection by  marriage', κηδέστρια [f.} 'nurse' (pap.); also κηδέστωρ 'educator' (Man.). 2. Adjectives: κήδε(ι)ος 'worth caring for, beloved, relative' (Il.), ἐπικήδειος 'belonging  to a corpse, belonging to grief (E., Pl. Lg. 800e), κηδόσυνος 'dear' (E. Or. 1017) and  κηδοσύνη (dat.pl. -σύνῃσι) 'grief (A. R.). 3 Denominative κηδεύω [v.] 'to care for,  bury, marry (Att.), to which κήδευμα 'connection by marriage' (S., E.), -ευσις 'care'  (Ael., Plot.), -ευτής 'who cares for' (Arist.), -eia 'relatedness, burial (E., X.), whence  κηδειακός 'who buries the dead' (Pergam. ΠΡ)  Primary verb κήδομαι 'to care, be cared for' (I].), aor.ipv. κήδεσαι (A. Th. 139 [lyr.]),  fut. κεκαδήσομαι (© 353), perf. κέκηδα (Tyrt. 12, 28); also with prefix, e.g. περι-, τίρο-;  also act. κήδω, fut. κηδήσω 'be grieved' (11); κηδεμών 'who cares for, educator,  protector' (1].), after ἡγε-μών (Schwyzer 522), to which κηδεμονία 'care', -μονικός  'caring for' (Hell.), -μονεύω [v.] 'to be protector' (Just.); metrical enlargement  κηδεμονεύς (A. R., APL).

    *ETYM A related r-stem is supposed in Av. sddra- [n.] 'grief, pain, disaster', so from  PIE *keh,d-s-, *keh,d-ro-. Thieme 1938: 158f. recognized the s-stem in the obscure  word Skt. rifadas-, which he took to mean 'caring for the foreigner'. This was  recently defended by Pinault Bulletin d'études indiennes 17-18 (1999-2000): 466ff.,  but remains uncertain. Further nouns have been adduced from Italic, Celtic, and  Germanic: Osc. cadeis 'malevolentiae' [gen.sg.], MIr. cais 'hate, love' (perhaps from  older 'care'), MW cawdd 'offensa, ira, indignatio', Go. hatis [n.] 'hate, anger'. The  Germanic words all have the zero grade of the root, so we have traces of a PIE s-stem  with root ablaut. There is no parallel to the verb κήδομαι in the other languages.

XXXXXκηθίς, -ίδος [f.] 'ballot box, dicebox' (Poll. 7, 203; not quite certain).

    *DIAL Perhaps Myc. ka-ti /kat*is/, which Neumann Glotta 39 (1961): 176 thinks is  Luwian.

    *DER Diminutive formations: κήθιον, -ειον, -iov (Hermipp. 27, Poll., H.), κηθάριον  (Ar. V. 674), κηθίδιον (Poll.); also with metathesis of aspiration χείτιον beside  κείθιον (Eust. 1259, 36), and with loss of aspiration κητίον (Alciphr. 1, 39, 8, Ath. 11,

===Pag_732: Beekes_Página_0732.tiff=== XXXXXκήλαστρος 685 4774). Cf: κάθος' σπυρίς 'large basket, creel' (H.), also ▶︎ κάθιδοι (for -idec?)- ὑδρίαι 'jars' (H.).

    *ETYM Comparison with κώθων 'beaker' is improbable. If κητίον is reliable, it points  in the direction of Pre-Greek origin. The change of aspiration is Ionic, but the  interchange 1/ εἰ is also typical of Pre-Greek (see Fur.: 352).

XXXXXχκηκάζω [v.] 'to abuse, revile', only aor. subj. κηκάσῃ (Lyc. 1386). <ONOMP

    *VAR κηκαδεῖ (-άζειξ)- λοιδορεῖ, χλευάζει 'abuses, scoffs' (H.).

    *DER κηκασμός 'abuse, scorn' (Lyc.); κηκάς, -άδος [f.] 'abusing, scorning' (γλώσσῃ  Call. Fr. 253), also as an epithet of ἀλώπηξ (Nic. Al. 185).

    *ETYM Originally onomatopoeic; cf. the bird name κήξ (see ▶︎ καὐαξ) and ▶︎ καχάζω;  see also κακός and *kak- in words for 'crow, raven' (Pok. 521). The comparison with  OHG huohon 'to mock, scorn', huoh 'mockery' (Frisk) is senseless. «nic, -ἴδος [f.] 'anything gushing forth, ooze', of blood, purple, pitch, fat (A., S.), 'dye  from oak gall, oak gall (Hp., D., Thphr.). <PG(v)>

    *DIAL Dor. κακίς.

    *DER Diminutive κηκίδιον (medic.). κηκίω [v.] 'to gush forth' (IL), κακίω: ἱδροῦν  ἄρχομαι. Λάκονες 'begin to sweat (Lac.)' (H.), only present-stem, also with ava-. It  appears to be a denominative to an i-stem.

    *ETYM Traditionally compared with Lith. s6kti 'to jump, dance', as if from IE *keh,k-. The gloss καγκύλας' κηκῖδας. Αἰολεῖς is compared with Lith. Sankus 'nimble', but  this cannot be connected here if the root was IE *keh,k-. The form κηκίς, -ἴδος is  either from an *iH-stem (suffix -i6-, but this is also a Pre-Greek suffix), or a back-  formation from knkiw. At any rate, the connection with s6kti must be abandoned,  and the word is Pre-Greek, because of the prenasalization in καγκύλας, Thraco-Phr. cikiv(v)ic 'dance of the satyrs in honor of Dionysus' (S., E.) does not belong here  either.

XXXXXκῆλα [n.pl.] 'arrows, projectiles (of the gods) (il:, Hes., Pi, Orph.). <?>

    *ETYM It has been compared with some Skt. words meaning 'cane, arrow', like Sard-  [m.], Sdrya- [n.], ἑάγγᾶ- [f.], ἑαἰγά- [m., n.J, and further MIr. cail 'spear', ON hali [m.]  'tai? (n-stem). However, all these words go back to a root with short vowel, as  opposed to κῆλα with long vowel. Connection with ▶︎ κᾶλον 'wood' is rejected by  Frisk and DELG. For further suggestions, see Pok. 552f.

XXXXXκηλᾶς, -ἃ [m.] name of an Indian stork, 'Marabu, Leptopilus argala' (Ael. NA 16, 4). <Lw Ind.»

    *ETYM Formation like ἀτταγᾶς, ἐλεᾶς (Chantraine 1933: 31f.), probably from Indic  (cf. perhaps Hindi hargéla). Thompson 1895 s.v. suggests that the word was reshaped  after κήλη 'tumor, hump', because the bird had a great crop. On the accent, see  Bjérck 1950: 637.

XXXXXκηλάς > κηλίς.

XXXXXκήλαστρος [f.] 'holly, Ilex aquifolium' (Thphr.). «ΡΟ»

===Pag_733: Beekes_Página_0733.tiff===

    *VAR Also -ov [π.]; κηλάστραι: σκαφίδες, ἀγγεῖα τποιμενικά. ἢ δένδρα 'bowls, vessels  of shepherds; trees' (H.).

    *ETYM Formation like ▶︎ δέπαστρον, ▶︎ κάναστρον, ▶︎ ζύγαστρον; the suffix is Pre-  Greek (see Pre-Greek: Suffixes).

XXXXXκηλέος [adj.] 'burning' (Hom., Hes.). < IE? *keh,u- 'burn'>

    *VAR  Only in πυρὶ κηλέῳ (disyllabic), always verse-final except in © 217 and O 74  (πυρὶ κηλείῳ).

    *DER περί-κηλος (Od.), κηλόν: ξηρόν 'dry' (Η.) and καυαλέον ἢ καυαλές: ὑπὸ  Αἰολέων τὸ αἶθος, ἢ κατακεκαυμένον κτλ. 'fire (Aeolian); burnt completely, etc.'.

    *ETYM If Delph. ▶︎ κηῦα is correctly compared (which is quite uncertain; 5.ν.), κηλέος  has to stand for "κηραλέος (Shipp 1967: 54 suggests that κηραλέον πῦρ was originally  verse-final, like αἰθόμενον πῦρ, etc.); Aeol. *kapadéoc would then have a different  ablaut grade (perhaps *keh,u- beside *kh,u-). The form κηλείῳ may have replaced  the suffix -εος with -etoc. The forms περί-κηλος and καυαλές were reshaped as well,  after the adjectives in -Ao- and -ἧς, See further ▶︎ καίω and ▶︎ κηώδης.

XXXXXκηλέω [v.] 'to charm, bewitch' (IA). <ΙΕ? *keh,/- 'enchant, deceive'> «ΑΚ Aor. κηλῆσαι.

    *COMP Also with kata-, ὑπερ-, ἐκ-.

    *DER Verbal nouns: κηληθμός 'enchantment' (A 334 = v 2), κήλησις 'id' (PL), κήλημα  'charm' (Ibyc., E.), κήληθρον 'id' (Phryn., H.); Κηληδόνες [fipl.] name of mythical  singers who resembled the Sirenes (Pi.), κηλήτωρ 'enchanter' (Orph.), -ήτειρα [f.]  (Hes. Op. 464 εὐκηλήτειρα; = ἡσυχάστρια 'she who soothes' H.), κηλητήριος  'enchanting' (S., E.), -ητικός (Ath., Ael.).

    *ETYM Bugge Curtius Studien 4 (1871): 331f. compared a Germanic deverbative with  deviant meaning: Go. (af)holon 'to slander, συκοφαντεῖν᾽, OE hodlian 'id, OHG  huolen 'to deceive' < *keh,J-, from which we may also mechanically derive the Greek  verb. Lat. calvor, -i 'to deceive', calumnia 'trickery, false accusation, malicious  prosecution' is formally different, but semantically it matches the Germanic words  well. Schrijver 1991: 95, 113 reconstructs *kh,l-u- for Latin, while LIV? s.v. *keth,  'verlocken, betéren, betriigen' assumes a Narten present *kélh, / *kelh,, presumably  because they want to connect it with *kleh,- 'to call', which is unwarranted.

XXXXXκήλῃ [f.] 'tumor; rupture, hernia' (Hp, AP), 'hump' (Eup., Arist.). «IE *keh,u-l- 'tumor, stalk'>

    *DIAL Att. κάλη (Arist, gramm.).

    *COMP As a first member in knAo-topia 'operation for hernia'; as a second member  in évtepo-, σαρκο-κήλη (medic.).

    *DER κηλήτης [m.] 'hernia patient' (Str. Gal. Phryn.), Att. καλήτης; (évtepo)-  κηλικός (Dsc., Gal.); κάλαμα- ὄγκος 'distension' (H.), see Chantraine 1933: 186f.;  denominative verb καλάζει: ὀγκοῦται. Ἀχαιοί 'is distended (Achaean)' (H.). On  κηλᾶς bird s.v.

    *ETYM The difference between Ion. κήλη and Att. κάλῃη (where the a is long, acc. to  gramm.) is unexplained. 'Riickverwandlung' of PAtt. > ἃ cannot be accounted for,  and it is unattractive to assume different ablaut forms "κᾶρ-ελ-ἃ > κήλη, ᾿κἄρ-ελ-ἃ >

===Pag_734: Beekes_Página_0734.tiff===

κάλη as late as Proto-Ionic-Attic. Bjérck 1950: 70 therefore suggested that κάλῃη was taken by Attic from another dialect, but there is no proof for this. A remarkable correspondence is found in the Germanic term for 'groin rupture', ON haull [m.], OE héala [m.], OHG héla [f.] « PGm. haula(n)-, -0(n), and in Balto- Slavic: CS kyla, Ru. (dial.) kilé (which also means 'knag on a tree'), Lith. kilas 'navel rupture', kiila 'thickening, swelling, knag'. All forms mentioned must go back to an ablauting I-stem keh,u-l-, *k(e)h.u-el-, kh.u-l- (cf. on ▶︎ ἥλιος). The precise derivation of the Greek forms, however, remains unclear.

XXXXXκηλίς, -ῖδος [f.] 'stain (of blood), spot, defilement' (trag., Antipho, X., Arist.).

    <IE?  *keh,I- 'white spot'>

    *DER κηλιδόω (καλ- Ecphant. apud Stob. 4, 7, 64) 'stain, soil' (E., Arist. Ph.),  κηλιδωτός (Suid., gloss.). Further κηλάς, -άδος [f.] epithet of storm clouds (Thphr.),  acc. to H. also χειμερινὴ ἡμέρα 'stormy day and αἴξ, ἥτις κατὰ τὸ μέτωπον σημεῖον  ἔχει τυλοειδές 'goat having ἃ knob-like sign on its forehead'; also κηλήνη: μέλαινα  'black; (also) name of a disease' (H.).

    *ETYM Formation like κληΐς, κνημίς, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 347), derived from a  noun. In Italic, we find an adjective with comparable meaning: Lat. calidus 'with a  bless on the head' = U (buf) kale*uf 'boves calidos', where it is unknown whether the  Lat. a is long or short. To the same semantic sphere also belongs Lith. kalybas, -yvas  'white-necked (of dogs)' and Olr. caile 'stain' < IE *kh,-io-. Nussbaum 1999: 38:f. suggested that the Latin word was borrowed from a Greek pre-form *kdlad..

XXXXXἘκῆλον 'arrow, projectile'. = κῆλα.

XXXXXκήλων, -ωνος [m.] 'stallion, male ass' (Archil, Cratin., Ph., H.) often metaph. 'swing- beam (for drawing water), swipe' (Delos III*, pap.). «Ὁ

    *DIAL Dor. κάλων.

    *COMP  As a first member in κηλωνο-στάσιον 'support or base for the swing-beam'  (PBerl. Leihg. 13, 14).

    *DER κηλωνεῖον (Ion. -ἤϊον) 'machine for drawing (water) (Hdt. Ar., Arist.),

XXXXXκηλωνεύω [v.] 'to turn the swing-beam' (Hero, Ath. Mech.).

    *ETYM A secondary formation in -wv (Chantraine 1933: 161f.). Vendryes REGr. 25  (1912): 461 proposed to start from κῆλον in the unattested sense of 'penis', but this  cannot be further substantiated.

XXXXXκημός [m.] 'muzzle, plaited lid of the balloting urn, fyke for fishing, cover for nose and mouth, etc' (A, 5., Ar., X.); on the mg. Schenk] WuS 5 (1926): 172ff.

    *DIAL Dor. κᾶμός.

    *COMP  As a second member in εὐκαμία- ἡσυχία, ἤτοι εὐφημία 'quiet, silence' (EM,  H.), as if from "εὔκᾶμος.

    *DER κημόω [v.] 'to muzzle' (X., 1 Ep. Cor. 9, 9, sch.), κήμωσις: φίμωσις 'silencing'

    *ETYM Unexplained. Connection with Arm. k'amem 'to press (out)' (LIV' s.v. *kem-)  is formally possible, but is incompatible with the probable basic meaning of the  Greek word, 'wicker'; the same holds for the Balto-Slavic and Germanic group

===Pag_735: Beekes_Página_0735.tiff===

meaning 'to press, etc.', e.g. Lith. kdmanos pl. 'harness with bit', Ru. kom 'clump', MHG hemmen, hamen 'to restrain, bind, hamper'. Fur.: 220 connects the adjectives χαβός and χαμός (both H.); the connection with ▶︎ yaBoc 'muzzle' is self-evident, and the interchange μ΄ 8 points to Pre-Greek origin (see Fur.: 203-227). It seems evident to connect κημός as well, and all variants derive from a pre-from *kam-. Lat. cdmus 'muzzle' was borrowed from Dor. καμός; Osman., Arab. gem 'bit, mouth-piece of the harness, bridle' (which later gave rise to MoGr. τὸ γέμι 'bridle') are from κημός. See ▶︎ κῶμος, »κώμυς.

XXXXXκῆμος [{.1 a plant, λεοντοπόδιον or Evax (Dsc., Orph.). <?>

    *ETYM No etymology. See André 1956 s.v. cémus.

XXXXXκιξ = Kata, κῆπος 1 [m.] 'garden, orchard, plantation' (IL), 'uncultivated piece of land' (Cypr.).

    *VAR Dor. κἄπος.

    *COMP Often as a first member, e.g. κηπουρός 'gardener' (Att., Hell.) < *kryto-Fopdc,  also κη-ωρός (Archipp.), probably after θυρωρός (see ▶︎ θύρα); κηπο-λάχανον  'garden of vegetables' (pap.) of the type ἱτστο-πόταμος, see ▶︎ ἵππος and Stromberg  1944: 7, also κηπο-λαχαν-ία 'id.' (pap.); Kiyt-epydc 'gardener' (Corycus), for -ουργός  (Poll.) after ἔργον. Also as a second member, e.g. περί-κηπος [m.} 'garden around  the house' (Ptol. pap., D. S.), probably after περίχωρος; ἀγρό-κηπος (Att. inscr.,  Rom. Emp.), ἀγρο-κήπιον (Str.) 'field worked as garden',

    *DER Diminutives κηπίον (Halic. V*, Th.), -πίδιον (Plu., D. L.), -πάδιον (pap.);  Kinaiog 'of the garden' (Arist.), κηπεύς 'gardener' (Philyll. Com. 14, AP), Dor. καπεύς; κηπίδες Νύμφαι 'garden Nymphs' (Aristainet.). Denominative κηπεύω [v.}  'to work in the garden, cultivate' (E., Eub., Arist.), whence κηπεῖαι [f.pl.| 'gardens'  (Pl. Lg. 845d), plur. κηπεύματα 'products or fruits of the garden' (Ar. Av. 1100),  κηπευτής = κηπεύς (gloss.), κηπεύσιμος 'grown up in a garden' (Alex. Trall.), after  φυτεύσιμος, see Arbenz 1933: 86.

    *ETYM Except for the ending, PGr. *kapo- could be identical with a WGm. word of  comparable meaning, OHG Auoba, OS hoba, MoHG Hufe, Hube [[1 'piece of land of  a certain size', MoDu. hoeve 'farm', from IE *keh,p-h,-. Alb. kopshté 'garden' (with  suffix -shté-} also belongs here. Further connections are either uncertain or wrong  (mKanetoc, Lat. capié, OHG habaro 'oats'). Could the word be from a European  substrate language?    κῆπος 2 'ape'. = κῆβος.

XXXXXκήρ, κηρός [f.] 'death, doom, goddess or demon of death' (1].), plur. 'types of death, accidents'.

    *COMP κηρεσσι-φόρητος 'driven (into death) by the Keres' (Q 527), κηρι-τρεφεῖς  'brought up for death' (ἄνθρωποι, Hes. Op. 418), κηρο-τρόφος 'deadly' (ὄφις, Nic. Th. 192); ἐπί-κηρος 'fallen to death' (Hp, Arist. Hell.); also ἀκήρατος, with  ἀκηράσιος and ἀκήριος 'unharmed', see ▶︎ ἀκήρατος 1 and Sommer 1948: 152.

===Pag_736: Beekes_Página_0736.tiff=== XXXXXκηρός 689

    *DER κηρέσιον: ὀλέθριον, voonpdv 'deadly, diseased' (H.), after θεσπέσιος; κηραίνω  {v.| 'to damage, destroy' (A. Supp. 999, Ph.), after πημαίνω; κηρόομαι [v.} 'to be  injured' (EM).

    *ETYM The main question is whether the long a in Alc. (κᾶρι B 6 A 7) and Alcm. (Kapa Fr. 56; κάραν was handed down) points to PGr. *kdr. We may compare the  glosses Kap: θάνατος 'death' (H.), καριῶσαι: ἀποκτεῖναι 'to kill', and éxapiwoac:  ἀπέκτεινας (H.), where a was probably long. Further evidence is provided by the  Attic proverb θύραζε Κᾶρες, οὐκ ἔτ᾽ Ἀνθεστήρια. It has been suggested that Κᾶρες  meant 'Carians', ie. 'slaves', but this is clearly an aetiological story made up in order  to explain the a. See also Brunel RPh. 41 (1967): 81-104. On the other hand, κῆρες and  κήρ occur both in Pi. Fr. 277 and in the choral songs of tragedy. In order to explain  this, an ablauting paradigm κήρ, *kapdc has been suggested, from which a secondary  nom. *kap was formed, but this cannot be maintained. The most likely conclusion is  that the long a is original, and that the IA development ἡ spread over a large area. Since there was no JE root *kar-, the most likely conclusion is that the word is Pre-  Greek. See Beekes MSS 63 (2003): 7-10.

XXXXXκῆρ 'heart'. =Kapdia.

XXXXXκηραφίς = κάραβος.

XXXXXκηρός [m.] 'wax' (Od.). « PG?>

    *COMP Frequent as a first member, e.g. Knpd-detoc 'fixed together with wax'  (Theoc.), κηρο-πλάστης 'wax sculptor' (Ρ].), κηρο-τακίς [f] 'hot plate' (to keep wax  paints hot) (PHolm. 6, 33; cf. Lagercrantz 1913: ad loc.). As a second member eg. in πισσό-κηρος [m.] 'propolis, a mix of resin and wax by  which bees stop up their hives, bee-bread' (Arist., Plin.); also κηρό-πισσος 'ointment  from wax and resin' (Hp.), cf. Risch IF 59 (1949): 58, weAi-Knpos 'bee-wax' (pap.);  μελι-κήριον 'honeycomb' (Sm.), μελι-κηρίς 'id.', metaph. 'cyst or wen' resembling a  honeycomb (Hp., pap.), the same metaph. in μελί-κηρᾶ [f.] 'spawn of the murex'  (Arist.).

    *DER 1. κηρίον 'wax-cake, honeycomb' (IA, ἡ. Merc. 559), κηρίδιον (Aét.), κηριώδης  'like a honeycomb' (Thphr.), κηρίωμα 'tearing eyes' (5. Fr. 715), κηριάζω [v.] 'to  spawn', of the murex, as its spawn resembles a honeycomb (Arist.). 2. κήρινος 'of  wax' (Alcm., Att.), κηρίνη (sc. ἔμπλαστρος) name of a plaster (medic.); 3. κήρινθος  [m.} 'bee-bread' (Arist., Plin., H.); 4. κηρίων, τωνος 'wax-candle, -torch' (Plu., Gal.);  5. κηρών, -ὥνος 'bee-hive' (sch.); 6. κηρίς fish name, perhaps = κιρρίς (Diph. Siph.,  Alex. Trall; see ▶︎ κιρρός), probably after its yellow color; cf. Strémberg 1943: 2o0f.,  Thompson 1947 s.v. 7. κηρῖτις (λίθος) 'wax-like stone' (cerae similis, Plin. HN 37,  153); 8. Γκηροῦσσα in Lat. cérussa 'white lead' (Plaut.). Denominative verbs: 1. κηρόομαι [v.] 'to be covered with wax', -dw 'to cover with  wax' (Hp., Herod. AP), whence κήρωσις 'bee-wax' (Arist.); κήρωμα 'wax-ointment,  -plaster' (Hp.), cf. Lat. céréma, with -ματικός, -ματίτης, -ματιστής; κηρωτή 'id.' (Ηρ.,  Ar., Dsc.), κηρωτάριον 'id.' (medic.); 2. κηρίζω [v.] 'to look like wax (Zos. Alch.). *BTYM Baltic has a similar word for 'honeycomb': Lith. korjs, Latv. kére(s); however,  these point to a pre-form *kdri-, and comparison with κηρός is doubtful because all

===Pag_737: Beekes_Página_0737.tiff===

Greek evidence points to PGr. *kéro-. As there is no evdience for Indo-European apiculture, we have to reckon with foreign origin for κηρός, cf. Chantraine 1933: 371. From κηρός, Latin may have borrowed céra (details in WH s.v.); from Lat. céreolus, Greek took κηρίολος 'wax candle' (Ephesus II'). The word κήρινθος 'bee-bread' seems Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκηρύλος [m.] name of a bird, identified with or compared to the kingfisher ἀλκυών (Alcm., Archil., Ar. Arist.); see Thompson 1895 s.v.

    *VAR  In Ar. Av. 299f. it is written κειρύλος, as a nickname referring to κείρειν.

    *DER κηρύλος: ἄρσην ὄρνις συνουσιαστικός 'sociable male bird' (H.).

    *ETYM No etymology. With the root knp- (or perhaps κηλ- with dissimilation), it has  been compared with Skt. sard- 'motley', sari- a kind of bird, but such comparisons  amount to nothing. The suffix -vAo- occurs in Pre-Greek words.

XXXXXκήρῦνος [m.] a throw of the dice (Eub. 57, 2).

    *VAR Also κάρυννος (Phot.).

    *ETYM Unexplained. Probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκήρυξ [m.] 'herald, messenger', also 'trumpet-shell' (II.).

    *VAR Accented κῆρυξ in Hdn. (cf. Schwyzer 391); Dor. Aeol. κάρυξ, -dxoc.

    *DIAL Myc. ka-ru-ke /kartkes/.

    *COMP Asa second member e.g. in δρομο-κήρυξ 'courier' (Aeschin.).

    *DER 1. Feminine: κηρύκαινα 'heraldess' (Ar. Ec. 713), cf. Chantraine 1933: 108; 2. Patronymic Κηρυκίδαι [m.] 'descendants of the Athenian family of the Κήρυκες  (Poll.). 3. Adjectives: κηρύκειος 'belonging to the herald' (S.), mostly ntr. κηρύκ(ελιον, Dor. kap-; Ion. κηρυκήϊον 'herald's wand' (IA Dor.); borrowed into Lat. cadiiceum, -eus, cf. WH s.v., also as a constellation (Scherer 1953: 200); 'auctioneer's  fee, tax on auction sales' (Hell. inscr. and pap.); Καρυκήριος Boeotian name of  Apollo (Tanagra, Thebes, VI"); κηρυκικός 'regarding the herald' (Pl.), τινος  'belonging to the herald' (pap., Suid.), -ώδης 'like the trumpet-shell' (Arist.). Denominative verbs: 1. κηρύσσω 'to be herald, broadcast, announce' (II.), Att. -ύττω,  Dor.,, etc. κᾶρ-; κήρυγμα 'herald's cry, announcement' (IA), κηρυγμός (sch.), κήρυξις  (Ὁ. C.) 'id'; 2. κηρυκεύω [v.] 'to act as a herald, announce' (Att.), whence κηρυκεία,  -nin 'herald's service' (IA), κηρύκευμα 'announcement' (A. Th. 651), -evoic 'id.'  (Suid.).

    *ETYM Traditionally compared with Skt. karu- 'singer, poet'. However, Beekes 2003:  109-116 showed that Greek does not have an 'enlargement' -x- (the examples in  Schwyzer: 496 are few and doubtful); furthermore, in this manner, the long ὃ could  not be explained. Words in -ix- all have very different meanings and are probably  non-IE. Therefore, the word is most probably Pre-Greek. In this way, the gloss  κορύγης: κῆρυξ. Δωριεῖς (H.), hitherto unexplained, can also be understood: Pre-  Greek *a interchanging with *o before a following *u. The ἴα that we must assume  for the gloss was short, so this is another variant of the same word.

XXXXXκῆτος, -εος [n.] 'big sea-animal, sea-monster' (Il.), 'whale' (Arist.); also name of a constellation (Arat.; Scherer 1953: 187). «ΡΟ»

===Pag_738: Beekes_Página_0738.tiff===

    *COMP κητό-δορπος (συμφορά) 'giving the κήτεα their evening meal' (Lyc.); peya-  κήτης 'with big κήτεα᾽ (Hom.), epithet of πόντος, also of δελφίς = '(being) a big  κῆτος", thence also of ναῦς (cf. Sommer 1948: 184f.), βαθυ-κήτης (πόντος) 'having  κήτεα in the deep' (Thgn. 175), πολυ-κήτης 'with many κήτεα᾽ (Theoc. 17, 98).

    *DER κήτειος 'belonging to the κῆτος᾽ (Mosch., Nonn.), κητώδης 'belonging to the  whale' (Arist.); κητεία [{1] 'catching of κήτεα (tunniesy (Str. Ath, Ael.), after ἁλιεία;  κήτημα 'salted tunnies' (Diph. Siph. apud Ath. 3, 121b; uncertain), κητήνη: πλοῖον  μέγα ὡς κῆτος 'large ship, like a sea-monster' (H.) (cf. ἀπήνη 'wagon', and the ship  name Πετήνη); κητόομαι [v.] 'to become a kijtog (Ael.). See ▶︎ κητώεσσαν.

    *ETYM Unexplained. Probably a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXκητώεσσαν [adj.] epithet of κοίλην Λακεδαίμονα (B 581, 6 1; verse-final), generally taken as 'full of crevices, abysses', later said of the wooden horse (Q. S. 12, 314) and, by confusion with κήτειος, κῆτος, said of πώεα, φάλαγξ (Nonn.). «ΡΟ»

    *ETYM Not well explained. Zenodotus (sch. on 6 1) read καιετάεσσαν in its place, and  understood it as 'καλαμινθώδη᾽, derived from καιέτα: καλαμίνθη. Βοιωτοί (H.) or  katetag (unaccented, Apoll. Lex. s.v. κητώεσσαν) = καλαμίνθη, a sweet-smelling  plant. Call. (fr. 639 Pf.) calls the river Eurotas καιετάεις. Other informants (see Str. 8,  5, 7 and Eust. 1478, 41) connected it with the gloss καιετοί: οἱ ἀπὸ τῶν σεισμῶν  ῥωχμοί 'clefts due to earthquakes' and καιέτας = ▶︎ καιάδας. This may be a learned  guess, but it is difficult to explain κητ- from it. Bechtel 1914 s.v. assumed a word  κῆτος 'crevice, abyss'. For κητώεσσαν, a metrical lengthening of *kntédecoav was  assumed, but this is unnecessary if we follow Ruijgh Lingua 28 (1971), who posits a  pre-form *kntoo-fevt-, with Achaean ὦ as a result of the first compensatory  lengthening. It seems evident to connect καιέτας, καιάδας 'crevice in Sparta'. Fur: 180° points to    the gloss ἄμυσσος: κῆτος. Λάκωνες (see ▶︎ βύθος), which shows that a crevice could  be called κῆτος.

XXXXXκηυα [3] in Bvev ... τρικτευαν κηυαν (Delph., IG γ᾽, 1126: 34 [IV*]), meaning unclear. <GR?P

    *ETYM tpiktevav could belong to τριττοίι)α, τρικτύα 'sacrifice of three animals'. Then xnvav may be an adjective belonging to καίω 'to burn', perhaps from *Knf-lav  'destined for burning' (cf. κηώδης and κήϊα, κεῖα- καθάρματα H.). The opposite  analysis (knva as a substantive) may also be considered; cf. Schwyzer: 4597, 349  (assuming *Krf-a). Unclear.

XXXXXκῆϋξ name of a sea-bird. ⟹ καύαξ.

XXXXXκηφήν, -ῆνος [m.] 'drone', often metaph. 'lazy vagabond' (Hes.), also used for Asiatic peoples by the Anatolian Greeks, e.g. for the Persians (Hdt. 7, 61), like in Slavic languages, Némec 'German' originally means 'someone dumb'.

    *VAR Also καφάν (H.).

    *DER Diminutive κηφήνιον (Arist.); κΚηφηνώδης 'drone-like' (P1.). Further Κηφεύς  (Hdt.) and several short names like Κῆφις, Kagic, Κάφων, Kapa; differently Bechtel  1914 S.V. ▶︎ Κκεκαφηώς.

===Pag_739: Beekes_Página_0739.tiff===

    *ETYM Perhaps a substantivization in -ήν, -άν of an adjective *xagdc, whence κωφός  'dumb, deaf with ablaut. Mechanically, one could reconstruct a root *ke/oh,b'- or  g'e/oh,b'-. However, it is impossible to connect Lat. hebes 'dumb', not only because  of its e-vocalism (as opposed to 4, 0 in καφάν, κωφός), but also because of the vowel  quantity (*g'Hb"- would vocalize as hab- in Latin). DELG notes that ablaut *4/6 is  rare in Greek; note that a suffix -av is rare, too. The insect name may well be  original; the chances are high that the word is Pre-Greek. Cf. on ▶︎ κεκαφηότα.

XXXXXκῆχος [2] only in the question ποῖ κῆχος, which acc. to some grammarians stands for ποῖ γῆς, acc. to others for ποῖ δή (Ar. Fr. 656, Pherecr. 165). < PG(V)>

    *VAR  Also κῆγχος, Κηγχός

    *ETYM The prenasalization clearly shows the Pre-Greek character of the words.

XXXXXκηώδης [adj.] 'full of perfume, sweet-smelling' (Z 483, after it D. P. 941). <1E? *keh,u- ''burn'>

    *VAR  By shortening of the vowel κεώδης: καθαρός 'clear, pure'; κεῶεν ὄζει: εὐωδεῖ  (H.).

    *DER κηώεις (Hom., AP, Nonn.).

    *ETYM For earlier *Knfwdrg and ᾿κηβόεις (with metrical lengthening), the words  have been derived from a neuter *Kijfoc 'fire, incense', from the root of ν καίω. However, provided that this etymology is correct, the lengthened grade *kéu-  assumed by Frisk and DELG is wrong; the word is based on *kdwV- > *keh.uV-. Beside the s-stem *kawos-, Greek also had *kaéwion in «iia and in κεῖα: καθάρματα  'purifications (H.), cf. τεῖχος : τειχίον, and further, a form with -ἰ- in ▶︎ κηλέος  'burning'. For the interchange of suffixes, cf. ▶︎ ἔτος / ▶︎ ἔταλον, ▶︎ ἄγκος / ▶︎ ἀγκάλη.

XXXXXκιάθω = κίω.

XXXXXκίβδηλος [adj.] 'false, fake, tampered' (of gold, coins, etc.), 'deceitful' (Thgn., Pi. fr. 70b 3, IA).

    *VAR Fur. 316 quotes κίβαλος: ὁ λῃστής 'pirate' (Su.) (but = διάκονος 'servant' H.);  the connection is unclear (not mentioned by DELG).

    *COMP Negated ἀ-κίβδηλος 'untampered' (Hdt,, Pl. Lg.).

    *DER κιβδηλία, -in 'falsification, deceit' (Hp. Ar.); denominatives: 1. κιβδηλεύω [v.]  'to falsify (E., Ar. Arist.), whence κιβδήλευμα, -λεία 'falsification' (Pl. Lg.);, 2.

XXXXXκιβδηλιάω [v.] 'to look like forged gold; to have jaundice' (Arist.), after the verbs of illness in -tdw. Besides κίβδης: κακοῦργος, «κάρπηλος, χειροτέχνης 'malefactor, huckster, artisan' (H.), κίβδωνες = μεταλλεῖς 'miners' (Poll. Moer.), κιβδῶνες (Phot.). The basis is κίβδος 'dross of metal (Poll.); in the same mg. also κίβδηλις (H.), see κιβδηλιῶντας; on the suffix -nAo- see Chantraine 1933: 242.

    *ETYM It remains uncertain whether κίβαλος belongs here. In spite of Frisk, there  appears no basis to connect ▶︎ κίβον + évedv. Πάφιοι 'dumb (Paph.)' (H.). Of course,  the word is Pre-Greek (Fur.: 316); on the suffix -λο-, see Fur.: 115%. In the root «iB6-,  -B5- was most probably one phoneme, for which we propose (the voiced  representative of) PG *p'. A final -δος is also found in λύγδος 'white marble' and

===Pag_740: Beekes_Página_0740.tiff=== XXXXXκίγκλος 693 ▶︎ μόλυβδος 'lead'. Von Blumenthal finds a related verb in κίψει: κακοποιεῖ 'does wrong' (H.).

XXXXXκίβἴσις [f.] 'sack, pack' (Hes. Sc. 224, Pherecyd., Call.). Acc. to H. Cypr. for πήρα 'leather pouch'. < PG> ΑΚ Also κίβησις (Suid, Orion), κύβεσις, κυβησία (Η., see Fur. 365); besides, probably as a popular hypocoristic form with gemination, κίββα-: πήρα, Αἰτωλοί (H., see Fur. 305); further xipBa: πήρα (cod. πεῖρα), διφθέρα. Αἰτωλοί 'leather pouch (Aetolian)' (H.), MoGr. κιρβέλλα 'small sack'; see Kretschmer Glotta 11 (1921): 247.

    *ETYM Given the variants, most probably of Pre-Greek origin. See ▶︎ κιβωτός.

XXXXXκιβώριον [n.] 'seed-vessel of the Egyptian water lily (koAoKacia)'; metaph. 'cup; tomb' (Hell.).

    *ETYM Probably a loan from Egyptian (thus H.), but not attested there; see Meyer    1896: 140, Nencioni Stud. ital. fil. class. 16 (1939): 11. Lat. ciborium was borrowed  from the Greek; cf. E-M s.v.

XXXXXκἴβωτός [f.] 'wooden chest, box, cupboard' (Hecat., Simon., Att.), also of Noah's ark and of the alliance (LXX).

    *VAR  On the gender see Schwyzer 1950: 34'.

    *DER Diminutives κιβώτιον (Ar, Arist.), -idtov (Delos IV*), -άριον (Hero).

    *ETYM Perhaps cognate with ▶︎ κίβισις 'sack', thus probably Pre-Greek. A shorter  form κίβος (KiBoc?) is found in Suid. Semitic hypotheses in Lewy 1895: 99f. From  κιβωτός, Syr. gébithd and MoP kébit 'box' were borrowed (cf. Bailey TPS 1933: 50). Lat. cibus perhaps also belongs here; see WH s.v.

XXXXXκίγκασος [?] - κυβευτικός τις βόλος 'a cast of dice', also κίκκασος: ... καὶ βόλου ὄνομα 'name of a cast of dice' (H.).

    *ETYM Fur.: 281 assumes that the interchanges are due to 'spatgriechische    Geminatenauflésung', referring to Schwyzer KZ 61 (1934): 230. Still, the word must  be Pre-Greek because of its suffix.

XXXXXκιγκλίς, -ίδος [f] 'latticed gate', especially those through which knights or counsellors entered the court of justice or the meeting hall (Ar., Luc., Plu.), also θυρο-κιγκλίδες (Attica). <4 PG>

    *VAR  Mostly plur. -ίδες.

    *ETYM Technical word without a certain etymology. Strémberg 1944: 15 assumed a  back-formation from κιγκλίζειν 'to wag the tail, change continuously' (Thgn. 303);    see on ▶︎ κίγκλος. It seems to be a reduplicated form with prenasalization κι- γ-κλιδ-. Probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκίγκλος [m.] 'dabchick', acc. to H. ὄρνεον πυκνῶς τὴν οὐρὰν κινοῦν 'a bird often wagging its tail' (com., Arist.); details in Thompson 1895 s.v.

    *VAR  Also as a fish name κίγκαλος (Numen. apud Ath. 7, 326a), perhaps after the  color, cf. Stromberg 1943: 116.

    *COMP As a first member in κιγκλο-βάτᾶς 'going like a dabchick' (ῥυθμός, Ar. Fr. 140).

===Pag_741: Beekes_Página_0741.tiff===

    *DER κιγκλίζω [v.] 'to change constantly' (Thgn. 303), perhaps originally 'to move  like a dabchick', with regard to the tail (cf. H. on κίγκλος: κιγκλίζειν, ὅ ἐστι  διασείεσθαι 'which means: to be shaken'), also trans. with δια- (Hp. Ar.) and ποτι-  (Theoe. 5, 117); thence κίγκλισις (Hp.), -τἰσμός (Hp. Men.). Cf. on κιγκλίς,

    *ETYM The variation Ki(y)xAoc, κίγκαλος, κέγκλος, etc. in the tradition shows that  the word is Pre-Greek. Not from "κέγκλος, related to Skt. caficala- 'movable,  uncertain', which rather derives from *cal-cal-a- (with dissimilation), and belongs to  célati = cdrati 'to move' (see ▶︎ πέλομαι).

XXXXXκίδαλον [?] - κρόμμυον 'onion' (H.).

    *ETYM Cf. σχιστά' τὰ γράμματα. καὶ τὰ κρόμμυα 'letters, also onions' (H.); the words  are probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκίδαρις [f.] name of a turban-like headgear, worn by the Persian kings only (Ctes., Ph., Plu.), also of the turban of the Jewish high priest (LXX); name of an Arcadian dance (Ath. 14, 631d). «τὴν Orient»

    *VAR Also kit(t)aptc; gen. -εως.

    *ETYM Grimme Glotta 14 (1925): 16 supposes Hittite or Oriental origin; Szemerényi  Gnomon 43 (1971): 63 mentions Hebr. ktr mlkwt and Aram. kitra.

XXXXXκίδαφος [?] = ἀλώπηξ 'fox (H.).

    *VAR Fem. κιδάφι also κινδάφη, κιζν)δάφιος; further oxivdagos [f.] (Ael.), σκιδάφη  (Arc.).

    *DER Adjectival: κίδαφος = δόλιος 'cunning', κι(ζν)δάφιος = πανοῦργος 'knavish'  (H.). Denominative κιδαφεύειν' πανουργεῖν 'play the knave' (H.).

    *ETYM Animal name in -φο- (see Chantraine 1933: 263); the adjectival function is  clearly secondary. Wood Class. Phil. 3 (1908): 76 compares it to Lith. skiedZiu, skiesti  'separate', etc. as 'the cunning one'. Another variant is ▶︎ κίραφος; all these variations  show the Pre-Greek character of the word.

XXXXXκίδναμαι 'to be spread out'. =oxedavvup.

XXXXXκιδνόν [adv.] - ἐνθάδε. Πάφιοι '(to) here, (to) there (Paphian) (H.).

    *ETYM From the deictic particle PIE *ki in Lat. ci-s, Gr. ▶︎ ἐκεῖ, etc., but unclear in  detail. Bechtel 1921, 1: 349 assumes a derivative in -no- from a neuter *kid, by  comparison with Go. und hit-a ἕως aptv. Pisani AnFilCl 6 (1953-54): 213ff. identifies  Ἐκιδ with Go. hita as well, but -vov would be from νῦν 'now' (cf. Hitt. kinun 'now')  with Cyprian development of v to o. Blanca Prosper KZ 108 (1995): 75-83 explains the  word as from *ki-dinom 'at this day here'.

XXXXXκίδραι = yidpov.

XXXXXκιέλλη [f.] - φέγγος, αὐγή, φῶς: πάχνη: ὁμίχλη 'light, sunlight; hoarfrost, frozen rain; mist' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXκιθάρα [f.] 'lyre' (IA).

===Pag_742: Beekes_Página_0742.tiff=== XXXXXκίκιννος 695

    *VAR Ion. -pn; also κίθαρις, -ἰος [f.] (IL).

    *COMP κιθαρο-αοιδός (com.), usually contracted κιθαρῳδός (IA) 'lyre-singer',  whence κιθαρῳδέω [v.], etc. ἀ-κίθαρις 'without lyre' (A.).

    *DER κίθαρος [m.] 1. 'thorax' (Hp. Loc. Hom.; after its shape); 2. name of a flatfish  (com., Arist.; after the shape); κιθάριον (Ptol. Euerg.); also κιθαρῳδός name of a fish  in the Red Sea (Ael; after the patterning of the colors; Thompson 1947 s.v.,  Stromberg 1943: 38). Denominative κιθαρίζω [v.] 'to play the lyre', also of string instruments in general  and of the accompanying songs (I1; on the mg. Dieh] RAM NF. 89 (1940): 96f.), with  several derivatives: κιθαριστύς [f] (IL), κιθάρισις (PL), -topd¢ (Call.) 'playing the  lyre, the art of the lyre'; attempt at semantic differentiation in Benveniste 1948: 69,  see also Porzig 1942: 181; κιθάρισμα 'piece of music for the lyre' (Ρ].); κιθαριστής  'lyrist, etc' (h. Hom. 25, 3, Hes.), -iotpia (Arist.), also -ἰστρίς (Nic. Dam.), -ἰστικός  (P1.), -ιστήριος (Hell.) 'belonging to lyre-playing'.

    *ETYM Pre-Greek. Earlier explanations from IE and Semitic in Bq. are incorrect.

XXXXXκίθρα [f.] a vase for preserving grapes (Herod. Med.).

    *ETYM See Rh. Mus. 57: 100 and 110. On κύθρα, see ▶︎ χέω.

XXXXXκίκἄμα [acc.pl.n.] name of a plant, acc. to H. (cod. κικαμία) similar to the καυκαλίς (Nic. Th. 841).

    *ETYM Formation like βάλσαμον, σήσαμον, etc. further unknown. No doubt Pre-  Greek.

XXXXXκῖκι [n.] 'castor oil' (Hdt. 2, 94, Pl. Ti. 60a, pap.), which is oil from a tree, the 'wonder- tree, Ricinus communis' (Str., Dsc.).

    *VAR Gen. -10¢, -εως; indeclinable in Mayser 1906-1938, I: 2: 24; also kiki (Hdn. Gr. 1,  354; 2, 766). In the last mg. also κικέα (Aét., Paul. Aeg.); after συκέα, etc.

    *COMP As a first member in e.g. κικιο-φόρος 'producing ricinus oil', of γῆ (pap.).

    *DER κίκινος 'originating from the ricinus', of ἔλαιον (Dsc., Gal.); κίκιον 'the root of  the ricinus tree' (Gal.).

    *ETYM An Egyptian word, acc. to Hdt. 2, 94; cf. Hehn-Schrader 1911: 207 and Mayser  1906-1938, I: 1: 37. Perhaps the Egyptian word was téqi; cf. Hdt. τῆκι (Loret in Legrand [ed. Hdt.] ad loc.). See also Nencioni Stud. ital. fil. class. 16 (1939): 9.

XXXXXκικίβαλος [m.] a kind of shell-fish (Epich. 42); reading uncertain.

    *VAR  κικοβαυλιτιδες: κογχυλίου τι γένος μέλαν: καὶ τὰ ἐκ στέατος σκωλήκια 'species  of dark mollusk; little worm-shaped cakes of flour or spelt' (H.).

    *ETYM Pre-Greek. The variants point to kikVbal'-it-.

XXXXXκίκιννος [m.] 'curly hair, lock of hair' (com., Theoc., AP).

    *DER PN Κικιννᾶς, L. Robert 1963: 268.

    *ETYM See Schrader-Nehring 1917(1): 420, who assume a foreign cultural word  (Aegaean or Anatolian). From Greek came Lat. cincinnus (cf. WH s.v.). Fur.: 278 is  probably right in assuming a prenasalized form *ktyktvvog as a source for the Latin  word. Pre-Greek origin must be asssumed.

===Pag_743: Beekes_Página_0743.tiff===

XXXXXκίκιρρος [m.] - ἀλεκτρυών 'cock'; κίκκα: ἀλεκτορίς 'hen'; κικκός: ἀλεκτρυών 'cock' (H.).

    *DER PN Cicirrus, see WH s.v.

    *ETYM Onomatopoeic words; cf. MoHG kikeriki, imitating the natural sound of the  cock, etc. Osc. Cicirrus, cognomen of Messius (Hor. Sat. 1, 5, 52), probably originally  meant 'game-cock', referring to the cock-masks used in lower Italy (WH s.v.).

XXXXXκικκαβαῦ [exclam.] natural sound of the screech-owl (Ar. Av. 261).

    *DER κικκάβη 'screech-owl (sch.) and κικκαβάζω [v.] 'to cry like an owl (Ar. Lys. 761, conj. Dobree for κακκαβάζω, -Bifw). Further κικκάβη (gloss.), κίκυμος, -υβος  (H.), κικυμωΐς (Call. fr. 318), -ωνίς acc. to Latte 'id'; cf. Heubeck Wiirzb. Jb. 4:2  (1949-1950): 208ff. Note κικυμωνεῖν: δυσβλεπτεῖν 'to see badly' (H.). Further  κίκυμος: λαμπτήρ Iantern': ἢ γλαυκός: ὁμοίως καὶ κίκυβος 'little owl, Athene noctua'  (H.).

    *ETYM Onomatopoeic words; on the suffix -β-, see Chantraine 1933: 261. Cf.> κακκάβη and ▶︎ κίκιρρος; see also ▶︎ κίκκαβος and ▶︎ κύμινδις; also, WH s.v. cucubio,  the sound of the screech-owl. The words κικυβίμος show the Pre-Greek interchange  B/ {1 (note, however, the doubts in Fur.: 221). There is also Lat. cicuma 'screech-owl'. There is no explanation for the interchange αὐ v in, e.g., KucK-aB- / KtK-UpL-.

XXXXXκίκκαβος [m.] comic name of a small coin in the Underworld, an eighth of a ψωθία = three obols (Pherecr. 1, 167 apud Poll. 9, 83); also 'niggard' (Phot. s.v. κίμβικαςλ <?>

    *DER κικκάβι(ο)ν' ἐλάχιστον, οὐδέν 'very small, nothing' (H.).

    *ETYM Ending like in »κόλλυβος with related meaning; as per Pisani Paideia 6  (1951): 291ff., it is perhaps derived from the screech-ow], κικκαβαῦ or κικκάβη, after  the owl which was depicted on the back of the Athenian coin. The word *xixkoc  'shell of the pomegranate' is based on a conjecture for unclear κικαῖος in H.; see  Pisani l.c.

XXXXXκίκκασος [m.] - ὀβόλου ὄνομα 'name for an obol' (Phot.).

    *VAR  Cf. κίκκασος: ὁ ἐκ τῶν παραμηρίων ἱδρὼς ῥέων, καὶ βόλου ὄνομα 'sweat  flowing from the inside of the thighs; name for a cast of the dice' (H.).

    *ETYM DELG doubts the first gloss, and for the second, compares »κίγκασος (for  which Fur. 281 refers to 'spatgriechische Geminatenauflésung; Schwyzer KZ 61  (1934): 230).

XXXXXκίκκη [f.] « συνουσία, ἡ ἀπὸ τῶν αἰδοίων συνοσμία 'sexual intercourse, emitting the same smell(?) from the private parts' (H.).

    *ETYM See ▶︎ κίκκασος.

XXXXXκικλήσκω 'to call, name'. = καλέω.

XXXXXκίκους [?] - ὁ νέος τέττιξ 'the young cicala'; κίξιος' τέττιξ 'cicala' (H.).

    *ETYM Acc. to Gil Fernandez 1959: 126f., it is onomatopoeic, reminiscnet of Lat. cicada. The variation «/ ξ rather points to Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXκικριβιντίς ἀνδράχνη 'purslane' (H.).

===Pag_744: Beekes_Página_0744.tiff=== XXXXXκιλλός 697

    *ETYM Gf. Lat. cicirbita, a plant. The prenasalization points to Pre-Greek origin. See  Fur.: 273.

XXXXXκικυμωΐς = κικκαβαῦ.

XXXXXκῖκυς, -voc [f.] 'strength, power' (A 393). < PG?>

    *COMP ἄ-κικυς, -υος 'without strength, weak' (Od., Ηρ...

    *DER κικύω = ἰσχύω (Hdn. Gr. 2, 533).

    *ETYMMeier-Briigger (apud DELG Supp.) assumes a reduplicated form of *kyeh,- 'to  be strong' in kvéw, κῦμα, This is accepted by de Lamberterie in DELG, but the longi  cannot be explained in this way. *kikw

    *VAR in ἔκιξα. = κιχάνω.

XXXXXΚίλικες [pl.} 1. 'Cilicians, inhabitants of the province in the south-east of Anatolia; 2. a people in the valley of Thebes, Θήβη, the town of Eetion, the father of Andromache, south of Troy (IL). «τῶν Assyr.?>

    *VARSg.msc. Κίλιξ, fem. Κίλισσα (A.).

    *DER κιλικίζεσθαι: κακοηθίζεσθαι (H.), éyirtKifeatr κακοηθεύεται, κακοποιεῖ:  διεβέβληντο γὰρ ἐπὶ πονηρίᾳ οἱ Κίλικες (H.); κιλίκιον 'a coarse cloth of goat's hair'  (Procop.). Κίλιξ mythical name; Κιλικᾶς PN (Cyprus, see O. Masson Κυπριακαί  Σπουδαί 32 (1968): off. Κιλικία 'Cilicia' (Hdt.). κιλκισμός 'Cilician behaviour, 1.6. drunken butchery (Theopomp. Hist.).

    *ETYM The country Cilicia (in Hittite times Kizzuwatna) was called Hilakku by the  Assyrians since 858 (but the name may be local); later there were local kingdoms  where hieroglyphic Luwian was used. The Greeks arrived in the 8'*-7'* c. On the  Greek kingdom of Mopsos = Musa/us and its king Hiyawa, see now Oettinger 2008b.

XXXXXκιλλίβᾶς, -αντος [m.] 'three-legged stand, frame' (Ar. Ach. 1121, Poll.).

    *VAR Usually plur. -avtec; also κελλίβας (pap.).

    *ETYM Perhaps from κίλλος 'ass', with a suffix as in the synonymous ὀκρίβας (cf. Schwyzer: 448). For the development of meaning cf., e.g. ὄνος, ὀνίσκος 'winch',  Mofr. chevalet 'support', MoHG Esel, Bock 'id.', etc. The suffix may be Pre-Greek;  connection with βαίνω is probably folk-etymological.

XXXXXκίλλιξ 1 [2] - στάμνος 'jar' (H.).

    *ETYM Fur. 132 connects it with κύλιξ 'id'; the interchange X/ AA points to Pre-Greek  origin.

XXXXXκίλλιξ 2 [adj.] « βοῦς τὸ Ev κέρας ἔχων διεστραμμένον 'cow with one twisted horn' (HL).

    *ETYM Fur.: 356 connects it with κελλόν' στρεβλόν. πλάγιον 'twisted, athwart' (H.).

XXXXXκιλλός [adj.] 'grey' (Eub. 103, Phot., H., Eust.). <?>

    *COMP As a first member, e.g. κιλλ-ακτήρ' ὀνηλάτης, κυνηγός 'donkey-driver' (Poll.,  H; Dor.), Κιλλ-τάκτωρ PN (AP 5, 28; 44). As a second member perhaps in  Macedonian'En6-Kudog (with ἐπο- = Gr. ἵππο-).

===Pag_745: Beekes_Página_0745.tiff===

    *DER With shift of accent κίλλος [m.] 'ass' (Sammelb. 5224, Poll. 7, 56, H.), metaph. 'cicada' (H.), after its color, cf. Strémberg 1944: 1, Strémberg 1943: 100, Gil  Fernandez 1959: 100. Derivative κίλλιος 'ass-colored, ὀνάγρινος᾽ (Poll.), probably  also κιλελρίας: στρουθὸς ἄρσην 'male sparrow' (H.). See ▶︎ κίλλ(ο)υρος.

    *ETYM For the root vocalism, we may compare πιλνός 'grey' beside πελιός 'id'. Formally, κιλλός is reminiscent of ▶︎ κελαινός, if this is from *kel-n-io- (but see s.v.),  and if the geminate AA derives from *-/n- (though its most straightforward  explanation would be from *-Jj-). In sum, there is no convincing etymology.

XXXXXκίλλεορυρος [?] - σεισοπυγίς 'wagtail' (H.).

    *ETYM Schrader BB 15 (1889): 127f. connected it with a Baltic word for 'wagtail', Lith. kielé, Latv. ciélava, OPr. kylo, which would be derived from a verb 'to move' (seen in  ▶︎ κινέω, ▶︎ kiw); Lith. kielé could then be identical with Gr. *KiAAa < ἔκιλ-ια, if this  was the first compound member. Another possibility is that the wagtail was named  for its grey color (see on ▶︎ κιλλός). In both cases, the second member would be οὐρά  'tail', but note that the o is only a conjecture. Moreover, -ovpoc is also a frequent  suffix in Pre-Greek words. DELG connects κίγκλος, analyzing ἔκελ-κλος, but this is  completely uncertain. On unclear Lat. métacilla 'white wagtail', see WH s.v.

XXXXXκιμβάζει - otpayyevertat 'loiters' (H.). = σκιμβάζω.

XXXXXκίμβιξ, -ἰκος [m.] 'niggard, skinflint' (Xenoph.,, Arist., Plu.).

    *DER κιμβικία: πανουργία, ἐνδοιασμός (corrected to ἐνεασμός) 'villainy, perplexity'  (H.); also κιμβίελια 'stinginess' (Artist., H.).

    *ETYM Reminds one of the gloss σκιπός: σκνιφός, ὁ μικρολόγος 'dim-sighted,  penurious' (H.), and of oxigia (H.) as an explanation of κιμβεία. These variants, as  well as those found s.v. ▶︎ κνίψ in the meaning 'niggard', point to a Pre-Greek word  (prenasalization, interchange of stops, etc.).

XXXXXκινάβρα [f.] 'smell of a (male) goat' (Luc., Poll.).

    *DER κιναβράω [v.]} 'to smell like a goat' (Ar. Pl. 294).

    *ETYM Unexplained. Doubts about the usual connection with κενέβρειος in  Schwyzer: 350. No doubt a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXκίναβεύματα [n.pl.) - πανουργεύματα (H., see also Phot. kavva).

    *VAR κιναφεύειν: πανουργεύεσθαι 'to fabricate by ruse' (H.).

    *DER κιναβεύεσθαι (-Bp- codd.)- τὸ σκευωρεῖσθαι 'fabrication, fraud' (Phot.).

    *ETYM The variants show that it is a Pre-Greek word; see Kuiper 1956: 245 and Fur.:  169f., who assumes ἃ Pre-Greek word *kinapo- 'deceiver, fraud'.

XXXXXκίναδος, -εος [n.] Sicilian word for 'fox (Call. Com. 1 D., sch. Theoc. 5, 25), 'beast, monster' (Democr. 259), of people 'cunning, rogue' (Att.); acc. to H. = θηρίον, ὄφις 'wild animal, serpent'. «ΡΟ»

    *DER Diminutive κινάδιον (Harp.). PN Κινάδης, Κινάδων (Bechtel 1917b: 582). κινάδρα: ἀλώπηξ 'fox' (H.).

    *ETYM Not related to ▶︎ κνώδαλον. Reminiscent of ▶︎ κίδαφος 'fox'.

XXXXXκινάθισμα [n.] 'noise, rustling', of flying birds (A. Prom. 124 [anap.]).

===Pag_746: Beekes_Página_0746.tiff=== XXXXXκίνδυνος 699

    *DER κιναθισμός 'id. (Phot.); from κιναθίζειν- ἰδιάζειν, ἀποθησαυρίζειν κατὰ μικρὸν  συλλέγοντα. ἔνιοι μινυρίζειν καὶ κινεῖν 'to devote oneself to, to hoard up for a small  collection; to complain in a low voice; to move' (H.). κίναθος: θησαυρισμιός  'accumulation' (Phot.), κιναθίας: κρυπτός 'hidden' (H.).

    *ETYMFor the initial syllable, cf. ▶︎ κινυρός. Probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκίναιδος [m.] 'lewd man, catamite' (Pl, Herod.), also name of a sea fish (Plin.), a bird (= κιναίδιον, Gal.).

    *COMP In compounds, e.g. κιναιδο-λογέω (Str.).

    *DER κιναίδιον (-ἰος) name of the ἴυγξ (H., Phot.), the wagtail (sch.), etc; κιναιδίας  [m.] a stone found in the fish κίναιδος (Plin.), -ia 'lewdness' (Aeschin.), -ώδης 'like a  κι' (sch.); κιναιδίζω [v.] 'to be a κ᾿ (Antioch. Astr.), κιναίδισμα (Eust.); also -δεύομαι  (sch.).

    *ETYM Unexplained. Acc. to Archigenes apud Gal. 12, 800, it is a Syrian word. Probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκινάρα [f.] 'artichoke' (Hell.).

    *VAR Also κύναρα (δ. fr. 348; also other plants); κύναρος 'white rose' (5. fr. 718).

    *COMP κιναρη-φάγος (Juba).

    *DER κιναρέων (pap.) 'bed of artichokes'.

    *ETYM Unexplained. Does the variation t/ v point to Pre-Greek origin?

XXXXXκίνδαξ [adj.] « εὐκίνητος 'easily moved' (H.).

    *VAR κίνδακας: εὐκινήτους (H.).

    *COMP ὀνο-κίνδιος (Eup.), -dac (H.) 'ass-driver'.

    *DER κινδαύει {(κινδάνει, see Taillardat REA 58 (1956): 189ff.)- κινεῖται, κερατίζει  'move, butt with horns' (H.), Kivéwv name of an ὀψοφάγος (Ath. 8, 3450).

    *ETYM Explanations from Indo-European, assuming a form with nasal infix *ki-n-d-,  should be discarded. Fur.: 291 compares σκίναξ, implying that the word is Pre-Greek. This nicely illustrates that some forms of substrate words may closely resemble  inherited material. For the variation v6/v, cf. Kuiper 1956: 216, e.g. ἀθήρ / ἀνθέριξ,  κίδαφος / κινδάφη. See ▶︎ κίνδυνος.

XXXXXκίνδυνος [m.] 'danger, risk' (Thgn., Pi, IA; on the mg. Mette Herm. 80 (1952): 4098... On κίνδυνος = ἡ ἐν πρῴρα σελίς 'bench in the prow of a ship' (H.), whence MoGr. (Naxos) 'bed', see Andriotis Glotta 25 (1936): 19f. < PG>

    *VAR Dat. -uvt (Alc. Z 92); also gen. -vvoc (Sapph. 184)?

    *COMP As a second member e.g. in ἐπι-κίνδυνος 'connected with danger' (IA).

    *DER κινδυνώδης 'dangerous' (Hp., Plb.), κινδυνεύω [v.] 'to wage, take a risk' (IA),  whence κινδύνευμα 'risk (S., E. Pl), -ευτής 'dare-devil' (Th, Ὁ. C.), -evtixds  'dangerous, adventurous' (Arist.).

    *ETYM The connection with κίνδαξ, ὀνο-κίνδιος (which do not belong to ▶︎ Kivéw;  s.v.) is formally attractive. For the semantics, Prellwitz 1892 and Vendryes REGr. 25  (1912): 461f., compare Lat. solli-citus 'to be in danger' < *'to be wholly stirred'. See  also Taillardat REA 58 (1956): 189-194.

===Pag_747: Beekes_Página_0747.tiff===

Attempts at an IE etymology should be given up (thus still, e.g., Knobloch Glotta 53 (1975): 78-81), and the old etymology *kun-du-no-, κύων being an unlucky cast of the dice (older litt. in Frisk), should be discarded. The Pre-Greek character is clear in view of the ending -dv- in κίνδῦν (Alc. Sapph.), with its long 0, as seen by Kuiper 1956: 217. Debrunner in Ebert 1924-1932: 526 and Kretschmer KZ 55 (1928): 9of., too, are in favor of foreign (Pre-Greek or Anatolian) origin. Cf. Chantraine 1933: 208.

XXXXXκῑνέω [v.] 'to set in movement, drive away, shake' (I].). «1Ὲ *keih,- 'set in motion'>

    *VAR Aor. κινῆσαι.

    *COMP Often with prefix, e.g. ἀνα- dta-, μετα-, παρα-, OVV-.

    *DER κίνημα, κίνησις 'movement, agitation' (IA), παρα-κινηματικός (Ph.), κινητικός  'moving, movable' (IA), see Chantraine 1956a: 101; κινηθμός 'movement' (Pi.), on the  mg. Benveniste 1935: 201; κινώ = κίνησις (Emp. 123, 2; Doric acc. to H.); κινητήρ  'mover, agitator' (h. Hom., Pi.), of Poseidon; cf. Fraenkel 1910: 108; 153; Benveniste  1948: 39 and 42; thence κινητήριος (A.); κινητής 'id? (Ar, Plb.); κίνηθρον (Poll.),  -1ytpov (Eust.) (stirring) spoon'; κινητήριον 'brothel (Eup. from κινεῖν in an  obscene sense). A back-formation from ἀπο-κινεῖν is ἀπόκινος [m.] name of a comic  dance (com.). Further κίνυμαι [v.] 'to move (oneself), κινέομαι᾽ (IL), only present  stem, incidentally with év-, ém-, ὑπο- (Ὁ. S.; an intensive enlargement in κινύσσομαι [v.] 'to be heavily moved, be excited' (A. Ch. 196; Schwyzer: 716), whence  κίνυγμα 'movable or light object, ball, toy' (A. Pr. 158 [anap.]).

    *ETYM Because of the athematic middle xivupal, a pre-form *Kivéf-w << ἔκι-νευ-μι  has been assumed for the active κινέω. The present κίνυμαι is a poetic medium  tantum and means 'to move to and fro, to shake (intr.)' in Hom. (see Garcia Ramon  1993b: 125-139), while the active kivéw occurs only in Attic (see K6lligan 2007: 35). The non-presentic forms κινῆσαι, etc. are analogical formations. LIV? s.v. *keih,-  'sich in Bewegung setzen' follows Hardarson 1993b: 192 in assuming root final *h, on  account of the gloss κίατο- ἐκινεῖτο 'moved' (H.) and Hom. μετ-εκίαθον 'followed'. See > Κίω, as well as ▶︎ σεύω.

XXXXXκιννάβαρι, -ews [n.] 'cinnabar, vermilion' (Arist., Thphr.).

    *VAR  Also -1¢ [m.] (Anaxandr. 14, Ps.-Dsc. 3, 143) 'serpent's blood' (painter's color);  as a plant name = épvOpddavov (Ps.-Dsc.).

    *DER κινναβάριον name of an eye ointment (Gal.), -άρινος 'cinnabar, vermilion  (Arist.), -αρίζω [v.] 'to be vermilion' (Dsc.).

    *ETYM Foreign word from an unknown (but probably Oriental) source; cf. Schrader-  Nehring 1917(2): 701f. From Greek, Latin borrowed cinnabaris, whence MHG  zinober, etc. A remarkable by-form is τιγγάβαρι (Diocl. Com. 9, 10, Theognost. Can. 120, H.) with τιγγαβάρινος (Dam. Isid. 203), perhaps with ki- > ki- > tsi-?

XXXXXκιννάμωμον [n.] usually taken as 'cinnamon' (Hdt., Thphr.), but acc. to Hennig Klio 32 (1939): 325ff. some other kind of sweet-smelling substance.

    *VAR Rarely -v-, also kivvapov (Plin.), -v- (Nic. Th. 947).

    *COMP As a first member in κινναμωμο-φόρος (Str.), of γῆ; κινναμο-λόγος [m.]  'cinnamon-gatherer', name of a mythical bird (Plin.), also called κιννάμωμον  (Arist.); see Thompson 1895 s.v.

===Pag_748: Beekes_Página_0748.tiff=== XXXXXκιξάλλης, -ου 701 ΦὈΕΚ κινναμωμίς [f.] ἃ lesser kind of cinnamon (Gal.), κινναμώμινος 'prepared with cinnamon' (Antiph.), -μίζω [v.] 'to be similar to cinnamon' (Dsc. 5, 121).

    *ETYM From Phoenician (Hdt. 3, 111); cf. Hebr. ginndmén 'id.'. The ending was  modelled on that of the spice-plant ἄμωμον, or due to folk etymology, on that of  ἄμωμος 'blameless'. See Lewy 1895: 37 and Schrader-Nehring 1917(2): 695f.

XXXXXκίνυμαι 'to move (intr.)'. ⟹ κινέω and κίω, as well as σεύω.

XXXXXκινύρα [f.] name of a stringed instrument (LXX, J.). «τὴν Hebr>

    *ETYM Borrowed from Hebr. kinn6r 'cither' and adapted to κινυρός. See Lewy 1895:  164; also, Grimme Glotta 14 (1925): 19 and E. Masson 1967: 69'.

XXXXXκινυρός [adj.] mg. uncertain; epithet of βοῦς (P 5), of γόος (A. R. 4, 605), of πέτηλα (Nonn. D. 38, 95). <?>

    *DER κιν[ν]υρίδες: τὰ μικρὰ ὀρνιθάρια (H.), apparently 'wailing, lamenting'; κινυρίζω  [v.] 'to wail, lament (I 612, acc. to Zenodotus), κινύρομαι [v.] 'to gnash, lament' (A. Th. 123 [lyr.], Dict. 804, Ar. Eq. 1, A. R., Call.). PN Κινύρης (A 20), -pac (Tyrt.).

    *ETYM The meaning was already unclear in antiquity; cf. H. on P 5: κινυρή: ἁπαλή,  νέα, λεχώ, οἰκτρά, θρηνητική 'weak, young, woman in childbed, pitiable woman,  inclined to lament' and (on A. R. 4, 605) κινυρόν: λεπτόν, καπυρόν, ὀξύ, οἰκτρόν  'small, crackly (of sound), ia, sharp, pitiable'. The parallelism between κινυρός,  κινυρίζω, κινύρομαι and μινυρός, ▶︎ μινυρίζω, μινύρομαι 'to twitter, complain' is clear. Other mixed forms are κιναθίζειν, -ἰσμός, ▶︎ κινάθισμα and κιναρύζεσθαι-: θρηνεῖν  μετὰ τοῦ γογγύζειν 'to lament together with grumbling' (H.), perhaps after  κελαρύζειν (see Leumann 1950: 2413'). Given the age of the attested forms, Leumann  (Lc.) considers only κινυρός and ptvupitw to be old; the other forms would have  arisen by contamination, as did μύρομαι.

XXXXXκινύσσομαι = κινέω.

XXXXXκινώπετον [n.] 'venomous animal, especially a snake' (Call. Jov. 25, Nic. Th. 27 and 195).

    *COMP κινωπηστής, -od [m.] 'id' (Nic. Th. 141), see below.

    *ETYM Endings like in ἑρπετόν, Saxetov, and ἑρπηστής. Probably related to »κνώψ  'venomenous animal' (thus Persson 1891: 177). The vocalism points to Pre-Greek  origin; cf. on ▶︎ πινυτός.

XXXXXκιξάλλης, -ov [m.] 'highway robber, pirate, thief (Democr. 260, SIG 38, 19 [Teos V*], H.); Jo. Gramm. (in Hoffmann 1898: 208) has κιττάλης = κλέπτης (on the phonetics see Schwyzer: 318).

    *VAR Cf. κίξας: τοὺς ἐν ὁδῷ λῃστας 'thieves on the road' (Phot.).

    *DER κιξαλλεύω [v.] 'to commit robbery' (SIG lc.), κιξαλλία: πᾶσα κακοτεχνία 'any  malpractice' (H.).

    *ETYM The formation is reminiscent of καβάλλης, δαμάλης, etc. Acc. to Hoffmann  1898: 612, the word was Anatolian (Carian/ Lycian), but it is a clear example of a Pre-  Greek word (alternations λλί A, tt/ §). We could reconstruct PG *kik'ab-. See Fur.:  286.

===Pag_749: Beekes_Página_0749.tiff===

XXXXXκίρα [1] - ἀλώπηξ. Λάκωνες fox (Lacon.y (H.).

    *VAR κίραφος: ἀλώπηξ (HL).

    *ETYM Frisk IF 49 (1931): 98f. connected it with ▶︎ κιρρός = πυρρός, ἐρυθρός, ξανθός  'red, yellow', suggesting that it was adapted from κίδαφος, The form κίραφος is from  ipa, extended by the animal suffix -φος.

XXXXXκίρβα [f.]? - πήρα 'leather pouch' (H.). «ΡΟ» ΑΚ MoGr. κιρβέλλα 'small sack'.

    *ETYM Probably Pre-Greek; see Fur.: 305.

XXXXXκιρκαία [f.] scil. ῥίζα, 'black swallowwort, Vincetoxicum nigrum' (Dsc., Apollod.). < PGP

    *VAR  = ▶︎ διρκαία.

    *ETYM Probably Pre-Greek; see ▶︎ διρκαία.

XXXXXκίρκιος [m.] = Opackiac, the north-northwest wind (Agathem.), = Lat. circius.

    *DIAL κιρκίας (conjecture Arist.), also κέρκιος (vl. Arist. Mu. 3940 31), Lat. cercius  (Cato).

    *ETYM Unknown. Pre-Greek because of the variation? See Fur.: 356.

XXXXXκίρκος 1 [m.] a hawk or falcon (Hom. A., A. R.); see Thompson 1895 s.v. 42>

    *ETYM Unknown; cf. on ▶︎ κρέξ.

XXXXXκίρκος 2 'circle, ring'. = κρίκος.

XXXXXκίρνημι 5» κεράννυμιι.

XXXXXκίρρις > ἀκιρίς.

XXXXXκιρρός [adj.] 'red-yellow, yellow-brown', said of οἶνος, νέκταρ (Hp., Nic.), fem. κιρράς (Nic.). «ἡ

    *COMP ὑπό-κιρρος (Hp., Dsc., Gal.), ἔγ-κιρρος (Dsc.), κιρρο-ειδής (Apollod. Myth.).

    *DER κιρρώδης (Hippiatr.); κιρρίς [f.] a sea fish (Opp.); cf. κηρίς s.v. ▶︎ κηρός (κιρρά  [for xippa?] H.); also = εἶδος ἱέρακος 'kind of hawk or falcon' (EM 515, 15); cf. κεῖρις:  ὄρνεον, ἱέραξ, οἱ δὲ ἀλκυόνα 'bird, hawk or falcon, kingfisher' (H.), whence Lat. ciris  'sea-bird', see WH s.v.; also κίρις: ... ὄρνεον (H.).

    *ETYM The geminate -pp- also occurs in ▶︎ πυρρός. Unexplained. The comparison  with Lith. si?mas, si?vas 'grey' is problematic, since Lith. -i7- is from a zero grade. The group of CS séro 'grey' (see Derksen 2008 for a reconstruction), MIr. ciar 'dark',  etc. cannot be connected either for phonetic reasons.

XXXXXκιρσός [m.] 'varicocele' (Hp., Philostr.).

    *VAR Also κρισσός (Hippiatr., H.), κριξός (Poll.).

    *COMP As a first member in κιρσο-κήλη 'varicocele', κιρσο-τομέω [v.] 'to operate a  varicocele', whence -ia.

    *DER κιρσώδης 'varicose', κιρσόομαι [v.] 'to become varicose', act. -6w (causative  mg.), whence κίρσωσις (med.).

    *ETYM The variation o(0)/ § shows that the word is Pre-Greek.

===Pag_750: Beekes_Página_0750.tiff=== XXXXXκίσθος 703

XXXXXκίρτος [adj.]? mg. unknown; corrected to σκίρτος (Simon. 624 P). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXκίρων [adj.] - ἀδύνατος πρὸς συνουσίαν: καὶ αἰδοίου βλάβη: Kal ἀπεσκολυμμένος: Kal κυρίως μὲν ὁ σάτυρος, καὶ ἐντεταμένος, ὁ γυναικίας, καὶ μὴ δυνάμενος χρῆσθαι 'unable to have intercourse; injury of the penis; stripped off; mainly used of a lewd man, one who has a penile erection, a weakling, one who is unable to use it' (H.). <?>

    *DER DELG cites the PNs Κίρος, Κίρων, Κιρωνίδης (cf. Bechtel 1917b: 497).

    *ETYM Unknown. -κις multiplicative suffix, in πολλά-κι(ς) 'often' (IL.), τετρά-κι(ς) 'four times' (ε 306),  πεντά-κι(ς) 'five times' (Pi.), etc.

    <IE *k'i- 'something'>



    *DIAL Epic, lyr., Dor. also -κι; Lacon. -κιν; Tarent. ἀμάτις 'once'.

    *ETYM The word πολλά-κι(ς) agrees in meaning with Ved. puri-cid 'often'. The  forms can be combined if we assume that the plural πολλά 'often' replaces older  *nohd (which is unlikely), after which *k' was delabialized in Greek. This hypothesis  is confirmed by Tarent. ἀμά-τις 'once' = Cret. ἀμά-κις (H.). From πολλάκι(ς), the forms in -«- spread to the numeral adverbs tetpaxt(c), etc; cf. also οὐκί. The final consonant of -κις, Skt. cid reminds one of the correspondence  ἕως 'until': Skt. yavat (see on ▶︎ ἕως 2); Greek added adverbial *-s (cf. δίς, tpic). Etymologically, -«1/ -tt = Skt. cid are identical with the indefinite pronoun τι  'something'; see ▶︎ tic. κῖς, κιός [m.] 'weevil' (Pi. Fr. 222, Thphr., gramm.). <PG?>

    *VAR Acc. xiv; also nom. κίς (Hdn. Gr. 2, 925). On the accent see Schwyzer: 378 and  Berger MSS 3 (1953): 8; on the quantity of the τ in κιός, etc. Schwyzer: 571.

    *COMP ἀκιώτατοι 'least damaged by weevils' (Hes.).

    *ETYM Unexplained. Skt. kitd- [m.] 'worm, insect' is unrelated; see Mayrhofer  EWaAia s.v. Probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκίσηρις [f.] 'pumice stone' (Ar., Arist, Thphr.).

    *VAR Also κίσηλις (pap., Luc.); gen. -ews, -ίδος.

    *DER κισήριον (EM), κισηρο-ειδής and κισηρώδης 'like κ᾿ (Diog. Apoll., Hell.);

XXXXXκισηρόομαι [v.] 'to be changed into κ᾿ (Thphr.), -pi{w [v.] 'to smoothen with x.' (Nic. Dam.).

    *ETYM On the matter, cf. Schrader-Nehring 1917(1): 146. Fur.: 117 compares Car. yiooa and Caucasian (and Basque) forms. Without a doubt Pre-Greek, in view of the  variation p/ λ.

XXXXXκίσθος [m.] 'cistus', family of low shrubs, of which the seperate types often produce the resin-like substance λήδανον (Dsc.).

    *VAR  Also κισθός (Eup., Mnesim.) and κίστος (Hp., Gal.), κίσθαρος [m.] (Dsc.)

    *DER ὑποκισθίς (-tic) f. 'Cytinus hypocisthis', hypocist (Dsc., Gal.).

    *ETYM The suffix of κίσθαρος may be compared with κόμαρος, κίσσαρος, and other  plant names (Chantraine 1933: 227). The Cistus is a typical plant of the  mediterranean world. Fur.: 190, 257° compares Ligurian kusti, MLat. custrus.

===Pag_751: Beekes_Página_0751.tiff===

XXXXXκίσιρνις [1] - ὄρνις ποιός 'kind of bird' (H.).

    *VAR Cf. κίσσιρις: εἶδος ὀρνέου 'kind of bird' (H.); also κίσινδις (Su.).

    *ETYM Unknown. Pre-Greek has additional words with a nasal added after p; see  Fur. 48:35, 215%, and 387.

XXXXXκίσπρα [?] - πικρὰ τὸ ἦθος, παλίγκοτος, Κῷοι 'bitter disposition, spiteful (Cosy (H.). <>

    *ETYM Bechtel 1921, 2: 599 compares (with due reservation) Osc. kaispatar, of which  the meaning is unknown. Pre-Greek?    κίσσα 1 [f.] 'jay, Garrulus glandarius', also 'magpie, Pica caudata' (Ar.); see Thompson  1895 s.v.; also = ἰχθῦς ποιός 'kind of fish' (H.); on the motivation of the name  Stromberg 1943: 115. 4ONOM>

    *VAR Att. κίττα.

    *DER κισσαβίζω (-t1-) [v.] 'tocrylike ajay' (Poll.), cf. τιττυβίζω, etc; also κισσάω, see  > κίσσα 2.

    *ETYM By comparison with vijooa 'duck' and other animal names (Chantraine 1933:  98), one scholar reconstructed PGr. *kikia, derived from an onomatopoeic root. For  this sound-imitation, bird names like Skt. kiki- (lex.), kikidivi- [m.] (RV 10, 97, 13,  TS) 'blue jay', and Gm. names like OE higora 'magpie' can be compared; the latter  were apparently not restored after Grimm's Law. κίσσα 2 [f.] morbid longing of pregnant women, craving for strange food (Dsc,, 5. E.,  Sor., Gal.), <GR>

    *VAR Att. κίττα.

    *DER κισσάω, κιττάω [v.] 'to suffer from x.' (Ar., Arist.), 'to become pregnant' (LXX),  whence κίσσησις (Gal.). κισσώδης 'full of κίσσα᾽ (Dsc.).

    *ETYM The age and frequency of the attestations suggest that κίσσα 2 is a back-  formation from κισσάω. The form κισσάω itself is a denominative of ▶︎ κίσσα 1 'jay,  magpie', and refers to the well-known gluttony of the bird (ὄρνεον ἀδηφάγον καὶ  παμφάγον, sch. Ar. Pax 496); thus, κισσάω originally means 'to behave like a  magpie'. The connection with Skt. kéta- 'will, desire' must therefore be given up. The  gloss κοῖται: γυναικῶν ἐπιθυμίαι 'longing of/for women' is only an incidental use of  κοίτη 'marital bed, sexual intercourse'.

XXXXXκισσός [m.] 'ivy, Hedera helix' (IA).

    *VAR Att. κιττός.

    *COMP Often as a first member, eg. κισσο-φόρος 'having ivy (Pi, Ar.); also as a  second member, e.g. κατά-κισσος 'crowned with ivy' (Anacreont.).

    *DER Diminutive κισσίον = ἀσκληπιάς (Ps.-Dsc.); κίσσινος 'of ivy' (Pi. E.), κισσήεις  'id'? (Nic, Nonn.), on the formation Schwyzer: 527; κισσώδης 'enveloped with ivy'  (Nonn.); κισσεύς epithet of Apollo (A. Fr. 341); κισσών 'forest with ivy' (Hdn. Gr.),  κίσσαρος = κισσός (gloss.). Denominative κισσόω (Att. -tt-) [v.] 'to crown with ivy  (E., Alciphr.), whence kittwotc (Attica).

===Pag_752: Beekes_Página_0752.tiff=== XXXXXκιχἄάνω 705

    *ETYM Pre-Greek. See Fur.: 256, who compares κιθάρα in the sense of 'ivy' (Ps.-Dsc.);  and ibid. 2573 on the suffix -αρος in Pre-Greek words. We may reconstruct a form  PG *kiv'-.

XXXXXκισσύβιον [n.] name of a wooden drinking-cup (Od., Theoc., Call.), on the matter see Brommer Herm. 77 (1942): 358 and 365f.

    *VAR Also κισσύφιον (IG 27, 1424a: 265), acc. to Frisk after the diminutives in -dguov,  but see below.

    *ETYM The ancients connected it with κισσός, either after the material (Eumolp. apud Ath. τι, 4774) or after the ornamentation (Poll. 6, 97). The word is Pre-Greek  because of the variation B/ @, as seen by Schwyzer: 316 and 470; see also Debrunner  in Ebert 1924-1932 4:2, §46 and Fur.: 170.

XXXXXκίστη [f.] 'basket, chest' (¢ 76, Ar.).

    *COMP As a first member in κιστα-φόρος 'basket bearer', -éw [v.] (Thrace,  Macedon.), κιστο-εἰδής 'like a chest' (H. s.v. oyKtov).

    *DER Diminutive totic [f] (Hp. Ar.), κιστίδιον (Artem.).

    *ETYM MIr. cess [f.] 'basket, causeway of wickerwork, bee-hive', OW cest [f.] gl. fiscina point to a pre-form QIE *kisteh,-. If these are conneted with Gr. kiotn, the  most likely scenario is a European loanword. From κίστη was borrowed Lat. cista,  whence most European forms, eg. Ir. ciste [m.], OHG kista, etc.

XXXXXκίτριον [n.] 'citron tree (Citrus medica), citron' (Juba, J., Epidauros ΠΡ, Dsc.).

    *VAR  Also xitpov 'citron' (Pamphil. apud Ath. 3, 850).

    *COMP κιτριο-ειδής (Gal.), κιτρό-μηλον 'id.' (Dsc., Gp.).

    *DER xitptvoc 'belonging to the citron tree' (Ὁ. C.), also κίτρεος (pap. VIP); κιτρέα  [f.] 'citron tree' (Gp.), after μηλέα, etc; κιτρᾶτον 'citron drink' (Alex. Trall.).

    *ETYM From Lat. citrium, citrum, citreus, citrdtus, which all go back to citrus 'citron  tree', which itself is somehow connected with Gr. ▶︎ κέδρος and perhaps came from  Greek via Etruscan. See WH s.v. citrus with litt.

XXXXXκίφος [n.] Messenian for στέφανος (Paus. 3, 26, 9).

    *COMP σκιφα-τόμος 'who cuts oxiga' (IG 5(1), 212: 63 [Sparta I*]), perhaps palms, for  ψίλινοι στέφανοι.

    *DER OKigiviov: πλέγμα ἐκ φοίνικος 'plaiting of palm' (H.).

    *ETYM Unexplained; perhaps Pre-Greek because of the varying anlaut.

XXXXXκιχᾶνω [v.] 'to reach, attain, hit, meet with' (11... 418 #eh,- 'leave, abandon'>

    *VAR Att. κιγχάνω; several aorists: a) athem. (éxixnv), -xetc, (ἐλκίχημεν, subj. κιχείω,  opt. -xeiny, inf. κιχήμεναι, -χῆναι, pte. κιχείς, -χήμενος; Ὁ) them. 3sg. ἔκιχεν, 3pl. Extyov, subj. κίχω, κίχῃσι, inf. κιχεῖν, pte. κιχών; c) sigmatic κιχήσατο, act. pte. κιχήσας (B. 5, 148); d) Dor. ἔκιξε = ἤνεγκε (Simm. 26, 7), ἀπέκιξαν (Ar. Ach. 869;  Boeot.), κίξαντες: ἐλθόντες, πορευθέντες 'having come, been driven or carried',  κίξατο' εὗρεν, ἔλαβεν, ἤνεγκεν 'found, took, brought' (H.); fut. κιχήσομαι.

    *DER Kix noc: ἡ λῆψις 'taking hold' (H.).

===Pag_753: Beekes_Página_0753.tiff===

    *ETYM From a reduplicated root present *xixnut (like τίθιημι), found in κίχημεν,  κιχήτην, etc. (ἐκίχεις after ἐτίθεις), which were taken as aorists when the new present  κιχάνω arose. Innovations are the them. aor. Extyev, etc. and sigmatic κιχήσατο,  whence fut. κιχήσομαι (1].). Doric created a different s-aorist in ἔκιξε, The form  κιχάνω arose at a recent date after the analogy of φθάνω to ἔφθην, φθήσομαι; the  nasal infix in κιγχάνω was modelled on λαμβάνω, etc. on which see Schwyzer: 688°,  698, as well as Chantraine 1942: 300, 392, 415, 446. Except for the reduplication vocalism, Ἰκίχημι < PIE *g"i-g"eh,- corresponds nicely to  Skt. jahdati 'to leave (behind), abandon', Av. zazditi 'to let go'; Skt. also has an old  root aorist ahds. It is unclear whether the Gm. verb for 'go' belongs here: OHG, OE  gan, ON gd (the same development of meaning is found in Skt. med.3sg. jihite, 3pl. jihate 'to go on, go away'). Remote cognates from the same root are supposed in  ▶︎ χάζομαι, ▶︎ χατέω, ▶︎ χήρα, ▶︎ χώρος. Ruijgh and Van Krimpen Mnem. 22 (1969): 113-  136 read the older meaning 'to abandon' in Myc. ke-ke-me-na /k*ek*emena/ 'deserted  (land)'. They suggest that the transition in meaning occurred in sporting contests,  where a runner reaches and leaves, ie. passes, another runner. LIV? considers κιχάνω  together with Arm. gam 'I come', OE gan 'to go', and the other Gm. words under  *gieh,- 'kommen, erreichen' (with plain velar because of Armenian). This seems less  attractive than the connection with Indo-Iranian, which is formally and semantically  impeccable.

XXXXXκίχλη [f.] 'thrush' (x 468); also name of a fish, a kind of wrasse (Epich., Arist.), because it changes its color with the seasons, like the thrush; see Strémberg 1943: 116.

    *VAR  Younger κίχλᾶ (Alex. Trall. Gp.), see Solmsen 1909: 260; Dor. κιχήλα (Epich. 157, Ar. Nu, 339). Cf. (yAa: κίχλα (HL). and ἴσκλαι = κίχλαι (Η.).

    *DER κιχλίζω [v.] 'to giggle, laugh' (Ar., Theoc., Herod.), κιχλισμός; κιχλιδ-ιάω [v.] 'to  have a desire to giggle' (Com. Adesp. 1038; not quite certain).

    *ETYM Hardly belongs to ▶︎ yeAidwv. A by-form is tyAa (H.); the initial variation  points to a Pre-Greek word. See Thompson 1895 s.v. (also on the different names of  the bird), as well as Fur.: 130 on κιχήλα.

XXXXXκίχορα [n.pl.] 'chicory, Cichorium intybus' (Nic. Al. 429, where t verse-initially). <?, PG?>

    *VAR κιχόρη [f.] (Thphr.), κιχόριον [n.] (Thphr., Dsc., Plin.), -ta [pl.] (Ar. Fr. 293),  perhaps for -e1a = Lat. cichoréa [p].]?

    *ETYM No etymology. See DNP s.v. cichorie, stating that the plant grows in the  Mediterranean area. Is the word Pre-Greek? However, one type of chicory comes  from Egypt.

XXXXXκίχρημι [v.] 'to lend', med. 'to borrow from' (Ὁ. Plu.). <?>

    *VAR  Impv.3sg. κιχρέτω, etc. (Delph. IV*), éoxtypéuev [inf] (Thess. III"); also  κίνχρητι 'gives an oracle' (Cret. II*), med. κίχραμαι (Thphr., Plu., AP), aor. χρῆσαι,  χρήσασθαι and fut. yprjow, -opat (TA), perf. κέχρηκα (Hell.), -ημαι (D.).

    *COMP Rarely with prefix δια-, ém-, ἐσ-.

    *DER κίχρῃσις (Tz.).

===Pag_754: Beekes_Página_0754.tiff===

    *ETYM Like δίδημι next to δῆσαι, δήσω (see ▶︎ δέω 1), the presents κίχρημι, κίχραμαι  arose as innovations of the aorist χρῆσαι and other sigmatic forms. We must start  from a middle aorist χρήσασθαι with original mg. 'to use', from which a factitive  active χρῆσαι 'to give in use' = 'borrow' was created; later, χρήσασθαι also came to  mean 'to borrow from'. See ▶︎ xp1).

XXXXXκίω [v.] 'to set in movement', intr. 'to start to move, move away' (Hom., A.).

    *VAR Present 256. κίεις (A. Ch. 680), further only preterite and non-indicative forms:  ἔκιε (κίε), κίομεν, κίον, ipv. κίε, subj. king, opt. κίοι, ptc. κιών. With enlargement -0-:  μετ-εκίαθε, -ov 'followed after, visited' (Il.), with 1 by metrical lengthening; for the  vocalism cf. κίατο' ἐκινεῖτο 'moved (intr.) (H.).

    *ETYM Except for two occurences in Aeschylus, the verb is only epic. Originally a  thematic root aorist, interpreted as an imperfect, κίε received incidental present  forms (see Chantraine 1942: 392f.), and it came to serve as a metrical variant for the  imperfect of εἶμι (Kélligan 2007: 162f.). The nasal present > κίνυμαι, ▶︎ κινέω was felt  to be closely connected with ▶︎ σεύω. On κια- < *kih,-e-, see on ▶︎ kivéw. Cf. Strunk  1967: 88, 100, 4. Outside Greek, the root is only found in Latin, which has a to-  derivative citus 'quick', originally 'set in motion' (for which cf. con-citus, solli-citus,  etc.), while the present ciére (next to (ac)cire) probably developed from a causative;  see De Vaan 2008 sv. κίων, -ονος [m., f.] 'column, pillar', also metaph. (Od.); as a medical term 'cartiledge,  wart' (Hp.). IE *(s)kiHu- 'shin, post'>

    *VAR  On the gender see Schwyzer: 486, Schwyzer 1950: 37.

    *COMP As a first member in κιονό-κρᾶνον 'capital of a column' (v.]. in Str. 4, 4, 6; Ὁ. S.) beside earlier and more usual κιό-κρᾶνον (Pl. Com., X., Delos III*, etc.), by  haplology. Further axpo-, tetpa-, weta-, προ-κιόν-ιον (Ph.).

    *DER Diminutives κιόνιον (Ph. Bel.), -toxoc (Hero, J.), -ic 'uvula' (medic.).

    *ETYM Identical with Arm. siwn 'column' < *kiwén-, which like Greek reflects an n-  stem. One of the traditional exclusive correspondences between Greek and  Armenian, but the word has now also been recognized in other branches (see  Lubotsky JAOS 112 (2002)): Skt. asthivdnt- [m.] 'shank, shin'; YAv. ascuua- [m.]  'shank, shin' < *asciua- reflect a compound PIlr. *ast-(s)tiHua- < QIE *h,est-  (s)kiHu- 'shin-bone'; further, OE scia [m.] 'shin, leg', scinu [f.] 'shin' and MHG schie  [f.] 'post', OHG skena, skina [{ 'id' can be traced back to a PGm. paradigm *skio,  *skinaz (Kroonen 2009); finally, Balto-Slavic forms like Lith. Seiva [f.] 'spool,  forearm, shin' and SCr. cijev 'tube, spool, shin-bone' point to PIE *koiH-u-, with  depalatalization of the initial *k- due to the s-mobile. Note that WGm. *skind is  reminiscent of the n-stem in Gr. and Arm; still, the semantic shift to 'pillar' may  point to a common development.

XXXXXκλαγγή [f.] (shrill) sound, cry of an animal, etc.' (II). 4 EUR?, ONOM?>

    *VAR Also κλαγγόν 'id.' (Babr.); dat. also κλαγγ-ί (Ibyc. 56; see below).

    *DER κλαγγηδόν 'accompanied by crying' (B 463), κλαγγώδης 'full of sound, shrill'  (Hp. Gal.). Further κλάζω [v.] 'sound, resound, cry' (I1.), also with prefix, eg. dva-,

===Pag_755: Beekes_Página_0755.tiff===

ἐκ-; aor. κλάγξαι, also κλαγεῖν (B. 16, 127, h. Hom. 19, 14, E, et al.), fut. κλάγξω (A.), perf. κεκλήγοντες (Aeolizing) and κεκληγώς, -@tec (Hom.), see Chantraine 1942: 430f; κέκλᾶγα (Alem. 7), κέκλαγγα (Ar, X.), perfect future κεκλάγξομαι (Ar.). Isolated presents: kAayyaivw (A. Eu. 131), τάνω (S.), -éw (Theoc. Ep. 6, 5), τάζω (Poll, Porph.). To κλαγεῖν: κλαγερός 'crying' (AP).

    *ETYM As a yod-present, κλάζω may derive from *KAdyy-.w, from a root noun  κλάγγ- seen in the dat. κλαγγ-ί (or is this an innovation?). However, perhaps we are  dealing with a primary nasal present, which took -Cw from other sound-verbs  (ὀλολύζω, οἰμώζω, etc; cf. Schwyzer: 716). The non-presentic forms κλάγξαι,  κλάγξω, κέκλαγγα are innovations in any case. κλαγγή functions as a verbal noun. It  is possible that κλαγεῖν and κέκληγα are original primary forms without a nasal  infix, but analogical innovation with loss of the nasal is possible too. Material for comparison is provided by Lat. clangé 'to cry' (almost only present),  which has a counterpart in ON hlakka 'to cry (kk < *nk). Note that a pre-form *klag-  is impossible (PIE did not have *a, and *kth,g- would have resulted in Greek *k\ay-). Schwyzer: 692 assumes expressive nasalization, but this does not help, as ᾿κλᾶγ-  cannot be explained in this way. Cf. Fur. 274. Wrong analysis in Pok. 599 and LIV'; the alternations cannot be accounted for in an  Indo-European framework. The root must have been adopted from a non-IE  language. See ▶︎ κλώζω.

XXXXXκλαδαρός [adj.] 'invalid, infirm', of δοράτια (Plb. 6, 25, 5; beside λεπτά), of κάμακες (AP 9, 322 beside ἄκλαστοι; vl. κλαμαραί), of γραμμὴ ζωηφόρος (in palmistry, Cat. Cod. Astr. 7, 241).

    *COMP As a first member in xAadapdpvyyoc 'kind of peewit' (Ael, H.),  κλαδαρόμματοι- εὔσειστοι τὰ ὄμματα 'liable to shaking in the eyes (7) (H.).

    *DER Further κλαδάσαι: σεῖσαι, κλαδάει: σείει, κινεῖ 'shakes, moves' (H.);

XXXXXκλαδάσσομαι [v.] 'to rustle, bubble, vel sim', of sweet blood (τέρεν αἷμα) through the members (Emp. 100, 22); but Lobeck 1843: 89° corrects into κλυδάσσομαι; Debrunner IF 21 (1907): 224 assumes influence of tapdcow.

    *ETYM For the suffix, compare other expressions for 'invalid, weak', like πλαδαρός,  wagapdc, χαλαρός, λαπαρός (Chantraine 1933: 227); κλαδαρός to κλαδάω is like  πλαδαρός to πλαδάω, χαλαρός to χαλάω, etc. Ultimately, it might be related to  ▶︎ κλάδος, as well as to ▶︎ κραδάω. The gloss κράδαλοι: κλάδοι 'branches' (H.) then  suggests that these words are Pre-Greek, with interchange p/ λ.

XXXXXκλάδος [m.] 'branch, twig, sprout' (IA, Arist., Thphr.).

    *VAR Also a few cases of monosyllabic κλαδ- in κλαδ-ί, κλάδ-α, -ac, and of an s-stem  in κλάδεσι, -έεσσι, -éwv (perhaps after δένδρεσι).

    *COMP ὀλιγό-κλαδος (Thphr.), κλαδο-τομέω (pap.).

    *DER Diminutives κλάδιον (Lib. pap.) and κλαδίσκος (Gal.); κλαδεών (Orph.),  κλαδών (H.) = κλάδος; κλαδώδης full of branches' (sch., Eust.), κλάδινος = rameus  (gloss.). Denominative κλαδεύω [v.] 'to cut off branches, clip' (Artem. -éw Arr.),  whence κλάδευσις (Aq, Sm., Gp.), kAadeia (Gp.) 'cutting off branches, clipping',

===Pag_756: Beekes_Página_0756.tiff=== XXXXXκλαμαράν 709

XXXXXκλαδευτήρια [pl.] 'pruned leaves' (gloss.), κλαδευτής 'pruner' (gloss.), κλαδευτήριον, τὰ 'pruning knife, pruning festival (H.).

    *ETYM Connection with *kelh,- 'to hit, cut off (see ▶︎ kAdw) cannot explain the Greek  form, which presupposes a root *k/id-. Connection with the Germanic word for  'wood', ON OE holt [n.], etc., to which also belongs the Slav. group of CS klada, Ru. koléda 'log, block of wood', suggests itself. However, it may be accidental that all  forms can be derived from *k/do-, since κλάδος can also be connected within Greek  with ▶︎ κραδάω, which points to an interchange p/ λ and therefore to substrate origin. Kuiper 1956: 121f connected κλάδος with ▶︎ κλών, κλῶναξ, with nasalization  (replacement of a stop by the nasal of that series) of the δ; cf. κλῶναξ- κλάδος (H.). Lat. cladés 'destruction, etc.' requires *klh,-d'eh, and is therefore unrelated. Independent of κλάδος is the 5-formation of ▶︎ κλαδαρός 'invalid'; further, καλαδία'  ἑυκάνη 'plane' (H; LSJ and Frisk s.v. give ῥυκάνη 'plane-tree', but this lemma does  not exist), with different ablaut grade.

XXXXXκλάζω 'to sound'. = κλαγγή.

XXXXXκλαίω [v.] 'to lament, bewail, weep over' (IL). <1E?, PG? *klau- 'weep'>

    *VAR  Att. also κλᾶω, aor. κλαῦσαι (IL), pass. κλαυ(σ)θῆναι (γε, J.), fut. κλαύσομαι  CL), κλαύσω (Theoc.), κλα(ι)ήσω (Att; cf. Chantraine BSL 28 (1927-1928): 15),  perhaps also κλαυσούμεθα (Ar. Pax 1081; cf. Schwyzer: 786), perf. κέκλαυμαι (A., S.),  -σμαι (Lyl., Plu.), fut. κεκλαύσομαι (Ar.).

    *COMP Rarely with prefixes, e.g. μετα- ovv-.

    *DER 1. κλαυθμός 'weeping' (Il.), with several derivatives: κλαυθμώδης 'broken as if  by weeping' (Hp.), κλαυθμηρός 'weeping' (sch.), κλαυθμών 'place for weeping'  (LXX); κλαυθμυρίζομαι, -ίζω [v.] 'to moan' (Hp., [Ρ].] Ax.), a cross of κλαυθμός and  μύρομαι, with suffixation after the verbs in -ίζομαι (cf. Schwyzer: 644), to which  κλαυθμυρισμός (Is. Plu.). 2. κλαύματα [n.pl.] 'moaning, lamenting' (Att.),  κλαύσματα (Porph.). 3. κλαυμοναί [f.pl.] 'id' (Pl. Lg. 792a; acc. to Stob. κλαυθμοναΐ),  cf. πημοναί. 4. κλαῦσις 'weeping' (Hell.), whence κλαυσιάω [v.] 'to long to weep' (Ar. Pl. 1099), κλαυσί-γελως [m.] 'weeping combined with laughing' (X.). 5. κλαυστήρ  'crier' (Man.) and κλαυστικός (Apoll. Lex.); κλαυ(σ)τός (A. S.). Highly uncertain is  the present κλαύθονται (PTeb. 3, 7; epigram), perhaps an ad-hoc poetic formation,  cf. Schwyzer 703.

    *ETYM The present derives from *«Adf-tw, as is obvious from κλαύ-σομαι, KAav-  θμός, etc. Alb. klan, gan 'to weep' from *klau-n-i6, with a combination of nasal and  yod-suffix, is the only comparison that suggests itself; cf. Mann Lang. 26 (1950): 381. If the word is IE, we may mechanically reconstruct *kleh,u-. However, since there is  no further connection with any IE language, the word could be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκλαμαράν [acc.sg.f.]? - πλαδαράν, ἀσθενῆ 'weak, feeble' (H.).

    *VAR Also κλαμαραί as av.l. for κλαδαραί (AP 9, 322).

    *ETYM Belonging to the same semantic group as ▶︎ KAadapdc, κλαμαρός has the  appearance of an expressive innovation. The comparison with Skt. klamyati 'to get  tired' and other words mentioned in Pok. 602f. is not very attractive.

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XXXXXκλαμβός [adj.] 'cocked, cropped' (of ὦτα, Hippiatr.).

    *ETYM Formation like κολοβός 'id.', σκαμβός 'crooked', etc. (Chantraine 1933: 261). The similarity with Lith. klumbas 'limping, stumbling' (to klubti 'to stumble'), OE  lempi-healt 'limping', which Specht 1944: 130f. connected wih κλαμβός, is probably  accidental. The word is typically Pre-Greek; cf. on ▶︎ σκαμβός.

XXXXXκλαμυστῆσαι [v.] - βοῆσαι, καλέσαι 'to cry aloud, call' (H.).

    *ETYM The formation in -vo-téw could be denominative from -votdéc, ppp. to  "κλαμύζω, which would be formed like κελαρύζω, γογγύζω, etc. This form was  connected with Lat. clamare 'to call loudly, cry', OHG hlamén 'to rustle', but this is  not possible since the Greek a is short. The word looks rather Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκλανίον [n.] 'bracelet' (pap. imperial period). evaAR Also κλάνιον, κλάλιον (after wéAtov? rejected by Fur. 131%); κλανία' ψέλια βραχιόνων 'bracelets for the arms', also kAapa: ψέλια 'armlets or anklets' (H.), probably by dissimilation. Cf. yAaviav περιβολαί 'garment' (Fur. 131 objects that this word belongs rather to yAavic) and yAavitidec οἱ ὅρμοι παρθένων 'maidens' necklaces' (H.).

    *ETYM Connection with ▶︎ κλάω seems improbable, in spite of κλαστός 'frizzly head',  ἐγκλαστρίδια 'earring'. The forms with χ- have been explained away by assuming  association with yAavic 'upper garment', but see Fur. 131, who argues that yAavitidec  cannot be explained in any such way. The variation between voiceless and aspirate  shows the Pre-Greek origin of the word. Fur. 388 further compares mAavic: τὸ τῆς  νύμφης χρυσοῦν διάδημα 'golden headband of the bride' (H.).

XXXXXκλάπαι [f.pl.] 'wooden shoes' (Ὁ. C. 77, 4, Suid.); also euphemistically 'stick', as a means of punishment (sch., Tz.). <?>

    *VAR Also -ot [m.pl.].

    *ETYM No etymology. Perhaps sound-symbolic, after the clattering?

XXXXXκλάω [v.] 'to break (offy (I).

    *VAR ἐνι-κλᾶν, κατ-έκλων (IL), aor. κλάσ(σλαι, pass. κλασθῆναι (1].), athem. pte. ἀπο-κλᾶς (Anacr. 17), fut. kAdow, perf. pass. κέκλασμαι (IA).

    *COMP Often with prefix, e.g. dva-, κατα-, περι-, OUV-.

    *DER κλάσις 'breaking' (IA), κλάσμα 'broken piece' (Att.) with kAaopatiov (Delos  113), ἀνα-κλασμός 'bending back' (Heliod.), κλάστης: ἀμπελουργός 'vine-dresser'  (H.), also ὀστο-κλάστης (Cyran.), etc., κλαστήριον 'knife for clipping the vine'  (Delos II*); secondarily κλαστάζω [v.] 'to clip the vine', metaph. 'to chastize' (Ar. Eq. 166). On ▶︎ κλών, κλωνός [m.] 'sprout (Att.), see s.v5 on κλῶμαξ, ἀπόκλωμα see  below. With different ablaut grade: ▶︎ κλῆμα 'twig, tendril of the vine', ▶︎ κλῆρος  (κλᾶρος) 'lot', ▶︎ κλῶμαξ 'heap of stones', ἀπόκλωμα. ἀπολογία ἐπὶ τὸ χεῖρον 'defense  on behalf of an inferior' (H.). Very doubtful is the appurtenance of Κλαζομεναί TN  (Anatolia), which acc. to Fraenkel KZ 42 (1909): 256; Fraenkel KZ 43 (a9i0): 216  would be a 'place where the waves break' (just fantasy).

    *ETYM The verbal system is based on *kla(s)- and may be the result of analogical  developments. There is an JE root *kelh,- 'to hit, strike' (LIV? s.v.), to which belong

===Pag_758: Beekes_Página_0758.tiff=== XXXXXκλείς 711 Lith. kdlti, isg. kal 'to beat', Latv. Καὶ! 'id.', OCS klati, sg. koljg 'to kill', Ru. kolét' 'to prick, stab', which point to Proto-BSl. kolH-, as well as Lat. -cellé 'to hit' < -k(e)I-n- h,- (De Vaan 2008 s.v.). LIV? states that ἀποκλάς may have been built on the generalized stem kla- and replaced older athematic kalant- < klh,-ent- (cf. tadavt-), but there are no indications for this within Greek, so it should be rejected. It is unclear how we can derive any of the above forms from a root kelh.-. Chantraine 1942: 354 considers the present kAdw to be secondary as opposed to the aorist κλάσαι. The passive aorist κλασθῆναι seems to suggest a root *klad- (Schwyzer: 761), but analogical extension of the aorist stem κλασ- is more likely (Chantraine 1942: 404f.). Since there is no good etymology, the verb may well be Pre-Greek. See ▶︎ κλαδαρός, ▶︎ κλάδος, ▶︎ κόλος, κλεινός 'famous'. > κλέος.

XXXXXκλείς [f.] 'bar, bolt' (secondarily 'rowing bench', Leumann 1950: 209), 'hook, key, collar bone' (Att.).

    *VAR Gen. κλειδός, acc. κλεῖν (late κλεῖδα), older κλῇς, κλῃδός, κλῇδα (on the  notation Schwyzer: 201f.), epic Ion. κληΐς, -ἴῖδος, -t6a, Dor. κλᾶϊς, -i50¢ beside -ίδος  (Simon., Pi; perhaps Aeol., cf. Schwyzer: 465); also KAGE (Theoc.), gen. κλαικος, acc. -ka (Epid., Mess.).

    *DIAL Myc. ka-ra-wi-po-ro /klawi-p*oros/.

    *COMP κλειδ-οῦχος (or κλῃδ-)} [m., f.] 'key-holder' (inscr.), κατα-κλείς, -κληΐς 'lock,  case, quiver (Att.), from κατα-κλείω.

    *DER Diminutives κλειδίον (Ar. Arist.); κλειδᾶς [m.] 'locksmith' (pap., inscr.,  imperial period); late denominative κλειδόω (Smyrna, pap.), whence κλείδωσις  (sch.), τωμα (Suid.). Old denominative κλείω [v.] 'to shut, block' (often with prefix, especially ano-,  κατα-, ovv-), OAtt. κλήω, Ion. KAniw (Hdt.), late κλήζω (Hymn. Is, AP), Theoc. κλάζω, aor. epic Ion. κληῖσαι, κληΐσσαι (Od.), OAtt. κλῇσαι, Att. κλεῖσαι, pass. κληϊσθῆναι (lon.), κλῃσθῆναι, κλεισθῆναι (Att), κλᾳσθῆναι (Theoc.), fut. κλήσω  (Th.), κλείσω, perf. κέκλῃκα (Ar.), κέκλεικα (Hell.), med. κέκλῃμαι (-ἠϊμαι),  κέκλειμαι, Dor. κέκλᾳανται (Epich.); after this Dor. aor. κλαΐξαι, κλᾷξαι, pass. κλαιχθείς, fut. κλαξῶ (Theoc., Rhod.), backformed present ποτι-κλάγω (Heracl.). Thence κλήϊθρον, κλῇθρον, κλεῖθρον, KAGOpov 'lock, block' (IA, h. Merc. 146, Dor.),  κλειθρίον (Hero), κλειθρία 'keyhole' (Luc.), κλάϊστρον (Pi.), κλεῖστρον (Luc.) 'lock',  κλῇσις, κλεῖσις (Th., Aen. Tact.), κλεῖσμα, κλεισμός (Hell.); also ἀπόκλῃσις, etc. from  ἀπο-κλείω, etc; verbal adj. κληϊστός, κλῃστός, κλειστός (epic IA), κλαικτός  (κλᾳκτός) 'what can be locked' (Argiv., Mess.). On κλεισίον see & κλίνω.

    *ETYM IA kAn(f)t-6- and Dor. kAa(f)i-K- are enlargements of an t-stem that is still  found in denominative kAntw. Att. κλεῖν can be explained as analogical to κλείς <  κλής (after ναῦς: ναῦν, etc.). A corresponding formation is found in Lat. clavus 'nail,  pin', next to clavis 'key, block', with the same meaning as the derivation kAnic. The  Latin forms presuppose an old root noun *kleh,u-, while Greek made an i-stem  *kleh,u-iH-, just as κνημῖ-δ- is based on κνήμη, and χειρῖ-δ- on χείρ (cf. Chantraine  1933: 346f.). Further, there is a Celtic group, perhaps borrowed from Latin, or simply

===Pag_759: Beekes_Página_0759.tiff===

inherited (which is equally possible): Olr. clé, plur. οἰόϊ 'nail', MW clo [m.] 'lock, bolt', Slavic has a number of words pointing to kleu-, which has to replace klaHu- OCS kljuce 'key', SCr. kijtika 'hook, key, clamp', etc. The original meaning of the word was probably 'nail, pin, hook', instruments that were traditionally used for locking doors. κλεισίον 'hut, shed'. = κλίνω.

XXXXXκλειτορίς, -ίδος [f.] 'clitoris' (Ruf. H., Suid.). «1Ὲὲ *klei-'lean'>

    *DER κλειτοριάζω [v.] 'to touch the clitoris' (id.).

    *ETYM A medical term, formed like ἀλεκτορίς from ἀλέκτωρ, ἀκεστορίς from  ἀκέστωρ, etc. We may assume an original meaning 'small hill', from *kAeitwp 'hill  (known as the name of an Arcadian town), a verbal noun from ▶︎ κλίνω 'to lean,  incline'. For the semantics, cf. κλειτύς 'slope, hill', Lat. clivus 'hill'. See GroSelj Ziva  Ant. 3 (1953): 201; also, Schwyzer: 531' and Benveniste 1948: 34.

XXXXXκλειτός 'famous'. > κλύω.

XXXXXκλείω 1 'to celebrate'. = κλέος.

XXXXXκλείω 2 'to lock'. = κλείς.

XXXXXκλεμμύς, -bos [f.] 'turtle' (Ant. Lib. 32, 2, H.).

    *ETYM The formation is similar to that of synonymous χέλυς, éu0c. Probably a  foreign word; speculations in Frisk about folk-etymological adaptation to κλέμμα,  κλέπτω 'to conceal', because turtles can hide their body under their shell. Acc. to  Giintert 1914: 144, it is a cross of ἐμύς and unattested *xAwydc, which would  correspond to Skt. kirmd- 'turtle', with -μμ- from κλέμμα. This is too far-fetched. Fur. 131 compares κρέμυς 'a fish with a hard head' and χρέμυς: ὁ ὀνίσκος ἰχθύς 'kind  of gadus or cod' (H.); these variants confirm that the word is Pre-Greek. On  geminates in substrate words, see Fur.: 387, where this word can be added.

XXXXXκλέος [n.] 'rumour, fame, renown, reputation' (I1.). <1£ *kleu-s- 'word, fame'>

    *VAR Phaoc. κλέρος.

    *COMP Especially in PNs, e.g. Κλεο-μένης (shortname Κλέομ(μλις), with transition to  the o-stems, beside Κλει-σθένης (from *KAefeo- or ἸΚλερι-σθένης), Τιμο-κλέξης  (Cypr.), etc; see Fick & Bechtel 1894: 162ff., Bechtel 1917b: 238ff; on -κλέας for  -κλέης in Thess., etc. see Kretschmer Glotta 26 (1938): 37.

    *DER Adjective κλεινός, Aeol. κλέεννος (< ἔκλερεσ-νός) 'famous' (Sol. Pi.), with PN  Κλεινίας, etc. Enlargement after the nouns in -(η)δών (cf. Schwyzer: σοί,  Chantraine 1933: 361): κλεηδών, -όνος [f.] (Od), κληηδών (6 312; metrical  lengthening), κληδών (Hdt. trag.) 'fame, (divine) pronouncement', by contraction  or adaptation to κλήζω, κικλήσκω; thence κληδόνιος (sch. Eust.), κληδονίζομαι, -ίζω  [v.] (LXX), -ἰσμα, -ἰσμός. Denominative verbs: 1. κλείω (IL), κλέω (B., trag. [lyr.]) [v.] 'to celebrate, praise,  proclaim', Hell. also 'to call (after κλήζω, see below), κλέομαι 'to enjoy fame, be  celebrated' (Q 202), Hell. also 'to be called'; mostly derived from *kAgpeo-lw >  *«he(p)éw, whence κλείω, kAéw by hyphaeresis; but see Frisk GHA 56 : 3 (1950): 3ff.,

===Pag_760: Beekes_Página_0760.tiff===

discussing the possibility that κλέω (whence, only in epic poetry, κλείω by metrical « lengthening) is a back-formation of κλέος after ψεύδω : ψεῦδος. Alternatively, κλέω, κλέομαι would be an old primary formation kleu-e/o-, see Chantraine 1942: 346° and DELG. From κλείω, xAéw as an agent noun: Κλειώ, KAew, -οὖς [f] 'she who gives fame', name of one of the Muses (Hdt, Pi.). 2. κλεΐζω [v.] (Pi.) 'to celebrate, praise, proclaim', also 'to call (after κικλήσκω, καλέω; thence the notation KAn-), also εὐκλεΐίζω from εὐκλεής (Sapph., Tyrt.); forms: κληΐζω (Hp. Hell.), κλήζω (Ar.), aor. κλεῖξαι or κληΐσαι, κλῇσαι, κλεῖσαι, fut. κλείξω, κληΐσω, κλήσω, etc; probably from a basis xAefeo-iCw with hyphaeresis.

    *ETYM Old s-stem of the root *kleu- 'hear', found in several languages: Skt. srdvas-  [n.] 'fame' (κλέος ἄφθιτον: dksiti Srdvah), Av. srauuah- [n.] 'word', OCS slovo [n.]  'word'; also, Olr. cltt and ToA (fiom)-klyu, ToB (fiem)-kdlywe 'fame', Ilyr. PN Ves-  cleves (= Skt. vdsu-Sravas- 'having good fame'; cf. Εὐ-κλῆς). The denominative  κλε(ίχυ, if from *kAefeo-1w, corresponds to Skt. sravasydti 'to praise', and may  therefore be old. Further forms s.v. > κλύω.

XXXXXκλέπας [adj.] - νοτερόν, πηλῶδες, ἢ δασύ, ἢ ὑγρόν 'moist, muddy or clayey, bushy, wet? (H.). <?>

    *VAR κλέπος: ὑψηλόν, νοτερόν, δασύ 'high, moist, bushy' (H.).

    *ETYM The meaning νοτερόν suggests connection with Olr. cluain 'meadow' and the  Baltic group of Lith. slapti 'to become wet'. Acc. to Matasovié 2008, PIE *klopni-  would have regularly given ΡΟ]. *klowni-. Still, the formation of the Greek gloss does  not match that of the proposed cognates, which makes the etymology uncertain.

XXXXXκλέπτω [v.] 'to steal, conceal, do secretly, cheat, deceive' (II.). «1ὲ *klep- 'steal'>

    *VAR Aor. κλέψαι (IL), pass. κλεφθῆναι (Hdt., E.), κλαπῆναι (Th., Pl.), pte. κλεπείς  (pap. ΠΡ). fut. κλέψω (h. Merc.), perf. κέκλοφα (Att.), pte. κεκλεβώς (Andania 1", but  cf. Schwyzer: 722), med. κέκλεμμαι (S.), κέκλαμμαι (Ar.).

    *COMP Also with prefixes like ἀπο-, éx-, δια-, ὑπο-. As a second member in βοῦ-κλεψ  (S. fr. 318), as a first member in governing compounds, e.g. κλεψί-φρων 'guileful' (of  Hermes, h. Merc.); from κλέψαι, cf. Knecht 1946: 38, Zumbach 1955: 21; on  > κλεψύδρα s.v.

    *DER A. With €-vocalism: κλέπος [n.] 'theft' (Sol. apud Poll. 8, 34). 2. κλέμμα 'theft,  deceit, ruse of war' (Att.), κλεμμάδιος 'stolen' (Ρ].), after ἀμφάδιος, κρυπτάδιος, see  Chantraine 1933: 39. 3. KAenia: κλοπή 'theft' (Phot.). 4. κλέπτης [m.] 'thief (11),  superl. KAentiotatog (Ar.), see Leumann Mus. Helv. 2 (1945): 10ff. Diminutive  κλεπτίσκος (Eup.), -τάριον (Charis.), jocular patronymic κλεπτίδης (Pherecr.); fem. κλέπτις (Alciphr.), κλέπτρια (Sotad. Com.), formally from κλεπτήρ, see Fraenkel  1910: 75; κλεπτικός [adj.] 'thievish' (PL, Luc.); κλεπτο-σύνη 'thievishness' (τ 396,  Man.). 5. κλεπτήρ 'thief (Man.). 6. κλέπιμος 'smuggled' (pap. III*), hardly to the rare  word κλέπος, as per Arbenz 1933: 100, but rather from κλόπιμος with € from κλέπτω;  7. κλεψιμαῖος 'acquired by theft' (LXX), a juridical term. B. With o-vocalsim: 1. κλοπή 'theft, secret act' (trag., Att.), κλοπαῖος 'acquired by  theft' (Att.), κλόπιμος 'id., thievish' (Ps.-Phoc.), -ἰμαῖος = κλεψιμαῖος (Luc. Ant. Lib.), see above; κλοπικός 'thievish' (of Hermes, Pl. Cra. 407e; cf. Chantraine 1956a:

===Pag_761: Beekes_Página_0761.tiff===

); ἐπί-κλοπος 'deceitful (IL), ἐπικλοπίη (Nonn.); Ἐπικλόπειος epithet of Zeus (H.); on ὑπό-κλοπος see below. 2. κλοπός 'thief (ἢ. Merc. 276, Opp.), κλόπιος 'deceitful, thievish' (v 295, AP, API). 3. κλοπεύς 'thief, secret author' (S.), κλοπεύω [v.] 'to plunder' (App.), κλοπεία (Str, v.l. -w-), -eiov 'stolen good' (Max.). 4. iterative present ὑπο-κλοπέοιτο 'to hide' (x 382), cf. ὑπο-κλέπτειν (Pi), ὑπό-κλοπος 'deceitful, false' (B.) and Schwyzer 1950: 524. C. With w-vocalism 1. κλώψ 'thief (Hdt., E., X.), whence κλωπικός 'secretly' (E. Rh. 205 and 512), see Chantraine 1956a: 119, κλωπήϊος 'id' (A. R., Max.), κλωπεύω [v.] (X., Luc.), -eia (Att.); 2. iterative present κλωπάομαι = κλέπτομαι (H.).

    *ETYM Not related to ▶︎ καλύπτω. The s-aorist κλέψαι is paralleled by Lat. clepsi, but  κλέπτω is probably recent for an older thematic root present found in Lat. clepd, Go. hlifan 'to steal', although a pre-form *klép-ie/o- is also presupposed by the ToB subj. kélyp- 'to steal (acc. to Adams 1999 s.v.). Isolated nominal derivatives may have  been preserved in MIr. cluain 'deceit, flattery' < *klop-ni- and Slavic, e.g. CS po-klopo  'cover', za-kle po 'closure'. With a different anlaut, there is Lith. slépti 'to conceal', isg. slepiu, perhaps from *skl-, or alternatively influenced by other words with s/-; the  root was preserved in Baltic, as shown by OPr. au-klipts 'concealed'. It is possible  that *klep- 'to steal' is a special development in the Western languages of a root  *klep- that is probably found in ToB klep- 'to grab, touch with the hand' and kélp- 'to  get, obtain'; see Adams KZ 102 (1989): 242-3.

XXXXXκλεψύδρα [f.] 'water clock', constructed like a sandglass (IA). < GR>

    *VAR Ion. -p1}.

    *ETYM A governing compound from κλέψαι (κλεψι-) and ὕδωρ, with zero grade of  the second member (as in ἄνυδρος, etc.) and derivation in -a (on which see  Schwyzer: 452).

XXXXXκλέω 'to celebrate, call'. + κλέος.

XXXXXκληδών 'fame, call'. = κλέος. «An Opa [f.] 'alder, Alnus glutinosa' (Od., Thphr.). <?>

    *VAR Ion. -pn.

    *DER κλήθρινος 'of alder' (Ath. Mech.).

    *ETYM It has been connected with MoHG (dial.) lutter, ludere, ludern 'Alpine alder,  Betula nana', as if from QUE *klad'ra-. Cf. Schrader-Nehring 1917(1): 259, who  comments on other IE names of the alder. Unclear.

XXXXXκληΐζω 1 'to lock'.

    *VAR KAR w. = κλείς.

XXXXXκληΐζω 2 'to celebrate, call'.

    *VAR κλήζω. = κλέος.

XXXXXκλῆμα [n.] 'twig, sprout, tendril (of the vineyY (IA); also as a plant name 'Polygonum aviculare' (Dsc.), see Stromberg 1937: 184). «ΡΟ»

    *VAR Aeol. κλᾶμμα (Alc.), with geminate μ, see Hamm 1957: 5730). Inscr. κΚλαμα [n.]  'fragment, κλάσμα᾽ (Aigina V*), rather kAGua than κλάμα.

    *DER κληματίς, -ίδος [f.] 'twig of the vine, faggot' (IA), also name of several plants,  like 'Clematis vitalba' (Dsc.); κληματῖτις [f] plant name (Dsc.); κλημάτινος

===Pag_762: Beekes_Página_0762.tiff=== XXXXXκλίβανος 7ις 'consisting of (vine-)twigs' (Thgn.), κληματόεις 14. (Nic), κληματώδης 'full of twigs, like vine-branches' (Dsc., Gal.), κληματικός 'belonging to a vine-branch' (gloss.). Denominative verbs: κληματόομαι [v.] 'sprouting' (5., Thphr.), κληματίζω [v.] 'to clip vines' (LXX).

    *ETYM Connected with ▶︎ κλάω, but the meaning 'break' does not fit a sprout. For  κλάω, we do not find evidence for a long a, and must conclude that this verb is  rather of Pre-Greek origin. The form κλάσμα may rather belong to κλάω. Cf. on  ▶︎ κλῆρος.

XXXXXκλῆρος [m.] 'lot, allotment, inheritance, piece of ground' (Il.), (Christian) clergy Qust.). 'ΝΑΙ Dor. κλᾶρος.

    *COMP κληρο-νόμος 'heir' (IA; Dor. also κλᾶρο-), whence -νομέω, -νομία, -νομικός,  etc; d-KAnpos 'without lot, without inheritance, poor' (A 490); but vat-KAnpos,  -κλᾶρος arose by dissimilation from ναύὐκρᾶρος (s.v. ▶︎ ναύκληρος). One also derived  ὁλό-κληρος 'complete' (IA) from ὁλό-κρᾶρος (Debrunner Phil. 95 (1943): 174,  but it was rather derived from the present entry, see den Boer Mnem. 3:13: 1436.

    *DER Diminutives KAnpiov (AP, pap.), Dor. κλᾶρίον 'notes for debt' (Plu. Agis 13);

XXXXXκληρικός [adj.] 'belonging to the κλῆρος᾽ (Vett. Val.); denominative verb κληρόω,

XXXXXκλᾶρόω [v.] 'to cast lots, choose by lot', med. 'to draw lots, obtain by lot' (IA, Dor.), whence κλήρωσις 'election by lot', κληρωτήριον 'urn for casting lots, room for voting', κληρωτός 'who is elected by lot' (1A).

    *ETYM Originallly a shard of stone or a piece of wood that was used as a lot. Formally  identical with a Celtic word for 'plank, etc': Olr. clér, OW claur; also, as an  expression of the cartwright Bret. Kleur 'pitch-fork of a wagon'. However, the  relationship is doubtful for semantic reasons. The word is usually connected with  > κλάω 'to break off, with the same ablaut grade as in ▶︎ κλῆμα, but see doubts s.v.

XXXXXκλῆσις 'call'.

    *VAR κλητήρ, κλήτωρ 'herald, witness', etc. > καλέω.

XXXXXκλίβανος [m.] 'baker's oven', properly an earthenware or iron pot, less wide on top and provided with air holes, in which bread was baked; metaph. of comparable objects, eg. 'pot for drawing water, rock hole, etc.' (Hdt. Epich., LXX, pap. NT).

    *VAR  Also κρίβανος [m.] (com.), κρίβανον [n.] (Str., Ael.), probably with A > p, see  Schwyzer: 259.

    *DER Mostly from κλιβ-: κλιβάνιος, -ἰκός 'of the baker's oven' (pap.), -tov 'oven for  baking' (pap.), -ίτης (ἄρτος) 'bread baked in a κ᾿ (com.), KpiBavwtdc '(bread) baked  in an over' (Alcm. 20, Ar.), κριβάνας: πλακοῦντάς τινας 'flat cakes' (H.); κλιβανεύς  'baker', -eiov 'bakery' (pap.). Hypostasis ἐπικλιβάνιος (Bed) 'ruling over the oven'  (Carneades). κλιβανάριος (IV") is from Lat. clibandrius (thus Frisk; short i acc. to  DELG) 'armored knight', and may derive from the soldiers' language, or perhaps it is  after Aram. tanir 'oven, armor', cf. Schwyzer: 39. Acc. to Rundgren Orientalia  Suecana 6 (1957): 49f. the Latin word has nothing to do with the Greek group, but  derives from MP griban 'coat of arms' (comparing griva-pana- 'neck-protector').

===Pag_763: Beekes_Página_0763.tiff===

    *ETYM A technical loan in -ανος (see Chantraine 1933: 200 and Schwyzer: 489f.), of  unknown origin. Unconvincing proposals: Walde i910 s.v. libum suggested  connection with the Germanic word for 'loaf of bread', Go. hlaifs, etc. as a loan from  the north; Lewy 1895: 105f. proposed Semitic origin. It is unknown whether p or A is  original; Fur.: 387 lists the words among examples of the interchange of p and A in  Pre-Greek words. Substrate origin is probable.

XXXXXκλίνω [v.] 'to bend, incline, lean on, sink' (IL). «1Ὲ *klei- 'lean'>

    *VAR Aor. κλῖναι (IL), pass. κλιθῆναι (Od.), κλινθῆναι (11); see Chantraine 1942:  404", Schwyzer: 761; also κλινῆναι (Att.), probably for *kAt-fivai, see Schwyzer 760;  fut. kAiv@ (Att.), perf. med. κέκλίμαι (I1.), to which act. κέκλίκα (Plb.).

    *DIAL Myc. ki-ri-ta-de, /klitas-de/ [acc.pl.], ki-ri-ta-i /klita"i/ (dat.-loc.pl.], see Meier-  Brtigger Glotta 68 (1990): 167.

    *COMP Very frequent with prefix, e.g. ava-, kata-, παρα-, Ev-, ἀπο-.

    *DER 1. From the root with suffix -6-: ▶︎ δικλίδες [f.] 'two-winged [doors]', ἐγκλίς: ἡ  καγκελλωτὴ θύρα 'railed door' (EM); napa-, ἐγ-κλιδόν 'turning aside, inclining'  (Od.). 2. From a prefixed present, with ending after the s-stems (Schwyzer: 513):  Kata-, ἐπι-, ἀπο-, ἐκ-, συγ-κλινής, etc. 'bending downwards, slanting, etc.' (Hp., A.),  to which ἐπικλίν-εια (Heliol. Med.), συγκλιν-ίαι [pl.] (Plu.). 3. Compounds with  suffix -τη-: mapa-, συγ-κλί-της 'who lies beside or together [at the table]' (ζ. Plu.),  ἐπι-κλίν-της 'moving to the side' (Arist.). 4. kAertic (also κλιτύς after κλίνω), -ὕος  [f.] 'slope, hill' (Il.), on the notation see Schwyzer: 5067). 5. κλεῖτος [n.] (A. R. 1, 599), κλίτος [n.] (Lyc., LXX, AP) 'slope, side'. 6. κλίσις, mostly in prefixed compounds, e.g. ἀνά-, κατά-, ἀπό-κλισις 'leaning back, etc.' (IA). 7. κλίμα [n.] 'inclination, slope,  quarter, land' (with Hell. i for et, see Schwyzer: 523), also ἔγκλι-μα, etc. (Arist.);  thence κλιματίας 'inclining' (Heraclit, Amm. Marc.), κλιματικός 'belonging to a  given compass point' (Vett. Val.). 8. κλῖμαξ, -ακος [f.] 'staircase, ladder, climax, etc'  (Od.), whence κλιμάκιον (IA), -ἰς (Att. inscr, Hell.), κλιμακίσκοι- πάλαισμα ποιόν 'a  kind of grip in wrestling (H.); κλιμακίζω [v.] 'to use the grip called κλῖμαξ in  fighting', metaph. 'to bring down' (Att.); κλιμακωτός (Plb.), -ώδης (Str.) 'like a  stairway; also κλιμακ-τήρ 'rung of a ladder' (IA), 'critical point of a man's life'  (Varro), to which κλιμακτηρικός, -τηρίζω (Gell. Vett. Val.); on the formation of  κλῖμαξ (with i from κλίνω analogical for "κλεῖ-μα) Rodriguez Adrados Emerita 16  (1948): 133ff; on κλιμακτήρ Chantraine 1933: 327f. 9. κλισμός 'armchair' (IL, Ion. poet.), whence κλισμίον, -άκιον (inscr., Call.), 'inclination, slope' (Arist.). 10. ἀνά-  κλιθρον 'back of a chair' (Ptol.). 1. κλίτα: στοαί 'roofed colonnade, storehouse',  κλίταν (καὶ τάν cod.) στοάν (H.), originally 'leaning'; thence κλισία, Ion. -in 'pile  dwelling, barracks, chapel; armchair, resting place, tomb' (II.), κλίσιον 'annex, stoa'  (w 208, Delos III*), 'annex, shed, chapel' (Lys., Paus.); often written κλεισίον (inscr.),  also κλεισία [f.] 'tavern' (epic), perhaps by adaptation to κλείω 'to lock'; thence  κλεισιάδες (θύραν) 'doors of the KA(e)oia, of the κλ(ελισίον᾽ (Hdt., Ph., Ὁ. H., Plu.);  details on κλισίη in Frisk Eranos 41 (1943): soff., Scheller 1951: 61. 12. (éy-,  ἐκ- κλιτικός 'inflecting, etc' (gramm.); to (éy-, ἔκ-)κλισις, From the present: 13. κλίνη 'layer, bed, litter' (IA), cf. Chantraine 1933: 192, whence KAtvic, -ίδιον, -iov,  -dpiov (com.), κλίνειος 'belonging to a κλίνιγ (D.), τἦρης 'censorius' (Ph., 1.} as a

===Pag_764: Beekes_Página_0764.tiff=== XXXXXκλόνος 717 second member in σύγ-κλινος 'bedfellow' (Men.). 14. κλιντήρ, -ῆρος [m.] 4. (Od.), whence κλιντήριον, -idtov, -ίσκος (Ar.), ἀνακλιν-τήρ 'neighbour at table' (Ps.- Callisth.); παρακλίν-τωρ 'id? (AP); ava-, ἐπί-κλιν-τρον 'back of a chair, etc.' (Erot. in Poll., Ar., inscr., etc.).

    *ETYM The yod-present κλίνω < *klin-je/o- (a Greek innovation) goes back to an  older nasal present, which is found in various forms: Lat. clinare 'to bend', Gm., e.g. OS hlinén, OHG hlinén > MoHG lehnen 'to lean', Balt., e.g. Latv. sliet, sg. slienu,  Eastern Lith. slifiti, isg. Slint 'to lean', Av. srinu-, ptc. srita- 'to lean' ( Arm. linim 'to  become, be', given by Frisk, is now derived from *k'el(h,)- 'to turn'). On the question of what the original form of the nasal present was (*kli-n-eH-, *kl-n-  i-, vel sim.), see LIV' s.v. Indo-Iranian and Baltic have a thematic root present, Skt. $rayati = OLith. (also dialectal) slej 'to lean'. The nasal, which was originally only  presentic, conquered the entire inflexion in Latin and Germanic, but did not reach  the perfect in Greek (κέκλιται; cf. Skt. sisriyé). The Greek nominal derivations are  innovations except for the following: the to-ptc. (&)-KAttoc = Skt. Sritd-, Av. srita-  'leaning', κλίσις which is formally equal to Lith. Slitis 'shove-shed', κλίτον, which  matches OHG lit 'cover' and MoE eye-lid. The full grade of κλει-τύς is found, e.g., in  ON hiié [f.] 'slope'.

XXXXXκλοιός [m.] 'collar for dogs, iron collar for prisoners' (com., E. Cyc., X., Babr.).

    *VAR  Also κλῳός (Ar. V. 897, E. Cyc. 235).

    *DER κλοιώτης: ὁ δεσμώτης 'prisoner'; κλοιωτά: δεσμοῖς διειλημμένα 'arrested in  chains' (H.).

    *ETYM Probably from a preform *kléwjé-, but without a good connection. Often  connected to κλεῖς 'key'. Alternatively, the word could be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκλόνις, -ιος [f.] Shaunch' (Antim. 65).

    <IE? *klouni- 'buttocks, hip'>

    *DER κλόνιον: ἰσχίον, ῥάχις, ὀσφύς 'hip-joint, chine, loins' and κλονιστήρ-  παραμήριος μάχαιρα, παρίσχιον 'dagger worn at the hips' (H.), cf. Lat. clinac(w)lum  'cultrum sanguinarium ..., quia ad clunes dependet' (Paul Fest. 50).

    *ETYM The word resembles an old IE word for 'buttock, hip', found in Skt. sréni-,  Lat. cliinis, MW clun, ON hlaun, Lith. Slaunis, all from IE *klouni-. Phonetically,  κλόνις cannot be combined with these forms, but the word may have been folk-  etymologically adapted to κλόνος (sch. A. Pr. 499: ἀφ᾿ οὗ Kal κλόνις ὀνομάζεται διὰ  τὸ ἀεικίνητον, scil. ὀσφύς has been compared). Cf. Schulze 1892: 105" and Schwyzer:  38; doubts in Pok. 608. Different hypotheses in Petersson IF 35 (1915): 269ff. and  Holthausen IF 62 (1956): 157.

XXXXXκλόνος [m.] 'excitement, throng, turmoil (of battley (1].). on the mg. see Triimpy 1950: 157f. «ΡΟ»

    *COMP Rarely in compounds, e.g. d-KAovog 'without excitement, quiet' (Gal.), of the  pulse.

    *DER Denominative κλονέω [v.] 'to excite, urge', pass. 'be pressed, get in excitement'  (1l.), mostly present, also with prefixes like ὑπο-, ovv-, émi-; thence KAdvnoic  'excitement' (Hp.).

===Pag_765: Beekes_Página_0765.tiff===

    *ETYM Mostly derived from κέλομαι, with a formation κλ-όνος that is also assumed  in ▶︎ θρόνος. This explanation is doubtful: words in -ovoc are rare, and the analysis of  θρόνος is also uncertain. Rather a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXκλοπή 'theft', etc. > κλέπτω.

XXXXXκλοτοπεύω [v.] only T 149 together with διατρίβειν; the mg. was uncertain already in antiquity, cf. κλοτοπεύειν: παραλογίζεσθαι, ἀπατᾶν, κλεψιγαμεῖν, στραγγεύεσθαι 'to misreckon, deceive, seek illicit love, loiter' (H.), who further cites κλοτοπευτής: ἐξαλλάκτης, ἀλαζών 'vagrant, charlatan'. < PG(s)>

    *ETYM Kuiper Glotta 21 (1933): 287ff. thought that the word was Pre-Greek, and  compared ἠπερ-οπ-εύω for the suffix *-op-. The suggestion in DELG, that it is a  cross of κλέπτω, κλοπή and τότιος, τοπάζω, is useless.

XXXXXκλύβατις [f.] plant name = ἐλξίνη, 'bindweed, Convulvulus arvensis and Smilax aspera' (Nic., Dsc.). 4 PG(V)>

    *VAR By-form κουλυβάτεια [f.] (Nic.), perhaps for *koAvBateta? See Fur.: 181. Cf. also κολύμβατος [f.] a plant (Gp.) and κολυμβάς, -άδος = στοιβή (Gal. 14, 18).

    *ETYM Fur. 207 further compares κλύμενον (Dsc. 4, 14) with dissimilation B-v > μεν. The inserted -o- may derive from PG ἴα, i.e. a pre-form *k(a)lu(m) p-at-.

XXXXXκλύζω [v.] 'to wash (away), clean', pass. (intr.) 'to wash, surge, drench' (Il.).

    *VAR Iter. ipf. κλύζεσκον (Ψ 61), aor. pass. κλυσθῆναι (Il.), fut. KAvo(o)w (h. Ap. 75,  Pi.), aor. act. κλύσαι (IA), perf. κέκλυκα, κέκλυσμαι (Att).

    *COMP Often with prefix, e.g. éml-, kata-, MEpl-, προσ-.

    *DER κλύσις 'washing' (Hp.), mostly to the prefixed verbs: ἐπίκλυσις, etc. (IA);  κλύσμα (also κατάκλυσμα, etc.) 'liquid by which something is rinsed, clyster', also  'surge, shore' (IA); kAvopdtiov, -ματικός (Hp.); (ἔπι-, kata-, εἰς κλυσμός  'inundation, etc.' (IA); κλυστήρ, -ἦρος [m.] 'clyster-pipe' (Hdt.), whence -τήριον,  -τηρίδιον. Further σύγ-κλυς, -δος 'washed together, thrown together' (Th., Pl.),  κλύδ-α [acc.sg.] 'beating of the waves' (Nic. Al. 170; perhaps an archaizing  innovation), κλύδ-ων, -ωνος [m.] 'undulation, surf, turmoil (μ 421), κλυδώνιον (A.,  E.), κλυδων-ίζομαι [v.] 'to be thrown around by the waves' (LXX, J.), κλυδωνισμός  (Hdn.), ropa (Suid.). Expressive enlargement (éy-, ovy-)kAvdaCopat 'to splash, etc.'  (Hp.), -άττομαι (Ὁ. L.), to which κλυδασμός, (ἐγ)κλύδαξις, ἐγκλυδαστικός (Hp.). Further kA vdaw 'to be soaked, soft, moldable' (Arist.), of σταῖς, πηλός, probably after  φλυδάω.

    *ETYM The present κλύζω is either derived from nominal forms with -ὅ- (κλύδα,  κλύδων), ie. denominative *klud-je/o-, or arose as an independent enlargement in  -Cw, in which case κλύδων, etc. should be analyzed as back-formations (which is the  preferable explanation). Germanic also had an IE enlargement in *-d-, e.g. Go. hlutrs, MoHG lauter < *klid-ro-, but we find forms without -d- in Celtic, Latin, and  Baltic: W clir 'clear, pure' < *klii-ro-, and OLat. cluere 'to purify' (hapax Plin. 15, 119),  clodre 'id' (glossed in Servius, hapax), the reconstruction of which is debated (see  the discussion in De Vaan 2008 on the derivation of clo(u)aca 'subterranean drain,

===Pag_766: Beekes_Página_0766.tiff=== XXXXXκλώζω 719 sewer ). For Lith. Sluoti, isg. shio ju 'to weap, wipe', one would like to reconstruct PIE kloHu-. In Greek, there is no evidence for long 0, which also makes a reconstruction kleHu-, klHu- preferable. Greek would have generalized the zero grade klHu- (which under certain conditions, apparently, did not undergo metathesis to *kluH-).

XXXXXκλύω [v.] 'to hear, understand, obey' (Il), also (with eb, κακῶς) 'to have a (good or bad) reputation' (trag.). «1Ὲ *kleu- 'hear'>

    *VAR Pres. since Hes. Op. 726; aor. ἔκλυον (1].); athem. forms ipv. κλῦθι, -te (Hom.,  Pi., trag.), κέκλυθι, -te (Hom.), also κέκλῦκε (Epich. 190), ptc. κλὕμενος 'famous'  (Antim., Theoc.), PNs Κλύμενος, Κλυμένη (Hom.).

    *COMP Rarely with prefixes ἐπι-, b1t0-.

    *DER κλυτός [m.] (also [f.], see Schwyzer 1950: 325) 'famous' (1].), often as a first  member, eg. κλυτό-τοξος 'with famous bow' (of Apollo), κλυτό-πωλος 'with famous  foals' (of Hades); also Κλυται-μήστρα, -ρη (Il), with second member derived from  μήστωρ, and the first member reshaped after Kpatat-, Παλαι-, etc. (see Schwyzer:  448, Sommer 1948: 147'). With different ablaut κλειτός 'famous' (Hom., Pi.) from  *KAefetdc (see below).

    *ETYM The present κλύω is an innovation of the thematic root aorist ἔκλυον, which  corresponds to Skt. fruvam [aor.]. Both languages innovated this thematic aorist  from an older athematic aorist, which is still seen in Hom. ipv. κλῦθι, -te and pte. κλύμενος. An exact counterpart of κλῦθι (which is always verse-initial and has  metrical lengthening for *«AVO1) is Skt. Srudhi. In Greek, κλῦτε was innovated after  κλῦθι, perhaps for older *kAette = Skt. srdéta. Reduplicated κέκλυθι, -te may be  innovations after τέτλᾶθι, etc. The fo-ptc. κλυτός seems to be an old formation, preserved in several languages, e.g. Skt. Srutd- 'heard', Lat. in-clutus famous', Arm. lu 'known', Olr. cloth [n.] 'fame', PIE  *klu-té- (Gm. words like OHG hat 'loud' and ON hljéd 'hearing, etc.' continue a full  grade formation *kleu-té-). The forms *kAefetdc > κλειτός (cf. Schwyzer: 502) and  the old verbal noun ▶︎ κλέος continue an ablauting full grade *kleu-eto-. The other  languages have various present formations, eg. a nasal present in Skt. srnoti, Av. surunaoiti, ToB kalnem 'to resound'; note the stative in Lat. cluére 'to be called'. Further, Greek has a denominative κλέω 'to celebrate, praise'; see on ▶︎ κλέος.

XXXXXκλωβός [m.] 'bird-cage' (AP, Babr.).

    *VAR Also κλουβός (POxy. 1923, 14 [V-VI?], where mg, uncertain, Tz., gloss.).

    *DER Diminutive κλωβίον (-ov-) 'small cage, twined basket' (Hdn. Epim., pap.).

    *ETYM A Semitic loan; cf. Hebr., Syr. Κα πὸ 'bird-cage'. See Lewy 1895: 129, Grimme  Glotta 14 (1925): 19, and E. Masson 1967: 1084.

XXXXXκλῶδις [m.] - κλέπτης 'thief (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. Latte thinks it could be a mistake for ▶︎ κνώψ.

XXXXXκλώζω [v.] 'to cackle, clack' (D., Alciphr., Poll.).

    *VAR  Only present stem; also kAwoow (Suid. s.v. pwAdc, uncertain, perhaps a back-  formation from kAwyudc, see Debrunner IF 21 (1907): 248).

    *DER κλωγμός (Cratin., X.), also κλωσμός (Ph. 2, 599 beside -y-, Harp.) 'cackling'.

===Pag_767: Beekes_Página_0767.tiff===

, -ομαι

    *ETYM For κλώζω, cf. κλάζω (> κλαγγή) and, on the other hand, ▶︎ κρώζω. Like these,  κλώζω is onomatopoeic.

XXXXXκλώθω, -ομαι [v.] 'to spin' (I].). «ΡΟ»

    *VAR Aor. κλῶσαι, -woao8at (ON 525 and Od.), pass. κλωσθῆναι (PI), κέκλωσμαι  (com., LXX); κλώσκω (H.), cf. Schwyzer: 708.

    *COMP Also with prefix, especially ém-.

    *DER κλῶθες [f.pl.] 'spinsters' (η 197), Κλωθώ [f.] 'the spinster', one of the Moirai  (Hes.); κλωστήρ, -ἦρος [m.] 'yarn, clew, spindle' (Att., Theoc, A. R.), κλωστήριον  'band, yarn' (Ostr. 1525 [1], Suid.); κλωστάς [m.] 'spinner' (Sparta); κλῶσμα 'thread,  clew' (LXX, Nic.), κλῶσις 'id.' (Lyc.), 'spinning' (Corn., M. Ant.).

    *ETYM The supposed connection with ▶︎ κάλαθος 'basket' cannot be supported in any  way. Connection with Lat. colus 'distaff has also been considered (see WH s.v. and  célum). The word is probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκλωκυδά [adv.] - τό καθῆσθαι ἐπ' ἀμφοτέροις ποσίν 'to be placed or seated on both feet' (H.). «νοῦ»

    *ETYM DELG reminds us of ὀκλάζω, but the word can hardly be cognate with this. It  could be Pre-Greek. κλῶμαξ, -ἄκος [m.] 'heap of stones, rock' (Lyc. 653). 4PG(S,V)>

    *DER κλωμακόεσσα 'stony, rocky' (B 729), of wun.

    *ETYM Formation like λίθαξ, βῶλαξ, etc. (see Chantraine 1933: 379). It is usually  connected with κλάω (κλῆμα, KAGpoc) 'to break', by assumption of a verbal noun  Ἰκλῶμος 'crack, split' and comparison with περικεκλασμένος 'lying on uneven, rocky  grund', said of τόποι, πόλεις, οἰκίαι (Plb.). This is unlikely, especially given the by-  forms κρῶμαξ 'id', κρωμακόεις: κρημνώδιης 'precipitous' (H.), κρωμακωτός (Eust. 330, 40; Paphlagonian). Belardi Doxa 3 (1950): 210 connected it to Lat. gritmus 'heap  of earth, hill as a word from the Aegaean substrate (1.6. Pre-Greek). The form with p  could show Pre-Greek variation p/ i as well.

XXXXXκλών, -ωνός [m.] 'sprout' (Att.).

    *DER Diminutives kAwviov, -idtov, -άριον, -ίσκος (Thphr., Hell. inscr., Gp.), further  κλωνίτης 'with sprouts' (Hdn.), kA@vak = κλάδος (H.), κλωνίζω [v.] 'to clip' (Suid.).

    *ETYM Not from *xAa-wv (Schwyzer: 521), as a sprout can hardly be called 'broken'. Kuiper 1956: 221f. connected the word with ▶︎ κλάδος 'branch'. See further ▶︎ κλάω.

XXXXXκλώσσω = κλώζω.

XXXXXκμέλεθρα [n.pl.] 'beam' (Pamphil. apud EM 521, 34, H.).

    *ETYM The resemblance to ▶︎ μέλαθρον can hardly be accidental and strongly  suggests substrate origin. Cf. on ▶︎ kappa.

XXXXXκναδάλλεται = -Kvalw. -κναίω [v.] 'to scrape, scratch' (Hp., trag. [lyr.], Att.) <1E? *kneh,- 'scratch, plane', PGP

===Pag_768: Beekes_Página_0768.tiff===

    *VAR  Only with prefixes δια-, ἀπο-, ἐκ-, κατα-κναίω; Att. inf. κνῆν, κνῆσθαι (also  exists as a simplex), 1 and 3sg. pres. kv@, κνῇ, ipf. ἐπὶ ... κνῆ (A 639), also Kvav  (Hdt.), κνᾶσθαι, κνᾷ (Hell.); further κνήθω (Arist., Hell.), also with κατα-, év-, ἐπι-,  etc. Non-presentic forms: -κναῖσαι, -κναισθῆναι, -Kvaiow, -κεκναισμένος (Ar. E. [lyr.], PL, Theoc.); more usual (both as a simplex and in compounded verbs) is  κνῆσαι, Dor. Κνάσαιο [opt.med.] (Theoc.), κνησθῆναι, κνήσω, κέκνησμαι (TA).

    *DER Action nouns: 1. κνῆσις 'scratching, tickling' (Ρ].), whence κνησιάω [v.] 'to wish  to tickle' (Ar., Pl.), also κνηστιάω 'id' (Gal, Jul.), after other verbs in -τιάω; κνηθιάω  'id'? (Hdn., EM), after κνήθω (cf. Schwyzer: 732). 2. κνῆσμα 'id.' (Hp. X.), rarely  κνῆμα; 3. κνησμονή 'id' (medic.), cf. πῆμα: movi, εἰς: 4. κνησμός 'id' (Hp.,  Arist.), κνησμώδης 'affected with itching' (Hp., Arist. Str.). 5. κνηθμός 'itching'  (Nic.). Agent nouns and instruments: 6. κνῆστις [f.] 'knife for scratching, cheese-  grater' (A 640, Nic., Opp.), also 'spine' (k 161; cf. ▶︎ ἄκνηστις s.v.), perhaps from  *kvijotns [m.]; 7. κνηστήρ 'scratching knife' (Nic.). 8. κνηστίς -ίδος [f.] 'hollow  hairpin' (Plu). 9. κνῆστρον 'stinging plant, Daphne oleoides, θυμελαία᾽ (Hp., Dsc.);  κνηστρίον 'scraper', (Edict. Diocl.). 10. κνηστικός [adj.] 'scratching, itching' (sch.).

    *ETYM Of the presents, κνήθειν may be an innovation from κνῆσαι, etc. after πλῆσαι:  πλήθω, λῆσαι: λήθω, etc; 'the pair Kvijv: κναίειν matches the formation of the  semantically close ψῆν: ψαίειν 'to rub, etc.'; -kvaiw is probably secondary. The form  κνῆν, which originally was probably athematic (see Schwyzer: 675f. and Chantraine  1942: 297 and 307), is usually connected with Baltic, Celtic and Germanic: e.g. Lith. knoti 'to peel, tear' < athematic *kneh,-, OHG nuoen 'to make smooth by scratching,  to make fit together' and Olr. -cnd 'to bite, gnaw' < yod-present *kneh,-ie/o-. It has not been proposed that the words could be Pre-Greek. We may compare  κναδάλλεται: κνήθεται (H.), to which belong, as variants, γνάφαλλον, γνόφαλον;  these are clearly Pre-Greek (see ▶︎ kvartw). Is κναδ- a variant of κνηθ-ἶ For κναδ-,  no PIE pre-form can be reconstructed (cf. on ▶︎ γνάθος). The formation of κνήσων  'scratcher' (inscr. Delos II*, see DELG) is reflected in the Latin loan cndsonas [acc.pl.]  'scratching nails' (Paul. Fest. 52), which must have been borrowed from Hell. *kvaowv (cf. the gloss κνᾶσαι' ὀλέσαι, λυπῆσαι 'to perish, grieve' (H.), and see  Leumann Sprache 1 (1949): 207). Verbs with a formation in -alw are further  unknown in Greek. See further ▶︎ kvéwpoc, ▶︎ κνήφη, ▶︎ κνώδαλον.

XXXXXκνάπτω [v.] 'to card, comb, full (clothy as a technical term, also metaph. 'to mangle, tear to pieces' (IA).

    *VAR Rarely κνάμπτω, cf. ▶︎ γνάμπτω and Giintert 1914: nsf., ▶︎ γνάπτω (late Att,  Hell. Ion.).

    *DIAL Myc. ka-na-pe-u /knap*eus/.

    *COMP Sometimes prefixed with ava-, ἐπι-.

    *DER Late Att. has yv- for κν- in most derivatives: κνάφος [m.] 'fullers' teasel', also  'tangle; carding comb (an instrument of torture) (Hdt., Hp., com.), κναφεύς 'fuller'  (IA), also as a fish name (Dorio; on the motive see Strémberg 1943: 93); Kvageiov,  -ήϊον 'fuller's shop' (1A), κναφευτική (τέχνη) 'art of fulling' (Pl), κναφεύω [v.] 'to  ful? (Ar.) and, as a late feminine formation, κνάφισσα 'female fuller' (pap.), see  Chantraine 1933: 110; κνάφικός 'belonging to fulling' (Dsc., pap.). γνάψις 'fulling'

===Pag_769: Beekes_Página_0769.tiff===

(Ρ].), γνάπτωρ = κναφεύς (Man.). γνάφαλλον 'cushion of wool' (pap. and ostr.), with γναφαλ(λ)ώδης 'like a γ.᾽, γναφάλλιον, -αλλίς plant name 'Diotis maritima' (Dsc., Plin.), see Stromberg 1940: 105; also Κνέφαλλον 'cushion' (com., E.; vl. κναφ-, yvag-) and γνόφαλλον (Alc. Ζ 14, 8), beside μόλθακον. Verbal adjectives: ἄτγναπτος (Pl Com., Plu.) and d-yvagog (NT, pap.) 'unfulled, new', éni-yvagog 'fulled again', of clothes (Poll.), to ἐπι-γνάπτω.

    *ETYM The initial sequence has been compared with ▶︎ -xvaiw, κνῆν, ▶︎ κνίζω, ▶︎ κνύω;  the ending with pantw, which also denotes a technical operation of the clothing  industry (κνάφος is reminiscent of ῥαφή, etc.). The forms with yw cannot be  explained in an inherited word (even if they are mostly younger), so they point to  Pre-Greek origin. Note that Schwyzer: 414 unconvincingly took κνάπτω as  assimilated from γνάπτω, and also the typical o for a in γνόφαλλον (Alc.) and the ε  in κνέφαλλον, which can hardly be due to old ablaut (cf. Schwyzer: 343). Outside Greek, a Celtic word for 'fleece' has been cited as cognate, e.g. MW cnaif  [π|.], Olr. cnai [f.] < ΡΟ]. *knawi (cf. Matasovi¢ 2008, who considers a relationship  with ΡΟ]. *knd-ie/o- 'to chew, bite' probable); forms in Germanic and Baltic are  semantically farther away, e.g. ON *hnafa, pret. hnof 'to cut off, Lith. knabénti 'to  pick (with the beak)'. However, the variation ΚΙ y, a/ o rather points to Pre-Greek  origin (not in Fur.). See ▶︎ κνήφῃ, ▶︎ Κνώψ. «vay [?] = δάλος 'piece of half-burned wood' (Hdn. Gr. 1, 404). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXκνέφας [n.] 'evening twilight, dusk, morning twilight' (IL, X.).

    *VAR  Gen. -aac, -ους, etc. (on the inflection Schwyzer: 514f.); secondary nom.acc. κνέφος (H., Suid., Phot.), perhaps from κνέφους, -et.

    *DER κνεφαῖος 'of the dusk, dark' (trag., com., Hippon.); κνεφάζω [v.] 'to become  dark' (A. Ag. 131 [lyr.]).

    *ETYM Often connected with the Indo-Iranian word for 'night', Skt. ksdp-, Av. xsap-,  which belong with Hitt. ispant- 'id'; nevertheless, it is unknown how this  comparison would work. The word ▶︎ ψέφας is a rhyming formation; cf. also  ▶︎ δνόφος. The word is no doubt Pre-Greek, but the variation is not known from  other examples.

XXXXXκνέωρος [m.] name of a stinging plant, 'Daphne, Thymelaea' (Thphr., Dsc., Plin., H.). «ΠΕ»

    *VAR Also -ov [n.]; cf. perhaps κενρ»εωρεῖν' πασχητιᾶν 'to feel (unnatural) lust' (Η.),  as per Fraenkel Glotta 4 (1913): 42.

    *ETYM Connected with κνῆν, like synonymous kvijotpov. Perhaps from a pre-form  *kna-6ro- (i.e. *«vi-ovpoc, containing the plant suffix -ovpoc), with quantitative  metathesis. See »-kvaiw.

XXXXXκνήθω = -Kvaiw.

XXXXXκνῆκος [f.] 'safflower, Carthamus tinctorius' (Hp., Arist., Thphr.). «Ὁ, IE? *knh,kd- 'yellow (like honey, gold)'>

    *DIAL Myc. ka-na-ko /knako-/.

===Pag_770: Beekes_Página_0770.tiff=== XXXXXκνημός 723

    *COMP̓ Asa first member eg. in Κνηκο-φόρος 'carrying safflower' (pap.).

    *DER Adjective κνηκός, Dor. κνᾶκός 'yellow, safflower-colored', usually of a goat  (Thespis, S. Ichn. 358, Theoc., AP), but also of the wolf (Babr.). κνήκιον 'clover,  σάμψουχον᾽ (Dsc., Ps.-Dsc.); kvaxwv, -wvoc [m.] 'he-goat' (Theoc.), κνᾶκίας [m.]  'wolf (Babr.); κνήκινος from safflower' (pap., Dsc.), κνηκώδης 'safflower-like'  (Thphr.); κνηκίτης (λίθος) name of a yellowish stone (Hermes Trism.); κνηκίς, -id0¢  [f.] 'bleak spot', especially in heaven (Call., Plu.), cf. κηλίς and Chantraine 1933: 3473  also name of a kind of antelope (H.).

    *ETYM Skt. kaficana- [n.] 'gold', OPr. cucan 'brown', and the Germanic word for  honey, OHG honag, etc. resemble words for 'yellow, etc.' or yellowish material; but  the varying vocalism is unclear. The Greek word was probably originally an  adjective; the plant was probably (Schrader-Nehring 1917(2): 270) introduced from  Egypt. The appurtenance of the Skt. word is doubted by Mayrhofer EWAia s.v. (nicht iberzeugend erklart'), and a PIE paradigm cannot be reconstructed.

XXXXXκνήμη [( 'part between knee and ankle, leg, shank' (II.), 'tibia' (Gal., Ruf.), metaph. 'stem between two joints' (Thphr.), see Stromberg 1937: 48, 'spoke of a wheel' (Hom., etc. in compounds, Poll., Eust.).

    *VAR Dor. κνάμᾶ. |

    *COMP As a second member e.g. in ὀκτά-κνημος 'with eight spokes' (Il.), παχύ-  κνήμος 'with thick shanks' (Ar.). Substantivized hypostasis: ἀντικνήμ-ιον [n.) 'what  is over against the shank', i.e. 'tibia' (IA).

    *DER κνημίς, -ἶδος [f.] 'greave' (IL), Aeol. κνᾶμις, κνάμϊδες [pl.] (Alc.); also κνημίδια  [pl.] (Att. inscr; mg. uncertain); see Triimpy 1950: 19f. κνημία [f.] 'spoke' (Lys.),  plur. = τὰ τῆς ἁμάξης περιθέματα 'what is put around the wheel' (H.), etc.; κνημ-  (θαῖος 'belonging to the shank' (Hp., Gal.).

    *ETYM κνᾶμᾷ corresponds with Olr. cndim 'leg, bone' (i-stem), both of which derive  from *knam- < IE *knh.m-. A different ablaut grade is found in a Germanic word for  'shank, back of the knee': OHG hamma, OE hamm, ON hom, which may have  assimilated from hanma-. We may therefore assume an ablauting paradigm nom. *konh.-m(-), gen. *knh,-m-os, which was thematicized in different ways. On  > Κνιημός, See 5.ν.

XXXXXκνημός [m.) geographical term (Hom., ἢ. Ap. 283, Orph. A. 465), e.g. Ἴδης ἐν κνημοῖσι (Il.), mg. uncertain, probably 'projecting part, shoulder of a mountain'; δημόσιος κνημός 'public grove' (TAM 2: 1, 64, Telmessos; not quite certain); also = ὀρίγανος (Arg,, Eust. 265, 40). <1E? knh,-m-, konh,-m- 'mountain-forest'>

    *DER Denominative κνημῶσαι: περιχῶσαι, φράξαι, φθεῖραι, κλεῖσαι, ἐλθεῖν 'to be  exceedingly angry, fence in, destroy, enclose, come'; κνημοῦμαι: φθείρομαι 'perish',  κνημωθῆναι: φθαρῆναι 'id', διεκνημώσατο: διέφθειρε 'ruined completely' (H.). In  the sense 'encircle, etc.' cf. κνημός 'grove; in the sense of φθεῖραι it remains unclear  (cf. κνημίαι' φθοραί 'destruction' H.).

    *ETYM The meaning of κνημός recalls ΜΟΙ hamm 'mountain forest' (cf. Fick KZ 21  (1873): 368), but this word rather belongs with MLG ham 'fenced in piece of land',  MoLG hamme 'fenced in field', and therefore can be explained differently.

===Pag_771: Beekes_Página_0771.tiff===

, κνῆστις Connection with κνήμη as 'shank of a mountain' (Eust. 1498, 42 explains it as 'what is above the foot') remains uncertain.

XXXXXκνῆν, κνῆστις = -Kvaiw.

XXXXXκνήφη [f.] 'itch' (LXX De. 28, 27, H. s.v. ξῦσμα, Suid. sv. Ἀφροδίτη).

    *DER Κνηφάω = prurio (gloss.).

    *ETYM Connected with κνῆν 'to scratch, itch' with a suffix -g-, for which one  compared > ἀκαλήφη. Direct connection with κνάφος, ▶︎ Κνάπτω is improbable. Note  κνίφεα- κνίδας (H.), with an -1- that is explainable by analogy with κνίδη, ▶︎ κνίζω. The word oxvijpat (probably for ἀκαλῆφαι) as an explanation for xvidat (H.) is  doubtful; if it is correct, we may compare σκνίψ beside κνίψ for the variation.

XXXXXκνΐδη [f.] 'nettle, sea-nettle' (Hp., Arist, Theoc.). < PG?>

    *DER κνίδειος 'of a κνίδι (Theognost.); κνιδᾶται (κνηδ- cod.): δάκνεται, ἴσως ἀπὸ  τῆς πόας 'be stung, perhaps by a grass' and κνιδῶντες (-δοντες cod.): κνίδῃ  μαστιγοῦντες 'whipped by a nettle' (H.); κνιδώσεις [pl.) 'itching, caused by a nettle'  (Hp.), as if from *kvid6w; cf. the numerous formations in -(w)oi¢ in medical and  technical terms. See Chantraine 1933: 284ff.

    *ETYM Taken with ▶︎ κνίζω 'to scratch, sting'; yet the ἴ of xvidn is long, which may  point to Pre-Greek origin. See ▶︎ kvioa.

XXXXXκνίζω [v.] 'to scratch, pound, chop up, provoke' (Pi, IA). 4IE? *knid- 'scratch'>

    *VAR Aor. kvioal, pass. κνισθῆναι, fut. kviow, perf. pass. κέκνισμαι.

    *DIAL Dor. aor. κνίξαι (Pi.).

    *COMP Also with prefix, e.g. dmto-, κατα-, ὑπο-.

    *DER Κνισμός, Kviopia 'scratching, provocation, etc.' (Ar.), ἀπόκνισμα 'piece' (Ar.),  ἀπό-, émi-kvioic 'scratching' (Thphr.). As a back-formation *kvic, acc. kvida (Opp.),  plur. κνίδες (LXX) 'nettle', κνίζα 'id. (gloss.). Compound with a verbal (aoristic)  second member @tA6-Kvioos 'desirous' (AP), also κνισότερος (Ath. 12, 5494).

    *ETYM The basis is κνιδ- or κνιτ-, aor. κνισ-, which points to a root that seems to be  found in Baltic and Germanic verbs, e.g. Latv. knidét 'to itch, geminate, creep', ON  hnita, pret. hneit 'to push against', both from root final *-d- (also in MIr. cned  'wound' < *knida). A root-final -t- (which may also be continued by the Greek  forms) is found as well, e.g. in Lith. knisti, sg. knintu, pret. knitati, 'to scratch, itch,  tickle'; a root-final -s- occurs in Lith. 1sg. knisi 'to grub up'. The forms »xvidn,  > kvioa, with a long vowel, are probably not cognate.

XXXXXκνῖσα [f.] 'steam and odor of fat, smell and savor of burnt sacrifice, fat caul' (IL, Arist. Hell.). <ΙΕ? *kniHd-s- 'fumes'>

    *VAR Epic kvion; also κνῖσος [n.] (Com. Adesp. 608, sch.), after λίπος, etc.

    *COMP πολύ-κνισος 'with rich smell of the sacrifice' (A. R.).

    *DER κνισήεις (K 10, Pi.), κνισωτός (A. Ch. 485), κνισηρός (Achae. 7) 'smelling of fat',  κνισώδης 'id., fat? (Arist., Gal.), κνισαλέος (H.), κνισός (Ath. 3, 1156), = κνισήεις. Denominative verbs: kviodw 'to fill with the smell of fat' (E., Ar.), κνισόομαι 'to be  changed into the smell of fat', -όω 'to give the smell of fat' (Arist. Ph.).

===Pag_772: Beekes_Página_0772.tiff=== XXXXXκνύζα 1 725

    *ETYM Often compared with Lat. nidor [m.] 'smell of roasted meat, vapor, smoke',  which may continue *knidds. This points to a neuter s-stem *knid-s-h, [n.pl.] for  κνίσῃ, whence secondarily xvioa (Solmsen 1909: 238), so it is ultimately from IE  *knidos- [n.) (cf. on ▶︎ pon). Close to this form is ON hniss [n.] 'strong smell, bad  taste in eating', from IE *knid-to-. This word belongs to hnitan 'to push against' (cf. Go. stiggan 'to push' = OHG stincan 'to stink'), and one assumes a comparable  origin for nidor and xvioa, ie. connection with ▶︎ kvitw. However, for kvién, κνῖσα,    and nidor we have to start from a form with long vowel, which is quite problematic  for IE. κνίψ, κνῖπός [m.] name of unknown insects (small ants acc. to Arist. Sens. 444b 12),  that infest several trees and plants (Ar., Arist, Thphr., LXX). «ΡΟ»

    *VAR Also σκνίψ, σκνῖπός, plur. also σκνῖφες.

    *COMP As a first member in κνιπο-λόγος [m.] name of a woodpecker, oxwnto-payoc  'eating oxvimec' (Arist.).

    *DER κνίπειος 'belonging to a κνίψ᾽ (Zos. Alch.). Several expressive words have been  put in connection to xvi, oxviy, rarely found in literature, that indicate especially  avarice or different eye diseases: κνιπός (AP), σκνιπός (Anon. in EN, H.), σκνιφός  (Phryn.) 'niggard'; κνιπεύω [v.] 'to be stingy' and κνιπεία (Doroth. Astrol.); further  in the mg. 'feeble-mindedness, εἴς: kvutdg (Semon.), σκνιφός (H.), ὑπό-σκνιπος,  -σκνιφος, -σχνιφος 'slightly short-sighted' (pap.), κνιπά: πτίλη '[female] suffering  from a disease of the eyelids' (H.); with κνιπότης 'eye-inflammation' (Hp. Loc. Hom. 13, Erot.), κνιπόομαι [v.] 'to be inflamed, of the eyes' (H. in κεκνιπωμένοι), also 'to be  infested with mildew', of fruits' (H. ib.). Beside the names for eye diseases, etc., there  are expressions for 'dark': σκνιφαῖος (v.l. -παῖος) adjunct of ὁδίτης 'who walks in the  darkness' (Theoc. 16, 93), perhaps after κνεφαῖος; σκνῖφος: τὸ σκότος 'darkness' (H.). Further two denominatives: κνιπεῖν- σείειν, ξύειν μέλαθρα καὶ δοκούς 'to shake,  scratch or scrape balks and beams' (H.), perhaps originally of the κνῖπες; oxvintetv-  νύσσειν 'to pierce' (H.).

    *ETYM Formations rhyming with κνίψ, oxviy are ▶︎ θρίψ and > ity. Both (σ)κνίψ and  the words for 'niggard' could go back to the idea of pinching and stinging (cf. ▶︎ σκνίπτω). Perhaps the terms for diminished sight come from closing the eyes, or  perhaps from plant diseases caused by Κνῖπες (see ▶︎ κνιπόομαι). It has been  compared with words for 'pinching, etc.' in Baltic and Germanic, e.g. Latv. kniébt,  knipét, MLDu. nipen, but these are rather European substrate words. The whole  picture is that of a Pre-Greek word: very small animals, the long 1, the variation 11/9,  prothetic o-.

XXXXXκνόος, κνοῦς [m.] 'the grinding sound of the wheel against the axle', also (A. Fr. 237) 'the sound of feet when marching'; also (by confusion with yvon) 'axle-box, nave' (H., Phot.). <?>

    *ETYM Not well attested and therefore hard to judge. It is most often considered to be  a full grade noun from ▶︎ κνύω 'to scratch'.

XXXXXκνύζα 1 a plant. = κόνυζα.

===Pag_773: Beekes_Página_0773.tiff===

κνύζα 2 'scratch'. = κνύω.

XXXXXκνυζέομαι [v.] 'to whine, whimper', of dogs and children (S., Ar., Theoc., Opp., Nonn.). 4ONOM?>

    *VAR Also -ζάομαι, -ζομαι; also act. -éw.

    *COMP Rarely with mpoo-, ὑπο-.

    *DER κνυζηθμός 'whining', also of wild animals (7163, A. R., Opp., Ath.); κνύζημα  'whimpering of children' (Hdt., Him.).

    *ETYM Onomatopoeic; coincidental similarity with Lith. kniaikti 'to miaow'. See  ▶︎ κνυζόω. ᾿

XXXXXκνυζόω [v.]

    <IE? *kneu-g-, -k- 'become somber'>

    *VAR Only κνυζώσω (v 401), κνύζωσεν (v 433), of the eyes of Odysseus, that, while  earlier περικαλλέα ἐόντα, were made dim and dark by Athena.

    *ETYM The basic form seems to have been preserved in κνυζοί: οἱ τὰ ὄμματα  πονοῦντες 'who have trouble with the eyes, κνυζόν: ἀέρα ἐπινέφελον καὶ  πνευματώδη 'cloudy and windy air' (H., unclear Anacr. 87); cf. Biichner Herm. 75  (1940): 156'. Connection with κνύζα 'scratch', »kvbw is quite probable; the  correspondence with κνυζάομαι is therefore probably accidental. A remarkable  parallel gives Lith. kniduktis 'to get cloudy, cover oneself (of heaven), take a gloomy  aspect' beside kniaikti 'to miaow'; niairas 'cloudy, somber, troubled' is comparable,  as well as 'grumbling, nasalizing', niauréti [v.] 'to growl, of bears'. The word can be  of independent (onomatopoeic or other) origin or show semantic analogy; this can    hardly be decided.

XXXXXκνύω [v.] 'to scratch' (Ar. Th. 481, Men. 1021). <1E? *knu- 'scratch'?>

    *VAR  περι-Κνύω 'to scratch round about' (Phot.).

    *DER Κνῦμα [n.) 'scratching (Ar. Ec. 36, Gal. 19, 112) and 'scratch'; κνύος [n.] (Hes. fr. 29, 1), κνῦσα [f.] (Herod. 7, 95 as a term of abuse; cf. δεῖσα, μύξα, etc.), κνύζα (Philox. Gramm. apud EM 523, 2, Eust.), cf. ἄζα, σκύζα, vila, etc. Note the glosses in H. κνύθος: ἄκανθα μικρά 'small thorn', κνυθόν: σμικρόν 'small' (cf. τυτθός, -όν and  plant names in -θος, Chantraine 1933: 367f.); back-formation κνῦ: τὸ ἐλάχιστον  'smallest', like γρῦ, Boi. On ▶︎ κνόος, κνοῦς, see s.v.

    *ETYM Like in the case of »-Kvaiw, κνῆν, ▶︎ κνάπτω, ▶︎ κνίζω, words formally  comparable to κνύω can be found in Germanic and Baltic: OHG hniuwan 'to  squash', ON hnjdda 'to push, hit, etc? < *kneu-, Latv. kniidu, and knitstu 'to itch'.

XXXXXκνώδαλον [n.] 'wild or harmful animal' (p 317).

    *DER κνωδαλώδης (Tz.). kvwdak, -ἄκος [m.] 'pin, pivot', also 'sockets for an axe'  (Hero, Ph. Bel.), κνωδάκιον, κνωδακίζω [v.] 'to hang on pivots' (Hero). κνώδων,  -ovtog [m.], plur. 'teeth of a sword or a javelin', sing. 'sword' (S., X.).

    *ETYM The pair κνώδαλον : κνώδων recalls pairs like ἀγκάλη : ἀγκών, ὀμφαλός : Lat. umb6é (Chantraine 1933: 246). Given the meaning 'teeth', kvw6ov-t- may well be  secondary for *xvwdov- after ὀδοντ- (cf. Schwyzer: 526). Frisk assumed that  κνώδαλον and κνώδων, κνώδαξ go back to a verbal noun *kvw6(o-) meaning 'tooth,  biter, gnawer', belonging to κνῆν, etc. (see -» kvaiw). The glosses κάναδοι- σιαγόνες,

===Pag_774: Beekes_Página_0774.tiff=== XXXXXκόβᾶλος 727 γνάθοι 'jaws', κναδάλλεται: κνήθεται 'gnaws (Η.) belong here too. The words do not belong to Lith. kdndu 'to bite', as this is formally impossible (see on ▶︎ γνάθος); they are no doubt Pre-Greek, since κναδ- cannot continue an JE pre-form. I am not sure that κνώδαξ belongs with the other words. See also ▶︎ κνώψ.

XXXXXκνώσσω [v.] 'to sleep, slumber' (δ 809). <?>

    *VAR  Only present stem.

    *COMP Also with évi-, κατα-.

    *ETYM Like ▶︎ εὕδω, without etymology. Formally, cf. the opposite ἐγρήσσω (A 551),  related to ▶︎ ἐγείρω.

XXXXXκνώψ, κνωπός [m.] a wild animal, of snakes, etc. (Nic. Th.). < PG(v)>

    *DER κνωκεύς: ἄρκτος. ἔνιοι κνουπεύς 'bear' (H.); also κυνοῦπες: ἄρκτος (for -ol?). Μακεδόνες 'bear (Maced.) (H.). Further also κινώπετον 'poisonous animal, snake'  (Call. Nic.), with anaptyctic vowel.

    *ETYM Not a cross of κνώδαλον and another word (eg. κλώψ, κνίψ, on), as  suggested by Frisk. The variant forms point to a Pre-Greek word. On secondary  vowels in Pre-Greek, see Fur.: 5831.

XXXXXκοακτήρ [π|.} name of a servant in the Spartan mysteries. = κοῖον.

XXXXXκοἄλεμος [m.] 'blockhead' (Ar, Plu.), also name of a demon of stupidity (Ar. Eq. 221).

    *VAR Cf. καυαλός: μωρολόγος 'speaking like an idiot' and κόαλοι: βάρβαροι  'foreigners' (H.).

    *ETYM Ending like in »ἰάλεμος; on the phonetics, see Schwyzer: 302. Bjérck 1950: 46  and 258 refers to onomatopoeic κο-. The word is clearly Pre-Greek because of the  variants. See ▶︎ κόβαλος.

XXXXXκοάξ interjection imitating the croaking of frogs (Ar. Ra.). 4ONOM>

    *ETYM A sound imitation, like MoHG qua(c)k, quaken. Lat. coaxare [v.] 'to croak'  (Suet.) is probably a literary imitation of κοάξ (cf. WH s.v. coaxd). See ▶︎ κοΐ,» κοΐζω.

XXXXXκόαλοι [m.pl.] - βάρβαροι 'barbarians' (H.).

    *ETYM Perhaps related to ▶︎ kavaldc or ▶︎ κόβαλος. See ▶︎ κοἄλεμος.

XXXXXκόβαθος [m.] a vessel (PLond.). < PG>

    *ETYM Fur.: 346 compares κύβεθρον 'beehive' (H.) and κύαθος 'vessel, scoop'. If  correct, the word is Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκόβακτρα [n.pl.) - κολακεύματα, πανουργήματα 'pieces of flattery, knavery' (H.). < PGP

    *VAR κάβαξ' πανοῦργος 'crafty, knavish' (H.).

    *ETYM The element κα οβ-ακ- is clearly Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκόβᾶλος [m.] 'rogue, mischievous knave', also (parodic) of mischievous genies (Ar., Arist., D. C.).

    *VAR As an adjective κόβαλον, -a [n.] 'knavish tricks' (Pherecr., Ar.).

===Pag_775: Beekes_Página_0775.tiff===

    *DER κοβαλεία (Din.), κοβάλευμα (Et. Gen.) 'roguery'; (ἐκ)κοβαλικεύομαι [v.] 'to  swindle, deceive' (Ar. Eq. 270), κοβαλικεύματα [ρ}.} (Ar. Eq. 332), derived from  Ἰκοβαλικός (κοβαλικοῖσι is a conj. in Timocr. fr. 1, 7 Diehl). Also κοβαλεύω [v.] 'to  transport' (pap. EM), MoGr. κουβαλῶ 'id.', κοβαλισμός 'transport' (pap.).

    *ETYM Words from the vulgar language of comedy. Bjorck 1950: 46f. and 258f. assumed an original meaning 'porter, transport worker', whence contemptible  'rogue'. This original meaning would have been introduced into koine as a non-IA  element. Against connection with Lat. caballus (Grégoire Byzantion 13 (1938): 287ff,;  cf. on καβάλλης), see Bjorck lc. The word is probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκόβειρος [adj.] - γελοιαστής, σκωπτής, λοιδοριστής 'jester, scoffer' (H.).

    *VAR κόβειρα- γελοῖα 'jests' [n.pl.) (HL).

    *ETYM Hemberg 1950: 326 refers to the grotesque pictures of the Kabeiroi in Thebes. Since a may vary with o in Pre-Greek words (Fur. 341-5), our word must be identical  in origin with ▶︎ Κάβειρος.

XXXXXκόγχη [f.] 'mussel, cockle', also as measure and metaph. of several shell-like objects, e.g. 'hollow of the ear, knee-cap, brain-pan, case round a seal, knob of a shield, etc.' (Emp., Epich., Sophr., IA). «μοῦ, Lw?>

    *VAR Also κόγχος [m., [1].

    *COMP Some compounds, e.g. κογχο-θήρᾶς [m.] 'mussel-fisher' (Epich.).

    *DER 1. Diminutives κογχίον (Antiph., Str.), κογχάριον (Str., Aret.). 2. κογχωτός  'provided with a knob' (pap. 115). 3. κογχίτης (λίθος) 'shelly marble' (Paus.). 4. κογχαλίζειν- πεποίηται ἀπὸ τοῦ ἤχου τῶν κόγχων [ἃ form) created after the sound  of the mussel-shell' (H.), possibly after κροταλίζειν: κρότ-αλα: κρότος (Frisk); 5. Asa  back-formation κόγξ interjection, used for the sound of the sherd falling in the  voting urn, etc. (H.). 6. κογχίζω [v.] 'to paint purple', whence κογχιστής 'painter' and  κογχιστική 'trade of purple-dyeing' (PGrenf. 2, 87), for *xoyxvaAilu, etc. (see below). 7. κογχύλιον [n.] 'mussel', the animal and the shell, also 'murex, purpura' (Epich.,  Sophr., Hdt. Hp. Arist.), from κογχύλη (which only occurs as a ν.]. in Ph. 1, 536 and  AP 9, 214); from κογχύλιον: κογχυλίας (Ar.) and κογχυλιάτης (X. Philostr.) =  κογχίτης (λίθος), see Redard 1949: 56); κογχυλιώδης 'like a κ᾿ (Str.), κογχύλιος  'purple-colored' (pap.), κογχυλιατός, -twtd¢ 'painted with purple' (pap., gloss.); also  κογχυλεύς 'purple-worker' (Korykos), either for Ἰκογχυλιεύς or from κογχύλη, to  which κογχυλευτής 'murex fisher' and κογχυλευτική 'trade of murex fishing' (Just.).

    *ETYM The word κόγχος is compared with the similar Skt. farkhd- [m.] 'mussel', but  a common pre-form cannot be reconstructed. Latin borrowed concha, conchylium,  conchita from κόγχη, κογχύλιον, κογχίτης. The word is clearly cognate with κόχλος,  which suggests that the forms are Pre-Greek (prenasalization); this is confirmed by  thevariants κοκάλια, v.IL -xx- and κωκάλια (Arist. HA, see Fur.: 131). Alternatively, if  the comparison with Sanskrit is correct, the word may be a common loanword (ΕΠ:  278). See ▶︎ κόχλος.

XXXXXκόδαλα [?] - ἰχθῦς, κεστρεύς 'fish, mullet' (H.).

===Pag_776: Beekes_Página_0776.tiff=== XXXXXκόθουρος 729

    *VAR κοδαλεύεσθαι: ἔνδον διατρίβειν 'to waste away inside', κοδαλαύομαι- ἐνδομυχῶ  'to lie hidden', κοδαλευομένιγ ἀρεσκευομένη, ἀπραγοῦσα 'obsequious, subservient;  remaining quiet' (H.).

    *ETYM Unknown. Perhaps Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκοδομεύς [m.] 'one who roasts barley' (Poll., H.).

    *VAR  Special feminine forms κοδομή and -μεύτρια (also Phot. and Suid.). Remarks  on the relation between these words in Bofhardt 1942: 84.

    *DER κοδομεύω [v.] 'to roast barley', κοδομεία and xodopeiov 'pot for barley' (Poll.

    *ETYM Comparison with the Slavic word for 'smoke', e.g. OCS kaditi, cannot be  upheld. A similar meaning is found in κίδναι- ai ἐγχώριοι πεφρυγμέναι κριθαί 'barley  roasted on the countryside' (H.), but this has a different vowel. Probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκοδύμαλον = κυδώνια.

XXXXXκοδώνεα - σῦκα χειμερινά 'winter fruits' (H.). = κυδώνια.

XXXXXκοέω [v.] 'to remark, learn, hear' (Anacr. 4, 14, Hellad. apud Phot.). IE *(s)keuh; 'note, see, hear'>

    *VAR Probably also in H. [cod. κοθεῖ].

    *DER Also κοάω, in κοᾷ- ἀκούει, πεύθεται 'hears, takes notice'; ἐκοᾶμες: ἠκούσαμεν,  ἐπυθόμεθα; ἐκοάθη: ἐπενοήθη, ἐφωράθιη 'was contrived, discovered'; κοᾶσαι:  αἰσθέσθαι 'perceive' (Η.); ἐκόησεν (Call. Fr. 53). A primary verb seems to be found in  ἔκομεν- εἴδομεν, ἑωρῶμεν, ἠσθόμεθα 'saw, watched, perceived' (H.), see below. Verbal adjective in ▶︎ ἀνακῶς. Λαο-κόων, εὐρυ-κόωσα 'who learns from afar' (Euph. 112, H.), etc. (cf. Bechtel 19174: 37f.).

    *ETYM On κοίης, etc., see ▶︎ koiov. The form Ko(f)éw is identical in origin with Lat. caveo 'beware', which derives from *covére < PIE *kouh,-éie- by Thurneysen-Havet's  unrounding of oy in pretonic position; see now Vine KZ 119 (2006) on Thurneysen-  Havet. A zero-grade primary formation is seen in Skt. a-kuvate 'to have in view';  further forms in LIV? s.v. *(s)keuh,- 'wahrnehmen, schauen'. The gloss axevet- τηρεῖ  (H.) rather belongs to ▶︎ ἀκούω; ἔκομεν is unclear, on which see Schwyzer: 721. and  740. Additionally, there was (s)keuh,- with s-mobile; see ▶︎ θυοσκόος.

XXXXXκόθορνος [m.] 'high boot, footware with high base for actors, tragic cothurn' (Hdt., Ar.).

    *ETYM Lydian, acc. to Jonkees JHS 60 (1940): 80, but more probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκόθουρος [adj.] epithet of κηφήν or the drone, 'without sting' (Hes. Op. 304). <?>

    *VAR κόθουριν (cod. -οὔ-)- ἀλώπεκα 'fox' (H.).

    *ETYM The formation recalls κόλουρος, fem. -ρις 'with cut (short) tail', said of the  fox, etc, which is a compound of κόλος and οὐρά. Frisk connects κόθουρος 'ohne  Zweifel' with κοθώ: βλάβη 'damage' (H.), which is further unclear. In H., we also  find κορθώ: βλάβη, which led to the assumption that κόθουρος stands for *xop8-  ovpos, and that κοθώ was back-formed from κόθουρος. Comparison of this κορθώ  with Skt. krdhi- 'shortened, mutilated, invalid' is formally impossible (*krd'-u-

===Pag_777: Beekes_Página_0777.tiff===

would have given **xpa@-v- in Greek). Fur: 198 connects κοντός, κονδός with a similar meaning (s.v. ▶︎ κεντέω).

XXXXXκοΐ interjection, imitating the sound of young pigs (Ar. Ach., Hdn. Gr.).

    *DER κοΐζειν [v.] 'to squeak' (Ar. Ach.).

    *ETYM Like MoE squeak, Ru. kvicdt' 'id', and other sound-imitations in various  languages. Cf. ▶︎ κοάξ and ▶︎ γρῦ, γρύζω.

XXXXXκοιακτήρ mystery servant in Sparta. = κοῖον.

XXXXXκοικύλλω [v.] 'to gape about' (Ar. Th. 852). <?>

    *DER Κοικυλίων PN (Ael.).

    *ETYM Debrunner IF 21 (1907): 96 suggested relation to ▶︎ κύλα 'bags under the eyes,  eye socket'. Cf. the synonyms δενδίλλω, Savéaivw, παπταίνω, etc., which are of  similar formation. Tichy 1983: 298 corrects the meaning to 'im Selbstgesprach die  Lippen bewegen, munkeln'. This would mean that the connection with κύλα is folk-  etymological.

XXXXXκοῖλος [adj.] 'hollow, hollowed out, spacious, deep' (Il.). <1E? *keuH- 'hollow'>

    *VAR  κόϊλος, see below.

    *COMP Often as a first member, e.g. kotho-yaotwp 'with an empty stomach, greedy'  (A.); on the formation see Sommer 1948: 150.

    *DER A. Substantives: 1. κοιλία [f.] 'abdomen, belly, body cavity in general' (1A),  κοιλιώδης 'like a belly' (Arist.), κοιλιακός 'belonging to the belly, suffering from  diseases of the belly' (Plu., medic.), κοιλιτική (νόσος) 'disease of the belly' (Cat. Cod. Astr.); diminutive κοιλίδιον (Str.). 2. κοιλάς [f.] 'hollow, ravine' (Hell.), adjectival  'hollow' (Tryph. Ep.). 3. κοιλότης 'hollow' (Arist.). 4. κοιλίσκος [m.] 'hollow, scoop-  shaped knife' (medic.), cf. γραφίσκος and other names of instruments in Chantraine  1933: 408. 5. κοίλωμα (Arist, Hell.), κοίλωσις (Hp.) 'hollowing, deepening', cf. κοιλόομαι below. B. Adjectives (to τὸ κοῖλον 'hollow, cavity'): 1. κοιλώδης 'rich in cavities' (Babr.). 2. κοιλαῖος = κοῖλος (Gal.). C. Verbs: 1. κοιλαίνω 'to hollow out, excavate' (IA), aor. κοιλᾶναι (-fjvat), perf. κεκοίλασμαι, whence κοίλανσις (Alex. Aphr.), κοίλασμα (LXX, Hero), κοιλασία  (Hero) 'excavation, etc.'. 2. κοιλόομαι, only in κεκοιλωμένος 'hollowed' (D. S., Dsc.);  also κοίλωμα, κοίλωσις (if not directly from κοῖλος, see above).

    *ETYM κόϊλος can be or must be trisyllabic at all Homeric attestations, except verse-  initially at χ 385. The basic form *KdftAog is probably a derivative in -Ao- from the  root found in κόοι: τὰ χάσματα τῆς γῆς, Kai τὰ κοιλώματα 'the depths of the earth,  cavities' (H.) and Lat. cavus 'hollow' < *kouHo-, MIr. cia 'hollow', and other Celtic  forms. Other cognate derivatives in -I- are Arm. soyl 'cavity' < IE *keu-lo- (vel sim.),  PGm. *hula- < *kuH-Idé- (with pretonic shortening), found in ON holr, OE, OFri,  OS, OHG hol 'hollow' (G. Kroonen p.c.). The root is reconstructed with a laryngeal,  because this is required by the cognate formation ▶︎ Κύαρ 'eye of a needle, orifice in  the ear' < *kuH-r. Alb. thellé 'deep' may, like Greek, derive from a pre-form *kowilo-

===Pag_778: Beekes_Página_0778.tiff===

(thus first Pedersen ΚΖ 36 (1900): 332), but.could be a loan from Greek. The word ▶︎ κύλα is probably not connected. See ▶︎ κῶος.

XXXXXκοῖλυ [n.sg.] - τὸ καλόν 'sth. good or beautiful' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Connected with a word for 'whole, unhurt, healthy' with representatives in  Germanic and Balto-Slavic, e.g. Go. hails, OCS céla 'whole', OPr. kailtistikan [acc.sg.]  'health' < PIE *keh,i-lo- or European substrate *kailo-. Frisk and DELG rightfully  doubt the appurtenance of the Greek gloss, since the definition is open to many  interpretations (does it stand for κοῖλον, with Latte?).

XXXXXκοιμάω 'to lay to rest'.

    *VAR κοιμίζω. = κεῖμαι. κοινά. χόρτος 'pasture, fodder' (H.). <1E? *koino- 'grass, hay'>

    *ETYM The gloss corresponds nicely to a Balto-Slavic word for 'hay': Lith. siénas,  OCS séno 'xéptoc'. However, Latte supposes that χόρτος should be taken in the  sense of 'common ground' in that case, it is simply a form of > κοινός.

XXXXXκοινός [adj.] 'common, public, usual, impartial', τὸ κοινόν 'the community, common good, public, leading authority, league' (IA, Hes.); Hom. has ξυνός. <1E *kom 'with'>

    *COMP Numerous compounds.

    *DER 1. Ἰκοινᾶων (see Chantraine 1933: 163) > Dor. Arc. κοινάν, -ἄνος [m.] (Pi. Locris, Tegea), Att. kotvewv, -Wvog ([m.] (E. HF 149, 340), κοινών, -ὥνος [m.] (Χ. Cyr.) 'fellow traveler, companion', after κοινωνέω, etc; thence Dor. κοινανέω (Dor. treaty apud Th. 5, 79, 1; Argos, Delphi), Att. κοινωνέω [v.] 'to be a participant,  participate' (for *korvewvéw), κοινανία (Pi), Att. κοινωνία 'community, share',  κοινωνός 'companion, etc.' (probably a back-formation, see Leumann 1950: 224);  thence κοινανικός (Archyt.), κοινωνικός (Att.) 'common, social'; κοινωνιμαῖος  'regarding the community (pap. Chantraine 1933: 49); from κοινωνέω also  κοινώνημα (Pl, Arist.). Further nominal derivations: 2. κοινότης [f.] 'community,  affability' (Att., Hell.); 3. xotveiov 'public hall, community, etc.' (inscr.); 4. Κοινάριον  diminutive of κοινόν (written cynarium CIL 13, 10021, 199). Denominative verb  κοινόω, -dopat 'to make communal, share', also 'to make profane', med. 'to act as  member of a community, participate, ask for advice' (IA), aor. κοινᾶσαι (Pi.),  κοίνωμα, -μάτιον 'joint, band' (Ph. Bel.), κοίνωσις 'intercourse' (Plu.).

    *ETYM The word κοινός may be related to the preposition and prefix found in Lat. cum, com- (con-), Gaul. com- 'with, together with', Gm. ga-, from IE *kom 'together,  with'. We have to assume that an adjective *kom-id- > *konié- was formed (see Rix  1976: 67).

XXXXXκόϊξ, -ἴκος [m.] a kind of palm, 'Hyphaene thebaica', and a basket made from its leaves (com., Thphr.).

    *VAR  κόϊς (Epich., BGU 972, 5).

    *DER κοΐκινος 'made of x.' (Str.).

    *ETYM Fraenkel Phil. 97 (1948): 170 thought that σκοίκιον 'vessel, receptacle' (Cyrene,  Hell. pap.) was derived from this word, but it is improbable that the o- was taken  from σκεῦος or σπυρίς. This interchange o/zero rather points to Pre-Greek origin. A

===Pag_779: Beekes_Página_0779.tiff===

by-form is ν» κοῦκι [n.) (pap. Plin.), which may point to Egyptian origin, see Hemmerdinger Glotta 46 (1968): 214.

XXXXXκοῖον [?] xwiov- ἐνέχυρον 'pledge' (H.). 4Lw?, PG?>

    *VAR Also xovba, κῶα- ἐνέχυρα (H.).

    *DER κοιάζει: ἐνεχυράζει 'takes a pledge from', xovdoat- ἐνεχυριάσαι, κωάζειν-  ἐνεχυράζειν, κωαθείς: ἐνεχυριασθείς (H.). As an agent noun κο()ακτήρ, name of a  mystery servant in Sparta (16 5(1), 210ff.), meaning ἐνεχυρασ-τής (Fraenkel 1910: 158  after Meister)? Alternative explanations in Bourguet 1927: 112.

    *ETYM von Blumenthal 1930: 41 analyzed it as *kdf-tov, related to koéw 'to remark,  pay attention', with the same semantic development as in Lat. caved, from 'to regard,  take care of to 'to serve as a surety'. He also connects κοίης, κόης: ἱερεὺς Καβείρων,  ὁ καθαίρων φονέα 'priest of the Kabeiroi, who purifies a murderer' (H.) with  κοιόλης: ὁ ἱερεύς (H., Suid.), κοιᾶται' ἱερᾶται, κοιώσατο: ἀφιερώσατο, καθιερώσατο  (H.). However, cf. also Lyd. kaves (Masson Jb. f. kleinas. Forsch. 1 (1950-51): 182ff.). DELG tentatively adds κωταρχής 'priest' (Didyma). Even more uncertain is Kotog =  ἀριθμός (Ath. 10, 4556) which is supposed to be Macedonian. The group could well  be Anatolian or Pre-Greek. The hypothesis connecting Hebr. kdhén 'priest', etc. (Lewy 1895: 258) is now abandoned.

XXXXXκοίρανος [π|.} 'ruler, commander, lord' (Il.).

    *COMP Rarely as a second member, e.g. πολυ-κοίρανος 'ruling many' (A. fr. 238, lyr.)  with πολυκοιρανίη 'lordship over many' (Rhian. 1, 10) but B 204 = 'the presence of  many rulers' with the first member as a subject, and the second member as a verbal  noun to Kolpavéw.

    *DER κοιρανίδαι [pl.) 'sons of rulers, members of the ruling house' (S. Ant. 940);  κοιρανῇος and κοιρανικός 'belonging to the ruling house' (late poets); κοιρανίη  'dynasty' (Ὁ. P., APL); κοιρανέω [v.] 'to rule' (11.

    *ETYM Derived from a word for 'army, host of warriors' found in Go. harjis 'army',  Lith. kdrias 'id', MIr. cuire [m.] 'crowd, group', Gaul. ENs Tri-, Petru-corii  'consisting of three/ four tribes', from IE *korio-. The Greek word seems to have a  close counterpart in ON herjann, epithet of Odin, and in the Old British EN  Coriono-tétae (see Peters 1980a: 17off., with an attempt to clarify the derivational  history of these words). It is debated whether the suffix *-no- is old in the type Lat. dominus from domus, Go. piudans 'king' from piuda 'people', etc. In Greek, the base  form *korio- still existed in proper names like Κοιρό-μαχος, Κοιρατάδας. Beside IE  *kor-io-, there was *kor(o)- in Lith. kdras 'war', OP kéra- 'army, people'. In Greek,  the old word κοίρανος was replaced by the substrate words ▶︎ ἄναξ and ν βασιλεύς.

XXXXXκοκ(κλάλια (n.pl.] 'small crustacaeans (Arist. HA 528a 9).

    *VAR  Also κωκ-.

    *ETYM On the meaning, see Thompson 1947 s.v., who points to similar Italian names  like cocciole, cozzule. The word should be connected as Pre-Greek together with its  variant ▶︎ κόγχῃ.

===Pag_780: Beekes_Página_0780.tiff=== XXXXXκοκύαι 733

XXXXXκόκκος [m.] 1. 'kernel of fruits, especially of the pomegranate' (h. Cer., IA), cf. Stromberg 1937: 185; 2. 'berry (gall) of the kermes oak, scarlet, kermes oak' (Thphr., Gal., Dsc.), see Michell Class. Rev. 69 (1955): 246; 3. metaph. 'pill' (medic.).

    *COMP κοκκο-βαφής 'painted with scarlet' (Thphr.), καλλί-κοκκος 'with beautiful  kernels' (Thphr.); κοκκό-δαφνον, δαφνό-κοκκον (medic.) = κόκκος δάφνης, Sagvic  (Stromberg 1944: 7).

    *DER Diminutives κοκκίον, κοκκάριον (medic.); κόκκων, τωνος [m.] 'kernel of the  pomegranate' (Sol., Hp.), 'mistletoe berry' (H.), κόκκαλος [m.] 'kernel of the stone-  pine' (Hp., Gal.), see Chantraine 1933: 247; κοκκίδες [pl.] 'scarlet slippers' (Herod.),  τίδα: alyeipov 'black poplar' (H.); κόκκινος 'scarlet' (Herod., pap., Arr.), whence κοκκινίζω [v.] 'to be scarlet-colored' (sch.), κοκκηρός 'made of scarlet' (Edict. Diocl.),  cf. οἰνηρός, ἐλαιηρός; κοκκίζω [v.] 'to take out the kernel' (A., Ar.).

    *ETYM Etymology unknown. Alessio Studi etruschi 18 (1945): 126 adduces Span. cuesco 'nut' and considers a Mediterranaean loan *kosko-, from which κόκκος would  also derive; this is rejected by Fur. 293. Probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκοκρύδων = κορδύς.

XXXXXκόκκῦ [interj.] cry of the cuckoo; 4150 ἃ cry in general (Ar.).

    *COMP As a first member in κοκκυ-βόας ὄρνις name of the cock (S. fr. 791; codd. Eust. κοκκο-).

    *DER κοκκύζω of the cry of the cuckoo and of the cock (Hes.), κοκκυσμός 'shrill cry'  (Nicom. Math.), κοκκυστής 'crier' (Timo); κόκκυξ, -byos [m.] 'cuckoo' (Hes.), -vyog  [nom.)] (Alc.), also metaph., e.g. as a fish name (Hp., Arist.), a fig (Nic.); see  Stromberg 1943: 116, Strémberg 1940: 73. From κόκκυξ: Κοκκύγιον name of a  mountain (Paus.); κοκκυγία: ἀνεμώνη. Κροτωνιᾶται 'poppy anemone (Krotoniate)'  (H.), 'cuckooflower' acc. to Strémberg l.c.; κοκκυγέα 'Rhus cotinus', a tree (Plin5  conj. in Thphr. HP 3, 16, 6). With labial suffix the PN Koxxvy, Κοκκουβίας (Boeot.),  cf. Bechtel 1921, 1: 262f. Here perhaps also κόκκυς: λόφος (H.), if to be interpreted as  'cock's comb'.

    *ETYM Cf. ▶︎ κοκκκύμηλον. Onomatopoeic, like Skt. kokild- 'cuckoo', kukkutd- 'cock',  Lat. cuctilus, MoE cuckoo, etc. On κόκκυξ, see Thompson 1895 s.v. The word could  well be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκοκκύμηλον [n.) 'plum' (Archil.).

    *DER κοκκυμηλέα [f.] 'plum tree' (Arar. Com., Thphr.), -μηλών [m.) 'plum garden'  (gloss.).

    *ETYM Connection with κόκκος as 'stone fruit' seems probable (see Schrader-  Nehring 1917(2): 182); the -v- would have to be folk-etymological after κόκκυξ, but  no motivation for the replacement is indicated (cf. Stromberg 1940: 73). Note κοδύ-  μαλον (s.v. ▶︎ κυδώνια). The word could be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκοκύαι [pl.m., f.) 'forefathers' (AP, Call. H.). <?>

    *VAR VL κοκκ-. Cf. κουκᾶ' πάππων 'of ancestors' (H.).

    *ETYM Groéelj Razprave 2: 12 and Schmidt ad loc. compared ▶︎ yvyai - πάπποι (H.). Cf. also Pfeiffer 1949-1953 ad Call. fr. 340.

===Pag_781: Beekes_Página_0781.tiff===

XXXXXκόκχος [3] = Lat. coculum 'a vessel for cooking' (PHamb. 12, 36). <LW 1,41.»

    *ETYM From the Latin word, which is derived from coqué 'to cook' (DELG).

XXXXXκόλαβρος [m.] name of a song which accompanied the dance κολαβρισμός (Ath.), = χοιρίδιον 'little pig' (H. [cod. κοιλίδιον), Suid.).

    *VAR  καλαβρισμός (ν.1. codd. Ath. 14, 629d). Cf. κολόβριον 'little pig' (Ar. Byz. apud  Eust. 1817, 19), Fur.: 343.

    *DER κολαβρίζειν: σκιρτᾶν 'to leap, bound' (H.), pass. 'to be derided' (LXX),  κολαβρισμός (Ath. Poll.); κολαβρευομένη: κώλοις ἁλλομένη 'twitching with the  limbs' (H.). See Lawler and Kober Class. Phil. 40 (1945): 98ff. with hypotheses on the  etymology.

    *ETYM Poll. 4, 100 calls the dance Thracian or Carian, so the word is probably  foreign. Cf. Suid. κολαβρισθείη: χλειασθείη, ExtivaxGein, ἀτιμασθείη- κόλαβρος yap  ὁ μικρὸς χοῖρος 'was mocked, kicked out, dishonored; for a k. is a small pig'. Fur.:  343 compares κολόβριον 'little pig' (Ar. Byz. apud Eust. 1817, 19), which means that  the word is Pre-Greek. For the dance, he compares καλλαβίς 'a passionate dance';  note the ν.]. καλαβρισμός (codd. Ath.).

XXXXXκολάζω 'to chastize, punish'. = κόλος.

XXXXXκόλαξ, -ἄκος [m.] 'flatterer, fawner' (Att., Hell.).

    *COMP Often as a second member (com.), e.g. κνισο-κόλαξ; see Risch IF 59 (1949):  277.

    *DER κολακεία (Democr., Ρ].), κολακίς [f.] (Clearch. Plu.), κολακικός 'flattering'  (PL) and κολακεύω 'to flatter' (Att. Hell.); κολάκευμα (X.) 'flattering', κολακευτικός  'id? (P1.), κολακευτής = κόλαξ (gloss.).

    *ETYM A word from Attic everyday language without established etymology. As the  suffix -ax- originates from Pre-Greek, the same probably holds for this word.

XXXXXκολάπτω [v.] 'to peck (of birds), strike, carve, engrave' (JA, Aeol.).

    *VAR Aor. κολάψαι.

    *COMP Also with prefix, especially év-, ἐκ-.

    *DER ἐγ-κόλαψις 'inscription', éx- 'obliteration' (inscr., Arist.), ἐγ-κόλαμμα  'inscription' (LXX, Priene), (ἐγ-)κολαπτός 'carved out' (inscr., LXX); κολαπτήρ [m.]  'chisel' with δια-κολαπτηρίζω 'to engrave with a chisel' (Lebadeia); also Spu(o)-  κολάπτ-[τ]ης 'woodpecker' (Ar., Arist; see further ▶︎ δρῦς), a compound of δόρυ and  κολάπτειν with suffixal -της, similar κρᾶνο-κολάπτης name of a venomous spider  (Philum.).

    *ETYM Frisk and DELG assume that κολάπτω derives from an IE root *kelh,-, and  that it replaces a primary verb by adding -άπτω after verbs with similar meaning, like  oxantw, dapdantw, κόπτω; the resultant form perhaps replaced a primary verb  preserved in Lith. kdlti, sg. kalu 'to forge, hammer', OCS Klati, koljo ᾿σφάττειν᾽, Ru. koldt' 'sting, split, chop'. Several other Greek words have been connected with this  root; see discussion on ▶︎ κόλος, ▶︎ κελεός, ▶︎ κλάω. Cf. LIV' sv. *kelh,-. However, as  long as the origin of the labial enlargement is not further clarified, it is best to  assume that κολάπτω is derived from ▶︎ κόλαφος and, therefore, of Pre-Greek origin.

===Pag_782: Beekes_Página_0782.tiff=== XXXXXκολίας 735

XXXXXκόλαφος [m.] 'punch, buffet' (Epich. 1 as ἃ name of παιδοτρίβης, H., ΕΜ).

    *VAR κόλαφος: κόνδυλος 'knuckle' (H.).

    *DER KoAagitw 'to punch, to box on the ear' (NT, Sammelb. 6263, 23); KoAagidtov  Att. woman's name, see Fraenkel 1912: 86°).

    *ETYM A lowly word without clear etymology. For the formation, it has been  compared to ▶︎ κρόταφος (Chantraine 1933: 264). Frisk and DELG argued that  κόλαφος derives from ▶︎ Κολάπτωῳ as a back-formation, if the two are cognate, but it  remains unclear why they do not consider κόλαφος as basic. The word is no doubt  Pre-Greek, with κολάπτω as the accompanying denominative. Latin borrowed the  word as colap(h)us (Plaut.); see Ernout RPh. 77 (1951): 155f. It received a wide  distribution in Vulgar Latin and in the Romance languages (VLat. colpus, Ital. colpo,  MoFr. coup, etc.); it perhaps also appears in Go. kaupatjan ἱκολαφίζειν᾽,

XXXXXκολέα [f.] - ποιά τις ὄρχησις 'kind of dance' (H.).

    *VAR  κολία' ὀρχήσεως εἶδος 'id.' (H.).

    *DER κολιάσαι: ὀρχήσασθαι 'to dance' (H.), ipf. ἐκολίαζε (IG 12 Supp. 244; cf. Latte  Glotta 32 (1953): 39f.).

    *ETYM The variant in -€a suggests Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXκολεκάνοι [m.pl.] - τοῦτο ἐπὶ μήκους σὺν λεπτότητι ἐτάσσετο 'used in the case of length combined with thinness' (H., citing Strat. 64). 'ΑΚ κολοκάνοι: εὐμηκεῖς καὶ λειττοί 'tall and thin, narrow' (H.).

    *ETYM Unknown; probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκολεόν [n.] 'sheath of a sword' (II.), see Triimpy 1950: 62. < PG?>

    *VAR Also -ός [m.], lengthened κουλ-.

    *COMP Also in compounds, e.g. κολεό-πτερος 'sheath-winged (of beetles)' (Arist.),  σιδηρο-κόλεος 'with iron sheath' (pap. III*).

    *DER Denominative κολεάζοντες: ὠθοῦντες εἰς κολεόν, περαίνοντες 'thrusting into  the sheath, penetrating' (H.) (likewise Ath. Mitt. 59, 66; Syrus V*), κολεασμός: τὸ  περαίνεσθαι 'penetration' (H.). It is unlikely that κόλυθροι [pl.] 'testicles' (Arist.)  belongs here too; κόλυθρον, -tpov also means 'with ripe figs' (Ath. 3, 76f.); cf. on  > σκόλυθρον.

    *ETYM The suffix recalls ▶︎ εἰλεός 'hole, den, etc.'. Acc. to Meillet BSE 30 (1930): 115,  κολεόν comes from a Mediterranaean language, like Lat. culleus 'leather sack'; cf. WH s.v. Therefore, it is probably Pre-Greek. Connection with >» καλύπτω, ▶︎ κέλῦφος  as an inherited word (*xodefov) is formally impossible; these too are substrate  words.

XXXXXκολετράω [v.] 'to trample on' (Ar. Nu. 552).

    *ETYM Acc. to H., a term from oil preparation: ἀπὸ τῶν τὰς ἐλαίας πατούντων, 5 δὴ  λέγουσι κολετρᾶν 'after those treading olives, which is called κι᾿, This presupposes a  substantive Ἰκόλετρον or *koAétpa, which could be an instrument noun or nomen  loci, but the meaning of which remains unknown. Connection with κόλος, κολάπτω,  etc. does not help much. Probably a technical Pre-Greek term.

XXXXXκολίας [m.] name of a mackerel-like fish, 'Scomber colias' (Epich., Ar. Arist.). «τ

===Pag_783: Beekes_Página_0783.tiff===

    *DER Diminutive κολίδιον (medic.).

    *ETYM Formation like dxav@iac, ξιφίας, and other fish and animal names  (Chantraine 1933: 94); further unexplained. Cf. Thompson 1947 s.v.

XXXXXκόλλᾰ [f.] 'glue' (Emp., Hdt., Hp. E.).

    *COMP As a first member eg. in κολλ-εψός 'glue-boiler' (Att. inscr., Poll.); as a  second member in ταυρό-, ἰχθυό-κολλα 'bull-, fish-glue' (Plb., Dsc.); but moti-, σύγ-  κολλος, etc. (Pi, A.) are back-formations to ποτι-, συγ-κολλάω, etc.

    *DER κολλήεντα [n.pl.] (O 389 ξυστά, Hes. Sc. 309 G&pyata) 'well-fixed', cf. κολλητός  below; κολλώδης 'gluey, sticky' (Pl, Arist.). Denominative verb κολλάω 'to glue,  stick together, make one, unite' (Pi., Emp., IA), often with prefixes like ovv-, mpoo-,  év-, Kata-; κόλλημα 'what is glued together, etc.', plur. 'papyrus leaves that form a  scroll', κόλλησις 'glueing together, soldering' (IA) with (συγ-)κολλήσιμος, -ov 'glued  together' (pap.); (συγ-)κολλητής 'who glues together' (Ar., pap.); κολλητήριον 'glue'  (Ph. Bel.); κόλλητρα [pl.] 'cost of soldering' (pap.); κολλητός 'glued together, well-  fixed' (Il.). Ammann 1956: 16, κολλητικός (Dor. -at-) 'gluey, gluing together' (Arist.,  Epid., pap.), κολλητικὰ ἔργα 'plumber's work' (pap.). As a second member in the  back-formation πρωτό-κολλον [n.] 'the first fixed (glued) leaf of a papyrus scroll  Just.). Rarely ἐπι-κολλαίνω 'to stick to' (Thphr.), κολλίζω (Gp.), κολλιστής (gloss.).

    *ETYM κόλλᾶ may be a derivation in -ia from a root *kol-, but further details are  obscure. The similarity with a Slavic word for 'glue' (eg. CS kléjo, klejo, Ru. klej <  PS). *kléje; *klojv) is only apparent (there is no evidence for *koléjv, *kolvjo with  reduced vowel). The Germanic verb MDu. and MLG helen 'stick' < PGm. *haljan is  limited to a small area, and is hard to connect with κόλλα. Because of the geminate  -AX-, the Greek word could be Pre-Greek in origin, i.e. *kol'a. It was taken over by  Romance, e.g. Ital. colla, MoFr. colle, etc. See ▶︎ λοιός.

XXXXXκόλλαβος [m.] a kind of bread or cake (Ar., Philyll.); also = κόλλοψ (Luc., Iamb., H.). < PGP

    *DER κολλαβίζω 'to play κόλλαβος᾽, ie. one holds his eyes, while the other strikes  him, and asks him to guess by which hand he has been struck (Poll. 9, 129); the  naming motive is obscure.

    *ETYM Popular word in -βος (Schwyzer: 496, Chantraine 1933: 261f.) and, like so  many words of the same formation, without etymology. Could the word originally  mean 'buffet'? See ▶︎ κόλλοψ. Cf. further ▶︎ κόλλιξ and ▶︎ κολλύρα. The word is no  doubt Pre-Greek; cf. also Guilleux RPh. 75 (2001) s.v.

XXXXXκόλλιξ, -ῖκος [m.] 'round, coarse bread' (Hippon., com.), 'tablet' (medic.). < PG>

    *COMP κολλικο-φάγος (Ar.).

    *DER κολλίκιος ἄρτος (Ath.), κολλίκιον (Greg. Cor.).

    *ETYM The word is no doubt Pre-Greek, because of the suffix -ix-.

XXXXXκολλόροβον ⟹ καλαῦροψ.

XXXXXκόλλουρος [m.] name of an unknown fish (Marc. Sid. 22).

    *DER κολλουρίς 'marshmallow' (gloss.).

===Pag_784: Beekes_Página_0784.tiff=== XXXXXκολοβός 737

    *ETYM Stromberg 1943: 48 proposes that the word replaced ἔκόλ-ουρος 'with stump  tail, with expressive gemination; as a marsh-plant, the mallow would have been  called after the fish (ibd. 25). André RPh. 45 (1971): 216f. separates koAAoupic from  the fish and and connects it with κολλ(ο)ύρα 'small, round flat bread', given the  similarity of the fruit of the mallow with a cake. Probably Pre-Greek, given the  geminate -λλ- (which is not a sign of expressiveness) and the suffix -ovp(oc).

XXXXXκόλλοψ, -οπος [m.] 'peg or screw by which the strings of the lyre were tightened' (@ 407, Ar., Pl., Luc.); 'thick skin on the upper part of the neck of oxen or pigs' (Ar. fr. 646 and 506, 3); 'bar by which a windlass was turned' (Arist. Mech. 852b 12); metaph. 'ἀνδρόγυνος, cinaedus' (Hell. com., AP).

    *VAR  Also κόλλαβος (in the first mg.).

    *COMP κολλοπο-διώκτης (sch. Ar. Nu. 347, Eust., Suid.).

    *DER KoAAortetw 'to be a κόλλοψ᾽ (Pl. Com.); other denominatives: κολλοπίζειν'  καθέλκειν 'to draw. or carry down' and κολλοπῶσαι: κατακολλῆσαι 'to glue upon'  (H.), with folk-etymological connection with ▶︎ κόλλα.

    *ETYM A technical term, which was analyzed by H. as διὰ τὸ εἰς κόλλαν εὐθετεῖν  (referring to the thick part of the neck of animals). Others have proposed relation to  Lat. callum 'thick skin, callosity'; Bq suggested to connect it with ▶︎ σκόλοψ 'pole'. The word is clearly Pre-Greek because of its suffix; this is further confirmed if  κόλλαβος is a variant (-on-/ -an-/ -αβ- is a Pre-Greek suffix variation).

XXXXXκόλλυβος 1 [m.] 'small change' (Ar., Eup. Call.), 'small gold weight' (Thphr..); 'rate of exchange' (Hell. inscr., pap., Cic.). < PG(S)>

    *VAR  Also -ov [n.] (Poll. 9, 72).

    *DER κολλυβιστής 'money changer' (Men. NT, pap.), from *KodAvPilw;  κολλυβιστικός and κολλυβιστήριον 'exchange office' (pap. and ostr.).

    *ETYM Explained as Semitic by Lewy 1895: 119[., who compared Hebr. hélap  'exchange'. However, the element -vB- (which cannot be explained from the Hebr. word) rather points to a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXκολλύρα mg. uncertain, probably 'cake, tablet' (Ar Thphr., LXX, pap.), cf. κόλλιξ and κόλλαβος.

    *VAR  Also κολλούρα.

    *DER Diminutives KoAAvpic and κολλύριον (-ob-) (LXX, pap.); κολλύριον (-οὐ-)  usually 'eyesalve, salve in general', in the form of a tablet (Apoc., Arr., medic., inscr. and pap.); κολλυρικός 'made from κολλῦραι᾽ (Plaut. Pers. 95), κολλυρίζω 'to bake κ᾿'  (LXX), κολλυριόομαι in κεκολλυριωμένον (cod. -ρόμενον): λευκῷ κεχρισμένον  'anointed with white' (H.); κολλυρίων [m.] name of a bird, probably 'thrush' (Arist.);  also κορυλλίων (H.), naming motive unknown (cf. Thompson 1895 s.v.).

    *ETYM Like other words in -ῦρα (ἄγκῦρα, γέφυρα, AEnbpov), probably Pre-Greek  (see Pre-Greek: suffixes). If the variation v/ ov is old, this also points to Pre-Greek  origin.

XXXXXκολοβάφινος

    *VAR χολοβάφινος. > χολή.

XXXXXκολοβός [46].] 'curtailed, maimed, short' (Pl., X., Arist., Hell.).

===Pag_785: Beekes_Página_0785.tiff===

    *COMP As ἃ first member e.g. in κολοβό-κερκος 'with docked tail' (LXX).

    *DER κολόβιον [π.] 'jacket without sleeves' (pap.), also κολόβαξ (gloss.); κολοβώδης  'stunted, stumpy' (Polem. Phgn. [v.l]J), κολοβότης 'stuntedness' (Plu.). Denominative verbs: 1. κολοβόω 'to stunt, shorten', κολόβωσις 'mutilation',  κολόβωμα 'maimed, amputated member' (Arist.); 2. κολοβίζω 'id' (Thera I*-I?).

    *ETYM An enlargement of κόλος 'id'; see also on ▶︎ κλαμβός. Since the suffix -(ο)βο-  cannot be explained in IE terms, the word is probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκολοιός [m.] 'jackdaw, Corvus monedula' (1]., Pi. Ar. Arist.).

    *DER κολοιώδης (Plu.), κολοιάω (Poll. 5, 89), -waw (B 212) 'to cry (κε΄ ἃ jackdaw)',  KoAwéw 'id' (Antim. 37); back-formation κολῳός 'screeching' (A 575, A. R. 1, 1284),  κολοιή: φωνή 'voice' (H.).

    *ETYM Onomatopoeic origin cannot be further substantiated; neither does the word  belong to καλέω. It would be highly unsatisfactory to separate koAwdw, -ῳός from  κολοιάω, -οιός, but an explanation of the notation with -w- (in ἐκολῴα B 212) has  not been found (cf. the hypotheses in Frisk and DELG). Cf. also κολουᾶν: θορυβεῖν  'to make noise' (H.). These variants may be of Pre-Greek origin. See ▶︎ κολοίφρυξ.

XXXXXκολοιτία [f.] tree that grew on the Liparian islands 'Cytisus aeolicus', also 'sallow, Salix cinerea' (Thphr.).

    *VAR Also κολουτέα, κολυτέα [f.] 'Colutea arborescens' (Thphr.), whence Lat. colitea [n.pl.] 'its fruits'; in H. also κολοιτέα, κολωτέα, κοιλωτέα' δένδρον τι 'a tree'.

    *ETYM Clearly a Pre-Greek word, given the variation. Cf. on ▶︎ κολοκύνθη.

XXXXXκολοίφρυξ [] - Ταναγραῖος ἀλεκτρυών. καὶ ὄρος Βοιωτίας 'Tanagrian cock; mountain in Boeotia' (H.).

    *ETYM The second element is not in any way related to φάρυξ. Probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκολόκυμα [n.] 'large heavy wall before it breaks, said of the threats of Cleon, only (Ar. Eq. 692). <?>

    *ETYM Explained in various ways since antiquity: κόλον κῦμα 'blunt wave' (sch. ad  loc.); τυφλὸν or μακρὸν κῦμα 'blind or high wave' (H.); κωφὸν κῦμα καὶ μὴ  ἐπικαχλάζον 'silent wave, not gurgling' (Suid.). See the suggestion by Taillardat 1962:  §343 in DELG s.v.

XXXXXκολοκύνθη [f.] 'round gourd, Lagenaria vulgaris' (Hp., com., Arist., pap.). 4 PG(s)>

    *VAR Att. -τη, later -υνθᾶ, -vvta (Solmsen 1909: 263), late also -ὔυνθος (-vvtoc,  -tvtoc) [m.]).

    *COMP κολοκυνθαρύταινα [f.] 'spoon from κ᾿ (pap.).

    *DER Diminutives κολοκύντιον (Phryn. Com.), -υνθίς 'κολόκυνθα ἀγρία᾽ (Dsc.,  Gal.), τύνθινος (-bvtivos, -ivOtvoc) 'made with κ᾿ (pap., Luc.), τυνθιάς [f.] 'id.' (AP),  τών 'plantation of κι᾿ (pap.); ἀποκολοκύντωσις 'transformation into a pumpkin'  (Seneca, Ὁ. C. 60, 35). Κολοκυνθώ [f.] PN; see Schulze 1933a: 300f.

    *ETYM The suffix -υνθος, -ινθος, frequent in plant names, points to Pre-Greek origin. Cf. also κύκυον: τὸν σικυόν, KUKUIta γλυκεῖα κολόκυντα 'sweet gourd' (H.). An  informant in Ath. 2, 58f. says that it was introduced from India, but the comparison

===Pag_786: Beekes_Página_0786.tiff=== XXXXXκολοσσός 739 with Skt. kalinda- [n.] 'watermelon' and Kurd. kalak 'melon' is not very informative. On the names of the gourd and cucumber, see Schrader-Nehring 1917(1): 652ff.

XXXXXκόλον [n.] 'large intestine, ileum' (Ar. Eq. 455, Arist. Nic, Poll.); name of food preserved in a pot (PSI 5, 535, 39; 46, ITI*), acc. to Ath. 6, 262a = ἡ τροφή 'food'. <?>

    *ETYM No convincing explanation. Bq hesitantly pointed to κυλλός 'curbed', κελλόν'  στρεβλόν 'twisted' (H.); others have connected it with ▶︎ καλίδια - ἔντερα. Κύπριοι  'entrails (Cypr.) (H.). Late Greek had the form κῶλον, influenced by κῶλον  'member'. Fur.: 131 connects χοάς 'intestines', and further χόλικες, yoAa: ἔντερα. Μακεδόνες (γόδα codd.), γάλλια: ἔντερα, γάλλος = χόλιξ; none of these is really  convincing.

XXXXXκόλος [adj.] 'hornless, with stunted horns', of cows and goats (Hdt., Theoc., Nic., H.), of a spear 'without point (II 117), of battle 'broken off (sch.), as a name of book ©.

    *COMP As a first member in κόλουρος 'with short tail' (Plu.), as a mathematical and  astronomical term 'blunt' (Hipparch. Astr., Hero, Nicom.); κολουραῖος 'broken off,  steep' (of πέτρα, Call.), κολούρα 'hill, etc.' (Hermione, Epid.), κολουρίᾳ- τῇ ἀποτομίᾳ  'in a piece?', κολουρῖτις: γῆ. Σικελοί 'earth (Sicilian)' (H.), κολούρωσις = κολόβωσις  (lamb.); Lat. LW clira '(kind of) monkey' (WH s.v., Leumann Sprache 1 (1949):  206°).

    *DER KOA-epog 'with short-sheared fleece' (Arist.), opposed to et-, ἔπ-ερος, perhaps  after κόλουρος; see on ▶︎ eipoc; further κολόχειρ' χείραργος (H.). Derived from  κόλος or closely related are two verbs: 1. κολάζω 'to wring in, chastise, punish, cut'  (IA), aor. κολάσαι, rarely with συν-, avti-, mpo-; thence probably denominative  κόλασις 'chastisement' (IA), -ασμα (Ar, X.), -ασμός (Plu.) 'id'; κολαστής 'punisher'  (trag., Pl, Lys.), also κολαστήρ 'id' (Arr.), fem. κολάστρια (Ezek.), κολάστειρα (AP);  κολαστήριον 'punishment', -ος [adj.] 'punishing' (X., Ph.), κολαστικός 'punishing'  (P].). 2. κολούω 'to mutilate, limit' (I1.), aor. κολοῦσαι, sometimes with mept-, κατα-,  ἀπο-; formation unclear (cf. Schwyzer: 683, Chantraine 1942: 374 and see on  > κωλύω). From it κόλουσις 'docking, cutting short' (Arist.), κολούσματα' κλάσματα  'fragments' (HL).

    *ETYM The archaic word κόλος was replaced by κολοβός, and also by κόλουρος. It is  usually taken as a verbal noun from a Balto-Slavic primary verb: Lith. kditi, isg. kalu  'to beat, forge', OCS klati, 1sg. Κορ 'to butcher'. In Greek, the root may have left  some traces in »KAdw, but see sv. In any case, connection with ▶︎ κελεός and  ▶︎ κολάπτω is improbable. The barytone accent may be connected with the passive  meaning (Schwyzer: 459); perhaps κόλος was originally a substantive. The fact that  κολάπτω and ▶︎ κολούω are of unclear formation might point to a Pre-Greek  complex.

XXXXXκολοσσός [m.] 'gigantic statue, colossus' (Hdt. [only about Egypt], Hell.), also 'statue' in general (A., Hell.), 'figure, puppet representing someone absent' (Cyrene, SEG IX, 72, 117 and 122), cf. Buck 1955: 112.

    *VAR -ττ- (Ὁ. S.), -o- [f.] (Cyrene).

    *COMP  As a first member'e.g. in κολοσσο-ποιός (Hero).

===Pag_787: Beekes_Página_0787.tiff===

    *DER κολοσσιαῖος (D. 5. [-tt-], Ph. pap.), -τκός (D. 5. [-ττ-], Str, Plu.) 'having the  size of a x. colossal'.

    *ETYM Ample discussion of the word by Benveniste RPh. 58 (1929): 118ff. The  element -oo- typically points to Pre-Greek origin: it could represent PG *? or *k',  like in »θάλασσα. Bq compared ▶︎ κολεκάνοι (also -ox-) 'tall, meager man' (Stratt.,  H.), which is possible if we start from *kolok'- / *kolok'-n-, with depalatalization  before the nasal.

XXXXXκολοσυρτός [m.] 'noisy rabble, tumult, uproar' (Il, Hes., Ar.). <?>

    *DER κολοσυρτεῖ: θορυβεῖ, ταράσσει 'makes troubles, agitates' (H.).

    *ETYM Frequently analyzed as κολο-συρ-τός (cf. κονιορτός, ἀμαξιτός, βουλυτός for  this use of the suffix -t6-), of which the second member would be from ▶︎ σύρω 'to  draw, sweep' (Suid. s.v.), and the first member remain unexplained.

XXXXXκολούλια [n.pl.] 'gastropod mollusks' (Xenocr. apud Orob. 2, 58, 79). «ΡΟ»

    *VAR Also in Lat. coluthia (Plin. ΝῊ 32, 84, 147).

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXκολούω --κόλος.

XXXXXκολοφών, -ὥνος [m.] 'summit, top, pinnacle', only metaph. (Pl, com. Adesp., Str.), acc. to H. also = κολιός 'green woodpecker' (i.e. ▶︎ κελεός; s.v.) and ἰχθῦς θαλάσσιος 'sea fish'. < PG>

    *DER κολοφωνέω [v.] 'to crown a work' (Steph. in Hp.). Also a TN, town in Ionia;  Κολοφώνιος 'from K., inhabitant of K'.

    *ETYM A connection with κολωνός 'hill via an analysis *koAa@av < IE *koly-b'o- is  highly doubtful; the Anatolian toponym rather points to substrate origin. See  Chantraine 1933: 162.

XXXXXκόλπος [m.] 'bosom, lap, gulf, bay, vale, womb' (IL), also 'fistulous ulcer under the skin', = κολπάριον 'id.' (medic.). «1Ὲ k'elp- 'curve, vault',> k'olp-o->

    *COMP As a second member e.g. in βαθύ-κολτος 'with folds of the garment falling  down deep' (I1.).

    *DER κολπώδης 'bosom-like, full of bays' (E., Plb.); κολπίας 'puffing up' (πέπλος, A. Pers. 1060), 'wind blowing from the bay', ἐγκολπίας 'id. (Arist.); Κολπίτης [m.] old  name of Phoenicia (Steph. Byz.), plur. 'inhabitants of the coast', name of an  uncivilized people living by the Red Sea (Philostr.), cf. below on διακολπιτεύω;  κολτπιόομαι, -όω 'to puff up' (B., Hp.), κόλπωσις, -ωμα 'puff, -wtdc. Several prefixed  forms in various functions, of which most are Hell: éy-, ém-, ὑπο-κόλπιος, ἀνα-, 2y-,  ἐπι-κολπόω, éy-, KaTa-, περι-κολπίζω, etc. However, note (dta-)KkoAmtebw 'to  smuggle' (PTeb. 709, 9; 14 [II*]), which hardly belongs to κόλπος 'bosom, etc.', but  rather with the ethnonym Κολπῖται 'inhabitants of the coast' (see above); likewise  ἔλαιον κολπιτικόν (PTeb. 38, 12 and 125 [I]*]) 'smuggled oil'.

    *ETYM If we connect κόλπος with MoHG wélben as a verbal noun to the primary  verb preserved in ON holfinn 'vaulted', causative ON hvelfa, OHG (h)welben 'to  vault', we have to assume dissimilation *k' ... p > Κ΄... = for Greek (see Schwyzer:  302, Lejeune 1972: 572). Germanic also has a verbal noun ON hvalf, OE hwealf [f.]

===Pag_788: Beekes_Página_0788.tiff=== XXXXXκολώνη 741 'vault', which would be identical with κόλπος. The comparison of OE heofon-hwealf 'vault of heaven' with αἰθέρος κόλποι (Pi. O. 13, 88) is not compelling, as the Greek expression could be based on the image of a bosom and the Germanic on that of a vault. Vulgar Latin borrowed κόλπος as colphus > Ital. golfo, MoFr. golfe, etc.

XXXXXκόλσασθαι - ἱκετεῦσαι 'to supplicate' (H.). = κῶλον.

XXXXXκολύβδαινα [f.] 'kind of crab' (Epich. 57).

    *ETYM Cf. κολύμβαινα 'id', see on ▶︎ κόλυμιβος. A typically Pre-Greek word, with  interchange B5/ 6 and prenasalization. There is no reason to assume influence of  μολύβδαινα 'bull of lead'.

XXXXXκόλυβος -' καλύπτω.

XXXXXκόλυθροι 'testicles'. + κολεόν and σκόλυθρον.

XXXXXκόλυμβος [m.] 'little-grebe, Podiceps minor' (Ar.), see Thompson 1895: 158, also a back-formation of ▶︎ κολυμβάω. < PG(V)>

    *VAR Note κολυμφάω (EM 526, 2). In the same mg. κολυμβίς [f.] (Ar. Arist.), -άς [f.]  'id? (Ath.), but more commonly of olives pickled in brine (Diph. Siph., pap.);  κολύμβαινα = κολύβδαινα (Archig. apud Gal.), κολύμβατος name of a plant (Gp.),  naming motive unknown, cf. Stromberg 1940: 113, and κολυμβάς name of a shrub  (στοιβήλ in Gal.

    *DER Denominative verb κολυμβάω 'to dive, submerge, jump into the water, swim'  (Att., Hell.), often with prefix, e.g. éx-, κατα-, ava-, δια-, κολυμβήθρα 'bathing place,  pool, cistern' (Ρ].), κολύμβησις 'diving' = 'pearl fishery' (Peripl. M. Rubr.), back-  formation κόλυμβος = κολύμβησις (Str, Paus., Plu.) and -ἦθρα (Hero); κολυμβητήρ  (A.) and -ητής (Th., Pl.) 'diver' (cf. Fraenkel 1912: 14 and 17f.), κολυμβητική (τέχνη)  'art of diving' (Ρ].); also κολυμβιστής (sch.); κολυμβιτεύω (= -τεύωξ) 'to throw into  the water' (pap.).

    *ETYM Lat. columba 'dove' is similar, but a common pre-form would make no sense. Apart from the suffix -υμβ-, the variant κολυμφάω proves that the word is Pre-  Greek. The variation μβ / B5 is most easily explained from *p', the palatal feature of  which was lost after prenasalization, giving μι (cf. Fur.: 307'', although ▶︎ μόλυβδος /  plumbum must now be given up).

XXXXXκολύμφατος [1] - φλοιός, λεπίδιον 'bark, capsule' (H.).

    *ETYM Referring to a part of a plant, the gloss must be identical with κολύμβατος  (see ▶︎ κόλυμβος), with well-known Pre-Greek variation.

XXXXXκολυτέα plant name. = koAottéa.

XXXXXκολχικόν [n.] name of a venomous type of saffron, 'Colchicum speciosum' (Dsc.).

    *ETYM Named after its homeland, Κολχίς; see Stromberg 1940: 122.

XXXXXκολώνη [f.] 'hill, height, heap of stones, mound, etc.' (IL, Pi. S.), also as a TN (town in Troas, Att. deme).

    *VAR κολωνός [m.] (h. Cer. Hdt., X., A. R.).

===Pag_789: Beekes_Página_0789.tiff===

    *COMP As a second member in Καλλι-κολώνη hill near Troy (IL), ὑψι-κόλωνος  'towering high' (Opp.).

    *DER KoAwvia: τάφος. Ἠλεῖοι 'funeral rite, tomb (Elean)' (H.), alphabetically  misplaced, so perhaps for -wva (Schmidt); KoAwvétat [p]l.) EN derived from the  deme-name (Hyperid.).

    *ETYM The forms κολών-η beside κολων-ός point to an old n-stem. This is also seen  in Lith. kalnas 'mountain', Lat. collis 'hill < *kolnis, OE hyll, MoE hill < PGm. *huln-  i-. The n-stem *kolH-n-, *klH-n- belongs to a primary verb 'rise up', from which Lat. -cell6 < *-kel-nH- forms a nasal present (see De Vaan 2008), and for which Lith. kélti, sg. kelit 'to lift' proves a root-final laryngeal. On the suffix -vn, -wvdc, see  Chantraine 1933: 207f. and Schmeja IF 68 (1963): 36ff.; they probably arose by  extending the vocalism of the nominative to the other cases.

XXXXXκολῳός 'screeching'. = κολοιός.

XXXXXκομάκτωρ, -ορος [m.] mg. uncertain (Rhinth. 9, Inscr. Magn. 217 [I*]). «τὴν 141.

    *ETYM Probably from Lat. coactor 'exactor pecuniae' (Fraenkel 1912: 7of.). Not from  Osc. *comahtor, as per von Blumenthal Glotta 18 (1930): 149.

XXXXXκομαρίδες [acc.p]f.] 'a fish' (Epich. 47). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXκόμαρος 1 [f,, m.) 'strawberry tree, Arbutus unedo' (com., Thphr., Theoc.).

    *VAR Also κύμαρος (H.).

    *DER Kop(wapt [n.] 'red paint from the root of the plant Comarum palustre'  (PHolm., Alchim., etc.), also -ptc [f.], -pov [n.]; cf. Lagercrantz 1913: 197f.; the i-stem  reminds of κιννάβαρι(ς), etc.

    *ETYM Stromberg 1940: 58 derives it from κόμη 'crown of a tree', with an added suffix  -apo-, for which he compares κίσθαρος to κισθός. However, the variant with κύμ-  shows that it is a Pre-Greek word (Fur.: 362).

XXXXXκομ(μλάραι = καμ(μλάρος.

XXXXXκόμβα [f.] - κορώνη. Πολυρρήνιοι 'shearwater, crow (Polyrrhenian)' (H.).

    *ETYM Bechtel 1921, 2: 788 connects it with κόμβησαν' ποιὸν ἦχον ἀπετέλεσαν  'produced a certain sound' and κομβακεύεται' κόμπους λέγει 'brags, boasts' (H.). It  has been compared with ▶︎ κόμπος 'loud noise, bragging' and ▶︎ βόμβος, which are  sound-imitating words, but at the same time Pre-Greek variants. If the bird name  > κύμβη 3 is related, it is yet another variant.

XXXXXκόμβος [m.] 'band, belt' (Anon. apud Suid.).

    *COMP As a first member in κομβολύτης: βαλαντιοτόμος 'cutpurse, footpad' (Η.),

XXXXXκομβοθηλεία [f.] 'buckle' (sch.), from κόμβος θῆλυς (or θήλεια); also κομπο-θηλαία 'band, belt' (sch.) and κομπο-θήλυκα [pl.] (Hippiatr.), v.l. for πόρπακας, which were thought to be influenced by κόμπος 'boast', but see below.

    *DER κομβίον = περόνη 'buckle' (Eust., Sch.), κομβώσασθαι' στολίσασθαι 'to equip,  dress', κόμβωμα- στόλισμα 'garment' (H.), κομβώματα = καλλωπίσματα, etc. (Suid. H.). Better attested is the hypostasis ἐγκομβόομαι [v.] 'to bind on, put on' (Epich.,

===Pag_790: Beekes_Página_0790.tiff===

Hell. Com., 1 Ep. Pet. 5, 5), whence ἐγκόμβωμα 'protecting upper garment worn by slaves' (Longus, Thd.); further ἀνακομβόομαι [v.] 'to gird on (intr.y (Gp.).

    *ETYM The old comparisons with Balto-Slavic words for 'hang', e.g. Lith. kabinti 'to  hang, hook on', kibti 'to hang oneself, hook on', CS skoba 'fibula', Ru. skobd 'iron  hook, clamp', and, within Greek, with σκαμβός 'crooked (legs)', are quite dubious. As Frisk remarks, 'Das Resultat dieser Vergleiche ist offenbar eine sowohl lautlich  wie begrifflich wenig befriedigende Approximation'. MoNw. hem pe 'string, strap,  handle' can hardly be separated from hamp 'hemp'. The forms κομβοθηλεία, κομποθηλαία, κομποθήλυκα clearly show that there was a  variant with -π-, which points to Pre-Greek origin (confusion with κόμπος 'noise,  bragging' is improbable). Also, note the variation in the suffix: -e1a, -ata, -vka, which  are found more often in Pre-Greek (Pre-Greek: suffixes -at/-e(1)).

XXXXXκομέω [v.] 'tocare for, ply' (Il.). «1ὲ *kemh,- 'get tired'>

    *VAR Only present-stem, with iterative ipf. κομέεσκον; prefixed with ἀμφι- CAP);  further κομίζω [v.] 'to care for, attend, look after, loot, save, fetch, bring, transport'  (1), aor. κομίσ(σλαι, -ασθαι, Dor. (Pi.) κομίξαι, pass. κομισθῆναι, fut. κομιῶ, -οὔμαι  (since 0 546), see Schwyzer: 785, Chantraine 1942: 451; Hell. κομίσω, -ίσομαι.

    *COMP Very frequent with prefix, e.g. dva-, ἀπο-, εἰσ-, ἐκ-, κατα-, Mapa-, συν-.

    *DER (ἀνα-, ἀπο-, εἰς. )κομιδή 'attendance, care, support, loot, rescue, supply, escape'  (11); dat. κομιδῇ [adv.] 'exactly, definitely, certainly' (1A); κομιστήρ, -τής 'who takes  care, provider' (E.), fem. κομίστρια (AB, Orph.); κόμιστρα [n.pl.] 'reward for saving  or transportation' (trag., inscr.); κομιστικός Ἧϊ for care, for transporting' (IA); ἐκ-  κομισμός 'export, burial' (Str., Phid.), μετα-κόμισις, εἰσ-κόμισμα, etc. (sch., gloss.). As a second member in several compounds -κόμος, e.g. εἰρο-κόμος 'processing wool,  spinner' (I 387, AP), ἱπποκόμος 'who takes care of horses, groom' (IA). On the  semantic development of κομίζω and derivatives see Wackernagel 1916: 2109f.,  Hoekstra Mnem. 4:3 (1950): 103f.

    *ETYM Iterative deverbative κομέω from primary »Kdtvw (type gopéw; see  Schwyzer: 719), which was enlarged to κομίζω, whence as a back-formation κομιδή  (Schwyzer: 421°). See further s.v. ▶︎ κάμνω.

XXXXXκόμη [f.] 'hair' of the head, also of the manes of a horse (II.), metaph. 'foliage', also of growth in general (Od.), 'tail of a comet' (Arist.). <?>

    *COMP  Bahuvrihi ἱππό-κομος 'covered with horsehair', of a helmet (l.), opposed to  governing ἱππο-κόμος, see ▶︎ Kopéw; κομα-τροφέω [v.] 'to grow one's hair'  (Amorgos, Str.), also with compositional -o-.

    *DER Diminutives κομίσκᾶ (Alcm.) and κόμιον (Arr.). Further κομήτης [m.] 'with  (long) hair' (1A), 'comet' (Arist.). see Scherer 1953: 105 and 107f., also a plant-name  'τιθύμαλλος, Euphorbia' (Dsc.); κομήεις 'with leaves' (Orph.). Denominative κομάω  [v.] 'to have long hair, show off (Il.), Ion. -éw; late with dva-, kata-, etc.

    *ETYM Not explained with certainty. The word κόμη may be taken as 'well-tended  hair', in opposition to ▶︎ θρίξ, and connected with ▶︎ kopéw 'to take care of. Thus, it  would originally mean 'care'. Schwyzer: 725° considers a back-formation from  κομάω, which could be a by-form of κομέω. However, since κομάω is always

===Pag_791: Beekes_Página_0791.tiff===

connected with hair and is never used in a different sense of 'to care', the assumprion is not very probable. Borrowed as Lat. comma; see WH s.v.

XXXXXκόμμι [n.) 'gum' (Hdt., Hp., Arist. Thphr.). «τὴν ΕB.»

    *VAR Indeclinable, but also declined -εως, -εἰ (-1651).

    *DER κομμίδιον (Hippiatr, sch.), κομμι(δ)γώδης 'rubber-like' (Arist., Thphr.),

XXXXXκομμίζω [v.] 'to be like «.' (Dsc.).

    *ETYM From Eg. kemai, kema, kmjt, Copt. kommi (see Schrader-Nehring 1917(1):  417). From κόμμι, Latin borrowed cummi(s), younger gummi. The other European  forms came from Latin. Independent loans from Egyptian (as assumed by Fohalle  1925: 171; cf. Kretschmer Glotta 16 (1928): 166) would hardly have resulted in the  same form in both languages.

XXXXXκομμόομαι [v.] 'to embellish, adorn oneself (Eup., Arist. Them.).

    *COMP With ἐπι- (Them.).

    *DER κόμμωμα 'ornament' (Luc.), -wotc 'ornamentation' (Ath., H.); back-formation  κομμός: περίεργος κόσμησις 'elaborate adornment' (Suid.); -ωτής 'dresser' (Arr.,  Luc, Plu.), κομμωτίζω: ἐπιμελοῦμαι 'to take care of (Suid.), -wtpra [f.] 'servant-girl  (Ar, Pl), -ώτριον 'cleaning product' (Ar.), -ὠτικός 'belonging to cleaning,  polishing', -ωτική (τέχνη) 'art of cleaning' (PL, Hell.); κομμώ-: ἡ κοσμοῦσα τὸ ἕδος  τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς ἱέρεια 'priestess arranging the (seated) statue of Athena' (AB).

    *ETYM As a typical culture word, κομμόω is suspected to have been a fashionable  innovation or a loan. The similarity with κόσμος and κομψός led to unconvincing  attempts to connect these two words. Solmsen RhM 56 (1901): 5oif. assumes that  κομμώ is the oldest form, derived from *xouw (to κομεῖν) with hypocoristic  gemination. For lack of a clear solution, it seems best to assume that we are dealing  with a substrate word.

XXXXXκόμπος [m.] 'echoing noise, clattering when something is struck, any loud noise, bragging' (Il.).

    *COMP ὑπέρ-κομπος 'extremely noisy, bragging' (A., Men.).

    *DER κομπώδης 'ostentatious' (Th., Plu.), κομπός [m.] 'resplendent, vaunting' (E.),  on the accent see Schwyzer: 459), κομπηρός 'ringing loudly' (comm. Arist., sch.). Denominatives: 1. Κομπέω [v.] 'to clash, ring' (M 151), 'to rattle, strike' (Ὁ. L.), usually  'to flaunt, boast' (Pi.), on the formation see Schwyzer: 726°. 2. κομπάζω [v.] 'to flaunt,  boast' (B. and A.), 'to strike (a pot) to try its quality' (pap.), whence κομπάσματα  [pl.) 'boasting' (A.), rarely sg., κομπασμός 'bragging' (Plu.), κομπασία 'rattling,  striking' (pap.), κομπαστής 'parader (Ph, Plu.), κομπαστικός (Poll.), κόμπασος  (Hdn.), Κομπασεύς 'belonging to the district of Κόμπος᾽ (Ar.). 3. κομπόομαι [v.] 'to  show off (D. C.).

    *ETYM Probably onomatopoeic; cf. on »βόμβος, ▶︎ κόναβος and ▶︎ κόμβα. Fur.: 380  compares κόναβος with interchange a/ zero, but there appears to be no basis for this.

XXXXXκομψός [adj.] 'fine, elegant, to the point, cunning' (Att.). On κομψός as a stylistic notion see Wersd6rfer 1940: 105f., 127f.

    *COMP περί-κομψος 'very fine' (Ar.).

===Pag_792: Beekes_Página_0792.tiff=== XXXXXκόνδὕῦλος 745

    *DER κομψότηςς 'elegance' (Ρ].), κομψεύομαι [v.] 'to be cunning or clever' (Ρ].), also  -ebw, with κομψεία (PL, Luc.), κόμψευμα (Arist., Luc, Gal.) 'sth. to the point, clever  remark'.

    *ETYM The old connection with Lith. Svankus 'decent, reasonable, etc.', as if from  *kuonk'-so-, is meaningless, since etyma in this kind of meaning are never old (thus  Fraenkel 1955 s.v.), and since there is no suffix *-so-. The latter objection also  excludes connection with ▶︎ Κομέω 'to take care', ▶︎ κομμόομαι 'to adorn' (as per  Chantraine REGr. 58 (1945): 90ff., DELG s.v.). The word can hardly be IE, so Pre-  Greek origin is probable.

XXXXXκοναβέω [v.] 'to din, ring, clash, resound' (AP).

    *VAR Aor. κοναβῆσαι (Hom., Hes.), κοναβίζω (Il, Orph.), only ipf. On the metrically  conditioned use of the different forms see Schwyzer: 105 and 736, Chantraine 1942:  340 and 350.

    *DER Probably as a-back-formation κόναβος [m.] 'clang, clash' (k 122, A. Th. 160  (lyr.)); κοναβηδόν 'with clattering' (AP).

    *ETYM The ending recalls other sound-words like ἀραβέω (to ἄραβος), ὀτοβέω  (ὄτοβος), θορυβέω (θόρυβος), etc. (Chantraine 1933: 260, Schwyzer: 496). Fur.: 343  assumes a Pre-Greek sound-word, comparing καναχή 'clattering, rattling, etc.' with  the interchanges αἱ o and y/ 6.

XXXXXκοναρόν [adj.] - εὐτραφῆ, πίονα, δραστήριον 'well-fed, fat, active' (H.). <?>

    *DER Kovapwtepov: Spactikwtepov 'most active, efficacious'; κονάριχον: γλαφυρόν  'hollow' (H.).

    *ETYM In the sense of δραστήριος, probably related to ▶︎ ἐγ-κονέω. It is unknown  whether the glosses εὐτραφῆ, πίονα refer to a different word κοναρόν; they could be  different suggestions for an obscure passage. On the Thessalian PN Kévapog, see O. Masson 2000: 145.

XXXXXκόνδαξ, -ἄκος [m.] name of a gambling game, played with a blunt dart (AP 5, 60 [sens. obsc.), Cod. Just. 3, 43, 1, 4).

    *ETYM A different name for the game is κονδο:μονόβολον (Cod. Just. ibd.). Cf. κόνδοι: κεραῖαι 'horns' (H.), κονδοκέρατος 'with short horns'. The word κόνδαξ  must be Pre-Greek, in view of the suffix -ax-; the structure (prenasalized consonant)  fits this supposition well. On κόνδοι: ἀστράγαλοι 'vertebrae', see ▶︎ κόνδυλος.

XXXXXκόνδυ, -vog [n.) 'name of a drinking-vessel (Hell.); acc. to H. = ποτήριον βαρβαρικόν, κυμβίον 'foreign drinking-cup, small cup'. 41ὴν Sem.?>

    *DER Diminutive κονδύλιον (Hell).

    *ETYM Like many words in -v, it is a loan (cf. Chantraine 1933: 119). Fur. 181  compares κοτύλῃ 'beaker'; cf. κονδύλιον. Szemerényi Gnomon 43 (1971): 674 refers  to late Babylonian kandu 'vessel'.

XXXXXκόνδῦλος [m.] 'knuckle, joint, bony knob, clenched fist, swelling of the gum, etc.' (IA).

    *COMP As a second member e.g. in povo-, δι-κόνδυλος (Arist.).

===Pag_793: Beekes_Página_0793.tiff===

    *DER κονδυλώδιης 'like a knuckle', κονδύλωμα, -σις 'hard swelling, tumor' (Hp.),  κονδυλωτός 'with κ᾿' (Att. inscr. [[Ν]}), κονδυλόομαι [v.] 'to swell (Aspasia apud  Aét., H.). κονδυλίζω [v.] 'to hit the face with the fist, buffet, maltreat' (Hyp., LXX),  κονδυλισμός (LXX).

    *ETYM Other body parts in τῦλος are δάκτυλος and σφόνδυλος (cf. Giintert 1914:  uiéff.); the bare stem is seen in κόνδοι: ἀστράγαλοι 'vertebrae' (H.). Most  connections outside Greek, like Skt. kanda- [m.] 'tuber', kandika- [m.] 'playball',  kanduka- [n.J 'cushion' can be rejected straightaway (cf. Mayrhofer ΚΕΙ͂ΝΑ: s.vv.,  who considers Dravidian origin). Lith. kdnduolas 'kernel' belongs to késti 'to bite';  see Fraenkel 1955 s.v. The word is probably Pre-Greek because of its structure, κονδ-  vA- < *ka"t-ul-. Moreover, the gloss κανθύλας: τὰς ἀνοιδήσεις. Αἰσχύλος Σαλαμινίαις  (Fr. 220) 'swellings' (H.), may show variation a/o and 5/@ (Van Beek p.c.).

XXXXXκονΐλη [f.] a kind of aromatic plant, 'Origanum, marjoram' (Nic., medic., Dsc.).

    *ETYM Formation like ζωμίλη, μαρίλη, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 249, Schwyzer: 483);  further unclear. Borrowed into Latin as cunila, for which Fur. 361 assumes a Greek  variant "κυνίλη, given that o remains before n in Latin. He further compares (1972:  120) yov@vi; ὀρίγανος (H.), and perhaps γονής, κώνητες: θύρσοι (H.) (op. cit. 121),  with variation γί κι On -iA- as a Pre-Greek suffix, see Pre-Greek: suffixes.

XXXXXκόνις [f.] 'dust, ashes' (II.). 'ΑΚ Gen. -toc, -εως (-€0¢); dat. -1, -ει.

    *COMP As a first member in κονι-ορτός [m.] 'cloud of dust' (1A), from ὄρ-νυμι with  suffixal -to-, MoGr. κορνιαχτός (Hatzidakis Glotta 3 (1910-1912): 70ff.); κονί-σαλος  [m.] (= κονίσ-σαλος, cf. below) 'cloud of dust' (11... 'dust mixed with oil and sweat of  a wrestler' (Gal.), also name of a priapic demon (com, inscr.) and a lascivious dance  (H.); kovi-nodec [m.pl].] 'kind of shoe' (Ar. Ec. 848, Poll.), name of the slaves in Epid. (Plu.); French parallels in Niedermann KZ 45 (1913): 182.

    *DER Denominative verb κονΐω (-iopiat) 'to cover with dust, cover oneself with sand'  (1; on the formation below), also with év-, dta-, etc; fut. koviow, Hell. κονιοῦμαι,  aor. κονῖσαι (κονίσσαι), perf. med. kexdvi(o)pat. Further κόνιμα (Delphi III*), -topa  (Cythera) 'dust of the wrestling arena', κόνισις 'production of dust, training at the  wrestling arena' (Arist.), ἐνκονιστάς [m.] mg. unclear (inscr. Thebes), xoviotpa  (Arist.), κονιστήριον (Pergam. [113]) 'wrestling arena', κονιστικός 'fond of rolling in  the dust' (Arist.). Enlarged form κονίζεσθαι- κυλίεσθαι, φθείρεσθαι, κονιορτοῦσθαι  'to roll, be destroyed, be covered with dust' (H.). Further derivatives: κόνιος 'dusty'  (Pi.), 'creating dust' (Paus.), epithet of Zeus, κονιώδης 'like ashes' (Hp.). κονία 'dust,  ashes, sand' (Hom., Hes. Sc., A. E.), 'alkaline fluid' (Ar., PL, Thphr., medic.), 'chalk,  whitewash, plaster' (LXX, Hell.); epic Ion. -in, metrically lengthened -in, cf. κόννα:  σποδός 'ashes' (H.), which might be Aeolic. Thence κονιάω [v.] 'to plaster,  whitewash' (D., Arist.), κονίαμα 'chalk, plaster' (Hp., D., Hell.), κονίασις 'whitewash'  (Hell. inscr.), κονιατήρ 'whitewasher' (Epid. IV*), κονιατής 'id' (inscr., pap.)s  κονιατός 'whitewashed' (X., Thphr., pap.), κονιατικά (ἔργα) 'stuccowork' (pap.,  inscr.). Also κονιάζομαι [v.] 'to be covered with ashes' (Gp.).

===Pag_794: Beekes_Página_0794.tiff=== XXXXXκόνυζα 747

    *ETYM The form κόνις differs from Lat. cinis, -eris [m., f.] < *kenis- by its o-vocalism. The s-stem seen in ciner-is and cinis-culus can also be assumed for κονίσ-σαλος,  κεκόνισ-μαι, Koviw < *konis-je/o-, kovi-a < *konis-h, The word may be an original  neuter is-stem, of which ToB kentse 'dust' < *koniso- is a thematisation. The basis is  unknown, but ▶︎ -kvaiw is unrelated.

XXXXXκονίς [f.] 'eggs of lice, fleas, bugs' (Arist. Antyll. apud Orib., Hdn.).,

    *VAR Mostly plur. κονίδες.

    *DER κονιδισμός 'disease of the eyelids' (Cyran.; on the formation Chantraine 1933:  142ff.).

    *ETYM The closest cognate is Alb. théni 'louse', which also goes back to IE *konid-;  the Gm. group of OE knitu, OHG (h)niz 'nit' goes back to *knid-. Cf. further the BSI. group of Ru. gnida, Latv. gnida, which may have gn- from kn- by regular  development, thus *knid- (the Slavic forms with Winter's Law). Lith. glinda 'id' has  -I-, perhaps by dissimilation from *gninda. Other forms: Lat. léns, lendis 'id', MIr. sned [f.] 'id? < *snida, Arm. anic 'louse' < *Hnid-s-, ON gnit 'louse'. Because of folk-  etymological, euphemistic or taboo changes, no uniform proto-form can be  reconstructed for PIE. Connection with κναίω, »«viCw poses a problem for Alb. théni, which has an initial palatal.

XXXXXκόνναρος [m.] name of a thorny evergreen shrub, ἱκαλίουρος, Zizyphus Spina Christi' (Theopomp. Hist.). «ΡΟ»

    *VAR  κόνναρον: καρπὸς δένδρου ὅμοιος (ὁμοίουξ) παλιούρῳ 'fruit of a tree like the  n. (HL).

    *ETYM Formation like ▶︎ κόμαρος, etc. otherwise obscure. Probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκοννέω [v.] 'to know, understand'. «ΡΟ»

    *VAR  Only in kovveic, κοννῶ (A. Supp. 130 andi64) and κοννεῖν: συνιέναι,  ἐπίστασθαι 'understand, know'; κοννοῦσι: γινώσκουσιν 'know' (H.).

    *ETYM Similarity with xév- εἰδός 'appearance' and ἔκομεν' εἴδομεν, ἑωρῶμεν,  ἠσθόμεθα 'know, see, perceive' (H.), as well as with ▶︎ koéw 'to remark, learn', has  been noticed, but the details of any of these comparisons remain unclear. With its  geminate, the verb looks non-IE, and might well be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκόννος [m.] 'beard' (Luc. Lex. 5), acc. to H. = ὁ πώγων, ἢ ὑπήνη, ἢ χάρις 'beard, moustache, grace', similar in mg. to oxdAA UG, μαλλός. <?>

    *DER Further plur., beside ψέλλια, as the name of an ornament for girls (κόνοι Plb. 10, 18, 6, -vv- Suid.), PN Kévvoc, Κόννιον, Κοννᾶς, see L. Robert 1964: 168.

    *ETYM Unexplained.

XXXXXκοντός 'pole'. = κεντέω.

XXXXXκόνυζα [f.] name of a plant with a strong scent, 'fleabane, Inula (viscosa, graveolens, britannica)' (Hecat., Arist., Thphr., Dsc.).

    *VAR  Also σκόνυζα (Pherecr.) and κνύζα (Theoc.), giving MoGr. (Calabr.) Kliza  (Rohlfs ByzZ 37 (1937): 53, Rohlfs 1930 s.v.).

===Pag_795: Beekes_Página_0795.tiff===

    *DER κονυζήεις 'like the x. (Nic.), κονυζίτης (οἶνος) 'seasoned with x.' (Dsc., Gp.).

    *ETYM Formation like other plant names, such as μώλυζα, μάνυζα, ὄρυζα, κόρυζα,  etc. The assumption that it was formed from ▶︎ κονίς with this suffix -vfa, with  dialectal κνύζα remodelled after kvbw, is unwarranted. The form Κνύζα has also been  analyzed as *knug-ja, and compared with ON hnykr 'stench' < PGm. *hnuki- < IE  *knugi-. The variation rather points to a Pre-Greek word; note the prothetic o-. See  Fur.: 183, 381.

XXXXXκόπις 'prater, liar'. = κόπτω.

XXXXXκόππα [n.} 'name of the character 4, which originally stood between π and p in the alphabet' (Parmeno 1); also a sign for '90' (pap.).

    *DER κοππατίας [m.] 'horse with a κόππα burned into it' (Ar.), with allusion to  κόπτω, cf. στιγματίας; also κοππα-φόρος (Luc.).

    *ETYM From Phoenician; cf. Hebr. qoph.

XXXXXκόπρος [f.] 'excrement, ordure, dung, filth' (II).

    *COMP κοπρο-λόγος 'dung-gatherer' (Ar.), κοπρο-φορά 'loaf of dung' (Amorgos  IV*).

    *DER A. Substantives: κόπριον = κόπρος (Heraclit., Hp., inscr., pap.) with κοπριώδης  'dung-like, full of dung' (Hp., Thphr., pap.), κοπριακός 'belonging to dung' (pap.);

XXXXXκόπρανα [pl.] 'excrements' (Hp., Aret.); κοπρία 'dung-heap' (Semon., Stratt., Arist.); κοπρών (Ar.), -ewv (Tz.), wv (Gortyn) 'privy'; κοπροσύνη 'manuring' (pap. VI°); Κοπρεύς herald of Eurystheus (O 639); Κοπρεαῖος jocular PN (Ar.); κοπρίαι [pl.] 'buffoons' (D. C.), whence Lat. copreae. B. Adjectives: Κόπρειος 'belonging to the demos Κόπρος᾽ (inscr.), also referring to κόπρος (Ar.), Κόπριος 'id' (Is.); κόπρινος 'living in κ᾿' (Hp.); Κοπρώδης 'dung-like, dirty' (Ηρ. Pl, Arist.). C. Verbs: κοπρέω 'to manure', only fut. ptc. κοπρήσοντες (p 299; ν.]. κοπρίσσοντες); (éx-, ἐπι-)κοπρίζω 'id' (p 299 v.l, Hp. Thphr.), whence κόπρισις, -ἰσμός 'manuring' (Thphr, pap.); κοπρόω 'to defile with dung' (Arr.) with κόπρωσις 'manuring' (Thphr.), ἐκκοπρόω and -wotc (Hp.); κοπρεύω = κοπρίζω (Chios V-IV*), κοπρεῦσαι: φυτεῦσαι 'to plant, bring forth' (H.).

    *ETYM A thematization of an old r/n-stem PIE *kok'-r, preserved in Skt. saky-t, Sakn-  ah 'dung'. A primary verb is assumed in Lith. stkti, sg. δἰκὴ 'to shit' from a root  *kek'-. See also on ▶︎ σκῶρ, which is an old collective *sk-dr with a similar formation.

XXXXXκόπτω [v.] 'to strike, smite, hew, hammer, disable, tire out' (Il).

    <IE? *kop- 'strike,  smite, hew'>

    *VAR Aor. κόψαι (IL), pass. κοπῆναι (Att.), perf. kéxoga (Att.), epic ptc. κεκοπώς (N  60 with vl. -φώς and -πών, which may be Aeolic, Schwyzer: 772, but see Chantraine  1942: 397), med. κέκομμαι (A.), fut. κόψω (Alc, Hippon.).

    *COMP Very frequent with prefix, in various shades of mg., e.g. ἀπο-, ἐκ-, προ-, περι-,  συν-.

    *DER 1. κόπος *'stroke' (thus perhaps E. Tr. 794 for mss. κτύπος; cf. also A. Ch. 23),  'pain, trouble, labor' (IA); κοπώδης 'tiring' (Hp. Arist., Hell.), κοπηρός 'id.' (Hdn.);

===Pag_796: Beekes_Página_0796.tiff=== XXXXXκοπόομαι, -όω 'to get tired, tire' (J., Plu, etc.), κόπωσις (LXX), κοπάζω [v.] 'to get tired, leave off (Ion. Hell.), whence κόπασμα (Tz.), κοπιάω (ἐγ-, ovy-, προ-) [v.] 'to get tired' (IA), κοπιαρός 'tiring' (Arist, Thphr.), κοπιάτης 'excavation worker, digger' (Cod. Theod., Just.), κοπιώδης = κοπώδης (Hp. Arist.), κοπίαι: ἡσυχίαι 'quietness' (H.). 2. (ἀπο-, ἐκ-, παρα-, mpo-, εἰο)κοπή 'hewing, etc. (IA), κόπαιον (Alciphr.), κοπάδιον (gloss.) 'piece', κοπάριον 'kind of probe' (medic.), (éy- ἐκ-κοπεύς 'oil stamper, chisel' (Hell.). 3. κόμμα (also with διά-, ἀπό-, περί-) 'stamp, coinage; piece' (IA), κομμάτιον 'small part' (Eup.), Κομματίας 'who speaks in short sentences' (Philostr.), -ατικός 'consisting of short sentences' (Luc.); 4. κομμός 'beating the breast in lamentation, dirge' (A., Arist.). 5. κόπις, -ίδος [m.] 'prater' (Heraclit. 81 [1], E. Hec. 132 [lyr.], Lyc.), cf. ὠτοκοπεῖ' κεφαλαλγει, ἐνοχλεῖ λαλῶν 'suffers from (or causes) a headache, troubles by talking' (H.), and the expression κόπτειν τὴν ἀκρόασιν, δημο-κόπος = δημηγόρος (H.), 'hitting the ears of the public', etc; hence (or perhaps from κόπος) κοπίζειν: ψεύδεσθαι 'ta be deceived' (H.); 6. κοπίς, -ίδος [f.] 'butchering knife, curved sabre' (Att.), also name of the meal on the first day of the Hyacinthia in Sparta (com.), whence κοπίζω 'to celebrate the Κ᾿' (Ath.); 7. κοπάς, -άδος [f.] 'pruned, lopped' (Thphr.), 'bush' (Hell. pap.), ἐπι- κοπάς 'land cleared of wood' (pap.). 8. κοπετός = κομμός (Eup., LXX, Act. Ap.). 9. πρό-, and-, πρόσ-κοψις, etc. from προ-κόπτειν, etc. (Sapph. Hp. Arist.). 10. κόπανον 'butchering knife, axe' (A. Ch. 890), 'pestle' (Eust.), whence κοπανίζω 'to pound' (LXX, Alex. Trall.), κοπανισμός, κοπανιστήριον (H.); ἐπικόπανον 'chopping block' (Hell.). 11. κοπτός 'pounded' (Cratin. Antiph.); κοπτή (σησαμίς) 'cake from pounded sesame' (Hell. epic), 'squill, θαλάσσιον πράσον᾽ (Ath.), which Fur.: 318° considers to be Pre-Greek, also 'pastille' (Dsc.); 12. ἐπι-κόπτης 'satirist' (Timo), περι- 'stonecutter' (pap.), Προκόπτας = Προκρούστης (B. 18, 28); 13. (ἀπο-, παρα-, προσ-, etc. )komtikdg (medic.). 14. κόπτρα [pl.] 'wages of a hewer' (pap.); 15. κοπτήριον 'threshing place' (Hell. pap.). 16. Two plant-names: κοπίσκος = λίβανος σμιλιωτός 'a kind of frankincense-tree' (Dsc. 1, 68, 1), κόπηθρον: φυτὸν λαχανῶδες ἄγριον 'wild plant of the vegetable kind' (H.). Further verbal nouns like an6-, éni-, παρά-, ὑπέρ- κοπος and compounds like δημο-κόπος (cf. on 5. above).

    *ETYM The present κόπτω may correspond to Lith. kdpti, isg. kapits 'to hew, fell',  intr. nasal present kam pu, pret. kapaii 'to be cut down, get tired', and umlauted Alb. kep 'hew' < *kop-eie-. Lith. and Greek point to an JE yod-present. Further, there is a  secondary formation in Lith. kapoti 'chop, hew', Latv. kapdat 'id.', and the Slav. group  of Ru. kopdt', sg. kopdjo 'to hew, dig'. Alternatively, if related to ▶︎ σκάπτω,  > σκέπαρνος, etc. the word might be from the Pre-Greek or European substrate, with  interchange αἱ o.

XXXXXκοράλλιον [n.] 'coral' (Peripl. M. Rubr., Dsc.).

    *VAR κοράλιον (5. E.), κουράλιον (Thphr.), kwpaA(A)iov (Att., acc. to Hdn. Gr. 2, 537).

    *DER κοραλλικός 'coral-like' (Ps.-Democr.), -ίζω 'to be like x.' (Dsc.).

    *ETYM Schrader-Nehring 1917(1): 628 considered univerbation from κόρη (κούρη)  ἀλός 'daughter of the sea', which would be a calque of a similar Indian expression. The varying notations Kop-, κουρ-, kwp- are ascribed to association with κόρη, etc. Semitic etymology in Lewy 1895: 18f. (Hebr. géral 'small stone'); criticized by E.

===Pag_797: Beekes_Página_0797.tiff===

, -ακος Masson 1967: 110, although it looks convincing. See L. Robert 1963: 277-283. From Greek, Latin borrowed corallium, curalium, cof. WH s.v. κόραξ, -ακος [m.] 'raven' (Thgn., Pi.), also Κόρακος πέτρη 'raven rock' (v 408), often metaph. 'hook (of a door), grappling-iron, etc.' (Hell.); also as a fish name (Diph. Siph.) and the name of a constellation (Eudox.), see Scherer 1953: 191.

    <IE *kor-  'raven'>

    *COMP κορακο-ειδής 'raven-like (Arist.), ὀξυ-κόρακος 'with a sharp hook' (Paul. Aeg.).

    *DER Some fish and plant names, acc. to Strémberg 1943: u4f., Strémberg 1940: 119  after their color or voice, or after the place where they grow: diminutives κοράκιον  'small hook' (pap.), the plant ἱεράκιον (Arist.), κορακίσκος (gloss.), κορακῖνος [m.]  'young raven' (Ar.), but usually a fish name 'Sciaena nigra' (Epich, Ar., Arist.), fem. κορακινίς (Gp.), diminutive -tvidtov (com., pap.); Lat. LW coracinus > Ital. coracino,  etc. κορακίας [m.] 'chough, Pyrrhocorax alpinus' (Arist., H.), Kopaxtai [pl.] TN on  Delos (inscr. III*), with oppositive accent; κορακεύς: εἶδος ἰχθύος 'kind of fish' (H.);

XXXXXκοράκεως [m.] = κορώνεως 'fig-tree with raven-black fruits' (Hermipp. 51), cf. on ἐρινεώς s.v. éptvedc; κορακησία plant name (Pythag. apud Plin.), Κορακήσιον TN (Pamphylia), -ήσιος, -ησιωτικός (pap. III"); on -ήσιος Chantraine 1933: 42, Schwyzer: 466; κορακώδης 'raven-like' (Arist.), κοραξός 'raven-black' (Str.), κόραξος fish name (Xenocr.), with a suffix -σο- (Schwyzer: 516, Chantraine 1933: 434); (κατα-)κορακόω 'to lock (with a door hook)' (Mon. Ant.), κοράξαι: ἄγαν προσλιπαρῆσαι. πεποίηται παρὰ τοὺς κόρακας 'to persevere excessively, built on κόραξ᾽ (H.), probably with original mg. 'to hook oneself onto'; back-formation κόρακος {m.] 'plaster' (Paul. Aeg.)? oxopaxitw originally 'to wish to go to the raven (ἐς κόρακας)", 'chase away, revile' (Att., Hell.) with σκορακισμός 'revilement, curse' (LXX, Plu.), cf. Schwyzer 413. Extensively on κόραξ, κορακίας, κορακῖνος Thompson 1895 and Thompson 1947 S.WV.

    *ETYM Cognate with the different formations in Lat. corvus 'raven', Gr. κορώνη, Lat. cornix 'crow', Gr. κόραφος bird name (H.). Greek -a& is a productive suffix, so there  is no need to derive it from *-y4-k- and connect it with the nasal in Lat. cornix, Gr. κορώνη. T. Pronk (p.c.) suggests that the same formation is found in Balto-Slavic,  eg., Ru. soréka 'magpie', both branches continuing *korh,k-. The alternation  between suffixes (containing) *-n- (κορώνη, cornix) and *-u- (corvus) is often found  in animal] names. See ▶︎ κορώνι.

XXXXXκόρδαξ, -ἄκος [m.] name of a dance in old comedy (Ar., Thphr.), also in the cult of Apollo (Amorgos) and Artemis (Sipylos, Elis; Paus. 6, 22, 1). «ΡΟ»

    *DER Κορδάκα [f.] epithet of Artemis in Elis (Paus. l.c.), κορδακικός 'like κι᾿ (Arist.),

XXXXXκορδακίζω [v.] 'to dance the κ᾽ (Hyp.), whence -ἰσμός (D.), «oa (HL), -ἰστής (Amorgos, pap.).

    *ETYM A Doric word (Bjérck 1950: 61) of uncertain origin. It is reminiscent of  > xpaddw 'to swing' and derivatives. Note that the ending -ἀξ is typical of Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκορδύλη [f.] 'tumor, swelling' (Semon. 35, EM); name of a hairdo = Att. κρωβύλος (Creon apud sch. Ar. Nu. 10, EM); 'club, κορύνη, ῥόπαλον᾽ (H.). Frisk notes that the mg. is the same as that of τύλη.

===Pag_798: Beekes_Página_0798.tiff=== XXXXXκορέννυμι 751

    *VAR Also σκορδύλη (Arist.) and κορύδῦλις (Numen. apud Ath.).

    *COMP As a first member (with haplology) in κορδυ-βαλλῶδες (πέδον, Luc. Trag. 222) 'pavimentum'; 'young tunny' (Str.), cf. in Lat. cordjla (Plin., Mart.), cordula  (Apic.), on the mg. see Thompson 1947 s.v.

    *DER Denominative ptc. ἐγκεκορδυλημένος ᾿ἐντετυλιγμένος, wrapped up' (Ar. Nu. 10).

    *ETYM Formation like κανθύλη, σχενδύλη (see Chantraine 1933: 251). The mg. 'younger tunny' may go back to 'club'; see Stromberg 1943: 36. Proposals like those  by Giintert 1914: 117f., who assumes a cross of ▶︎ κόνδυλος 'swelling' with κόρυς,  κορυφή, κόρση, or κΚορύνιη, are mostly incorrect. The prothetic o-, the suffix -dA-,  and the anaptyctic v (Fur.: 384) point to Pre-Greek origin. The form κορὸ- might be  from *kard- with o < *a before *u.

XXXXXκόρδυλος + θαλάσσιος ἰχθύς. ἔνιοι κορδύλη 'a sea fish' (H.).

    *ETYM The suffix -vA- and the meaning make Pre-Greek origin plausible.

XXXXXκορδύλος [m.] probably 'water-newt, Triton palustris' (Arist.).

    *VAR  Also κουρῦλος (Numen. apud Ath.).

    *ETYM Perhaps related to κορδύλη 'swelling', after the crest on the back. Probably  Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκορδύς [m.] - πανοῦργος 'crafty' (H.). <1E? *kerd- 'cunning'>

    *ETYM Fur.: 362 proposed connection with κοκρύδων: λῃστῶν, κλεπτῶν 'robbing,  stealing', but this should be forgotten since Schmitt Glotta 51 (1973): 24f. argues that  κορδύς is the Aeolic positive of κέρδιον (which also means 'more cunning'), xop6-,  coming from *krd-. This is accepted by Minon RPh. 74 (2000): 271. See ▶︎ κέρδος.

XXXXXκορέννυμι [v.] 'to satiate, fill, be satiated' (epic Ion.). <1E *kerh,- 'feed, grow'>

    *VAR  The present (also -μαι only Them. Orph,; other presents κορέω, κορέσκω  (Nic.), κορίσκομαι (Hp.); aor. κορέσ(σλαι, -ασθαι (Il), pass. κορεσθῆναι (Od.),  perf.ptc.act. (intr.) κεκορηώς (Od.), perf. med. κεκόρημαι (IL.), κεκόρεσμαι (X.), fut. kopéw (IL), κορέσω (Hdt.).

    *COMP Sometimes prefixed with ὑπερ- (Thgn., Poll.), ἀπο- (gloss.). As a second  member in ἄ-κορος 'insatiable, untiring' (Pi.), ἀκορία ''unsatiated condition,  moderation' (Hp.), 'insatiability' (Aret.). διά-, κατά-, πρόσ-, ὑπέρ-κορος 'satiated,  etc.' (1A); also as an s-stem 4-, δια-, προσ-κορής, whence the verb προσ-κορίζομαι 'to  vex, annoy' (sch.). As a privative also ἀ-κόρητος (IL), ἀ-κόρε(σ)τος (trag.). Uncertain the appurtenance of Aiyt-xopeic [m.pl.], Αἰγικορίς [f.] name of one of the  old Ionic phylai (E,, inscr.), cf. Hdt. 5, 66.

    *DER With lengthened grade: kwpa- ὕβρις 'excess, insolence' (H.). κόρος [m.] 'satiety,  surfeit, insolence' (II.). On κόρος (epic κοῦρος, Dor., etc. xmpoc) 'youth' see ▶︎ κόρῃ  'young girl'.

    *ETYM The starting point of the whole paradigm was the aorist κορέσαι: thence pass. κορεσθῆναι (Chantraine 1942: 406), perf. κεκόρημαι, -εσμαι (Schwyzer: 773), fut. Kopéw, -éow, and finally also the presents κορίσκομαι, Kopéw, -ἔσκω, -έννυμι, which  are sparsely attested and late. The formation of κορε- (with o-vocalism) is also found

===Pag_799: Beekes_Página_0799.tiff===

in στορέσαι, θορεῖν, μολεῖν, πορεῖν, and is mostly explained from root-final -h,. This gave rise to the aorist kero-s-, which apparently underwent a metathesis of some sort to yield xopé-o-. In other branches, we find Lith. Sérti 'to feed', the acute accent confirming the laryngeal, and Arm. ser 'origin, gender, offspring' < *kér-o-, serem 'to produce'. It is uncertain whether Lat. cred 'to procreate, etc.', créscé 'to grow', and Cerés 'goddess of the growth of plants' should be connected (see De Vaan 2008 s.wv., in which Cerés is connected and the two verbsare separated).

XXXXXκορέω [v.] 'to sweep out, purify' (v 149, com.). <?>

    *VAR Also *xopitw, in κεκορισμένος 'purified' (BGU 1120, 40 [I*]); aor. κορῆσαι.

    *COMP Mostly with éx-, rarely with ava-, mapa-, ἀπο-. As a second member in onko-  κόρος 'groom' (p 224, Poll.), νεω-κόρος (Att.), Dor. να(ο)-κόρος 'warden of a  temple' (inscr.), whence derivations in -Kopéw, -ia, -i1, -eiov, -lov (Att., Hell.).

    *DER κόρημα 'dirt, broom' (com.), κόρηθρον 'broom' (Luc.), as a back-formation  also κόρος 'broom' (Bion, H.). On ▶︎ ζακόρος, see s.v.

    *ETYM An iterative deverbative verb, lacking a good etymology.

XXXXXκόρη [f.] 'young girl, daughter' (since h. Cer. 439), metaph. 'pupil', in architecture 'female figure', also name of the daughter of Persephone (IA, Arc.). <1E *kerh,- 'grow >

    *VAR Epic Ion. κούρη (Il.), Dor. κώρα, κόρα, Arc. Cor. κόρρα.

    *DIAL Myc. ko-wo /korwos/, ko-wa /korwa/.

    *COMP Some compounds, e.g. κορο-πλάθος [m.] 'sculptor of female figures' (Att.).

    *DER Several diminutives: κόριον, Dor. (Megar.) κώριον (Ar., Theoc.), κορίδιον  (Delphi, Naupaktos); κορίσκη (Pl. Com.), -ίσκιον (Poll.); also Κορίσκος [m.] name of  an arbitrary man (Arist.), also as a PN (Ὁ. L.); κοράσιον (Hell.), whence -acidiov  (Arr.), -ασίς (Steph. Med.), -ασιώδης (Com. Adesp., Plu.); κόριλλα, Κόριννα  (Boeot.), see Chantraine 1933: 252 and 205; κορύδιον (Naupaktos). Adjectives: κουρίδιος (IL, Ion.. poet.), original mg. 'of a young lady, untouched',  thence 'matrimonial, lawful' (ἄλοχος, πόσις, λέχος, etc; on the mg. see Bechtel 1914  s.v., on the formation Schwyzer: 467, Chantraine 1933: 40; κουρήϊος 'of a young lady'  (h. Cer, 108); Κόρειος 'of Κόρη᾽, Κόρειον 'temple of Κόρη᾽, -a [pl.] 'festival of K. (Attica, Plu.); κοραῖος 'of a girl' (Epic. in Arch. Pap. 7, 8), κορικός 'id.' (Hell.). *Kopitng (-t1¢) 'servant of Κόρη᾽ in Kopettijat [pl.], which may stand for *Kopiteiou  'service of Képn?' (Lycosoura). Verbs: κορεύομαι [v.] 'to pass one's maidenhood' (E.), 'to lose one's maidenhood'  (Pherecyd.), κόρευμα 'maidenhood' (E.), κορεία 'id' (Ὁ. Chr., AP); κορίζομαι 'to  caress' (Ar.), originally 'treat like a child', ὑπο- 'to call by endearing names, address'  (Pi, Att.). Beside κόρη, or perhaps derived from it (see below): κόρος (trag., Pl. Lg., Plus also  Dor.), epic κοῦρος, Theoc. κῶρος [m.] 'youth, boy, son' (Il.). Compounds, eg. ἄ-  Kovpog 'without son' (1 64), κουρο-τρόφος 'educating youths' (Od.); on  ▶︎ Διόσκουροι s.v. Derivatives: κούριγτες [m.pl.] 'young warriors' (IL), Κουρῆτες,  Dor. Kwp- (Hes. Crete, etc.) 'Kuretes', name of divine beings who dance in armor

===Pag_800: Beekes_Página_0800.tiff=== XXXXXκόρθυς, -υος 753 around an infant Zeus (Hes. Fr. 198, Crete, etc.), whence Κουρητικός, -ῆτις, κουρητεύω, κουρητισμός (Hell.); on the formation of κούρητες see Schwyzer: 499, Chantraine 1933: 267. From κοῦρος also κουρώδης 'boy-like', probably also κούριος 'youthful' (Orph. A., Orac. apud Paus. 9, 14, 3), Kovpoovvn, Dor. -a 'youth' (Theoc., AP), -συνος 'youthful (AP). κουρίζω 'to be a young man or maiden' (x 185), 'to educate a youth' (Hes.), κουριζόμενος: ὑμεναιούμενος 'singing the wedding-song'

    *ETYM The more limited attestation of msc. κοῦρος, κόρος, compared with general  κούρη, κόρη, seems to indicate that the msc. was an innovation from fem. PGr. *korwa. However, the Mycenaean evidence shows that the masculine is old as well. In the meaning 'boy', Greek also had παῖς and νεανίας. It is generally accepted that κόρρα and "κόρρος derive from the root of κορέννυμι,  but the exact semantic development is difficult to reconstruct. Perhaps an abstract  formation 'growth, flourishing'? The rare meaning 'sprout, branch' is hardly old for  κόρος (Lysipp. 9, Hp. apud Gal. 19, 113), and may have developed from 'son' or the  like; alternatively, it may derive from κείρω, for which see ▶︎ κοῦρος. Note κόρυξ'  νεανίσκος 'boy' (H.) (beside κόριψ 'id' and Κόρυψ Boeot. PN; see Bechtel 19172:  29f.), which could continue the u-stem from which Myc. ko-wa, ko-wo were derived. See ▶︎ κορέννυμι.

XXXXXκορθίλαι (pl.] in κορθίλας ποιεῖν (IG 2", 2493: 16 [IV*]), of garden work, but exact mg. unknown. «ΡΟ» ὍΝ ΑΚ Cf. κορθίλας καὶ κόρθιν: τοὺς σωρούς. Kal τὴν συστροφήν 'heaps, mass' and κορθέλαι- συστροφαί, σωροί 'masses, heaps' (H.).

    *ETYM Connection with (the root of) ▶︎ χόρτος is most certainly wrong. Probably a  Pre-Greek formation; cf. ▶︎ κόρθυς.

XXXXXκορθίλος [m.] - ὄρνις, ὅν τινες βασιλίσκον 'a bird,' (H.). «ΡΟ»

    *VAR  κόρθ- (cod.).

    *ETYM Formation like τροχίλος, σποργίλος, and other bird names (Chantraine 1933:    249). Related to κόρθις, κορθίλαιξ Fur.: 195 derives it from κόρυς 'helmet'. The form  looks Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκόρθις = κορθίλαι.

XXXXXκόρθυς, -voc [{ 'heap (of grain?), sheaf(?)' (Theoc. 10, 46: κόρθυος a τομάλ); cf. κόρθυας: τὰ κατ᾽ ὀλίγον δράγματα 'handfuls little by little' (H.); 'heap, cwpdcq' (EM 530, 3), of sand, ἄμμου κόρθυς (Anon. apud Suid. s.v. κορθύεταιλ. <1E? kerd., skerd"- 'herd'>

    *DER κορθύομαι (κῦμα I 7, ὕδωρ A. R. 2, 322) 'to form a heap or sheaf(?), rise up';  κορθύνω 'to raise high', aor. κορθῦσαι, in: Ζεὺς κόρθυνεν ἑὸν μένος (Hes. Th. 853);  εὖτέ με θυμὸς κορθύσῃ (Hymn. Is. 150).

    *ETYM Frisk assumes that κόρθυς and ▶︎ κορθίλαι are related. Related to Skt. sardha-  [m.], Sdrdhas- [n.) 'band, troop, host', and Gm. words like Go. hairda 'herd'. Connection of MW cordd [f.] 'troop, band, family' is less probable, as this may also  derive from PCelt. *koryo- 'troop, tribe' (Matasovi¢ 2008 s.v.).

===Pag_801: Beekes_Página_0801.tiff===

XXXXXκορίαννον [n.] 'coriander, Coriandrum sativum' (Anacr., com., Thphr.). < PG(v)>

    *VAR  Also κορίανδρον (gloss.), dissimilated κολίανδρον (Gp. sch.); κορίαμβλον  (H.); shortened κόριον (Hp., Nic., pap.).

    *DIAL Myc. ko-ri-ja-do-no, ko-ri-a,-da-na /kori*adnon, -na/.

    *ETYM It is doubtful that the forms in -avdépov and -αμιβλον are folk-etymological, as  Frisk supposes. Szemerényi Gnomon 43 (1971): 674 points to the comparison with  Akk. hur? anu 'id.', but this does not explain the Myc. -d-. The cluster -dn- rather  points to a Pre-Greek word. It is possible that PG *koria"dro- dissimilated to  *koria"dno-, with subsequent (post-Mycenaean) assimilation -ndn- >.-nn- in the  classical form.

XXXXXκορίαξος [m.] 'a kind of fish'? (Alex. Trall.); acc. to Strémberg 1943: 5 rather 'spiced meat'.

    *ETYM If 'spiced meat' is the correct translation, does it belong to κόριον,  ▶︎ kopiavvov? However, the formation remains unclear in any case. Probably Pre-  Greek.

XXXXXκόρις, -ἰος [m., f.] 'bug, Cimex lectularius' (Ar., Sor., Phryn.); also a fish (Dorio, Boeot. inscr.), see Lacroix 1938: 52; called after its flat shape acc. to Stromberg 1943: 124. As a plant name 'Hypericum empetrifolium' (Dsc., Aét.), after the shape of the leaves acc. to Stromberg 1937: 50. <IE *(s)ker- σα»

    *VAR Gen. also -ίδος, -ews.

    *DER Denominative κορίζω [v.] 'to be full of bugs' (gloss.).

    *ETYM The i-stem also occurs in τρόπις, τρόφις, τρόχις, etc. (Schwyzer: 462). Identical with Ru. kor' [f.] 'moth', and traditionally analyzed as an old verbal noun  from *(s)ker- 'shave, split, cut' seen in ▶︎ xeipw, etc. (s.v). However, an old isogloss is  highly improbable for a word of such a specialized meaning. Literature: Jouanna  RPh. 50 (1976): 32-40; Gil Fernandez 1959: 109.

XXXXXκορκόρας [?] - ὄρνις. Περγαῖοι 'bird (Pergaian)' (H.).

    *ETYM Neumann 1961: 42 connects it with Hitt. kallikalli- falcon', with a borrowed  as o and interchange of ἰ and r.

XXXXXκορκορυγή [f.] 'dumb sound, battle cry' (A, Ar.). 4ONOM, PG?>

    *DER (δια-)κορκορυγέω [v.] 'to fill with noise, storm, rumble' (τὴν γαστέρα, Ar. Nu. 387 with sch.); κορκορυγμός 'rumbling in the belly' (Ps.-Luc. Philo patr. 3).

    *ETYM Onomatopoeic word with reduplication; the ending like in βορβορυγή, -γμός,  ὀλολυγή, -γμός (see Chantraine 1933: 401). See Tichy 1983: 275f.

XXXXXκορμός 'piece cut off, clump, trunk'. = keipw.

XXXXXκόρνοψ, -οπος [m.] 'locust'. ⟹ πάρνοψ.

XXXXXκόρος 1 'satiety, surfeit, insolence'. = κορέννυμι.

XXXXXκόρος 2 [m.] 'youth, boy, son'.

    *VAR Ion. κοῦρος. = κόρη.

XXXXXκόρος 3 [m.] name of a measure of capacity for grain, flour, etc; acc.to J. AJ 15, 9, 2 it equals 10 Att. medimnes (LXX, J., Ev. Luc., pap.).

===Pag_802: Beekes_Página_0802.tiff=== XXXXXκόρυδος 755

    *ETYM A loan from Semitic; cf. Hebr. ΚΟΥ, originally a round vessel (Lewy 1895: 116).

XXXXXκόρσῃ [f.] 'temple, hair on the temple', metaph. 'parapets, etc.' (Il.); mainly poetic, except in Att. expressions like πατάσσειν, τύπτειν, ῥαπίζειν ἐπὶ κόρρης; prose usually has κρόταφος 'temple'.

    *VAR Att. κόρρη, Aeol. κόρσα, Dor. κόρρα.

    *COMP πυρσόκορσος 'with red temples (hair)', ie. 'with red manes' (λέων; A. Fr. 110), ψιλο-κόρσης [m.] 'bald-headed' (Call., Hdn.); κορσο-ειδής (λίθος) 'with the  color of the temples', ie. 'gray' (Plin.); cf. MiGr. κορσίτης, see Redard 1949: 56;  Κορρί-μαχος (Thess.), see Kretschmer Glotta 2 (1910): 350.

    *DER κορσεῖα, κόρσεα [pl.] 'temples' (Nic.); κορσήεις = κορσοειδής (Orph. L. 498  (2).

    *ETYM Probably from *kors-6- 'that which is shaven' (H. has xopodc: κορμός 'cut-off  piece' and xopoodv: κείρειν 'to shave'; cf. the -s- in ἀ-κερσε-κόμης, s.v. ▶︎ κουρά). This interpretation goes back to antiquity, eg. Poll. 2, 32: καὶ κόρσας τινὲς ἐκάλεσαν  τὰς τρίχας διὰ τὸ κείρεσθαι 'some called hair κόρσας because it was shaven'. However, 'hair' is not the original meaning; we have to start from 'haircut (at the  temples)'. For parallels, see Frisk 1951: 14ff. Cf. Forbes Glotta 36 (1958): 191-205.

XXXXXκορσός, -6w, κορσωτήρ, etc. = κουρά.

XXXXXΚορύβαντες [m.pl.] 'Corybantes', priests of the Phrygian Cybele (E., Ar., Str.), sg. Κορύβας: Ῥέας ἱερεύς (H.); also Κύρβαντες, sg. -ας (Pherecyd, S.).

    *DER κορυβάντειος 'Corybantian' (AP), -αντικός 'id.' (Plu.), -αντίς [f.] 'id (Nonn.),  -αντώδης 'C.-like' (Luc.), -αντεῖον [n.] 'C.-temple' (Str.); κορυβαντιάω [v.] 'to be  filled with frenzy like the C. (Pl, Longin.) with -ἰασμός (D. H. Longin.);

XXXXXκορυβαντίζω [v.] 'to consecrate in the C. rites' (Ar. V. 119, Iamb.) with -1optdc: κάθαρσις μανίας (H.).

    *ETYM Formation like Ἄβαντες, ἀλίβαντες etc. (Schwyzer: 526, Chantraine 1933: 269). Given their origin, a Phrygian word would be the first guess. However, the variation  shows that the word was originally Pre-Greek, so Kretschmer's IE etymology  connecting ON hverba 'to turn (intr.)' must be abandoned. For Kretschmer, the  Phrygians were the only IE people in Anatolia; he liked to find Indo-European  Phrygian etymologies, forgetting that the Phrygians borrowed much from earlier  peoples in Anatolia. It is very difficult to establish which of the two forms was original; Kretschmer  thought is was Κύρβαντες (whence Κορύβ- would have arisen by adaptation to  κόρυς, which seems improbable to me). Fur.: 359 holds that a sequence v - v became  o -v in Pre-Greek. Therefore, he also thinks that Κύρβ- was original (giving *Kupup-  > Kopvuf-). Rejecting the traditional etymology from κοῦρος, he assumes a form  Κορυ-β- as the stem of κόρυψ: νεανίσκος and thus explains Κορύβαντες. However,  in this way he seems to forget that he took Κύρβαντες as the original form.

XXXXXκόρυδος [m., f.] '(crested) lark, Alauda cristata' (Ar. Pl., Arist.).

    *VAR Also -δός; enlarged forms with suffixes -v- and -A(A)- (see Chantraine 1933:  360f. and 246f.). With different vocalism κάρυδοι: καρύδαλοι (H.). Cf. forms with

===Pag_803: Beekes_Página_0803.tiff===

-θ- (like in κόρυθ- 'helmet'): κόρυθος: εἷς τις τῶν τροχίλων 'one of the Egyptian plovers' and κορύθων: ἀλεκτρυών 'cock' (H.).

    *DER κορυδῶνες [pl.] (Arist. HA 609a 7), κορύδαλ(λ)ος (Arist; v.l. -αλλός), -αλλός  (Theoc., Babr.), -αλλά (Epich., inscr. Sicily), -αλλίς (Simon., Theoc.). PN Κόρυδος,  -bdwv, -υδαλλός, -υδεύς (see BoShardt 1942: 132).

    *ETYM The connection with κόρυς 'helmet' may be correct, but only as a variant of  the same Pre-Greek word. A suffix -δο- did not exist in Greek, and therefore the  comparison with the Gm. word for 'deer' (OS hirot, OHG hiruz < QIE *kerud- vel  sim.) does not work. On κόρυδος, etc., see Thompson 1895 s.v. κορύδαλος. The form  κάρυδος is the older one: PGr. *a often gives o before a following v (so there is no  need to correct the form; Fur.: 345 had not seen the rule); therefore, derivation from  κόρυς is impossible. Note that -aA(A)- is the Pre-Greek suffix *-aP'-; see Beekes 2008. See ▶︎ κόρυς.

XXXXXκόρυζα [f] 'mucous discharge from the nostrils, rheum' (Hp., Gal., Luc.), metaph. 'stupidity' (Luc., Lib.).

    *DER κορυζώδης 'with a cold' (Hp.), κορυζᾶς 'id' (Men. Fr. 1003; cf. Kérte ad loc.),  -ζάω 'to have a chill, be stupid' (PL, Arist, Plb.), κορυζιᾷ: pipitat (gloss.). With  intensifying Bov-: βου-κόρυζα = ἡ μεγάλη κόρυζα (Men. Fr. 1003 from Suid.),  βουκόρυζος: ἀναίσθητος, ἀσύνετος 'without sense, witless' (H.). Further kopbvat  and κροῦμαι: μύξαι 'mucus' (H.).

    *ETYM Ending like in ▶︎ κόνυζα, but without certain connection. It has traditionally  been compared to a Gm. word for 'mucus', eg. OE hrot, OHG (h)roz 'mucus', which  is a verbal noun of OE hritan, OHG hriizzan 'to grumble, snore' (see Pok. 571, 573). If Pre-Greek, it is from *karuf'a.

XXXXXκόρυμβος [m.] 'uppermost point of a ship' (I 241), 'top of a mountain' (Hdt., A.), 'cluster of the ivy fruit' (Mosch., Corn., Plu.), 'hair knot; = κρωβύλος᾽ (Heraclid. Pont.).

    *VAR Plur. -a (next to -ot). Also κόρυμνα' κόσμος τις γυναικεῖος περιτραχήλιος  'women's ornament worn round the neck' (H.).

    *COMP κορυμβο-φόρος 'bearing fruit' (Longos), δι-κόρυμβος 'with two tops' (Hell. poetry).

    *DER κορύμβη [f.] 'hair knot' (Asios), 'hairband' (Antim.). κορύμιββιον 'grape' (Dsc.);  κορυμβίας (Thphr.), κορύμβηλος (Nic.), κορυμβήθρα (Ps.-Dsc.) 'ivy, Hedera helix';  cf. Stromberg 1937: 91, Stromberg 1940: 53; κορυμβίτης (κισσός) 'id' (medic., Plin.,  see Redard 1949: 73); κορυμβώδης 'grape-like' (vl. Dsc. 3, 24); κορυμβόομαι [v.] 'to  be tied together in a hair knot' (Nic. Dam.).

    *ETYM Related to ▶︎ κορυφή, with a by-form of the suffix.

XXXXXκορύνη [f.] 'club, mace, knobby bud or shoot, penis' (I].).

    *VAR The quantity of the v varies.

    *COMP κορυνη-φόρος 'club-bearer' (Hdt.).

    *DER κορυνήτης [m.] 'who uses a club' (IL, Paus.); Κορυνώδης 'knobby' (Thphr.),  κορυνιόεις 'id.' (ν.1. Hes. Sc. 289); κορυνάω [v.] 'to put forth knobby buds' with  κορύνησις (Thphr.).

===Pag_804: Beekes_Página_0804.tiff=== XXXXXκορυφή 757

    *ETYM Perhaps related to ▶︎ κόρυς, referring to the thick end of the instrument in  question? For the formation, cf. instrument names like τορύνη, βελόνη (Chantraine  1933: 207f.). The frequently suggested connection with κορυφή, κόρυμβος is  undoubtedly wrong; the word is probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκορύπτω 'butt with the head (the horns)'. + κορυφή.

XXXXXκόρυς, -υθος [f.] 'helmet' (11.

    *VAR Acc. τυθα, -vv.

    *DIAL Myc. ko-ru-to /korut*os/ [gen.sg.]; ko-ru-pi /korut*p*i/ [ins.pl.J. Also Lac. Kdpup: θριγκός 'topmost stone' (H.).

    *COMP κορυθ-άἀϊξ 'shaking the helmet' (X 132), from ▶︎ ἀΐσσω; -αἰόλος 'id.', mostly of  Hector (II, A. R.); accent after Hdn., Eust., codd. Ven.), κορυθήκη [f.] 'helmet case'  (Delos ΠΡ'; haplological for κορυθο-θήκη); τρί-κορυς 'with triple plume' (E. Ba. 123  [lyr.]), also τρι-κόρυθος 'id' (E. Or. 1480); χαλκο-, ἱππο-κορυστής 'with bronze/red-  haired helmet' (IL).

    *DER 1. Diminutive κορύθιον (gloss.). 2. κορυστής [m.] 'helm-bearer' (IL). 3. κόρυθος: εἷς τις τῶν τροχίλων, περικεφαλαία 'one of the Egyptian plovers, helmet'  (H.); to Képu(v)80c as an epithet of Apollo see below. 4. κορύθων' ἀλεκτρυών 'cock'  (H.). 5. κορυθάλη, -αλίς = εἰρεσιώνη 'maypole' (EM), Κορυθαλία epithet of Artemis  near Sparta (Polem. Hist, H.), also = κορυθάλη (H., gloss.); κορυθαλίστριαι: ai  xopevovoa τῇ Κορυθαλίᾳ θεᾷ 'women dancing for the goddess K.' (H.), after the  fem. in -(ῦστρια, cf. Chantraine 1933: 106. 6. Denominative verb κορύσσω, -ομαι 'to  raise high, rise', also in general 'to arm oneself (Il), originally 'to take a helmet'; aor. κορύσσασθαι (Il.), κορύξασθαι (Ath. 3, 127a; also Hp. Ep. 17?), pte. perf. κεκορυθμένος (1].), verbal adj. κορυστός 'heaped up', of a full measure (Attica);  Kopu<o>tév: ἐπίμεστον 'filled up' (H.). Kopu(v)80c epithet of Apollo in Messenia  (inser. Paus. 4, 34, 7), appurtenance uncertain; κορυνθεύς: κόφινος, κάλαθος. ἀλεκτρυών 'basket (narrow at the base), cock' (H.), cf. κορύθων above. On κόρυς  and derivatives see Triimpy 1950: 4off., Gray Class. Quart. 41 (1947): 14ff.

    *ETYM Most often connected with κέρας 'horn', but the differences of meaning and  the morphological problems render this improbable. Chantraine 1932: 166ff. therefore considered Mediterranean origin for κόρυς; we now know that this must  be correct, since the alternating suffixes in ▶︎ κορυφή, ▶︎ κόρυμβος, ▶︎ κόρυδος,  > κορύνη, κορυδ-ών, -aA(A)oc all point to a Pre-Greek word (cf. Fur.: 195).

XXXXXκορυφή [f.] 'top, skull', also metaph. (11... < PG(S,V)>

    *VAR Dor. -φά.

    *COMP E.g. κορυφᾶ-γενής 'born from the head', properly of Athena, metaph. (Pythag. in Plu. 2, 382f.), δι-κόρυφος 'with two summits' (E., Arist.).

    *DER κορυφαῖος [m.] 'the main figure, leader of the chorus' (IA), secondary 'at the  head' [adj.] (Plu., Hdn.), κορυφαιότης 'leadership' (Corp. Herm.); κορυφαῖον 'the  upper part of a hunting-net', -paia 'head-stall of a bridle' (X., Poll.). κορυφώδης  'with summits' (Hp.). κορυφάς [f.] 'edge of the navel (Hp. apud Gal.); -@ic, -φών =  κορυφή (gloss.), κόρυφος [m.] = κορυφή (Epid.), = κόρυμβος γυναικεῖος 'hair knot  of a woman' (H.); κορύφαινα [f.] name of a fish, ἵππουρις (Dorio apud Ath.); on the

===Pag_805: Beekes_Página_0805.tiff===

naming motive Strémberg 1943: 59, on the suffix ibd. 137; κορύφια [pl.] kind of mollusks (Xenocr. apud Orib.). κορυφιστήρ = κορυφαῖον (Poll.), also 'headband' (sch.), cf. βραχιονιστήρ (Chantraine 1933: 328); -ἰστής 'id. (H.). Denominative verbs: 1. kopv@dopat 'to rise up high' (Il.), 'to count together, sum up' (Hell.), -όω 'to bring to the top' (medic.), κορύφωμα 'summit' (Ath. Mech.), -ωσις 'top of a pyramid' (Nicom.). 2. κορύπτω 'to butt with the head' (Theoc.), κορυπτίλος 'butting' (Theoc.), after τροχίλος, σποργίλος (Chantraine 1933: 249), probably hypocoristisc; also κορύπτης, -τόλης 'id.' (EM, H.); ἐκορυπτίας: ἐγαυρίας (H.).

    *ETYM Long recognized as Pre-Greek, due to the alternation of κορυφ- with  prenasalized κορυμβ-. See ▶︎ κόρυμβος.

XXXXXκόρχορος [m.] plant name, 'blue pimpernel, ἀναγαλλὶς ἡ κυανῆ, Anagallis caerulea'; on the mg. Thiselton-Dyer Journ. of Phil. 33 (1914): 201. < PG(V)> ΑΒ κόρκορος (Ar. V. 239, Nic. Th. 626). Msc. in Thphr. and Ps.-Dsc.

    *ETYM A reduplicated Pre-Greek formation (see Strémberg 1940: 21).

XXXXXκορχυρέα [f.] 'subterranean drain' (IG 9(1), 692: 8 [Corcyra II*): περι ταν Kopxupe[av]).

    *ETYM Dittenberger ad loc. IG 9(1), 692: 8 refers to ▶︎ yopyupa, yépyupa, γοργύριον  'id' (Hat. 3, 145, Η;; cf. s.v.) and κορκόδρυα (κορκορρόα Lobeck) ὑδρόρυα 'drain'  (H.); the variation points to a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXκορώνη [f.] 'crow', also 'shearwater', 'Corvus corone, cornix, frugilegus, Puffinus yelkuan' (Od.). Often metaph. of all kinds of curved or hook-formed objects (cf. below): 'tip of a bow' (IL), 'grip of a door' (Od., Poll.), 'tip of the plough pole' (A R.), 'back of a ship' (Arat.), 'pathological tumor of the elbow, etc.' (Hp.), 'kind of crown' (Sophr. 163, H.). «1Ὲ *kor-u/n- 'crow, raven'>

    *COMP Rarely in compounds, e.g. κορωνο-βόλος 'shooting crows', τρι-κόρωνος  'have three times the age of a crow' (AP).

    *DER κορωνιδεύς [m.] 'young crow' (Cratin. 179); κορώνεως [f.] 'tree with raven-  black figs' (Ar. Pax 628), cf. on ἐρινεώς s.v. ▶︎ ἐρινεός. κορωνίς [f.] 'curved, with tail',  of ships (Hom.), of cattle (Theoc.), as a noun 'crown' (Stesich.), 'curved line,  ornament' at the end of a book, etc, as an orthographic sign 'end' (Hell.); also κορωνός [m.] 'curved, etc' (Archil, Hp., EM), also PN Κόρωνος (B 746), κορωνόν  [n.) 'knob of bone(sy', Ta κόρωνα 'elbow' (medic.); κορώνιος: μηνοειδῆ ἔχων κέρατα  βοῦς 'bull having crescent-shaped horns' (H.), also a month name (Knossos),

XXXXXκορώνιον [n.] plant name (Ps.-Dsc.), see Stromberg 1940: 42; kopwving [m.] 'who proudly bends the neck' (of inmoc; Semon.), whence kopwvidw [v.] 'to bend the neck proudly, be proud' (Hell), also 'to curve oneself (kopwvidwvta πέτηλα Hes. Sc. 289; metrically conditioned). Denominative verb κορωνίζω 'to end, finish' (of kopwvic; Pontos); also of κορώνη as a basis of κορωνισταί [pl.] 'crow-singer', κορωνίσματα [pl.] 'crow-songs', ie. 'singing beggar', 'begging songs' (Ath.). On κορώνη see Thompson 1895 s.v.

    *ETYM The Italic words for 'crow' (Lat. cornix, U curnaco 'cornicem') suggest that  κορώνιη also continues an old n-stem *kor-6n, *kor-n-os. The root is also found in  ▶︎ κόραξ and ▶︎ κόραφος. A u-stem alternating with this n-stem is seen in Lat. corvus

===Pag_806: Beekes_Página_0806.tiff=== XXXXXκόσμος 759 (MIr. cri 'raver' is perhaps a ghost word; see De Vaan 2008). As a name for curved objects, kopwv1, Kopwvic, Kopwvdc are sometimes separated from κορώνη 'crow' and connected with ▶︎ κυρτός 'curved, hunchbacked', but the unique formation of the Greek word speaks against such a separation. Moreover, the metaphorical use of κορώνη 'crow' is nothing remarkable given the use of its cognates (κόραξ, Lat. cornix, MoFr. corbeau, MoE crow, etc.): the metaphors may have originated from the shape of the beak or the claws of the bird. From Greek comes Lat. coréna, corénis, whence Western European loans like MoE crown.

XXXXXκόσκινον [n.] 'sieve' (Semon., Democr., Att.).

    *COMP A few compounds, e.g. κοσκινο-ποιός 'sieve-maker' (com.), τυρο-κόσκινον  kind of cheesecake (Chrysipp. Tyan. apud Ath. 14, 647f).

    *DER Diminutive xooxivov (Chrysipp. Tyan.); κοσκίνωμα 'fencing' (Sm., Thd.);

XXXXXκοσκινηδόν [adv.] 'like a sieve' (Luc.). Denominative verbs: 1. κοσκινεύω 'to sieve' (Democr., pap.), whence κοσκινευ-τής 'siever', -τικόν 'fee for sifting', -τήριον 'place for sifting' (pap.); 2. κοσκινίζω 'id' (medic., Aq., Sm.), whence -ίνεσις 'sieving' (pap.).

    *ETYM No etymology; perhaps Pre-Greek (Chantraine 1933: 203).

XXXXXκοσκυλμάτια [n.pl.] 'cuttings of leather', metaph. of the flattering words of the tanner Cleon to Demos (Ar. Eq. 49). 4GR?>

    *ETYM Uncertain. A reduplicated formation *(o)ko-oKvA-pat-ta (Schwyzer: 423) has  been assumed, related to ▶︎ σκύλλω 'to dishevel, maltreat'. The similarity with Lat. quisquiliae [pl.] 'waste, dirt' may be accidental (Walde assumed a loan from Greek).

XXXXXκόσμος [m.] 'order, propriety, good behavior; ornament' (Il.), 'world-order, world' (Pythag. or Parm. Kranz Phil. 93 (1938): 430ff.), 'government' (IA); name of the highest officials in Crete (back-formation from κοσμέω acc. to Leumann 1950: 285f; against this Ruijgh 1957: 109).

    *COMP Several compounds, e.g. koopo-notia 'creation of the world' (Arist.), κοσμό-πολις [m.] name of an official of the town (Hell.), properly a governing compound =  ὁ κοσμῶν πόλιν; independent is κοσμο-πολίτης 'citizen of the world' (Hell.); et-  κοσμος 'in good order' (Sol.).

    *DER 1. Diminutives κοσμ-άριον, -ίδιον, -apidtov 'small ornament' (late); 2. κόσμιος  'well-ordered, decent, quiet' (1A), 'regarding the world' (Plu. Arr.), whence  κοσμιότης 'culture, civilization' (Att.); 3. κοσμικός 'worldly, earthly, of the world'  (Hell.); 4. κοσμωτός 'changed in a world' (Hell.); 5. Κοσμώ [f.] name of a priestess  (Lycurg.); PNs Koopiac, Κοσμᾶς, etc. 6. Denominative verb κοσμέω 'to order,  govern, adorn' (Il.), with several derivatives: κοσμητός 'well-ordered' (η 127);  κόσμησις 'order, ornamentation' and κόσμημα 'id. (Att.); κοσμήτωρ 'who orders,  commander' (IL) and κοσμητήρ 'id' Epigr. apud Aeschin. 3, 185), fem. κοσμήτειρα  (Ephesus, Orph.; -ήτρια H.); κοσμητής 'orderer, commander, who orders, adorns',  also name of an official (Att.), whence κοσμητεύω (-TEw) 'to be κοσμητής᾽ (inscr.,  pap.), -teia (pap.); κοσμητήριον 'place with toilets' (Paus.), Κόσμητρον 'broom'  (sch.); κοσμητικός 'belonging to adorning' (Ρ]., Arist.).

===Pag_807: Beekes_Página_0807.tiff===

    *ETYM The most probable reconstruction is *koNs-mo-. This implies that the word is  related to Lat. cénseo 'to estimate', cénsid 'assessment, rating', etc., OCS sete 'said he',  and the Indo-Iranian group of Skt. fams- 'to praise', OP 9ah- 'to declare, announce'. Acc. to Schumacher apud LIV? s.v. *keNs-, MW dan-gos- 'to show, point out' is  related as well. It is probable that the element -κάς in ▶︎ ἑκάς, ἀνδρακάς, Skt. sahasra-  $ds [adv.] 'a thousand times' (RV+) is also related. The original meaning was  probably 'to put in order (by speaking)'. The meaning 'to adorn' is probably  secondary within Greek. On the semantics of this root, see Garcia Ramon 1993a: 109-  15; he also connects (ibid.: 120) Myc. PNs like ka-e-sa-me-no /ka*esamenos/.

XXXXXκόσσυφος [m] 'blackbird, Turdus merula' (Arist, Matro, AP), metaph. as a name of the cock (Paus. 9, 22, 4; Tanagra); also a wrasse (Numen. apud Ath. 7, 305¢, medic., Ael.), because it changes colors with the seasons, like the blackbird; or perhaps named after their sounds (Stromberg 1943: 116).

    *VAR  Att. -ττ-, gloss. -vkoc. Also κόψιχος (-ικος, -υκος) [m.] (com. since Ar. Suid. Moer.).

    *DER κοσσυφίζω 'to sing like a x.' (Hero). Fem. Κοσσύφα, Doric name of a hetaira  (Schulze 1933a: 707°).

    *ETYM Previous scholars connected ▶︎ κόψιχος with the Slav. name of the blackbird,  CS kose, etc. from *kopso-. Meillet MSL 18 (1914): 171ff. explained κόσσυφος by  assuming a dissimilation from *xowugoc. However, this does not explain the  phoneme expressed by oo/tt, so the explanation must be given up. Knobloch Glotta  55 (1979): 76f. connects the verb κόπτω, which beside 'to blow, strike' also means 'to  dig', like in OCS kopati, which would fit the bird. However, there is no element *-so-  that would create agent nouns, as he states, so the formation remains obscure. Given  the variants, the word is clearly Pre-Greek. Not in Fur.

XXXXXκόσταί [f.] 'a fish' (Diphn. Siphn. apud Ath. 357a), occurring in a list of fish. <?>

    *VAR  κοστίας: κοιλίας κόμορος (= κάμμαροςξ) (H.).

    *ETYM No etymology.

XXXXXκόστος [m.] name of a plant and of its root, which was used as a spice, 'Saussurea lappa' (Thphr,, D. S.). «τὰν Skt.»

    *VAR Also -ov [n.].

    *DER κοστόϊνος 'made of κ᾿ (pap.), cf. Kalbfleisch RAM 94 (1951): 345.

    *ETYM From Skt. kiistha- [m.] 'id'. Lat. costum, -us was borrowed from κόστος (-ov). See Mayrhofer EWAia s.v.

XXXXXκοσυβ[άτΊ]ας [m.] 'sacrificer' (Gortyn V-IV*, SEG 1, 414, 10).

    *VAR  Koo<b>Pator (-Batat?)- οἱ ἐπὶ θυσιῶν τεταγμένοι 'appointed for sacrifices' (H.)  ( added, because it stands after kootiac). + κοσύμβι,.

XXXXXκοσύμβη [f.] name of a cloak which acc. to Ὁ. Chr. 72, 1 was used by herders and countrymen; by EM 311, 5, H. and others is was explained with ἐγκόμβωμα 'kind of apron' (see κόμβος), by EM 349, 15 called an ἀναβολή 'mantle'; the mg. 'κρωβύλος᾽ in Poll. 2, 30 (different readings) must be a hybrid with ▶︎ κόρυμβος.

===Pag_808: Beekes_Página_0808.tiff=== XXXXXκότταβος 761

    *VAR Also κότθυβος, a piece of military equipment, perhaps περίζωμαξ (Rev. Arch. 1935 : 2, 31); cf. also κοσυβάτας, which confirms the form without nasal (Fur. 283). Purther Lat. gossypion, (Plin. N.H. 19, 14), -inum (ibid. 1, 12, 21, etc.), which point to  *yoooumov. Also κόσυμβος [m.], which acc. to H. (with -σσ-) = κοσ(σ)ύμβιη; also  'hair-net' (LXX Is. 3, 18); thence κοσυμβωτός (Ex. 28, 35, χιτών; ν.]. κόσυμβος), acc. to  H. = κροσσωτός, i.e. 'with fringes'.

    *ETYM Lewy KZ 58 (1931): 26ff compares Assyr. guzippu, kuzippu 'a cloak', Arab. korsuf 'cotton'. Pre-Greek origin is likely, given the prenasalization and the variants  with -o-, -oo/tt-, etc. This does not exclude that the word is found in Semitic too,  since it may be an old culture word (Fur.: 283).

XXXXXκότθυβος = κοσύμβη.

XXXXXκοτίλιον [n.] mg. not certain, probably name of a vessel to preserve things (inscr. Delos 1429 B II a5 [IJ*]).

    *ETYM Unexplained. The formal similarity with vulgar κότιλον, κοτίλλιν (Latte gives  κοτίλλιον): ἀνδρὸς αἰδοῖον 'male private parts' (and κόθημα- ἐπὶ τοῦ αἰδοίου, also  κότιλον Η.) cannot be denied. The variation in κοτιλ(λ)- points to a Pre-Greek  word.

XXXXXκότινος [m., [1] 'wild olive, ἀγριελαία᾽ (Ar., Thphr.), on the name Stromberg 1937: 166".

    *COMP As a first member in κοτινη-φόρος 'carrying wild olives' (Mosch.., etc.

    *DER κοτινάς [f.] 'the fruit of the wild olive' (Hp.), (olive) grafted upon a wild olive'  (Poll.); on the formation see Chantraine 1933: 353.

    *ETYM Probably a loan, perhaps from Pre-Greek. Cf. Schrader-Nehring 1917(2): 131. From Greek was borrowed Lat. cotinus 'Rhus cotinus' (Plin.).

XXXXXκότος [m.] 'grudge, hatred' (1].). «Ὁ

    *COMP Often as a second member, eg. bahuvrihi ἔγ-κοτος 'grudging' (A.), whence  denominative ἐγκοτέω [v.] 'to be full of grudge' (A.); thence ἐγκότημα, -ησις (LXX)  and, as a back-formation, ἔγκοτος (Hdt.) 'grudge'; also ἐγκότιος [adj.] (Salamis on  Cyprus).

    *DER κοτήεις 'grudging' (E 191); -ἤεις analogical for κοτόεις (A. D., EM); further  (probably a denominative, see below) kotéw, -éopat 'to grudge' (Il.), aor. κοτέσσασθαι, -éoat, fut. κοτέσσομαι, perf.ptc.dat. κεκοτηότι; also Kotaivw 'id' (A. Th. 485), after θυμαίνω, etc., see Fraenkel 1906: 18 and on ▶︎ θυμός.

    *ETYM It has been compared with a Celto-Germanic word for 'struggle, fight', e.g. W  catu- in Catu-riges, OHG hadu- in Hadu-brand, ON hod [f.] 'battle, contest' and,  with a different suffix, MHG hader 'quarrel, fight', as well as perhaps Slav., e.g. CS  kotora 'fight'. Further, perhaps, with palatal anlaut, Skt. §dtru- 'enemy'. Machek 1958:  491. additionally compares Cz. katiti se 'to be annoyed'. If κότος were an old s-stem  (Fraenkel KZ 43 (1910): 193ff.), it would fit the u- and r-stems in catu-, hader better. Allin all, not very clear.

XXXXXκότταβος [m.] name of a game (Anacr., Pi, trag., com., Hell.) from Sicily, in which the player throws the rest of the wine from a cup against a target, either against a slice

===Pag_809: Beekes_Página_0809.tiff===

that is in balance on top of a stick, which falls (soc. κότταβος κατακτός), or against an empty saucer, which floats in a basin with water, and sinks when hit (x. ἐν λεκάνῃ or δι ὀξυβάφων) However, κότταβος indicated not only the game itself, but also several objects and movements used in it.

    *VAR Ion. -oo-.

    *COMP As a second member in μεθυσο-κότταβος [adj.] 'drunken while playing «.'  (Ar. Ach. 525).

    *DER κοτταβίς [f.] 'cup with two handles for throwing' (Hell.); κοτταβεῖον (-Biov)  'kottabos-basin, -stander' (Dikaiarch., Hell.), also 'winner's prize at κ΄ (com.);  κοτταβικὴ ῥάβδος 'k.-bar' (Hell.). Denominative verb κοτταβίζω 'to play κ᾿' (Ar,  Antiph.), euphemistic for 'vomit' (Poll, EM), also with ἀπο-, xata-, συν- (X., com.);  thence κοττάβισις, (ἀπο-)κοτταβισμός (late).

    *ETYM As the original meaning of κότταβος is unknown, all etymologies are  necessarily uncertain. Formally, it has been compared with ▶︎ κοττίς 'head, back of  the head', κόττειν: τύπτειν 'to hit, stamp' (H.), κόττος κύβος, etc.'. For various  hypotheses, see Frisk. Lat. cottabus 'slapping blow' (Plaut.) was borrowed from  Greek; cf. Friedmann 1937: 46ff. The variation tt/oo points to a Pre-Greek word. See  > κοτύλη.

XXXXXκόττανα [n.pl.] kind of small figs (Ath., H.).

    *ETYM From Semitic; cf. Hebr. qatan, q*tannim 'small (Lewy 1895: 22). Also to be  connected is κοτάννα [f.], acc. to H. = παρθένος παρὰ Κρησί 'maiden (Cret.)'; cf. Hebr. qatén, fem. q'tannd 'small, young', also 'immature boy, girl' (Lewy 1895: 65). Lat. LW cottana [pl.] 'kind of small Syrian figs' (Plin.).

XXXXXκοττάνη [f.] 'name of a fishing device (Ael. NA 12, 43).

    *ETYM From κόττος, name ofa river fish; see on ▶︎ κοττίς.

XXXXXκοττίς, -ίδος [f.] 'hairdress with long hair on the forehead', Doric for κεφαλή (Poll. H., Phot.). < PG?>

    *VAR Also xotic (Hp.), = ἰνίον, παρεγκεφαλίς 'occipital bone, cerebellum' (Gal.), τῆς  κεφαλῆς ἡ κορυφή 'top of the head' (Erot.).

    *COMP As a second member in προκοττίς: ἡ χαίτη 'loose, flowing hair' (H.) and προκόττα [f.] (Dor.).

    *DER κόττικοι- ai περικεφαλαῖαι 'head coverings' κοττάρια: τὰ ἄκρα τῆς κέγχρου  'ears of millet' (H.). Further κόττος = κύβος (Cod. Just.), κοττός (κόττος)- ὄρνις. καὶ  oi ἀλεκτρυόνες κοττοὶ διὰ τὸν ἐπὶ τῇ κεφαλῇ λόφον 'bird; cocks, because of the  crests or tufts on their heads' (cf. MoGr. κόττα 'chicken'); κοττοβολεῖν: τὸ  παρατηρεῖν τινα ὄρνιν 'observing a certain bird' (H.). On κόττος as a name of a river  fish (Arist. HA 534a 1) see Stromberg 1943: 119 (named after the cock). PN Kotrtic,  Κότταλος, «ἀλη (Herod.).

    *ETYM Connection with κοτύλη 'bowl, dish' is a mere guess. Fur.: 362 connects  κοτί(τλς, (προ)κόττα with σκύτη: κεφαλή 'head' (H.); the geminate is not expressive,  but rather points to Pre-Greek origin.

===Pag_810: Beekes_Página_0810.tiff=== XXXXXκουρά γό3

XXXXXκοτύλη [f.] 'bowl, dish, small cup' (1].), on the mg. Brommer Herm. 77 (1942): 358 and 366, also as a measure for liquids and dry materials, = 6 κύαθοι or = 0,5 ξέστης (IA), metaph. 'socket, especially of the hip-joint' (Il., Hp.), 'cymbals' [pl.] (A.). < PG(S)>

    *VAR Also κότυλος [m.] 14. (Hom. Epigr., com.).

    *COMP κοτυλ-ήρυτος 'to be scooped with cups' (¥ 34), ἡμι-κοτύλῃη 'half a κ᾿' (pap.),  δι-κότυλος 'measuring two x.' (Hp., pap.).

    *DER Diminutives κοτυλίς 'socket' (Hp.), κοτυλίσκος, -ίσκη, -ίσκιον 'small cup'  (com.), κοτυλίδιον (Eust.). κοτυληδών, -όνος [f.] name of different cup-like holes  (on the formation Chantraine 1933: 361), e.g. 'sucker, suction cup' (€ 433, etc.), also as  a plant name, probably 'Cotyledon umbilicus' (Hp., Nic., Dsc.), after its leaves like  suckers, Strémberg 1940: 44f, whence κοτυληδονώδης 'nipple-like' (Gal.). κοτυλιαῖος, -tetog 'measuring a x.' (Hell.), Mayser 1906-1938, I: 3: 95; κοτυλώδης  'cup-like' (Ath.); κοτύλων, -wvog [m.] 'drunkard' (Plu.). Denominative verb  κοτυλίζω 'to sell per κι, ie. in small quantities' (IA), whence κοτυλισμός, -ἰστής, -ιστί  (Hell.).

    *ETYM A close relation is Lat. catinus (flat) dish'; the deviation in vowel and  formation suggests that they are independent loans from a third party. A loan is  probable in the case of a vessel. Fur.: 101, 181 adduces κόνδυ 'a cup', as well as  κονδύλιον; he notes (op. cit. 205") that -vAn is a well-known suffix in Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκουβαρίς, -ίδος [f.] 'wood-louse' (Dsc. 2, 35 tit.). <?>

    *DER Diminutive of κόβαρος: ὄνος 'id' (cod. ἄνθρωπος, ie. ἄνδς) (H.). Another  diminutive formation is MoGr. κουβάρι 'clew' (Kukules Λεξ, Ἄρχ. 5: 34), with the  denominative κουβαρίζω (ν... -ἰάζω) = μηρύομαι 'to wind (together)' (sch. Theoc. 1,  29, also MoGr.).

    *ETYM Acc. to Kukules (see also Stromberg 1944: 12), the animal was called this way  because it can roll itself together. The group itself remains unexplained.

XXXXXκοῦκι [n.] name of a palm-like tree, 'Hyphaena thebaica', also used for its fiber (PBaden 35, 23 [I?], Plin.).

    *COMP κουκιοφόρον δένδρον (Thphr.).

    *DER κούκεον 'fruit of the kouki-tree' (Ostr.); κούκινος 'of the kouki-tree; made from  its fiber' (pap.).

    *ETYM Foreign word, perhaps of Egyptian origin (but see on ▶︎ κόϊξ) Cf. Hemmerdinger Glotta 46 (1968): 244.

XXXXXκουκούφας, -ατος [m.] Egyptian name of the ἔποψ (Horap. 1. 55, PMag. Berol. 2, 18). «τὰν Eg >

    *VAR Also κοκκ-.

    *DER Diminutive κοκκοφάδιον (PMag. Lond. 121, 411), cf. Délger ByzZ 38 (1938): 213.

    *ETYM Onomatopoeic word. Comparable with Skt. kukkubha- 'Phasianus gallus', Lat. cucubi6, -ire from the cry of the screech-owl. Cf. on ▶︎ κικκαβαῦ.

XXXXXκουρά [f.] action noun 'cropping', of hair, beard or wool; 'lopping, cutting' of trees and grass; also 'lock of hair, virgin wool, fur' (IA); 'cut-off end, slips of wood' (Ph.).

    <IE  *kers- 'shave'>

===Pag_811: Beekes_Página_0811.tiff===

    *VAR Ion. -ρή.

    *DER Nouns: 1. κουρεύς [m.] 'shaver, barber' (Att.); also name of a bird (H.), after its  sound; thence κουρεῖον 'barber-shop' (Att.), κουρεακός 'talkative' (Plb.), on the  formation Schwyzer: 497; also κουρευτής 'id' (gloss.), fem. κουρεύτρια (Plu.),  κουρευτικός 'used for shaving' (sch., Olymp.). 2. κούρειον (-eov) [n.] 'sacrifice of  hair, etc. on the Apaturia (S., Is., inscr.), Κούρειος epithet of Apollo (Teos),  κουρεῶτις, -ίδος (ἡμέρα, ἑορτή) [f.] 'the third day of the Apaturia, on which the hair  of the young boys and girls was sacrificed' (Pl. inscr.); Kovpewv (-1i@v), -ὥνος [m.]  month name in Magnesia on the Maeander (inscr.). Perhaps also in αἱμα-κουρίαι  [pl.] 'sacrifice of blood to the dead' (Pi.), with faded second member. 3. κούριμος  'belonging to cropping; shaved' (trag., Plu.), also κουρεύσιμος (sch.) as if from  *kobpevoig (κουρεύομιαι); see Arbenz 1933: 79f. 4. κουρικός 'used for cropping'  (pap.). 5. κουρίς, -ίδος [f.] 'id.', of μάχαιρα (Cratin.), also 'cleaning girl (com., Plb.). 6. κουρίας [m.] 'who has his hair shaved' (Luc, D. L.). 7. κουράς: ἡ ἐν τοῖς  ὀροφώμασι γραφή, ὀροφικὸς πίναξ ' writing on the roofs, plank for a roof (H.); also  ἐγκουράς (A. Fr. 142, H.). 8. koupitic [f.] plant name, 'nepiotepemv ὕπτιος, Verbena  officinalis' (Ps.-Dsc., Ps.-Apul.); naming motive unknown. Denominative verbs: 1. kovpidw 'to need cropping, to have long hair' (Pherecr., Plu.,  Luc.), after the verbs of disease in -tdw, see Schwyzer: 732; 2. κουρίζω 'to shave, cut'  (Thphr., H.), aor. -ίξαι; 3. κουρεύομαι 'to take the tonsure, have the hair cut' (Just.,  sch.). On ▶︎ κοῦρος and ▶︎ κουρίξ, see s.vv.

    *ETYM As a primary verbal noun, κουρά continues *korsd; the verb is seen in Hitt. kars-* 'to cut off, Lyd. fa-karsed 'cuts off, and in ToAB kdrs*- 'to know, understand',  as well as ToA karst*-, ToB karst*- 'to cut off, destroy'. Traces of the same verb (but  with a different development of -rs-, ultimately depending on the accent) are found  in Gr. ἀ-κερσε- κόμης 'with uncut hair' ( 39), Κόρσης nickname of a smooth-shaved  man (Chrysipp.), κορσός: κορμός 'cut-off piece' (H.), κορσοῦν: κείρειν 'to shave'  (H.), with κορσᾶς [m.] (pap.), κορσω-τήρ (Call. Poll.) 'barber', -τεύς 'id' (Ath. 12,  520e), -τήριον 'barber-shop' (ibd.). Further details under ▶︎ κόρση and ▶︎ κείρω.

XXXXXκούρητες

    *VAR κουρίδιος. = Κόρη.

XXXXXκουρίξ [adv] in ἔρυσάν τέ μιν εἴσω x. 'draw him inside k.' (x 188), k. ἑλκομένη 'being drawn κ᾿ (A. R. 4, 18), κι αἰνυμένους 'taking κ᾿ (H.); meaning uncertain.

    *ETYM From κουρά, after the adverbs in -(()§ (Schwyzer: 620, Chantraine 1942: 250). Acc. to Aristarchus, it means τῆς κόμης ἐπιλαβόμενοι, 'taking by the head of hair',  which would make perfect sense, though κουρά in the sense of 'head of hair' raises  some doubts. Others have assumed an original mg. 'holding the hair like when  shaving', which fits the usual meaning of κουρά better.

XXXXXκοῦρος [m.] probably collective 'loppings, twigs lopped from a tree' (IG 2', 1362: 6 [end IV*]): ξύλα ... κοῦρον ... φρύγανα ... φυλλόβολα.

    *ETYM Verbal abstract from *korsé-, like ▶︎ κουρά from *xopod; cf. Forbes Glotta 36  (1958): 238. The form κόρος 'twig, sprout' does not show a trace of *-s- and therefore  rather belongs to ▶︎ κόριη, etc.

===Pag_812: Beekes_Página_0812.tiff=== XXXXXκοχυδέω 765

XXXXXκοῦφος [adj.] 'light, easily movable, nimble, vain, empty' (N 158 and 8 201 κοῦφα and κουφότερον as adverbs); on the mg. Treu 1955: 76, etc. <?>

    *COMP Few compounds, e.g. κουφό-νοος 'with a nimble mind' (trag.), ὑπό-κουφος  'rather light' (Dsc., Plu.).

    *DER κουφοτής [f.] 'lightness' (Hp., Pl.), accent after βαρυτής, Wackernagel Gott. Nachr. 1909: 59, Schwyzer: 382; κουφεῖαι [pl.] probably 'vase shards, debris'? (PTeb. 5,  199 [II*]), κοῦφον κεράμιον also 'empty vessel'; MoGr. (ἀγριο-)κουφίτης [m.] plant  name 'Fumaria' (Redard 1949: 68 and 73). Denominative κουφίζω [v.] 'to lighten,  mitigate, cancel, nullify' (Hp. Att.), rarely intr. 'to be light' (Hes. Op. 463, Hp., trag.),  whence κούφισις (Th.), -ισμα (E.), -ισμός (Hell.) 'mitigation'; κουφιστήρ 'ring-pad'  (to lighten the pressure; medic.); κουφιστικός 'mitigating' (Arist.).

    *ETYM Unknown. The full grade of the stem and the barytonesis are remarkable in  the case of an adjective (Schwyzer: 459), which suggests that it could originally have  been a noun. The form κοῦφος replaced or pushed back the old forms ἐλαχύς,  ἐλαφρός, which in the process assumed a different meaning.

XXXXXκόφινος [m.] 'big basket' (Att. Hell.), on the mg. Schulze Berl.Ak.Sb. 1905: 727f,, also as a measure of capacity = 9 Att. χοίνικες (Boeot. inscr.).

    *DER Diminutive kogiviov (pap.); κοφινώδης 'basket-like' (sch.), -πδόν 'per basket'  (EM); κοφινόομαι [v.] 'to have a basket put over one's head' (Nic. Dam.).

    *ETYM Borrowed as Lat. cophinus, whence MoE coffin, MHG koffer, etc. Fur. compares κόφος, probably 'basket-load', as well as κοψία- χύτρα 'earthen pot' and  Koya: ὑδρία 'water bucket, urn'; on the suffix, see Fur: 129%.

XXXXXκόχλος [m., f.] shell-fish with a spiral-shaped shell, 'sea-snail, land-snail', also 'purple- snail, kohl' (E,, Arist., Theoc.).

    *DER Several diminutive formations: κοχλίς [f.] (Luc., Man.); also name of an Arabic  stone (Plin.); κοχλία = ξιφύδρια 'shell' (H.); κοχλίδιον (pap., Epict.), -άδιον (sch.). Further κοχλίας [m.] 'snail with spiral shell', often metaph. 'waterscrew, spiral stair,  etc' (com., Arist. Hell.); borrowed as Lat. coc(h)lea, cf. Ernout 1954: 54f3 κοχλιός  '4. (Paul. Aeg., Aét., gloss.); κόχλαξ [m.] = κάχληξ (LXX, Dsc.); Lat. LW coclaca  (Orib. lat.), cf. Ernout lc. Unclear κοχλιάξων (-άζων), -ovtos [m.] kind of machine-  screw (Orib.), perhaps after GEwv? From Lat. coc(h)lear, -aris [n.] (derived from  coc(h)lea), Greek borrowed koyAtdpiov 'spoon', also as a measure (Dsc., medic.);  originally name of a spoon, of which the sharp end was used to draw the snail from  its shell; cf. WH s.v. coc(h)lear.

    *ETYM Connection with »κόγχος, »κόγχη is evident; it has (Pre-Greek)  prenasalization. Note also the vocalic variation in kéyAak/ κά-.

XXXXXκοχυδέω [v.] 'to stream forth copiously' (Pherecr. 130, 4). «ΟΕ»

    *VAR Ipf. κοχύδεσκεν (Theoc. 2, 107; v.l. κοχύεσκεν), pres. also κοχύζει (Stratt. 61;  cod. κοκκύζει).

    *ETYM Explained by Frisk as an intensive reduplicated formation from χύδην (on the  dissimilated vowel, see Schwyzer: 647), with back-formations κοχύ: πολύ, πλῆρες  'much, fulP (H.), κόχος 'mighty stream' (sch. Theoc. ad loc.). Are the latter words

===Pag_813: Beekes_Página_0813.tiff===

learned contructions to explain the unclear forms? Reduplication from an adverb seems very strange in Greek.

XXXXXκοχώνη [f] 'buttocks' (Hp., com., Herod.). <1E? geng'- 'step'>

    *ETYM The almost complete identity with Skt. jaghdna- [m., n.] 'buttocks' can hardly  be a coincidence, but the further analysis remains hypothetical. Since Schmidt KZ 25  (1881): 112 and 116, as well as Schmidt KZ 32 (1893): 373f., κοχώνη has been explained  as assimilated from *kaywva, with *xax- equivalent to Skt. jagh- as the zero grade of jdrgha [f.] 'lower thigh-bone' (to Go. gaggan 'to go', IE *g*eng'-). Objections by  Specht KZ 66 (1939): 197ff., who separates κοχώνη from jaghdna-, etc. because of  προχῶναι 'buttocks' (Archipp. 41), and compares χάσκω and cognates. However,  τιροχῶναι could be a comic distortion of κοχώνῃη after πρωκτός (acc. to Giintert 1914:  122). Notice, too, that the Skt. word shows no trace of Brugmann's Law. Mayrhofer  EWa4Aia 1: 563 finds no solution either.

XXXXXκόψιχος [m.] 'blackbird'. = κόσσυφος.

XXXXXκρααίνω = κραιαίνω.

XXXXXκράββατος [m.] 'couch, mattress' (Rhinth., Criton Com., Arr.). Ἅ41ὴν Macedonian?>

    *VAR  κράβαττος, κράβατος, also -axtoc, -ov (so-called 'reverse writing'? See  Schwyzer 317').

    *COMP κραβατο-πόδιον = ἑρμίς 'leg of a bed' (sch.).

    *DER Diminutives: κραβάτιον (Arr.), -ἄκτιον (pap. V-VIP), κρεβαττάριον (Ed. Diocl.), MoGr. κρεββάτι. κραβακτήριος [adj.] (pap. VIP). Unclear κραβάτριος,  perhaps 'chamberlain' (IPE 2, 297).

    *ETYM Cf. Lat. grabatus (-attus). Acc. to Kretschmer 1921: 9iff., it is a loan from a  Macedonia-Illyrian word for 'oak', *ypaBoc, which is seen in ▶︎ γράβιον. Fur. 1265  calls this semantically arbitrary. On anlauting «- for y-, see Schwyzer ZIT 6 (1926):  242. See further Kramer AfP 45 (1999): 205-216; the word would have been adopted  independently by Greeks and Romans (likewise Fur: ibid.). Hardly related to  > yaBa8ov.

XXXXXκράβυζος [m.] name ofa shell-fish (Epich. 42).

    *ETYM Probably a substrate word; for -υζος, see Schwyzer 4723 ands.v. ▶︎ κόνυζα. Acc. to Stromberg 1943: 121, it stands for ᾿κραβό-βυζος, from κράβος: ὁ λάρος 'mew' (H.)  and βῦζα 'eagle-owl' (Nic.); highly unlikely. Fur.: 238, 283 connects it with κράμβος  'dry', for which there seems no reason.

XXXXXκραγγών, -όνος [f.] name of a small crustacean, probably 'Squilla mantis' (Arist. HA).

    *VAR Kpayov, Kpayyn (v.IL).

    *ETYM On the formation in -wv, see Chantraine 1933: 159. The meaning suggests a  loan. The connection with Skt. sfnga- 'horn' (which belongs to ▶︎ κέρας, etc.) is  rightly rejected by Brugmann-Delbriick 1897-1916 2:1, 508. Instead of κραγγών- κίσσα  'jay, von Blumenthal 1930: 41f. proposes to read xpaywv, ie. 'crying bird' (to

===Pag_814: Beekes_Página_0814.tiff=== XXXXXκράζω 767 ▶︎ κράζω), and to change κραγών: ἔνυδρον ζῶον 'water animal to κραγγών, which would fit the alphabetical order.

XXXXXκραδάω [v.] 'to swing, brandish', med. 'to tremble, be agitated' (post-Hom.). <?>

    *VAR In Hom. only ptc. κραδάων and xpadaive (Il). Also κραδεύειν (H.) as an  explanation of κραδαίνειν.

    *COMP Rarely with prefix: ἐπι-κραδάω (A. R., Opp.); émt-, Sta-, συγ-κραδαίνω (Tim. Pers., Arist.); avaxpadevet: σείει, σαλεύει 'shakes, causes to rock' (H.).

    *DER κράδη [f.] 'spray at the end of branches, twig, especially of figs' (A, Hes. Op. 681), ἀπο-κράδιος 'plucked from a fig tree' (AP), ἀπο-κραδίζω [v.] 'to pluck from a  fig tree' (Nic.); also 'diseased formation of small shoots in trees', whence κραδάω [v.]  'to have κράδιγ (Thphr.); also name of a contrivance that shows actors hovering in  the air (Poll. 4, 128, H.). Also κράδος 'blight in fig-trees' (Thphr. HP 4, 14, 4), after  Thphr. lc. also a name of the twig. Further κραδησίτης: φαρμακός 'scapegoat', ὁ ταῖς  κράδαις βαλλόμενος 'who is being hit with a branch' (H.); xpading [m.] 'prepared  with fig twigs, provided with fig twigs' (H., Hippon.); κραδιαῖος 'made of fig-shoots'  (Orph.); κράδαλοι: κλάδοι 'branches' (H.); κραδαλός 'trembling' (Eust.). On  Kpadevtai see ▶︎ κρατευταί.

    *ETYM It seems certain that κράδη and κράδος belong with κραδάω, of which  κραδαίνω is an enlargement. It is probable that κραδάω is ἃ denominative, so an  original meaning 'swinging' may be assumed for κράδη, This fits well with the  meanings 'crown (of a tree)' and 'suspension-machine' (cf. Fraenkel 1906: 109f.). Alternatively, κραδάω could be a zero grade iterative, derived from a lost primary  verb, with κράδη, -ος as back-formations. Acc. to Schwyzer: 682 and Chantraine  1942: 356, kpaddw is an old (originally athematic) root present, but this can hardly be  correct. The word ▶︎ κόρδᾶξ, name of a dance, is unrelated. The connection with Lat. cardo remains hypothetical. Schulze KZ 57 (1930): 75 supposed that the IE word for  'heart' (Gr. »«fip, ▶︎ καρδία) is a very old root noun from κραδάω, but this must  remain uncertain.

XXXXXκράζω [v.] 'to croak, cry' (individual attestations since Ar.).

    *VAR Perf. κέκρᾶγα (trag., Ar.), to which pret. éxéxpayov (LXX), fut. κεκράξομαι  (com., LXX), κεκραγήσει' kpavydoet 'will cry aloud' (H.), aor. κεκρᾶξαι (LXX); aor. Kpayeiv (ξ 467, Pi, Antiphon, Ar.), later κρᾶξαι (Thphr., LXX) with fut. κράξω (AP,  Ev. Luc.).

    *COMP Also prefixed, especially with dva-.

    *DER κεκράκτης [m.] 'cryer' (Hp., Ar. Luc.), κέκραγμα (Ar.), κεκραγμός (E., Plu.)  'crying'; κεκραξι-δάμας [m.] 'control by crying', comic epithet of Cleon (Ar. V. 596),  after Ἀλκι-δάμας (see Sommer 1948: 174); κρᾶγέτας [m.] 'crier' (Pi.), κρᾶγός 'crying'  (Ar. Eg. 487 xpayov κεκράξεται), κράκτης 'id.' (Adam., Tz.), κράκτρια (Η. s.v. Aaxépvla), κρακτικός 'crying, making noise' (Luc.).

    *ETYM The original system had a thematic root aorist xpayeiv beside an intensive  perfect κέκρᾶγα with present mg. (Schwyzer 1950: 263f.). The central position of the  perfect is testified by the derived verbal and nominal forms κεκράξομαι, κεκράκτης,  etc. Later formations are the rare present κράζω and the aorist κρᾶξαι, etc; a further

===Pag_815: Beekes_Página_0815.tiff===

innovation was éx-, ἐγ-κραγγάνω (Men., H.). As an original onomatopoeia, κέκραγα and xpayetv show similarity with ▶︎ κρώζω 'to croak'. The form ▶︎ κάραγος - ὁ τραχὺς ψόφος, οἷον mpiwv 'raw sound, like a saw' (H.) is not a regular disyllabic form beside Kpay-. See ▶︎ κόραξ, ▶︎ Κραυγή.

XXXXXκραιαίνω [v.] 'to complete' (IL), intr. 'to end' (medic.), 'to rule' (θ 391, S., E.).

    <IE  *krh,-s-n- 'head'>

    *VAR  κρᾶαίνω (ν.1.), aor. κρηῆναι (1].), κραᾶναι (H.), pass. κρᾶανθῆναι (Theoc.),  perf.3sg. κεκρᾶανται (Od.), verbal adj. ἀ-κρᾶαντος (Hom.); κραίνω (Od., medic.),  fut. kpavéw, -@ (Emp., A., E.); ém-Kpavei (A. Ag. 1340), intr. κρἄνέεσθαι᾽ (I 626), aor. κρῆναι (O 599), Kpavat (A., S.), pass. κρανθῆναι (Pi, trag.), perfi3sg. κέκρανται  (trag.), d-Kpav-tog (Pi. trag.).

    *COMP Also with ἐπι-.

    *DER From kpaivw: κράντωρ, -opos 'ruler' (E. [lyr.], AP), 'who fulfills' (epigr. apud  Paus. 8, 52, 6), with dissimilation κάντορες: of κρατοῦντες 'who are ruling' (H.);  κραντήρ, -ἦρος 'ruler' (Orph.), plur. 'wisdom teeth', originally 'completer' of the  tooth row (Arist.), sing. 'tusk' (Nic, Lyc.); fem. κράντειρα 'governess' (API, Orph.);  on κράντωρ, -τήρ see Benveniste 1948: 46f κράντης 'fulfiller' (Lyc.); κραντήριοι:- οἱ  Kpaivovtec, καὶ ἐπιτελοῦντες 'who are fulfilling, completing' (H.). Compound αὐτό-  Kpavoc 'completing itself, self-evident' (H., EM; also A. Fr. 295f.); acc. to H. also =  κίων μονόλιθος 'stone pillar', but in the last mg. rather to κάρᾶ 'head'; see -kpavov  and κρανίον.

    *ETYM The variant reading κρᾶαίνω points to an old denominative *krahy-je/o-,  from the old n-stem found in gen. κρᾶατος < *krahnt-os << PIE *krh,-s-n-ds (cf. on  ▶︎ κάἀρᾷ 'head'), like ὀνομαίνω to ▶︎ ὄνομα. The original meaning must have been 'to  crown' (cf. καρᾶνοῦν 'to complete' to xdpavov 'head'). Beside κρᾶαίνω, the aorist  κρηῆναι shows Ionic phonetics. It was contracted to κρῆναι, and from this a new  present κραίνω was made (cf. φῆναι to ▶︎ φαίνω), whence κρἄνέω, etc. The form  κραιαίνω may owe its root syllable κραι- to influence of the later form xpaivw  (Leumann IF 57 (1940): 157).

XXXXXκραιπάλη [f.] 'hangover, headache' (Hp., Ar.). < PG?>

    *COMP ἀ-κραίπαλος 'without intoxication, liberating' (Arist, Dsc.), κραιπαλό-κωμος  'rambling in drunken revelry' (Ar.).

    *DER κραιπαλώδης 'prone to drunkenness' (Phld., Plu.), κραιπαλάω [v.] 'to have a  hangover' (Ar., PL, Plb.).

    *ETYM For the formation, cf. ἀγκάλη, μασχάλη, σκυτάλη, etc. (Chantraine 1933:  245ff.); further unclear. Connection to κραιπνός with interchange v/ \ cannot be  excluded semantically, but it is not evident. Latin has a LW crapula 'id, (yielding  MoFr. crapule) with long 4, which might continue the Pre-Greek variation au/ ἃ (for  which see Pur.: 336ff.). See also André Ant. class. 33 (1964): 921.

XXXXXκραιπνός [adj.] 'swift, rushing' (1].); cf. Treu 1955: 6f.

    *COMP κραιπνό-συτος, -φόρος 'swiftly rushing, leading' (A.).

    *ETYM Unknown. Cf. on κραιπάλη, Could it represent a Pre-Greek pre-form *krap'-  n- (cf. on ▶︎ ἐξαίφνης, > ἐξαπίνης):

===Pag_816: Beekes_Página_0816.tiff=== XXXXXκράμβος 769

XXXXXκραῖρα [f.] - ἡ κεφαλή, καὶ ἀκροστόλιον 'the head, terminal ornament'; also Kpaipot- στόλοι νεῶν, μέτωπα, κεφαλαί 'prows, fronts, heads of ships' (H.). «1Ὲ kerh,- 'head, horn', krh,-s-r-ih,>

    *COMP Further only as a second member: ὀρθό-κραιρα 'with upright standing horns  or beaks' (Hom., verse-final), in βοῶν, νεῶν ὀρθοκραιράων; éb-xpaipa 'with  beautiful horns', e.g. βουσὶν ébxpaipnoww (h. Merc. 209); ἡμί-κραιρα 'half the head or  face' (com., inscr.)}; μελάγ-κραιρα 'with black heads' (Lyc., [Arist.] Mir.); δίςκραιρα  'forked' (A. R.). Thematicized εὔ-κραιρος [f.] (A. Opp., Tryph, v.L in h. Merc. 209);  6p86-Kpatpoc [f.] (AP); τανύ-κραιρος [m., f.] 'with long horns' (AP, Opp.); δί-κραιρος [m.] 'two-horned' (AP); Boo-, iad-, ὁμό- κραιρος (Nonn.). Reshaped after  the nouns in -n¢, -ητος: εὐκραίρης (Max. 84).

    *ETYM The apparent simplices kpaipa and κραῖρος have clearly been taken from  compounds. The only old form is the feminine second member -xpatpa. This  extremely complicated form was extensively discussed in Nussbaum 1986: 222-247,  as well as in Peters 1980a: 228-286. It has been recognized for a long time that  -Kpatpa belongs to ▶︎ κέρας (» Kapa). As a basic form, we may posit *krh,-s-r-ih, >  *krah-ar-ja, where the contraction product -d- was regularly shortened before -7/-. After the other compounded adjectives, Greek created a thematic form -Kpatpoc,  indifferent to gender, which eventually survived.

XXXXXκράμβη (f.] 'cabbage' (IA). Up till now, the word was mentioned under ▶︎ κράμβος, but it has nothing to do with it. Cf. also RPh. 71 (1997): 165, where it is noted that a reading Ἰγάμβρη is wrong. Fur. did not split the words either (see on ▶︎ κράμβος). «Ὁ

    *COMP  As ἃ first member eg. in Κραμβο-κέφαλος 'cabbage-headed' (pap.).

    *DER Diminutive κραμβίδιον 'id' (Antiph.), κραμβίον 'cabbage soup' (Hp; MoGr. forms, part of which has yp-, in Georgacas ByzZ 41 (1941): 362); κραμβίς 'cabbage-  worm' (Ael.), see Strémberg 1944: 9; κραμβήεις 'cabbage-like' (Nic.), κραμβίτας [m.]  'greengrocer' (Thess.).

    *ETYM No etymology. Stromberg 1940: 24 connected the word with ▶︎ κράμβος,  assuming that the plant was called after its shrunken leaves; however, the connection  with the Gm. group of OHG (hA)rimfan 'to shrink' must now be forgotten. Borrowed  as Lat. crambé (Plin.), MoP karamb 'cabbage'.

XXXXXκράμβος [adj.] = καπυρός, ξηρός 'loud or clear, dry', of sounds (Ar. Eq. 539, H., Suid.).

    *DER κραμβαλέος 'dry, roasted' (Ath.), after αὐαλέος, etc; κραμβαλίζουσιν-  καπυρίζουσι 'revel' (H.); κρομβόω [v.] 'to roast, bake' (Diph.). κραμβότατον στόμα  'loudest voice' (HL, Suid.); as a msc. subst. 'blight in grapes, when they shrivel before  they are ripe' (Thphr.), see Stromberg 1937: 167. One also connects κράμβαλα:  μνημεῖα 'monuments' (H.), supposing it denotes the urn with ashes, but this is  uncertain. Further κράμβωτον' ἰκτῖνος τὸ ζῷον 'kite, the animal' (H.) (perhaps after  its claws, but see Thompson 1895 s.v.).

    *ETYM For the structure, cf. σκαμβός, ▶︎ κλαμβός, The accent is remarkable and may  point to original substantival function.

===Pag_817: Beekes_Página_0817.tiff===

The word has been compared with OHG (h)rimfan 'to wrinkle, curb, etc.', as if from IE kremb-, kromb-. However, Fur. 238 compares ▶︎ Κραῦρος 'dry, frail, fragile', assuming it is a form without prenasalization and with y for B (on which see Fur. 228-242). This seems convincing; note Frisk's comment s.v. ▶︎ kpatpoc: 'ebenfalls mit bemerkenswerter Barytonese.' Fur: 343 further adduces κόμβος' ὁ κόνδυλος. kai ὁ καπυρός 'ball, swelling; also dried, parched'; κρομβότατον: καπυρώτατον.

XXXXXκατακεκονδυλωμένον 'very dry, swollen' (H.). Further, ▶︎ κράβυζος may perhaps be added. Therefore, the word is without a doubt Pre-Greek. The further connection of κράμβωτον 'kite' with κράμβος: λάρος 'mew' (H.), Fur.: 283, is uncertain,

XXXXXκραναός [adj.] 'hard, raw, rocky' (IL), also of Athens and the Athenians, called Kpavad πόλις and Kpavaai (Ar.), or Kpavaoi (Hdt.); also Κραναός, a mythical king of Athens. <?>

    *COMP κραναή-πεδος 'with rocky soil said of Delos (hk, Ap. 72), -ἢ- metrically  conditioned (Zumbach 1955: 18).

    *ETYM Evidenced by comparison of κερα(ε)ός and τανα(ρ)ός, it probably derives  from *kpavaféc. No convincing etymology. The traditional connection with words  for 'hard' (see ▶︎ κράτος) makes no sense, as long as the formation has not been  explained.

XXXXXκρᾱνίον [n.] 'skull, brain-pan', also of the head in general (Θ 84, Pi. I. 4,54, Att.). On the long ἃ in Hom. see Wackernagel 1916: 225, Chantraine 1942: 18, Shipp 1967: 21. iE *kerh,- 'head, horn'>

    *COMP As a first member in κρανιό-λειος 'bald-headed' (Com. Adesp. 1050); quite  frequent as a second member, especially in medical expressions, e.g. ὀπισθο-κράνιον  'occiput', ἐγ-κράνιον 'cerebellum' (after éy-Képadoc), but also βου-κράνιον 'oxhead'  (EM), also a plant name (Ps.-Dsc., Gal.), see Stromberg 1940: 47. Adjectival  hypostasis περι-κράνιος 'round the skull (Plu., medic.). Older and more common is  -κρᾶνον, e.g in ἐπί-κρανον 'capital, headband' (Pi. E, inscr.), ποτί-κρανον 'cushion'  (Sophr., Theoc.), 6\é-kpavov 'point of the elbow' (Hp., Ar., Arist.), κιοζνό)-κρανον  (see ▶︎ kiwv). Also adjectives like Bov-, ἐλαφό-, di-, τρί-, χαλκεό-, ὀρθό-κρανος. Rarely as a first member: kpavo-Konéw [v.] 'to cut off the head' (pap.); on kpavo-  κολάπτης see ▶︎ κράνον.

    *DER Denominative verbs: κρανίξαι: ἐπὶ κεφαλὴν ἀπορρῖψαι 'to throw (down) upon  the head', κρηνιῶν: καρηβαρῶν 'being heavy in the head' (H.); hypostasis  ἀποκρανίξαι 'to tear from the head' (AP), 'to cut off the head' (Eust.).

    *ETYM The secondary formation xpaviov goes back to a nominal basis. It seems best  to start from the old oblique stem *kran- < *krh,-s-n- of κάρη, which was later  replaced by *krahut-. In this context, note the gloss κράνα: κεφαλή (H.). See further  ▶︎ κάρα and ▶︎ κέρας.

XXXXXκράνον [n.] 'Cornelian cherry (Thphr., medic.).

    *VAR  Also κράνος [f.] (pap., Gp.).

    *COMP As a first member perhaps in κρανο-κολάπτης name of a spider (Philum. Ven. 15, 1, sch. Nic. Th. 764), see Stromberg 1944: 22.

===Pag_818: Beekes_Página_0818.tiff=== XXXXXκρατευταί 771

    *DER More common and attested earlier is κράνεια [f.] 'cornelian cherry' (Hom. E.,  Thphr, Hell), also κρανία (Hp., Dsc.), -éa (Gp.). Hence κράνειον (-tov) 'id.'  (Thphr., Gal.), kpavéivoc 'of cornel wood' (Hdt, X.), also κρανάϊνος 'id.' (Hp., X.,  Str.), after ἐλάϊνος; κράνινος 'id.' (Paus.).

    *ETYM Lat. cornum, -us, with the same fluctuation as to the gender, has been  compared to reconstruct IE *krno-. Lith. Kirnis name of a 'god who protects cherries'  is of doubtful appurtenance. Mediterranean origin is also possible, which has to be  assumed for ▶︎ képacos in any case.

XXXXXκράνος [n.] 'helmet' (IA), see Triimpy 1950: 45f. <?>

    *COMP As a first member in κρανο-ποιέω 'to forge helmets', whence -notia, -ποιός  (Ar.).

    *DER Diminutive κρανίδιον (Att. inscr.).

    *ETYM The word κράνος must be connected with the group of words for 'head,  horn', but cannot contain a laryngeal. Connection with ▶︎ kdpuov, ▶︎ κραναός, etc. is  less probable.

XXXXXκραπαταλλός [m.] name of a worthless fish (Hdn., H.); also metaph. = μωρός 'dul? (H.), see Stromberg 1943: 95°, and as a name of a coin (= δραχμή) in Hades (Pherecr. apud Poll. 9, 83).

    *VAR Also -αλλός (Hdn. 1, 158).

    *DER κραπαταλίας: ἀνεμώδης καὶ ἀσθενής. καὶ ἀνίσχυρα λέγων, ἄμεινον δὲ ληρώδης  'vain or idle and weak; speaking without foundation, or better: frivolously' (H.)  (Pherecr. 99).

    *ETYM A formation in -αλζ(λ)ὸς with variation A/AA (not noticed by Chantraine 1933:  245ff.). Therefore, clearly a Pre-Greek word in -aP'- (see Beekes 2008).

XXXXXκράσπεδον [n.] 'edge, border of a cloth', metaph. of a country, a mountain, also of an army = 'wing of the army' (S., E., Ar., X., Theoc., NT). <?>

    *DER κρασπεδίτης 'hindmost person in a chorus' (Plu.), opposed to the κορυφαῖος;

XXXXXκρασπεδόομαι [v.] 'to be bordered' (E.).

    *ETYM Analyzed as an old compound of kdapa 'head' (in the form κρᾶσ-) with a faded  second member πέδον 'plain, ground', for which Skt. dru-padd- [n.] 'wooden post' is  compared. The first member would point to an original meaning 'upper border', acc. to Risch IF 59 (1949): 14. However, Nussbaum 1986: 71 is very sceptical; there is no  indication whatsoever that it would contain the word for 'head'.

XXXXXκράστις 'green fodder'. = γράω.

XXXXXκράταιγος [m.] 'hawthorn, Crataegus oxyacantha' (Thphr.). <?>

    *VAR Also -αιγών, -dvoc.

    *ETYM Connection with κρατύς 'hard' and aiy- in ▶︎ aiyiAwy explains nothing. The  etymology therefore remains unknown.

XXXXXκρατευταί [m.pl.] 'stone or metal blocks on both sides of the altar, on which the spits rested' (J 214, Eup., Att. inscr.), see Chapouthier REA 43 (1941): 12ff5 also 'supporting stone of the pavement' (Lebadea). < PG(V)>

===Pag_819: Beekes_Página_0819.tiff===

    *VAR κραδευταί (Att. inscr.), Solmsen KZ 42 (1909): 221{{

    *DER κρατευτήρια [pl.] 'id' (Poll. 6, 89), after the instrument nouns in - τήριον.

    *ETYM The formation in -ευτᾶ- is remarkable, but it does not help to assume a verb  Kpatevw = Kpatbvw 'to strengthen, prop'. The rare by-form xpadevtai (Att. inscr.)  can hardly be explained as a folk-etymological transformation after »xpaddaw, nor  does the form in -t- point to folk etymology after κρατύς. Fur. 181 is right in  concluding to a Pre-Greek loan with δ΄ τ; cf. on ▶︎ Backevtai for the formation.

XXXXXκράτος [n.] 'strength, power, authority' (IL), on the mg. Triimpy 1950: 202ff.

    *VAR Epic Ion. (Dor.) also κάρτος, Aeol. κρέτος.

    *COMP Often as a first member, e.g. ἀ-κρατής 'without strength, powerless', opposed  to ἐγ-κρατής 'having power over, controlling (oneself), whence ἐγκράτεια, -ἕω, etc,  αὐτο-κρατής 'having power over oneself, independent'; more usual αὐτο-κράτωρ  'with unlimited power' (Ar. Th.); also -κρέτης in Aeol. and Arc.-Cypr. PNs, e.g. Σω-  κρέτιηης.

    *DER Beside the noun κράτος, κρέτος, several adjectives exist:  1. κρατύς 'strong, powerful' (Hom.); only verse-final κρατὺς Ἀργεϊφόντης; κρατύνω  'to strengthen, consolidate, rule' (IL), epic also καρτ-; thence κρατυσμός  'strengthening', κρατυντήριος 'id', -τικός 'id' (medic.), κρατύντωρ 'controller'  (PMag. Leid.). 2. κρατερός (Il, A. Pr. 168 [anap.]), καρτερός (Il.) 'id.' (1A); also as a first member,  eg. Kpatepd-ppwv (IL). Thence xaptepéw [v.] 'to be steadfast, hold out, overcome  onseself (IA), also with prefix, eg. dia-; thence καρτερία (Pl, X.), τρησις (Pl)  'holding on, firmness', -ρικός (Att.); καρτερόω [v.] 'to strengthen' (Aq., Herm.). 3. κραταιός 'id.' (I1.), also as a plant name (Ps.-Dsc.), cf. Strémberg 1940: 82; rarely as  a first member, e.g. kpatatd-gpwv (PMag.). Thence κραταιότης = κράτος (LXX),  κραταιόω 'to strengthen' (LXX, NT), κραταίωμα, -ωσις (LXX). Fem. κραταιίς (Od.),  see Schwyzer: 385. 4. Grades of comparison: comp. κρείττων (Att.), κρείσσων (epic) with secondary -e1-  for κρέσσων (Ion., Pi); Dor. κάρρων < *krt-idn, Cret. kaptwv; denominative κρειττόομαι [v.] 'to have excrescences', of wine, whence κρείττωσις (Thphr.). Superl. κράτιστος (IL), epic κάρτ-, whence κρατιστεύω [v.] 'to be the best, surpass' (Pi.,  Att.) also -(ελα 'highness' (pap.), as a title. 5. Adverb κάρτα 'in a high degree, very'  (Ion., trag.). 6. As a first member often xpatat- (kaptat-), e.g. κραται-γύαλος 'with  strong breast-pieces (T 361). Further Kpatt-, Kapti- in PNs, e.g. Κρατί-δημος,  Kapti-vucoc; also Kpat(o)-, Kpate-, etc. (Bechtel 1917b: 256). Short hypocoristic  names Κρατῖνος, Κρατύλος, Κράτυλλος, Kpatietc. On Κρεσφόντης see below. 7. Verb: kpatéw 'to control, possess, rule, conquer' (Il.), Aeol. xpetéw, aor. κρατῆσαι  (post-Hom.), κρέτησαι (Sapph.), often with prefix, eg. ém-, Kata-, mept-; thence  (ém-, etc.) κράτησις 'power, rule' (Th., LXX), (dta-, ἐπι-) κρατητικός 'controlling'  (late), (δια-)κράτημα 'support, grip' (medic); κρατητής 'possessor' (Procl.);  κρατῆρας' τοὺς κρατοῦντας 'who are in power' (H.), for κρατητῆρας (Lewy KZ 59  (1932): 182). But éykpatéw from ἐγ-κρατής, ναυ-κρατέω, -tia from ναυ-κρατής, etc. see above. Also καρταίνειν' κρατεῖν 'to rule' (H.).

===Pag_820: Beekes_Página_0820.tiff=== XXXXXκραῦρος 773

    *ETYM The full grade in Aeol. κρέτος interchanges regularly with the zero grade in  κρατύς, κάρτα (the distribution of ap and pa in this root is not well understood;  discussed in Schwyzer: 342). Both κράτος, κάρτος and the compounds Dor. κάρρων  < *Kdpo(c)wv < 'κάρτιων, κάρτων arose analogically beside the old full grade  κρέσσων < *xpétiwv (details in Seiler 1950: 53ff.). A zero grade of the s-stem κρέτος is  supposed in Κρεσ-φόντης < *Kpet-o- (see Kretschmer Glotta 24 (1936): 237 and  Heubeck Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 5 (1954): 26). The derivational history of the forms is unclear in some cases. The adjective  κρατερός, καρτερός was supposed to contain an r-stem alternating with the s-stem  (Benveniste 1935: 17), but it may also be a Greek formation in -ero- (cf. e.g. θαλερός,  γλυκερός). For κάρτα, cf. e.g. τάχα, ἅμα, and see Ruijgh 1980: 189-198. The first  member kpatat- may have been modelled after παλαι-; thence perhaps κραταιός,  like παλαιός. Acc. to Risch 1937: 126, however, κραταιός is a back-formation from  κραταιή for "κράταια, the old fem. of κρατύς (comparing Πλαταιαί to πλατύς). An exact correspondence to the group of κράτος is not found in other IE languages. The closest are Skt. krdtu- [m.] '(magical) power, mind, will, Av. xratu- [m.] 'id?  (for the semantics, cf. OE creeft 'force, physical strength, power', but also 'insight,  craft, etc.). The Germanic word for 'hard', Go. hardus, etc, which is usually  adduced, has Schwebeablaut (*kortu- as opposed to *kytt-, *kret-); the connection is  rejected by Strunk MSS 34 (1976): 169f.

XXXXXκραυγή [f.] 'cry, loud crying' (Att.).

    *DER Kpavyiac: ἵππος, ὁ ὑπὸ κραυγῆς Kal ψόφου ταρασσόμενος 'horse that is stirred  by a shout and noise' (H.) and xpavydc: δρυοκολάπτου εἶδος 'kind of woodpecker'  (H.). Denominative κραυγάζω [v.] 'to cry, crack' (unknown poet apud Pl. Resp. 607), D., Hell.), κραυγασμός 'crying' (Diph.), -αστής 'cryer' (AB), -άστρια [f] (H.),  -αστικός 'crying' (Procl., sch.). Also κραύγασος 'crier' (gloss.), see Schwyzer: 516,  Chantraine 1933: 435; Κραυγασίδης (Batr.), κραύγαζος (Ptol.). A different formation  κραυγανάομαι in κραυγανώμενον (Hdt. 1, 111), ν.]. -γόμενον, cf. Schwyzer: 770;  uncertain sch. Call. Aet. Fr.1, 20. Further the PNs Kpatyic, Kpavtidac, Kpavyahidat  (Bechtel 1917b: 496).

    *ETYM The form κραυγή could be an action noun pointing to a primary verb,  corresponding to several forms in Germanic and Balto-Slavic. Thus, ON hraukr 'sea-  raven' could be directly equated with κραυγός; further, with ablauting, ἃ Go. hruk  [acc.sg.] 'crowing' and hrukjan 'to crow'. A voiceless root-final stop is found in Lith. kraukti, sg. kraukitt 'to screech', and Slav. words like Ru. kruk 'raven' (*krauk-o-). Note further, with palatal final, Skt. krésati = Av. xraosaiti 'to screem, cry'. Like the  comparable sound imitations »Kpdatw, »Kpwlw, κραυγή is probably an old  onomatopoeia.

XXXXXκραῦρος [adj.] 'dry, brittle, fragile' (Pl., Arist., Thphr.).

    *DER κραυρότης frailty (Thphr., Gal.), κραυρόομαι [v.] 'to become dry' (Ph. D. C.). Further κραῦρος [m.] (Arist.) = κραῦρα [f.] (Suid. Phot., perhaps Gortyn, see Collitz  5001) 'feverish disease of swine and cattle', whence κραυράω [v.] 'to suffer from x.'  (Arist.).

===Pag_821: Beekes_Página_0821.tiff===

    *ETYMΑ Pre-Greek variant of ▶︎ κράμβος, with interchange F/B and prenasalization.

XXXXXκρέας [n.] 'meat, piece of meat' (II.). <1E *kreuh.- 'flesh'>

    *VAR Gen. κρέως (secondary xpéatog; Att. inscr. 338°); plur. nom. xpéé (Il), which  must be an innovation; very uncertain κρέατα (Od.); gen. κρεῶν (IA), also κρειῶν  (Hom.), probably for xpeéwv, κρεάων (h. Merc. 130), dat. κρέασι (IL), also κρέεσσι  (Orac. apud Hdt. 1, 47), κρεάεσσι (late Ep.).

    *DIAL Dor. κρῆς.

    *COMP As a first member usually xpeo- (after the o-stems), e.g. Κρεο-κοπέω [v.] 'to  cut meat' (A., E.), also xpew- (after yew-, λεω-, etc.) as a v.l. and eg. in Κρεω-δαίτης  'meat distributor (Phld.), kpe-dypa 'meat pincer' (Ar.), with elision from xpeo-;  κρεᾷ-νόμος 'distributing meat', whence -éw, -ia (E., Is., Hell.), after ἀγορᾶ-νόμος;  thence kpea-Sotéw, -σία; Kkpen-payéw [v.] 'to eat meat' (Hp.), analogical beside  κρεο-φαγέω. Details on the inflexion in Schwyzer: 516, Chantraine 1942: 209f.; on the  shape of the first member Solmsen 1901: 23'. Rarely as a second member: πάγ-κρεας  'sweetbread, pancreas' (Arist., medic.), γλυκύ-κρεος 'with sweet meat' (Sophr.), etc.

    *DER Diminutive κρεάδιον (IA), κρεΐσκος (Alex. 189), κρεύλλιον (Theognost.);  κρεώδης 'meaty' (Arist., Thphr.), κρεῖον 'butcher's stall' (I 206), κρήϊον (H.), after  ἀγγεῖον, etc; quite uncertain κρηστήριον (Attica IV").

    *ETYM Except for the accent, κρέας is identical with Skt. kravis- [n.] 'raw flesh', from  a base form *kreuh,-s- [n.]. An s-stem is probably also continued in Lat. cruor, -6ris  'blood from a wound', as well as in Olr. cr [n.] 'gore, blood' and OCS kry 'blood',  which derive from zero grade *kruH-s. Further forms: Skt. kriir-d- 'raw, bloody' <  *kruh,-ro-, Skt. kravyd- [n.] 'raw flesh' = OPr. krawian [n.], Lith. kraijas [m.]  'blood', all from *kreuh,-i-. See ▶︎ κρύος.

XXXXXκρείττων = κράτος.

XXXXXκρείων, -οντος [m.] 'ruler, prince' (11... <1E *kreiH- 'splendour'>

    *DIAL Kpéwv (Pi, A. [lyr.]), -ovtos.

    *DER Fem. κρείουσα (X 48), κρέουσα (B.) 'ruler, princess'; PNs Κρέων, -ovoa (post-  Hom.), patronymic Κρειοντιάδης (T 240).

    *ETYMAn inherited word from Indo-European poetic language. For example, Gonda  KZ 73 (1956): 153f. compared εὐρὺ κρείων with Skt. prthu-sri- 'with broad Sri-'. The  Greek nt-stem (after ἄρχων, μέδων, etc.) probably replaced an older n-stem. In Indo-Iranian, we find a noun Skt. sr7- [f.] 'magnificence, riches, splendor, fame' <  *kriH1-. Narten KZ 100 (1987): 270-96 points out that the oldest Greek forms must be  those in PNs in -xpéwv, e.g. Φιλο-κρέων (Cyprus). Therefore, the old connection of  epic κρείων with the Indo-Iranian comparative Av. sraiiah- 'more beautiful', Skt. Sréyams- (with secondary e for a) 'more shining, superior' is untenable. Instead,  Greek has a plain n-stem *kreiH-on, and the epic form κρείων may have metrical  lengthening for kpéwv. Cf. also Peters 1993b: 106-8.

XXXXXκρέκω [v.] 'to weave, strike a stringed instrument with a plectrum', metaph. 'to produce a sound, raise (a song) (Sapph., Pi., Ar. [lyr.], AP).

    *VAR Aor. κρέξαι (late).

===Pag_822: Beekes_Página_0822.tiff=== XXXXXκρέμβαλα 775

    *COMP Rarely with ὑπο-, δια-, συν-.

    *DER κροκ- [f.] in κρόκ-α [acc.sg.] (Hes. Op. 538), κρόκ-ες [nom.pl.] (AP 6, 335), κρόξ  [nom.sg.] only H., Theognost.; further κρόκη (IA) 'thread which is passed between  the threads of the warp, woof, (woollen) cloth'. From κρόκη: Κρόκιον 'woollen band'  (Anticl. 13), κροκίς [f.] 'sundew, fly-strap, Drosera' (Apollod. apud Plin. HN 24, 167),

XXXXXκροκύς [f.] 'flock of wool (1A), κροκύδιον (Gal.), κροκυδίζω [v.] 'to pluck off flocks of wool' (com., Gal.), τ-ισμός (Gal.); κροκόω [v.] 'to weave, envelop in wool' (Dionys. apud St. Byz., Phot.) ; κροκισμός 'cloth' (sch.); as if from *xpoxiGw. κρεγμός [m.] 'sound of stringed instruments' (Epich., A. R., Poll.).

    *ETYM Originally a term of weaving, kpéxw was also transferred to the playing of  stringed 'instruments. The present κρέκω is isolated, though Germanic has several  nouns pointing to a primary verb: ON γα [m.] 'staff to fasten the cloth' < PGm. *hrdhila-, OE hréol 'reel? < PGm. *hréhula-. A trace of Verner's Law exists in OE- hregl [n.] 'cloth, garment', OHG hregil [n.] 'indument, spolium'. Several Balto-Slavic  words have also been compared: Lith. kréklés 'rags, tatters', Latv. krékl/s 'shirt', 'Stuhl,  der Teil des Spinnrockens, in dem die Beine ruhen', as well as words for 'loom', eg. Ru. krésno. Further Slavic expressions for 'strike fire, εἴς Ru. kresit', isg. kresu, SCr. krésati, isg. krésém (thus LIV? s.v. *krek-, which seems the most promising  comparison.

XXXXXκρεμάννυμι [v.] 'to hang', intr. 'to be suspended' (Att.).

    <IE *kremh,- 'hang'>

    *VAR Other presents κρίμνημι and κρήμνημι, -dw (Pi, Hp. trag. com.), also  κρεμαννύω and κρεμάω (Arist.), κρεμάζω (LXX), κρεμνάω (Demetr. Eloc.); intr.med. κρέμαμαι (I1.); aor. κρεμάσαι (I1.), pass. κρεμασθῆναι (Hdt., Att.); fut. κρεμόω (Η 83),  κρεμῶ (Att.), κρεμάσω (com. LXX), pass. κρεμήσομαι (Ar., Hell. pap.); perf. κεκρέμακα, -αμαι (late).

    *COMP Often with prefix, eg. dva-, κατα-, ἐκ-.

    *DER κρεμάθρα [f.] 'hammock' (Ar.), 'rope hung from a hook' (Arist.; v.l. -άστρα, see  below); κρεμάς [f] 'beetling, precipitous' (A. Supp. 795 [lyr.]); κρέμασις, -ασμός  (Hp.), -ασμα (sch., Eust.), -acia (gloss.) 'hanging'; κρεμαστήρ name of certain  muscles (medic.), 'stalk by which a grape cluster hangs' (Gp.), -άστρα 'stalk by which  a flower hangs' (Thphr.), Strémberg 1937: 116; ἐκ-, ἀπο-, περι-κρεμής 'hanging down,  hanging all around', from ἐκ-κρεμάννυμι, etc.

    *ETYM The original situation in Greek seems to be that of an active aorist κρεμάσαι  'to hang' (trans.) beside a medial athematic present κρέμασθαι 'to be suspended'  (perhaps reshaped after the aorist?). Several secondary active presents arose  subsequently: κρίμνημι, κρήμνημι (perhaps after κρημνός), κρεμάννυμι, as well as  κρεμάω, -άζω, κρεμνάω. However, ▶︎ Κρημνός is unrelated. Sanskrit has a root sram'- 'to become weary, tire' with a root aor. Ved. sramat 'will  tire me' and a ptc. srdnta- 'tired'. The oldest meaning could be 'be flaccid, weak'. Go. hramjan 'to crucify' is better left out (it belongs to OE hremman 'lock in, hinder',  ON hremma 'grasp, clench'; Pok. 623f.). See LIV? s.v. kremh,-.

XXXXXκρέμβαλα [n.pl.] 'clapper, castanets' (Ath. 14, 636c, Carm. Pop. 3); on the realia Weber RAM 82 (1933): 194f. < PG?>

===Pag_823: Beekes_Página_0823.tiff===

    *DER κρεμβαλιάζω [v.] 'to play the «. clapper' (Hermipp. 31), Schwyzer: 735; thence  κρεμβαλιαστύς (h. Ap. 162), see Zumbach 1955: 8, Porzig 1942: 181, and cf. on  > βαμβαίνω.

    *ETYM The suffix -aXo- is also found in κρόταλα, ῥόπαλον and other loans; cf. Chantraine 1933: 245f. Connection with the group of sound-words with anlauting  *(s)kr- (Pok. 5696), e.g. Lat. crepo 'to creak', Lith. skrebéti, sg. skrebt 'to rustle', Ru. kropotat' 'to growl', is impossible, as Gr. B cannot be due to the preceding nasal (as  per Schwyzer: 333). This nasal rather points to a non-IE word, quite possibly Pre-  Greek (prenasalization?). A word of this meaning is likely to be a loan.

XXXXXκρέμυς = κλεμμύς.

XXXXXκρέξ, κρεκός [f.] name of ἃ long-legged bird, perhaps 'ruff, Machetes pugnax', or 'corn-crake, Rallus crex' (Hdt., Ar., Arist.); also metaph. of a noisy braggart (Eup.).

    *ETYM As the identification of the bird is uncertain (see Thompson 1895 s.v.), all  etymologies remain hypothetical. Onomatopoeic origin is quite possible. It has been  compared with other bird names, like Skt. krkara- a kind of partridge, MIr. cercc  'hen', OPr. kerko 'diver', Ru. krécet 'gerfalcon' (Pok. 568). Cf. also κερκάς: κρὲξ τὸ  ὄρνεον, κερκιθαλίς: ἐρῳδιός 'stork' (cf. αἰγίθαλος), κέρκος: ἀλεκτρυών 'cock' (H.);  also, κέρκνος: ἱέραξ ἢ ἀλεκρυών 'hawk or cock' and κέρκαξ' ἱέραξ (H.). About the  possibility of confusion with ▶︎ κέρκος 'tail of an animal', nothing can be said.

XXXXXκρήγυος [adj] 'appropriate, right, useful' (epic poet.) and, by misunderstanding in A 106, also 'true' (cf. Leumann 1950: 33f.). <?>

    *VAR  Dor. κράγυος.

    *DER Adv. κρηγύως (Call.).

    *ETYM Unexplained. Schwyzer Glotta 12 (1923): 18ff. thought it was a compound  from Kapa, κρη- 'head' (see ▶︎ κρήδεμνον) and γυῖα 'members', as well as 'hand' (sg.),  in which case it would mean 'having head and hand'; highly doubtful. Fur. 105  considers the word to be Pre-Greek. See ▶︎ kdpa.

XXXXXκρήδεμνον [n.] 'women's head-dress, veil', metaph. 'battlements, cover, lid (of a jar)' (IL), cf. Leumann 1950: 296°, Haakh Gymnasium 66 (1959): 374ff. IE *kerh,- 'head, horn'>

    *VAR Often plur.

    *DIAL Dor. κρᾶ-.

    *ETYM A compound from κάρα 'head' and the root of δέω 'to bind', but unclear in  detail. The first member could stand for xprvo- by dissimilation, ie. thematic  enlargement of the zero grade of ▶︎ kapa (see ▶︎ kpaviov), but acc. to Frisk it may also  have arisen from κρησ- with loss of o before ὃ (this seems unlikely, and is rejected by  DELG). The word ▶︎ κράσπεδον is probably unrelated. The second member -δεμνον,  τὰ contains a derivation *dh,-mn- of »déw 'to bind', for which we may compare  βέλεμνα for the suffixation (see ▶︎ βάλλω) and ▶︎ δέμνια. κρῆθεν in κατὰ (ἀπὸ) κρῆθεν 'down from the head' (Hom.), probably false for kat'  ἄκρηθεν. = κἀρᾶ.

===Pag_824: Beekes_Página_0824.tiff=== XXXXXκρήνη 777

XXXXXκρῆθμον [n.] 'samphire, Crithmum maritimum' (Ηρ., Call., Nic., Dsc.).

    *VAR Also -ος [m.], Κριθ- and κρίταμον.

    *ETYM Unexplained. Probably a foreign word; cf. Chantraine 1933: 133. Acc. to  Amigues RPh. 75 (2001): 272, the plant obtained its name because it has its grains like  barley (thus already Dsc. Π 129).

XXXXXκρηματίς, -ίδος [f.] name of an instrument, probably a cup (IG 7, 3498: 15; 20 [Oropos; temple inventory]). <?> :

    *COMP In κρημο-φόροι (beside oivo-xdat IG 2?, 1425: 358), the first member could  stand for ᾿κρηματιδο-φόροι, if it is not from Κρῆμα.

    *ETYM A-diminutive of κρῆμα (Att. kpaua) 'mixing, mixed drink cf. πτωματίς 'cup  that falls down (without foot)'.

XXXXXκρημνός [m.] 'steep incline' (II.). <?>

    *COMP Often as a second member, e.g. ἀπό-κρημνος 'inclined, steep' (IA), BaQv-  κρήμνος 'with steep inclination' (Pi.); rarely as a first member, e.g. κρημνο-φοβέομαι  [v.] 'to be afraid of chasms' (Hp.).

    *DER κρημνώδης 'slanting' (Th.); (xata-, εἰς )κρημνίζω [v.] 'to have a steep slope'  (Att., etc.), τισμός, -ἰσις (late).

    *ETYM Traditionally considered an old verbal noun from ▶︎ κρεμάννυμι, with ablaut  κρημ-: κρεμα-; however, this is impossible if the root was *kremh,- (a zero grade  *kymh,- would give *«kpajia-). DELG notes that the ὃ is proven by Pindar, which  makes the case even worse: a h, can never result in PGr. *é. The present κρήμνημι is  rather influenced by κρημνός than the other way around. The present entry  therefore remains unexplained.

XXXXXκρήνη [f.] 'source, fountain' (IL.); on the mg. as against πηγή see Wycherley Class. Rev. 51 (1937): 2f. IE? *krs- 'spring, flood'>

    *VAR  Dor. Arc. κράνα, Aeol. κράννα.

    *COMP Compounds like καλλί-κρανος 'with beautiful springs' (Pi.).

    *DER Diminutives: κρηνίς, -idoc [f.] (E. Call, D. H; Chantraine 1933: 347), also as a  TN (Str.); κρηνίον (Delos III', Str.), -iétov (Arist.). κρηναῖος 'of the/a source' (since p  240), κρηνήϊος 'id? (Orac. apud Dam. Pr. 344); νύμφαι Κρηνιάδες (A. fr. 168  [hexam.], after ὀρεστιάδες), cf. Chantraine 354f.; κρηνῖτις [f.] 'of the/a source' (Hp.). TN Kpavvotv (Thess.).

    *ETYM The different dialectal forms (see above) point to PGr. *krasnd-. Att. -pr- for  -pa- has been explained variously (Proto-Ionic-Attic dissimilation, an Ionism or a  hyperatticism; see Schwyzer: 189f.). Since Whitney Tucker TAPA 93 (1962), it has  generally been accepted (as by Peters 1980a) that the dissimilation assumed. for  κρήνῃ was regular. One hypothesis connects κρήνη with ▶︎ κρουνός 'spring', κροῦναι: κρῆναι τέλειαι  (H.). The IE base forms would then be *krosno- and kysneh.-, respectively; but note  that all dialects have the vocalization *-ra-, so the etymon probably did not have  vocalic *r. Therefore, the explanation remains uncertain. The words κρουνός,  κροῦναι may correspond to a Germanic word for 'wave, flood', except for the accent:  ON hronn [f.], OE hren, heern [f.], from PGm. *hrazné, IE *krosn-éh.-.

===Pag_825: Beekes_Página_0825.tiff===

, -ἴδος κρηπίς, -ἶδος [f] 'man's high boot, half-boot? (Χ., Theoc., Plu, Poll.), also 'groundwork, foundation, quay' (IA, Pi.).

    *COMP Some compounds, e.g. ὀπισθο-κριηπίς name of a shoe (Att. inscr., Poll., H.).

    *DER κρηπίδια [pl.] 'bordering stones' (Didyma II*), κρηπιδαῖον (Lys.), -etov (Ostia)  'foundation of a house', κρηπιδιαῖος 'of the foundation' (Att. inscr.), on the  formation see Chantraine 1933: 49. Denominative κρηπιδόω [v.] 'to give a basis,  found, support' (Ὁ. C., Plu.), -wyta 'foundation' (inscr., Ὁ. S., Aq.).

    *ETYM Derived from a nominal base form (like κνημίς and χειρίς), or perhaps κρηπίς  just took over their ending. The technical meaning suggests a loan (Chantraine 1933:  347, Schwyzer: 465). The connection with words for 'shoe', e.g. Lith. kurpé < *krHp-  ih, is formally impeccable (see ▶︎ καρβάτινος) but is rejected by Fraenkel 1955 s.v. Borrowed as Lat. crepida 'half-boot', cre pido 'stone basis, etc.'. Note that the suffix  -ἴδ- occurs in Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκρησέρα [f.] 'fine sieve' (Ar. Ec. 991, medic., Poll.). «Ὁ, IE? *kreh,(i)- 'sieve'>

    *VAR  Ion. -pr).

    *DIAL kpadpa- κόσκινον ἢ ὄρυγμα 'sieve; ditch' (H.), Elis.

    *DER Diminutive κρησέριον (Poll.), -ρίτης ἄρτος 'bread from fine-sieved meal'  (Diph. 26).

    *ETYM Isolated words in -épa (like ▶︎ διφθέρα, ▶︎ ἀσκέρα, ▶︎ χολέρα, ▶︎ κυσέρι) are  likely to be loans. Theoretically, derivation from a old noun *xpijatc 'sieving' <  *kreh,-ti- is possible, which would belong to ▶︎ κρίνω < *krh,i-n-, and have the same  ablaut grade as Lat. excrémentum and crévi.

XXXXXκρησφύγετον [n.] 'place of retreat, refuge' (Hdt., D. H, Luc.). <?>

    *ETYM Wackernagel KZ 33 (1895): 56f. posits "χρηεσφύγετον, with contraction and  Grassmann's Law. It would be a compound with suffix -eto- (DELG), from φυγεῖν  and χρῆος 'debt', so originally 'fleeing from debt'. Chantraine calls this proposal  more ingenious than convincing. The connection with »kdpa 'head' (Kretschmer  KZ 31 (2892): 410, Solmsen RhM 53 (1898): 155f.) is semantically hardly convincing. To be rejected, Kapsomenos Glotta 40 (1962): 43-50.

XXXXXκρίβανος = κλίβανος.

XXXXXκρίζω [v.] 'to scream, creak' (Men. 879).

    <IE *krik- 'cry'>

    *VAR Perf. ptc. kexptyotec (Ar. Av. 1521), them. aor. ὑπο-κρίγεῖν (S. Ichn. 171 [lyr.]),  sigm. aor. (ὑπο-)κρῖξαι or -ίξαι (Ael. NA 5, 50, H.); also them. aor. κρίκε (H 470), of  ζυγόν. Cf. κριδδέμεν = γελᾶν (Stratt. 47, 7; Boeot.).

    *DER Verbal nouns κρίγή (Hippon. 54), κριγμός (Zonar.) 'screaming, creaking';  κριγή- ἡ γλαῦξ 'the shrieking little owl (H.).

    *ETYM The system Kéxptya: kptyetv: kpiCw: κρῖξαι corresponds nicely with κέκρᾶγα:  Kpiyetv: ▶︎ κράζω: κρᾶξαι. The word κρίζω has a direct cognate in the root present  ON hrika 'to creak' < IE *krig-. Lith. krykti (kryksti), sg. krykiu 'to cry, creak', and  the Slav. group of Ru. kri¢dt' 'to cry', krik 'cry' show root-final -k. An old isolated  nominal formation is the Germanic name of the heron, e.g. OHG (h)reigaro, heigaro  (with dissimilation), MoDu. reiger.

===Pag_826: Beekes_Página_0826.tiff=== XXXXXκρίκος 779

XXXXXκριθή [f.] 'barley-corns', usually plur. 'barley' (Il.); also metaph. = 'swelling on the eyelid' (medic.), see Str6mberg 1937: 192, Stromberg 1944: 63. On the mg. of κριθή, πυρός, σῖτος see Moritz Class. Quart. 49 (1955): 129ff. <?>

    *VAR Short form κρῖ [n.], see below.

    *COMP κριθό-πυρον [n.] 'mix of barley and wheat' (pap; cf. on ▶︎ διόσπυρον),  εὔκριθος 'rich in barley' (Theoc., AP).

    *DER Diminutives: κριθίον (Luc., Longos), κριθίδιον, also 'decoction of barley' (Hp.,  Posidon.), κριθάριον (pap.). Further substantives: κριθαία 'barley soup' (Hom. Epigr. 15,7), after ἁλμαία, etc, Chantraine 1933: 86; κριθανίας [m.] name of a kind of wheat  (Theophr. HP 8, 2, 3, beside o1taviac), perhaps after νεανίας (Stromberg 1937: 91),  see also Chantraine 1933: 94. Adjectives: κρίθινος 'of barley' (Ion., Hell.), κριθάμινος  'id' (Polyaen.), after σησάμινος; κριθικός 'consisting of barley' (pap.), κριθώδης 'like  barley, full of barley-corns' (Hp.). Denominative verbs: κριθάω 'to feed oneself with barley (A. 5.), also κριθιάω  (Arist.), after the vérbs of disease in dw, Schwyzer 732; thence κριθίασις 'surfeit  caused by overfeeding with barley' (X.}; κριθίζω 'to feed with barley' (Aesop., Babr.). TN Κριθώτη (-ωτήλ) name of a spit of Jand in Acarnania (Krahe IF 48 (1930): 223ff.). Epithet Kpi8wv (H.) from κριθή = πόσθη (Ar. Pax 965); see Schulze KZ 29 (1888):  263.

    *ETYM The epic by-form κρῖ [n.], occurring only in the nom. and acc., points to an  original root noun *krif', from which κριθ-ή is an enlarged form. Attempts to  connect κρῖ with Western European words for 'barley', Lat. hordeurm, OHG gersta,  have failed thus far. The word xpi corresponds better with Alb. drithé, 'barley,  wheat', of which the -ri- may come from IE *-r-. Further, Arm. gari, gen. garwoy  'wheat' < IE *g'rio- also recalls xpi, and a similar word appears in Georgian geri  'barley'; cf. Deeters IF 56 (1938): 140f. We may be dealing with a Wanderwort. Egyptian origin has been considered too (Schwyzer: 61, Debrunner in Ebert 1924-  1932: 4, 525).

XXXXXκρίκος [m.] 'ring' at the end of a carriage-pole, on a sail; 'curtain-ring, arm-ring, finger-ring, etc' (Ω 272, Hdt. 2, 36, Arist., Thphr., Hell. inscr.). <?>

    *VAR Acc. κρίκα: κρίκον (H.). Also κίρκος (Hell.), cf. κιρκόω below.

    *COMP Rarely as a first member, eg. in κρικ-ηλασία 'trundling of hoops' (Antyll. apud Orib. 6, 26. 1).

    *DER kipkiov 'small ring' (Delos 115), xpixéA(A)iov 'id? (Alex. Trall., sch.), like  wéed(A)ov, and cf. Lat. circellus; κρικωτός 'consisting of rings' (Hell.); cf. κρικόομαι  'to be fastened with a ring' (Str.), κρίκωσις (Heliod. apud Orib.), τ-ωμα (Eust.);  kipkéw 'to fetter with a ring' (A. Pr. 74). Several glosses in H.: κρικάδεια: τὸ  ἐναλλάξαι τοὺς δακτύλους ὥσπερ [t] κρυβούς; ἐγκρικάδεια: συναφὴ χειρῶν εἰς  τοὐπίσω; ἐγκρίκια' ξύλα κεκκαμμένα. See also on ▶︎ κιρσός (and κρισσός, κριξόςλ.

    *ETYM The form κίρκος would have an impossible root structure in PIE, and, on  chronological grounds, κρίκος must be original as well. Further analysis remains  hypothetical. Lat. circus 'circle' is probably a loan from κίρκος (thus De Vaan 2008);  from the former, and from circulus, derive all Western European words for 'circle'.

===Pag_827: Beekes_Página_0827.tiff===

XXXXXκρίμνον [n.] 'coarse barley-meal, coarse bread', plur. also 'crumbs' (Ηρ., Herod., Eup., Arist., pap. Lyc.). 4?

    *VAR Or -i-? The length of the is unclear.

    *DER κριμνώδης (Hp. Ar.); κριμνίτης ἄρτος 'coarse bread' (Iatrocl. apud Ath. 14,  646a); κριμνῆστις: πλακοῦντος εἶδος 'kind of flat cake' (H.), cf. on κυλλῆστις.

    *ETYM Unexplained. The connection with xpi, κριθή is formally unwarranted, and an  analysis as Kpt-[Lv-ov (to κρίνω) does not seem preferable. Fur: 245 compares κρίνον  'kind of bread' (Ath. 3, 114f., not in LSJ), assuming *kriwno-.

XXXXXκριμνός [m.] 'purple color?' (PHolm. 8, 43[written kpyipov, acc.], Ps.-Demiocr. Alch. p. 428. [cod. κρημνός]).

    *VAR κριμνούς: λευκάς τινας βοτάνας 'light pastures or plants' (H.).

    *ETYM From Arab. germez 'scarlet'; see Amigues RPh. 74 (2000): 272 (with  complicated details).

XXXXXκρίνον [n.] 'white lily (IA), also name of a dance (Apolloph.), see Lawler AmJPh. 65 (1944): 75ff. <?>

    *VAR Plur. xpivea, -εσιν.

    *COMP Some compounds like κριν-άνθεμον 'houseleek, ἡμεροκαλλές᾽ (Hp., Ρ5.-  Dsc.), καλαμό-κρινον 'kind of κάλαμος that is reminiscent of kpivov' (Aét.), see  Stromberg 1944: 13.

    *DER κρίνινος 'of lilies' (pap., Gal.), Κρινωτός 'ornamented with lilies' (Aristeas);  κρινωνιά 'bed of lilies' (Suid.), 'lily' (Thphr.); see Scheller 1951: 71, and also ἰωνιά (s.v. ▶︎ ἴον).

    *ETYM Foreign word; cf. Schrader-Nehring 1917(2): 11 and Hehn-Schrader 1911: 245.

XXXXXκρίνω [v.] 'to separate, choose, select, decide, judge, condemn, accuse, apply' (II.); ὑπο- κρίνομαι 'to answer' (Il.), 'to answer on stage (of the choir), to be an actor' (Att.); ἀπο- 'to answer' (Att.).

    *VAR Aor. κρῖναι, pass. κριθῆναι (epic also κρινθήμεναι for metrical reasons,  Chantraine 1942: 404), perf. med. κέκριμαι, act. κέκρικα (Pl. Lg.), fut. κρινῶ, epic Ion. kpivéw, Dor. -ίω.

    *DIAL Thess. κρεννέμεν, Lesb. aor. Κρίνναι.

    *COMP Very frequently prefixed, e.g. dva-, kata-, δια-, ἐκ-, TUV-, etc.

    *DER 1. (ἀπό-, διά-, etc. )kpiorg 'decision, judgement, tribunal, etc.' (Pi. IA), κρίσιμος  'decisive, critica? (Hp., Arist.), ἀποκρισιάριος 'secretary' (pap. VIP). 2. (ἀπό-, ἐπί-,  obv-, πρό-)κρίμα 'decision, etc.' (Hell.), κρῖμα = κρεῖμα (A. Supp. 397); σύγκριμα  'body formed by combination' (Hell.) with συγκριμάτιον 'small body' (M. Ant.),  -ματικός (Gal.). 3. (ἀν-)κριτήρ 'judge, examiner' (Dor.), κριντήρ 'id.' (Gortyn),  κριτής 'judge, arbiter' (IA), often from prefixed compounds, e.g. ὑποκριτής 'actor,  etc. (Att.); κριτήριον 'distinguishing mark, tribunal' (Att., Arg.), ém- 'court of  justice' (Crete); ἐγκριτήριος 'for admission' (Corinth II'); further details on Κριτήρ,  -τής, -τήριον in Fraenkel 1910-1912 (index). 4. κριτός 'selected, excellent' (1].), PNs  Κρίτων, Κρίτυλλα; also ἔκ-, oby-Kpitos, etc. (IA); (δια-, ém-, συν-)κριτικός 'of κρίσις  (judgement), etc.' (Pl. Arist.). 5. -κριδόν, e.g. διακριδόν 'separated' (1].), διακριδά  'id? (Opp.). 6. On ▶︎ κρίμνον, see s.v.

===Pag_828: Beekes_Página_0828.tiff=== XXXXXκρόκη 1 781

    *ETYM The present κρίνω derives from PGr. *krin-je/o-, unless it was innovated from  the aorist κρῖναι. It has a nasal suffix which originally belonged only to the present,  but was later extended to the other aspectual stems (this also happened eg. in  ▶︎ κλίνω). Italic and Celtic have corresponding nasal presents in Lat. cerné 'to select,  discern' < *kri-n-oH, MW go-grynu 'to sieve' < IE *upo-kri-n-oH. The verbal adj. Kpitéc matches Lat. certus 'decided, certain' < *kr(H)i-té-, but in other respects the  two languages behaved differently: the lengthened grade in (dé)crévi, excrementum  'separation' < *-kreh, (which is an argument for reconstructing the root as *kreh,-i-  rather than *krei-) perhaps lives on in isolated ▶︎ κρησέρα 'fine sieve', but was  otherwise lost in Greek. The Greek paradigm results from large-scale levelling; only Att. κρῖμα could  continue an older full grade κρεῖμα comparable to Lat. dis-cri-men. Other languages  have numerous nominal formations, especially Latin, Celtic, and Germanic: e.g. Lat. cribrum 'sieve, Gm, eg. Go. hrains 'pure', originally 'sieved'. The root must have  been used specifically for sieving in PIE, given the many derivations pointing in this  direction.

XXXXXκρῖός [m.] 'ram' (Od.); on the mg. as opposed to ἀρνειός see Benveniste BSL 45 (1949): 103, often metaphorical, especially in the sense of 'battering ram' (X., Plb., Hell. inscr.); also name of a plant, a kind of chick-pea (Thphr., Hell. pap., Dsc.), and a sea- monster (Ael., Opp.), see Stromberg 1943: 102. <?>

    *COMP κριο-πρόσωπος 'with a ram's face' (Hdt.), ἀντί-κριος 'enemy battering ram'  (Aen. Tact.).

    *DER κριώδης 'ram-like' (Ph.); κρίωμα 'kind of ship' (Aq.), also 'battering ram'  (Apollod. Poliorc.?); on the formation Chantraine 1933: 187.

    *ETYM The word points to something like *kriH-uo-. Connection with κέρας 'horn' <  *kerh,-s- is formally impossible. Another attempt connected it with the Germanic  name of the reindeer, ON hreinn, OE hrdn < *kroi-no-, but this too is formally  awkward. Closer are some Balto-Slavic words for 'curved', e.g. CS krive 'oxoAtdc',  Lith. kreivas, kraivas (Eastern dial.) 'oblique, curved, bent' (cf. on ▶︎ κροιός). In case  these words are related, the ram would have been named after its curved horns. Forssman IF 101 (1996): 304 recently suggested connection with Go. hrisjan 'to  shake, dally', from *kris-io-. Formally, this is quite possible (there is in fact no trace  of a wau). As the name of a kind of chickpea, κριός has nothing to do with Lat. cicer  (Pok. 598), as the plant was named after its curved shells; see Stromberg 1937: 50. kpoaivw 'to push, stamp'. = κρούω.

XXXXXκροιός [adj.] acc. to H. = νοσώδης, ἀσθενής 'sickly, feeble'; acc. to Theognost. Can. 21 = κολοβός 'curtailed'; also in Att. inscr. (IG χ᾽, 244: 63 [IV*], cf. Apy. Eg. 1923: 39), of building stones (λίθοι). <?>

    *ETYM Compared with Lith. kraivas 'oblique, bent', etc. by Solmsen IF 31 (1912/13):  466; cf. on ▶︎ κριός. It is probably better to posit *krow-jo- 'cut off, broken off and  to connect it with ▶︎ κρούω.

XXXXXκρόκη 1 'thread of the woof'. = κρέκω.

===Pag_829: Beekes_Página_0829.tiff===

κρόκη 2 [f.] 'rounded pebble on the seashore' (Arist., Lyc.). <?>

    *VAR κροκάλαι [pl.] (E. IA 210 [lyr.], AP, Agath.) is attested earlier; unclear is κροκάλην [acc.sg.] (AP 7, 294), which could be adjectival.

    *ETYM No etymology. Connection with Skt. words like Sdrkard [f.] 'grit, gravel' or  kfSana- [n.] 'pearl (cf. Mayrhofer EW Aia: s.vv.) is meaningless. See ▶︎ κροκόδιλος,  ▶︎ σάκχαρ.

XXXXXκροκόδιῖλος [m.] 'lizard, crocodile' (Hdt., Arist.). <?>

    *VAR Also κορκ- (pap.), κροκύδ- (Hippon.), κρεκύδ- (Et. Gen.).

    *COMP As a first member in κροκοδιλο-τάφιον 'burial place for crocodiles' (pap.).

    *DER κροκοδιλίτης [m.] (Chrysipp.), of λόγος = Lat. crocodilina ambiguitas (Quint.),  'crocodile syllogism', a kind of fallacy; κροκοδίλεον (Dsc., Gal.), -διλιάς (Gal., Alex. Trall.) 'Eryngium maritimum, sea-holly'; -διλέα 'excrements of the κροκ. χερσαῖος᾽,  used as an eye-salve (Plin.).

    *ETYM Acc. to Hdt. 2, 69, it was originally the Ionic name of a lizard, which was  transferred to the crocodile and the alligator. Frisk's etymology as a compound from  κρόκη 'grave? and δρῖλος 'worm' (with dissimilation) should be forgotten. See Diels  & Brugmann IF 15 (1903-1904): 1ff. and Solmsen BPhW 1906: 758f. on variant  spellings of the word, especially the itacistic writing with -e1-.

XXXXXκρόκος [m.] 'saffron, Crocus sativus' (since 5 348).

    *COMP E.g. κροκό-πεπλος 'with saffron-colored cloth' (1].), see Treu 1955: 244 and  258, Capelle RhM 101 (1958): iff.

    *DER Especially adjectives of color: κρόκεος 'saffron-colored' (P. [ν.1. -detc], E. [lyr.]),  -ἤϊος 'id' (h. Cer. 178), metrically conditioned, see 5. Schmid 1950: 48, Zumbach 1955:  14; τόεις 'id.' (Tyrt., Sapph. E., Ar.), see Treu 1955: 268); Κρόκινος 'of saffron, saffron-  colored' (Stratt., Hell.), -ώδης 'id' (Dsc., medic.), -ηρός 'of saffron' (Gal.), after  οἰνηρός, etc., see Chantraine 1933: 233; κροκίας [m.] 'saffron-yellow stone' (Plu.), like  καπνίας, etc. Chantraine 1933: 94; κροκωτός [adj.] 'saffron-yellow' (Pi), [m.]  'saffron cloth' (com., Att. inscr.), whence -wttov (Poll.), -wtidtov (Ar.), τώτινος  (pap.); κροκών [m.] 'saffron-bed' (Hdn.); κροκᾶτον [n.] 'saffron-yellow parchment'  (Edict. Diocl. Asin.), from Lat. crocatus, see below. Denominative verbs: κροκίζω 'to  be saffron-like' (Dsc., Plu.), κροκόομαι (κισσῷ) 'to be surrounded with saffron-  colored ivy' (AP).

    *ETYM Identical with the Semitic word for 'saffron', eg. Akk. kurkanii, Arab. kurkum, Hebr. karkém, and with Skt. kunkuma- 'id? (which is MInd. for  *kurkuma-); further details on the origin are unknown. Acc. to E. Masson 1967: 50,  the Semitic words could be loans themselves. From Κρόκος came Lat. crocus, as well  as crocéta [f] 'saffron-cloth' (from κροκωτός) and crocétinum 'saffron cake' (:  κροκώτινοςΣ; there is Lat. innovation in crocatus 'saffron-yellow' (> Gr. κροκᾶτον,  see above). Another word for the same notion is ▶︎ κάγκαμον.

XXXXXκρομβόω 'to roast, bake'. = κράμβος.

XXXXXκρόμμυον [n.] 'onion, Allium Cepa' (IA).

===Pag_830: Beekes_Página_0830.tiff=== XXXXXκρόταφος 783

    *VAR Also κρόμυον (A 630, τ 233, Philem. 122), κρόμβυον (pap.) « -μμ-, cf. Schwyzer:  231. .

    *COMP κρομμυο-πώλῃης 'onion handler' (pap.).

    *DER Diminutive κρομ(μ)ύδιον (Gp., sch.).

    *ETYM A similar word for onion and garlic is attested in Celtic, Germanic and Balto-  Slavic, e.g. MIr. crim, MW craf 'garlic, OE hramsan [pl.], MoE ramsons 'wood-  garlic, MoHG (Bav.) rams 'id', Lith. kermusé 'wild garlic, Ru. cerem3d 'Allium  ursinum'. The e-vowel of Celtic and Balto-Slavic is also found in κρέμυον (H.) and in  the TN Κρεμμυών (also Κρομμ-, near Corinth). Therefore, Schmidt KZ 32 (1893): 346  assumed vowel assimilation κρεμ- > kpou-, but this is hardly acceptable; see Van  Beek fthc.b. Note that Gm. also has *hram- < *krom-. It is difficult to reconstruct a PIE pre-form, given the alternations pointing to  *kremus-, *kromus-, *kermus-, and also the Greek geminate -μμ-. Beekes 2000: 29  therefore considers the word to be non-IE. The interpretation of Cremona near  Venice (Krahe 1955: 104) as an Illyrian TN is speculative. On the distribution, see  Schrader-Nehring 1917(2): 7off.

XXXXXκρομπος [3] a piece of land. «ΡΟ» 'ΑΒ With secondary prop vowel κορομποι dat.sg. (Arcadian Orchomenos, 369°), see Del.? 664, 12; 16.

    *ETYM Connection with OHG hrimfan 'to wrinkle, curb', OCS kropo 'small', Lith. krumplys 'finger-knuckle', etc. (Fraenkel 1955 and Pok. 948f. apud Frisk) hardly  makes sense. Fur.: 381 considers the word to be Pre-Greek, because of the anaptyctic  vowel (see also Fur.: 378-385).

XXXXXκρόσσαι [f.pl.] 'stepped copings of parapets' (M 258, 444), 'courses, steps of the pyramids' (Hat. 2, 125); πρό-κροσσοι 'arranged in rows, ranks' (ΕΒ 35, Hdt.). <?>

    *COMP Kpooooi [m.pl.] 'tassels, fringes' (Gal, Poll, H.); δί-κροσσος 'double-  bordered' (Poll., EM), whence δικρόσσια [n.pl.] (Peripl. M. Rubr.).

    *DER Diminutive κροσσίον (Hdn.); also as a plant name (Ps.-Dsc.); also κροσσωτός  'with fringes' (LXX, Lyc., Plu.), 'with steps' (Lyc. 2912), v.l. κορσ-.

    *ETYM Frisk's suggestion that the expression originally derives from weaving  (connecting κρόξ, κρόκη 'thread of the woof [see ▶︎ κρέκω]) is not likely. As he  notes, it seems that κροσσοί (which is late and rare) was back-formed from  κροσσωτός, which is attested much earlier and better. The word κροσσωτός (also  δίκροσσοι, δικρόσσια) was formed to the original κρόσσαι after θυσανωτός  'provided with tassels, fringes', and was transferred from the sphere of architecture  to that of tailor-work. From κροσσωτός, the back-formation κροσσοί was formed  (cf. θύσανοι from θυσανωτός). The word κρόσσαι itself is a technical expression of unknown origin. Derivation  from *krok-iai and connection with Balto-Slavic words for 'bar, rod, rafters' (e.g. Lith. kraké 'rod, staff, which formally matches κρόσσα, kréklas 'rafters', Ru. krékva  'bar, club, rafters') seems rather speculative. Fur: 257 connects ▶︎ κόρση 'temple',  which is unwarranted.

XXXXXκρόταφος [m.] 'temple', metaph. 'side, profile, steep mountain slope' (IL.). < PG?>

===Pag_831: Beekes_Página_0831.tiff===

    *VAR Usually plur. By-forms with metathesis: κόρταφος (EM, Et. Gud., perhaps also  Pl. Com., see Maas KZ 46 (1914):159), κότραφος (PMag. Osl. 1, 152).

    *COMP πολιο-κρόταφος 'with gray temples' (© 518).

    *DER κροταφίς [f.] 'pointed hammer' (Att. inscr., Poll., H.), on the mg. see below,  κροτάφιος 'of the temples' (Gal.), κροταφίτης 'temple muscle' (medic.), -ίτιδες

XXXXXπληγαί [fem.p].] (Hp.). Denominative κροταφίζω [v.] 'to hit on the temple, box on the ear' (pap.), kpotagto tis (gloss., H. s.v. κόβαλος).

    *ETYM Often derived from κρότος as 'beating (of the veins in the temples)'. In this  case, κρόταφος would refer to the sound that is heard after being hit on the temple. Pur. 257 connects it with ▶︎ κόρση 'temple' (like Forbes Glotta 36 (1958): 258ff.) and  remarks that it is unsatisfactory, from a semantic viewpoint, to separate κόρση and  κρόταφος from κρόσσαι.

XXXXXκρότος [m.] 'stamping of the feet, clapping of the hands, of the oars, etc; clapping, applause' (Att.). «Ἰεῦ *kret- 'shake'>

    *COMP Often as a second member, e.g. μονό-, δί-, τρί-κροτος 'with one, two, three  rows of rowers' (E, X., Plb.), see Morrison Class. Quart. 41 (1947): 122 ff; ἱππό-  Kpotog 'trodden by horses, resounding of the hoofbeat of horses' (Pi, E.), ἀπό-  Kpotos 'well-pounded' (Th., X.).

    *DER Kpotéw [v.] 'to rattle, beat, stamp' (O 453, IA), also prefixed, especially with  ovv-, in various mgs; thence κρότημα (S., E.), -ησμός (A. Th. 561), perhaps after  ὀρχησμός, Chantraine 1933: 141; -notc (PI. Ax., Ph. Bel.), -ητικός (Dosith.). κρόταλα  [n.p].] 'rattle, castanets' (h. Hom., Pi. Hdt.), [sg.] 'boaster' (Ar. E.), κροτάλια [n.pl.]  '(clappering) ear-rings' (pap.), MoGr. κροταλίας, -itng 'rattlesnake' (cf. Redard 1949:  83), κροταλίζω 'to rattle' (A 160, Hdt.), -iotpia, -ἰστρίς 'castanet player' (pap.).

    *ETYM Cf. ▶︎ κρόταφος, -gic. The earlier and more frequent attestations of xpotéw, as  compared with κρότος, point to priority of the verb. The comparison with a Gm. verb, OE hrindan, hrand, ON hrinda, hratt'to push' (Pok. 621) should probably be  rejected; note that it has an inner nasal which need not be an infix. LIV' s.v. *kret-  compares OHG redan 'to sieve', Lith. krésti, isg. krecit: 'to shake and OCS krotiti,  isg. krostg 'to tame'. Although formally impeccable, the semantics are not wholly  satisfactory. See LIV? sv. *kret-.

XXXXXκροτών, -ῶνος [m.] 'tick, louse of a sheep, Pediculus ovis, Ixodes' (Arist. Dsc., Plu.), also 'tree of castor oil, Ricinus communis' and its seeds (Hp., Thphr., Hell.); acc. to Dsc. 4, 161 διὰ τὴν ὡς πρὸς τὸ ζῷον τοῦ σπέρματος ἐμφέρειαν 'because of the likeness of the seed to the animal', cf. Strémberg 1937: 50. <?>

    *COMP E.g. κροτωνο-φόρος, of γῆ (Hell. pap.).

    *DER κροτώνη [f.] 'knag, pathological excrescence on the stem (of the olive tree),  fragments of bronchial cartiledge' (Thphr, Hp. Gal.); for the formation cf. Chantraine 1933: 207.

    *ETYM Unexplained.

XXXXXκρούναι [f.pl.]? - τὰ ἄφορα δένδρα 'barren trees' (H.).

    *ETYM Fur. 120 compares ypuvoc 'faggot, firebrand' and γρουνός 'dry wood, torch',  so the word is clearly Pre-Greek.

===Pag_832: Beekes_Página_0832.tiff=== XXXXXκρούω 785

XXXXXκρουνός [m.] 'source, fountain, stream, torrent', also as a TN (11... «Ἰεῦ *kros-n- 'wave, flood'>

    *COMP E.g.'Evved-kpovvoc name of a source on the Hymettos (Hdt., Th.).

    *DER Diminutives xpovviov (Hdn.), -ίσκος (sch.); further kpovv-eiov a cup (com.),  τωμα 'flood' (Emp. 6, 3), -ἰτιδες (νύμφαι, Orph.), -ηδόν 'like a spring' (LXX, Ph.);

XXXXXκρουνίζω [v.] 'to bring forth a stream', -ομιαι 'to catch a stream with the mouth' (com.), -ἰισμός 'gushing, spray' (Aq., medic.), -topa 'stream', -ἰσμάτιον 'small nozzle or spout' (Hero). κροῦναι: κρῆναι τέλειαι 'perfect springs' (H.).

    *ETYM Probably from *kros-nd-; to which the group of ON Aronn < PGm. *hrazno- <  *kros-neh,- is compared. Within Greek, it has been connected with ▶︎ κρήνη (see s.v. for details).

XXXXXκρούπεζαι [f.pl.] 'wooden shoes to press olives or to indicate the rhythm of a dance' (Paus. Gr, Poll., Phot.).

    *VAR Also a [sg.]. By-forms κρούπαλα (S. Fr. 44), for which cf. κρόταλα; κρούπανα  (H.), after instrument names in -avov; κρούπετα (H.), example unknown.

    *COMP κρουπεζο-φόροι [pl.] name of the Boeotians (Cratin.).

    *DER Diminutives κρουπέζια [pl.] (Poll., H.) and κρουπεζούμενος 'provided with x.'

    *ETYM A governing compound, analyzed as tov πόδα (τῷ ποδὶ) κρούειν 'to bump  the foot, stamp with the foot' (Frisk s.v.), where the second member is modelled after  ἀργυρό-πεζα, etc. The variant forms may also point to substrate origin: we have  *krou-pan/I-, -pet-. It is not a priori certain that these are due to folk etymology.

XXXXXκρούω [v.] 'to strike, stamp, knock' (Hp., Att.).

    <IE *krou(s)- 'push, bump, strike,  break'>

    *VAR Aor. κροῦσαι, pass. -σθῆναι, perf. med. κέκρου(σλμαι, act. κέκρουκα.

    *COMP Very frequent with prefix, eg. ἀνα-, dta-, éx-, Mapa-, ovv-.

    *DER Special mgs. from the prefixed compounds are not especially noted: κροῦμα,  -σμα 'sound made by striking: tone, melody' (Hp. Att.), κρου(σ)-ματικός (Hell.),  κροῦσις 'striking (especially of the strings), string music (Hp., Att.), κρουσμός 'id.'  (Hell.); avaxpovata: παιδιᾶς εἶδος ἐπὶ σφαίρας 'kind of ball game' (H.); ἐπικρούστιον  name of a medical instrument (medic.), -τήριον 'hammer' (gloss.); κρουστικός 'good  for striking' (Hp. Ar. Arist.); Προκρούσ-της name of a mythical brigand (X). Instead of κρούω, Homer has the enlargement κροαίνω (Z 507 = O 264 kpoaivwv  'stamping, gallopping'), imitated in Opp., Philostr.; cf. Debrunner IF 21 (1907): 43. Cf. ▶︎ Kpotdc.

    *ETYM The Greek verbal system, including nominal derivations, is based on a root  Kpovo-. The present may derive from *krous-ie/o- or be analogical after the aorist. Cf. on ▶︎ ἀκούω. Acc. to Frisk, it is unnecessary to assume a root variant without -s-,  as he explains kpoaivw in the same way as ἀκοή < PGr. *akowsd (however, note that  Homer still has ἀκουή without shortening in hiatus). The form ▶︎ κροιός may go back  to *kroy-io-, if it was derived after the present had already developed to *krowwo-. The form κρούω is from IE *krous-, and corresponds to a Balto-Slavic verb built on  *krous-eie/o- (cf. LIV? s.v. *kreys-): OCS se-krusiti 'ovvtpiBetv, θραύειν, κρούειν᾽, Ru.

===Pag_833: Beekes_Página_0833.tiff===

krusit'; Latv. krausét 'to stamp (off), Lith. krausyti 'id'. Zero grade *krus- is found in nominal derivations, e.g. CS kroxa, Ru. kroxd 'morsel, crumb', Lith. kristi, isg. krustt 'to stamp, push (apart)'; an e-grade also appears in Lith. kriaisti 'to sting'.

XXXXXκρυερός

    *VAR κρυμός. > κρύος.

XXXXXκρύος [n.] 'icy cold, frost' (Hes. Op. 494, A. [lyr.], Arist. Jul.). <1E? kreus- 'shiver', kruh.- 'bloody'>

    *DER κρυόεις 'horrible, sinister' (IL, Hes., Pi.), 'icy-cold' (A. R., AP, Orph.), with  analogical -o-; see also on ▶︎ OKpvdetc; κρυώδης 'id. (Plu., Poll.); further xpvepdc  'horrible, sinister' (Hom., Hes., Ar. [lyr.]), 'icy-cold' (Simon,, Ar. [lyr.]); cf. below. Independent formation from κρύος: κρῦμός [m.] 'frosty cold, frost, horror' (Ion.,  trag., Hell.), κρυμώδης 'icy-cold' (Hp. Ph. AP), κρυμαλέος 'id.' (5. E.), see  Chantraine 1933: 254; κρυμαίνω [v.] 'to make cold' (Hdn.), -ὥσσω 'to be stiff out of  cold' (Theognost.). On ▶︎ κρύσταλλος, which is Pre-Greek, see s.v.

    *ETYM The etymology is difficult to assess, as there are two alternatives. The most  obvious connection for κρύος is that with ON hrjdsa 'to shiver', OHG hroso 'ice,  crust' from *kreus-. This means that κρύος may represent *krus-, derived from the  root *kreus- 'to stamp, strike'. Lat. crusta has often been compared with κρύος; acc. to De Vaan 2008 s.v. crusta, the Latin word can be explained from a basic meaning  'hardened part' (by beating or pounding). Semantically, connection with ToB krosce,  etc. 'cold' (Adams 1999 s.v.) is perfect for the Greek group, but the ToB -o- is difficult  (did it arise by umlaut < *kreus-t6n, as Adams suggests?). Alternatively, the group of Av. xriima- 'horrible', which must be reconstructed as  *kruh,-mo- and connected with the group of *kruh,- 'blood', could agree with  κρῦμός (κρύος going back on *kruh,-s-). This group is represented by e.g. Skt. krird-  , Av. xriira- 'wounded, raw, bloody, horrible' < *kruH-ro- (Lat. critdus 'raw' is  probably from not *criirus, see De Vaan 2008 s.v.). The form κρυερός is probably a  recent formation after the adjectives in -epdc.

XXXXXκρύπτω [v.] 'to conceal, hide' (Il.). «ΡΟ»

    *VAR Fut. κρύψω, aor. κρύψαι, pass. κρυφθῆναι (IL), -φῆναι (S.), «βῆναι (LXX), fut. -βήσομαι (E., LXX), perf. med. κέκρυμμαι (Od.), act. κέκρυφα (Ὁ. H.), iter. ipf. κρύπτασκε (@ 272), see Risch 240, -eoxe (h. Cer. 239), late pres. κρύβω, ipf. ἔκρυβον,  -Pov.

    *COMP Often prefixed, e.g. with ano-, év-, ἐπι-, κατα-.

    *DER 1. κρυπτός 'hidden, secret' (Ξ 168), κρυπτάδιος 'id' (IL, A.), after ἀμφάδιος;  κρυπτικός 'concealing' (Arist, Alex. Aphr.), κρυπτίνδα παίζειν 'to play hide-and-  seek' (Theognost.); κρυπτεύω [v.] 'to hide' (E., X.), κρυπτεία 'secret service at Sparta'  (PI, Arist.). 2. @y-, ἀπό-, ἐπί- )κρύψις 'hiding' (E., Arist, Plb.). 3. κρυπτήρ 'hider',  name of an instrument (Delos II*, sch.), -τήριος 'serving as a hiding place' (Orac. apud Paus. 8, 42, 6), κρύπτης 'member of the xpunteia' (E. fr. 1126[?]). 4. κρυφῆ, Dor. -φᾷ (Pi, S, X), κρύφᾶ (Th.) [adv.] 'secretly'; thence κρυφάδᾶν (Corinn.), -άδις  (Hdn.), -ηδόν (Od., Q. S.), -ανδόν (HL) 'id? (Schwyzer 550, 626, 631); κρυφαῖος  'secret' (Pi, trag, LXX), κρύφασος name of a throw of the dice (Poll.), see  Chantraine 1933: 435. 5. κατα-, ἀπο-κρυφή 'hiding place' (S., LXX); κρύφιος 'secretly'

===Pag_834: Beekes_Página_0834.tiff=== XXXXXκρωβύλος 787 (Hes.; Pi., trag.,, Th.), on κρύφιος to κρύπτω see Schulze 1933a: 362; Kpugia [f.] 'hiding place' (PFlor. 284, 8 [VI?]), κρύφιμος = κρύφιος (Man.), -ιμαῖος 'id' (Ephesus [IV?]}), wong 'id? (Eust.); ἀπό-, éni-, éy-, ὑπό-κρυφος 'concealed' (Pi, Hdt., E.), from ἀποκρύπτω, etc; κρυφός (κρύφος) 'hiding' (Emp. 27, 3, LXX), 'secret' (conj. Pi. Ο. 2, 97), see Georgacas Glotta 6 (1958): 164f.; ἐγκρυφίας ἄρτος 'bread hidden under the ashes, ie. baked' (Hp.), ἐγκρυφιάζω [v.] 'to hide' (Ar.); κρυφιαστής 'interpreter of dreams' (Aq.). 6. κρύβδἄ = κρύφα (Σ 168, A, Pi.), κρύβδην, Dor. -dav (Od.). 7. (ἀπο-)κρυβή 'concealment' (LXX, Vett. Val.), κρυβῆ = -φῆ (LXX); κρυβηλός:

XXXXXκρυπτὸς [πύργος] 'hidden [tower]', κρύβες: νεκροί 'the dead' κρυβήτας: τετελευτηκότας 'the dead', κρυβήσια- νεκύσια 'festivals of the dead', κρυβάζει: ἀποκρύπτει 'hides (from) (H.).

    *ETYM The word κρύπτω is formally and semantically reminiscent of ▶︎ καλύπτω; the  verbs may have influenced each other. The variation n/ g/ 6 may be partly  analogical; cf. Schwyzer: 333, 705", 737. Although there is no formal match with  κρύπτω, it does recall the Balto-Slavic group of OCS kryti 'κρύπτω, ἀποκρύπτω᾽,  Lith. krduti, sg. krduju 'to pile up' (on the meaning, see Schulze KZ 50 (1922): 275). However, since there is no good IE etymology, the word could be Pre-Greek. This  seems confirmed by the frequent variations in the root-final labial stop.

XXXXXκρύσταλλος [m_] 'ice' (IL), also 'rock-crystal [f.] (Str. Ὁ. S.), with gender after λίθος.

    *VAR  κρόσταλλος: εἶδος ὑέλου 'kind of crystalline stone' (H.), where Latte notes 'he. κρύσταλλος (κρούστ- S.)'.

    *DER κρυστάλλιον 'id. (PHolm.), also plant name = ψύλλιον (Dsc.), because of the  cooling effect, see Stromberg 1940: 83); κρυστάλλινος 'icy-cold' (Hp.), 'of rock-  crystal (Ὁ. C.), -ὦδης 'icy, crystal-clear' (Ptol, PHolm.); κρυσταλλόομαι 'to freeze'  (Ph.), -ίζω 'to glow like crystal (Apoc.); further κρυσταίνομαι 'to freeze' (Nic. Al. 314), probably a free analogical formation to κρύσταλλος, after other cases of the  interchange v/ X (differently, Schwyzer: 706).

    *ETYM The word has been connected with Lat. crusta 'bark, crust', but this is wrong,  as the Latin word has a quite different meaning: 'the hard surface of a body, the rind,  shell, crust, bark, which protects it' (Lewis and Short). The collocation with flumen,  indicating a covering or crust of ice, is just an incidental use. The etymology with  κρύος must therefore be given up. As Kuiper 1956: 215° remarked, the word is Pre-  Greek because of the suffix -αλλο-. All Greek words in -αλλο- are of Pre-Greek  origin; there are no Greek words of IE origin with this suffix. The suffix is not -aA-  with expressive gemination (as Chantraine often states), but goes back to *-aP-. This  is confirmed by the variant κρόστ-. The word means 'ice' and was also used for rock-  crystal, because it is transparent, and in this respect looks like a piece of ice. Pliny  (37, 23) still thinks it is ice. We now know that rock-crystal is a mineral; it is quartz, a  silicate (SiO,). The semi-precious amethyst and agate are varieties of it. See Beekes  2008 and also on ▶︎ κρύος.

XXXXXκρωβύλος [π|.] 'roll or knot of hair on the crown of the head' (Th., X., Antiph.), on the mg. see Hauser Jahresh. d. Osterr. arch. Inst. 11 Beibl: 87ff.

===Pag_835: Beekes_Página_0835.tiff===

ΦΨΑΚ The accent after Hdn. Gr. 1, 163.

    *DER κρωβυλώδης 'k.-like' (Luc. Lex. 13); κρωβύλη [f.] 'hair-net' (Hdn. Gr. 1, 323,  Serv. ad Aen. 4, 138).

    *ETYM Semitic explanation in Lewy 1895: 89; cf. Knauer Glotta 33 (1954): 116°. Rabin  Orientalia 32 (1963): 123f. points to Late Bab. karballatu and Hitt. kariulli. Fur. 205  points to -ὕλη as a common Pre-Greek suffix.

XXXXXκρώζω [v.] 'to croak, creak' (Hes. Op. 747, Ar.). 41E? *kroh,k->

    *VAR Aor. κρῶξαι, fut. κρώξω.

    *COMP Also with prefix, e.g. ἐπι-, κατα-, ὑπο-.

    *DER Kpwypdc 'croaking' (AP, Jul.), κρῶγμα 'id' (Hdn. Epim.).

    *ETYM Originally an onomatopoeic word, which differs only in the auslauting stop  from Lat. crécire, CS krakati, 1sg. kracu. Cf. also Lith. kr(dé6kti, 1sg. kr(i)okitt 'to  ruckle, grumble' and (with -g-) krioguoti, sg. krioguoju 'to speak or cry with hoarse  voice'. IE *-g- is also found in the Gm. group of ON hrékr 'crow'. Cf. ▶︎ κράζω,  ▶︎ κραυγή, ▶︎ κόραξ.

XXXXXκρωμακίσκος [m.] 'young pig' (Antiph. 215, dubious). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXκρῶμαξ = κλῶμαξ.

XXXXXκρώπιον [n.] 'sickle, scythe' (Pherecyd. 154 J.).

    *VAR Better -iov; in H. also κρώβιον (cod. also κρόπ- and xpép-).

    *ETYM Probably derived from a noun (*kpwy vel sim.), in view of forms like Avyviov,  χαλκίον, ἀκόντιον, and other instrument names in -tov (Chantraine 1933: 58). The Greek word recalls the verbal root in Lith. kifpti, sg. kerptt 'to cut, shave', Lat. carpé 'to pluck off; see on ▶︎ καρπός 1, as well as on ▶︎ σκορπίος and ▶︎ σκέπαρνος. Purther compared with Skt. krpana- 'sword', MIr. corrdn 'sickle'. However, this is  not even a root etymology, in view of the Schwebeablaut *kerp- / *krop- involved. Given the variation, the word must be Pre-Greek. Fur. 148 refers to Hurrit. hurubbi  'sword'.

XXXXXκρωσσός [m.] 'water pail, pitcher, salve bottle, cinerary urn' (trag., Theoc.).

    *VAR Also [f.] after λήκυθος, etc.

    *DER Diminutive kpwooiov (AP).

    *ETYM The element -oo-, as well as the technical meaning, points to a Pre-Greek  word. Previously, Celtic and Germanic words for 'jar, pot' were compared, e.g. MIr. crocan, OE crocca, OHG kruog; see Pok. 389 and Vendryes REGr. 32 (1932): 49sff. Fur. 369 compares Hurr.-Hitt. ahrushi 'incense-pot'.

XXXXXκτάομαι [v.] 'to acquire, win', perf. 'to possess' (II.). «Ἰεῦ *tkeh,- 'rule, gain, acquire'>

    *VAR Ion. ipf. extéeto (v.]. Hdt. 8, 112), aor. κτήσασθαι (IL), pass. κτηθῆναι (Th., E.),  fut. κτήσομαι (post-Hom.), perf. ἔκτημαι, κέκτημαι (Hes., Att.).

    *COMP Often with prefix, e.g. dva-, év-, ἐπι-, Mpoo-.

    *DER (prefixed compounds are not indicated seperately): 1. dat.pl. κτεάτεσσι (Hom.,  Pi., E.), sg. ktéap (Hell.) '(acquired) goods, possessions, property', whence κτεατίζω

===Pag_836: Beekes_Página_0836.tiff=== XXXXXκτείνω 789 [v.] 'to acquire' (IL), κτεατισμός (Man.), cod. κτεαν-. 2. κτέανα [n.pl.] 'id' (Hes., also Hp.), secondary and rare -ov [sg.], φιλο-κτεανώτατε [voc.] (A 122), see Sommer 1948: 69; πολυ-κτέανος (Pi.). 3. κτήματα [n.pl.] (IL) 'goods, landed property', also 'domestic animals' (also [sg.], ο 19), κτημάτιον (Alciphr., pap.), -idtov (pap. VIP), τικός 'rich' (Hell.), -ίτης 'id? (Lycurg.); as a second member, eg. in πολυ-κτήμων 'rich in possessions' (Il.), whence -μοσύνη (Poll.). 4. κτήνεα, -νη [n.pl.] 'domestic animals' (especially Ion., Hell.), rarely -voc [sg.], probably directly from κτάομαι with a suffix -nos- (Chantraine 1933: 420); thence κτηνηδόν 'like beasts' (Hdt.), κτηνύδριον (pap.); often as a first member, e.g. κτηνο-τρόφος 'cattle-keeper' (Hell.). 5. κτῆσις 'acquisition, possession' (II.), κτήσιος 'regarding possessions', Ζεὺς Κτήσιος as a protector of possessions (IA); diminutive κτησ(ελϊδιον (Arr.). 6. κτεάτειρα [f.] 'who possesses' (A. Ag. 356), archaizing for -κτήτειρα, -τρια, which are found in προ- κτήτρια 'former possessor' (pap.), after κτεάτεσσι, etc; κτήτωρ [m.] 'possessor' (Ὁ. S., pap., Act. Ap.), κτητορικός (pap.); details in Fraenkel 1912: 29f., 1, 183', Schwyzer: 4743. 7. Φιλο-κτή-της PN IL), compound from φίλος and κτάομαι with suffix -tr)-; Att. Φιλοσκήτης (cf. Kretschmer Glotta 4 (1913): 351). 8. Verbal adjectives: κτητός 'acquired' (I 408); usually ἐπίκτητος 'newly acquired' (IA); κτητικός 'of acquisitions' (Att.). 9. Unclear is ἀκτῆνες: πένητες, ἠργηκότες 'poor, unemployed' (EM 55, 11), for which Solmsen 1909: 143 proposed *a-Ktn-fvE.

    *ETYM All forms have κτη-, except for the present κτάομαι, but this is relatively rare  and late; ἔγκτασις is a hyperdorism after ἔμπᾶσις; see ▶︎ nénapat. Tichy Glotta 56  (1978): 237-245 has shown that the forms Hdt. éxtéato, ἐκτέετο are due to  palaeographical difficulties. An old heteroclitic stem PGr. *kté-war, -w(a)n- must be  assumed for κτεάτεσσι, ktéap, and ktéava, whence secondarily ktéavov. The old comparison with the Indo-Iranian present Skt. ksdyati, Av. xSaiieiti, -te 'to  rule, order, have power' is semantically attractive. We have to assume that Skt. ksdyati continues *tkH-ei-, and that Skt. ksa-trd- [n.] = Av. xsa-Oram 'dominion,  rule' was formed after a root *ksa- had been extracted from the present *ksa-ya-. If  this is true, the root-final laryngeal must be *h,, which is confirmed by the fact that  the Greek forms almost exclusively show -n-. Since the equation of the formations of  κτάομαι and Skt. ksdyati is less evident, LIV? (s.v. 1. *tek-) gives up the etymology,  and suggests that κτάομαι is denominative from a noun *tk-eh,- 'possessions'. See  also Meier-Briigger Glotta 56 (1978): 224-236.

XXXXXκτείνω [v.] 'to kill, put to death' (11... «1ὲ *tken- 'injure'>

    *VAR Att. pres. also κτείνυμι, -bw, Aeol. ktévvw (Hdn.), fut. κτενῶ, epic also -ἕω,  Ktavéw, aor. κτεῖναι, Aeol. κτένναι (Alc.), and κτανεῖν, epic also κτάμεν(αι) and  med.pass. κτάσθαι, pass. 3p]. Ex taGev (epic), Hell. κταν(θ)ῆναι, perf. an-, κατ-έκτονα  (Hdt., Att.), Hell. also ἀπ-εκτόνηκα, -éxta(y)ka, pass. -εκτάνθαι.

    *COMP Att. prose mostly with ἀπο-, poet. also with kata-. As a second member  -κτόνος, e.g. πατρο-κτόνος 'who kills his father' (trag.), whence -κτονέω, -ia; rarely  in passive sense: νεότκτονος 'recently killed' (Pi.); the simplex κτόνος (Zonar.)  probably from the compounds; also -ktacia, eg. ἀνδρο-κτασία [f.] 'murder of men'  (IL.), usually -icu [pl.], as if from "ἀνδρό-κτατος.

===Pag_837: Beekes_Página_0837.tiff===

    *ETYM The present κτείνυμι (incorrectly, -εἰνν- and -tvv-) has a secondary full grade  after ἔκτεινα (cf. δείκνυμι to ἔδειξα, etc.). It replaces a zero grade ᾿κτάνυμι,  corresponding to Skt. ksanoti 'to injure' (the sense 'to kill of κτείνω is euphemistic). The Greek system seems to be based on an athematic root aorist sg. *kten- (cf. Gortyn subj. κατασκένξ, with ox for xt; Schwyzer: 326), pl. and med. *ktg-, which is  directly continued by éxtato (II.). The present *kten-je/o- > κτείνω, the thematic  aorist ktavov, and sigmatic ἔκτεινα go back to this formation. The ptc. ἔ-κτα-τος  (assumed for ἀνδρο-κτασίαι) corresponds to Skt. dksata-, OP. axSata- 'uninjured'. Without a doubt, ▶︎ kaivw is related too, but it is unclear under which circumstances  the initial *t- was lost. Literature: Hardarson 1993a: 186. Opposed to connection with Skt. aksata is Strunk    1967: 9965,

XXXXXκτείς [m.] 'comb, comb in the loom', often metaph., eg. 'rake, rib, finger' (Att. inscr.). IE * pekt-en- 'comb'>

    *VAR κτήν (Jo. Gramm. [VI?]), κτενός (IA).

    *COMP Some compounds, e.g. κτενο-πώλης 'comb-handler' (Poll.), mevté-Ktevoc  'with five teeth' (com.).

    *DER κτένιον 'id. (Epich., pap.), κτενωτός 'with teeth' (Att. inscr.), κτενᾶς [m.]  'comb-maker, wool-carder' (Corycus), κτενωδῶς 'comb-like' (gloss.); κτενίζω [v.] 'to  comb, card' (IA), -ισμός 'combing' (E.), -ἰστής 'comber, hairdresser' (pap., Gal.),  -toT1KO¢ 'belonging to combing' (pap.).

    *ETYM Because of Lat. pecten 'comb', the Greek word is explained as from *pkt-en-  with zero grade root and loss of the initial *p-. Several Modern Iranian forms, e.g. Pashto Zmanj, MoP sana, point to *pk-en- (Morgenstierne 1927: 106; see Charpentier  Acta Orbis 7 (1929): 197 with a remark by Morgenstierne ibd. 199). It may be that the  root was originally *pek-; see on ▶︎ πέκω.

XXXXXκτέρας [n.] 'gift' (K 216, O 235, A. R. 4, 1550). <?>

    *VAR Sing. only nom, usually plur. xtépea, -éwv 'gifts for the dead, sacrifice' (II.); see  Chantraine 1942: 210.

    *COMP As a second member in ἀ-κτερής 'unburied' (Orac. Sibyll., H.).

    *DER ktepeitw 'to bring gifts for the dead, bury ceremoniously' (II.), fut. -ίξω, aor. -(Eat (see Ruijgh 1957: 83), also with év-, ém-, ovv-; also κτερίζω (IL) 'id', fut. tw, aor. τίσαι; thence ktepiopata [pl.] = κτέρεα (S., E.), -ἰσταί (Η.) = tagijec, ἀ-κτέριστος (S.,  Lyc.), -ἔΐστος (AP). κτέρες: νεκροί 'the dead' (H.) is probably a constructed back-  formation (Solmsen IF 3 (1894): 98 in spite of Fraenkel 1910: 68); further probably  Πολύ-κτωρ (Hom.), after which Γανύ-κτωρ (Plu. Paus.), where the second member  may originally mean 'giving presents' (Fraenkel and Solmsen |.cc.). Uncertain  ▶︎ διάκτορος.

    *ETYMNo etymology. See Arena RILomb. 98 (1964): 3-32.

XXXXXκτηδών, -όνος [m.] 'line of fissure, grain of wood, layers' in the body, wood, stone, etc. (medic., Theophr.). <1E? * pekt-en- 'comb'>

    *VAR  Mostly plur. -όνες.

===Pag_838: Beekes_Página_0838.tiff=== XXXXXκτίζω 791

    *COMP εὐ-κτήδων, -ονος 'with strong fibres' (Thphr.); not here εὐ-κτέανος 'id.'  (Theophr., Plu.).

    *ETYM It has been compared with the glosses εὐθυ-κτέανον- ἰθὺ πεφυκυῖαν, εἰς ὀρθόν  'grown straight', ἰθυ-κτέανον: τὸ ἰθὺ πεφυκὸς Kai ὀρθὸν δένδρον 'upright tree' (H.). Amigues 1989: i5if. derives it from *[n)kt-ndwv 'in the way of a comb',  metaphorically of the fissures of wood, etc. κτίδεος 'of marten'. -'ἴκτις.

XXXXXκτίζω [v.] 'to found, establish, build, create' (Emp.).

    *VAR Aor. κτίσ(σλαι (1].), pass. κτισθῆναι (IA), fut. ktiow (A.), perf. med. ἔκτισμαι  (Hadt.), act. ἔκτικα (Hell.); on the reduplication see Schwyzer: 649.

    *DIAL Myc. 3pl. root present ki-ti-je-si /ktijensi/ 'they cultivate', ki-ti-me-no  /ktimenos/ 'cultivated', ko-to-(i-\na./ktoina/ 'part of land', a-ki-ti-to /a-ktitos/ mg. unclear. Also (me-ta-)ki-ti-ta /meta-ktitai/, perhaps '(transported) settlers'?

    *COMP Also with prefix, e.g. ovv-, ἐπι-, ἀνα-.

    *DER κτίσις [f.] 'foundation, creation' (Pi, IA), κτιστύς [f.] 'foundation' (Hdt. 9, 97),  κτίσμα 'foundation, colony, building' (Hell.), κτισμός 'foundation' (Asia Minor  [imperial period]); κτίστωρ 'founder' (Pi, E.), κτιστήρ 'id' (Corinth [IV*]), fem. κτίστρια (Asia Minor [imperial period]), κτίστης 'founder, builder' (Arist.), κτίστιον  (-eiov) 'temple of a founder' (pap. [IV?]), older συγκτίστης 'co-founder' (Hdt. 5, 46);  κτιστός 'laid out, founded' (h. Ap. 299, pap.), see Zumbach 1955: 26; subst. κτιστόν  [n.] 'building' (pap.). Several formations have the intransitive mg. 'to live, abide': ἐὺ κτίμενος 'where one  can live well' (Hom.); περι-κτί-ονες [pl.] 'those living around, neighbours' (II.), ἀμφι-  κτί-ονες 'id, (Pi.), also as a PN (Att. inscr. V*), also -κτύονες (Hdt., inscr. IV*) with  unclear v (cf. Hoffmann 1898: 290); περικτίται [pl.] 'id' (A 288), after which the  simplex κτίται '4. (E. Or. 1621), κτίτης = κτίστης (Delph. I*); ἐῦ-κτιτος = ἐῦ  κτίμενος (B 592), Opei-Ktitog 'living in the mountains' (Pi.); but eg. θεό-κτιτος  'founded by the gods' (Sol.). Rhod. κτοίνα (also πτοίνα with unexplained mt-) designates an administrative region  in Rhodos and is also found as a cadastral term in Myc. ko-to-(i-)na. Thence  κτοινᾶται, -Etat (see Lejeune REGr. 78 (1965): 13.

    *ETYM The Mycenaean athematic root present ki-ti-je-si corresponds with Skt. 3sg. kséti, 3pl. ksiydnti, Av. Saéiti, Siieinti 'to live, which is only used intransitively. Probably, the root *tkei- should be analyzed as continuing an older i-present *tk-éi-  ti, *tk-i-énti of the root *tek- 'to procreate'. The transitive meaning 'to cultivate,  found' (a Greek innovation) first arose in the aorist κτίσ(σγ)αι, which developed  beside an intransitive root aorist still preserved in athematic κτίμενος (cf. ἔστησα to  ἔστην; see ▶︎ ἵστημι). The form κτίζω, whence most derivations developed, was built  on κτίσ(σλαι. The formation of περικτίται and Myc. pe-ri-ki-ti-ta recalls Skt. pari-kst-  t- 'living round about', and the to-ptc. -κτιτος is mirrored by Av. (ana)-Sita-  'uninhabited'. The form κτίσις has a parallel in Skt. ksi-ti-, Av. 3i-ti- 'dwelling,  residence', but the deviant meaning suggests an independent formation from κτίζω.

===Pag_839: Beekes_Página_0839.tiff===

Finally, κτοίνα can be compared with Arm. sén, gen. sini 'inhabited (place), if the latter continues *kti-n-. See ▶︎ κτίλος.

XXXXXκτίλος [adj.] 'obedient, tame', also msc. 'ram' (1].), acc. to H. = ὁ προηγούμενος τῆς ποίμνης κριός 'the ram taking the lead of the flock'; cf. Thompson Class. Rev. 46 (1932): 53f.

    *DER κτιλίς: τιθασός, πρᾷος, ἡγεμών 'tame, leader' (H.) and the denominatives  ἐκτιλώσαντο 'they tamed' (Hdt. 4, 113), ἐκτιλωμένος 'tamed' (Paus. Gr.), κτιλεύονται  'they are being tamed' (Pi. Fr. 238).

    *ETYM Connected to ▶︎ κτίζω as 'belonging to the dwelling place'. The suffix is found  in χωλός, φαῦλος and various expressions for defects (Chantraine 1933: 238).

XXXXXκτύπος [m.] 'strong noise, cracking, stamping' (II.).

    *COMP Very frequent as a second member, eg. βαρύ-κτυπος 'with loud noise' (h. Cer.).

    *DER κτυπέω (I].) 'to crack, rumble', trans. 'to make rumble', probably intensive; aor. κτυπῆσαι (S., E.), also them. aor. κτυπεῖν (IL), cf. Porzig 1942: 25, often prefixed  (late), eg. ἐπι-, κατα-, ὑπο-. Thence κτύπημα = κτύπος (Critias, E.), -ητής 'one who  makes noise' (Suid.), κτυπία: ὁ ἐπιθαλάμιος κτύπος 'the nuptial din' (H.).

    *ETYM Reminiscent of ▶︎ δοῦπος, Sounéw, but further details are unknown. No doubt  of Pre-Greek origin, with variation between voiced and unvoiced stop; see Fur.: 120. A prefix x-, as assumed by Meillet BSL 28 (1927-1928): 117, followed by Ruijgh 1957:  148, is unknown.

XXXXXκύαθος [m.] 'ladle for drawing wine (IA).

    *DER Diminutive κυάθ-ιον (Pherecr.), -i¢ (Sophr.), -ioxog (medic.); kva8-w5n¢ 'like  κι' (Eratosth.), -ιαῖος 'measuring a κι (comm. Arist.), τότης 'the idea κύαθος᾽ (PI.),  -ἰζω 'to scoop with a «.' (com, Plb.). .

    *ETYM The ending appears also in »λήκυθος, ▶︎ yupya8dc, etc. Lat. LW cyathus  (Plaut.). Often connected with ▶︎ κύαρ (opposed to this, Chantraine 1933: 367; yet it is  accepted in DELG s.v.); cf. on ▶︎ κύαμος. Szemerényi Gnomon 43 (1971) compares  Ugar. qb't, Hebr. qubba'at 'cup'. However, the word is clearly Pre-Greek: Fur. 237  compares the variants κόβαθος 'a vessel' and κύβεθρον 'beehive'. The sequence -va-  is also typical of 'foreign' (i.e. Pre-Greek) words.

XXXXXκύαμος [m.] 'bean' (IL), 'lot', in which those who drew white beans won (Att.), metaph. 'swelling of the paps' (Ruf., Poll.), 'woodlouse' (Gal.), name of a coin (Taurom. I*).

    *VAR Also πύανος (H.); κύμηχα- κύαμον (H.) also πύανος (H, Poll., Phot.).

    *COMP Some compounds, e.g. κυαμο-τρώξ 'bean-eater' (Ar.), ὑοσ-κύαμος 'henbane'  (Hp. X.), see Stromberg 1940: 31 and 155.

    *DER Diminutives κυάμιον (Nubien, Eust.), -ἰδες: fabacia (gloss.); κυάμτ-ινος 'of  beans' (com., Gal.), -taiog 'as large as a bean' (Dsc., Luc.); Κυαμτ-ίας [m.] 'stone like a  bean' (Plin.), like καπνίας, etc., see Chantraine 1933: 94), -ἰτης [m.] 'god of beans =  chairman of the bean market' (Paus.), -ἴτις (ἀγορά) 'bean market' (Plu.), cf. Redard

===Pag_840: Beekes_Página_0840.tiff=== XXXXXκυβερνάω 793 1949: 193-and 108; κυαμών, -ὥνος [m.] 'field with beans' (Thphr.), -wvitng 'laborer of the bean-fields' (pap.), see Redard 1949: 37). Denominative verbs: κυαμεύω 'to draw a lot with beans' (Att.), -i{w 'to be ripe for marriage' (Ar.). Beside κύαμος also πύανος (H., Poll., Phot.), acc. to Heliod. Hist. 3 = ὁλόπυρος, whence compound Πυαν-ἕψια, -όψια [n.pl.] name of a Ion.-Att. festival, whence the month name Πυανεψιών, -οψιών; also Κυαν-εψιών, -o- (Ceos, Asia Minor) and Παν-όψια (non-Att. acc. to Lycurg. fr. 84).

    *ETYM Since no JE suffix -am- is known, κύαμος cannot be derived from κυέω (root  *kuh,-). The word κύαμος has often been considered foreign (Chantraine 1933: 133,  Schwyzer: 494, Kuiper 1956: 215,9). The variation in κυάμος: πύανος, as well as the  forms suffixed with -ew-, -ow-, point to Pre-Greek origin. Fur., following Kuiper l.c.,  remarks that the variation between κυαμ- and κυμ-ηχίκ- proves the Pre-Greek  character of the word. On the variation m-/x-, see Fur.: 388.

XXXXXκύανος [m.] name of a dark blue substance, 'enamel, lapis lazuli, blue copper carbonate' (I].); also a bird name (Arist., Ael.), see Thompson 1895 s.v.) and a plant name 'blue cornflower' (Plin.). <?>

    *DIAL Myc. ku-wa-no 'smalt', also ku-wa-no-wo-ko /kuano-worgos/ 'smalt-worker'.

    *COMP Often as a first member, e.g. κυανό-πρῳρος 'with a dark blue prow' (Hom.,  B.), -πρῴρειος with metrical lengthening at verse end; -χαίτης 'with dark hair  (Hom.), -πεπλος 'with dark cloth' (h. Cer., Hes.), cf. Treu 1955: 244.

    *DER κυάνεος (Ὁ metrically lengthened) 'made of «.', usually 'dark blue' (Il.); on the  mg. Capelle RAM 101 (1958): 10 and 35.

    *ETYM Perhaps a loan from Hitt. kuyanna(n)- '(blue as) copper, ornamental stone'  (Friedrich 1952 s.v.). Danka & Witczak JIES 25 (1997): 361ff. derive it from *kwaHo-,  which seems unlikely.

XXXXXκύαρ [n.] 'eye of a needle, orifice of the ear' (Hp. Poll.). <1E *kuH-r/n- 'swelling, hole'>

    *ETYM An old r/n-stem, which is found thematicized in Av. si#ra- [m.] 'hole, lacuna'  < IE *kuH-r-o-, as well as in Arm. sor 'hole' if from IE *kou-er-o-; a thematic n-stem  occurs in Skt. suna- 'swelled up, grown up', Sina- [n.] 'emptiness, lack', sanyd-  'empty, hollow'. An /-stem is supposed in »κύλα - Ta ὑποκάτω τῶν βλεφάρων  κοιλώματα 'holes under the eyelids' (H.), but see s.v. and under ▶︎ κοῖλος 'hollow' <  *kouHi-lo-. The words are generally connected with the group of ▶︎ κυέω 'to be  pregnant' < 'to swell', assuming a basic mg. 'curvation', whence both 'hole' and  'vaulting'.

XXXXXκυβάβδα - αἷμα, Ἀμαθούσιοι 'blood (Amathousian) (H.).

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXκυβερνάω [v.] 'to steer, head for', metaph. 'to govern, rule' (y 283).

    *VAR Aor. κυβερνῆσαι, Cypr. inf. κυμερῆναι; Aeol. κυμερνήτης.

    *COMP Also with prefix, e.g. δια-.

    *DER κυβερνητήρ, Dor. -ατήρ [m.] 'steersman, coxswain' (8 557, Pi.), fem. -ἤτειρα  (AP, Nonn.) and -ητήριος (Orac. apud Plu.); κυβερνήτης (Acol. κυμερνήτης [-atac]

===Pag_841: Beekes_Página_0841.tiff===

acc. to EM 543, 3) 'id' (IL) with fem. -ijtt¢ (pap.) and -ἤσια [n.pl.] festival of the steersmen in Athens, in memory of Theseus (Plu.); κυβέρνησις, -ἄσις 'steering, government (Pi. Ρ].); κυβερνητικός 'belonging to steering' (Pl.); κυβερνισμός = κυβέρνησις (Aq.).

    *ETYM From κυβερνάω, Lat. gubernd was borrowed; see WH s.v. Given Cypr. κυμερῆναι, the form κυβερνάω has been thought to be due to dissimilation |1-v > B-v  (Lejeune 1972: 152). See also Neumann KZ 100 (1987): 64-69, Neumann KZ 105  (1992): 188, and Neumann Kadmos 13 (1974): 146-155, who reconstructs a  denominative from *kurb-na- from the root *k'erb- 'to turn' in κύρβις. This is highly  doubtful. As Frisk remarks, the word has no cognates. The comparison with Skt. kibara-, -ri  'pole (?Y and with Lith. kumbras 'grip on the steering oar', kumbryti 'to steer' must  be given up; see Mayrhofer EWAia s.v. and Fraenkel 1955 s.v. kumbrys. Foreign  origin is probable; see references in Frisk s.v. The group -pv- is typical for non-IE  material.

XXXXXΚυβέλη [f.] Anatolian goddess (Pi. fr. 8 Snell, Ar.).

    *VAR Κυβήβη (Hippon. fr. 127 M, Charon of Lamps. F.Gr.H. 262 fr. 9, Hdt. 5, 102).

    *ETYM In Old Phrygian, she is called Matar Kubileya or Kubeleya. The exact meaning  of the adjective is unknown; does it refer to a mountain? The goddess originated in  Karkhemish, around 1200, where she was called Kubaba. See Laroche 1949: 113-128. Her Lydian name was Kuvava. From Locri Epizephyrii we have her name as Qubalas  (end 7" c.). See now Rein 1996: 223-237.

XXXXXκύβηλις, -εως [f.] acc. to H. μάχαιρα, ἄμεινον δὲ πέλεκυς, ᾧ τὰς βοῦς KataBdrdAovor τινὲς τὴν τυρόκνηστίν φασιν 'large knife, properly an axe, with which cattle were slain; cheese-grater' (com., Lyc.).

    *DER κυβηλικός 'regarding a x.' (com.), κυβηλίσαι' πελεκίσαι 'cut off with an axe,  behead' (H.).

    *ETYM Unexplained. On ἀγερσι-κύβηλις, see Chantraine, REGr. 75 (1962): 390. Probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκυβιστάω [v.] 'to tumble head-first' (Il., Pl, X.).

    *VAR Also -éw (Opp. K. 4, 263).

    *COMPAIso with prefix, éx-, κατα-, περι-.

    *DER κυβιστητήρ 'who tumbles head-first' (Hom., E., Tryph.), also with haplology  κυβιστήρ (H.) and κυβιστής (Delos; uncertain; cf. Fraenkel Glotta 2 (1910): 31 ἢ. 2  and below); κυβίστησις (Plu. Luc.), -ημα (Luc.) 'cartwheel, somersault'.

    *ETYM One may consider a pre-form *«vfiCoptar for κυβιστής, if this is old; thence  perhaps κυβιστάω. Further, a few words in EM are compared: κύβη = κεφαλή  (κυβιστάω = εἰς κεφαλὴν πηδῶ 'to jump on the head'), κύβηβος = ὁ κατακύψας 'bent  down, stooped', κυβηβᾶν = κυρίως τὸ ἐπὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν ῥίπτειν properly 'to throw on  the head' (acc. to H. = θεοφορεῖσθαι, κορυβαντιᾶν 'to be inspired by a god, be  enthousiastic'); further, κυβητίζω: ἐπὶ κεφαλὴν ῥίψω, κυβησίνδα: ἐπὶ κεφαλήν, ἢ TO  φορεῖν ἐπὶ νώτου, ἢ κατὰ νώτου 'on the head; bearing on one's back; in rear' (H.).

===Pag_842: Beekes_Página_0842.tiff=== XXXXXκυδάζομαι 795 Frisk considers connection with κύβος 'dice' and κυφός, »κύπτω 'to stoop', assuming that the words with -β- are from a northern source (Thracian or Macedonian), with 6 instead of φ. However, they may rather be Pre-Greek variants, like κύμβη 'head' (EM 545, 27) and κύμβαχος 'head first', ἀνακυμβαλιάζω 'to tumble' (see Kuiper 1956: 213f.), which are prenasalized forms clearly containing the same word. Then there is a variant with κυμ- in κυμίνδαλα: καταστροφή. Ταραντῖνοι 'rotation (Tarant.)' (H.). The variants are clearly of Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXκύβιτον [n.] 'elbow (Hp. Loc. Hom. 6), Sicilian acc. to Ruf. Onom. 72 and Poll. 2, 141. <LW Late

    *DER κυβιτίζω 'to push with the elbow' (Epich. 213). Also κύβωλον 'id' (Poll. 1-c.),  which would be a cross with ὠλένη acc. to Bq, not an independent derivation from  κύβος (Solmsen 1909: 7).

    *ETYM From Lat. cubitum (pace Bechtel 1921, 2: 284).

XXXXXκύβος [m.] 'dice' (IA), also of the eyes of the dice (E., Pl.) and the gaming table (Hermipp. 27, pl.); metaph. of dice-like objects, 'cubus' (Ti. Locr.), 'cubic number' (PL, Arist.), 'dice-like block of stone or wood' (Hell. pap. and inscr.), 'cake, piece of salted fish' (com.); also 'vertebra' (Rhian. 57; after ἀστράγαλος) and 'hollow above the hips of cattle' (Ath. 9, 3990). «ΡΟ»

    *COMP Some compounds, e.g. φιλό-κυβος 'who loves the dice' (Ar., Arist.).

    *DER 1. κύβιον 'fish salted in κύβοι (com., pap.), κυβιάριον name of a pot related to  κύβιον (pap.) 2. κυβίας 'kind of tunny' (Opp.). 3. κυβοστόν [n.] name of a fraction  (Dioph.), after εἰκοστόν, etc. 4. κυβεών [m.] 'gambling house' (Tz.). 5. κυβικός  'quadrangular' (Pl, Arist.). Denominative verbs : 1. κυβεύω [v.]} 'to dice, gamble'  (Αἰ, also 'to deceive' (Arr.), whence κυβεία 'dice', κυβευτής 'gambler', -τικός,  -τήριον (Att.). 2. κυβίζω [v.] 'to raise to the cube' (Hero), whence κυβισμός (Theol. Ar.). 3. κυβᾷ (H.) as an explanation of nette ter 'to play m.'.

    *ETYM Words for dice are often loans (Schrader-Nehring 1917(2): 423). Acc. to Hdt. 1,  94, the Lydians claimed to have invented the game of κύβος. Lat. cubus is from  Greek. In view of the incidental meaning 'hollow above the hips of cattle', κύβος was  wrongly connected with the Germanic group of Go. hups 'hip'. Lat. cubitus 'elbow' is  probably derived from -cumbare; see De Vaan 2008 s.v. On κύβος = τρύβλιον 'cup,  bowl (Paph., H.), cf. the words s.v. ▶︎ κύπελλον.

XXXXXκυδάζομαι [v.] 'to revile, jeer at' (A. Fr. 94, S. Aj. 722, A. R. 1, 1337). < PG?>

    *VAR Act. -w (Epich. 6; 35, 6); aor. κυδάσσασθαι.

    *DER Further κύδος [m.] 'scorn' (sch.), probably a back-formation. On ▶︎ κυδοιμός  'din of battle', which is formally unclear, see s.v. Glosses κυδάγχας: μάχας, λοιδορίας  'battles, slanderings'; κυδαγχόμενα' λοιδορούμενα 'jeers'; κυδάττειν- ἐπιφωνεῖν 'call  by name, exclaim'.

    *ETYM Words for 'blame, revile' are found in Slav., eg. OCS kuditi ἱμέμφεσθαι, to  blame', Gm., e.g. MHG gehiuze 'noise, crying, derision, insult', and in Skt. kutsdyati  'blame, revile' (rejected by Mayrhofer EWAia 1: 365), MoP ni-kuhidan 'blame, revile'  [Pok. 595]). In view of the glosses with structure xvé-ayy-, the Greek words are

===Pag_843: Beekes_Página_0843.tiff===

probably Pre-Greek. Moreover, κυδ-αγχ- could be the prenasalized form of "κυδ-αχ- seen in kvdattetv. See on ▶︎ κυδοιμός, ▶︎ κῦδος.

XXXXXκύδαρος [m.] name of a small ship (Antiph. 321). <?>

    *VAR  Also -ov [n.] (pap., AB, EM).

    *ETYM Origin unknown.

XXXXXκυδίας [?] " τὰ ἄνθη 'flowering' (= ἐξανθήματα 'eruption') τῶν ὀδόντων 'of the teeth' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Hypotheses in Pok. 956, who translates 'Zahnkeim', a tooth which has not yet  erupted.

XXXXXκυδοιδοπάω 'to make noise, bring about confusion'. Ξοκυδοιμός.

XXXXXκυδοιμός [m.] 'din of battle' (I1.), see Schwyzer: 492 and Triimpy 1950: 158f.

    *DER κυδοιμέω [v.] 'to rage, confuse' (I].). Unclear κυδοιδοπάω 'to make noise, bring  about confusion' (Ar.), cf. on ἐχθοδοπέω.

    *ETYM Unknown, but given the unusual formation, the words are without a doubt  Pre-Greek. Frisk and Chantraine discuss it under ▶︎ κυδάζομαι 'to insult', but there  appears to be no semantic relation.

XXXXXκῦδος, -εος [n.] 'fame, honor, glory, renown' (Il.), see Triimpy 1950: 196ff., Greind] RhM 89 (1940): 220, Benveniste 1969:2: 57ff. <1E *keud-s- 'miraculous power>

    *COMP Often as a second member, eg. ἐπι-κυδής 'famous' (1].); very often in PNs,  eg. Φερε-κύδης, Κυδό-νικος (Bechtel 1917b: 269f.).

    *DER Caland-forms: 1. κυδι-άνειρα [f:] conventional epithet, interpreted as 'in which  renowned men partake' (Il.), of μάχη, thence of ἀγορά; see Schwyzer: 447, 4745  Sommer 1948: 181; with -- further κύδιμος 'famous' (Hes., h. Merc.,, Pi.). κυδιάω [v.]  'to boast, be proud' (II, Hes. Sc., h. Cer., h. Hom. 30, 13, A. R, Q. S.), many forms  with diectasis, cf. Chantraine 1942: 359. 2. κυδρός 'famous' (1].). to which κυδρότερος (Xenoph,, B.) beside primary κύδιστος  (11), see Seiler 1950: 76, and κύδιον (E.); also κυδέστερος (Plb.) and κυδίστατος (Nic. Th. 3), -te [νος] for κύδιστε (I). Late denominative κυδρόομαι [v.] 'to boast' (Ael.,  Polyaen.). 3. κυδαίνω 'to honor, glorify' (I1.), aor. κυδῆναι; also pres. κυδάνω 'to glorify, boast'  (I), see Chantraine 1942: 315; κυδνός = κυδρός (vl. in Hes., IG 14, 2117). Here also  κυδάλιμος = κυδρός (II), for which Arbenz 1933: 27 suggests a cross of "κυδαλέος  and κύδιμος; κυδήεις (AP, Man.), Dor. -ἄεσσα (Epid.) are late analogical formations;  ὑπερ-κύδᾶς [ptc.] 'boasting' (IL), only -avta(c); probably analogical, see Risch 1937:  239, Perhaps here the deme name Κυδαντίδαι (Wackernagel Glotta 14 (1925): 54)?

    *ETYM The word κῦδος is connected with a Slavic word for 'wonder, miracle', e.g. OCS ¢éudo, gen. -ese, SCr. ciido (acute). Ablaut *keuHd-os- next to *kuHd-es- has  been assumed, which would give Gr. *kid-es- (cf. Porzig 1954a: 170). However,  assuming a root *keuHd- seems superfluous, especially given that the Slavic acute  accentuation can be due to Winter's Law. Meier-Briigger 1992a: 269 assumed that  Greek replaced the old ablaut pattern *eu / u with *# / u, like in the nasal presents. Thus, κῦδ- is a morphological full grade replacing older *keud-. As far as the

===Pag_844: Beekes_Página_0844.tiff===

meaning is concerned, the Slavic group has the connotation of sorcery (eg. ORu. kudesb [m.] 'magic, sorcery (e.g.) Ru. (dial) kudesd [nom.pl.] 'miracles performed through an evil force'). The Greek words denote the 'force rayonnante des dieux ou celle quils conférent' (DELG, following Benveniste l.c.). Any further connection with the verb 'to learn, understand, hear' found in OCS ¢ujo, uti, Gr. ▶︎ κοέω is gratuitous, as this has no root-final *-d.

XXXXXκυδώνια (μᾶλα) [n.pl.] 'quinces' (Stesich., Alcm., com.).

    *VAR Also κυδώνιαι μηλίδες (Ibyc.).

    *DER κυδωνέα (-ia) [f.] 'quince tree, Pirus Cydonia' (Hell. pap., Dsc.), -ίτης (οἶνος)  'wine from the quince' (Dsc., Colum.), -ditov 'drink of quince' (Aet., Paul Aeg.), -taw  [v.] 'to swell like quinces' (API.). κυδωνό-μελι [n.] 'mead from quince' (Dsc., Orib.),  cf. Strémberg 1944: 30).

    *ETYM From an older Anatolian word still retained in κοδύ-μαλον (Alcm. 90); Greek  connected the word with the famous city of Kuéwvia (on the north coast of Crete)  by folk etymology. Cf. also the town Kutwviov on the Lydian border. The  interpretation by H. in κοδώνεα- σῦκα χειμερινά. καὶ καρύων εἶδος Περσικῶν  'winter-figs; kind of Persian nut' is based on confusion with ▶︎ κόττανον. Lat. cydoneum 'quince-juice, -wine' (Ulp.) is from Greek; Lat. coténeum 'quince' (Cato)  also belongs here, but probably as an independent loan. The Western and Eastern  European forms derive from coténeum and cydéneum, eg. Ital. cotogno, MoFr. coing  (> MoE quince), OHG chutina, MHG quiten, ORu. gdun ja. See Hehn-Schrader 1911:  241, Trump Herm. 88 (1960): 14-22, and Berger MSS 9 (1956): 8ff.

XXXXXκυέω [v.] 'to be or become pregnant' (II.), with τινά or ti 'with a young'.

    <IE *keuh,-  'swell'>

    *VAR κυήσω (Hdt.), κυῆσαι (IA), κεκύηκα (Hell.), κυηθῆναι, -θήσεσθαι (late); older  aorist κύσασθαι (IL), causative active κῦσαι (A.); younger present κύω (since Arist.,  LXX); also κυΐσκομαι, -w (IA).

    *COMP Sometimes with prefix, e.g. ἐπι-, ἀπο-, συγ-κυέομαι, -κυίσκομαι (-ickw), ὑπο-  κυσαμένη (IL). Compounds, eg. xvo-popéw [v.] 'to be pregnant, be with young',  whence -@opia, -ησις (LXX, med., etc.), -popoc (pap., EM); ἔγ-κυος 'pregnant' (Ion.,  Arist.); κύτουρα [f.] name of a plant that was used to procure abortion (Stob.), see  Stromberg 1940: 95.

    *DER Verbal nouns: κύημα 'foetus, embryo' (IA), -ησις 'conception, pregnancy,  embryo' (Pl. Arist. Thphr.), κύος [n.] = κύημα (Ar. Fr. 609, inscr. Ceos), κυόεις  (Cos [III*]}); ἀποκυητικός 'capable of giving birth' (Astrol.), κυητήριος 'promoting  pregnancy (Hp.), κυήτωρ 'begetter' (Cyran.), of a bird; κυηρόν' ἔγκυον, ἁπαλόν,  βλαστόν 'pregnant, tender, offspring' (H.). See on ▶︎ κῦμα, ▶︎ κύριος.

    *ETYM The present κυέω can be equated with Skt. svdyati 'to be or become strong,  increase' < IE *kuh,-éie-. As LIV? s.v. *kueh,- remarks, the Ved. aorist 4svat may be  an innovation based on the pair hvdyati : dhvat. More forms s.v. ▶︎ κύριος. The words  > κύαμος, ▶︎ πᾶς, > πέπᾶμαι are not related. On the supposed connection to words for  'hollow, empty', see ▶︎ κύαρ.

===Pag_845: Beekes_Página_0845.tiff===

XXXXXκυθνόν [adj.] - τὸ ἄκυον φάρμακον. καὶ πολύκυθνα πολύσπερμα. κυθνὸν γὰρ τὸ σπέρμα 'seed' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Because of ἀκυητήριον: φάρμακον πρὸς τὸ μὴ κυεῖν γυναικεῖον 'philter for  contraception' (H.), a correction to «ἄρκυθνον (LSJ) was assumed necessary. Frisk  does not consider it necessary, and instead assumes a euphemistic ellipsis of the  negation. DELG supports the correction, and refers to ἄκυθος (Call. H. Ap. 52),  connecting ▶︎ κεύθω (unclear).

XXXXXκὔκάω [v.] 'to stir, mix, bring in confusion' (IL).

    *VAR Aor. κυκῆσαι, -ηθῆναι.

    *COMP Also with dva-, δια-, ovv-, etc.

    *DER κυκεών, -@voc [m.] 'mixed drink' (post-Hom.), poet. also -ε(ι)ῶ [acc.] (A 624,  641), which may be after the comparatives in -w, but acc. to Risch 1937: 147 and  Chantraine 1942: 212 it is an old s-stem); Dor. κυκᾶν, -ἄνος (Epid.); instrument noun  κύκηθρον 'stirring spoon', metaph. 'turbulent person' (Ar.); action noun κύκησις  (Pl, Epicur.), -ησμός (S.), -ηθμός (Max. Tyr.) 'mixing'; also κύκημα: τάραχος  'disorder', κυκήθραν: ταραχήν 'disorder' (H.).

    *ETYM Intensive formation in -άω (cf. Schwyzer: 719) without etymology. Pok. 597  connects it with Lith. sdukStas 'spoon', which seems unlikely. Fur. 305 compares  > κυρκανάω (with further examples of insertion of a liquid) and concludes to a Pre-  Greek form.

XXXXXκύκλος [m.pl.] 'circle, ring, wheel', also metaph. of circular objects, eg. 'circular square, wall around the city' (II.). «1Ὲ *k'e-k'I-o- 'wheel, circle'>

    *VAR Also τὰ κύκλα, originally a collective.

    *COMP Many compounds, e.g. κυκλο-τερής 'made round, round' (11), cf. on ▶︎ teipw,  εὔ-κυκλος 'forming a beautiful circle' (Il.); also in hypostases, e.g. ἐγ-κύκλιος 'going  around in a circle, circular; general' (Att. Hell.), on the mg. Koller Glotta 34 (1955):  174ff; on ▶︎ Κύκλωψ s.v.

    *DER A. Substantives: 1. diminutives κυκλ-ίσκος (medic., Ptol.), -ioxtov (Dsc.). 2.

XXXXXτίστρια [f.] 'cyclic danceress' (Att. inscr.), after κιθαρίστρια, etc. 3. κυκλά-μινος [f., m.] plant name, 'Cyclamen graecum, Lonicera periclymenum' (Thphr., Dsc.), also -αμίς (Orph.), after the circular radical tuber (Strémberg 1940: 36; formation after σησάμινος, etc.). 4. Κυκλειών, -ὥνος [m.] month name (Ceos [IV*]), after the festival ta Κύκλ(ελα. 5. Κυκλεύς PN (Ael.), BoShardt 1942: 130. B. Adjectives: 1. κυκλάς [f.] 'forming a circle', also Κυκλάδες [pl.] TN 'circle- islands', the Cyclades (IA), Lat. LW cyclas name of a circular cloth; κυκλιάς [f.] epithet of τυρός 'cheese' (AP). 2. κύκλ-ιος 'circular' (Att.). 3. -ucd¢ 'circular, belonging to a circle' (Arist.), 4. -όεις (δ. [lyr.], AP). 5. τώδης (Hp.) 'id'. 6. κυκλιιαῖος 'turning in a circle' (Att. inscr.). 7. -ιακός, in Ta κυκλιακά, title of a treatise on the circle (late); 8. κυκλατός 'shod', of horses (pap. VI?). ' C. Verbs: 1. κυκλέω 'to turn in a circle, surround' (H 332), whence κύκλησις 'revolution' (Pl). 2. κυκλόω 'to make circular; surround' (IA), whence -wpa 'rounding, round object, wheel, etc.' (E.), -wotc 'surrounding' (Th, X.). 3. κυκλεύω 'to surround, go in a circle', e.g. of a water-wheel, 'to irrigate' (Hp, Str. pap.),

===Pag_846: Beekes_Página_0846.tiff=== XXXXXκυληβις 799 whence κύκλ-ευμα 'water-wheel', -ευτήριον 'id', -ευτής 'watcher of a water-wheel' (pap.). 4. κυκλίζω 'to turn around' (Agatharch.), τισμός (comm. Arist.). 5. κυκλάζει' κύκλῳ περιέρχεται 'goes around in a circle'. 6. κυκλαίνει' στρογγυλοῖ 'is round' (H.).

    *ETYM Old name of the wheel, preserved in several languages: Skt. cakrd- [m., n.],  Av. caxra- [m.], Gm., e.g. OE hwéol [n.] (also hweowol, hweogol) > MoE wheel, from  reduplicated IE *k'e-k"I-o-. With u-coloring of the reduplication vowel, due to the  surrounding labiovelars, Gr. κύκλος and ToA kukdl (B kokale) 'wagon'. Related, but  unclear in detail, is Phr. κίκλην: τὴν ἄρκτον τὸ ἄστρον (H.), originally 'wagon' (cf. Porzig 1954a: 183). An archaic formation with full grade and without reduplication is  found in ON hvel (beside hjdl = OE hwéol) and OPr. kelan, from IE *k'élo- [n.]; o-  vocalism, in OCS kolo, gen. -ese 'wheel, wagon'. The word is derived from the root  *k'el(H)- 'turn'; see ▶︎ πέλομαι. Given that the meaning 'wheel' (> 'wagon') is  represented almost everywhere, one may wonder if the meaning 'circle' is secondary. An original meaning 'turning, turner' is suspected for the Baltic word for 'neck', e.g. Lith. kaklas < IE *k'o-k"l-o- (2).

XXXXXκύκνος [m.] 'swan' (IL), also name of a ship, after the front part (Nicostr. Com.), and of an eye-salve, after its color (Gal.), whence κυκνάριον 'id' (Aét, Gal.); also as a PN (Pi.).

    *DER κύκνειος 'of the swan' (Pi, S., Hell.), fem. -itic (S.); κυκνίας [m.] name of a  white eagle (Paus.), cf. kopakiac, etc., Chantraine 1933: 94.

    *ETYM Abundant discussion on κύκνος in Thompson 1895 s.v. Connected with Skt. Sécati 'to lighten, glow', Sukrd- 'light, clear, white'; the root is now reconstructed as  *(s)keuk- by Lubotsky Inc. ling. 24 (2001) (formerly *keuk-).

XXXXXκυκύιζα - γλυκεῖα κολόκυντα 'sweet κολόκυντα᾽ and κύκυον' τὸν σικυόν 'cucumber' (H.). -"σίκυος.

XXXXXκύλα [n.pl.] 'the parts under the eyes' (Ηρ., Sor.), cf. κύλα' τὰ ὑποκάτω τῶν βλεφάρων κοιλώματα. TA ὑπὸ τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς μῆλα. τὰ ὑπώπια 'the cavities under the eyelids; the swellings under the eyes; the parts of the face under the eyes' (H.). < PG(v)>

    *VAR Var. lectio κοιλ- (cf. LSJ s.v.). Also κύλλια: ὑπώπια μέλανα 'black eyes' (H.),  κύλλαβοι' ὑπώπια 'parts of the face under the eyes' (H.).

    *COMP As a first member in κυλ-οιδιάω 'to have a swelling under the eyes' (Ar. Theoc.), compound of κύλα and oidéw (oidoc) after the verbs of disease in -ιάω;  κυλοιάζειν: τὸ τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς ἐπικλίνειν χλευάζοντα 'scornful shutting of the eyes'  (Theognost. Can. 21).

    *DER Diminutive κυλίδες, -άδες (Poll. Eust.); ἐπι-κυλίδες 'the upper eyelids' (Poll.),  probably a hypostasis. PN Κύλων (Argos), Κύλασος (Larisa), Κύλαπος (Argos), see  Solmsen 1909: 88f.; on KvAwidac, -ἰάδας (Delph.) see Bechtel 1917a: 31}.

    *ETYM Not related to ▶︎ κύαρ, for we would expect long ὕ from *kuh,I-. The  connection with Lat. super-cilium 'eyebrow is probably wrong: cf. De Vaan 2008 sv. cilium, connected with the root *kel- 'to hide'. The variants with κυλλ- rather show  that the word is from Pre-Greek *kub'-.

XXXXXκυληβις - κολοβή 'curtailed'. = κύλληβις.

===Pag_847: Beekes_Página_0847.tiff===

XXXXXκυλίνδω [v.] 'to roll, turn over' (IL).

    *VAR Also intr. med. -ομαι; -έω, -ἔομαι (Att.), fut. κυλίσω (Att.), κυλινδήσω (late),  aor. κυλῖσαι (Pi, 1A), pass. -ισθῆναι (Il.), -ινδηθῆναι (Str.), perf. med. κεκύλισμαι  (Luc., Nonn.); secondary present κυλίω (Ar.) to κυλῖσαι < -iv6-cau.

    *COMP Often with prefix, e.g. mpo-, ἐκ-, Ev-, ἀμφι-.

    *DER 1. Κύλινδρος [m.] 'rolling stone, tumbler, cylinder, etc.' (Democr. 155, Hell.),  whence xvdAivdp-tov, -ίσκος, -ἰκός, -6w (Hell.). 2. κύλϊῖσις 'rolling, turning over'  (Arist.), -ἰσμός 14. (Thd.), -topta 'roll, etc' (Sm.), -ictpa 'place for horses to roll in'  (ζ, Poll.), -ἰστός [m.] 'roll of papyrus, packet' (pap.); τρι-κύλιστος (Epicur. fr. 125)  with unclear mg., see De Witt Class. Phil.35 (1940): 183. 3. κυλίνδησις 'rolling' (Pl. Plu.).

    *ETYM The same element -vd- is found in the synonyms »dXivdw, -éw,  > καλινδέομαι; further unclear. Most often connected with ▶︎ κυλλός 'curved, lame'  'zu einer allumfassenden Wurzel (s)kel- 'bent, curved' (s. κῶλον, σκέλος)". The  word is hardly IE. κύλιξ, -ικος [f., m.] (drinking) cup' (post-Hom.). <PG(V)>

    *VAR Note κυλίσκη, -ίχνη.

    *COMP Some compounds, e.g. κυλικ-ήρυτος 'scooped with a cup' (Call.), εὐ-κύλικος  'with beautiful cups' (AP).

    *DER Diminutives: κυλίκιον (Thphr.), κυλίσκη (Ὁ. H.,, Poll.), hardly from -ἰκ-ίσκη  (Schwyzer: 542), -ioxtov (Poll.); -ίχνη (Alc, Ar.), Chantraine 1933: 195; Lat. LW  culigna; -tyviov (Ar., Hell.), -ἰχνίς (Achae.); further «vAuc-etov 'cup-stander' (com.,  pap.), -ειος 'belonging to a cup' (Poll.), -ώδης 'like a κι᾿ (sch.).

    *ETYM The word looks similar to Lat. calix 'deep bowl, cup', but a variation *a/u is  unknown in Indo-European words. For the same reason, ▶︎ κάλυξ 'seed-vessel, husk'  is not identical with our word. One might assume a pre-form *k'/H-ik- in order to  explain both Greek and Latin, but this is an improbable formation for PIE. With anlauting sk-, U skalse-to 'ex patera' has been connected (by comparison with  ▶︎ σκαλλίον), but it does not belong here for the same reason. As with so many names  of cups, εἴς, we must reckon with loans. See Fur. 110, 132%, who points to κυλί-σκ-η  and κυλίχν-ιον, etc. with aspiration before the nasal. As this feature is non-IE, the  word may be Pre-Greek; note that «« is a typical Pre-Greek suffix (Pre-Greek:  suffixes), and that xvA-tk- is a typical Pre-Greek structure.

XXXXXκύλλα - σκύλαξ. Ἠλεῖοι 'puppy (Elis) (H.). = σκύλαξ.

XXXXXκύλληβις - κολοβόνίτα] . οἱ δὲ τὰ κέρατα κολόβια παρ᾽ Ἱππώνακτι 'short horns' (fr. 122).

    *VAR  κυληβίς: κολοβή 'curtailed' (H.). Cf. Theognost. 21, 19.

    *ETYM Unknown. The glosses are unclear, but a variation typical for Pre-Greek may  be recognized in κυλί(λληβις: KoAOB- (note A/AA).

XXXXXκυλλός [adj.] 'deformed, crippled, crooked', of hands, feet, etc. (IA).

===Pag_848: Beekes_Página_0848.tiff=== XXXXXκύμβη 1 801

    *COMP As a first member in κυλλο-ποδίων (-ov [voc.]) epithet of Hephaistos, 'with  crippled feet, limping' (Il.), from κυλλό-πους 'id.' (Hell.) after the nouns in -iwv  (Schwyzer: 487).

    *DER κυλλόομαι, -dw [v.] 'to be crippled' (Hp., Gal.), -wotc, -ωμα; κυλλαίνω (intr.)  'id? (S., Ph.). Also κύλλαιος: βόστρυχος 'lock of hair' (H.).

    *ETYM Probably connected with κελλόν: στρεβλόν, πλάγιον 'twisted, athwart' (H.);  see ▶︎ κελλάς. The word ▶︎ κυλίνδω does not belong here, nor do Skt. kuni- 'lame (of  the army, kundd- [n.] 'jar'; see Mayrhofer KEWA s.v. The form was recently  explained differently by Meier-Briigger KZ 103 (1990): 20-23, who derives the word  from *k*el- 'turn' as *k'l-no- 'turned outward or inward'. Vine 1999b: 566 accepted  the etymology of the root, but assumed *k'ol(H)-id-, according to a variant of  Cowgill's Law (Ὁ > v before *-li-). In view of its semantics and problematic IE  etymology, the word may as well be Pre-Greek (cf. Fur.: 354%).

XXXXXκῦμα, -ατος [n.] 1. 'wave, breakers', also metaph. (1].); 2. = κύημα 'foetus, embryo' (A., E., AP), 'young sprout' (Thphr., Gal.), see Stromberg 1937: 79. <1E *kuh,- 'swell'>

    *COMP κυματωγή < *kupato-Fayr 'breaking of the waves, beach' (Hdt.); ἀ-κύμων  'without waves' (Pi. trag.), also 'without foetus' (E.), opposed to ἐγ-κύμων (Att.);  also ἄ-κυμος (E., Arist.), ἀκύματος (Trag. Adesp.) 'without waves'.

    *DER Diminutive κυμάτιον 'the volute on the Ionic capital' (inscr.); κυματ-ίης, -iac  {m.] 'causing waves, stormy' (Ion. poet.), -ώδης (Arist.), -όεις (Arist., Opp.), -ηρός  (gloss.) 'full of waves'. Denominative verbs: 1. κυμαίνω 'to rise in waves, swell (II.), 'to become pregnant'  (γαστέρα; late Epic), also with éx-, etc; thence κύμανσις (Arist.); 2. κυματόομαι, -dw  'to rise in waves, cover with waves' (Th. Luc., Plu.), whence -wotg (Str.); 3. κυματίζομαι 'to roll with the waves' (Arist.). Here also belongs Κυμώ [f.], name of a Nereid (Hes.); also Κύμη (Kretschmer Glotta  24 (1936): 277ff.)?

    *ETYM In the meaning 'foetus', κῦμα is clearly a verbal noun of ▶︎ kvéw. The meaning  'wave', which is more common and older, may also derive from 'swelling' (cf. οἶδμα).

XXXXXκύμβαχος [adj., subst.] 1. adjectival, falling head-first' (E 586; imitated by Call. Lyc.); 2. substantival, probably 'crest of a helmet' (O 536).

    *ETYM Acc. to Leumann 1950: 231ff., the divergent meanings should be explained  from an original substantival, technical sense. The formation favors this as well; cf. especially ovpiayoc 'end of a spear', στόμαχος originally 'end of the mouth', ie. 'throat'. The form κύμβη 'drinking cup' has been taken as the basis, but this is  unconvincing. Others, e.g. Kuiper 1956: 213f., have started from a nasalized form of  > κύβη 'head', ▶︎ κυβιστάω: these forms in κυβ- without prenasalization show that the  word is Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκύμβη 1 [f.] 'cup, bow!' (Nic., Ath.), 'boat' (δ. fr. 127),

    *VAR Also κόμβος = τὸ ἔκπωμα 'drinking-cup' (H.), but does it really belong here?

    *DER κύμβος [m., ἢ.] 'hollow vessel' (Nic. H.); κυμβίον (-ei-) [n.] 'small cup' (Att.,  Hell.), 'small boat' (H., Suid.). Also κύμβαλον [n.], usually -a [pl.] 'cymbal (Pi, A.,  X.), cf. κρόταλον, whence the diminutive κυμβάλιον (Hero) and denominative

===Pag_849: Beekes_Página_0849.tiff===

κυμβαλίζω 'to play the cymbals' (Hell.), -ἰσμός, -ἰστής, -ἰστρια (late). Probably ἀνεκυμβαλίαζον 'they clashed together like κύμβαλα, of δίφροι (IT 379), also belongs here.

    *ETYM Previously connected with Skt. kumbhd-, Av. xumba- [m.] 'pot', and Celtic  vessel names like MIr. comm, cummal. More forms in Pok. 592, WH s.v. cub6é. Because of the sequence *kumb™- (either with *b, which did not exist in PIE, or with  both voiceless and aspirated stops *k - b', which is an impossible root structure in  native Indo-European words), the word cannot be inherited. It is rather a  'Wanderwort', which fits a vessel term very well. From «061, Lat. borrowed cymba,  cumba 'ship' (acc. to Plin. HN 7, 208 it is Phoenician), Fur.: 284 compares κύπη 'ship,  etc. (H.) and considers the word to be Pre-Greek; likewise, DELG. See ▶︎ κύπη.

XXXXXκύμβη 2 [{1 = κύβη 'Kepadn' (only EM 545, 27).

    *DER κυμβιηγτιάω 'to fall head first' (ibd.); cf. κυβητίζω, etc. s.v. ▶︎ κυβιστάω.

    *ETYM Perhaps identical with ▶︎ κύμβη 1 'cup' (cf. Lat. testa > Fr. téte, etc.). The  prenasalization in the pair κύμβη  κύβη proves Pre-Greek origin. Of course,  κύμβαχος 'head first' belongs here too.

XXXXXκύμβη 3 [f.] name of an unknown bird, in πτεροβαμοσι κύμβαις (Emp. 20, 7).

    *VAR Cf. κόμβα: κορώνη. Πολυρρήνιοι 'crow, shearwater (Polyrrhenian) (H.);  κύμβας: ὄρνιθας 'birds' (H.).

    *ETYM Unknown. See Thompson 1895 s.v. If κόμιβα is a variant, the word is Pre-  Greek.

XXXXXκύμινδις, -ἰος, τιἰδος [f, m.] name of an unknown bird (& 291, Ar. Av. 1181, Arist.).

    *VAR κύβινδις (ν.1.} this form was borrowed into Latin (Plin. N.H. το, 24), see André  1967 s.v. cybindis, also as cibinnus (Pol. Silv.). In Greek also κυβήναις [read  κύβινδις:]: yAadE[atc] 'little owl CH.) (thus Fur.: 216°); ν.1]. κόμινδις (Procl.).

    *ETYM The sch. on Ar. Av. 291 identified the bird with κικυμωΐς (Call. cf. κίκυμος,  τυβος Η.); therefore, it was understood as 'owl'. Clearly a loanword, because of the  suffix -v6-; perhaps of Anatolian origin, or Pre-Greek, which may amount to the  same.

XXXXXκύμῖνον ([n.J 'cumin' (Hp., Sophr., com.).

    *DIAL Myc. ku-mi-no /kuminon/.

    *COMP As a first member eg. in κυμινο-πρίστης 'cumin-splitter', ie. 'skinflint'  (Arist., com.).

    *DER κυμινώδης 'like x.' (Thphr.), -tvog 'of «., -ἂς 'k.-seller' (inser. Jaffa), -ebw 'to  besprinkle with x.' (Orac. apud Luc.).

    *ETYM Thought to be a loan from Semitic; cf. Hebr. kammon, Akk. kaminu, etc. (Lewy 1895: 38), although Kretschmer KZ 29 (1888): 440 rather saw these reflected in  the plant names κάμων (Nic.) and σκαμ(μ)ωνία, -wviov (com. Nic.) 'kind of  bindweed'. Frisk suggests that the word may have been borrowed from Semitic  twice. See also Masson 1967: 51.

===Pag_850: Beekes_Página_0850.tiff=== XXXXXκυπάρισσος 803 However, Ruijgh Lingua 58 (1982): 209 suggested that the word, with its typical Pre- Greek suffix -iv-, was in the first place a loan from Anatolia (or the Aegaean); Semitic could have taken it from the same source; cf. Fur.: 187" on βράθυ. Borrowed as the Lat. LW cuminum, whence the modern European forms (Schrader-Nehring 1917(1): 655).

XXXXXκυνάμυια [f.] 'dog-fly' (IL.), usually as a term of abuse.

    *VAR Later κυνό-μυια (LXX, AP), with analogical -o-.

    *ETYM Frisk assumes older *xvd-tiuia from IE *kuyy- > Skt. Suva-, with -v- from  κυνός, etc. This seems improbable, but no other solution is apparent. For the  meaning, cf. Lith. Sun-musé 'id.'; further, Risch IF 59 (1949): 59.

XXXXXκύνδαλος [m.] 'wooden nail (Poll. H.).

    *VAR Plur. both -ot and -a.

    *COMP κυνδαλο-παίκτης (Poll.), -παίστης (H.) '«.-player'.

    *DER κυνδαλισμός 'the game of x' (Poll.), also called κυνδάλη (H.).

    *ETYM The formation recalls that of the synonymous πάσσαλος. The word has a  typical Pre-Greek appearance: prenasalization(?) and the structure *CuNC-aR-.

XXXXXκυνέω [v.] 'to prostrate (oneself at), to kiss the ground, to honor by prostrating' (Hom.), also 'to throw kiss-hands' (cf. Marti Lang. 12, 272ff.). Mostly poetic (prose uses φιλέωλ.

    *VAR Aor. κύσ(σλαι (Hom.), fut. κυνήσομαι (E.), κύσσω (Babr.).

    *COMP The compound προσ-κυνέω occurs in prose: aor. προσ-κυνῆσαι (1A), -κύσαι  (S., Ar.), fut. -κυνήσω (Hippon., Pl), -κεκύνηκα (LXX.). Thence προσκύνηςσις (Pl. Arist.), μα (Hell.) 'prostration, reverence', -τής 'adorer' (oriental inscr., NT), -τήρ  'footstool for prayer' (Mon.Ant.).

    *DER From the simplex only κυνη-τίνδα (παίζειν, Crates Com.).

    *ETYM Interesting for the interpretation of the Greek is the Hittite verb kuyass-" 'to  kiss'. As remarked by Kloekhorst 2008 s.v., it is consistently spelled with a geminate  -5§-, which acc. to him points to an IE pre-form *Kuens-. The Greek nasal present  κυνέω, which seems to go back to *ku-ne-s-, may somehow reflect the same archaic  formation, though admittedly the Schwebeablaut is difficult. This means that the  root may be reconstructed as *kues-, not *kuas- (Eichner in LIV? s.v. *kyas-). As has  been remarked by Puhvel HED s.v., the word may be onomatopoeic in origin. This  may explain the deviating initial in the Germanic word for 'kiss', eg. OHG kus,  kussen, which escaped Grimm's Law (it may also be unrelated). A formally identical  root *kues- (perhaps even *kuns-; cf. Kloekhorst ibid.) is found in Skt. svas- 'to hiss'.

XXXXXκυπάρισσος [f.] 'cypress' (€ 64).

    *VAR Att. -ἰττος.

    *DIAL Myc. ku-pa-ri-se-ja [n.p].] 'made of cypress-wood', probably the ethnic name  ku-pa-ri-si-jo. ᾿

    *DER Diminutive -ittiov (Alciphr.); further -ίσσινος, -ίττινος 'of cypress-wood' (ρ  340), -tootac 'Euphorbia aleppica' (Dsc; Stromberg 1940: 35), -ἰσσών, -ὥνος [m.]  'cypress forest' (Str.). Town name Κυπάρισσος (in Phocis, B 519), also -ἰσσοῦς,

===Pag_851: Beekes_Página_0851.tiff===

, -εὡως -ἰσσία, -ἰσσιαί, -ἰσσήεις (of Elis, B 593), κυφαρισσινος (inscr. Aegina); also Κυπαρίσσιος epithet of Apollo (Cos), Kugapiocia of Artemis (Lacon., IG 5(1), 977); Κυφαρισσίτας of Pan (Crete).

    *ETYM Clearly a Pre-Greek word, because of the 'foreign phoneme' -oo-/-tt-, and  notably the variant Κυφ- in the toponym and the epithets. Latin has cupressus (note  the -e-). Perhaps Hebr. gofer is from the same source. See Fur. 159f., index. On other  names of the cypress, see Schrader-Nehring 1917(1): 671.

XXXXXκύπασσις, -εως [m.] name of a (short) frock, also worn by women (Alc. Z 34, 7, cf. Hamm 1957: 53, Hecat., lon Trag., AP).

    *VAR Plur. -ἰδὲς (Alc.).

    *DER Diminutive -ίσκος (Hippon. 18).

    *ETYM An Anatolian loanword, connected with Lydians and Persians in our sources  (cf. Gow Class. Rev.69 (1955): 238f.). A striking agreement is shown by Hitt. kupahi-  (von Blumenthal 1930: 27ff.), which however seems to indicate a headgear; see  Friedrich 1952.

XXXXXκύπειρον [n.] name of a meadow-plant with an aromatic root, 'galingale, Cyperus longus, rotundus' (® 351, 6 603, Thphr.), cf. Stromberg 1937: 7of. < PG(V)>

    *VAR Also -ος [m.] (h. Merc. 107, com. Thphr., Theoc.); κύπερος [m.] (lon., Dsc.,  Plu.), κύπαιρος (Alcm. 16), κύπερα- τὰ σχοινία ἐκ κυπείρου πεπλεγμένα 'the cords  plaited from the galingale' (H.).

    *DIAL Myc. ku-pa-ro /kupa(i)ros/.

    *DER Diminutive κυπαιρίσκος (Alcm. 38), κυπερίζω 'to be like the galingale' (Dsc.).

    *ETYM A foreign Pre-Greek word; on the varying form, cf. Schwyzer 471f. Cf. on  »κύπρος 1. The word probably reflects *kupar'-, which explains the variants  κυπα(ὺρο- and κυπε(ι)ρο-; the *a was phonetically colored to ¢ before a palatal  consonant, which also explains the lack or presence of t. Cf. on ▶︎ Κάβειροι. See  Mayer RILomb. 94 (1960): 316 and E. Masson 1967: 111.

XXXXXκὕπελλον [n.] 'bulbous drinking vessel, beaker, goblet' (11...

    *VAR Note κύφελλα 'hollows of the ears' (Lyc.).

    *DIAL Myc. [ku]-pe-ra (uncertain, cf. Palmer 1963: 364).

    *COMP Some compounds, notably ἀμφι-κύπελλον [n.], epithet of δέπας (Hom.),  literally 'with cups at both sides', 1.6. 'double beaker'; acc. to Aristarchus (EM 90, 43;  cf. Ath. 11, 783b) 'double-handled'; cf. Kretschmer Glotta 20 (1932): 248, Brommer  Herm. 77 (1942): 358f., 366.

    *ETYM Acc. to ἃ witness in Ath. 11, 483, κύπελλον was known to both Cyprians and  Cretans; cf. Bowra JHS 54 (1934): 73. In the traditional interpretation, -ελλο- is a  combination of suffixes -A- and -to- (cf. Chantraine 1933: 253 and Schwyzer: 483). One may then connects κύπη: τρώγλη 'hole' (H.), with corresponding forms in Lat. citpa 'vat', Skt. kipa- [m.] 'pit, hole', etc; see Mayrhofer EWAia s.v. kupa-. However,  Purnée compares not only κύπη (H.) in various meanings (Fur.: 121), but also κύβος  ἐν τρύβλιον (HL) and κύμβη 'cup', κύμβος 'id.' (op. cit. 176 and 284). The word was a  widespread 'Wanderwort', but given the variants it was probably Pre-Greek. Moreover, -ελλο- rather continues the Pre-Greek suffix -aP-.

===Pag_852: Beekes_Página_0852.tiff=== XXXXXκύπτω 8ος

XXXXXκυπρῖνος [m.] 'carp' (Arist., Opp.).

    *ETYM Formation like ἀτταγῖνος and other fish names (see on ▶︎ ἀτταγᾶς and  Stromberg 1943: 41), derived from ▶︎ κύτιρος 'henna' after the color (cf. Stromberg  1943: 2off.). Other names for the carp are not connected (eg. Skt. Saphara- [m.] =  Lith. Sapalas, or OHG karp(fyo, etc.). The suffix -iv- is well-known in Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκύπρος 1 [f.] 'henna, Lawsonia inermis', also a salve made of it (Thphr., LXX, Dsc.).

    *DER κύπρινον (of μύρον, ἔλαιον, Dsc. Aret.); κύπριον: TO ἀρνόγλωσσον 'plantain'  (H.). Denominative verb κυπρίζω 'to bloom', whence κυπρισμός 'blooming' (of olive  or vine, LXX, Eust.). On ▶︎ κυπρῖνος, see s.v.

    *ETYM From Semitic; cf. Hebr. kdfer (Lewy 1895: 4of.). The word ▶︎ κύπειρον, -o¢ does  not belong here. See also E. Masson 1967: 52.

XXXXXκύπρος 2 [m.] a corn measure (Alc, inscr.); ἡμί-κυπρον (Hippon.), acc. to H. = ἥμισυ μεδίμνου 'half a medimnus'. <?>

    *ETYM Persson 1912(1): 1044 compares κύπελλον, κύπη; rather a loan. Lewy 1895: 263'  recalls Hebr. k'pér 'beaker'.

XXXXXΚύπρος 3 [f.] the island Cyprus (II). <?>

    *DIAL Myc. ku-pi-ri-jo /Kuprios/.

    *DER Κύπρις, -ίδος, -ἰδα, -tv [f.] name of Aphrodite (1l.}; Κύπριος 'Cyprian' (1A),  Κυπριακός 14. (Ὁ. S.).

    *ETYM The similarity with Sumer. zabar 'copper' ('gleaming stone'), whence Assyr. siparru > Elam. cupar 'id', is accidental, see Ipsen IF 39 (1917-1921): 232ff. Neu 1987: 181f. (see also Neu 1988: 37, Neu Glotta 73 (1995): 1-7) points to Hurr. kab/pali- from a root kab/p- 'copper' as the possible origin of the name. It is  remarkable, though, that this word has no -μ-. The word might come from a  substrate language. The word is found in a Middle-Hittite text from 1400 BC, where  kup- may stand for kab/p. Cyprus was famous for its copper in antiquity. In the Bronze Age, the island (or a  part of it) was called Alas(h)iia; the name lives on in the epithet Ἀλασιώτης of  Apollo. It was borrowed as Lat. cuprum, older (aes) cyprium 'copper'. From Latin originate  MoFr. cuivre, MoE copper, MoHG Kupfer.

XXXXXκύπτω [v.] 'to bend forward, stoop, to run with the head down' (IA).

    *VAR Aor. κύψαι (IL), fut. κύψομαι, -w (Att, Hell.), perf. κέκῦφα (1A).

¢CoOmMP Often with prefix, e.g. dva-, kata-, ἐπι-, παρα-, bito-, ὕπερ-.

    *DER ἐπί-, κατά-, παρά-, πρό-κυψις 'stooping' (medic., Hell.); συγκύπται [pl.] 'rafters,  sloping beams' (Ath. Mech.), παρακυπτικός 'looking inside, inspecting inquisitively'  (Cod. Iust.). Adverb κύβδα 'bent forward' (Archil. com.). Enlarged present κυπτάζω  'to keep stooping, go poking about' (com.). Besides κῦφός 'bent forwards,  hunchbacked' (8 16), with several derivatives: κύφων, -wvoc [m.] 'bent yoke of the  plough; pillory; one who has had his neck in a pillory; curved beam, etc.' (Thgn,  Archil., com., εἴς.) kupwwov a kind of salve (Alex. Trall.), -ιτσμός 'punishment by

===Pag_853: Beekes_Página_0853.tiff===

the κ' (sch.); κυφότης 'being bent' (Hld.), κῦφος [n.] 'hump, hunch' (Hdn.). Denominative κυφόομαι 'to be bent, hump-backed', κύφωσις 'being hump-backed', τωμα 'hump' (medic.); κύφω, in κύφοντα ὀφθαλμοῖς 'with downcast eyes' (LXX), perhaps a back-formation (to κυφός or Kéxv@a?). With factitive mg. κυπόω 'to overthrow', only in (ἀνα-)κυπώσας (Lyc., Nic.); perhaps after τύπτω: tundw?

    *ETYM The formation of κῦφός is isolated within Greek, and therefore it may contain  the original root shape. The word κυφός has been compared with Skt. kubhrd- [m.]. 'humpbacked bull, kubjd- chumpbacked, crooked', but for these Munda origin has  also been claimed. A direct comparison of κῦφος [n.] with Av. -kadfa- [m.]    'mountain, camel-hump' (Brandenstein 1956: 53) is deceptive, as κῦφος is late and  was derived from κυφός within Greek. Other branches of IE show words with root-  final *-p-: Lith. kupra 'hump', OHG hovar 'id', etc. Glosses like κύφερον ἢ κυφήν-  κεφαλήν. Κρῆτες 'head (Cretan) (H.) probably do not belong here; see ▶︎ κύμβη 2. It  has also been compared with words for 'pot, jar', like Skt. kumbhd-, Av. xumba- [m.]    (cf. Sturtevant Lang. 17 (1941): 10). The variation kvg-/ κυπ- (in κυπόω) points to a  Pre-Greek word. Cf. on ▶︎ κύπελλον, ▶︎ κύμβη 1, ▶︎ κύβος, ▶︎ κυψέλη.

XXXXXκυρβασία [f.] name of a Persian hat with a pointed crown (Hdt., Ηρ., Ar.), acc. to Η. = ὀρθὴ τιάρα 'upright tiara'.

    *ETYM Groéelj Ziva Ant. 4 (1954): 172 compares Hitt. (Hurrit.) kurpisi- 'part of a  helmet, helmet' (precise meaning uncertain).

XXXXXκύρβεις [plf, m.] name of rotating pillars or columns, in the form of a three-sided pyramid, on which the laws of Solon were inscribed in Athens; also used of other inscribed tables (Att., Arist.).

    *VAR Also -ἰες, gen. -εων; rarely κύρβις [sg. ].

    *ETYM Asa technical expression, suspected of being a loan (perhaps Pre-Greek?). Of  course, the older connection with ▶︎ καρπός 'hand-root' is unacceptable. Fick BB 29  (1905): 239 and Kretschmer Sprache 2 (1950-1952): 68 also adduced the ▶︎ KipBavtec,  which would have been named after their whirling dances. Discussion in Jeffery 1961:    53f.

XXXXXκυρήβια, -iwv [n-pl.] 'husks, bran' (Crat. Hp. Ar.). «(Ὁ

    *DER κυρηβιο-πώλης [m.] 'seller of clay' (Hp. Ar. Epicur.). Κυρηβίων, -ίωνος [m.]  epithet (D., Ath.).

    *ETYM Formation and origin both unknown. Fur. 271 connects it with Hitt. kurim pa- 'residue, dregs', but there seems little reaon for this. On κυρηβάζω, etc., see  ▶︎ κυρίττω.

XXXXXκύριος [η1.] 'lord, ruler, possessor', also as an adjective 'ruling, decisive, valid, decided' (post-Hom.). <1£ *keuh,- 'swell, be strong'>

    *VAR  κυρία [f.] (Πάν. who rules' (Hell.).

    *DER κυρία (from κυρι-ία) [f.] 'control, possession' (Arist. Hell.), κυριότης [f.]  'lordship, rule' (Christian literature); κυριακός 'belonging to the lord (= Christ), to  the emperor' (imperial period); κυριεύω [v.] 'to be or become lord, to possess, obtain  power (X, Arist.), whence κυριεία, κυρεία (Schwyzer: 194) 'possession, proprietary

===Pag_854: Beekes_Página_0854.tiff=== XXXXXκῦρος 807 rights' (Hell.), κυριευτικός, -κῶς 'regarding the proprietary rights' (pap.). κυρόω 'to become or make lawful' (IA), aor. pass. κυρωθῆναι, act. κυρῶσαι, whence κύρωσις 'ratification' (Th., P].), κυρωτής 'who ratifies' (Att. inscr.); back-formation κῦρος [n.] 'authority, confirmation' (IA). ἄκῦρος 'without authority, invalid' (Att.), whence ἀκυρόω [v.] 'to render invalid' (Din., Hell.), whence ἀκύρωσις, -ωτος, -woia (late).

    *ETYM ἄ-κῦρ-ος 'without authority' presupposes an r-stem also found in κύριος  (another example is ἄν-υδρ-ος 'without water', based on ὕδωρ). A trace of this r-  stem is probably found in ἔγ-κυαρ 'pregnant' (Miletus [VI*]), from *kbap 'foetus' <  *kuh,-r (Kretschmer Glotta 8 (1917): 250). Beside κύριος, there may have been a  simple thematic derivative "κῦρος, which would correspond to Skt. sitra-, Av. siira-  'hero': cf. the Skt. words for 'sun', sir-ya- and siir-a-, derived from the ntr. stivar- (an  old I-stem; see on ▶︎ ἥλιος). From this "κῦρος [m.], κυρωθῆναι and κυρόω may derive  as well; however, κυρωθῆναι can also be derived directly from the r-stem (cf. ἀνδρωθῆναι to ἀνήρ). Other derivations: Skt. sévira- 'strong, powerful' (*keuh,ro-),  Celtic, e.g. Gaul. Kavapoc, W cawr 'giant'; the appurtenance of Κυάριγ ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ (H.)  is uncertain. Further details s.v. >» kvéw.

XXXXXκυρίττω [v.] 'to butt with the horns' (A. PL, Arist.).

    *VAR Fut. κυρίξω.

    *COMP With prefix: ἀγκυρίττει: μεταμέλεται. Κρῆτες 'repents (Cretan)' (H.); cf. Bechtel 1921, 2: 777.

    *DER κύριξις (Ael.), κυρίττιλος: κορύπτης, πλήκτης 'one that butts with the head,  striker' (H.). Also κυρίζω (EM); cf. κυρίζεσθε: τρίβεσθε 'are rubbed (down), worn  out? (H.). An unclear by-form is κυρηβάζω (Ar. Cratin.), aor. med. -άσασθαι,  whence κυρήβασις, -ola (sch.); metaphorically, it also means λοιδορεῖσθαι 'to  slander': κυρηβάτης καὶ κύρηβος: ὁ ἀσελγὴς ἐν τῷ λοιδορεῖν 'sbd. brutal in  slandering' (H.).

    *ETYM The old connection with ▶︎ κορύπτω, ▶︎ κέρας does not explain the formation. Frisk follows Curtius and Prellwitz, who connected »ktpw 'to hit, meet with,  obtain', but this seems improbable (thus also DELG). Cf. Fur.: 363, who gives no  solution; the suffix -ηβ- in κυρηβάζω is hardly inherited.

XXXXXκυρκανάω [v.] 'to stir, mix, contrive' (Hp., Ar., Epin.,, EM).

    *COMP Also with ovv-.

    *DER Backformation κυρκάνη = ταραχή (EM, Hdn. Gr.); also κυρκαίη (Suid. s.v. Ὅμηρος) for κυρβαίη, epithet of μάζα (Hom. Epigr. 15, 6).

    *ETYM Expressive enlargement of κυκάω (cf. Schwyzer: 700) with infixed p; cf. τύρβη  or φύρω. The inserted p may be a Pre-Greek element; cf. Fur. 305.

XXXXXκύρνοι [m.] - οἱ νόθοι 'bastards' (H.), acc. to Phot. Macedonian; also as a PN (cf. Solmsen 1909: 104). < PG?>

    *ETYM Unexplained. Fur.: 363 compares κοριναῖος 'id.' (Marsyas Phil., 24 J.), which is  also called Macedonian. Perhaps the two forms can be explained from Pre-Greek  *kur'n-?    κῦρος 'authority'. -ρκύριος.

===Pag_855: Beekes_Página_0855.tiff===

κυρσάνιος 'young man'.

    *ETYM Laconian for ▶︎ σκυρθάλιος,

XXXXXκυρτός [adj.] 'vaulted, rounded, bulging, hunchbacked' (IL, Hell.). «(Ὁ

    *DER κυρτότης 'vaulting, rounding, lumpiness' (Arist, Str. Plu.). Denominative  verbs: κυρτόομαι, -6w 'to form a vault, belly out' (A 244, X.), κύρτωμα CHp.), -ωσις  (medic., Vett. Val.) 'vaulting, bellying out', κυρτωτός 'hunchbacked' (Vett. Val.);  Kuptaivw 'to form a vault, rounding' (PMag., Suid.).

    *ETYM The word remains without direct agreement. The comparison with Lat. curvus 'vaulted, bellied, crooked' presupposes that κυρτός continues a reduced grade  *kr-to- with u-coloring. As a u-colored reduced grade is difficult, it is doubtful  whether this comparison (and others) is valid at all. Schrijver 1997: 297 assumes an  IE root *kur-, but such a root structure is foreign to IE. The comparison with  ▶︎ κορώνη (Frisk, DELG) is also unfounded, as this does not continue *kor-6u-n-.

XXXXXκύρτος [m.] 'weel, lobster pot'? (Sapph, Pl, Arist, pap.), also 'bird-cage' (AP).

    *COMP κυρτο-βόλος 'fisherman' (Smyrna).

    *DER κύρτη [f.] 'bird-cage' (Archil.), 'bow-net' (Hdt, Ὁ. §.), 'strainer' (Nic.). Diminutives κυρτίς 'strainer' (Nic., Dsc., Opp.), -ἰδιον 'strainer' (Dsc.); also kuptiov  name of an unknown part of a chariot (Poll. 1, 143). Further κυρτία 'wicker shield'  (Ὁ. S.), κυρτεύς 'fisherman' (Herod., Opp.), κυρτευτής 'id' (AP) and xupteia 'fishing  with the bow-net' (Ael.), from *xuptetw or analogically after ἁλι-ευτής, -eia. Here  farther kupoepidec: τὰ τῶν μελισσῶν ἀγγεῖα, κυψελίδες 'honeycomb, beehives' (Η.),  pointing to *kvpoégpa, but this was rather not formed after κρησέρα 'fine sieve' (as  per Grogelj Ziva Ant. 3 (1953): 202).

    *ETYM There is no convincing etymology. ▶︎ κάρταλλος, which was connected by  Frisk and DELG, is clearly Pre-Greek. Miiller-Graupa Glotta 31 (1951): 132  implausibly suggested that κύρτος properly means 'wicker-work', and is a  substantivized form of κυρτός 'curved'. IE *kyt-o- (Schwyzer: 351) was traditionally  assumed, based on comparison with Skt. kdta- [m.] 'wicker-work, mat' (phonetically  impossible) and a European term for 'wicker-work, hurdle': OHG hurt, plur. hurdi  and Lat. cratis; however, this comparison formally points to a disyllabic root *krH-  ti. The Greek word is excluded from such a reconstruction, and there is no further  evidence for a root *krH- in this meaning in Indo-European (*kert- 'to plait', in the  Skt. nasal present krndtti 'to spin', is formally deviant from the Latin word). In  Baltic, we find OPr. corto 'hedge', which is unclear. If kvpo-ep- belongs here, the  word could be Pre-Greek; see Fur.: 258, who also tentatively compares Hitt. kurtal(i)-  'container of wood or wicker-work'.

XXXXXκὕρω [ν] 'to hit (upon), meet with, attain, obtain' (11), cf. Triimpy 1950: 118. <?>

    *VAR  Aor. κύρσαι (IL), fut. κύρσω (Democr., 5.); later pres. κυρέω (A., 5.), κυρῆσαι  (Hes.), κυρήσω (Hdt,, A.), κεκύρηκα (Ὁ. S.). On the inflection see Chantraine BSL 28  (1927-1928): 26f. and 38.

    *COMP Also with prefix, e.g. év-, ἐπι-, προσ-, συν-.

===Pag_856: Beekes_Página_0856.tiff=== XXXXXκύτινος 809

    *DER Few derivatives: κύρμα 'catch, booty' (Hom.); ovy-, προσ-, ἐγ-κύρησις, συγ-  κύρημα 'meeting, concurrence, etc' (Hell.), συγ-κυρία 'coincidence' (Hp., Ev. Luc.).

    *ETYM No etymology. Not related to ▶︎ καιρός or ▶︎ κυρίττω.

XXXXXκύσθος 1 [m.] 'pudenda muliebra' (Eup., Ar.).

    *VAR κυσός: ἡ πυγή. ἢ γυναικεῖον αἰδοῖον 'buttocks; pudenda muliebra' (H.), also in  the sense of ▶︎ κύστις (Herod., Call.), with long v acc. to Pfeiffer 1949-1953 ad Call. 191, 98.

    *COMP κυσθο-κορώνη = νύμφη, 'clitoris (Com. Adesp.); κυσολαμπίς. ἡ  περιλαμπομένη ταῖς νυξὶ κανθαρίς 'beetle lighting up at night' (H.); cf. Strémberg  1944: 13f3 κυσο-βακκαρις: ὁ τὸν κυσόν μυρίζων 'who is rubbing the x. with ointment'  (Com. Adesp. 1062); κυσο-λάκων = παισεραστής 'pederast' (Com. Adesp. 1066);  κυσο-νίπτης: πόρνος 'catamite' (H.); κυσο-χήνη (H.); κυσο-δακνιᾷ: ψωριᾷ 'has the  itch, scab or mange' (from δάκνω, with -ἰάω after other verbs of disease); also  κύσσαρος 'anus' (Hp. Gal., Erot.); on the formation Chantraine 1933: 226; cf. also  ▶︎ κύτταρος.

    *DER κυσιᾷ-: πασχητιᾷ 'feels lust'; κυσανίζει (H.).

    *ETYM The previous explanation, as a derivation *kud'-d"o- from ▶︎ κεύθω 'to hide', is  doubtful, as it does not explain ▶︎ kvodc. The alternation of κύσθο- with κυσό-  suggests a Pre-Greek word. Perhaps κύτταρος is a further variant. Cf. the variation  in μασθός, patdc, μαστός 'breast'.

XXXXXκύσθος 2 [n.] of unclear mg. (PHolm. 22, 42 ; 23, 2), see Lagercrantz 1913: ad loc.

    *VAR Also χύστος.

    *ETYM Unknown. If κύσθος = χύστος, the word is probably Pre-Greek, with  variation -σθ- / -ot-:    κύστις, -εως [f.] 'bladder, pouch, small bag' (II.). <1E? *kues- 'hiss, sigh'; PG?>

    *VAR  Gen. also -toc, -ίδος; also κύστιγξ (Hp. apud Gal. 19, 116), perhaps after φῦσιγξ  (Chantraine 1933: 400, Schwyzer: 498).

    *DER κύστη: ἄρτος σπογγίτης 'sponge-like bread' (H.) and kvotiov: τὸ ἁλικάκκαβον  (H.), a plant name, after the shape of the fruit.

    *ETYM Wackernagel 1916: 227 analyzed it as a suffix -τι-, added to the zero grade of a  root 'to blow, hiss', found in Skt. svas-iti, pte. Sus-dntam [acc.] < PIE *kues-. The  further comparison of this Skt. root with Lat. queror is far from evident (see De Vaan  2008 s.v.). The connection is possible, but not evident; as an alternative, the suffix  -ty— could point to a Pre-Greek word. Not to be connected are ▶︎ κύσθος, κυσός, etc.

XXXXXκύτινος [m_] a flower, properly the calyx of the pomegranate (Thphr., Dsc., Gal.) also 'Cytinus hypocisthis' (Dsc. 1, 97), because of the similarity with the flower of the granate.

    *DER κυτινώδης (Thphr.).

    *ETYM Because of the mg. 'calyx', the word has been connected with κύτος 'hollow,  vessel' (like ἄνθινος with ἄνθος). However, Fur.: 182 compares κύταρον: ζωμήρυσις  'spoon', κύδαρος, ov 'small ship', ▶︎ κύτταρος 'cell of a honeycomb', as well as 'calyx

===Pag_857: Beekes_Página_0857.tiff===

of the Egyptian bean' (Thphr.), 'calyx of an acorn' (Thphr.), κυττοί 'receptacles', Kbotepot = ἀγγεῖα τῶν μελισσωῦ 'honey-comb' (H.). This points to a Pre-Greek word (variation τί 6/ tt, etc.).

XXXXXκύτισος [m., f.] 'cytisus, Medicago arborea' (IA).

    *DIAL Myc. ku-te-so /kutesos/.

    *ETYMA foreign word, like ▶︎ κέρασος. The variation e/i shows that it is Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκυτμίς, -ίδος [f.] a soothing salve prepared from the fat of goats (Luc. Alex. 22, 53). «ΡΟ» :

    *ETYM Diminutive formation. Origin unknown; probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκύτος [n.] 'rounding, vault of a shield, of a cuirass or a vessel, etc.', 'vessel, trunk, body' (trag., com., Pl. Ti. and Lg., Arist. Plb.). <1£? *(s)kHu-t- 'cover, skin, εἴς.»

    *DER ▶︎ ἐγκυτί 'to the skin'. Uncertain is κυτίς 'cupboard, box' (sch. Ar. Pax 665),  which may stand for κοιτίς.

    *ETYM Best connected with the group of σκῦτος 'leather, skin', Lat. cutis 'skin', the  Gm. group of OHG hit 'hide', as well as OPr. keuto 'skin', Lith. kidutas 'shell, rind' <  *keHu-to-, ToA kac probably 'skin' < *kwac < *(s)kuHt-i-/-es-. The variation of long  and short u in σκῦτος next to κύτος is problematic, but may be explained by  assuming a root *(s)kHu- and pretonic shortening of the resulting long vowel in  Latin (see Schrijver 1991: 239f.). In Greek, the sequence would undergo metathesis  only in accented position, thus *sk(é)Hu-t- > σκῦτος, while *kHu-t-és- [obl.] and  *-kHu-ti- would yield κύτος and ἐγκυτί. The word is sometimes split in two: 1. 'skin', 2. 'sth. hollow', with connection of the  second group to the group of ▶︎ κυέω (see Frisk), but this has to meet the difficulty  that it would have to show long 6 < IE *kuh,-, which it does not. There seems no  reason to connect > Kvéw.

XXXXXκύτταρος [m.] 'cell of a honeycomb, pit in the receptacle of the searose (Nelumbium speciosum), the calyx in which the acorn is located, the male flower of the pine' (Ar., Arist. Thphr.).

    *VAR Also κύσσαρος 'anus'.

    *DER Diminutive κυττάριον 'bee-cell' (Arist.).

    *ETYM Uncertain, but probably Pre-Greek. κύσσαρος may be the Ionic form of  κύτταρος, but in any case the most likely option is that both are variants of  ▶︎ κύτινος, κυσός, and ▶︎ κύσθος.

XXXXXκὕφελλα [n.pl.] 'hollows of the ears' (Lyc.), 'clouds of mist' (Lyc., Call.).

    *ETYM An Alexandrian word. Probably the same Pre-Greek word as ▶︎ κύπελλον  (variation n/ @). The meaning 'clouds' is explained by reference to Lat. cava nubes,  umbra (Persson 1912(1): 195).

XXXXXκυφός —KUTTO.

XXXXXκύχραμος [m.] name of an unknown migratory bird, which accompanies the quail (Arist.); see Thompson 1895 s.v.

    *VAR Also ké-, κί- (v.Il.); κιγκράμας: ὄρνεον 'bird' (H.).

===Pag_858: Beekes_Página_0858.tiff=== XXXXXκῶας 811

    *ETYM Unexplained. Clearly ἃ Pre-Greek word, because of the variants.

XXXXXκυψέλη [f.] 'chest, box, beehive' (Hdt, Ar., Plu.), 'earwax' (com.), 'hollow of the ear' (Poll., H.).

    *VAR Also -άλη (pap.), cf. Mayser 1906-1938, I: 3: 22.

    *DER κυψέλιον 'beehive', -ελίς 'bird-nest' (Arist.), 'earwax' (Ruf, Aret.), with  κυψελίτης ῥύπος (EM), see Redard 1949: 112; back-formation κύψελος [m.] name of a  bird like the swallow (Arist., H.), cf. Thompson 1895 s.v.

    *ETYM Not related to κύπη, etc. (s.v. ▶︎ κύπελλον), nor derived from κύπτω 'to bend  (forward), stoop'. Fur.: 327 compares κυψέλον' κύβερτον μελισσῶν *... of bees' (H.),  etc. Clearly a Pre-Greek word, given the variants; cf. also κυβέλη 'hollow'.

XXXXXκύων [m., f.] 'dog, bitch' (IL). <1£ *kuon- 'dog'>

    *VAR Gen. κυνός, acc. κύνα.

    *DIAL Myc. ku-na-ke-ta /kun-'agetas/.

    *COMP Several compounds, e.g. κυν-ηγέτης, Dor. -ayétac, -aydc 'leader of dogs',  'hunter' (1 120); see Chantraine 1956a: 83ff.; ἀπό-κυνον plant name 'Marsdenia erecta'  (Dsc., Gal.}; see Stromberg 1940: 65 and 143; on > κυνάμυια s.v.

    *DER Diminutives xvv-ioxog (Hdt.), -iokn (Ar.), -idtov, -dpiov (Att.); κυνώ [f]  'female dog', also as a PN (Hdt.); κυνέη 'dog's skin' (Anaxandr.), 'cap, helmet',  originally made of dog's skin, later from other materials (cf. aiyein, χαλκέη, etc;  Schwyzer: 37, Triimpy 1950: 4off.); κυνάς [f.] 'belonging to a dog, dog hair, etc.'  (Theoc.); κύνειος, -εος 'belonging to a dog' (Ar.), 'shameless, impudent' (1].), κυνικός  'dog-like, cynical' (X, Men.), κυνώδης 'dog-like' (Arist.); comp. and superl. κύντερος, -ον, -τατος 'more shameless, impertinent'; κυνηδόν [adv.] 'like a dog' (S.,  Ar.); κυνίζω 'to play the dog', ie. 'to live as a cynic', κυνισμός (Apollod. Stoic.).

    *ETYM The name of the 'dog' is preserved in most IE languages: e.g. nom. κύων, Skt. ἐνᾶ, Lith. §u6, gen. κυνός, Skt. stinas, Lith. μῆς, etc. (the Gr. accentuation is oldest),  from IE *kud(n), gen. *kun-ds, etc. For Lat. canis, Schrijver 1991: 461 assumes that a  development *wo > *wa in open syllable yielded an acc.sg. PIt. *kwanem. The word is  also found in Anatolian: Hitt. 'kuyan- [c.] 'dog-man', gen.sg. kina, HLuw. swan(i)- [c.] 'dog'. The paradigm is strange because of the lack of an old e-grade in  the ablaut pattern.

XXXXXκῶα . ἐνέχυρα 'pledges' (H.).

    *VAR Also κώϊον: ἐνέχυρον (H.).

    *ETYM See on " κοῖον.

XXXXXκῶας [n.] 'soft, hairy skin; fleece' (IL). «ΡΟ»

    *VAR  κῶς (Nicoch. 12); plur. κώεα, -ἐσι.

    *DIAL Myc. ko-wo /kowos/.

    *DER Diminutives κῴδειον (Att.), -apiov (com.); κωδᾶς, -ἄτος [m.] 'dealer in fleece'  (pap-).

    *ETYM Without etymology. If the group of ▶︎ κύτος < IE *(s)kHu-t- is connected, it is  unnecessary to assume a lengthened grade, since *koHu-es- or *keh,u-es- would do  for the oblique forms. However, this does not explain the nom. in -ac. The inflection

===Pag_859: Beekes_Página_0859.tiff===

is unusual: the -e- would fit the Myc. nom. ko-wo, but -ας can hardly be explained by analogy. Perhaps these inflectional irregularities can be understood if we assume that the inflection of a Pre-Greek word was adapted to Greek.

XXXXXκῶβαξ [m.] - ὁ μέγας τέττιξ 'the large cicala' (H.).

    *ETYM Acc. to Gil Emerita 25 (1957): 321f. it belongs to ▶︎ καύαξ, etc. with B for fF. In  any case, itis a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXκωβιός (-ioc) [m.] name of a fish like the goby or gudgeon (IA). «LW Akk.?, PG?>

    *DER Diminutive -idtov (com.,, Arist.); also as a plant name ᾿τιθύμαλλος, Euphorbia'  (Dsc., Plin.); κωβῖτις 'kind of ἀφύη᾽ (Arist.), see Redard 1949: 83; κωβιώδης (Plu.).

    *ETYM Probably a loan from a Mediterranean language, perhaps from Pre-Greek. Lat. gdbius (c-), g6bi6 (c-) is borrowed from Greek. Fur.: 328" compares Akk. kuppa,  gubbu name of a fish.

XXXXXκώδεια [f.] 'poppyhead, capsule of the grape hyacinth, etc.' (Ξ 499, Nic.), also other plants and comparable objects. < PG(v)>

    *VAR Variants κώδεα, -via, -04, -ia (Delos, Att. inscr., Arist, Thphr.).

    *DER κώδυον 'head of purse tassels' (Thphr.), like kapvov to καρύη.

    *ETYM No cognates. Kalén 1918: 24 has shown that κώδυια is the oldest form, but this  does not necessarily imply that the variants are secondary analogical creations. Fur.:  195, 198 showed that the variants point to Pre-Greek origin; he compares words for  'cup', eg. ▶︎ κώδων 'bell', κοτύλη 'cup', κόνδυ, ▶︎ κώθων, but also Etr. qutum. Cf. Beekes 1998: 25f. and Pre-Greek: Suffixes sub -at-/-e(1)-.

XXXXXκώδων, -ωνος [m., f.] 'bell, (sound ofa) trumpet' (IA).

    *COMP κωδωνο-φορέω 'to carry the bell round (of inspection of the guards), etc.'  (Ar.).

    *DER Diminutive κωδώνιον (J.); κωδωνίζω [v.] 'to test a coin by its sound' (Ar.). Cf. Κώδαλος PN (Hippon.), Nehring Sprache 1 (1949): 166.

    *ETYM Previously taken as a formation like ἄμβων, κώθων from κώδεια, -via,  analogous to αἴθων: αἴθυια (Kalén 1918: 26). As Kretschmer Glotta 10 (1920): 232  remarks, there is no corresponding verb, which makes the construction doubtful. The word has been shown to be Pre-Greek by Fur.: 198 see on ▶︎ κώδεια.

XXXXXκώθων, -wvog [n.] name of Laconian drinking utensils (Archil, Ar. X., inscr.), 'drinking-bout, feast' (LXX, Thasos), = κωβιός (Sicilian; Nic., Apollod. apud Ath. 7, 309c); also name of the inner harbor of Carthage (Str., App.).

    *COMP κωθωνο-πλύται [pl.] 'washers of the fish κώθων (2) (Sophr.).

    *DER Diminutive κωθώνιον (inscr. V', etc.); κωθωνία 'deep potation' (Aret.), Scheller  1951: 41; κωθωνίζομαι 'to drink hard, carouse' (Arist., Hell.), κωθων-ισμός, -ιἰστής,  -ἰστήριον (Arist.). Also κῶθα' ποτήρια 'drinking-cups' (H.).

    *ETYM Fur.: 199 compares ▶︎ κώδων. He further compares Mingrel. koto 'cup' and  Georg. kotoxi 'id.'. The word is probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXκώκαλον [adj.] - παλαιὸν καὶ εἶδος ἀλεκτρυόνος 'old; kind of cock' (H.). «» ΦΡΕΚ PNss like Κώκαλος, Κῶκος, Κωκᾶς, etc. (L. Robert 1963: 312ff.).

===Pag_860: Beekes_Página_0860.tiff=== XXXXXκωλύω 813

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXκωκύω [v.] 'to lament, wail' (IL, late prose).

    *VAR Aor. κωκῦσαι.

    *COMP With prefix, e.g. dva-, ἐπι-.

    *DER κωκῦτός [m.] (IL), κώκῦμα (trag.) 'lamenting, wailing Κώκυτος name of a  river in the underworld (x 514, etc.).

    *ETYM It has been assumed that the verb has intensive reduplication, by comparison  with Skt. kduti, kokiyate 'to wail' (intens.), but these are only attested in  grammarians; as argued by Tichy 1983: 266, the word is non-Indo-European.

XXXXXκωλακρέτάι [m.pl.] name of financial officers in early Athens, chairmen of the main treasury (inscr., Ar. Arist.).

    *DER κωλακρετέω [v.] 'to be ak.' (inscr.).

    *ETYM From earlier *xwA-aypétat with assimilation, thus originally 'collector of the  κῶλα", ie. the sacrificial pieces, and an old sacral expression; for the second  member, see on > ἀγείρω. See further ▶︎ κῶλον.

XXXXXκῶλον [n.] 'member (of animal or human being), body part, especially the leg' (IA), also metaphorical, eg. of part of a period (Rhet.), often plur., e.g. in the mg. 'corpse' (LXX, NT).

    *COMP Several compounds, e.g. ἰσότκωλος 'with equal members' (Arist.), ἀκρο-  κώλια 'extremities', ὑπο-κώλια 'thigh of an animal'.

    *DER Diminutives κωλάριον (Ael.), κωλύφιον (Phryn., Plaut.), cf. Lat. colyphium;  κωλέα, -i (Att.), κωλήν, -ῆνος [f.] (IA), κωλεός [f.] (Epich., Hp.) 'bones of the hip  together with its flesh, ham' (Solmsen 1909: 124); κώληψ, -ηπος [f.] 'hollow of the  knee' (Ψ 726, Nic.); with a different suffix κώληξ 'id' (sch.), which shows that the  second member probably does not contain the root of ▶︎ ἄπτω, as assumed by Bechtel  1914 s.v5 κωλώτης [m.] 'lizard' (Hp., Arist, Babr.), cf. Lat. lacerta 'lizard' to lacertus  'upper arm' (see WH s.v.). Denominative κωλίζομαι 'to be arranged in κῶλα᾽ (late).

    *ETYM No obvious cognates. The Balto-Slavic group of OCS koléno 'knee', Ru. koléno  'Knee, stem, lineage', Ru. clen 'member, body-part', Lith. keljs 'knee' (root *k'el(H)-  'to turn' or *kelH- 'to raise') can hardly be related because of the Greek vocalism. Specht KZ 55 (1928): 19 presumed that an o-grade aorist was found in κόλσασθαι:  ἱκετεῦσαι 'to supplicate' (H.), but is this form cognate at all? The word ▶︎ σκέλος is  unrelated. It should be noted that Pre-Greek has a suffix -ηξ (as in νάρθηξ, κύμηξ).

XXXXXκωλύω [v.] 'to hinder, prevent' (Sapph., Pi, IA). <?>

    *VAR Aor. κωλῦσαι.

    *COMP Also with prefix, eg. δια-, kata-, ἀπο-.

    *DER κώλυμα 'obstacle' (IA), κωλυμάτιον 'catch, clutch in a machine' (Hero);  κωλύμη (Th.), κώλύσις 'hindering' (PI. Arist.); κωλυτήρ (Archyt.), -τής (IA) 'who  hinders', κωλυτήριος (Ὁ. H.), κωλυτικός (X,, Arist., Hell.) 'hindering'.

    *ETYM One hypothesis (which goes back to Meillet) starts from from *k@dog in the  sense of 'wooden pin' the word would originally mean 'to fasten with a pin', to  hinder the freedom of movement of animals; the ending would have been reshaped

===Pag_861: Beekes_Página_0861.tiff===

after λύω (hardly credible). Others (Meillet MSL 16 (1910-1911): 244, Fraenkel 1937: 357) connected it with ▶︎ κολούω 'to mutilate', There is no etymology.

XXXXXκῶμα [n.] 'deep, sound sleep' (II.), 'lethargy, coma' (medic.), <?>

    *DER κωματώδης 'lethargic'; κωμαίνω, κωματίζομαι [v.] 'to lie in a coma', κωμόομαι  'to fall into a coma' (medic.).

    *ETYM Unexplained. Brugmann's proposal (Brugmann-Thumb 1913: 317) to connect  it with ▶︎ κεῖμαι as *kdi-my is unacceptable because of the lengthened grade. Cf. Porzig 1942: 281.

XXXXXκώμη [f.] 'village', as opposed to a strengthened πόλις, also 'district, part of a city' (Hes.). «Ὁ

    *COMP E.g. κωμό-πολις 'town with the position of a κώμη, market town' (Str., NT),  cf. Schulze 1933a: 5237.

    *DER Diminutives κώμιον (Str.), κωμάριον (H.), -vdptov (Porph.); further κωμήτης  (IA), κωμέτας (Mycenae II*) 'inhabitant ofa village or district', κωμητικός 'belonging  to a κώμη (or a κωμήτης} (pap.); κωμαῖος 'regarding a κ᾿ (St. Byz.); κωμηδόν 'per  village' (Str., Ὁ. S., Ὁ. H.).

    *ETYM The reconstruction of a lengthened grade form *kéi-m-h,, connected with the  Germanic group of Go. haims 'village' and the Baltic group of Lith. kdima(s)  '(farmers') village', kiémas 'farmstead' has now been abandoned, because such  lengthened grade formations cannot be accounted for in PIE terms. Thus, the word  remains unexplained.

XXXXXκῶμος [m.] 'revel, carousal, merry-making of youths, Dionysiac festive procession and festive songs, festival (post-Hom.). <1£? *komso- 'praise', ΡΟ»

    *COMP κωμ-ῳδός 'singer of a κῶμος᾽ (Att.), 'comic player' (Hell.) with -έω, -ia, etc.,  σύγ-κωμος 'comrade of ak.' (Att.; rather back-formation from συγ-κωμάζω).

    *DER κωμικός = κωμῳδικός 'belonging to a comedy' (Aeschin., Arist., Hell.); κωμάζω  'participate in a κῶμος, drink' (post-Hom.) with κωμασία 'festive procession',  κωμαστής 'drinker, member of a festive procession' (Att., pap.), κωμαστήριον 'place  where κωμασταί assemble' (pap.), κωμαστικός 'belonging to a κωμαστής or a κῶμος᾽  (Ὁ. Η. Ph.).

    *ETYM As the precise development of the meaning of κῶμος is uncertain,  etymological suggestions remain highly hypothetical. Recently, connection with Skt. $dmsa- 'praise, judgement' has been assumed; see e.g. Schlerath RPh. 74 (2000): 273  (discussion in Hackstein 2002: 190). I suggest that this is a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXκώμυς, -060¢ [f.] 'bundle, truss of hay' (Cratin., Theoc.), also = δάφνη, ἥν ἱστῶσι «πρὸ» τῶν πυλῶν 'laurel, which is put in front of the gate' (H.), 'place where the reed is closely grown with the roots' (Thphr.). < PG(s)>

    *ETYM The formation with the suffix -ῦθ- clearly points to Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXκώνειον [n.} 'hemlock, Conium maculatum, hemlock drink, poisonous drink' (IA).

    *DER κωνειάζομαι 'to be dosed with hemlock' (Men., Str.).

===Pag_862: Beekes_Página_0862.tiff=== XXXXXκώπη 815

    *ETYM The word can hardly be separated from ▶︎ κῶνος. The plant may owe its name  to its narrow leaves with pointed teeth. On the European names, see Schrader-  Nehring 1917(2): 294f.; on the many Greek epithets of the plant, see Stromberg 1940:  64. Fur.: 121 connects not only ▶︎ κῶνος, but also κονή and ▶︎ ἀκόνῖτον, so it is a Pre-  Greek word.

XXXXXκῶνος [m.] 'fruit of the pine cone, cone' also 'pine' [f.], 'top' (Democr., Arist., Thphr., Theoc.).

    *VAR  κώνητες: θύρσοι 'thyrsoi' (H.), κώνης 'the stave of Bacchus and the Bacchantes,  ending in a pine cone'. Further cf. γονής: νάρκισσος τὸ φυτόν 'narcissus' (H.); κῶνα  = πίσσα 'pitch'; κώνα- βέμβιξ 'whipping-top' (H.).

    *COMP Eg. kwvo-gdpog [f.] 'conifer' (Thphr.), κωνο-κόλουρος 'truncated cone',  beside κολουρό-κωνος 'id.' (Hero), cf. Risch IF 59 (1949): 284, Stromberg 1944: 8.

    *DER Diminutive kwviov, -ἰον (Posidon., AP), κωνίς: ὑδρίσκη 'little water vessel'  (H.); κωνῖτις πίσσα 'pine resin' (Rhian.), κωνίας (οἶνος) 'resinated wine' (Hp. apud  Gal. Chantraine 1933: 94 f.); κωνάω 'resinate, pitch', also 'spin' (Ar., H.), with  κώνησις 'resinating, pitching' (Arist.), -ητικός 'suitable for pitching' (pap.); nepi-  kwvéw 'smear with pitch' (Ar.).

    *ETYM Often identified with Skt. ἐἄμα- [m.] 'whetstone, touchstone' (assuming  Mind. ▶︎ for n), derived from a verb 'to whet, sharpen' in Skt. SiSati < *ki-keh,-. To  this root also belongs Lat. cds, gen. cdtis 'whetstone' and catus 'sharp, clever', Olr. cath 'wise, able', etc. Schwyzer: 458, however, considered foreign origin; this is  confirmed by the variants adduced in Fur.: 121 (most notably ▶︎ ἀκόνϊτον).

XXXXXκώνωψ, -ὠπὸς [m.] 'gnat, mosquito' (A., Hdt. 2, 95. Arist.).

    *COMP κωνωπο-θήρας: ὄρνις ὁ κώνωπας θηρεύων 'bird hunting gnats or  mosquitoes' (H.).

    *DER Diminutive κωνώπιον (Gal.), usually 'couch with mosquito curtains' (LXX);  also -ewv, -ὥνος [m.] 14. (AP 9, 764 tit.).

    *ETYM As Frisk already remarked, the connection with κῶνος and dy (6w) is far  from evident semantically, and formally it is also improbable. Spiegelberg KZ 41  (1907): 131 derives it from Eg. hams 'gnat', with adaptation to κῶνος. The form  κωνώπιον would have been remodelled by folk etymology from earlier *kavamuov,  the Egyptian town Candpus; see WH sv. céndpium. Since there is no good  etymology, and since the suffix -wit- is frequent in Pre-Greek words, substrate origin  is the only plausible option.

XXXXXκῶος [m.] 'cavern, prison' (Str., St. Byz.). <?>

    *VAR Usually plur. κῶοι.

    *ETYM A variant with long vowel of kdot- τὰ χάσματα τῆς γῆς 'clefts of the earth'  (H.); see on ▶︎ κοῖλος.

XXXXXκώπη [f.] 'grip (of a sword, an oar), oar, stalk' (II.).

    <IE *k(e)h.p- 'take, hold'>

    *COMP Some compounds, e.g. κωπ-ήρης 'provided with oars' (trag., Th.).

    *DER Diminutive κωπίον (Ar.); κωπήεις 'with a good grip' (II.), see Triimpy 1950: 62;

XXXXXκωπεῖς [m.pl.] 'wood fit for making oars, spars' (IA), κωπεών, -ὥνος [m.] 'id.'

===Pag_863: Beekes_Página_0863.tiff===

, -οῦς (Thphr.); κωπητήρ, -ῆρος [m.] 'leather thong for the oar' (cf. Bergson Eranos 55 (1957): 120ff.); κωπεύω [v.] 'to row' (AP), κωπάω (-éw) in perf. med. κεκώπηται 'is provided with oars' (Att. inscr., H.). On ▶︎ κωπώ, see s.v.

    *ETYM Old verbal noun from ▶︎ κάπτω, so IE *koh,p-h.- (without a lengthened grade,  cf. Hamp MSS 43 (1984): 51f.). For the meaning, cf. Lat. capulus 'grip'.

XXXXXκωπώ, -οὖς [f.] 'wreathed staff used in the Daphnephoria' (Boeot.; Procl.).

    *DER Also as a PN.

    *ETYM Personification in -@ (Schwyzer: 478) of κώπη. Not related to κῆπος 'garden',  as per Schénberger Glotta 29 (1942): 87ff. and Pisani RILomb. 77 (1943-44): 5588.

XXXXXκώρυκος [m.] 'leather sack' (Od.). < PG>

    *DER κωρυκίς (com. Thphr.), κωρύκιον, -idiov (Poll, Suid. H.) and κωρυκώδης  'sack-like' (Thphr.). Cf. the TN ▶︎ Κώρυκος, a promontory in Cilicia.

    *ETYM The resemblance with Lat. corium, etc. (Pok. 939) is deceptive. Fur: 328'  compares Hitt. kurk- 'to retain'. The word is no doubt Pre-Greek, with the suffix  -UK-.

XXXXXΚώρυκος [m.] a promontory in Cilicia (ἢ. Ap.).

    *DER Also -αἴος; also Κωρύκιον ἄντρον a cave on the Parnassos, with Κωρύκιαι  νύμφαι, etc. (Hdt., trag.).

    *ETYM The structure of the word looks like Pre-Greek. It could represent *karuk-, for  which see κῆρυξ, but I see no way to connect 'messenger'; neither does it belong to  the 'leather sack'.

XXXXXκωτίλος [adj.] 'chattering, babbling' (Thgn., Arist.). <?>

    *VAR Also -dc [f.] Boeot. name of the swallow (Stratt.).

    *DER κωτίλλω [v.] 'to chatter' (Hes., Ὁ. H.); κωτιλίζω 'id? (Call.); κωτιλία 'chattering'  (gloss.).

    *ETYM Formation like ποικίλος, etc. (see Chantraine 1933: 248), but without  etymology.

XXXXXκωφός [adj.] 'blunt, dumb, mute' (II.), post-Hom. also 'deaf (ἢ. Merc.). <1E?, PG?>

    *COMP E.g. ὑπό-κωφος 'hard of hearing' (IA).

    *DER κωφότης 'deafness' (IA), κωφεύς 'deaf man' (Call.), κωφίας [m.] kind of snake  = τυφλίας (Ael., Η.); κωφεύω [v.] 'to be silent (LXX), κωφάομαι (dw) 'to become  (make) blunt, etc.' (Clearch, Opp.), kwqijoat- κολοῦσαι 'to cut short', κώφιησις-  κόλουσις 'cutting short' (H.); κωφόομαι 'to become silent or deaf, -dw 'to silence',  whence κώφωμα, -worg (Hp.).

    *ETYM To be connected with ▶︎ κηφήν, ▶︎ κεκαφηότα; the vocalism could be  reconstructed as ablauting *k/g'(e/o)h,b"., but there is no IE comparandum. If κηφήν  is Pre-Greek, the same probably holds for this word.

XXXXXκώψ 'owl'. ⟹ σκώψ.

===Pag_864: Beekes_Página_0864.tiff=== XXXXXΛ λα- prefix with intensifying function. <?>

    *COMP Only in isolated and rare words: Ad-katantbywv (Ar. Ach. 664, λᾶ- rhythmical  lengthening?), λα-κατάρατος (Phot; λακκ- cod.), λαπτυήρ- σφοδρῶς πτύων,  λάφωνοι (Latte: λάφονοιξ)- λίαν ἄφωνοι (Η.); λαισ- in λαίσπαις: βούπαις. Λευκάδιοι  (H.), also λάσπαις (Latte, codd. λαοπαις); λι- in λιπόνηρος: λίαν πονηρός (H.); cf. on  »λίαν. λαι- in PNs, e.g. Λαι-κλῆς, Aat-onodiag (Bechtel 1917b: 273, Bechtel Herm. 50  (1915): 317).

    *ETYM Unknown. Does Aato- represent Pre-Greek *las'-?

XXXXXλᾶας [m.] 'stone' (I].).

    *VAR Case forms: gen. λᾶος, +, -av (-a Call. 11, 4), plur. λᾶ-ες, etc; also as an o-stem  λᾶος, -ov, etc. (Hes. Fr. 115[?], S., Cyrene, Gortyn), details in Schwyzer: 578. Late also  fem.

    *DIAL Myc. ra-e-ja /laheja/ and Cypr. la-o-se show that the word did not havea *-w-.

    *COMP Compounds like λᾶ-τόμος (beside uncontracted or restored Aao-) 'stone  cutter', with λᾶτομ-ίαι 'quarry' (Arg., Syracus., Hell., see Ruijgh 1957: 125f.), = Lat. ldtomiae beside lautumiae < *\ao- (see WH 5.ν.); λα(ο)-ξό(ο)ς with λαξεύω, etc. (Georgacas Glotta 6 (1958): 165f.), λατύπος; as a second member in κραταί-λεως (<  *-Anog or *-Adoc, see below) 'with hard rock' (A., E.), probably also in ὑπο-λαΐς,  τίδος (H. also -Anjic) [f.] name of an unknown bird (Arist.); cf. Thompson 1895 s.v5  see also »λαιός 2.

    *DER As a TN (Laconia) Adc and AG (Th, Paus., St. Byz., et al.), with Adav [acc.] (B  585). Further Adiyyec [f-pl.] 'small stones' (Od., A. R.); λάϊνος, -ἵνεος '(made of)  stone' (Il.); uncertain λαιαί [f.pl.] (Arist.), λεῖαι (Gal.), λεία [sg.] (Hero) 'stones used  as weights to keep the threads of the warp straight in the upright loom'; unclear are  λαίεται- καταλεύεται 'is lapidated' (H.) and Aavotiip- μοχθηρός 'troublesome' ... ἢ  οἴκου λαύρα 'alley [or privy] of a house', λαύστρανον: τινὲς λύκον (in the sense of  'hook', see LSJ), τινὲς φρέατος ἅρπαγα 'the hooks of a well (for drawing up buckets)'

    *ETYM The unique stem formation of λᾶας is unexplained. An old neuter has been  supposed, with secondary transition to msc. (later fem.) gender after λίθος, πέτρος. An IA form seems to be reflected in κρα ταί-λεως, but it may be an epicism. Since the Mycenaean and Cypr. forms show that the word had no -w-, all earlier  hypotheses starting from a pre-form with *-f- can now be forgotten (unless the Ε  was lost between like vowels at a very early stage). The relation to »Aetw, ▶︎ λαύρα

===Pag_865: Beekes_Página_0865.tiff===

has therewith become unclear; all we can do is assume a stem Iah-. See Heubeck IF 66 (1961): 29-34. Fur.: 239 compares λέπας 'rock'; he considers AaivOn: λάρναξ λιβίνη (Cyr.) to be proof of Pre-Greek origin. Non-Greek correspondences to Aaac are all doubtful, e.g. Alb. leré, -a 'stone, heap of stones, stony plain, rockslope' from PAIb. leurd (Demiraj 1997), Olr. lie, gen. liac < PCI. liyank- (taken up by Matasovi¢ 2008 s.v. *liwank-).

XXXXXλαβά [f.] - σταγών 'drop' (H.). <2

    *ETYM Unknown. Macedonian for λοιβά, acc. to von Blumenthal 1930: 18f.

XXXXXλαβάβηρ [3] - λακανίσκη 'small dish' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. Lewy KZ 59 (1932): 187f. considers it a loan of Lat. lavabrum  'bathing-tub' by Palestinian Jews (otherwise unknown).

XXXXXλάβδα [n.] the eleventh letter of the Greek alphabet (Att.); later (with secondary nasal) λάμβδα (Ar. Arist. as a ν.1.). «τὴν Sem.>

    *VAR  Indeclinable.

    *DER λαβδακισμός [m.] 'special use or pronunciation of the \' (Quint.); cf.s.v. ▶︎ ἰῶτα  on ἰωτακισμός.

    *ETYM From Semitic; cf. Hebr. lamedh. Gr. λαβδ- corresponds to Sem. lamb-; see  Schwyzer: 140%, 826 and Schulze 1933a: 283f. Doubts in Kretschmer Glotta 6 (1915):    307.

XXXXXλάβρος [adj.] 'furious, boisterous, violent, fierce; gluttonous' (Ion. poet., late prose).

    *COMP AaBp-aydpng 'fierce boaster' (¥ 479), κατά-λαβρος 'very furious' (Eup. 293),  after kata-Aapeiv?

    *DER Fish-names: λάβραξ, -ἄκος [m.] 'bass, Labrax lupus' (Alc. com.), see  Chantraine 1933: 381, Bjérck 1950: 262, Strémberg 1943: 34f.; Thompson 1947 5.v.;  thence λαβράκιον (com.); λάβριχος (Boeot. [II*]}); see Lacroix 1938: 51. Abstracts: λαβροσύνη 'furiousness, fierce conversation' (AP, Opp.), λαβρότης 'id.'  (Ath.) with λαβροσιάων: χορτασμοῦ ἀκόσμου 'disorderly feeding' (H.). Denominative verbs: 1. λαβρεύομαι [v.] 'to discuss furiously' (¥ 474 and 478),  probably after ἀγορεύω (Risch 1937: 333) or μωμεύω, ἐπι-λωβεύω (Debrunner Mus. Helv. 2 (1945): 199); 2. AaBpdopat [v] 'to rush violently' (Lyc.); 3. λαβράζω =  λαβρεύομαι and λαβρόομαι (Nic., Lyc.), whence λαβράκτης = λαβραγόρης (Pratin. Lyr. 5); 4. AaBptooer λαβρεύει, δειλαίνει 'is a coward' (H.); cf. λαφύσσω, etc. (Debrunner IF 21 (1907): 244).

    *ETYM The traditional connection with λαβεῖν, λάζομαι is improbable. Fur. 208  compares λαμυρός 'gluttonous', and further λαφύσσω 'to swallow' (op.cit. 177) and  λαῦρος (as an orthographic variant of λάβρος, op.cit. 242). This is uncertain, because  these alternations do not conform to a known pattern. If λάβραξ beside λάβριχος is  typical, the word seems to be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXλάβρυς ''λαβύρινθος.

XXXXXλαβρώνιον [n.] 'alarge, ννῖάε cup' (Men., Diph, H.). <2?

===Pag_866: Beekes_Página_0866.tiff=== XXXXXλαγαίω 819

    *VAR Also λαβρώνιος [m.], -ἰα [f.] (Eust.).

    *ETYM Acc. to Ath. 11, 484c, ἐκπώματος Περσικοῦ εἶδος and τῆς ἐν TH πίνειν  λαβρότητος ὠνομασμένον 'a kind of Persian cup, thus called after the greediness  during drinking'. Folk-etymological explanation?

XXXXXλάβυζος [f.] an unknown spice plant, used by the Persian king (Dinon Hist. [[V*] apud Ath. 12, 514a, H. s.v. KiSapic). «τὸν Ind.>

    *ETYM The hypothesis by Petersson KZ 46 (1916): 146f. (a Persian word, related to  Skt. libuja 'liane, climber') is untenable. Acc. to Charpentier MondOrbis 13 (1919):  221. it is rather an Indic LW, related to the Pali plant-name /abu ja-. See Brust 2005:  378ff.

XXXXXλαβύρινθος [m.] 'labyrinth', a great building with many corridors and turns, in Egypt (Hdt., Str, Crete (Call, D. S.), Anatolia (inscr. Miletus), etc; metaph. of complicated thoughts (Ρ].).

    *DIAL Myc. da-pu²-fi-to-jo /daphurinthoio/.

    *COMP λαβυρινθώδης 'labyrinth-like, complicated' (Arist.).

    *ETYM A Pre-Greek word in -ινθος. The traditional connection with λάβρυς (acc. to  Plu. 2,302a Lydian for πέλεκυς), and interpretation as 'House of the Double Axe' (a  sign of royalty), is speculative. Perhaps the Carian god AaBpavvdoc also belongs  here. Connection with λαύρα as a substrate word is possible, but that with λᾶας is  difficult, as it has no -w-. Cf. Fur. 397f.

XXXXXλαγαίω [v.] 'to release' (Crete). 4 EUR?>

    *VAR Aor. λαγάσαι; λαγάσσαι: ἀφεῖναι 'let go' (H.).

    *COMP Also with ano-.

    *DER ἀπολάγαξις 'release' (Crete). Several nouns, not directly depending on the verb: 1. Aa yapdg 'slack, emaciated, thin'  (IA), whence λαγαρότης 'slackness, etc.', λαγαρόομαι [v.] 'to get slack' (AP) with  λαγάρωσις (Eust.), of στίχοι λαγαροί; also λαγαρίζομαι mg. unclear (com.). 2. λάγανον 'thin cake' (Hell.) with λαγάνιον (late) and Aayavilw (?; Hp. Morb. Sacr. 13). A nasal suffix is also found in semantically deviant 3. λάγνος, -νης 'lascivious,  voluptuous' (on the barytone accent see Schwyzer: 489), with Aayvetw [v.] 'to be  lascivious, be lecherous', Aayveia 'the act of coition, etc' (IA). 4. ἔλαγος (*AdE)  'slack, thin' in Aaydévec [f-pl.] (also msc.), rarely -wv [sg.] 'the hollows on the side,  flanks' (IA), and also in ▶︎ Aaywe 'hare'.

    *ETYM Disyllabic λαγάσαι (: λαγαρός) has a model in the synonym χαλά-σαι (:  χαλαρός); Aayaiw is an innovation like κεραίω, dyaioua (see ▶︎ κεράννυμι and  ▶︎ aya-). A different ablaut grade is usually recognized in > λήγω, ▶︎ Awyaviov. A direct correspondence to *Aayoc, if from *slago- (see on "» λήγω), yields a  Germanic adjective for 'slack': ON slakr, OS slac, OE slec, etc. with initial l- MLG  lak 'id'. In Celtic, we find Olt. lac 'id'. The formal identity of Aaywv and MoNw. lake 'flap' on the one hand, and of λάγανον and OS lakan, OHG lahhan 'cloth' on  the other, rests on parallel innovations in the separate languages.

===Pag_867: Beekes_Página_0867.tiff===

Further, λαγαρός is compared with ToA slakkdr 'sad'. Beside it exists Lat. laxus 'slack, weak, etc' with an s-suffix; perhaps also Skt. slaksna- 'slippery, meagre, thin' (if assimilated from slaks-). However, as slh.g- would have given slag-, and since Indo-European had no phonemes a, da, the above correspondences have not been explained. Perhaps it is necessary to assume a secondary zero grade for the Greek forms. Alternatively, we may be dealing with a European substrate word.

XXXXXλαγγάζω [v.] 'to slacken' (Antiph., Phot. AB [= év- δίδωμι]); λαγγάζει- ὀκνεῖ 'is slow', οἱ δὲ λαγγεῖ (H.); λαγγάσαι: περιφυγεῖν 'to flee' (H.). <PG?(V), EUR?

    *DER Other formations in H: Aayyevet- φεύγει, λαγγανώμενος: περιϊστάμενος,  στραγγευόμενος 'avoiding, hesitating', Aayyapet- ἀποδιδράσκει 'runs away'. λαγγών  (for Adyywv?)- ὁ εὐθὺς λανθάνων τοῦ ἀγῶνος καὶ tod φόβου (EM 554, 15, cf. Chantraine 1933: 160). With -o-: ▶︎ λογγάζω, λογγάσαι.

    *ETYM Expressive and popular words, which correspond formally and semantically  to Lat. langued, -ére 'to be faint, slack' (with secondary -u-) and, like the latter, can be  understood as nasalized present formations from λαγάσαι (»Aayaiw). The same  problem as with »Aayaiw holds here: the pervasive a-vocalism. Do the forms with  το- point to substrate origin? It is quite possible that the variation Aay-/Aayy- is due  to Pre-Greek pre-nasalization. We must separate several Baltic words in the meaning 'to rock, sling, vacillate', like  Lith. langéti, lingtioti; see Fraenkel 1955: 331 (s.v. [digyti). The same holds for Gm. words like OHG slinc 'left', MoSw. linka, lanka, lunka 'to limp, go slowly, εἴς,

XXXXXλάγιον [n.] 'kind of cup or vessel' (Delos 115). «ἵν

    *ETYM Unexplained. Fur: 121 compares λήκυθος, but this is uncertain. Kronasser  1956: 225 compares Hitt. lahan(n)i, Akk. lahannu, etc. See ▶︎ λάγῦνος.

XXXXXλαγκρύζεσθαι [v.] - λοιδορεῖσθαι 'to be slandered' (Phot.).

    *ETYM A prenasalized form beside λακερύζεσθαι 'id'; see λακέρυζα sv. »λάσκω. Therefore, clearly a Pre-Greek word. Adypata >Aalypata.

XXXXXλάγνος Aa yaiw.

XXXXXλάγῦνος [m., f.] 'flask with a small neck', also as measure (Arist. Fr. 499, Hell...

    *VAR Also -i-.

    *COMP τρι-λάγυνος 'containing three A' (Stesich. 7, pap.), λαγυνο-φόρια [n.pl.]  name of an Alexandrinian festival (Eratosth.).

    *DER Diminutive Aaybwov, -vvic (Hell.); λαγυνάριος 'manufacturer, handler of  flasks' (Corycos), Aayuviwv [m.] name of a parasite (Ath.).

    *ETYM Many names for vessels are loans. This one is probably Pre-Greek, because of  the interchange 0/0. Puhvel HED 5: 6f. compares Hitt. lahan(n)i, Akk. lahannu, etc. From Adyvvoc was borrowed Lat. lagiina, -dna; also, lagéna, from which was taken  λάγηνος (Gal.). Cf. »λάγιον.

===Pag_868: Beekes_Página_0868.tiff=== XXXXXλαγώς 821

XXXXXλαγχάνω [v.] 'to obtain by lot' (an office, the right of a lawsuit), 'to obtain one's share' (Od.). <1E? *leng"- 'obtain (by lot)'>

    *VAR Aor. λαχεῖν (I.), caus. λελαχεῖν (1].), perf. λέλογχα (A 304), λέλᾶχα (Emp.),  εἴληχα (A. Att.), fut. λάξομαι (Hdt.), λήξομαι (Pl), perf. pass. εἴληγμαι, aor. ληχθῆναι (Att.).

    *COMP Also with prefix, e.g. ἀπο-, Sta-, ἀντι-, ovv-.

    *DER 1. With old o-grade: λόγχη [f] 'share' (Ion.), with εὔτλογχος = εὔ-μοιρος  (Democr.) and εὐλογ«χρεῖν- εὐμοιρεῖν (H.). 2. With zero grade: λάξις 'portion, share  (of land)' (Hdt, Miletus), Ἀπόλαξις (Eretria); Λάχεσις [f.] name of one of the Moirai,  also as an appellative 'share, lot' (Hes., Pi.), perhaps after γένεσις, Νέμεσις; younger  formations are λάχος [n.] 'lot, share' (Thgn., Pi., A.; also Arc.) and λάχη (λαχήξ) [[]  'id? (A. Th. 914, H.); cf. on Aayaivw; PN Λάχης, -ητος [m.] (Th.); λαχμός = λάχος  'id' (sch., Eust.). 3. With a secondary full grade (see below): λῆξις (σύν-, διά-, avti-)  'allotment, written complaint' (Att.).

    *ETYM Old forms are the o-grade perf. λέλογχα, λόγχη and the zero grade aor. λαχεῖν, AdEtc. Later, εἴληχα, λήξομαι, λῆξις, etc. arose as innovations by analogy with  εἴληφα, λήψομαι, λῆψις (after Aayyavw : λαμβάνω, λαχεῖν : λαβεῖν). No known  cognates exist. A noteworthy agreement with Adyeotc is Messap. Logetibas [dat.pl.],  to which belongs Adyeotc: θεός. Σικελοί (H.); if correct, it must be an old loan; cf. Kretschmer Glotta 12 (1923): 278ff.

XXXXXλαγών 'the flanks'.

    *VAR Plur. -όνες, ⟹ λαγαίω.

XXXXXλαγώς [m.] 'hare', also metaph. of a bird (Thompson 1895 s.v.; cf. λαγωΐς below), of several sea-animals (Thompson 1947 s.v., Stromberg 1943: 111), of a constellation (Scherer 1953: 189, 192), and of a bandage (medic.).

    *VAR Att. also λαγῶς (on the gender see Schwyzer 1950: 31*); gen. Aay@ (-@), acc. λαγών, analogical -@ (-@), etc.

    *DIAL λαγωός (epic, Arist.), λαγός (Ion., Dor., poet.).

    *COMP  As a first member in λαγο-δαίτᾶς [m.] 'hare-devourer' (A.), λαγω(ο)-βόλον  [n.] 'stick for flinging at hares' (Theoc., AP), etc.

    *DER Diminutives: λαγῴδιον (Ar., pap.), Aaywddptov (Ph.); λάγιον (Χ.), Aayidtov  (M. Ant., Poll.), λαγιδεύς (Str.), Adjectives: λαγῷος 'ptng. to a hare', τὰ Aay@a 'hare-  meat, delicacy' (Hp, com.), Aaywetog 'id? (Opp.), λαγώνεια: Aayod κρέα 'hare's  meat' (H.), cf. ταών(ελιος from ταώς, -ὥς; λάγειος (of κρέας, Hp.), λάγινος 'ptng. to  a hare' (A.). Bird-names: Aaywic [f.] (Hor. Sat. 2, 2, 22; leporini coloris Porph.; cf. WH s.v.). λαγωΐνης: ὄρνις ποιός (H.), cf. κεγχρίνης, ἐλαφίνης, etc; λαγωδίας = ὦτος  ἃ kind of owl (Alex. Mynd. apud Ath. 9, 390f); cf. καχρυ-δ-ίας, Chantraine 1933: 203.

    *ETYM Traditionally analyzed as *Aay(o)-w[vo]-d¢ 'with flabby ears', an adjectival  bahuvrihi of *Aayo- (see on »Aayaiw) and οὖς, Cf. Oss. terqus 'hare', properly  'long-ear', MoP xargés 'id.', properly 'donkey-ear', Berber bu tmezgin 'the animal  with the long ears' (litt. in Frisk). Probably a taboo word from the language of  hunters (e.g. Schwyzer: 38, Havers 1946: 51f.). By contraction and analogy arose  λαγώς, λαγός (Schwyzer: 557').

===Pag_869: Beekes_Página_0869.tiff===

Szemerényi SMEA 3 (1967): 85ff. shows that the compound formation ἔλαγωρξης 'having flabby ears' (which is more probable than an o-stem) can actually be restored in Homer, and that it accounts for the Attic forms as well. DELG calls this plausible.

XXXXXλάδας [3] - ἔλαφος νεβρίας 'a deer dappled like a fawn' (H.).

    *DER Also PN (Paus. 3, 21, 1).

    *ETYM Fur.: 195 connects it with λῆθον' βαλιόν 'dappled' (Η.λ. AaSpéw [v.] 'to run, flee', of the μυκτῆρες, nostrils (Sophr. 135). <?>

    *ETYM Uncertain. Fur: 199 compares λατραβός, λαιδρός, λαθροῦν, λαιθαρύζειν.

XXXXXΛᾶεῤτης [m.] name of the father of Odysseus.

    *ETYM Connected with the root of ἔρετο: ὡρμήθη 'was incited' (H.). DELG adds:  'Cest Phomme qui met en mouvement le peuple.' For the meaning, one compares  the Myc. PN e-ti-ra-wo, which is interpreted as'Epti-Aafoc (Palmer 1963: 78). Acc. to  Ael. NA, it is the name of an insect (a bee or an ant), which we cannot explain; see  Gil Fernandez 1959: 193.

XXXXXλάζομαι [v.] 'to seize, grasp, take hold of (IL).

    *VAR Also λάζυμαι (h. Merc. 316), also Megar., Thess. λαδδουσθη, ουτιο-λαδδουνθη,  only present stem.

    *COMP Also with ἀντι-, dva-, προσ-.

    *ETYM The more recent formation λάζυμαι was probably created after αἴνυμαι  (Schwyzer: 698, Fraenkel IF 60 (1952): 132). As a yod-present, λάζομαι may continue  a pre-form *lag-ie/o- or *lang-ie/o-; given λαβεῖν, ἔτλλαβε (see ▶︎ λαμβάνω), from  which λάζομαι can hardly be separated, a labiovelar must be reconstructed: IE  *(s)leh.g'-ie/o-. Connection with the isolated OE lecc(e)an 'to seize, grasp', MoE  latch, seems possible.

XXXXXλάθαργοι [m.pl.] 'bit of leather' (Nic. Th. 423), acc. to H.,, τὰ Evdpeva ἀπὸ τῆς βύρσιης ὑπὸ τῶν ἀρβήλων 'what is carved from the hide with a cobbler-knife'; also = σκώληκες 'worms' (H.).

    *ETYM Technical term without a clear origin. Fur: 374 connects it with Aai8apyoc,  and λήθαργος with λάθαργος (Phryn. PS 87 B.), but these have a quite different  meaning. See »λαίθαργος.

XXXXXλαθικηδής, λάθρα -ολανθάνω.

XXXXXλάθυρος [m.] 'a kind of pulse, chickling, Lathyrus sativus' (Hell.). <«PG?(s)>

    *VAR Plural also -a.

    *DER λαθυρίς [f.] name of a purging plant, 'Euphorbia Lathyris' (Dsc., Gal.); hence  Lat. (gloss.) latridus [f.] (see André Et. class. 24 (1956): 4if.).

    *ETYM No etymology. Only a remote resemblance with the word for 'lentil' (Lat. lens,  OCS lesta, Ru. Παξαλ The structure (suffix -vp-) could point to a Pre-Greek word  (not in Fur.).

XXXXXλαιαί 'stones of the weaver'. ολᾶας.

===Pag_870: Beekes_Página_0870.tiff=== XXXXXλαῖλαψ, -απος 823

XXXXXλαίγματα [n.pl.] - πέμματα, οἱ δέ σπέρματα, ἱερὰ ἀπάργματα 'cakes, others: seeds, holy firstlings' (H.); λαῖγμα: τὸ ἱερόν (Theognost. Can. 9).

    *DER Cf. λάγματα (Cyr., Phot.), λαῖτμα: θῦμα 'sacrifice' (H.), cod. λαιτμάθημα; also  as a ν.]. (cod. Ven.) in Ar. Av. 1563 beside λαῖμα, in an uncertain mg, thus also Suid. with many interpretations (aipa, λαιμός, etc.).

    *ETYM The variation Aa-/Aat- points to a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXλαιδρός [adj.] 'bold, impudent, shameless' (Hell. poet.: Call, Nic, Max.).

    *ETYM Stem vowel and suffix as in φαιδρός, αἰσχρός. Fur.: 199 connects it with  AatpaBdc, λαθροῦν, λαιθαρύζω, λαιθυράζω, Aadpéw; uncertain. Origin unknown,  but possibly Pre-Greek. Note the rather late attestation of the word. Traditional etymologies do not have much to recommend themselves: Krahe 1955:  1zoff. connects Messapian / Illyrian PNs like Ledrus, Laidius, Σκερδι-λαΐδας, as well  as the semantically unclear laidehiabas (adj. of Logetibas; see ▶︎ Aayxdvw), Po-  laidehias. Another suggestion is Lith. pa-léidas 'loose, free', pa-ldida 'looseness',  assuming that λαιδρός properly meant 'loose, elated'. A different root grade is found  in Lith. /éisti 'release'. On the Baltic group, see Fraenkel 1955 s.v.

XXXXXλαιετόν 'townhall' (Su.).

    *ETYM See λήϊτον s.v. ▶︎ λαός.

XXXXXλαίθαργος [adj.] 'guileful, treacherous', of dogs which bite unexpectedly (S. Fr. 885, Orac. apud Ar. Eq. 1068); also λαιθάργῳ ποδί (Trag. Adesp. 227), explained by H. as λαθραίῳ. «Ρα(ν)»

    *VAR λαθαργοι' κύνες κρυφίως δάκνοντες 'dogs that bite unexpectedly' (H.).

    *ETYM Frisk and others consider it to be identical with ▶︎ λήθαργος 'forgetful,  lethargic and take it as a reshaping based on popular words in λαι- (λαιδρός,  λαίμαργος, etc.). However, the variation at/n rather points to Pre-Greek origin (Fur.:  338, 374). Acc. to DELG, the gloss λάθαργοι 'dogs which bite unexpectedly' in H. arose from confusion with λαίθαργοι, but it may also be a different variant. See also  > λάθαργοι.

XXXXXλαιθαρύζειν - λαμυρῶσαι, διαπράξασθαι 'to be wanton, get something done (by seduction?) (H.). -ςλατραβός.

XXXXXλαικάζω [v.] 'to wench' (com.).

    *VAR fut. λαικάσομαι.

    *DER λαικάστρια [f.] 'strumpet' (com.), also λαικαστής [m.] (Ar. Ach. 79); back-  formation λαικάς [f.] (Aristaenet. 2, 16; not quite certain); also λαικαλέος (Luc. Lex. 12).

    *ETYM Resembles »Ankdw, of which λαικάζω is probably only a variant (cf. ▶︎ λαίθαργος). The variation at/n is typical for Pre-Greek; cf. Pre-Greek: section B 6.

XXXXXλαϊΐλαψ, -απος [f.] 'furious storm, hurricane' (IL. Hell.).

    *VAR On λαΐλαμψ see Fur.: 287 Anm. 4.

===Pag_871: Beekes_Página_0871.tiff===

    *DER λαιλαπώδιης 'stormy' (Hp.), λαιλαπετός = λαῖλαψ (sch. A. on A 495), after  ὑετός, etc. Denominative λαιλαπίζω [v.] 'to quake by storms' (Aq.). λαιλαφέτης [m.]  'sender of storms' (PMag. Leid. W. 8, 21), haplological for λαιλαπ-αφέτης.

    *ETYM Probably Pre-Greek, with intensive reduplication. Fur. 225 refers to λάλαμις:  λαῖλαψ (H.); the corrections by Latte are unnecessary.

XXXXXλαῖμα -''λαίγματα.

XXXXXλαιμός [m.] 'throat, gullet' (1].λ

    *COMP As a first member in λαιμο-τόμος 'cutting the throat' (E.); on λαίμαργος see  below.

    *DER Denominatives: 1. λαιμάσσω, -ttw [v.] 'to be voracious' (Ar, Herod.) with  λαίμαστρον 'voracious animal', as a term of abuse (Herod.), cf. on ζύγαστρον; 2. λαιμώσσω [v.] 'id'. (Nic. AL 352 as a vl); 3. λαιμάω [v.] 'id'. (Hippon.); 4. λαιμάζουσιν: ἐσθίουσιν ἀμέτρως 'eat without a limit' (H.); λαιμίζω [v.] 'to cut the  throat, slaughter' (Lyc.). Nouns: λαιμά [n.p].] = λαμυρά 'voracious, greedy' (H.; Men. 106, codd. Aaipa, λῆμα),  probably a back-formation to λαιμάω, -άζω, -άσσω; λαιμώρη: ἡ Aapupic (Theognost.  Can. 9, Suid.); cf. especially πληθώρη (on the accent Wackernagel and Debrunner  Phil. 95 (1942): 181f.). A compound that became unclear as such is λαίμαργος 'voracious, carouser' (Arist.,  Thphr.), from "λαιμό-μαργος (cf. especially yaotpi-papyoc); see Georgacas Glotta 6  (1958): 165.

    *ETYM There seems no basis for the comparison with ▶︎ λαῖτμα, Fur.: 225 compares  λαιμός 'gefrassig' with λαιφός and λαιφάσσω, which proves Pre-Greek origin. Does  λαῖπος belong here, too?    λαινόχειρ - σκληρόχειρ 'With a hard hand' (H.). <GR?>

    *ETYM The first member is probably λάϊνος 'of stone'; see ▶︎ AGac. There is no  context, so further analysis is uncertain.

XXXXXλαῖον [acc.sg.] name of a part of the plough, probably 'ploughshare' (A. R. 3, 1335). <?>

    *ETYM No etymology. The -at- remains unexplained by the comparison with a Gm. word for 'sickle', ON /é, MLG ἰδ, lehe [m.], from PGm. *leyan-, IE *leuon-. Further,  Skt. lavi- [m.] (Un. 4, 138), lavi-tra- [n.] (Pan. 3, 2, 184) 'sickle', from a pres. lundati 'to  cut' (see ▶︎ Abw).

XXXXXλαιός 1 [adj.] 'left' (poet. since Tyrt., A.; late prose).

    <IE *leh,iuo- 'left >

    *VAR ἡ λαιά 'the left hand'.

    *DER Diminutive λαίδιον- ἀριστερόν, εὐώνυμον 'left' (H.).

    *ETYM Old word for 'left', identical with Lat. Jaevus, OCS ἰόντ, Ru. lévyj, from IE  *leh,i-uo- (or *lh,ei-uo-?). Comparison of λαίβα- ἀσπίς, πέλτη 'shield' (H.) as *Aaifa  'carried in the left hand' is unlikely. On spread and use of λαιός, σκαιός, ἀριστερός,  see Chantraine 1956b: 618.

===Pag_872: Beekes_Página_0872.tiff=== XXXXXλαιψηρός 825 The attempt by Fur.: 339 to compare λαφός: ὁ ἀριστερᾷ χειρὶ χρώμενος 'who uses the left hand' (H.) and establish a substrate etymon should be neglected: λαιός cannot be separated from Lat. laevus, etc.

XXXXXλαιός 2 [m.] akind of thrush, 'Petrocichla (cyanus, saxatilis)'.

    *ETYM Perhaps from λᾶας 'stone'; cf. MoGr. πετρο-κόσσυφος 'thrush'. See  Thompson 1895 s.v.

XXXXXλαισήϊα [n.pl.] a kind of shield, made of raw skins (E 453 = M 426 λαισήϊά te πτερόεντα, Hdt. 7, 91 ὠμοβοέης πεποιημένα), used by the Cilicians. < PG(v)>

    *ETYM For the ending, compare the instrument names in -ἤϊον, -εἴον; it recalls  λάσιος 'rough', but is further unclear. See Triimpy 1950: 38f. ,  Fur.: 182 compares λαῖτα- πέλτη 'shield' H., Aaidac: ἡ ἀσπίς ἀπὸ Bbpang 'shield made  of a hide' (Theognost. Can. 9, Zonar.), as well as λᾶδος, etc. 'light, cheap cloth',  although the latter is not very convincing. The gloss λαισάς: ἡ παχεῖα ἐξωμίς 'thick,  one-sleeved tunic' (H.) should probably be excluded as well. If the comparison with  Aaita and Aaidac is correct, the word must be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXλαῖτμα [n.] 'depth, gulf of the sea' (IL). <?>

    *ETYM Connected with ▶︎ λαιμός 'throat', assuming suffixes -t-1a (like in ἄε-τ-μ-α,  Chantraine 1933: 180). If this connection is correct at all (the semantics are not  compelling), it rather points to Pre-Greek origin, from a pre-form *la?m- (Fur.:  322°? rather connects it with the obscure word λαῖμα [n.] [Ar. Av. 1563]).

XXXXXλαῖφα [?] - ἀσπίς (H.); cf. λαίβα' ἀσπίς, πέλτη (Η.).

    *ETYM Given the variant, the gloss is clearly Pre-Greek. Note also λαίας: ἀσπίδας  (H.); cf. Fur: 238. Fur: 170 compares λαῖφος, Aaipr 'old garment, sail', but he gives  no further explanation. One may imagine that the sails were made of skins, like the    shield.

XXXXXλαιφάσσω [v.] 'to swallow, gulp down' (Nic. Th. 477} λαιφάσσοντες: ψηλαφοῦντες 'groping' (H.).

    *ETYM A cross between λαιμάσσω and λαφύσσω has been proposed, but such crosses  are posited too easily, and can hardly be demonstrated. If correct, the gloss  λαιφάσσοντες is after ἁφάσσοντες. On the other hand, the variation @/u is well-  known in Pre-Greek words. The meaning of λαιφαί: ἀναιδεῖς, θρασεῖς, otvyvai,  τολμηραί 'shameless, bold, hated, daring' (H.), where Schmidt reads λαιδραί,  deviates too much. The word λαιφύς: δάπανος ἢ βορός 'extravagant, gluttonous'  (H.), which too is uncertain, looks like a back-formation (acc. to Maas ByzZ 37  (1937): 380, it is an error for λάφυξ).

XXXXXλαῖφος [n.] 'ragged cloth, old garment' (Od., h. Hom.); 'cloth, sail' (poet. Alc. Z 2, 7; ἢ. Ap. 406). <?>

    *VAR Aaign [f.] 'id? (Call.).

    *ETYM Unexplained. Fur.: 170 unconvincingly compares > λαῖφα - ἀσπίς.

XXXXXλαιψῃηρός [adj.] 'swift, quick, nimble' (IL). «?»

    *DER Aatynpa [adv.] (E; perhaps also X 24, see Leumann 1950: 165f.).

===Pag_873: Beekes_Página_0873.tiff===

    *ETYM The analysis as an expressive transformation of αἰψηρός after e.g. λάβρος  'violent, boisterous' may be possible, but it is not evident. Frisk compares Ζέφυρος    .. λάβρος B 148 beside ἀνέμων λαιψηρὰ κέλευθα 'the quick paths of the winds', 3 17. Another possibility is a compound of ▶︎ Aa- and ▶︎ αἰψηρός.

XXXXXλακάζω

    *VAR λακεῖν, λακέρυζα, etc. -ολάσκω.

XXXXXλακάρα, -n [f.] tree-name, probably 'bird cherry, Prunus avium' (Thphr.). <?>

    *VAR vl. Aevkdpa, λακάθη. Cf. the gloss λακάρτη «ἢ» λακάριγ δένδρον᾽ τι (HL).

    *ETYM Unexplained.

XXXXXΛακεδαίμων, -ονος [f.] town and country on the river Eurotas (Il.).

    *DIAL Myc.  ra-ke-da-mi-ni-jo  /Lakedaimnios/ and _— [ra-]ke-da-mo-ni-jo  /Lakedaimonios/, cf. Lejeune RPh. 68 (1994): 165-168.

    *DER Λακεδαιμόνιος [m.] 'inhabitant of L.' (Hdt.), also as adj. (fem. almost only  Λάκαινα, see ▶︎ Λάκων); λακεδαιμονίζω = λακωνίζω (Ar. Fr. 95).

    *ETYM The meaning of the appellative is unknown, so the name remains without  etymology. Several proposals: a) to λακεδάμα: ὕδωρ ἁλμυρὸν ἁλσὶ πεποιημένον  [ἄλικι ἐπικεχυμένον Latte], ὅ πίνουσιν οἱ τῶν Μακεδόνων ἀγροῖκοι 'bitter water  [poured over groats] which the M. countrymen drink' (H.); b) the second member is  δαίμων in the sense 'part' (Bechtel 1921, 2: 370); c) dissimilated from *Aakev-aijwv,  to ▶︎ Λάκων and another ethnonym Αἵμων (Szemerényi Glotta 38 (1960): 14ff. with  ample discussion). Acc. to Fick 1905: 90, however, it is rather a Hellenisation of a Pre-Greek word. Frisk  thinks that Λάκων is a shortened form of Aaxe- -δαιμόνιος; the element Λακε- is  found in Adke-8ev, a deme of Eretria.

XXXXXλακέρυζα 'sbd. who cries'. -ορλαγκρύζεσθαι.

XXXXXλακίς, -ίδος [f.] 'rent, rag, tatters of clothes' (Alc, A.). <1E? */h,k->

    *VAR Often λακίδες [ρ].].

    *DER Denominative λακίζω (also with mept-) [v.] 'to tear' (Lyc., AP) with λακίσματα  'shreds' (E.), λακιστός 'torn to shreds' (Antiph.); also λακιδ-όομαι [v.] 'to be torn (to  shreds)' (Dsc.). Besides λάκη: ῥάκη. Κρῆτες 'rags' (H.), λάκημα 'rent, fragment'  (pap.), cf. on »AdoKkw.

    *ETYM The plural λάκη may belong to the s-stem */lacus, supposed in Lat. lacerdre 'to  tear' (cf. vulnerare : vulnus), unless it is a recent innovation from ῥάκη. The adjective  lacer, -era, -erum 'torn', which is attested later, would then be a back-formation. For  λακίς, one could assume both a nominal (*AdKoc?) and a verbal basis (Chantraine  1933: 338, Schwyzer: 465), and likewise for λάκημα (cf. Chantraine 1933: 178). The  only trace of an old primary verb (which was replaced by Aakilw) is ἀπέληκα:-  ἀπέρρωγα. Κύπριοι (H.). Latin, too, has given up this verb in favor of denominative  lacerare. The Latin n-stem lacin-ia [f] 'edge of a garment' belongs here too. An n-  stem is surmised in MoP raxna 'rent, cleft' (Benveniste 1935: 15; doubted by WH s.v. lacer). It is difficult to posit an IE root for Aax- and related forms: perhaps *!h,k-?

===Pag_874: Beekes_Página_0874.tiff===

Aaréw 827 λάκκος 1 [m.] 'pond, cistern, pit, reservoir' (IA).

    <IE? *loku- 'lake, pond'.>

    *COMP As a first member e.g. in λακκό-πλουτος [m.] 'who hides his wealth in a  cistern', epithet of Callias, etc. (Plu.); as a second member in the hypostasis προ-  λάκκο-ιον (Arist.), προσ-λάκκ-ιον (Gal.) 'pre-, side-cistern'; cf. προ-άστ-ιον.

    *DER λακκ-αῖος 'sprung from a X.' (Hell.), -ώδης 'full of λ᾽, (Gp.), -άριος 'guard of a  XN (gloss.), -ίζω [v.] 'to dig a A? (Suid.). Aakkiov name of the small harbour in  Syracuse (D. S.).

    *ETYM Perhaps from IE *loku-; see Schrijver 1991: 422ff, 475. Greek would have to go  back to a zero grade */kuo-. Beside the o-stem λάκκος, there are several western and northern languages with an  u-stem: Lat. lacus 'lake, pond, pit, etc.', Olr. loch 'lake, pond', OS lagu 'lake, water',  OCS loky 'Adxkoc. It has been assumed that λάκκος stands for *AdKF-o¢, but the  development of *-ku- > -κκ- is unexpected.

XXXXXλάκκος 2 [m.] 'kind of dye, lac' (Peripl. M. Rubr. 6).

    *DER λακκόω [v.] 'to dye with lac' (PLond. 2, 191, 10 [ΠΡ]: σκούτλια ξύλινα  λελακκωμένα).

    *ETYM From Prakr. lakkha < Skt. laksa 'lac'.

XXXXXλακπατέω, λακτίζω --λάξ.

XXXXXλακχά [[1] ἃ plant-name, = ἄγχουσα (Ps.-Democr.). 41ὴὺν Ind.>

    *DER λακχάϊνος (Edict. Diocl.).

    *ETYM A foreign word, probably from Prakr. lakkha 'lac' (see ▶︎ λάκκος 2); cf. the  explanation of the borrowing into Lat. lacca(r) in Plin. Val. 2, 17: herba quaedam  unde vermiculatae pelles tinguntur, 'certain herbs by which vermiculated skins are  painted'.

XXXXXΛάκων, -wvoc¢ [m.] 'Laconian, Lacedaemonian', name of an inhabitant of Laconia (Lacedaemon), also as an adjective (fem. also Aaxwvic) 'Laconian, Lacedaemonian' (Thgn., Pi.).

    *VAR Λάκαινα [f.].

    *COMP Few compounds like Aakwvo-pavéw 'imitate Lacedaemonian manners', μισο-  λάκων 'enemy of Sparta' (Ar.).

    *DER Λακωνικός 'Laconian' (IA), Λακώνιον name of a female cloth (pap.); λακωνίζω  'behave, be minded or speak like a Laconian' (Att.) with Λακων-ισταί [m.pl.]  'supporters of the L.', τισμός 'Laconian-friendly behaviour' (X.).

    *ETYM Acc. to Dittenberger Herm. 41 (1906): 196, hypocoristic for official  Λακεδαιμόνιος, which is why the fem. Λάκαινα (for Aaxedaytovia) is found almost  everywhere. Krahe IF 57 (1940): 119 supposes the name to be Illyrian and connects  Lacinium, a promontory in southern Italy, Iuno Lacinia. Fur.: 171' thinks that the suffix -atva is Pre-Greek.

XXXXXλαλέω [v.] 'to talk, chat, prattle' (Att.), 'to speak' (Arist., Hell.), MoGr. also 'to drive' (of cattle, etc.), properly 'to talk into going'. «1εῦ *lal- ONOM>

    *VAR  Aor. λαλῆσαι.

    *COMP  Also with prefix, e.g. δια-, kata-, περι-, OVV-, ἐκ-.

===Pag_875: Beekes_Página_0875.tiff===

    *DER Backformations: 1. λάλος 'chattering' (Att.) with λαλίσ-τερος, -τατος, also  κατάλαλος from κατα-λαλέω; poetical transformations λαλιός, λαλόεις 'id.' (AP); 2.

XXXXXλάλη [f.] 'chatter' (Com. Adesp., Luc.). Other derivations: 1. λαλιά 'chatter, talk' (Att., Hell.), also with κατα-, ovv- from Kata-Aahéw. 2. λάλημα, λάλησις 'id.' (Att.). 3. λαλητός 'able to speak' (LXX), περιλάλητος 'much discussed' (Agath.); λαλητικός 'chattering' (Ar.). 4. AaAntpic [f.] 'gossip' (AP), λάληθρος 'twaddler' (Lyc., AP), cf. στωμύληθρος, Chantraine 1933: 372f. 5. With extension -y- (cf. opapayéw, οἰμώζω, the suffix -wyr, etc. Chantraine 1933: 401): AaAayéw [v.] 'to babble, chirrup, chirp', of unarticulated sounds (Pi, Theoc., AP), also λαλάζω, -άξαι [v.] 'id' (Anacr. H.); also λαλαγ-ή, -ημα, -ητής (Opp., AP, H.); λάλαγες: xAwpoi βάτραχοι ... of δὲ ὀρνέου εἶδός φασι 'pale green frogs, ... others: a kind of bird' (H.). With geminate: λάλλαι [fpl.] 'pebbles' (Theoc., H., EM).

    *ETYM The ending is like in opapayéw, κελαδέω, βομβέω and other sound-verbs (cf. Schwyzer: 726°). An onomatopoeic elementary formation, like e.g. Lat. lallare, Lith. laluoti, MoHG lallen.

XXXXXλαμβάνω [v.] 'to take, grasp' (post-Hom.).

    *VAR Aor. λαβεῖν (Il.), reduplicated med. λελαβέσθαι (δ 388), pass. λαφθῆναι (Ion.),  ληφθῆναι (Att.), λημφθῆναι (Hell.); fut. λάψομαι (Ion.), λά[ίμ]ψεται (Alc.), see  Hamm 1957: 145, 285. λαψῇ (Dor.), λήψομαι (Att.), λήμψομαι (Hell.); perf. εἴληφα  (Att.), εἴλαφα (Dor.), λελάβηκα (Ion. Dor. Arc, also Att.), med. εἴλημμαι (Att.),  λέλημμαι (trag.), λέλαμμαι, λελάφθαι (Ion.).

    *COMP Very often with prefixes in various mgs. dva-, κατα-, ἐπι-, παρα-, περι-, συν-,  ὑπο-.

    *DER Many derivatives are technical words with specific mgs.:  A. From λαβεῖν: 1. λαβή 'grip, point of application, etc' (Alc. [λάβα], IA),  compounds like συλλαβή 'grip, syllable, etc' (A, Att.; λαβίς [f.] 'grip, clamp,  tweezers' (Hell.) with λαβίδιον (Dsc., Gal.), ἀντι-, kata-, περι-λαβεύς 'handle of a  shield, peg, etc' (H. medic.), λάβιον 'grip' (Str.), ἀπολάβειον 'clamp' (Ph. Bel.). 2. -λάβος in compounds like ἐργο-λάβ-ος [m.] 'contractor', whence -éw, -ia (Att. Hell.). 3. τλαβής, eg. εὐ-λαβ-ής (to eb λαβεῖν) 'careful', with -έομαι, -eta (IA). 4. AhaBEtoc PN (Att. epigr.). |  B. From full-grade forms (λήψομαι, ληφθῆναι): 1. λῆμμα (ἀνά-, etc.) 'acceptance,  assumption, etc. (Att.). 2. λῆψις (ἀνά-, etc.), Hell. λῆμψις 'capture, apprehension,  attack ofa disease' (Hp. Att.), ἀπό-, διάτλαμψις = ἀπό-, διάτληψις (Mytil. and Cyme,  etc.). 3. -ληίμγπτωρ, eg. συλ-λήπ-τωρ with συλλήπτρ-ια 'participant, assistant'  (Att). 4. ἀνα-, κατα-ληπ-τήρ 'scoop', 'clamp', resp. (Hell.), ἀνα-ληπτρ-ίς [f.]  'connection' (Gal.). 5. παρα-λή(μ)π-της 'tax collector' (Hell.), προσωπο-λήπ-της  'who looks after the person' (NT). 6. ληπτικός 'receptive' (Arist.), further in  compounds like émAnmtixdc 'epileptic' (to ἐπίληψις, Hp.). 7. συλ-λήβ-δην [adv]  'taken together' (Thgn., A.). On »λάβρος, see s.v; on ἀμφι-λαφής see ▶︎ λάφυρον.

    *ETYM From Aegin. AhaBwv, Att. AhaBEtog and εἴληφα (as well as Hom. ἔλλαβον),  we have to infer IE *s/-. The Hom. present λάζομαι (λαμβάνω was an innovation)

===Pag_876: Beekes_Página_0876.tiff=== XXXXXλάμπω 829 points to IE -g'-, so the root must have been IE sleh.g-. The aspiration in εἴληφα may be secondary (cf. Schwyzer: 772); however, perhaps another verb for 'grasp' (see ▶︎ λάφῦραλ was involved; some other forms may have been influenced by this verb as well. The zero grade λαβ- must be secondary anyway, for s[h.g'- would have yielded a form with long 4. LIV? connects OE lecc(e)an 'to seize', but this presupposes two secondary developments: loss of s-mobile and creation of a-vocalism in the present. See LIV? sv. *sleh.g-. See ▶︎ λάζομαι.

XXXXXλάμβδα --λάβδα.

XXXXXλάμια = ayv ρός.

XXXXXλάμπη [f.] 'foam', e.g. on the surface of wine, 'phlegm, mucus'; metaph. 'filth, decay', of the underworld (A. Eu. 387, Dsc., Plu.).

    *VAR Also λάπη (Hp. Diph.). Fur. 316 adduces λαπτής: λαπτὴν ἔλεγον TOV παχὺν  ἀφρόν 'thick foam' (H.), etc.

    *DER λα(μ)πώδης (also -ππ-) 'covered with foam' (Hp., Erot., Gal.), λαμπηρός 'id?  (Hp. apud Gal.).

    *ETYM The connection with ▶︎ λάμπω (see Frisk) does not explain the forms without  nasal. These point to a Pre-Greek word. Grogelj Ziva Ant. 2 (1952): 212 connects it  with ▶︎ λέπω. See ▶︎ λέμφος.

XXXXXλαμπήνη [f.] 'a covered wagon' (S. Fr. 441, Hell, com., LXX; acc. to Polem. Hist. a Tegeatan word, acc. to others Thessalian). Also ἕδρα, θρόνος (Porphyr. in Ptol. 49).

    *VAR Also Aaniviy ἡ ἅμαξα 'wagon' (Su. Lex. Ambr. ined. 137), probably itacistic for  *harajvn (Fur. 285).

    *DER λαμπηνικαὶ ἅμαξαι (LXX).

    *ETYM Ending like in ἀπήνη, kanava. The word is evidently Pre-Greek, because of  the prenasalization and the suffix -ήνῃ.

XXXXXλάμπω [v.] 'to lighten, glow', act. also 'to illuminate' (Il.). «IE? *leh.p- 'glow, light>

    *VAR Aor. λάμψαι, fut. λάμψω (A), perf. 356. λέλαμπε with present mg. (E.), aor. pass. λαμφθῆναι (J.).

    *COMP Often with prefix, e.g. dmo-, &k-, év-, ἐπι-, ὑπο-.

    *DER 1. λαμπάς, -άδος [f.] 'torch, torch-race' (IA), also poet. adj. 'lit by torch' (S.);  λαμπάδιον 'small torch' (Att.); λαμπαδ-ίας [m.] name of a comet and of the  constellation Aldebaran (Chrysipp.), see Scherer 1953: 121f., -ίτης 'torch-runner  (Pergamon III*); λαμπάδ-ιος 'ptng. to a torch' (pap.), -teiog 'id' (Delos III*), see  Chantraine 1933: 93; τ-κός 'id' (sch.); λαμπαδεῖον 'torch-holder' (Eleusis IV'), cf. Avyvetov. Denominatives: a λαμπαδίζω [v.] 'to participate in a torch-run or a torch-  procession' with λαμπαδισταί [pl.] 'participants in a torch-run' (Delphi ΠΗ); Ὁ. λαμπαδεύομαι, -ebw [v.] 'id, to treat as a λαμπάς᾽ (Ὁ. S., Ph.) with λαμπαδεία 'torch-  procession' (Priene 111-115). 2. λαμπτήρ, -ἦρος [m.] 'lighter, torch, lantern' (Od.),  with λαμπτήρια [n.pl.] name of a festival (pap.). 3. λάμψις [f.] 'lighting' (LXX, ΡB.)  especially in compounds like διάλαμψις (Arist.), etc. On »λαμψάνη 'cabbage,

===Pag_877: Beekes_Página_0877.tiff===

Brassica arvensis', see s.v. 4. λαμπηδών, -όνος [f.] 'lustre, glow' (Epicur., D. 5.). 5.

XXXXXλαμπυρίς [f.] 'glow-worm' (Arist.), with λαμπυρίζω [v.] 'to shine like a glowworm', also 'to illuminate' (Thphr., pap.), perhaps dissimilated from *Aayim-vAic? 6. λαμπρός 'shining, gleaming' with λαμπρότης, λαμπρύνω 'to illuminate', med. 'to show' (IA), with λαμπρυν-τής (late); as a first member with dissimilation in Λάμπουρος name of a dog (Theoc.), -ουρις [f.] 'fox' (A. Fr. 433, Lyc.). 7. ὑπο-, περι-λαμπ-ής 'shining below, around' (Hes. Sc., Ph., Plu.). 8. Lengthened verbal forms: λαμπετάων (-dwv) [ptc.] 'shining' (A 104); explanation uncertain, see Schwyzer: 705, Leumann 1950: 181f., Chantraine 1942: 358; λαμπάζω = λάμπω (Man.). 9. Several PNs: Λάμπος, Λαμπετίδης, Λαμπετίη, Λάμπιτος, -ta, Λαμπαδ-ίων, -ioxoc, Λαμπ(τ)ρεύς; see Bechtel 1917b: 621, Fraenkel 1910: 236, Schwyzer: 337.

    *ETYM Both the verbal and the nominal forms derive from the nasal present λάμπω. Without a nasal, we find Hitt. lapp-* / lapp- 'to glow, flash'; with a long vowel (from  IE *leh,p- or *loh.p-), some Baltic words for 'torch, flame': Lith. /épé, Latv. lapa, OPr. lopis; with short a-vowel, but deviating in auslaut, we find Olr. lassaim 'flame', W  llachar 'glow', which can go back to *laps-. LIV' reconstructs *leh,p- 'aufleuchten',  but it is doubtful whether this material proves IE origin. Cf. »λαμψάνη and ▶︎ λοφνίς. Is it possible to explain λαμπηδών, λαμπυρίς as Greek formations? The nasal present  is difficult, for what would be the outcome of */h,mp-?

XXXXXλαμυρός [adj.] 'voracious, avaricious, eager, coquettish' (X., com., Hell.).

    *DER λαμυρία 'voluptuousness, coquetry' (Plu.), λαμυρίς [f.] 'dewlap' (sch. Luc. Lex. 3), λαμυρῶσαι H. s.v. λαιθαρύζειν. Further Agua [f.] name of a man-eating monster  (Ar.), of a shark (Arist.); in this mg. also λάμνᾶ or -vn (Opp.); (τὰ) λάμια = χάσματα  'chasms' (EM, H.); cf. λαμυρὰ θάλασσα (EM 555, 57). Name of a hero Λάμος (x 81). Lycian TN Λάμυρα (Λίμυρα), HN Λάμυρος; suggestion in Heubeck Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 1 (1949): 281.

    *ETYM For the formation of λαμυρός, cf. γλαφυρός, βδελυρός, etc. λάμ-ιἄ has  retained -14, like πότνια (see Chantraine 1933: 98). There seems no basis for the  comparison of λαμυρός with Lat. lemurés 'roaming ghosts of those who died at a  wrong time, or who died a violent death'. From λάμια was borrowed Lat. lamia [f.] 'vampire'; perhaps also lamium [n.] 'dead  nettle', from *Aduov? The form λαμός 'cleft' (sch. Hor. Ep. 1, 13, 10; λάμος LSJ) does  not exist. The word (note the suffix -vp-) is probably Pre-Greek, and related to λαφύσσω 'to  swallow' with interchange μήφ; see Fur. 225. Perhaps ▶︎ λαιμός is also related. Fur.:  further connects λάβρος, which is possible but uncertain.

XXXXXλαμψάνη [f.] 'kind of cabbage, Brassica arvensis' (Dsc., Gal; pap.), acc. to Strémberg 1940: 24 because of the gleaming color.

    *VAR  Also λαψ-, Aew-. Further λαψάνη: τῶν ἀγρίων λαχάνων ἐσθιομένη 'edible wild  vegetable' (H.). and Adwa: γογγυλίς. Περγαῖοι 'turnip' (H.).

    *ETYM The variants prove Pre-Greek origin (note the different vocalism in Aew-),  while connection with ▶︎ λάμπω remains doubtful.

===Pag_878: Beekes_Página_0878.tiff=== XXXXXλάξ 831

XXXXXλανθάνω [v.] 'to escape notice, be unknown. or unnoted; to make sbd. forget sth.', med. 'to forget' (II.+). 41E *leh,- 'remain unnoticed or hiddén'>

    *VAR  Also λήθω (ληθάνω ἡ 221), aor. λαθεῖν, λελαθεῖν, -έσθαι (ἐπι-λῆσαι υ 85), fut. λήσω (IL), perf. λέληθα (IA), med. λέλασμαι (Hom.), λέλησμαι (Att.), late aor. λήσασθαι, λησθῆναι, Dor. Aeol. AGBw, λᾶσω, λᾶσαι, λέλᾶθα.

    *COMP Also with prefix, especially ém-.

    *DER A. from λαθεῖν, -έσθαι: 1. λάθρη, -ἃ [adv.] 'secretly' (Il.), AdOpa (A. Cer. 240)  with λαθραῖος 'secret' (IA); λάθριος (S. Ichn. 66 [lyr.], Hell.), -idtoc, -ἰμαῖος (late)  'id.'; λαθράδαᾶν [adv.] (Corinn.), like κρυφᾶδᾶν; λαθρη-δόν, -δά, -δίς (late); as a first  member λαθρο- in compounds like λαθρό-νυμφος 'secretly married' (Lyc.), instead  of the older variant λᾶθι- in forms like λαθι-κηδής (X 83), properly 'hiding sorrow',  but also 'making forget sorrows'; cf. λᾶθι- sub C. 2. λαθητικός 'which escapes notice'  (Arist.), λάθησις (sch. Gen. A 36) ; 3. λάθος [n.] 'forgetfulness' (MoGr. for *AfBoc,  λᾶθος sub B.). B. From λήθειν: 1. λήθη, Dor. λάθα 'forgetfulness' (B 33) with ληθαῖος forgetful  (Call. Lyc.), also ληθήμων, ληθώδης, λήθιος (H.). 2. λᾶθος [n.] = λήθη (Theoc.);

XXXXXλαθοσύνα [f.] 'id' (E. IT 1279, uncertain). 3. ληθεδών, -dvoc [f.] 'id' (AP, APL) with ληθεδανός = ληθαῖος (Luc.). 4. ἔκ-λη-σις (wW 485), ἐπί-λᾶ-σις (Pi. P. 1, 46) 'forgetfulness', from éx-, ἐπι-λήθειν; from the simplex further λῆσ-τις 'id.' (S., E.), which is typologically older. 5. Ano-wwv 'forgetting, forgetful' (Them.) with λησμοσύνη (Hes. Th. 55, 58. Ant. 151), after μνημοσύνη; ἐπιλήσ-μων 'id.' (Att.) with ἐπιλησμον-ή, -μοσύνη (Crat., LXX), émAnopov-éw (late), Anopiov-éw (MiGr. and MoGr.); details in Georgacas Glotta 6 (1958): 167f. (not always correct). C. As a first member in verbal governing compounds: 1. Anoi-tiBpotog 'taking men by surprise, deceiver' (h. Merc.); 2. λᾶθί-πονος 'forgetting (or: making forget) sorrows (S.), cross with AG@@l-; 3. λαθ-ἄάνεμος 'escaping the wind' (Simon.). Cf. also ▶︎ ἀληθής and ▶︎ ἄλαστος; unrelated is ▶︎ Λητώ.

    *ETYM At the base of the Greek system stands the present λήθω, λάθω. Beside this are  found, from the earliest sources on, the thematic zero grade aorists λἄθεῖν and  λελᾶθεϊν, -έσθαι together with the perf. med. λέλασμαι and some isolated nominal  derivatives, especially the couple λάθρᾶ : λαθι- (Beckwith KZ 112 (1999): 78-85 argues  that the reduplicated thematic aorist of the type λέλαθον is a Greek creation). The nasal present λανθάνω (beside λήθω, which is better attested in Hom.) is  perhaps an innovation after μαθεῖν : μανθάνω. Though parallels (πύθω : πύος, βρίθω  : Bptapdc) are not very strong, the -θ- must be a presentic element in λήθω. A form  without dental enlargement indeed seems to be found in Afjto- ἐπελάθετο, beside  Arto: ἐπε«ελάξθετο (H.) (on the -1- see below). Lat. lated 'to be hidden' is probable a  denominative from *lato- 'hidden'. The combination with ToB /dt- 'to go out, emerge' is wrong, both formally and  semantically (see Adams 1999 s.v.), while the comparison with OCS lajati  'ἐνεδρεύειν, to ambush, lie in wait for' and OCz. Iékati 'id' is now once again  defended, e.g. by LIV? s.v. 3. *leh,- (see also *leh,d'-) and Derksen 2008. The words  ▶︎ λαίθαργος and ▶︎ λήθαργος are Pre-Greek.

XXXXXλάξ [adv.] 'with the heel or foot' (II.). < PG?>

===Pag_879: Beekes_Página_0879.tiff===

    *VAR Also (very rare) subst. (secondary back-formation) = λάκτισμα (H.), 'sole of  the foot (sch. A. R. 2, 106), see Thierfelder Sachs. Abh. 43:2: 423.

    *COMP As a first member in λακ-πατέω 'to tread (with the foot), trample underfoot'  (Pherecr. 136, 5. Ant. 1275 v.l; cf. λεω-πάτητος s.v. λεῖοςλ

    *DER λάγ-δην = AdE (S. Fr. 683, 3). Denominative verbs: 1. λακτίζω [v.] 'to kick with  the foot or the hoof (Od.), also with prefix, e.g. dvtt-, éx-; rather after the verbs in  -τίζω than from ἔλακτι, as per Schwyzer: 620; thence λάκτισμα (A. S.), λάκτιμα  (pap., H.); (éx-)Aaktiopos (H.) 'treading, pushing'; -ἰστής 'who kicks with the foot'  (X.), -ἰστική, scil. τέχνη (in boxing; late). 2. λάξας = λακτίσας (Lyc. 137), λάζειν'  ἐξυβρίζειν 'to break out, go crazy' (H.) with λαχμός = λακτισμός (Antim.); λάκτις [f.]  'pounder' (Call, Nic.), back-formation from λακτίζω (see Schwyzer: 270)?

    *ETYM Formed like πύξ, γνύξ, ὀδάξ, etc. but without a certain explanation. The  connection with Lat. calx 'heel' is semantically adequate, but even assuming  dissimilation from *kAdé, formal problems remain. Within Greek, the gloss Ankav-  τὸ πρὸς φδὴν ὀρχεῖσθαι 'dance on a song' (H.) could be compared; further, ληκῆσαι,  λακῆσαι- πατάξαι 'strike, beat, knock, etc.' (H.) and several expressions for 'limbs',  like Lat. lacertus 'upper arm'. Semantically, none is very convincing. Since a good IE  etymology is lacking, we may ask whether the word is Pre-Greek. See on ▶︎ ὀδάξ.

XXXXXλαός [m.] '(the common) folk, crowd, the military, tribe' (Il, Dor., Hell.), in the NT especially 'the Jewish people', plur. 'the military, servants, subjects, serfs', also 'laity' (LXX); sing. 'follower' (Hecat. 23 J.); elaborate discussion of use and spread by Bjorck 1950: 318ff. <1E? */eh,-uo- 'band of people', PG?>

    *VAR Ion. ληός (rare), [A λεώς (archaic and rare).

    *DIAL Myc. ra-wa-ke-ta /law-agetas/, cf. Chantraine 1956a: 88'.

    *COMP Many old compounds: Λαρο-πτόλεμος, Fid-Aafog (Cor.), Aayétag [m.]  'leader of the people' (Pi.) from AGf-ayetac (see Myc. above), Adéptyc, λαο-σσόος  'urging the men' (Hom.), from ▶︎ σεύω, Aao-, λεω-φόρος 'carrying the people,  public', of streets, as a subst. 'road' (Il.), Μενέλαος (I].), -Agwe Att. (cf. Bjorck 1950:  104ff.), etc.

    *DER Few derivatives (in part due to the synonym δῆμος, in part to homonymous  forms of Adag 'stone'): 1. λαϊκός 'of the people, common' (Hell.). 2. λαώδης 'popular'  (Ph., Plu.). 3. Arjitog PN (IL), λήϊτον [n.] (on the very rare suffix -ἰτο- Schwyzer:  504), 'town hall among the Achaeans (Hdt, Plu.) with the JA form for Aditov- τὸ  ἀρχεῖον 'town hall', Aditwv- τῶν δημοσίων τόπων 'place of public affairs' (H.); other  glosses: Afjtov (cod. λῃτόν): δημόσιον, Anitn οἱ δὲ λήτη (cod. Anti) ἱέρεια; cf. Aatetév 'townhall (Su.). λειτόν: βλάσφημον (H.). Fur. 2384 objects that -ἰτο- is a  Pre-Greek suffix (cf. ibid. 163, 187). Derivation Antial: ἡγεμονίαι, στρατιαί 'leaders'  (H.). As an adjectival first member in Antovpyéw (λειτ-) [v.] 'to fulfill a public office on  private means, provide a (public or ecclesiastical) service', with Antoupy-ia (AeIt-)  'service, liturgy' (Att.), -ός, -ημα, etc. (Hell.), compounded *Anito-fepy-éw to "λήϊτα  ἔργα, cf. »» δημιουργός; also λήτ-αρχος [m.] 'public priest' (Lyc. 991). Cf. also  »λείτωρ.

===Pag_880: Beekes_Página_0880.tiff=== XXXXXλαπίζω 833

    *ETYM Like the Gm. word for 'people' (OHG liut, OE léod), λα(ε)ός was originally a  collective; from this form, the plural λᾶ(ε)οί arose (just like liuti, léode), from which  the sing. ληός 'follower' was built, like ἐμὲ 'man'. Most often connected with Hitt. /ahh- 'campaign' and Olr. Idech 'warrior'. On  λήιτον, etc., see Gschnitzer Glotta 55 (1977): 190-207. Gschnitzer assumes that the  writings ἢ and εἰ instead of a show that the form came from the IA area. For the  etymology, he follows Heubeck and assumes that An-1-to- is a compound 'von den  Leuten betreten', ie. 'publicus'. This interpretation is not convincing, as the PN  Λήιτος (IL) cannot be explained in this way. The form λαός is rather Pre-Greek, and  has a Pre-Greek suffix -11(0)-, which was recognized as such by Fur. 163, 238, 303f.,  etc. This suffix is also found in e.g. βάρβιτος, BOA(B)t TOV, πόφιτον. The word λεία 'booty' is not related.

XXXXXλάπαθον 1 [n.] 'monk's rhubarb, Rumex acetosa' (Epich., Thphr.). < pG(s)>

    *VAR Also -ος [m., fi]; -ἡ [f.].

    *COMP Also in compounds, eg. ὀξυ-, inno-, βου-λάπαθον (Dsc.).

    *ETYM Because of the formation (cf. dvnBov), foreign origin is suspected. The gloss  as βοτάνη κενωτική 'purgative plant (sch. Theoc.), with λάπαθα [pl.] 'faeces' (sch. Gen. E 166), recalls λαπάσσω.

XXXXXλάπαθος 2 [m.] 'pitfall for wild animals' (Democr. 122, plur.).

    *VAR Also -ov [n.] (H., Phot. Suid.).

    *ETYM Words in -θος are often Pre-Greek; ςἷ.»λάπαθον 1.

XXXXXλαπαρός [adj.] 'weak, slack, hollow (Hp., Arist.).

    *DER λαπαρότης 'weakness' (Hp.); Aandpn [f.] 'the weak flanks', plur. 'the flank(sy'  (. Purther λαπάσσω, -ttw (-Cw Ath., H.) [v.] 'to weaken, hollow out, empty' (Hp.), also  'destroy' (A.), aor. λαπάξαι, fut. λαπάξω; thence λάπαξις 'evacuation' (Arist., medic.),  λαπαγμῶν: ἐκκενώσεων 'emptying' (H.), λαπακτικός 'evacuating' (medic.). On  > λάπαθον 'pitfall', see s.v.

    *ETYM For the formation of λαπαρός, cf. λαγαρός, χαλαρός, πλα-δαρός, etc. all with  similar meaning (Chantraine 1933: 227). A basic primary verb may have been  retained in ἔλαψα: διέφθειρα. Κύπριοι 'weakened, destroyed (Cypr.) (H.). It is usually assumed that Aandoow, -ttw is an extension of this, perhaps after  μαλάττω (cf. λαπάττων' μαλάττων, Aayapov ποιῶν H.). The meaning 'to hollow out'  arose in the medical language from 'to weaken', referring to the stomach and the  intestines. In the sense 'to destroy', λαπάξειν, -Eat agrees with ἀλαπάζω, the relation of which to  λαπάσσω, Cw has not been explained before, but the 4- could well be the Pre-Greek  prothetic vowel (see on ▶︎ ἀλαπάζω). Cf. Fur: 350 and 371, who also combines forms  with λεπα-.

XXXXXλάπη 'foam'. -'λάμπη.

XXXXXλαπίζω [v.] 'to boast, swagger' (S. Fr. 1062, Cic. Att. 9, 13, 4, AB, Phot., H.).

===Pag_881: Beekes_Página_0881.tiff===

    *DER λάπισμα 'boasting' (Cic. 1.ς.), λαπιστής 'swaggerer' (LXX, H.), -ίστρια, -ἰκτής  (Phot., H.).

    *ETYM Compared with Skt. /dpati 'to chatter' and the Slavic group of Ru. lepetdt' 'to  stammer', etc. (Pok. 677f.). However, a root of the shape Aan- is rather Pre-Greek  than cognate with Sanskrit.

XXXXXλάπτω [v.] 'to lap with the tongue, drink greedily, gulp down', especially of dogs, etc. (Arist.).

    *VAR Fut. λάψω (IT 161, Ar.), -ομαι (Ar.), aor. λάψαι, -ασθαι (Ar., Pherecr, LXX),  perf. λέλἄφα (Ar. Fr. 598).

    *COMP Also with ἀπο-, ék-, περι-.

    *DER λάπτας: τοὺς ῥοφοῦντας 'gulping down' (H.); also supposed in λατταμυῖα-  Πολυρ«ρρδήνιοι (H.) by Latte Glotta 34 (1955): 197, who reads λάττας«ς;» (Cret. for  λάπταφ): μυῖα 'fly'; further Adyic 'gulping down' (Arist.).

    *ETYM An onomatopoeic word. In other IE languages, we find Alb. lap 'id.', of dogs,  cats, Ru. lépat' 'to devour', Lith. lapénti 'to absorb greedily' (of swines), OE lapian,  MHG leffen 'to gulp down', MoHG lappen, MoFr. laper 'id'. Since λάπτω, λέλαφα  may be secondary to λάψω, λάψαι, Schulze KZ 52 (1924): 105 (= ΚΙ. Schr. 372) refers  to BSI. synonyms with k, like Lith. /akti, Ru. lokat' 'Aantetv', to which λάψω, Adyar  (if with IE *k') may correspond. However, as PIE had no ἴα, the word is rather Pre-  Greek. See »λαφύσσω.

XXXXXλάρδος [m.] 'salted meat' (pap. IV"). <Lw Lat»

    *COMP λαρδηγός 'supplier of A' (Abydos V-VIP).

    *ETYM From Lat. lardum 'id.' gender after τάριχος [m., n.]? See ▶︎ λᾶρῖνός,

XXXXXλᾱρῑνός [adj.] 'fattened, fat' (Xenoph., Ar., Eratosth.). <?>

    *DER λαρινεύομαι 'be fattened' (Sophr.).

    *ETYM Unclear. Athough it is remarkable that λᾶρῖνός has final stress and a long /, it  recalls Lat. laridum > lardum (see on ▶︎ λάρδος) 'bacon, salted meat'.

XXXXXλαρινός [m.] name of an unknown sea-fish (Opp. H. 3, 399, H.). <?>

    *DER λαρινευτής: ἁλιεύς 'fisher', λαριναῖον κύρτον 'fishing net': οἱ ἁλιεῖς τὸν ἐκ  λεςυρκέας, ἢ μέγαν (HL).

    *ETYM Both the long ἃ and the meaning refute the connection with λάρος 'sea-gull'  (as per Strémberg 1943: 120).

XXXXXλάρκος [m.] 'charcoal-basket' (Ar.). <?>

    *COMP Aapk-aywyde (E. Fr. 283), Aapko-popéw (D. C.).

    *DER λαρκίον (Poll.) and -idtov (Ar.).

    *ETYM Because of ναρκίον: ἀσκόν 'bag, wineskin' (H.), it has been derived from  *vapkoc by influence of »Adpvat. Doubtful. On ναρκίον, cf. ▶︎ νάρκη. Fur.: 305%  compares νάκος 'fleece', which is semantically far-fetched.

XXXXXλάρναξ, -ἄκος [f.] 'chest, box, coffer, coffin' (11.

    *COMP λαρνακοφθόρος 'killing in aX.' (Lyc.).

    *DER Aapvakiov (Sm.).

===Pag_882: Beekes_Página_0882.tiff=== XXXXXλάσαρον 835

    *ETYM The suffix is seen in other instrument names, like πίναξ, κάμαξ, κλῖμαξ,  dippak. Note the gloss νάρναξ': κιβωτός 4. (H.) with dissimilation. There is no  etymology and the suffix is typically Pre-Greek. This means that the word itself is  probably Pre-Greek. Nehring Glotta 14 (1925): 185 points to Λάρνασσος, which is an  old name of the Πάρνασσος acc. to EM 655, 5 et al.

XXXXXλάρος [m.] name of a rapacious sea-bird, perhaps 'sea-gull' (Thompson 1895 s.v.), often metaph. of demagogues (e 51, Ar., Arist.). < ONOM?>

    *DER Cf. λαρίς [f.] 'id' (AP); perhaps also in σισίλαρος: πέρδιξ. Περγαῖοι 'partridge'

    *ETYM Often considered to be onomatopoeic, eg. by Pok. 650. Cf. Arm. lor 'quail',  with a different vocalism. Perhaps the same word as ▶︎ λᾶρός. See ▶︎ λῆρος.

XXXXXλᾶρός [adj.] 'delicious, sweet, fine' (I1.). «(Ὁ

    *ETYM Blanc Glotta 76 (1998): 162-167, connects this word and »Aapivéc with  > ἀπολαύω 'to enjoy, have the benefit of. Λᾶρός means 'invigorating, reinforcing'. The superlative λαρώτατος shows that the word was contracted from *Aafapoc or  ἔλαξερος (the first syllable can be replaced by two short syllables everywhere;  Chantraine 1942: 33). The form λᾶρῖνός may simply be derived from λᾶρός. The root is given by Pok. 665 as *lay-, but cognates are unclear: Slavic love  'dexterous' is hardly cognate on account of the meaning, while W llawen 'merry'  points to *lay-, which itself points to a non-IE word rather than to */h,eu-.

XXXXXλάρυγξ, -vyyos [m.] 'upper part of the windpipe' (Hp., com., Arist., Gal.). < PG(S,v)>

    *DER Diminutive λαρύγγιον (Gal), -ἰκός 'rapacious' (Pherecr.) and a few  denominatives: 1. λαρυγγ-ίζω [v.] 'to cry loudly' (Ar. D.); 2 -1dw 'id. (AP); 3. λαρύζει- βοᾷ: ἀπὸ tod λάρυγγος 'cries; after the A.' (H.); also 4. Aaptvet, of the dove  (Stud. itfilcl. 1, 95; 3, 496). Backformation λαρυγγός: ματαιολόγος 'talking idle' (HL).

    *ETYM The suggestion of a cross between φάρυγξ and λαιμός, which have earlier  attestations, is found in Stromberg 1944: 596, who discusses the meaning. Nevertheless, such crosses should not be posited at random. Formerly connected with Lat. /urco(r) 'to devour, carouse', MHG slurc 'throat' (Pok. 965f.). Frisk concludes, in accordance with Giintert 1914: 119: 'If this analysis is  correct, then λάρυγξ must have been reshaped after φάρυγξ in any case.' However,  in addition to the suffix -vyy-, the by-form λάρυγος [gen.] (EM 788, 37) confirms  Pre-Greek origin (secondary origin is far from convincing; cf. DELG).

XXXXXλάσανα [n.pl.] 'tripod or stand of a pot', usually 'nightstool? (Hp., com.). < PG?>

    *VAR Rarely sing. -ov.

    *COMP λασανο-φόρος [m.] name of a slave (Plu.).

    *DER λασανίτης δίφρος (pap.), mg. unclear; λάανα' éntotatov 'support, stand' (H.).

    *ETYM Instrument name in -avov (Chantraine 1933: 199), but otherwise obscure. Borrowed as Lat. lasanum. On Adoa: τράπεζα πληρεστάτη 'overfull table' (H.), see  »λάσιος. Perhaps Pre-Greek.

XXXXXλάσαρον [n.] 'ὀπὸς σιλφίου, asafoetida' (Aét., Alex. Trall., H.).

    *VAR Also -ap. ᾿

===Pag_883: Beekes_Página_0883.tiff===

    *DER -άριον (Aét.).

    *ETYM Unexplained foreign word. Cf. André 1961: 208f. Probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXλάσθη [f.] 'insult, mockery (Hdt. 6, 67, AP 7, 345, H.).

    *DER Cf. the glosses, all from H.: λάσθω and λασάσθω: χλευαζέτω 'scoff; λάσθαι:'  παίζειν 'to joke', ὀλιγωρεῖν 'neglect', λοιδορεῖν 'revile'; λάσθων: κακολογῶν  'speaking badly'; λάσθον: αἰσχρόν 'shameful'; λάσθας: συμφοράς 'misfortunes'. λασθαίνειν: κακολογεῖν (H.).

    *ETYM Connection as λάσ-θη with a root *las- as in Lat. las-civus 'wanton, luxuriant,  lascivious', Skt. 1a-las-a- 'greedy is semantically inadequate. Perhaps Pre-Greek?

XXXXXλάσιος [adj.] 'shaggy, woolly, overgrown with' (IL). <?>

    *COMP Compounds like λασι-αύχην 'with a hairy neck' (A. Merc.).

    *DER λασιών, -ὥῶνος [m.] 'thicket' (Nic.), also as a TN; λασιῶτις, epithet of bAn (Epic. Alex. Adesp.), cf. δενδρῶτις (E.), etc.

    *ETYM If it is from *pAat-1oc, λάσιος can be connected with words for hairy things, as  in Olr. folt 'hair' < IE *uolto-, OPr. wolti 'ear (of corny, Lith. vdltis 'bunch of oats',  Ru. vélot' 'fiber, ear; panicle', SCr. vldt 'ear' < IE *uolti-; acc. to Solmsen KZ 42  (1909): 2144, the Gm. group of MoHG Wald 'forest' < IE *udltu- belongs here as well. If from *ujtio- < IE *ult-io-, λάσιος would differ from the words mentioned in root  ablaut. Speculations by Blanc RPh. 73 (1999). See ▶︎ Ady vn.

XXXXXλάσκω [v.] 'to ring, crack' (only for Adxeiv), 'to splash' (-Ankéw), 'to bang' (Aaxéw), 'to shout, scream, speak loudly' (A., E., Ar.); for the mg. see Bjorck 1950: 280ff. <?2>

    *VAR Lengthened Aackdler φλυαρεῖ, θωπεύει 'talks nonsense, flatters' (H.), ἐπι-  ληκέω (8 379), (δια-)λᾶκέω (Ar. Nu. 410, Theoc., Act. Ap. 1, 18), λάκάζω (A.), also  Adw in (ὀξὺ) λάωνξ (cf. s.v. »λάω), aor. AGxeiv (IL, trag.), λελἄκέσθαι (h. Merc.),  Adkfjoat (Ar. Pax 382), -λακῆσαι (Ar. Nu. 410), fut. λακήσομαι (Ar. Pax 381, 384);  perf. AéAnka (Χ 141), λέλᾶκα (A. [lyr.], E., Ar.).

    *DER 1. From λακεῖν: λάκος: ἦχος, ψόφος 'cry'; λακερόν' ἠχαῖον 'resounding', cod. εἰκαῖον (H.), λακέρυζα 'screaming', of κορώνη (Hes.), also κύων; secondarily -ζος  (Schwyzer: 473, 4723); thence λακερύζω, -ομαι (EM, H., Phot., Suid.), but see on  λαγκύζεσθαι; λακέτᾶς (Adk-?) 'kind of cicada' (Ael; cf. Gil Emerita 25 (1957): 318);  λάκημα 'fragment' (cf. Bjorck 1950: 282). 2. From Ankéw, λᾶκέω: Λακητήρ spit of  land of Cos (Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1: 162); Ληκήτρια [f.] name of a goddess (Lyc. 1391)  belongs here too, acc. to Schwyzer RAM 75 (1926): 448 (codd. Anxtnp-); ληκητής  'cryer' and λᾶκεδόνες [f.pl.] 'shouting' (Timo).

    *ETYM The system was created starting from the pair Adxeiv : λέλᾶκα, -ηκα (cf. Kpayeiv : κέκρᾶγα, etc.). From AdKelv: Adokw < *Adk-oKw, λἄκάζω, λᾶκῆσαι,  λελᾶκέσθαι; from λέλᾶκα, -nKa: λᾶκέω, Ankéw, λάκῆσαι, as well as perhaps »Adw. The form λακήσομαι admits both interpretations, as the quantity is uncertain. No etymology.

XXXXXλάσται [f.] - πόρναι 'whores' (H.).

    *DER Purther λάσταυρος 'κίναιδος, catamite' (Theopomp., AP), ἡμι-λάσταυρος  (Men.). Shortened form λάστρις (EM 159, 30).

===Pag_884: Beekes_Página_0884.tiff===

    *ETYM λάσταυρος was hardly formed after κένταυρος (as per Frisk), in spite of the  gloss Kévtavpor: ... καὶ oi παιδερασται (H.). Fur.: 383 connects λασιτός: κίναιδος and  λεσιτός: πόρνιη. The element Aao-/Aact-/Aeci- is clearly Pre-Greek, and probably  represents */a?'- or *las'-. Therefore, it is unrelated to ▶︎ λιλαίομαι.

XXXXXλάταξ 1, -αγος [f.] 'drop of wine, dregs of wine (also in the game of kottabos)' (Alc., com.). ΑΚ Mostly plur. -ayec, sing. also -άγη.

    *DER Aatayéw (Luc. Lex. 3), λατάσσω (Dor. vase-inscr.) [v.] 'to throw away the dregs  (=atayec)', λαταγεῖον 'vase into which the A.s fall' (Suid.).

    *ETYM Borrowed as Lat. latex, -icis 'fluidity', and reshaped after other nouns in -ex. The -σσ- in λατάσσω may be analogical and does not necessarily point to a variation  y:« (Schwyzer 496). Still, the word is probably Pre-Greek, in view of the suffix -ay-  and the semantic field (viticulture).

XXXXXλάταξ 2, -αγος [f.] name of a quadruped that lives in the water, perhaps 'beaver' (Arist. HA).

    *ETYM Unexplained. Perhaps somehow connected with λάταξ 1? Cf. Keller 1909: 186. Like its homonym, this word is probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXλατμενεία [f.] · δουλεία 'slavery' (H.).

    *ETYM Contamination of dtpevia and λατρεία has been assumed, eg. in Fraenkel  Glotta 32 (1953): 24. Such proposed cross-forms are doubtful. Fur.: 392 points to  other instances of variation A- / zero; therefore, the word is most probably Pre-  Greek.

XXXXXλατραβός [adj.] - λαμυρός 'gluttonous, lascivious' (H.).

    *VAR Also λατραβῶν: ἀλαζονευόμενος 'boastful (H.); ἐλατράβιζον: τὸ  βωμολοχεύειν καὶ πανουργεῖν λατραβίζειν ἔλεγον 'to play low and villainous tricks'  (HL); λατραβίζειν: ἐσπουδασμένως καὶ ἀσήμως λαλεῖν 'to talk hastily and [therefore]  meaningless' (H.); cf. Aatpazia: λαμυρία peta ἐρυθριάσεως 'voluptuousness with  blushing' (H.). Also λάτραψ' ὑετός 'rain, shower' (H.), cf. λαῖλαψ with similar mg.

    *ETYM Fur.: 199 proposes to connect the following as well: λατράζειν: βαρβαρίζειν 'to  speak incomprehensibly (H.), λαθροῦν: βλάπτειν 'to hinder, damage' (H.),  λαιθαρυζειν: λαμυρῶσαι, διαπράξασθαι 'to be wanton or gluttonous, get something  done (by seduction?y (H.), and λαιθυράζω. These attempts are uncertain. However,  the forms with AatpaB/n- are clearly Pre-Greek, because of the interchange they  display.

XXXXXλάτρον [n.] 'payment, hire' (A. Supp. 1011), = μισθός (Suid., EM).

    *DER λάτρις, -ἰος [m., [1] 'hired servant, handmaid' (Thgn., S., E.); λάτριος 'ptng. to a  hired servant or to the payment, etc.' (Pi, Man.); λατρεύω, El. -eiw [v.] 'to serve (for  wages), serve a god (with prayer and sacrifice) (50]., Olympia VI', trag., Isoc., X.),  with λατρεία (trag., Pl, LXX, Ep. Rom., etc.), λατρεύματα [pl.] (S., E.) 'service,  worship', λατρευ-τός (LXX), -τικός (Ptol.) 'ptng. to a servant, obedient'; λατρεύς  'servant' (Lyc.), from λατρεύω or λάτρον; λατρώδης 'obedient' (Vett. Val.).

===Pag_885: Beekes_Página_0885.tiff===

    *ETYM As a North-West Greek word, λάτρον and derivatives were originally  unknown in Aeolic and Ionic, and even in Attic (see Bechtel 1921, 1: 207, Kretschmer  Glotta 17 (1929): 79). There is no convincing IE connection. Usually, Ad-tpov is  considered to contain a zero grade of words in Gm., Β5]., and IIr., which go back to a  full grade IE *lé(i)- 'provide, gain' (Pok. 665). However, this is impossible, as a root  *lé- = *leh,- could never yield Greek Aa-. Therefore, we can be quite sure that the  word is of Pre-Greek origin. From Hell. *Ad tpwv was borrowed Lat. Jatré 'hired soldier'.

XXXXXλατύσσομαι [v.] 'clap, strike with the wings' (Opp.). «ἴ»

    *ETYM Expressive formation in -ὕσσω (cf. αἰθύσσω, πτερύσσομαι), but otherwise  unclear. The word λατάσσω (see ▶︎ λάταξ 1) is conceptually too far off.

XXXXXλαυκανίη [f.] 'throat' (II.).

    *VAR Later usually λευ-, see below.

    *ETYM Formation like ἀρτηρία, etc. from an unattested *Aavbx-avov (or -avoc, -4vn). An aspirated by-form appears in λαυχάνη: γλῶσσα 'tongue, language' (H.). Since  there are no certain correspondences (Lith. liauka 'gland' has been proposed, but  does not convince), and as there is a variant with -y-, Pre-Greek origin is almost  certain. The form in λευκ- (v.l. in Hom.) may be folk-etymological after λευκός, but  may also be due to substrate origin.

XXXXXλαύρα [f.] 'narrow street, narrow passage, alley, quarter' (I].). «ΡΟ»

    *VAR Ion. -ρη.

    *COMP διάλαυρος: οἰκία μεγάλη πανταχόθεν λαύραις διειλημμένη 'a large house  surrounded by narrow streets on all sides' (H.).

    *DER Perhaps Aavpetov (-eov, -tov) [n.], a mount in Attica with famous silvermines  (Hdt., Th.), after the mine galleries?; in H. also λαῦρον' μέταλλον ἀργύρου παρὰ  Ἀθηναίοις 'a silvermine (Athens)'. Adjective Λαυρε()ωτικός 'belonging to A.' (Ar.).

    *ETYM Used to be connected with Adac 'stone', and further with Alb. leré, -a 'rock-  slip', but this comparison must be dropped, as »λᾶας did not have a -w-. Doubts  already in Schwyzer: 481 and 578". The word is no doubt Pre-Greek (note the name  of the mountain).

XXXXXλάφῦρα [n.pl.] 'booty' (IA).

    *VAR Also -ov [sg.].

    *COMP As a first member in e.g. λαφυρο-πώλης [m.] 'who sells booty' (X.).

    *DER λαφυρεύω (LXX), -éw (Aq.) [v.] 'to plunder'.

    *ETYM The traditional analysis as a suffix -p-, added to a u-stem from the root of Skt. labhate 'to take, seize', is wrong. The word has the suffix -ip-, which is Pre-Greek  (Pre-Greek: Suffixes).

XXXXXλαφύσσω [v.] 'to swallow, gulp down' (I.).

    *VAR Aor. λαφύξαι.

    *DER λαφυγμός (com. AP), λάφυξις (Ath.), λαφύγματα [pl.] (epigr.) 'gluttony';  λαφύκτης 'gourmand' (Arist.); also λαφύστιος 'gluttonous, devoured' (Lyc.), cf. Ζεὺς

===Pag_886: Beekes_Página_0886.tiff=== XXXXXλάχνη 839 Λαφύστιος (Hdt. 7, 197; from Λαφύστιον ὄρος in Boeotia), in whose cult human sacrifices occurred.

    *ETYM Formation in -ὕσσω related to »Adatw as a Pre-Greek word. Fur.: 225 also  connects it with ▶︎ λαῖλαψ 'storm, hurricane', ▶︎ λαμυρός 'voracious, eager', and the  family of λαιφός 'impudent'.

XXXXXλαχαίνω [v.] 'to dig' (A. R., Call. prefixed since w 242).

    *VAR Aor. λαχῆναι.

    *COMP Also with ἀμφι-, éx-, δια-.

    *DER λάχανον [n.], usually -a [pl.], 'garden-herbs, vegetables' (IA); often as a first  member, e.g. λαχανο-πώλης 'greengrocer' (Critias, pap.). Thence: 1. diminutives λαχάνιον (D. L., pap.), -ἰδιον (H.). 2. λαχανική, -dv 'taxes on  vegetables' (Inscr. Magn., Sammelb.), Nayavapiov: herbarium (gloss.). 3. λαχαν-ἂς  (Hdn. Gr.), -εὐς (Procl.) 'greengrocer'. 4. λαχαν-ώδης (Arist., Thphr.), -ηρός  (Thphr.), -tog (Jul., Ostr.) 'ptng. to vegetables'. 5. λαχανεύω [v.] 'to plant, cultivate,  harvest vegetables' (pap., Str. App.) with Aayaveia 'cultivation, etc. of vegetables'  (LXX, pap., J.), also λαχαν-ιά 'gardenbed' (H., sch., also pap., but cf. Scheller 1951:  68f.); Aayavev-pa 'cultivation of vegetables' (Procl.), -τής 'greengrocer' (pap.). 6. AayaviCopat, -w [v.] 'to harvest vegetables, graze (of horses) (EM, Hippiatr.), with  τισμός (Th., pap., Hippiatr.). Doubtful is λαχή in A. Th. 914 (lyr.): τάφων πατρῴων  λαχαί 'the digging of the forefathers' graves' (sch.), which should rather be read as  λάχαι to ▶︎ λαγχάνω, s.v.

    *ETYM The substantive for 'vegetables' is probably of Pre-Greek origin, as suggested  by the suffix -avov. The denominative simplex Aaxyaivw, which has only late  attestations, is probably a back-formation from compounded forms; cf. especially  ἀμφι-λαχαίνω (w 242). See the remarks by Perpillou in DELG Supp. and Perpillou  RPh, 73 (1999): 96.

XXXXXλάχεια [adj.] epithet of νῆσος 'island' ( 116), ἀκτή 'cape' (Κ 509), ν.]. ἐλάχεια (see ἐλαχύς for the accent; cf. Schwyzer: 474', Chantraine 1942: 191). Mg. uncertain, explained by H. as εὔσκαφος καὶ εὔγειος, παρὰ τὸ λαχαίνεσθαι, 6 ἐστι σκάπτεσθαι πυκνῶς 'easy to cultivate, with good soil, after λ., which means to dig in dense rows'. «Ὁ

    *ETYM The commentary by H. is folk etymology. The connection with a Gm. adjective for 'low, flat' (ON lagr, MHG lege) must be wrong, as these presuppose IE  *leh,@'-, from which form the Greek -a- cannot be understood. Following this  etymology, modern interpreters have understood λάχεια as 'low, flat', which does  not fit ἀκτή at all. In sum, no etymology.

XXXXXλάχνη [f.] 'woolly hair, down' (II), metaph. of leafage (Nic., Opp.). <1E *u(o)lk- 'hair'>

    *VAR Rarely Ady vw [dat.sg.], of the wool of a sheep (1 445).

    *COMP λαχνό-γυνιος 'with hairy members' (E.).

    *DER λαχν-ήεις, -ἄεις (Il, Pi.), -ὦδης (E.), -aiog (AP) 'woolly, hairy, shaggy λαχνόομαι [v.] 'to become hairy' (sol., AP) with λάχνωσις (Hp.).

    *ETYM Reconstructed as *Aax-ov-G and corresponding with an Iranian and Slavic  word for 'hair' via a pre-form *fAax-ov-a < IE *ulk-sn-eh;: Av. varasa- [m., n.], MoP

===Pag_887: Beekes_Página_0887.tiff===

gurs, OCS viase, Ru. vélos, all from IE uolk-o-. Less probable, because of the meaning, is the connection with OCS vilakno, Ru. volokno 'thread', Skt. valkd- [m.] 'bark, sap-wood', from IE uolk-. See ▶︎ λάσιος.

XXXXXλάω [v.] mg. unclear, cf. Ade: ἐψόφησεν, ol δὲ ἐφθέγγετο 'cried, uttered', λαήμενάι and λαίειν- φθέγγεσθαι, but Adete: σκοπεῖτε, βλέπετε 'look, see' (H.). <?>

    *VAR Only ptc. Adwv (τ 229 κύων, h. Merc. 360 αἰετός), ipf. λάε (τ 230 κύων).

    *ETYM The ancient interpreters of τ 229f. hesitated between 'see' (βλέπων) and 'bark'  (bAdwv). In modern times, Lobeck has proposed a meaning 'grasp' and two different  verbs: 1. 'seize' (t 229f., completely isolated), 2. 'see' (h. Merc. 360), the last of which  was also seen in ▶︎ ἀλαός and in Skt. lasati (epic class.) 'to glow' (see Bechtel 1914 s.v. ἀλαός). Leumann 1950: 233ff. takes ὀξὺ λάων (h. Merc. 'crying loudly') as an innovation  from ὀξὺ λεληκώς (κίρκος X 141), which was wrongly analyzed as λε-λη-κώς (but  belongs to ▶︎ Adoxw), and then interpreted as 'having sharp sight' on the one hand,  and connected with a barking dog on the other.

XXXXXλεβηρίς 1, -ίδος [f.] 'skin or slough of serpents' (Hp., J.), acc. to H. also = τὸ λέπος τοῦ κυάμου 'skin of a bean'; proverbially of empty or thin objects (com.), cf. H. τινὲς δὲ ἄνδρα λέβηριν γενέσθαι πτωχόν 'beggar'. < PG(S)>

    *ETYM The IE analysis in Frisk seems misplaced. It is rather a Pre-Greek word,  because the suffix is also found in »ἴμβηρις and κύπηρις (s.v. ▶︎ κύπαιρος), Note  λέβινθοι (cod. -ίνθιοι)" ἐρέβινθοι 'chick-peas' (H.); see also ▶︎ AeBiac and ▶︎ λέβης.

XXXXXλεβηρίς 2 [f.] 'rabbit' (Str. 3, 2, 6); Massaliotic acc. to Polemarch. apud Erot.

    *ETYM Of Iberian origin, like Lat. lepus and laurex, see WH s.w. with litt. See also  Fur.: 347.

XXXXXλέβης, -ητος [m.] 'kettle, cauldron' (IL), on the mg. Brommer Herm. 77 (1942): 359 and 366f., also a monetary unit (Crete), see Leumann 1950: 282ff., Ruijgh 1957: 107.

    *COMP ἰπνολέβης 'kettle' (Luc., Ath.).

    *DER Diminutive λεβήτ-ιον, -ίσκος (IV*), -dptov (Poll.); λεβητ-ώδης 'kettle-shaped'  (Ath.); -ίζω [v.] 'to cook in a kettle' (Lyc.).

    *ETYM On the suffix, see Fur.: 172"*. Pre-Greek origin is most likely; cf. ▶︎ κελέβη.

XXXXXλεβίας, -ov [m.] name of an unknown freshwater fish (Hell. com.); acc. to H. also = τὰ λετίδας ἔχοντα tapixn 'dried meat of a fish having scales'. < PG?(0)>

    *ETYM Formation like ἀκανθίας, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 94); otherwise unclear. Thompson 1947 s.v. recalls the Eg. fish ἀλ(λ)άβης (Str. Ath.), but see ▶︎ ἀλλάβης. Perhaps Pre-Greek.

XXXXXλέγνον [n.] 'colored edging, hem of a cloth' (Poll, H., sch.), also of the side of the womb (Hp.).

    *VAR Also -vn [f.].

===Pag_888: Beekes_Página_0888.tiff=== XXXXXλέγω 841

    *DER λεγνωτός 'provided with X. ((]]., Nic.), λεγνώδεις: ποικίλας 'varicolored',  λεγνῶσαι: ποικῖλαι (H.).

    *ETYM No etymology. Perhaps Pre-Greek.

XXXXXλέγαι epithet of γυναῖκες (Archil. 179).

    *ETYM LSJ cite it as λέγος 'lewd'. Fur.: 346 connects it with λάγνος, Is it Pre-Greek?  See ▶︎ ἐλεγαίνειν.

XXXXXλέγω [v.] 'to collect, gather' (Il; Att. prose only with prefix), 'to count, recount' (IL), 'say' (post-Hom.). On use, mg. and inflexion see Fournier 1946: 53ff., 100ff. Chantraine BSL 41 (1940-1941): 39ff., Wackernagel 1916: 220ff. Beside it stand the synonymous and suppletive verbs ἀγορεύω, φημί, εἰπεῖν, ἐρῶ, εἴρηκα (see Seiler Glotta 32 (1952): 154f.).

    <IE *leg- 'collect'>

    *VAR Aor. λέξαι, -ασθαι (epic ἐλέγμην, λέκτο), pass. λεχθῆναι, fut. λέξω, -ομαι, perf. λέλεγμαι, δι-είλεγμαι, συν-είλοχα (ει analogical).

    *COMP Very often with prefixes like δια-, &k-, ἐπι-, κατα- συν-.

    *DER 1. λόγος [m.] 'computation, account, esteem, reason; speech, word, statement'  (O 393, α 56); see Fournier 1946: 217ff., Boeder Archiv fiir Begriffsgeschichte 4 (1959):  82}; also from prefixed compounds, e.g. διά-, κατά-, ἐπί-, σύλ-λογος (to διαλέγομαι,  etc.), also in hypostases like ava-, παρά-λογος (to ἀνὰ, παρὰ λόγον). From λόγος: a. diminutives: Aoy-idtov, -άριον (Att.), -apidiov (pap.). Ὁ. adjectives:

XXXXXλογάς [m., f.] 'selected', substantivized 'choice soldier, etc.' (IA), semantically rather to λέγω, cf. Chantraine 1933: 351; λόγιος 'notable' (Pi. etc.), τὸ λόγιον 'oracle' (1A); on the development of mg. E. Orth, Logios (Leipzig 1926); λόγιμος 'worth mention, notable' (Hdt., pap.), usually ἐλλόγιμος (to ἐν λόγῳ); λογικός 'regarding reason, εἴς, logical' (Philol., Hell.); Noyaiog 'chosen' (Str. 1, 3, 18; after Ibyc. 22), perhaps to Aoyn, see 25 c. λογάδην [adv.] 'by accidental selection' (Th; cf. λογάς). d. substantives:

XXXXXλογεύς [m.] 'orator, prose writer' (Critias, Plu, sch.) with λογεῖον 'speakers' place, scene' (Delos III*); κατα-, ἐκ-, συλ-λογεύς from κατάλογος, ἐκλογή, etc; e. verbs:

XXXXXλογίζομαι [v.] 'to count, calculate, consider, estimate' (IA), often with prefix, ava-, etc., with Aoy-topdc, -ἰσμα, -ἰστής, -ἰστεύω, -toTIKOG, etc; Aoyebw [v.] 'to collect taxes', also with ἐπι-, ἐκ-, (pap., inscr.), with AXoyeia, λόγ-ευμα, -ευτής, -ευτήριον. 2. λογή [f.] 'reasoning, way' (= MoGr.; only late pap; LSJ and DELG translate 'attention, heed'); isolated from compounds with ék-, kata-, ovv-, dta-, etc. (1A, etc.)? 3. λέξις [f.] 'reason, way of speech, diction, style, (specific) word, phrase', also with δια-, ἐκ-, kata-, (Att, etc.); thence λεξίδιον, -el- (Arr, Gal.), Lat lexidium; see Leumann Sprache 1 (1949): 205; λεξικόν (scil. βιβλίον) 'containing λέξεις, lexicon' (AB, Phot.). 4. λέγμα' τὸ εἰτιεῖν 'speaking' (H.), ἐπίλεγμα 'excerpt' (pap.), κατά-λεγμα 'tragic song' (Sm., Al.), cf. καταλέγεσθαι: ὀδύρεσθαι τὸν τεθνεῶτα 'to bewail the deceased' 5. διάλεκτος (to δια-λέγομαι) 'speech, dialect' (1A) with (dta-, ἐκ-)λεκτικός 'capable of speaking, etc.' (Att, etc: λέξις, λέγωλ,

===Pag_889: Beekes_Página_0889.tiff===

    *ETYM The thematic root present λέγω, from which all stem forms and nominal  derivatives are derived, is identical with Lat. lego 'to collect, etc.'. Also related is Alb. mb-ledh 'to collect, harvest', which points to a palatal -g-. A synonymous root *les- is  found in Germanic, Baltic, and Hittite, eg. MoHG lesen, Go. lisan 'to collect,  harvest', Lith. lésti, isg. lest 'to pick, eat picking' (beside lasyti 'to collect, select'),  Hitt. less / liss- 'to pick, gather', (Hitt. l3ae-* is unclear; cf. Kloekhorst 2008 s.v.),  but the relation between *les- and */eg- is unclear. See ▶︎ AWyn.

XXXXXλεία [f.] 'booty, spoils', especially of plundered cattle, of war, of hunting, also 'cattle, herd' (Att.); cf. Edgerton AmJPh. 46 (1926): 177f. 41E *leh,u- 'capture, seize'>

    *VAR Ion. Anin, Dor. (Pi. O. 10, 44) Ada [f.]; also ληΐς (Dor. λαΐς), -ίδος [{1] (IL).

    *COMP  Compounds like λε-ηλατέω [v.] 'to drive away prey, especially cattle; to  pillage (Hdt., 5. E., X.), after Bo-, ἱππ-ηλατέω, etc. from βο-, ἱππ-ηλά-της) with  λεηλασ-ία, -in (ζ., A. R.), τάτησις (Aen. Tact.); aye-Aein (f.] epithet of Athena: 'who  provides booty' (II.).

    *DER Antac [f.] 'the seized or captured one' (Y 193, A. R.); ληΐτις [f.] ἀγελείη᾽ (Κ 460),  'Aniag (A. R., Lyc.); ληΐδιος 'belonging to the booty, captured' (AP, API.). Denominative verb ληΐζομαι, λεΐζομαι 'to seize, plunder' (II.), whence several nouns:  1. ληϊστός, λεῖστός 'to be carried off as booty' (I 406, 408); 2. ληϊστύς [f.] 'capturing,  plundering' (Hat. 5, 6); 3. "ληισμός in λῃ(ὑσμαδία- αἰχμάλωτος, λεληισμένη 'captive,  prisoner of war (H.); 4. ληϊστήρ, λῃστήρ [m.] 'plunderer, pirate, robber', fem. λήστειρα (Ael.), λῃστρίς (D., Herod.), with λῃστρικός 'plundering' (1A), cf. Anot-  ικός below; λῃστήτ-ριον, Dor. λᾳσ- 'gang or den of robbers, robbery' (Att., Cret.),

XXXXXλᾳστήριοι [pl] 'pirate' (Hell. poetry); 5. Aniotwp, Arjo- 'id.' (0 427); 6. ληϊστής, λῃσ-, λᾳσ- 'id.' (IA) with λῃστικός (often interchanged with λῃστρικός); λῃστεύω [v.] 'to rob, plunder', with Anoteia 'robbery' (Att.).

    *ETYM The abstract λεία, Anin (from *AGf-ia) and the t6-derivation ληΐς (from "λᾶρ-  (δ-) that exists alongside it may either go back to a noun *AGf(-o)- vel sim., or  directly to a verbal root, the zero-grade of which is supposed in ▶︎ ἀπολαύω. See  further ▶︎ λᾶρός and ▶︎ λήϊον.

XXXXXλείβω [v.] 'to pour, drip, make a libation' (I1.). «IE? leh,-i-, lei- 'pour out, drip'>

    *VAR Aor. λεῖψαι.

    *COMP Also with prefix, e.g. κατα-, ἐπι-.

    *DER A. λειβῆνος: ὁ Διόνυσος (H.), λείβηθρον (AiB-) [n.) 'wet place, gutter' (Eup. 428), λείβδην 'in drops' (EM). B. Ablauting: λοιβή [f.] 'libation' (IL) with λοιβ-εῖον (Plu.), -ἰς (Antim., inscr.),  -άσιον (Epich.) 'vase for libations', -αἴος 'ptng. to libation' (Ath.); λοιβᾶται: σπένδει,  θύει 'makes a libation, sacrifices' (H.), cf. below. C. Zero-grade: 1. *Auy [f.] 'libation, drop', only in gen. λιβός, acc. λίβα (A., A. R.),  with λιβηρός 'wet' (Hp. apud Gal.); 2. λίψ, λιβός [m.] 'the dripper', name of the  rain-bringing southwest or west wind, also of the point of the compass: 'southwest,  west' (Hdt., Arist.), with λιβικός '(south)westerly' (pap.). For Aiy: ... πέτρα, ἀφ᾽ ἧς  ὕδωρ στάζει 'rock from which water drips' (H.), cf. ▶︎ αἰγίλιψ. 3. From Aiw: λιβάς,  -άδος [f.] 'spring, etc. (trag., etc.), diminutive λιβάδιον (Str. Plu.), also 'ywpiov

===Pag_890: Beekes_Página_0890.tiff===

βοτανῶδες᾽, i.e. 'wet meadow' (Η., EM); λιβάζω, -άζομαι [v.] 'to drip' (AP, Poll.), with ἀπο- metaph. 'to throw away, remove oneself (com.). 4. λίβος (n.] = λιβάς (A. Ch. 448 [lyr.], Gal.). On ▶︎ λιβρός, see s.v.

    *ETYM The zero grade primary noun λίψ is unexpected beside the regelar full grade  thematic AeiBw, whence λεῖψαι. One compares veiget : vipa, while evidence of the  gloss λίβει: σπένδει, ἐκχύνει 'libates, pours out' (H.) must be considered uncertain. Lat. libare 'pour out, spill may either be a borrowing from Greek (LIV? sv. 2. 'leiH-), or be unrelated in case it derives from the root *h,lib*- 'to anoint' (De Vaan  2008 s.v. lib6). In the former case, the root is considered that of OCS liti, 156. [5],  léjo 'to pour', Lith. lieti, 1sg. léeju, assuming that the Greek -β- is secondary, e.g. after  > εἴβω 'to drip'. λαβά- σταγών 'drop' (H.) may be a mistkae for λοιβά (DELG).

XXXXXλείμαξ, -ακος [?] 'slug', only H. s.v. λείμακες (cf. λειμών): ἔστι δὲ καὶ ζῶον ὅμοιον κοχλίᾳ, ὅ καλοῦσι λείμακα 'there is also an animal similar to the snail, which is called .. IE? *lei->

    *ETYM Identical with Lat. limax (Ρ].) 'id' (which is probably a Greek loan), but also  with Ru. slimdk 'snake' and other Slavic words. Thus, it has to be a derivative in -ak-  of the m-stem seen in Gm. (ON slim 'slime', also OHG, OE; Lat. limus 'id.'. Since IE  did not have a suffix *-eh,k-, it is highly improbable that there is a direct connection  between the Slavic and Greek forms.

XXXXXλειμών, -ὥνος [m.] 'moist, grassy place, humid meadow' (1].), metaph. of flowered surfaces and objects (Ach. Tat. Philostr.). <1E? /ei-m6n, acc. li-men-m, gen. *li-mn- os

    *COMP βαθυλείμων (Pi.), -λειμος (Il), with transition to the o-stems, 'with grassy  meadows'; d-Aipevoc 'without harbour or refuge' (Att.).

    *DER λειμώνιος 'of the meadow' (A., Arist.), fem. -ιἰάς (S., A. R.), -ἰς (Ὁ. P.), -tov [n.]  plant name, 'Statice limonium' (Dsc., Plin.); λειμων-ιάτης λίθος name of a stone  green as grass (Plin.). With change of suffix (after πῖδαξ, βῶλαξ, etc.): λεῖμαξ, -ακος  [f.] 'meadow' (E. [lyr.]), 'garden' (Pherecr.), with -ακώδης 'meadow-like, grassy'  (Hp.); -ακίδες νύμφαι (Orph. A. 646; uncertain; codd. Aytvaxidwv). With different ablaut: λιμήν, -ένος [m.] 'harbour, protected creek', also metaph. 'refuge' (I.), 'gathering place, marketplace' (Thess; acc. to H. also Cyprs cf. Bechtel  1921, 1: 450f.). Diminutive λιμένιον (Str; MoGr. λιμάνι is from Osman. liman; see  Maidhof Glotta 10 (1920): 14); λιμένιος 'belonging to the harbour' (Paus.), Amevitne,  fem. -ἴτις 'inhabitant of a harbour' (Corycos), of Priapos and Artemis, respectively,  as deities of the harbour (AP, see Redard 1949: 23), λιμεν-ητικὰ χρήματα 'harbour  taxes' (Cod. Just.), with analogical -ητικά, if not itacistic for -ttucd), λιμεν-ίζω [v.] 'to  build a harbour' (Polyaen.). With a zero grade suffix, enlarged after the a-stems: λίμνη [f.] 'stagnant water, pond,  lake, marsh' (11), Δίμναι [pl.] place in Athens, in Sparta, etc. (Att.); compounds like  εὔ-λιμνος 'with many lakes' (Arist.). Thence many derivatives: 1. diminutive Aytviov  [n.] (Arist.). 2. λιμναῖος 'living in lakes, etc. belonging to the lake' (IA); 3. λιμνάς [f.]  'id? (Theoc., Paus.). 4. λιμνήτης, -τις (εἴτις) 'id' (Theoc., Paus., inscr.), λιμνιτικά  [n.pl.) name of a tax (pap.). 5. λιμνώδης 'like a lake or marsh' (IA). 6. plantname :

===Pag_891: Beekes_Página_0891.tiff===

λιμν-ήσιον, -ησία, -ηστις, -ηστρον, -ηστρίς (Dsc., Gal.). 7. Denominative verbs: λιμνάζω 'to build a A; to stagnate, put under water' (Arist.), with λιμνασμός 'flood, inundation', -αστής 'surveyor of the inundation', -acteia 'inundation works' (pap.), -acia 'marshy ground' (Arist.); λιμνόομαι [v.] 'to build a A, (Thphr., Str.).

    *ETYM The primary formations λειμών and λιμήν, λίμνη show old ablaut in both  stem and suffix. They are isolated in Greek, and have no outer-Greek counterpart. One might start from an old paradigm nom. *lei-mén, acc. *li-men-m, gen. *li-mn-os. For the etymology, only suppositions are at hand. Starting from the idea 'moistness,  standing water, etc., it has been connected with Lat. limus 'mud', ta which may  belong the words mentioned under λείμαξ with anlauting s/-. Also, words mentioned  s.v. »λείβω, eg. Lith. /feti, might be considered as well. Pok. 309 defends connection  with Lat. limus 'oblique', limen 'threshold', and without m-suffix, e.g. Latv. leja 'dale,  valley', assuming a basic sense of *'dip, low place, bay'.

XXXXXλεῖος [adj.] 'level, smooth', of the soil, of surfaces, etc. (1].), also 'rubbed, well-ground' (Delos, pap. Dsc.), cf. λε(ιλαίνω, -dw below. <1E? *lei- 'smooth'?> 'ΝΑΙ λείως [adv.] (also λέως after τελέως, ἡδέως, etc. cf. also λε(ιδαίνω below) 'smoothly', also metaph. 'completely, totally' (IA), cf. Lat. plané, MoHG glatt.

    *COMP Frequent as a first member, like in λειότφλοιος 'with smooth bark' (Thphr.),  also with adverbial value (with -w- after λε(ί)ως), e.g. λειώλης = πανώλης (Rhodos  VI"), λεω-κόνιτος 'turned into fine dust', -κόρητος 'swept clean', ie. 'utterly  destroyed' (Theognost., H., Phot.), λεω-πάτητος 'completely trodden down' (S. Ant. 1275 with vl. λακ-πάτητος, see ▶︎ AGE); cf. further λεωργός = πανοῦργος, κακοῦργος  (Archil. 88, 3, A. Pr. 5, X.), see Chantraine Glotta 33 (1954): 25ff.

    *DER λειότης [[] 'smoothness' (Att.), λείαξ ''beardless boy' (EM, H.); two  denominatives: λε(ιλαίνω [v.] 'to smoothen, grind' (1].), also with ék-, ovv-, ἀπο-, etc. Thence λεί(ί)αν-σις, -τήρ, -τικός, ἐκλεα-σμός, etc. (Arist.); further λειόω [v.] 'id,'  (Arist.), also συν-, ἀπο-, etc. thence λείω-μα 'powder' (Thphr.); -ow 'grinding'  (Gal.).

    *ETYM Beside the o-stem in *Agifoc, Latin has an i-stem Jévis 'smooth', which may  have replaced an older u-stem (cf. brevis). Schrijver 1991: 283f. proposed that *AgiFoc  and lévis go back on a u-stem */eh,i-u-, with secondary thematicization in Greek. The  root is also found in Aitdc and cognates (see ▶︎ Nic 2), and probably in ▶︎ λείμαξ.

XXXXXλείπω [v.] 'to leave (behind)', intr. 'to be wanting, disappear', med. 'to depart' (II.).

    *VAR λιμπάνω (Sapph., Hp. Th., vl. A 604), fut. λείψω, aor. λιπεῖν, perf. λέλοιπα,  med. λέλειμμαι (all I1.+), aor. pass. λειφθῆναι (h. Merc., Pi.), aor. λεῖψαι (Ar.).

    *COMP Often with prefix, e.g. ἀπο-, &k-, év-, κατα-, ὑπο-. As a first member in several  governing compounds, partly with privative mg. like λιπό-τεκνος 'childless' (Pi.),  see Schwyzer: 442. On the formation of the stem see Sommer 1948: 124f. Also with  inversion of the members, like in σαρκο-λιπής (AP) for λιπό-σαρκος (Hp.). Also  note λειψ()- in λειψ-υδρ-ία 'lack of water' (Thphr.), εἴς.

===Pag_892: Beekes_Página_0892.tiff=== XXXXXλείτωρ, τορος 845

    *DER Substantives: 1. λεῖμμα (ὑπό-, κατά-, ἔλ-, etc.) 'rest' (IA, Arist.). 2. λεῖψις (Ek-,  ἀπό-, etc.) 'leaving, continuing absence' (IA). 3. λείψανον, mostly plur. -a  'remainder' (E., Ar., Pl.). 4. ἐκλειπ-ία 'lack' (J.). Adjectives: 5. λοιπός (also ὑπό-, κατά-, etc. from ὑπο-λείπω, etc.) 'remaining' (post-  Hom.), with (ὑπο)λοιπ-άς [f.] 'rest' (pap.), ἀπολοιπ-ασία 'id.' (Hero, pap.). 6. ἐκ-,  év-, ὑπο-λιπ-ής, etc. (ν.1. -λειπής) 'lacking, remaining, etc.' (Att.). 7. ἐκ-, év-, Mapa-,  ὑπο-λειπτικός 'regarding the ἔκλειψις (Hell.). Apart stands λίσσωμεν: ἐάσωμεν 'let us leave/depart' (H.); the explanation is  dubious, cf. Schwyzer: 692.

    *ETYM The thematic root aorist ἔ-λιπ-  ἢ45 exact parallels in Arm. e-likS Skt. dricat,  from IE *h,é-lik'-e-t 'he left'. An old perfect *(le-)loik'-h,e is continued in Skt. riréca,  λέλοιπα, and (without reduplication) in Germanic (e.g. Go. lailv) and Lat. liqui. The  nasal present λιμπάνω best resembles Arm. /k'-an-em < IE *lik'-n-; nasal presents of  various formation are found elsewhere too, e.g. Skt. rindkti, Lat. linqué. The thematic  root present λείπω corresponds to the Gm. verb in e.g. Go. leiuan, OHG lihan 'to let,  lend', and to Lith. liek 'to let'. The last stands for older athematic liekmi. The Gm. present may go back to a nasalized *linhy-, which would correspond to Lat. linquo. For the various formations, see now LIV' s.v. *leik'-. The correspondence of λοιπός with the substantives Skt. ati-reka- [m.], Lith. at-  laikas, OCS ot v-léke 'remainder' < IE *-loik'-o- is noteworthy.

XXXXXλείριον [n.] 'ily, Lilium candidum' (ἢ. Cer. 427, Hp., A. R., Thphr., Dsc.; λείριον ἄνθεμον Pi.), also 'narciss' (Thphr., Dsc.).

    *COMP As a second member in the PN Ποδα-λείριος (IL).

    *DER λείρινος 'prepared from lilies' (Dsc., Gal.), also 'lily-like' (ἄνθος, Thphr. HP 3,  18, τι; not entirely certain), λειρι-ώδης 'lily-like' (Thphr.), -όεις 'ptng. to the lily' (Nic. Al. 406). λειριόεις also of the skin (N 830), of the voice or the singing of cicadas (Γ  152), of the song of the Muses (Hes. Th. 41, Q. S. 2, 418); λείριος of the voice (A. R,,  Orph.), also of the eyes (B. 17, 95), λειρός, λειρά [n.pl.] of the song of the cicadas (IG  14, 1934: £6, metr. inscr.).

    *ETYM Like Lat. lilium, the word comes from an eastern Mediterranean language; a  comparable word for 'lily' is found in Coptic: hréri, hléli (Eg. hrr-t). We also find  several like words for 'flower', Hamit. iili, alili, Alb. lule, Hitt. alil-, alél; see WH s.v. lilium, Benveniste BSL 50 (1954): 43, Fur. 369. The poetic word λειριόεις and (later attested -- probably back-formations) λείριος  and λειρός, as epithets of the skin and the voice, can be understood as derivatives of  λείριον 'lily-white, soft as lilies'; see Weern Eranos 50 (1952): 19f. Leumann 1950: 271. doubts that intermediate phases can be reconstructed. Others (see Frisk) connected  the gloss λειρός (cod. -ώς» ὁ ἰσχνὸς Kai ὠχρός 'thin and pale' (H.), arisen by  dissimilation from *AetAdc, which would belong to Lith. [εἴας 'thin, slender'. Improbable.

XXXXXλειτουργέω (Anit-), -ia, -ός -Aadc.

XXXXXλείτωρ, -ορος [m.] 'priest' (post-class. Att. inscr.).

===Pag_893: Beekes_Página_0893.tiff===

, -ἦνος

    *VAR ὁμο-λείτωρ = συλ-λειτουργός (Att. inscr. ΠΡ), λείτορες: ἱέρειαι (Η.); λητῆρες:  ἱεροὶ στεφανηφόροι. Ἀθαμᾶνες (H.), fem. λήτειραι: ἱέρειαι τῶν σεμνῶν θεῶν (H. =  Call. Fr. 123), λείτειρη: ἱέρειαι (Boeot. apud H.); uncertain Arc. Aetopo<¢> (IG 5(2),  405).

    *DER Denominative λειτορεύω [v.] 'to be λείτωρ᾽ (Thess. since II*; perhaps also Eg.,  see Wilhelm AfP 9: 214ff.). Details on the distribution in Kretschmer Glotta 18 (1930):  83f., also Fraenkel 1910: 145, Bechtel 1921, 1: 207f., Benveniste 1948: 47fn. Cf. also  aAntwp: ἱερεύς (H.); further Aetwp 'priest' (inscr. Arc.).

    *ETYM Because of the form λητῆρες, which is ascribed to the northwestern  Athamanes, and (if correctly explained) because of Arc. Aetopo<c¢>, Thess. and  Boeot. λει- seem to represent PGr. An-. Att. Aeitwp may then perhaps be a loan from  Boeotian. For the same reason, the semantically attractive connection with Ani-toc,  ληΐτη and λήτη Ἱἱέρεια᾽, and also with λειτουργός (see ▶︎ λαός), presents difficulties. Moreover, -twp, -tnp (instead of -tn¢) is remarkable as a secondary suffix. Other  hypotheses (see Frisk): relations to λάτρον; and to λίσσομαι, λιταί. To my mind, the  prothetic vowel seems to point to a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXλειχήν, -ῆνος 'lichen'. >Akixw.

XXXXXλείχω [v.] 'lick' (IA). «1Ὲ *leig'- 'lick'>

    *VAR Aor. λεῖξαι, fut. λείξω.

    *COMP Also with περι-, dia-, dva-, &k-, etc. As a first member in Λειχ-οήνωρ and other  parodising PNs (Batr.).

    *DER λειχήν, -ῆνος [m.] 'the licker', 'lichen, moss, rash' (A.. Hp., Thphr.), with  λειχήν-η plantname = μυρτάκανθος (Dsc.), -ὦδης 'lichen-like', -τκός 'ptng. to moss'  (medic.), λειχην-ιάω [v.] 'to suffer from λ.᾿ (Thphr.). ἔκλειγ-μα (to ék-Agixw) 'tablet,  candy', ἐκλεικ-τόν 'id.' (medic.). Ablauting: 1. λιχανός (δάκτυλος) [m.] 'forefinger' (Hp., pap.), with oppositive accent  (Schwyzer: 380) λίχανος [m.] 'the string struck by the forefinger' (Aristox., Arist.);  λιχάς, -άδος [f.] 'the distance between the forefinger and the thumb' (Hero, Poll.),  after dixdc, mevtdc, etc. (see Chantraine 1933: 358) for expected *Atyavac. 2. λιχμάομαι, -dw [v.] 'to lick' (since Φ 123; on λελιχμότες Hes. Th. 826 see Leumann  1950: 218), also with ἀπο-, mept-, etc. Thence λιχμ-ήμων, -ήρης 'licking' (Nic.) and  λιχμάς: θρῖναξ, kai ἁπαλὴ πόα καὶ χαμαιπετής, ἥν τὰ ἑρπετὰ ἐπιλείχουσι 'trident, also  a delicate herb on the ground which snakes (animals) lick' (H.). Lengthened forms:  λιχμάζω (Hes. Sc. 235, Nic.), -arvw (Opp.) 'id' 3. λίχνος 'fond of sweets, greedy,  gluttonous, tasty' (Att., Hell.) with λιχνώδης 'id' (Ael.), λιχνότης 'greediness' (sch.);  denominative verb λιχνεύω, -opat 'to be greedy, swallow' (Ὁ. H., Ph., Plu.), also with  ἐπι-, περι-; thence λίχνευμα 'delicacy' (Sophr.), Atyveia 'dainty, rapacity' (Pl. X.).

    *ETYM Beside the thematic root present Agixw, from which all other Greek forms  derive, the related languages show several formations: a full grade yod-present in  Lith. liezin, OCS liZo; nasal present in Lat. ling6; iterative formations in Go. bi-laigon,  Lith. laiz pti < IE *loig'-; several full grade formtions in Arm. liz-um, -em, -anem; zero  grade in Olr. ligim, gemination in OHG lecchon, etc.

===Pag_894: Beekes_Página_0894.tiff=== XXXXXλέμφος 847 An. athematic present with old ablaut is retained in Skt. léhmi, lihmds [1pl.) < IE léig'-mi, lig'-més. Greek too once had zero grade verbal forms, as evidenced by nouns like λιχανός (cf. πιθανός), λίχνος and the denominative λιχμάομαι, which presupposes an p-stem λιχ-μ- (Schwyzer: 725°). See now LIV? sv. leig¢- on the various types of formation.

XXXXXλεκάνη [f.] 'basin, dish' (Ar., inscr., pap.).

    *VAR  λακάνη (Hell.), -ioxn (H.).

    *DER λεκάν-ιον (Ar.), -ίδιον (Poll. Eust.), -i¢ [[] (Ar., Plu., Luc.), -ioxn [f.] (com.). Also λέκος [n.] 'id' (Hippon.) with λεκάριον (Hell.), λεκίς [f.] (Epich.), -ioxos [m.]  (Hp.) 'id', -ἰσκιον as a measure (Hp.).

    *ETYM For λεκάνη, cf. πατάνη, οὐράνη, and other names of utensils in -άνη, -avov  (Chantraine 1933: 197ff.); also note λέκος beside the vessel name ἄγγος. The pair  λέκος : λεκάνη is comparable with στέφος : στεφάνη, ἕρκος : Epkdvn (though the  latter is late; see on ἕρκος). Outer-Greek connections that were proposed (see Frisk) are almost certainly wrong;  the word is Pre-Greek (thus already E-M s.v. lanx). The variants with λακ- are not  due to a (late) assimilation, but rather point to substrate origin. See Fur. 352. The word λεκάνη was borrowed as Arab. leken, Osman. lejen, which in turn was  borrowed as MoGr. τὸ Aeyéw 'bowl, dish' and Ru. legin 'kind of vase'.

XXXXXλέκιθος [m.] 'gruel or pulse of cereals' (Hp., Gal., com.), fem. 'yolk' (Hp., Arist.).

    *DER λεκίθιον [n.] (PHolm. 19, 41), λεκιθ-ὥδης 'color of yolk' (Hp., Thphr.), -ἰτης  ἄρτος 'bread from leguminous plants' (Ath.).

    *ETYM Because of the suffixes and the meaning, the word is clearly of Pre-Greek  origin. DELG recalls the TN Aexi8n.

XXXXXλέκτρον 'bed, couch', etc. =A€xoc.

XXXXXλελιημένος [adj] 'longing for' (IL, Emp., A. R.). <?>

    *VAR Late finite forms λελίη-το (A. R.), -cat (Theoc., Orph.).

    *ETYM An isolated perfect formation, traditionally connected with λιλαίομαι;  λελιημένος is then taken to be analogical after τετιημένος; critique of this in Tichy  1983: 2307. She suggests connection with λίην, or an epic 'Streckform' for  Ἰλελήμενος to λῆν 'want'. Uncertain.

XXXXXλέμβος [m.] 'small fast-sailing galley' (D., Anaxandr., Hell.).

    *DER AeuB@dSec πλοῖον (Arist.).

    *ETYM Lat. lembus is a loan from Greek. A foreign word without etymology; perhaps  Illyrian (see the litt. in WH s.v. lembus).

XXXXXλέμφος [m., n.) 'mucous discharge from the nostrils, κόρυζα, μύξα᾽ (Lib., Moer., H., Tz.); plur. also 'putrescent carcasses' (Phot., Eust.), metonymic 'simple man' (Men.).

    *DER λεμφώδης 'snivelling' (sch.).

===Pag_895: Beekes_Página_0895.tiff===

    *ETYM Fur: 160 recognized that it is the same word as »λάμπη, which shows  characteristic Pre-Greek variations.

XXXXXλέξις -'λέγω.

XXXXXλεόπαρδος [m.] 'leopard' (Gal. Edict. Diocl.).

    *VAR Also λεοπάρδαλις (see Wessely Glotta 6 (1915): 20f.).

    *ETYM Starting from the Iliad, the normal word for 'leopard' was »ndpdaAtc. Probably, λεόπαρδος was formally influenced by Lat. pardus, leopardus, or even a  borrowing from Latin (DELG). The analysis as a compound of λέων and πάρδος is  doubtful, because πάρδος is only attested in Ael. NA 1, 31 (v.l. πάρδαλος), and λεο-  instead of Aeovto- is rare, e.g. λεο-δράκων, name of a mythical being (Crete IV*).

XXXXXλέπαδνον [n.] 'broad leather strap, fastening the yoke to the neck and the girth' (IL, A, Ar., AP, pap.). 4 PG(S)>

    *VAR Mostly plur. -va; also λέπαμνα (Apollon. Lex.), with dv > μν (Schwyzer: 208).

    *DER λεπαδν-ιστήρ [m.] 'end of the A.' (Poll.), like βραχιον-ιστήρ, κορυφ-ιστήρ, etc.

    *ETYM Frisk's connection with λεπάς, -άδος 'limpet' (adducing ὀπιδ-νός, παιδ-νός;  Chantraine 1933: 194) is semantically strange: the λέπαδνα would cling to the neck  like snails (he compares Ar. V. 105 ὥσπερ λεπὰς προσεχόμενος TH κίονι 'clinging to  the pillar like a snail'). Without a doubt, a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXλέπας [n.) 'bare rock, mountain' (Simon., A, E, Th.).

    *VAR Only nom. and acc. sg.

    *DER λεπαῖος 'rocky' (E.); λεπάς, -άδος [f.] 'limpet' (Alc. Z 36, 2 [uncertain], Epich.,  com., Arist.), as the animal clings to the rock (cf. H. λεπάδες: τὰ πρὸς ταῖς πέτραις  κεκολλημένα κογχύλια 'mussels sticking to the rocks'), but alternatively, derived  from λέπος, λεπίς 'shell, scale'. From λέπας: λεπαστή (-άστη) [f.] 'limpet-like drinking cup' (com.) with Aenactic,  -ίδος 'id? (vase-inscr., H.); on the formation Schwyzer: 503; borrowed as Lat. lepista,  -esta; λέπαστρον: σκεῦός τι ἁλιευτικόν 'a fisherman's instrument' (HL), cf. dénactpov, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 333f.); λεπαδεύομαι [v.] 'to collect A.s' (H., Phot.).

    *ETYM The similarity between λέπας and Lat. lapis, -idis [m., f.] 'stone' is hardly  accidental; a Mediterranean borrowing is most probable.

XXXXXλεπαστή (-άστη) ''λέπας.

XXXXXλέπω [v.] 'to peel (off)' (IL).

    *VAR  Aor. λέψαι, fut. A€ww (IL), perf. med. ἀπο-λέλεμμαι (Epich.), aor. pass. ἀπελέπη: ἀπελεπίσθη (H.); ablauting λέλαμμαι (Att. inscr. around 330°), ἐκ-λαπῆναι  (Ar. Fr. 164).

    *DIAL Myc. re-po-to /leptos/.

    *COMP Sometimes with ἀπο-, éx- (see above), περι-, ἐπι-.

    *DER A. With e-grade (from the present): 1. λεπτός (cf. στρεπτός) 'peeled' (Y 497),  'thin, lean, weak, fine, delicate' (Il.), often as a first member. Poetic and lengthened  λεπτ-αλέος 'weak, fine' (IL), see Chantraine 1933: 255; λεπτ-ακινός 'id' (AP), perhaps  from ἐλέττιταξ (Bechtel 1914 s.v. φυζακινός); further λεπτίον 'mug' (pap.) from

===Pag_896: Beekes_Página_0896.tiff=== XXXXXλέπω 849 λεπτόν (scil. κεράμιον) 'thin earthenware' (pap.), λεπτάγιον a kind of vase? (PHib. 1, 47; 13; III"), acc. to the editors perhaps = λεπτόγειον 'barren land'; Aentapiov name of a medical instrument (Herm. 38, 282); λεπτίτιδες κριθαί kind of barley (Gp.);

XXXXXλεπτότης [f.] 'thinness, leanness, etc.' (IA), Aentoovvn 'id' (AP); λετιτύνω [v.] 'to make thin, etc.' (Hp., X., Arist.), λεπτυσμός, λέπτυνσις (Hp.), -υντικός (Dsc., Gal.). 2. λεπρός 'scaly, leprous, uneven, raw' (Hp., Hippon., Hell.), fem. λεπράς (Theoc., Opp.); λέπρα (Ion. -ρη) 'leprosy' (Ion., Arist., Hell.), both probably first from an p- stem (cf. Schwyzer: 481); λεπρώδης 'uneven, leprous' (Ael., Dsc., medic.), λεπρικός 'relating to rash or lepra' (Dsc., pap.); denominative verbs: λετράω [v.] 'to become scaly or leprous' (Jon.), also λεπρ-ιάω (Dsc.), after the verbs of disease in -1dw; λεπρόομαι 'id.' (LXX, pap.) with λέπρωσις = λέπρα (Tz.), λετιρύνομαι 'to become scaly, uneven' (Nic.). 3. Aémog [n.] (Alex., Nic., Luc.) with λέπιον (Hp.), usually λεπίς, -idog [f.] (Ion. Hell.) 'scale, shell, pod, metal plate' with diminutive λεπίδιον (Hero), also as a plant name 'pepperwort' (Dsc., Gal., Ath; as a remedy against rash), λεπιδίσκη 'id. (Imbros II); further λεπιδ-ωτός 'scaly' (Hdt., Arist.), with λεπιδόομαι 'to become scaly' (Hp.); other denominatives: λετίζω (to λέπος or λετίς) [v.] 'to remove the scale, to peel off (Hell.), with λέπισμα 'scale' (LXX, Dsc., Gal.); ἐλέπουν' οἷον ἐλέπιζον ... (H.); note λέπασμα 'pod, skin' (sch. Nic. Th. 184); rather lengthened from λέπος than from Aerdatw. 4. On λεπάς, ▶︎ λέπας see s.v. 5. λέπῦρον 'shell, pod' (LXX, Batr.) with λεπυρώδης 'like a shell' (Thphr.); λεπύρ-ιον 'id' (Hp., Arist. Theoc.), τ-πώδης 'id' (Arist. Thphr.), λεπυρίζομαι [v.] 'to be contained in a husk or shelP (sch.), λεπυριῶσαι' ἐξαχυριῶσαι (H.); besides λεπῦρός 'contained in a shell' (Nic.). On itself stands λεπύχανον 'skin of an onion, rind of fruit' (Theopomp. Com., Plu., Dsc.). B. With o-grade: 6. λοπός [m.] 'peel, rind' (τ 233, Hp.) with λόπιμος 'easy to peel off, (Nic., Gal.), λόπιμα- κάστανα 'chestnuts' ... (H.); diminutive λοπάς [f] 'dish', also name of a crustacean and of a botanical disease (com., Thphr., Luc.), with λοπάδειον (com., pap.), -ίσκος (sch.); λοπίς 'scale, dish, etc.' (Ar. inscr.) with λοπίδιον (Delos); denominative λοϊτάω [v.] 'to flake off, let the bark peel off (Thphr.), λοπίζω 'id (Thphr., pap.), λοπητός [m.] 'time of bark peeling off (Thphr.). 7. On ▶︎ ἔλλοψ, see SV. C. With lengthened grade: 8. λώπη 'pod, coat' (Od., Theoc., A. R.), λῶπος [m.] 'id.' (Alc. [?], Hippon., Anacr., Herod.); as a first member in Awtto-50-tn¢ [m.] 'who dresses in other peoples' clothes', 'thief of clothes' with Awnodut-éw, etc. (Att); without a suffix λώψ- χλαμύς 'mantle, cloak' (H.). Diminutive λώπιον (Arist., inscr.); denominative ἀπο-, περι-λωπίζω 'to undress, put off (S., Hyp.).

    *ETYM The primary thematic present λέτπω, from which all verbal forms were derived  (λέλαμμαι, -λαπῆναι are innovations after ἔστραμμαι, στραφῆναι, etc.), has no direct  correspondences outside Greek. There are a few nominal formations resembling the  Greek forms: Lith. lapas 'leaf, Alb. lapé 'rag, leaf, peritoneum' (~ λοπός), Lith. ἰδ ας  'rag, piece' (~ λῶπος), together with Ru. ldpot' 'shoe of bark', lapotok 'rag, piece'. The  form λέπος was also compared with the s-stem Lat. lepds 'grace', and the extension in  Ru. lépest 'rag, piece, leaf of a flower'.

===Pag_897: Beekes_Página_0897.tiff===

However, we may safely conclude that the verb is non-IE (and Pre-Greek): there is hardly any exact correspondence, and the semantics are not very convincing. Note the forms λεπάγιον, λεπακινός, λέπασμα, λέπυρον, λεπύχανον, λέτιρα, λώψ, λῶπος, εἴς, with suffixes and/or alternations of Pre-Greek appearance.

XXXXXλέσφος 'smooth'. πολίσπος.

XXXXXλέσχη [[1 'lounge' (co 329, Hes.), 'resting-place, grave' (Rhodos), 'public building' (Dor., Att.), 'talk, gossip' (Ion. poet.).

    *COMP ἔλ-λεσχος 'subject to gossip' (Hdt. 1, 153), from ἐν λέσχῃ; πρό-λεσχος 'eager  to talk' (A. Supp. 200), cf. πρό-χειρος, etc; on ▶︎ ἀδολέσχης see 8.ν.

    *DER λεσχήν, -ῆνος [m.] 'chatterer' (Timo 46); λεσχηνεῖ' ὁμιλεῖ, μυθολογεῖ (HL). λεσχαῖος: ἐξηγητής, ὁμιλητής (H.); λεσχάραι: οἷον ai σχολαί ... (EM 561, 17), see  Solmsen 1909: 124f. Two month names of unclear formation: Λεσχανάσιος (Tegea),  Λεσχανόριος (Thessal., Gortyn); also Ἀπόλλων Λεσχηνόριος (from the λέσχαι which  were under his protection?).

    *ETYM Most often connected with λέχος 'bed' as PGr. *lek"-ska-. However, Greek had  no nominal suffix *-sk-, so a ox-present *A€x-oK-etat > *Aéoxetat has been assumed  to underlie λέσχη. However, there is no trace of this verb. OHG lescan (MoHG  léschen) 'to disappear' (supposed to derive from 'to lie down') and Olr. lesc 'lazy' are  uncertain. As the Agoyn was not necessarily a room for lying down, the whole etymology (even  granting that *Aeoxetat really existed) is improbable. Long ago, the agreement with  Hebr. ligkah was observed. This cannot be ignored. It was assumed that Greek took  the word from the East (cf. West 1997: 38), and not the other way round, and as the  word is isolated in North West Semitic; Schrader 1911: 469 already assumed that both  languages took it from Anatolia, which seems the most probable interpretation. This  is accepted by Fur.: 295, 257, who points out that the suffix of λεσχάραι is non-Greek;  he also points to the variant Hebr. niSkah, which may point to Anatolian interchange  I/n, as in Fur. 388.

XXXXXλευγαλέος [adj.] 'wretched, unhappy, sore, baneful, etc.' (IL). «IE? *leug- 'break'>

    *DER λυγρός 'id.' (IL.).

    *ETYM The pair λευγαλέος : λυγρός has a (late) parallel in ἐρευθαλέος : EpvOpdc.The  word λευγαλέος is isolated and archaic, and may derive from a noun (perhaps  Ἐλεῦγος, like ἔρευθος, and cf. ἀργαλέος : ἄλγος, θαρσαλέος : θάρσος, etc; Schwyzer:  484). The word λυγρός is isolated, as well (perhaps it derives from a primary verb;  see below). The Greek adjectives have no direct correspondences in other languages, but there  are several cognate forms, of which Lat. lage 'to be sad' is semantically closest. This  can be understood as an iterative-intensive secondary formation, or as a  denominative (to *ligus < IE *lougo-, beside *Aetyoc < IE *leug-os-?). Connection with primary verbs for 'to break' may be envisaged: Skt. rujdti 'to break,  torment', Lith. /azti 'to break' [intr.] (semantically, compare Sirdis lita 'the heart  breaks'), OHG liohhan 'to tear, draw', Arm. lucanem 'to set free'. LIV' s.v. *leug-

===Pag_898: Beekes_Página_0898.tiff=== XXXXXλεύσσω 851 reconstructs a plain velar because of forms like YAv. uruxti- [{ 'breaking'. See ▶︎ advxtonédn.

XXXXXλευκανίη 'throat'. =AavKavin,

XXXXXλευκός [adj.] 'clear, white' (II.).

    *COMP Many compounds (some prefixed), like διά-, παρά-, ἐπί-, ὑπό-λευκος  (Stromberg 1946: 161).

    *DER 1. Substantives with oppositive accent: λεύκη [f.] 'white rash' (1A), 'white  poplar' (Att, Hell.), whence λεύκινος 'made of white poplar' (Arist., Hell. inscr.),  Aevxaiog epithet of Zeus (Paus.), λευκαία (-éa) 'white poplar, etc. (pap.); λεῦκος  [m.] name of an unknown fish (Theoc.) with λευκίσκος [m.] 'white mullet' (Hikes. apud Ath., Gal.), see Strémberg 1943: 22f., Thompson 1947 s.wv. 2. λευκάς [f.] 'the  white one' (Nic.), name of rocks and of an island (w 11), also plant name 'Lamium'  (Dsc.). 3. Further substantives: λευκότης [f.] 'whiteness, the color white' (1A), λευκίτας [m.] name of a he-goat (Theoc. 5, 147), λεύκηθρον plant name (Dsc. 3, 96;  v.l. λάκηθρον; see Strémberg 1940: 147); Λεύκαρος (< -ahoc?), -apiwv PN (Epich.,  inscr.), see Schulze 1933a: 1153, perhaps also Δευκαλίων with a different dissimilation  (see Schulze l.c.). 4. Verbs: a. λευκαίνω 'to make or paint white' (11172), λεύκανσις (Arist.), λευκασία  'bleaching, whitening' (PHolm., Cyran.); also as a HN in Messenia, Arc. TN  Λευκάσιον; λευκαντής, -τικός 'one who makes or paints white' (gloss., sch.). Ὁ. λευκόομαι 'to become white', -6w 'to make white' (Pi. Att.), whence λεύκωμα  'whitened tablet' (Att.), 'white speck in the eye' (Arist., pap.), -ωματικός, -ωματώδης,  -ωματίζομαι (medic., sch.); λεύκωσις = Aevxacia (PHolm. 3, 6), -ωτής (or -wtdc? Att. inscr., mg. unknown). c. λευκαθέω, only in λευκαθεόντων [ptc.gen.pl.] 'gleaming  white' (Hes. Sc. 146), metrical reshaping in verse-final position for λευκαθόντων  from λευκάθω, acc. to Wackernagel Glotta 14 (1925): 44ff.; Λευκαθέα, with secondary  o-vowel Λευκοθέα (Od., Pi.) name of a goddess, τὰ Λευκάθεα festival on Teos, -θεών  month name (Ion.); lengthened form λευκαθίζω 'to gleam white' (Hdt., LXX), also  -ανθίζω (imperial period), after ἄνθος, Wackernagel Glotta 14 (1925): 44ff.

    *ETYM Originally a verbal noun, identical with Skt. rocd- 'bright' from récate 'to  shine, radiate, etc'. Another old verbal noun is seen in Lat. licus 'wood, forest',  properly 'glade', Lith. laikas 'field', OHG /6h 'overgrown glade', Skt. lokd- [m.] 'free  space, world', IE *louko- [m.). In Greek, ▶︎ λεύσσω, ▶︎ λύχνος, ▶︎ λοῦσσον also belong  to this large group of words.

XXXXXλευρός [adj.] 'open (of fields), spacious, even, smooth' (since ἡ 123). 42>

    *ETYM Unexplained. Connection with Lat. lévis (as defended by de De Lamberterie  1990b: 420f.) is improbable, as this rather belongs with ▶︎ λεῖος.

XXXXXλεύσσω [v.] 'to see (clearly), look, examine' (Il), cf. Ruijgh 1957: 132.

    *VAR Present stem only, except for the isolated and late aorist forms λεύσσατε,  λεύσσειε(ν); on mg. and construction Treu 1955: 64.

    *DIALArc. Aevow, but see.on mAEVTOV.

===Pag_899: Beekes_Página_0899.tiff===

    *COMP Rarely with ἐπι-, εἰσ-, τροσ-, τιρο-.

    *ETYM Beside the full grade yod-present λεύσ(σγω from ἔλευκ-τω, Sanskrit has ἃ full  grade thematic root present Jokate 'to discern, perceive' (also locate, with locana- [n.]  'eye'), which differs slightly from récate 'shine' (see ▶︎ AevKdc). An athematic middle  present is preserved in Hitt. lukk-'* 'to become light, dawn' < *lewk-to; Lat. liiced  'make light, dawn' = Skt. rocdyati 'to make shine' is from IE *louk-éie/o-, iterative-  intensive or causative; ToA [kam Ἵ see', ToB lkaskau 'id.' are from a sk- 'Present,  beside a full grade in ToB lyuketrd 'he is illuminated'. The meaning 'to see' arose  from 'to light up'. See ▶︎ λύχνος, ▶︎ λοῦσσον.

XXXXXλευτὸν [nom.sg.] 'negligent', 'seeing'? (Arc. IG 5(2), 3). 42>

    *ETYM Dubois 1988: 77-78 follows the traditional interpretation that the τ is a special  way of writing the (old) affricate of λεύσσων. A different interpretation is suggested  by Morpurgo Davies Minos 20-22 (1987): 459-468: she reads Aevtovtec in IG 5(2), 16:  10, basing herself on the squeeze (though the back side of the squeeze does read  λευσοντες, as she remarks op.cit. 468). This would eliminate Arcadian evidence for  λεύσ(σ)ω, and she tentatively reconstructs a root *leut-, at least for the two Arcadian  forms, but perhaps also for λεύσ(σλυ itself (*leut-ie/o- instead of *leuk-ie/o-).

XXXXXλεύω [v.] 'to stone, lapidate' (IA). <?>

    *VAR Aor. λεῦσαι, aor. pass. λευσθῆναι, fut. Aevow.

    *COMP Also with kata-.

    *DER λευστήρ [m.] 'lapidator' (Orac. apud Hat. 5, 67, trag.), λευσμός [m.] 'Japidation'  (A, E.), (κατα-)λεύσιμος 'connected with lapidation' (after θανάσιμος), λευστά: ... λιθοβόλητα 'hit by stones' (H.).

    *ETYM Traditionally considered to be a denominative of »λᾶας 'stone', but it now  appears that Adac had no -f-. Pedersen 1926: 45f. proposes relation to ON [jésta,  pret. laust 'to slay' from IE *leus-t-.

XXXXXλέχεται [v.] - κοιμᾶται 'lies down in bed' (H.).

    <IE *leg'- 'lie'>

    *VAR Also perf. ptc. λελο[γ]χυῖα' λεχὼ γενομένη 'lying in childbed' (H., also Antim. in PMilan. 17 II 10), καλέχες: κατάκεισο. Πάφιοι 'lie down (Paph.)' (H.), to which  belong the epic aorist and future forms λέκτο, λέξο, -λέχθαι, -λέγμενος (< λεχ-το,  -σο, -σθαι, -μενος, Chantraine 1942: 296); λέξασθαι, λέξομαι (also with napa-, kata-,  προσ-) 'to lie, lie down'; act. aor. λέξον, ἔλεξα 'to lay down, put to sleep' (II.).

    *DER 1. λέχος [n.] 'lair, bed', especially 'bridal bed', also 'deathbed' (il.); as a first  member in λεχε-ποίης 'having grass as a bed' (II.), as a second member in e.g. opet-  λεχής 'having his lair in the mountains' (Emp.); with λεχαῖος 'belonging to the lair'  (A. Th. 292 [conj.], A. R.), λεχήρης 'bedridden' (E. [lyr.]), λεχώ [f.] 'woman who has  just given birth' (E., Ar., Cyrene), also λεκχώ (Delphi), with expressive gemination  (Schwyzer: 478 and Fraenkel Glotta 32 (1953): 18), with λεχώϊος; λεχωΐς = λεχώ (A. R, Call.), see Schwyzer: 465. 2. λόχος [m.] 'childbed', but usually 'ambush, band (in ambush), military 'armed  band' (11), often as a second member, eg. ἄ-λοχος [f.] 'spouse' (Il); as a first  member e.g. in \ox-Gydc 'leader of ἃ λόχος᾽ (Dor.; S., Th, X.). Several derivatives:  λόχιος 'ptng. to birth' (E., Ar.), ἡ Aoyia epithet of Artemis (E., inscr.), ta λόχια

===Pag_900: Beekes_Página_0900.tiff=== XXXXXλέχριος 853 'discharge after childbirth' (Hp., Arist.); λοχεῖος CE. [lyr.], Plu.), λοχαῖος (Arat., AP) 'id'; λοχίτης [m.]} 'sbd. belonging to the same λόχος, fellow soldier' (A., S., X.); λοχώ (ὡς, -6¢) = λεχώ (LXX, Dsc.). Transformation λοχεός 'ambush' (Hes. Th. 178), after φωλεός, etc; λοχή = λόχμη (late epigr.). Denominatives: a. λοχάω, -ouat [v.] 'to lie in ambush' (epic Ion., Hell.); after κοιμάω, τομαι; thence Adxnotc, -ητικός (late). Ὁ. λοχεύω, -ομαι [v.] 'to give birth, deliver', pass. 'to be delivered, be born' (ἢ. Merc., trag., etc.) with λόχευμα 'that which is born' (A., E.), λοχεία 'process of birth' (PI. E.), λοχεύτρια [f.] 'woman who has just given birth' (sch.). c. λοχίζω 'to lie in ambush, to distribute men among companies' (Hdt., Th.), with λοχισμός 'the setting of traps' (Plu.). 3. λέκτρον, often plur. -a 'couch, bridal bed' (il); compounds like κοινό-λεκτρος 'sharing a bed, matrimonial, bedfellow' (A.); λεκτρίτῃ θρόνῳ: ἀνάκλισιν ἔχοντι 'leaning back against the bed' (HL). 4. λόχμη [f.] 'lair of wild beasts, thicket, bush' (τ 439, Arist.), perhaps after κώμη (Porzig 1942: 289; cf. also "κοίμη [π᾿ κοιμάω), with λοχμαῖος 'living in the bush' (Ar. [lyr.}), -ἰὸς 'id' (AP), -ὥδης 'overgrown with bushes, etc.' (Th. Thphr.),

XXXXXλοχμάζω [v.) 'to make up a thicket' (Pisand. Ep.). The whole group of words was restricted in its use in Ionic-Attic (instead, κεῖμαι or (κατα)-κλίνομαι was used), see Ruijgh 1957: 153f.

    *ETYM The thematic present λέχεται is exactly paralleled by ToB lyasam 355. 'lies  down' < *leg'-e- and by Go. ligan 'to lie', which is suspected to be an innovation for  the yod-present dominant in other Gm. and Slav. languages (e.g. OCS lezg), like  sitan 'to sit'. A primary present, originally probably a yod-present too, is also found  in Celtic: Olr. laigid 'lies down'. Italic once had this verb too, as appears from Falisc. lecet 'iacet'. Hitt. 38g. 1aki 'to fell, lay down' < *log'-eie-. Nominal formations comparable to Greek verbal nouns: ON lag [n.] 'position', plur. log 'aw', Ru. log 'valley, cleft, fallow land', SCr. ἰὸν 'lying', Pol. od-tog 'fallow field',  Alb. lagje 'band, group', all from IE *log'-o- and formally identical to λόχος; OCS  loze 'kXivn, κοίτη = bed'; OHG lehtar 'uterus' = λέκτρον. In Slav., OCS lozes-no, plur. -na 'μήτρα, uterus' probably shows the s-stem of λέχος, For ἄ-λοχος, cf. Serb.CS su-  loge 'ody-Koitoc, spouse', CS su-loZ. Also, ToB leke, ToA lake 'lair'. See LIV? for  ~ further forms.

XXXXXλέχριος [adj.] 'slanting, crosswise' (S., E., X.).

    *DER λέχρις [adv.] 'id? (Antim., A. R.), after ἄχρις, μέχρις, Schwyzer: 620; also  λικριφίς 'crosswise, sideways' (A. ἀΐξας Ξ 463, τ 451). Glosses: λικροί: οἱ ὄζοι τῶν  ἐλαφείων κεράτων 'the branches of the antlers of deer' (H.), with a variant λεκροί;  λί(γ)ξ- πλάγιος 'sideways, athwart, etc. (H.).

    *ETYM As a basis of λέχριος, one formerly posited a p(o)-stem *Aexp(o)- of unknown  meaning, for which a pre-form *Aex-o-p- was reconstructed on account of \ixpoi/  λεκροί (without -o-). The form with -o- is also seen in λοξός 'slanting' (cf. Schwyzer:  327). However, the forms Aexpoi/Aixpoi, λικριφίς and the gloss λι(γὴξ display typical Pre-  Greek alternations (interchange εἰ 1, κί x and prenasalization). It is much more  difficult to depart from IE forms with and without -o- side by side, than to assume  Pre-Greek origin. Note that the interchange εἰ τ is not the consequence of vowel

===Pag_901: Beekes_Página_0901.tiff=== XXXXXλέων, -οντος iilation, as Frisk still assumed for λικριφίς, following Schwyzer: 256 et al. See :ός. -ovtog [m.] 'lion' (1].λ. «τὴν Sem.?> . Dat.pl. also λείουσι (iL), on the supposed metrical lengthening of -ει- ntraine 1942: 102) cf. Wyatt 1969: 237°. L Myc. re-wo-pi /lewont-p"i/ [instr.], re-wo-te-jo /lewonteios/. {P Compounds like λεοντό-πους 'lion-footed' (E, inscr.) with λεοντο-πόδιον : name (Dsc.), cf. Strémberg 1940: 42; χαμαι-λέων kind of lizard, 'chameleon' it.), see Risch IF 59 (1949): 256, also as a plant name (Thphr., Dsc.), because of rarying color, Strémberg 1940: 110; on -λέων, -λέωνος in PNs (secondary) see tel 1917b: 277. Cf. on ▶︎ λεόπαρδος. 1. Diminutives: λεόντ-ιον (Theognost. Can., Med.), -dptov (inscr., pap.), also as a. PN (Epicur), -ἰς 'lion-like ornament' (Lydia), -ἰδεύς 'young lion' (Ael.). 2. tén, -τῇ [f.] 'lion skin' (1A). 3. Adjectives: λεόντ-ειος 'of a lion, lion-like' (A., xc, AP); -ὦὠδης 'like a lion' (PL. Arist.), τιἰκός 'of a lion' (Porph.), -ιανός 'born x the sign of the lion' (Cat. Cod. Astr.). 4. λεοντ-ηδόν [adv.] 'like a lion' (LXX). ovt-taw [v.], whence -ίασις name of a disease (medic.), cf. ἐλεφαντ-ιάω, -ίασις. Is Λεοντ-εύς, -lac, etc. (see Bofshardt 1942: 72, Bechtel 1917b: 276f., Bechtel 19174: 7em. λέαινα 'lioness' (Hdt., A., Ar.). M Judging by λέαινα, λέων was perhaps originally an n-stem, like δράκων. ever, the fact that Myc. already has an nt-stem casts some doubt on this osition. 'is a loan from an unknown source; Semitic origin is probable, but Hebr. labi', τ. labbu, Eg. labu are quite different phonetcally. Lat. le6, -dnis was borrowed . λέων (the n-stem is a Lat. innovation). Thence were borrowed, either directly directly, European forms like Olr. leon [gen.pl.], OE léo, OHG lewo (whence the c group of Ru. lev, together with Lith. lévas). tself stands λῖς [m.] 'lion' (also λίς), acc. λῖν (I1.), which is often compared with ᾿ lajis 'lion'. 6g 'criminal'.

    *VAR λέως (Aeiwc) 'completely'. τολεῖος. [v.] 'to cease, stop' (Il.), incidentally trans. 'to make stop, pause' (epic); on the  Porzig 1942: 48ff. < IE? *sleh,.g-, PG?(V)>    . Aor. λῆξαι, fut. λήξω.

4Ρ Also with prefix, especially kata-, ἀπο-. λῆξις (ἀπό-, κατά-, etc.) 'cessation' (A., A. R., Ph.), as a grammatical term ng, desinence' (Demetr. Eloc., A. D.); as a first member in governing pounds like ληξι-πύρετος 'allaying fever' (medic.); ἀπόληγμα 'border of a cloth' )» ἄ-()ληκτος 'incessantly' (epic); ληκτικός 'terminal', kata- 'coming to a iature end, incomplete', of a verse (grammatical and metrical). M In view of ἄτλληκτος, κατα-λλήξειαν (μ 224) and other forms, an original root y- is probable. The thematic root present *oAry-w, whence all the above forms lerived, has no direct counterpart in other languages. However, a zero grade | present is supposed within Greek in ▶︎ λαγγάζω 'to slacken' and Lat. langueé 'to

===Pag_902: Beekes_Página_0902.tiff=== XXXXXλήθαργος 855 be slack' (for the formal difficulties, see s.v.). Besides, we find the primary zero grade aorist Aaydoat (with the present ▶︎ Aayaiw 'to release') and several nouns, e.g. ▶︎ λαγαρός. A full grade form is retained in North Germanic, e.g. ON slékr. More forms in Pok. 9so0ff. A pre-form IE sleh.g- is possible; see Pok. 959. Joseph Glotta 60 (1982): 112-115 reconstructs sleh,g-. However, one could also conceive of a Pre-Greek variation Any- / Aayy- (long vowel alternating with prenasalization), cf. μηχανή / μάγγανον and κηκίς / καγχύλας. See »λωγάνιον, »λογγάζω.

XXXXXΛήδα [f.] mother of the Dioscuri and Helena (A. Ag. 914). «τὰν Lyd.?>

    *VAR Λήδη (epic).

    *ETYM Perhaps from Lyc. (not Lyd.!) lada 'wife, spouse'. See ▶︎ Λητώ.

XXXXXλήδανον [n.] name of ἃ resin-like substance, from the shrub called κίσθος (Hdt., medic., pap.). «τὴν Sem.> ᾿

    *VAR Also λἄδανον.

    *DER Backformation λῆδον [n.] = κίσθος (Dsc.).

    *ETYM A loan, originally from Semitic; cf. Arab. ladan > MoP laddn, Assyr. ladunu  (λήδανον, τὸ καλέουσι Ἀράβιοι Addavov Hdt. 3, 112). Borrowed from Greek into Lat. lédanum, ladanum (back-formations léda, lada 'Cistus cyprius'), Ru. ddan 'sweet-  smelling resin, incense'. See Masson 1967: 553. See "λωτός,

XXXXXληδεῖν [v.] - κοπιᾶν, κεκμηκέναι 'to be tired'; ληδήσας: κεκμηκώς, κοπιάσας 'tired' (H.). «1Ὲ *leh,d- 'let (go)'>

    *ETYM Because of ἀηδῆσαι- κοπιάσαι, καμεῖν; ἀηδέομεν-: κοπιῶμεν; ἀηδής: κοπιώδης,  ὀκνηρός 'reluctant, sluggish', the correctness of ληδεῖν, ληδήσας has long been  doubted (cf. Maas ByzZ 37 (1937): 380). If correct, however, the glosses may be compared with Alb. lodh 'to make tired',  lodhem 'to get tired' < IE *leh,d-, Lat. lassus 'weary, tired' < zero grade IE *Ih,d-to-,  and Gm. forms like Go. letan < IE *leh,d- 'to let', lats 'weary, slow'.

XXXXXλήδιον [n.] a light cloth = τριβώνιον (kind of garment) or ἱμάτιον εὐτελές 'cheap garment' (H.).

    *VAR Also Andiov (Att. inscr. IV*), λήδ-, Andiov, λήιδ- (Men.). Basic form λῆδος in  Dor. λᾶδος (Alcm.), λᾷδος, Aat- CH.) ἱτριβώνιον᾽.

    *DER Diminutive Anddptov, vl. λῃδ- (Ar. Av. 715, 919). Adjective ληιδιώδεις'  τριβωνιώδεις (cod. -idec) (H.).

    *ETYM The variation between forms with and without t shows that the word is Pre-  Greek.

XXXXXλήθαργος [m., f.] 'lethargy, lethargic fever' (Hp. Arist, Chrysipp. Stoic.), as an adjective also 'forgetful' (Men., AP).

    *VAR Also plur.

    *DER ληθαργ-ικός 'affected by lethargy, lethargic' (medic. AP), -ώδης 'id' (Dsc.,  Gal.), -ia 'lethargy' (Com. Adesp.), -éw [v.] 'to be forgetful' (pap., inscr.). Unclear is  ἀλήθαργος POxy. 1381, 100 (literary, II?).

===Pag_903: Beekes_Página_0903.tiff===

    *ETYM Probably an original adjective (scil. νόσος, πυρετός). Cf. »λαίθαργος, which  shows that the word is Pre-Greek. The word, or at least its meaning, seems to have  been influenced by ληθ-, λαθ- 'to forget', and perhaps also by épy- 'work'.

XXXXXλήθη

    *VAR λήθω, etc. =AavOdvw.

XXXXXληΐζομαι

    *VAR Also Anin, Anic. κολεία.

XXXXXλήϊον [n.) 'standing crop' (IL, Arist.), 'cornfield' (Theoc.). <?>

    *VAR  Dor. Adiov, λᾷον (Sophr., Theoc.).

    *COMP Compounds like Ado-topéw [v.] 'to reap corn' (Theoc.), πολυ- λήϊ tog 'rich in  crops (E 613, etc.), cf. Bechtel 1914 s.v. ἀλήϊος.

    *ETYM If Adiov is a real Doric form, λήϊον may belong to ▶︎ ἀπολαύω 'to enjoy',  assuming a pre-form *ldw-io- 'gain, produce'. For the formation, cf. »Aeia which  derives from */a4w-id-. The connection with the group of λύω would seem to require  PGr. *léw-, but it is semantically not convincing.

XXXXXλήϊτον 'town hall'. =radc.

XXXXXληκάω [v.] 'to have intercourse' (com., H.), acc. to H. also = τὸ πρὸς ᾧῳδὴν ὀρχεῖσθαι 'to dance to a song'. 41? *lek- 'jump', PG?(V)>

    *VAR Aor. ληκῆσαι.

    *COMP Also with ὑπο-.

    *DER ληκήματα [pl.] (Epicur. Fr. 414); Ankw: τὸ μόριον 'genital part' (H.); also  ληκίνδα παίζειν 'to beat time, drum with the fingers' (Luc. A. D.).

    *ETYM Iterative-intensive formation like πηδάω (Schwyzer: 719), and as such  identical with Latv. lékdt, 1sg. lékdju 'to fly, jump, hop'. Of course, the meaning  'Bveiv, to have intercourse' is euphemistic and secondary. The primary verb is seen  in Lith. lékti, sg. lekit: 'to fly, run', Latv. lékt 'id'. Alternatively, we may consider the  fact that Greek also has ▶︎ λαικάζω, which points to Pre-Greek variation αἰ.

XXXXXλήκυθος [f.] 'casket for oil or perfume' (Od.), also metaph. 'rhetorical bombast' (Cic., Plin.), = Lat. ampulla.

    *VAR On the gender see Schwyzer 1950: 34'.

    *DIAL Epid. λάκυθος (IV*).

    *COMP αὐτο-λήκυθος 'who carries his own oil-casket' (out of poverty) = 'poor man,  beggar' (Att.).

    *DER Diminutive ληκύθιον (Att.), ληκυθιάδες: ἐνώτια ποιά 'earrings' (HL), ληκυτίαι  [pl] = λήκυθοι (pap.). Denominative ληκυθίζω [v.] 'to declaim in a hollow voice (as  though speaking into a X.Y (Call, Str., Phryn., Poll.), ληκυθ-ιστής 'who recites with  hollow voice, κοιλόφωνος᾽ (δ. Fr. 1063, H.), -ἰσμός 'speaking in a hollow voice' (Plu.);  also as a back-formation λήκυθος: τὸ μεταξὺ tod λαυκανίου Kai αὐχένος ἠχῶδες 'the  resounding part between the throat and the neck' (Clearch.).

    *ETYM Also TN Λήκυθος (Macedonia). Evidently a Pre-Greek word. Fur.: 121  connects λάγῦνος, λάγιον 'cup, vase', which seems convincing.

XXXXXλήμη [f.] 'humour in the corner of the eye, rheum', also metaph. (Hp., Ar. Plu.).

===Pag_904: Beekes_Página_0904.tiff=== XXXXXλῆνος, -ους 857 ΑΚ A Doric form seems to be found in λάμας: μύξας 'slime' (Η., cod. λαμάς: μῦς ''mouse').

    *DER Diminutive Anpiov (Hp.), λημύδριον (Gal.); λημ-αλέος (Luc.), -ηρός (Heliod.),  -wdn¢ (Alex. Trall.) 'full of A.'; λημ-ότης (sch.), τωσις (medic. pap.), cf. ἴλλωσις,  κνίδωσις; λημ-άω [v.] 'to have bleary eyes' (Hp., Ar.).

    *ETYM Unexplained. Connection with Lat. lama 'puddle, marsh, mud', Lith. lomas  'pit, hollow, lower spot' is semantically unconvincing. Rather Pre-Greek than IE.

XXXXXλημνίσκος [m.] 'woollen tape, bandage, compress' (Hell.), acc. to Varro (in Plin.) originally made of lime-bark. <?>

    *ETYM Utensil name in -ίσκος (cf. Chantraine 1933: 408), Syracusan acc. to H. (τὰς  ταινίας 'headbands'. Συρακούσιοι). Connection with the name of the island  > Λῆμνοςξ Suggestion on Etruscan origin in Miller Phil. 78 (1923): 264f.

XXXXXΛῆμνος [f.] a Greek island < PG>

    *DIAL Myc. ra-mi-ni-jo /lamnios/ 'man from Lemnos' ra-mi-ni-ja /lamniai/  'Lemnian women'. Dor. λᾶμνος.

    *DER Λήμνιος, Λημνιακός 'Lemnian'.

    *ETYM No doubt a Pre-Greek name, note the suffix -μνο-.

XXXXXλῆν [v.] 'want'. =A@.

XXXXXλῆναι [f.pl.) 'Bacchantes' (Heraclit., Str.), Arc. acc. to H. (who has ληναί). «?»

    *DER Λήνα [sg.] as a PN (Ambracia, Aitolia); ληνίς 'Bacchante' (Eust., Suid.). Also Λήναια [n.pl.) name of a festival in Athens and elsewhere, with Anvatwv, -@voc [m.]  month name in Ionia (Hes. Op. 504, inscr.), Λήναιον [n.] name of a district in  Athens dedicated to Dionysus (Ar, Pl.), ληναῖκός 'belonging to the Lenaians' (Hell.),  ληναΐτης 'id' (Ar.); ληναΐζω [v.] 'to celebrate the Lenaians' (Heraclit.); PN Anvaioc,  Ληναΐς. Ληνεύς (Myconos) and Anvaioc (D. 5.) epithet of Dionysus, ληνεύουσι:  βακχεύουσιν (H.).

    *ETYM If λῆναι (in H. and as the title of Theoc. 26) are real dialectal forms, the word  cannot belong to ληνός 'winepress', which would otherwise be the most obvious  solution. A better explanation has not been found.

XXXXXληνός [f.] 'trough (for pressing wine), winepress, sarcophagus, socket into which the mast fitted, etc' (h. Merc. 104). 42>

    *VAR On the gender see Schwyzer 1950: 34. Dor. λανός

    *COMP Rare compounds like ληνο-βάτης 'one who treads the wine cask' (late), ἄ-  ληνος 'not pressed', of almond oil (Aet.).

    *DER Diminutives Anvic, ληνίδιον (pap.); further Anv(e)wv, -ὥνος [m.] 'place where  wine is pressed' (pap., Gp.), Anvac, -ἄδος [m.] (late inscr; Anatolia), probably =  ληνοβάτης, see Schulze 1933a: 300.

    *ETYM Unexplained. Perhaps a technical term from the substrate. For Λήναια,  Ληναιών, see on ▶︎ λῆναι.

XXXXXλῆνος, -ους [n.] 'wool, fillet, fleece' (A. Eu. 44, A. R. 4, 173, 177). IE *h,ulh,-neh,- 'wool >

===Pag_905: Beekes_Página_0905.tiff===

    *ETYM Except for the ending -ος (which is perhaps an innovation after eipoc, πέκος,  Frisk suggests), λῆνος is the old inherited word for 'wool', which is preserved in  several languages: e.g. Lat. Jana, Lith. vilna, Ru. vélna, Go. wulla, Av. varand, Skt. urna-, all of which may go back on IE *(h,)ulh,;neh,-. An initial laryngeal is  reconstructed on the basis of Hitt. hulana-, Luw. *hulani- 'wool', but Kloekhorst  2008 s.v. hesitates to reconstruct *h,ulh,-n- (see also Peters Sprache 33 (1987): 115f.). Celtic forms like MW gwlan, Olt. olann (pointing to a vocalisation PCl. uldnd- «ΤῈ  *ylhneh,-) deviate. The word probably belongs, as a verbal noun in -nd, to a verb for 'tear, pluck'  retained in Lat. vello 'pull out' (but not related to ▶︎ ἀλίσκομαι); Lat. vellus [n.]  'shaved wool' < IE *Huél-no- and Arm. gelmn 'id, < IE *Huél-mn- (?) belong to this  root as well. If we reconstruct an initial laryngeal, it must have disappeared in Greek  at an early date, giving rise to a preform *yJh,-n- after revocalization.

XXXXXλῆρος 1 [m.] 'trash, nonsense' (Att., Hp.).

    *DER ληρ-ώδης 'silly' (PL, Arist.) with -wéia (Hdn.), -w5éw (Phot.), -wdnpa (Suid.). Besides, probably as a denominative, Anpéw [v.] 'to be foolish, silly; to speak  nonsense' (Att. Hp.), aor. -fjoat, also with prefix like napa-, ἀπο-, kata-; thence  (παρα-)λήρ-ημα (PL), -ησις (Ηρ. Plu.); back-formation παρά-ληρος 'delirious' (Hp.,  Ph.). Also Anpaivw [v.] 'id' (Ph., H.), after ἀφραίνω, etc. (Debrunner IF 21 (1907):  57), Anpeta = λήρησις (Phid.), as if from *Anpevw.

    *ETYM An analysis as λῆ-ρος offers the possibility to connect a widespread group of  words with */a-, e.g. Lith. loti, sg. Idju, OCS lajati, sg. lajo 'to bark, revile, abuse',  Arm. lam 'to cry', Lat. lamenta 'wailing'. Perhaps, the root is onomatopoeic, but we  may also reconstruct */eh,- 'to howl'. With short vowel, we encounter »Adpoc, »λάσκω; also, λαίειν, λαήμεναι'  φθέγγεσθαι 'to utter' (H.), but these are not necessarily related.

XXXXXλῆρος 2 [m] 'golden ornament on women's clothes' (Delos II*, AP, Luc. Poll. H.).

*VAR Or Anpdc, Boeot. λειρος (IG 7, 2421). *ETYM Unknown. A special use of ▶︎ λῆρος 1 'trash' is rather improbable. XXXXXλῃτουργέω, -ia, -6¢ =Aadc. XXXXXΛητώ [f.] Leto, mother of Apollo and Artemis (IL.). < PG?>

    *VAR Gen. -όος, -o0c.

    *DIAL Dor. Aatw. Myc. ra-to /Lato/, ra-ti-jo /Latios/.

    *COMP As a first member in Λητο-γενής (Aato-), fem. -yéveia 'son (daughter) of  Leto' (A., E. [lyr.], AP).

    *DER Λητοΐδης, Aatoidac 'son of Leto' (h. Merc. 253); Λητῷος (Aat-) (A., S.), fem. -@a, -wic, -widc (Hell. poetry) 'born of Leto'; τὸ Ant@ov 'temple of Leto' (Arist.), τὰ  A-a festival of Leto' (Delos III*).

    *ETYM Unknown. Traditionally derived from Lyc. (not Lyd.) lada 'wife, spouse',  together with Λήδα. Kretschmer Glotta 32 (1953): 187 and 196f. assumes Pre-Greek

===Pag_906: Beekes_Página_0906.tiff=== XXXXXλιαρός 859 origin, comparing Caucas. (Awar.) ladi. Pre-Greek origin also assumed by Bethe 1923: 20f. and Chantraine Ant. class. 22 (1953): 68. Sources from antiquity tell that it was originally a name of the 'night'; hence the Semitic etymology by Lewy 1895: 230ff. as well as the IE one (to Lat. lated) by Osthoff IF 5 (1895): 369; both are unconvincing. Borrowed as Lat. Latona, see WH s.v. See also Fur. 186.

XXXXXλιάζομαι [v.] 'to collapse, incline, recoil, sink' (11... «Ὁ ΝΑΙ Aor. λιασθῆναι. Rare and late active forms (cf. Wackernagel 1916: 131) λιάζω (Lyc., H.), λιάσαι (H.), λίασσε v.l. Ψ 879 for λίασθεν; nasal present λίναμαι: τρέπομαι 'turn' (H.), verbal adj. ἀλίαστος 'inescapable, inflexible, obstinate, incessant' (IL. Hes.), on the mg. cf. Erbse Glotta 32 (1953): 236ff.

    *ETYM The meaning is not very explicit, and may have changed through literary  influence. This leaves much room for etymological speculations and makes a secure  interpretation difficult. The present λιάζομαι (whence hapax λίασσε) are innovations to λιασθῆναι. The nasal  present λίναμαι (taken by Frisk to be an old formation) was supposed to correspond  to Skt. linati (gramm.) 'to lean against' and to Olr. lenaid 'to follow', but the latter is  from *h,JeiH- 'to stick' and the Skt. attestation is doubtful. Semantically better is connection with a Germanic group: Go. af-linnan ᾿ἀποχωρεῖν,  to go away, cede', OHG bi-linnan 'yield, stop, leave off, with -nn- from -ny-. LIV?  s.v. *leih,- chooses for this connection, assuming that -uH- yielded the Germanic  geminate, but this development is highly controversial; they also connect Ved. -liyate  'is (re)solved'. A third option is Skt. ldyate 'to hide (intr.)', which also presupposes a root *leiH-. The appurtenance of Hitt. ulae-', uléss-# 'to hide' to this root (defended by Oettinger  1979: 364) is very uncertain, as there is almost no trace of a prefix u- in Anatolian  (Kloekhorst 2008 s.v. ulae-*/). See further ▶︎ Aude.

XXXXXλίαν [adv.] 'very much, exceedingly' (IL). <?>

    *VAR Epic Ion. λίην (i).

    *DER Here λιάζειν [v.] 'to be over-enthousiastic' (A.D., Phot.).

    *ETYM Like δήν, πλήν, etc., λίαν is a petrified accusative with an unknown basic  meaning. A form Ai is cited from Epich. 223 (Str. 8, 364), and also occurs as a first  member in λι-πόνηρος: λίαν πονηρός 'extremely worthless' (H.); see also λήν' λίαν  (H.). Connection with the intensifying adverb ▶︎ Aa-, λαι- is uncertain. Has also been  compared with λίηφος: δεινός (H.). Etymologically unclear. Chantraine Glotta 33 (1954): 28 considers a remote  connection with ▶︎ λεῖος 'level, smooth'.

XXXXXλιαρός [adj.] 'tepid, mild' (1. <?>

    *ETYM Note the similarity with synonymous χλιαρός; cf. Giintert 1914: 147. Other  semantically close formations in -apdc are given by Chantraine 1933: 227. Unexplained. The comparison with λιβρός by Fur: 240 is useless.

===Pag_907: Beekes_Página_0907.tiff===

XXXXXλίβανος [f.m.] 'frankincense' (Sapph., Pi., E.), 'frankincense tree' (Hdt., Melanipp., Thphr.). «τὴν Sem.>

    *VARλιβανωτός [m.] (or [f.]} 'id' (Sapph., IA).

    *COMP Some compounds like λιβανοφόρος (Herakleid. Com.), λιβανωτο-φόρος  (Hdt.).

    *DER 1. From λίβανος: diminutive AiBavidiov (Men.); adjectives: AiBav-wdr¢ 'like  frankincense' (Philostr.), τινος 'with the color of frankincense, made of frankincense'  (pap., gloss.); λιβανᾶς [m.] 'trade of frankincense' (pap.), AiBavitic [f.] epithet of  Aphrodite (Luc.), as she was venerated with incense; verbs: λιβανόομαι 'to be mixed  with frankincense' (LXX), AiBaviCw 'to smell like frankincense' (Dsc., Gal.). 2. From  λιβανωτός: λιβανωτίς [f.] 'rosemary, Rosmarinus' (Thphr., Nic., Dsc.), after the  smell (Str6mberg 1940: 62), also 'censer' (Delos, Hell.) like AiBavwtidtov (Delos II*)  and λιβανωτρίς (Anatolia, imperial period), after names of utensils in -tpic  (Chantraine 1933: 340f.), λιβαν-ωτικός 'consisting of frankincense' (Hell. inscr. and  pap.), -ώτινος 'prepared with frankincense' (medic.); λιβανωτίζω [v.] 'to incense,  smell like frankincense' (Str., Dsc.).

    *ETYM A loan from Semitic, for which one compares Hebr. [*b6nd 'frankincense' and  Phoen. /*bonat, etc. 'id' (from the root laban 'to be white', probably after the white  color of the sap of the tree. The meaning 'tree' is secondary to 'frankincense' itself. It  was thought that the name of mount Λίβανος ( = L*bdnon) had influenced the Greek  vocalization (details in Lewy 1895: 44f., Masson 1967: 53). Acc. to Miiller Glotta 52  (1974): 53-59, however, the word was taken from Southern Arab liban. The form in  -wtog comes from the plural libanét 'the grains of the resin'. The word is derived  from the adjective /bn 'white' (Arab /aban 'milk'). This is confirmed by the fact that  people from southern Arabia came to Delos.

XXXXXλιβρός [adj.] epithet of ὀλός 'turbid liquidity' (AP 15, 25, 1), of νύξ (EM 564, 49), 'dark' or 'humid', of σέλας (Trag. Adesp. 232); explained by Erot. as σκοτεινὸς καὶ μέλας (on Hp. Aér. 15, where the codd. have διερῷ and θολερῷ, said of ἠήρ). <?> eV AR λιμβρός (EM 564, 52; Suid.).

    *ETYM Fur.: 287 notes that the prenasalization could be due to late Greek/Byzantine  nasalization. The merit of his comparison with λιαρός (ibid. 240, 287) is doubtful. The comparison with λείβω (Frisk, DELG hesitantingly) does not seem to make any  sense.

XXXXλίγδην [adv.] 'touching superficially, grazing' (x 278), ἐπιλίγδιην 'id' (P 599).

    <IE?  *sleig- 'slide'>

    *DER λίγδος [m.] 'mortar' (Nic. also 5. Fr. 357), 'mould made of earthenware or of  clay, funnel' vel sim. (Poll, Ael. Dion., H.), 'lye' (Eust.), Aiyda: ἡ ἀκόνη, καὶ ἡ κονία  'whetstone, plaster' (H.). Denominative verb λιγδεύει: ἀπηθεῖ 'filters' (H.).

    *ETYM For λίγδα, cf. ἄρδᾶ, ἔπιβδᾶ and Solmsen 1909: 269. The suffixal agreement  between the adverb λίγδην and the substantives λίγδος, -δα is not accidental (cf. Chantraine 1933: 360), but the adverb was first. As the semantic connection between  λίγδος and λίγδην is not immediately clear, note the phonetic similarity of λίγδος  with its synonym »iyéic.

===Pag_908: Beekes_Página_0908.tiff=== XXXXXλικμάω 861 As a basis, a verb λίζω (otherwise unattested) was assumed by Eust. 1926, 37, 'ὡς ἀπὸ τοῦ λίζειν, λέξεως ὠνοματοπεποιημένης", which he probably thought up. A verb with an original meaning 'to smear, glide, etc.' is compared: Olr. (fo)sligim 'to smear', also 'to beat' (from 'to brush'), OHG slihhan 'to steel, creep' from 'to go gliding'; several nouns, e.g. Olr. slige 'comb', ON slikr 'smooth', slikisteinn 'rubbing stone', and from Slavic e.g. Ru. slizkij 'slippery, slimy'. This points to a root sleig- 'to slide'. See further ▶︎ λισσός.

XXXXXλιγνύς, -bos [f.] 'thick smoke, smoking fire' (A., S., Ar., Arist.).

    *DER λιγνυώδης (Hp., Gal.), λιγνυόεις (A. R.) 'smoky'.

    *ETYM Fur.: 118 compares ixvtc 'dust, ashes' (A-/zero), which is conceivable; but his  comparison with ἀλισγέω (ibid. 292) is mistaken.

XXXXXλιγύς [adj.] 'clear, resounding, shrill (1].). <?>

    *VAR  Fem. λίγεια (on the accent Schwyzer: 474, Chantraine 1942: 191), ntr. λιγύ.

    *COMP Frequent as a first member, eg. λιγύτφωνος 'with clear voice'; adverbs λίγα,  λιγέως (11... ᾿ ᾿

    *DER With extended suffix λιγυ-ρός (perhaps dissimilated from -υ-λός) 'id' (IL). Denominative verb Atyaivw 'to cry, resound or sing with a clear voice' (il.), with  λιγάνταρ (= λιγαντήρ): εἶδος τέττιγος. Λάκωνες 'a kind of cicada' (H.), see  Stromberg 1944: 18. An old nasalized formation is the aor. λίγξε 'twanged' (of βιός  'bow' A 125); cf. Aiyyw- ἠχῶ 'resound' (Theognost. Can. 16).

    *ETYM Unexplained.

XXXXXλίθος [m., f.] 'stone, boulder, rock, precious stones' (II.). <?>

    *VAR On the gender see Schwyzer 1950: 37°, Shipp 1967: 76.

    *COMP Compounds like λιθο-βόλος [m.] 'stone-thrower' (Att.), μονό-λιθος  'consisting of one stone' (Hdt.).

    *DER 1. Diminutives: λιθ-ίδιον (Pl. Arist.), τ-άριον (Thphr., Hell. inscr.), -αρίδιον  (Alex. Trall.). 2. collectives: λιθάς, -άδος [f.] 'shower of stones, throw of a stone'  (Od., A., Nic.), see Chantraine 1933: 352; λιθία 'rock' (Hell.), cf. Chantraine 1933: 81. 3. λίθαξ [f.] 'stone' (ε 415 [attributive], Hell. poetry), λιθακός 'id' (Stesich.), Chantraine  1933: 384; λιθίς = λιθίασις (see below; Hp.). 4. Adjectives: λίθεος (Hom.), λίθιος  (Thess.), -etog (sch.) 'of stone'; λίθινος 'id.' (Pi., IA), λιθικός 'ptng. to a stone' (Hell.). λιθώδης 'stone-like, stony' (IA), λιθωδία (Eust.). 5. Verbs: λιθάζω 'to throw with  stones, lapidate' (Arist. Anaxandr.), with λιθασ-μός, -τής, -τικός (A. D., sch.);  λιθόομαι 'to be turned into stone' (Arist.), with λίθωσις (Aristeas, Plu.); λιθιάω  (-Oaw) 'to suffer from the stone' (Hp.; after other verbs of disease in -taw), whence  λιθίασις (Hp., Gal.).

    *ETYM Unexplained.

XXXXXλικερτίζειν [v.] - σκιρτᾶν 'to leap, bound' (H.); Frisk wrongly gives πηδᾶν. «ΡΟ»

    *ETYM Connection with ▶︎ λάξ, ▶︎ λακτίζω is impossible. Pre-Greek origin is likely.

XXXXXλικμάω [v.] 'to separate the grain from the chaff, winnow', metaph. 'to crush, destroy' (E 500, B., X., LXX, pap.).

    *VAR Aor. λικμῆσαι.

===Pag_909: Beekes_Página_0909.tiff===

    *DER λικμητήρ 'winnower', λικμητρίς 'winnowing fan', also λικμήτωρ, -τής; -ητήριον  winnowing fan, shovel'; -ητός 'winnowing, scattering'; -ητικός 'ptng. to winnowing'. *robably a back-formation is λικμός 'winnowing fan', λικμαία epithet of Demeter,  'κμίζει: ἀλοᾷ 'threshes, crushes' (H.), λίκνον [n.] 'winnowing fan' (Arist.), also a  acred basket with the first fruits in the cult of Demeter (S., AP); λικνοφόρος also  cradle' (ἢ. Merc., Call.), λικνίτης epithet of Dionysus (Orph. , Plu.), -itic, of τροφή  S. Ichn. 269), λικνίζω = λικμάω (pap.). Nith a different initial: ν(εΐκλον: τὸ λίκνον (H.), ἰκμᾶν: λικμᾶν, oftov καθαίρειν 'to  Jeanse grain'; ixu@vto- ἐσείοντο, énvéovto 'to shake, blow' (H.), ἀνικμώμενα (PL. Ti. 3a; vl. ἀναλικνώμενα, ἀναλικμώμεναλ), ἀπ-ικμῆσαι, δι-ικμῶνται (Thphr.). Further  rom H. ev<vi>Kunto<v> εὐλίκκ»μητον, ἀνικλώμενον: ἀνακαθαιρόμενον (cf. on  iwkp@peva above), and without a suffix νικᾷ: λικμᾷ; νικεῖν (for -Kav?)- λικμᾶν,  "γείκεσεν: ἔκρινεν 'sieved', εὐνικές: εὐκρινές 'well-sieved', νεικητήρ: λικμητήρ. Μεγαρεῖς.

    *ETYM λίκνον and νίκλον, and probably also νικμᾶν (in εὐνίκμητον), can be  inderstood as dissimilated from *vikvov, "νικνᾶν. Perhaps, λικμᾶν and, with loss of  he anlaut, ἰἱκμᾶν, derive from νικμᾶν. Cf. Danielsson Eranos 5 (1903-1904): iff. on  he dark form ἀπολεικαι (inscr. Milete). itarting from *vik-vov, it is attractive to connect the full grade verb Lith. niekéti, 186. tiekéju 'to winnow (corn), Latv. niékat 'to swing groats in a mill'; cf. suffixless Greek  slosses like νικᾷ.

XXXXXκριφίς '-λέχριος.

XXXXXλαίομαι [v.] 'to desire, vehemently long for' (Il.). «ἡ

    *VAR Only present; the perf. ▶︎ λελιημένος does not belong here.

    *ETYM A reduplicated yod-present, which has been connected with Skt. lasati 'to  'adiate, be pleased' (either a thematic root present with secondary s for s, or from  'la-ls-a-ti with reduplication and zero grade). However, the nouns Adotat- πόρναι  whores' (H.) and λάσταυρος (see ▶︎ λάσται, as well as λάσθι and λῆναι) point to Pre-  3reek origin in view of their suffixes. ?rom other languages, comparisons have been made with, e.g., Lat. lascivus  luxuriant, wanton' (from *las-ko-, cf. Ru. ldska 'caress, affection'), Skt. la-las-a-  desirous', etc. Unrelated because of the deviant vocalism is the Gm. group of Go. ustus 'Just'.

4n JE root /as- is hardly possible. LIV? s.v. las- states that the appurtenance of the Κι (epic class.) verbs lasati and lasati to the Greek verb is uncertain.

XXXXXιβος [adj.] 'λίχνος, desirous, fond of sweets' (comm. Arist., H.). 42>

    *VAR Also λιμβός.

    *DER λιμβεύω [v.] 'Atyvevdw, to be desirous' with λιμβεία = Aryveia (Hdn. Epim., H.).

    *ETYM Unexplained.

XXXXXλιμήν 'harbour'. ⟹ λειμών.

XXXXXλίμινθες [?] - ἔλμινθες. Πάφιοι 'intestinal worms' (H.).

===Pag_910: Beekes_Página_0910.tiff===

    *ETYM A Variant of ▶︎ λμινθες, where the idea is discussed that Aw- goes back to ἃ  Pre-Greek sequence */'m-. Influence of λῖμός 'hunger' seems improbable.

XXXXXλῖμός [m., f.] 'hunger, famine' (IL). <?>

    *VAR On the gender see Schwyzer 1950: 373, Solmsen 1909: 109.

    *COMP λιμ-αγχ-έομαι 'be weakened by hunger' (Hp.) from *Nip-ayy-o¢ (to ἄγχω, cf. Schwyzer: 726); on βού-λιμος see on »βουλιμία; on πούλιμος 'strong hunger'  (Boeot.) see Schulze KZ 33 (1895): 2436.

    *DER λιμ-ώδης 'hungry' (Hp.), -ηρός 'hungry, ptng. to hunger' (Theoc., AP), -adéoc  = ῥυσός, λεπτός (H.), after αὐαλέος, etc. Verbs: λιμαίνω, λιμῆναι 'to suffer from  famine' (Hdt.), λιμώττω, -woow 'id' (Str., J.), with λίμωξις (late).

    *ETYM A primary formation compared with λῖμός is suspected in »λοιμός 'plague',  where the long i is sometimes explained by Saussure's Law: loss of laryngeal after o-  grade root. For > λειρός see ▶︎ λείριον.

XXXXXλιμπάνω --λείπω.

XXXXXλιμφός [m.] - συκοφάντης. ἢ μηνυτὴς παρανόμων 'a denunciator, or accuser of illegal acts or people' (H.). «1

    *DER λιμφεύειν: ἀπατᾶν 'to deceive' (H.).

    *ETYM Unexplained.

XXXXXλίναμαι ⟹ λιάζομαι.

XXXXXλίνδος [m.] an aromatic plant (Mnesim. Com. 4, 63 apud Ath. 9, 403d, Eust. 315, 18).

*ETYM Named after the town Lindos on Rhodes? Cf. the plant name θάψος (after the spit of land and town of the same name) and other cases in Strémberg 1940: 121ff. XXXXXλινεύς [m.] fish name = κεστρεύς, 'mullet' (Call. Com. 3 apud Ath. 7, 286b, Phot. H.).

    *ETYM Connected with λίνον 'fishing net', as a back-formation from Atvetw [v.] 'to  catch fish with a A, by Bo&hardt 1942: 50; cf. the description in Thompson 1947: 109  (s.v. κεστρεύς). Hardly related (as an inherited word) to Balto-Slavic names of the  'tench': Lith. lynas, Ru. lin', etc.

XXXXXλίνον [n.] 'linen, flax, linen cloth, thread, cord, fishing net' (Il.).

    *DIAL Myc. ri-no /lino-/.

    *COMP Several compounds like λινο-θώριηξ 'with linen cuirass' (Il, AP), λινό-ζωστις  [f.] 'mercury, Mercurialis (Hp. Dsc.), from a compound *Atvo-Gw@ortr, cf. Stromberg 1940: 148; λευκό-λινον [n.] 'white flax' (Hdt.).

    *DER Diminutives: λινάριον 'thread, net' (Delos II*, Ὁ. Chr.), λινούδιον 'linen cloth'  (pap.), probably from τὸ λινοῦν (ἱμάτιον); also λινούτιον (pap.; cf. below). Adjectives: Aiveoc, -otc, -d¢ (1A); Atvéa, -aia [f.] 'cord, noose' (Hell.), Aivivoc  (Tanagra III*) 'linen', λιναῖος 'id., made of flax' (Hp., pap.), λινική [f.] 'tax on flax'  (pap-).

===Pag_911: Beekes_Página_0911.tiff===

Verbs: λινεύω 'to catch with nets' (Peripl. M. Rubr.); also late hypostases: δια-, ἐκ-, ἐπι-λινάω 'to slip through the net, escape from the net, inspect the net' (Phryn., Eust., H.), ἐκ-λινίζω 'to escape from the net' (Byz.). On »λινεύς = κεστρεύς, see 5.ν.

    *ETYM λίνον has been compared with BSI. forms like Lith. linai [pl.] 'flax, linen', Ru. lén, gen. lend 'id', which go back on a short vowel. Opposed to this is Lat. linum with  tong vowel, whence Olr. Jin 'net' and other Celtic words, and Alb. fi-ri, ij-ni 'linen'  were borrowed. The Gm. group of Go. lein, OHG lin (also ON, OE) also agrees with  Lat. linum, and can therefore be considered loans from it, too. Original identity is possible, however, since the cultivation of flax in Central Europe  is very old. Still, it is more probable that Aivov and linum derive from a  Mediterranean word. The word is unknown in Indo-Iranian (but the concept is, of  course). Fur.: 375 cites the gloss kai λῖνος παρὰ Κυπρίοις (H.), a variant with long vowel. See  also ▶︎ Aita and »λίς 2.

XXXXXνος [m.] name of a song (2 570, Hdt. 2, 79, Pi. Fr. 139, 5), also personified as a name of amythical singer (Hes. Fr. 192, Theoc. 24, 105, Apollod. 1, 3, 2). <?>

    *ETYM Foreign word from an unknown oriental source. Cf. ▶︎ αἴλινος, which is the  source of the PN Λίνος, acc. to Giintert 1921: 64. Acc. to EiSfeldt 1939: 161ff., αἴλινον  (whence perhaps λίνος as a PN, as opposed to Aivog 'song' = λίνον 'linen') is from  Phoenic. 'ij Alijan, a lamentation for the god of vegetation Alijan.

XXXXXπα [adv.] 'fat, gleaming' (Il.). «1Ὲ *leip- 'stick'>

    *VAR In Hom. in elided form only: (ἀλείψασθαι) Aim' ἐλαίῳ, etc. unelided Aina in  Hp., Th. (cf. Leumann 1950: 309f.).

    *DER λιπαρός 'fat, gleaming (of oil or unguent), fruitful (IL), together with λιπαρία  'fatness' (Dsc.) and Autaivw 'to make fat, anoint' (IA) with λίπανσις 'anointing'  (med.), λιπαντικός 'good for anointing' (sch.), λιπασμός 'anointing' (Dsc.), λίπασμα  'fat substance' (Hp., Hell.). Other verbs: λιπάω 'to be sleek from unguents' (τ 72,  Hell.), trans. 'to anoint' (Nic.), λιπάζω 'id' (Nic.). Innovated s-stem: λίπος [n.] 'fat'  (A., S., Arist.) with Autwdng¢ fatty, oily' (Thphr.); also λίπας [n.] 'id' (Aret.), after  Kpéac?

    *ETYM A formal correspondence to Ain-a, probably a derivative from a root noun, is  found in Skt. rip- [f.] 'defilement, deceit'; λιπαρός looks like Skt. rip-rd- [n.]  'defilement, dirt', and λίπος like Skt. répas- [n.] 'stain, dirt', but both could be  independent formations. Appurtenance of Alb. lapardés 'to defile' is doubtful. The other languages show different formations: nasal present Skt. li-m-p-ati  [3sg.pres.] 'to smear', with 3pl. aor. med. alipsata, Lith. lipti, 1sg. lim pu 'to stick, be  sticky'; yod-present in OCS pri-lopljo, inf. pri-l»péti 'to stick'. A deviant meaning is  found in the Gm. group of OHG bi-liban 'to stay, remain'. Unrelated is ▶︎ ἀλείφω 'to  anoint', which requires *h,leib".. The comparison with Hitt. lip(p)-* 'to lick' should  be discarded, because it is an onomatopoeia (Kloekhorst 2008 s.v.). See ▶︎ λίπτω.

XXXXXλιπαρέω 'to persist'. ⟹ λίπτω.

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λιπερνής, -ητος [adj.] mg. uncertain, perhaps 'poor, deserted, orphaned' (Archil. 50 [πολῖται], BCH νι, 161 [Caria], gloss.).

    *VAR  λιφερν-οῦντας (see below).

    *DER Also -ήτης (AP 9, 649, EM), -it1¢ [f.] (Call. Fr. 66e, Epic. Oxy. 1794, 17, Suid. [=  πτωχή]), together with Ainepvodvtac: πενιχρούς 'poor, needy' (Suid.), which has a  variant λιφερνοῦντας (J. AJ 2, 5, 5), of στάχυας, parallel to ἀσθενεῖς, opposed to  καρηβαροῦντας.

    *ETYM The suggestion by Suid. and EM 566, 50: παρὰ τὸ λείπεσθαι ἐρνέων, ὅ ἐστι  φυτῶν 'leaving behind the sprouts, i.e. the plants', is clearly folk-etymology. The  variant with aspiration points to a Pre-Greek word. For the structure, cf. > κυβερνάω. ͵    λίπος 'fat'. -ολίπα.

XXXXXλίπτω [v.] 'to desire' (A. R., Lyc., Nic.). <?>

    *VAR Perf. med. λελιμμένος 'desiring' (A. Th. 355, 380).

    *DER Cf. Au: ἐπιθυμία 'desire' (H.), further Ainapéw [v.] 'to persist, ask persistently  or repeatedly' (IA), with Aimapin 'persistence, endurance' (Hdt.) and λιπαρής  'persistent, persisting, earnest' (S., Ar., Pl.).

    *ETYM λίπτω is traditionally compared with Lith. liépti, isg. liepit: 'to command,  order, organize', OPr. pallaips 'order'. Alternatively, Aintw and \inapéw may belong  to λίπα, λιπαρός, but a serious problem is the length of the 1. See ▶︎ Arwoupia.

XXXXXλῖρός [adj.] 'bold, shameless, lewd' (Call. Fr. 229, Alex. Aet. 3, 30). <?>

    *COMP Compound λιρ-όφθαλμος 'with lewd eyes' (Suid.), Λιρο-κλῆς PN (Ion. inscr.).

    *DER Aipaivet ἀναιδεύεται 'shows shameless behaviour' (H.).

    *ETYM Unexplained. Fur.: 240 is unconvincing.

XXXXXλῖς τ 'lion'.

    *VAR λίς. ολέων.

XXXXXλίς 2 [adj.] epithet of πέτρη 'rock' (μ 64, 79) and of σινδών 'cloth' (SGDI 5702, 19; Samos IV): 'smooth'. <ΙΕ? /h,i-t- 'smooth'>

    *DIAL Myc. ri-ta pa-we-a /lita p*arwe'a/ 'smooth clothes'.

    *DER 1. acc.sg. (also taken as pl.) Ait-a, dat. λιτ-ί 'smooth linen' (Hom.). 2. λῖτός  'simple, plain' (since IV*), λίτως (Alc. F 7, 2; context unknown) together with λιτότης [f] 'simpleness' (Democr. 274, Thphr.). 3. λισσός (Crete ITI*, also TN), fem. Moor (Od.), λισσάς, Boeot. λιττάς (Corinn., A. E., Theoc., A. R.) 'smooth, bare', also  metaph. 'naked, insolvent' (Crete); hence λισσόομαι in [λισ]σωθέντων [ptc.]  'becoming insolvent' (Crete III?) and in λίσσωμα '(bald spot on the) crown',  λίσσωσις 'bald-headedness' (Arist.); cf. λισσούς: δεομένους 'lacking, in need'. καὶ  τοὺς ἡσυχῆ φαλακρούς 'slightly bald' (H.). On »λισσάνιος, see s.v.

    *ETYM The basis of these words was the t-stem λι-τ-, seen in Ai-¢ and in the  substantives λῖτ-α, Ait-i. Thematic enlargement gave λιτ-ό-ς; beside this, there was a  ta-derivative in fem. *hioca < *it-1a, with a new nom. λισσή from the originally  ablauting gen. λισσῆς, and a new msc. λισσός. For Aig : λῖσσα, compare eg. θής :  θῆσσα, Κρής : Κρῆσσα. The form ▶︎ λεῖος 'level, smooth' can hardly be separated

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from λίς; this points to a reconstruction λῖτ- < lh,i-t- beside full-grade leh,i-u- (Schrijver 1991: 283f.).

XXXXXλισγάριον [adj.] 'spade, mattock' (sch. Theoc. 4, 10, Suid. s.v. oxageidiov).

    *DIALMoGr. λισγάρι.

    *ETYM A diminutive derived from "λίσγος, which is unexplained itself. Several  hypotheses have been advanced: from *Aiy-oxog to Lat. ligé 'mattock'; from *M6-  σκος or *Aid-yos, related to ▶︎ Niotpov. Fur.: 294 objects to a suffix -ox-, referring to  Schwyzer: 541. So the word is rather Pre-Greek.

XXXXXλίσπος [adj.] probably 'smooth, polished, flat' (Ar. Ra. 826, of γλῶσσα); αἱ λίσπαι as a word for the halfs of a dice, used by two friends as a tally (Pl. Smp. 193a), also oi λίσποι (Suid.). < PG(V)>

    *VAR Aspirated by-form λίσφος (Attic acc. to Moer. and Tz.), λίσφοι = τὰ ἰσχία 'hip  joints' (EM 567, 20). Cf. λίσφος = ἄπυγος; also λέσφος (EM 567, 21).

    *COMP Compounds λισπό-πυγος (-πυξ) 'with smooth (flat) buttocks' (Phryn., Poll.,  sch.), ὑπό-λισπος (-~oc) 'smooth, polished or flat underneath', especially of the  buttocks and hips (Ar. Eq. 1368, Philostr., Poll.).

    *DER Denominative λισφώσασθαι: ἐλαττώσασθαι 'to reduce, diminish' (H.).

    *ETYMAio@oc and Agogog are by-forms typical of a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXλισσάνιος [adj.] only in ὦ Moodwe (Ar. Lys. 171; vl. Avoo-), a form of address of unknown mg., explained by H. and Phot. as ἀγαθός (cf. ὦ ᾽γαθέ). <?>

    *ETYM A Laconian word without etymology. The analysis as a compound pursued by  Frisk fails to convince.

XXXXXλίσσομαι [v.] 'to beg, pray, implore' (Il.).

    *VAR Aor. λιτέσθαι, λίσασθαι (Il., epic poet.), new pres. λίτομαι (h. Hom. 16, 5, Ar. [lyr.], AP).

    *DER 1. λιταί [f.pl.], rare λιτή [sg.] 'prayer' (Il, Hdt.) with λιταῖος epithet of Zeus  (Bithynia IP), λιτήσιος 'praying' (Nonn.), after ἱκετήσιος (Chantraine 1933: 42); λιτάζομαι [v.] 'to pray, beg'. 2. With a suffix -v-: λιτανός 'begging, suppliant' (A.), λιταίνω [v.] 'to implore, beg' (E.), Attavebw 'id.' (Il); λιτανεία [f.] 'appeal, entreaty'  (LXX, pap., D. H.), -ευτικός 'ptng. to prayer' (sch.). 3. λιτῆρα θαλλόν- τὸν ἱκέσιον  (H.). 4. Verbal adjective -λιστος in compounds: tpi-, πολύ-, ἄ-λλιστος 'implored  three times, much prayed for, etc.' (Il), on -AA- (also in ἐ-λλίσσετο, etc.) see  Chantraine 1942: 176. An adj. *A.téc 'begging' does not exist, see Chantraine RPh. 79:  16ff.

    *ETYM Unclear. Connection with Baltic words for 'touch', like Lith. liésti, lytéti is  semantically unconvincing, that with ἀλίνω formally impossible. LIV? (s.v. 2. *leit-)  defends the connection with the Baltic words: 'Im Gr. iiber 'an den Knien beriihren'  zu 'anflehen' weiterentwickelt, vg]. hom. λισσέσκετο γούνων", Does the borrowing  Lat. litdre 'to sacrifice under prosperous omina' from ἘΠ < Gr. λιτήϊ

XXXXXλισσός 'smooth'. ⟹ λίς 2.

XXXXXλίστρον [n.] 'tool for levelling, spade, shovel, etc.' (x 455, Lyc., Mosch.). <?>

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    *VAR Also -ος [m.].

    *DER Diminutive λίστριον [π.] (Ar. Fr. 809, inscr. Lebadea), Motpwtdc 'flattened,  smoothed' (Nic.) with λιστρόω (Eust.), λιστρεύω [v.) 'to dig up' (w 227), λιστραίνω  'id' (Suid.).

    *ETYM An instrument name in -tpov without explanation. Assuming *\it-tpov, it  may belong to Xic, λιτ-ός 'smooth, even'. Comparisons with Latv. list, 1sg. lidu, Lith. lydyti 'to dig up, unearth, smoothen' and with Lat. lira 'furrow' have been given up.

XXXXXλίσφος 'smooth'. λίσπος.

XXXXXλῖτα 'linen', dat. λιτί.

    *VAR λιτός 'simple'. ⟹ λίς 2.

XXXXXλιταί 'prayer(s)'. "λίσσομαι.

XXXXXλϊταργίζω [v.] 'to slip away' (Ar. Pax 562, Nu 1253, both fut.); λιταργίζειν: τροχάζειν 'to run quickly'; ἀπολιταργίσαι' ταχέως ἀποδραμεῖν 'to run off quickly' (H.); <?>

    *VAR Fut. -ἰῶ.

    *COMP Also with ἀπο-.

    *DER λιταργισμός (sch. Ar. Nu. 1255), λίταργος 'running quickly' (An. Ox. 2, 236, EM  567, 38), perhaps an invented back-formation.

    *ETYM Unexplained. The ending recalls ἀργός 'quick', but the beginning is unclear  (λιτός 'simple'?).

XXXXXλίτρα [f.] 'pound', as a weight and coin; as Sicilian silver money = half a mina or 50 drachmes (Epich., Sophr., [Simon.] 141, Hell.).

    *COMP Compounds like δεκά-λιτρος 'worth ten pounds' (Epich., Sophr.), Attpo-  σκόπος 'money-changer' (5. Fr. 1065).

    *DER Aitpaiog (AP, Gal.), also λιτρ-ιαῖος (Gal; cf. Chantraine 1933: 49) 'worth or  containing a pound'; λιτρίζω [v.] 'to weigh, deliver by weight' with λιτρισμός (pap.);  also λιτρασμός 'libratio' (gloss.).

    *ETYM A Mediterranean word, originating from Sicily and identical with Lat. libra  'balance, pound'. As common basic form, *libré has been postulated; on the  phonetics, see Schulze KZ 33 (1895): 223f., Schwyzer: 206, and Pariente Emerita 20  (1952): 389ff. The shortness of the ι in Aitpa, which would be Doric acc. to Hdn. Gr. 2, §46, 12, is unexplained. Details in WH sv. libra. Fur. 182 further compares  Médpiov- τρύβλιον 'cup', also a measure (H.).

XXXXXλιχανός

    *VAR λιχμάομαι, λίχνος. Ξ'λείχω.

XXXXXλίψ, λιβός --λείβω.

XXXXXλιψουρία [f.] 'desire to urinate' (A. Ch. 756). 4GR?>

    *ETYM Abstract formation in -ia from a supposed *Aunp-ovpéw or ἔλίψ-ουρος, a  governing compound from ἔλῖψαι 'desire', related to ▶︎ Aintw, and οὖρον. Was this  the origin of the gloss λίψ' ἐπιθυμία (H.)?

XXXXXλοβός [m.] 'lobe, lap, slip', a designation of various lap- or slip-like parts of the body or of plants, especially 'lobe 'of the ear' (© 182), also of the liver (Hp., A., E., Pl.), of the lung (medic.), etc; 'leaf of the elder' (Thphr.), 'capsula with seeds, pods of

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guminous plants'; also these plants themselves; 'pod, seedbox, skin of fruit' Thphr., Dsc., Gal.). < EUR?>

    *COMP Often as a second member, e.g. πρό-λοβος [m.] 'crop of birds, Adam's apple'  Arist., LXX), but mpo-AdBtov 'the front part of the lobe of the ear' (Poll., H.); ἔλ-  ιοβος 'in a pod, having a pod' (Thphr.), lengthened ἐλλοβ-ώδης 'id,' (cf. Stromberg  937: 164), but ἐλ-λόβιον 'earring' (Luc., 5. E.); ἀντι-λόβιον, -βίς 'part of the ear-lobe  \pposite to the προλόβιον᾽ (medic.); ἐπιλοβίς: μέρος τοῦ ἥπατος 'part of the liver'  H.); as an adjective in ἡ ἐπιλοβὶς γλῶσσα 'lobe of the liver', a sign of soothsayers  PAmh. 2, 14, 21; III-IV?); as a term of construction καταλοβεύς [m.] 'cornice,  rossbeam' (Epid., Hierapytna); ὀξυλοβέω 'tO ταχέως ἀκούω = hearing quickly'  Suid.), from *6&b-doBoc, see Strémberg 1937: 164.

    *DER Diminutive AdBtov (Gal, Dsc.).

    *ETYM Etymology unknown. The connection with MoHG Lappen 'piece, rag' is  emantically attractive, as is that with its cognates, e.g. OE leppa [m.] 'tip, lap', éar-  eppa 'ear-lobe'. It sometimes appears without gemination, as in MoNw. lape 'to  1ang down', MLG or-lepel 'ear-lobe'.

deviating vocalism is shown by Lat. labdre 'to waver', beside which with a long rowel labor, labi 'to glide'; both may derive from a root (s)leh,b- (in which case they we unrelated). With initial sl- we find eg. MLG slap 'slack', OCS slabo 'slack', wobably continuing slob-. The fact that all these words show IE *b points to 3uropean substrate origin.

XXXXXγάδες [f.pl.] 'white of the eye, τὰ λευκὰ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν᾽ (Sophr. 49, Call. Fr. 132, Nic. Ch. 292), also = 'eyes' (AP 5, 269). 4GR?>

    *VAR In Poll. 2,70 sing.

    *ETYM Metaphorical use of λογάδες (λίθοι): 'picked, chosen', ie. 'unworked stones,  »ebbles' as opposed to 'cut stones' (Paus. 7, 22, 5); cf. also λογάδιην 'by accidental  election', of stones (Th.), λιθο-λόγος (-éw, -ia) 'who works with unworked stones'  as opposed to λιθο-τόμος, -oupydc). Note the alternative explanation of λογάδας as  γήφους λευκάς 'white pebbles' in H. Likewise, Sw. dgon-sten 'eye-ball', properly  'eye-stone'. See also »Aéyw, and on »λωγάλιοι. Fur.: 363, etc. connects λογάδες  vith λύγδος 'white marble', but this not evident semantically.

XXXXXγγάζω [v.] 'to linger, hesitate, abide' (A. Fr. 112, Ar. Fr. 811). 4 PG(V)>

    *VAR Aor. λογγάσαι.

    *DER λογγάσια [n.pl.], H. also -σίη [f.sg.], originally 'abode', 'stones to fix cables of a  hip' (H,, Phot. «ιν. λογγάζειν).

    *ETYM Formation like γυμνάσιον, -cia to γυμνάζομαι, etc. (Schwyzer: 469f.); further ιογγῶνες [m.pl.] 'id', which acc. to EM 569, 42, is Syracusan, a shortened form after  he place names in -(ε)ών. t cannot be separated from the synonym ▶︎ λαγγάζω; the variation a/o points to Pre-  3reek origin. Cf. also Fur.: 274 (on Lat. langue6).

XXXXXγος, λόγιος --λέγω. ¥xn [[1] 'spearhead, javelin, lance' (Pi.). <?>

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    *COMP Compounds like λογχο-φόρος 'lance-bearer' (E., Ar. X., Plb.), 5i-Aoyxoc  'with double lance' (A.).

    *DER Diminutives: λογχ-ίον (Hell. inscr.), -apiov (Posidon., Luc.), -i¢ (Hell. [?]),  εἰδια (H. s.v. ζιβύννιαλ. Adjectives: λόγχιμος 'belonging to the lance' (A.), cf. μάχιμος; λογχωτός 'provided  with a lance' (B, E., Hell. inscr.) with λογχόομαι, see below; λογχήριης 'id' (E.),  λογχαῖος: μετὰ τῆς λόγχης (Suid.). Substantives: λογχίτης [m.] 'lance-bearer' (Hdn.), λογχῖτις [f.] plant name (Dsc.,  Gal.), after the form of the seeds (Str6mberg 1940: 55). Verbs: λογχόομαι 'to provide with a lance' (Arist., Str.), probably a back-formation  from λογχωτός (above), rare λογχεύω [v.] 'to pierce with a lance' (AP 9, 300 in tit.),  Aoyx ace (H.) explaining δοράζει.

    *ETYM Unexplained; all previous hypotheses are unconvincing: comparison with  λαγχάνω as 'the reaching one'; analysis as 'the long one', related to Lat. longus;  more in Frisk.

XXXXXλοιγός [m.] 'ruin, havoc, death' (I1.).

    *COMP As a second member in βροτο-λοιγός 'destroying men', of Ares (Il.), also in  ἀθηρη-λοιγός 'destroyer of chaff', 'winnowing-fan' (Od.).

    *DER λοίγιος 'destroying, bringing disaster' (1].), also λοιγήεις, -ἧς 14. CNic.),  poetical transformations, cf. Schwyzer: 527 and 513); λοιγίστρια: ὀλοθρεύτρια (H.), to  ὀλοθρεύω 'to destroy'.

    *ETYM Properly an agent noun 'destroyer' (cf. Porzig 1942: 307) of a primary verb  preserved in Lith. liegti 'to be very ill, be ailing' (IE *leig-), to which also belongs the  zero grade action noun liga, Latv. liga 'illness, plague'; further perhaps Alb. lig 'bad,  meagre' and (with IE *k) Olr. ach 'miserable, unhappy'. Unrelated are ▶︎ ὀλίγος  'slight, small' (Saussure Effect is unlikely, especially in initial position), and Arm. atk'at 'poor' (see Martirosyan 2010 s.v.).

XXXXXλοιδορέω [v.] 'to slander, abuse, reprove, revile' (Pi., 1A). <?>

    *VAR Aor. λοιδορῆσαι.

    *COMP Sometimes with prefixes like ἀπο-, ovv-, Mpoo-.

    *DER λοιδορία 'slander' (Att.); also λοιδόρ-ησις (PL. LXX), -ησμός (Ar.), -ημα (Arist,  Plu.), -ημάτιον (Ar.); -ητικός 'abusive' (Arist.), -totr¢ (H.) as an explanation of  κόβειρος (after ἀγωνιστής, etc.); as a back-formation λοίδορος 'abusive, slanderer'  (E. Cyc. 534, Arist., Hell.).

    *ETYM Taken as a formation comparable to πολι-ορκέω, δειρο-τομέω, oivo-xoéw,  etc., but further details are unclear. It is doubtful to compare the first part with Lat. lidus 'play', λίζει: παίζει 'plays' (H.), as is done by Perpillou 1996: 1128, who also  adduces the gloss λίνδεσθαι: ἀμιλλᾶσθαι 'to contend', and proposes haplology from  Ἰλοιδο-δορέω. Note that several terms with this meaning are Pre-Greek (cf. ▶︎ κερτομέω).

XXXXXλοιμός [m.] 'plague' (A 61), metaph. 'pernicious man' (D.), also in adjectival function (LXX, christ. lit.). <?> ᾿

    *VAR λοίμη (H.), probably for λύμη.

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    *DER λοιμώδης 'like the plague' (Hp., Th.), λοιμικός 'belonging to the plague' (Hp.,  Hell. Chantraine 1956a: 121), λοίμιος epithet of Apollo in Lindos (Macr.); λοιμότης  'plague-like situation' (LXX); λοιμεύομαι [v.] 'to be contaminated with the plague'  (LXX), λοιμώσσω, -wtTw 'to suffer from the plague' (Gal, Luc.).

    *ETYM Most often taken as ablauting with ▶︎ λῖμός. The form λοιγός has also been  considered as a root-cognate, and a third suffixal variant was seen in λοιτός: λοιμός  (H.). The form λοιτός is taken by Schmidt s.v. as a mistake for λοιγός, and with good  reason. A cross of λιμός and λοιγός has also been suggested, but this is a desperate  attempt to explain everything.

XXXXXλοιπός 'remaining'. λείπω.

XXXXXλοῖσθος 1 [adj.] 'the last, utmost' (Y 536). <?>

    *DER λοίσθιος (Pi, trag, Theoc., A. R.), (τὸ) λοίσθιον [adv.] 'at last'. λοισθήϊος  'regarding the last', (τὰ) λοισθήϊα 'the last prize' (¥ 785, 751), like ἀριστήϊον, -ἴα;  λοίσθημα: τέλος, πέρας 'end, border' (H.). Unclear are the glosses λοίσθωνας: τοὺς  ἀκρατεῖς περὶ ta ἀφροδίσια 'the weak ones regarding sex' (H.) and λοισθώνη: ἡ  θρασεῖα 'the bold one' (Suid.).

    *ETYM No etymology. All suggested explanations are unconvincing (for literature see  Frisk): from *\othto-Of-o¢ 'the weakest in the course', related to θέω and Gm. *laisiz 'less' in MoE less, etc.; from ἔλοιῃισ-τος; related to Lith. léidzZiu, léisti 'let', Lat. lidus 'game', etc; from *Aohto-toc to Go. las-iws 'weak, powerless', etc. (Solmsen IF  13 (1902/03): 140ff.). The problem is that the -θ- causes difficulties. Scheftelowitz KZ  56 (1929): 179 tried to get around this by positing *sloid'-to- (to OCS po-slédonjo  ἔσχατος, utmost, last' ~ slédo 'trace', Lith. slysti, sg. slydau 'to glide', Gr. ὀλισθάνω,  etc., from IE *(s)leid"- 'slippery, glide'), but it is unlikely that the cluster preserved its  aspiration for such a long time.

XXXXXλοῖσθος 2 [m.] 'beam' (IG 2', 1673: 17 [IV*]), also an epithet of δόρυ, 'deck beam' vel sim. (E. Hel. 1597). <?>

    *ETYM MoGr. λοστός 'ever' seems to presuppose a pre-form λοῖσθός, see Georgacas  Glotta 6 (1958): 168. Further unclear.

XXXXXλοίτη [f.] - τάφος 'tomb' (H.).

    *VAR λοιτεύειν- θάπτειν 'to bury' (H.).

    *ETYM Derived from an old verbal root */eit- 'to go away, pass away' found in  Germanic, e.g. Go. (afleipan, ON lida, OHG lidan > MoHG leiden 'to suffer', with  the causative ON leida 'to carry, conduct, bury', OHG leiten 'to lead, carry, etc.', to  which also belong ON /eidi [n.] 'burial place', OHG /eiti [f.] 'conduct, exequiae'. In  Iranian, the verb also remained as a euphemistic expression for 'pass away, die': Av. raé0-, pres. iriiieiti. Tocharian preserves the older mg. 'go away', e.g. ToA 3pl.pres. litantdr, ToB 3sg.subj. laitam, pret. lita.

XXXXXλοιτός 1 · λοιμός (H.). ⟹ λοιμός.

XXXXXλοιτος 2 [44}].] epithet of νόος, perhaps = ἁγνός (Supp. Epigr. 8, 716, 14 [Β4]}1114]}. <?>

    *ETYM Unexplained.

===Pag_918: Beekes_Página_0918.tiff=== XXXXXλορδός 871

XXXXXλόκαλος [?] name of an unknown bird, perhaps a stork (Arist. HA 504). 42>

    *ETYM Fur. 345 Anm. 3 compares Georg. laglagi, laqlagi, lakvi, (East Caucasian)  Tsakhur ldglig 'stork', MoP laglag, laglag 'id.'.

XXXXXλόκκη [f.] - χλαμὺς, ἐφαπτίς (garment names) (H.).

    *ETYM Fur. 344 compares λάκκος 'a garment' (Peripl. M. Rubr.). Given the  interchange a/o, the word is probably Pre-Greek; compare Lat. lacerna 'mantle-like  overcloth'.

XXXXXλόλλα [f.]? name of a plant (pap. Byc.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXλολλώ word of child language (Hermipp. 89). <?>

    *VAR Cf. λολλοῦν: τὰ παιδία TOV dA TOV 'porridge in child language' (H.).

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXλοξός [adj.] 'bent to the side, slanting, oblique', metaph. 'ambiguous' (IA). «?»

    *COMP Late compounds like λοξο-κέλευθος 'with oblique paths' (Nonn.), παρά-  λοξος 'slanting, oblique' (Sor.), cf. παρα-λοξαίνομαι below.

    *DER Λοξίας, Ion. -ing [m.] epithet of Apollo as a prophesying god (B., Hdt., trag.),  also of the ecliptic (astron.), Λοξώ [f.] daughter of Boreas (Call, Nonn., EM 641, 57). λοξικὸς κύκλος 'the ecliptic'  (astr.), λοξότης 'obliquity, ambiguity' (Str., Plu.). Denominative verbs: λοξόομαι 'to be oblique' (Sophr., Hp., Herod.), also -dw, also  with ém-, ὑπο-, whence λόξωσις 'inclination, obliquity (of the ecliptic)' (Epicur,  Str.); (δια-)λοξεύω 'to make aslant or ambiguous' (Lib.), with λοξεύματα [pl.]  'obliquities' (Man.); παρα-λοξαίνομαι 'to be placed obliquely' (Ηρ...

    *ETYM Several adjectives with comparable meaning also have a suffix -co-: γαυσός,  καμψός, pokdc, ῥυσός, etc. Connection with Aéxpioc, and further with λεκροί (see  Λοκροί) seems probable, but it seems impossible to make a reconstruction. The o-  vowel seems to point to a nominal base form. Further connections are not very clear; words for 'elbow, arm' and other curved  body parts have an initial vowel (eg. Lith. alktiné 'elbow', Ru. Idkot' 'id'? < PSL. *Olket-, Arm. olok' 'shin-bone') and should therefore be kept separate.

XXXXXλομβρός [adj.] an indecent dance (Poll, 4, 105). <?>

    *ETYM It has been compared with λομβούς: τοὺς ἀπεσκολυμμένους 'stripped off. Bechtel 1898: 61 gives the PN Λόμβαξ. Etymology unknown.

XXXXXλοπός 'shell, bark, scale'.

    *VAR λοπάς, -ίς, etc. ⟹ λέπω.

XXXXXλορδός [adj.] 'bent backwards, so as to be convex in front', also sens. obsc., opposite κυφός (Hp., Arist.). '

    *DER Λόρδων, -wvog [m.] name of ἃ demon (Pl. Com. 174, 17, beside Κύβδασος from  Kvpda); λορδόομαι, -dw [v.] 'to bend supinely' (Hp., com.), whence λόρδ-ωσις, -ωμα  'curvature of the spine inward' (Hp. Gal.), opposed to κύφ-ωσις, -ωμα; also  λορδαίνω = -όω (Hp.).

    *ETYM Isolated in Greek. Cognates in Armenian have been supposed, as well as in  Celtic and Germanic. Semantically, a neat comparison exists with Arm. lorc-k* [pl.]

===Pag_919: Beekes_Página_0919.tiff===

(i-st.) = ὀπισθότονοι (Pl. Ti. 84e), 1.6. 'spasmodic inward curvature of the upper body' (cf. λόρδωσις, -ωμα above); however, lorc'-k' must be derived from IE lor(d)- sk-()-. A corresponding formation may be found in Celtic Gael. loirc [f.] 'deformed foot', which also admits of an IE basis lor(d)-sk-eh.-. Further we have, without a suffix -sk- and deviating in ablaut, MHG lerz, lurz 'left, sly' < 'crooked' (cf. liirzen 'to deceive' = ME bi-lurten 'id.'), from IE lerd-, Ird-.

XXXXXγύματα 'chaff. ~Aobw.

XXXXXγῦσσον [n.] 'white pith of the fir-tree' (Thphr. HP 3, 9, 7); details in Stromberg 1937: 126, 128, 166. «?»

    *ETYM May continue *Aovk-tov as a derivative of a root noun, as is seen in Lat. lax  'light', if from IE *louk-s. Further derivatives from this root are OCS luca [f.] 'ray,  beam' with a suffix *ih,. An o-derivative IE *louk-o- is seen in Lat. liicus 'forest', etc.;  the verbal adj. »λευκός and the yod-present ▶︎ λεύσσω belong there, too, as does  ▶︎ λύχνος. The etymology remains rather improbable, though.

XXXXXθύω, -ομαι [v.] 'to bathe, wash (the body) (1].λ. <1E *leuh,- 'wash, bathe'>

    *VAR Also λοέω (ipf. λόεον 6 252). Adw (ipf. Ad' [κ 361], Adov [h. Ap. 120], inf.

XXXXXλόεσθαι [Hes. Op. 749]); further λοῦσθαι (ζ 216), λοῦνται (Hdt.), λούμενος (Ar.); Dor. (Call. Lav. Pall. 72f.) λῶντο, λώοντο; aor. λοῦσαι, -σασθαι (Il.), epic also λοέσ(σλαι, -ἔσσασθαι, Dor. λωσάμενος (Cyrene), pass. λουθῆναι (Hp.), -σθῆναι (LXX, pap.); fut. λούσω, -ομαι (IA), λοέσσομαι (ζ 221), perf. ptc. λελουμένος (Ε 6).

    *DIAL Myc. re-wo-te-re-jo /flewotreios/, epithet of bathtubs.

    *COMP Also with prefix, especially amo-, éx-. As a first member e.g. in λοετρο-χόος  'pouring bathwater' (Hom.) = Myc. re-wo-to-ro-ko-wo, see below.

    *DER 1. λουτρόν, Hom. λοετρόν, Dor. λωτρόν (HL), usually plur. (always in Hom.)  'bath, bathing site' (Il.); λούτριον [n.] 'bathwater' (Ar., Luc.), ἀπολούτριος 'already  used for washing' of water (Ael.), λουτρών, -ὥνος [m.] 'bathroom, public baths' (X.,  Hell.) with -ωνικός 'ptng. to a bathing site' (Cod. Just.), λουτρίς [f.] 'ptng. to the bath'  (Theopomp. Com., H., Phot.), λουτρικός (H. s.v. ξυστρολήκυθον), λουτρόομαι [v.]  'to bathe' (Euboea). 2. λούτρα [f.] 'sarcophagus' (Corycos), for the mg. cf. μάκρα  (from μάκτρα) 'bathtub, coffin'. 3. λουτήρ [m.] 'bathtub' (LXX, inscr.), -ήριον [n.]  'id? (Antiph., inser; λωτ- Tab. Heracl.), whence diminutives -πηρίδιον (Hero, pap.),  -1)pioxog (gloss.); ἐκλουτήριος 'for washing out' (Aegina); ἐγλουστρίς [f.] 'bathing  trunks' (Hell. pap.). 4. λούστης [m.] 'who loves bathing' (Arist, M. Ant.). 5. λοῦσις  'bathing, washing' (late pap., inscr.), ἀπόλουσις 'washing' (Ρ].). 6. Aodpa [n.] 'stream'  (Sardes); probably also λούματα (cod. ἀούματα): τὰ TOV πτισσομένων κριθῶν ἄχυρα  Κύπριοι 'the chaff of the barley-corns that are winnowed' (H.); cf. ἀπόλουμα =  ἀποκάθαρμα (sch. Eust.); was the chaff drenched in water before feeding it? 7.

XXXXXλουτιάω [v.] 'to wish to bathe' (Luc. Lex. 2), after ἐμετ-ιάω : ἐμέω, etc.

    *ETYM The aorist Xo(F)écat is of the same type as κορέσαι, στορέσαι; the rare present  λο(β)έω can be explained as an innovation. The form λοῦσαι may have arisen from  Ἰλορέσαι by contraction, and hence λούω may have been formed. In Homer, the  uncontracted forms can often be substituted, e.g. Adecev, etc. for λοῦσεν, etc., as well  as λοέεσθαι for λούεσθαι (Z 508 = O 265).

===Pag_920: Beekes_Página_0920.tiff=== XXXXXλόφος 873 Both λοῦσαι, εἴς. and the isolated forms λό᾽, λόον, λόεσθαι are understandable if we start from a thematic verb ἔλόρω; the last forms however, could also be due to hyphaeresis (cf. Schwyzer: 252f.). Likewise, λοῦσθαι, λοῦνται, λούμενος admit of basic forms Adf-eoBat AGf-ovtal, AOF-dpEvoc, but they may alternatively be explained from λο(ρ)έεσ-θαι, Ao(F)Eovtal, Ao(F)edpEvos. A correspondence to the vocalism of Adédfw is found in Lat. lav6, lavere, the a- vocalism of which Vine KZ 119 (2006): 239 explains from a pre-form /ou-V- that originated in the frequent prefixed verbs (Lat. lavdre is mostly found as a simplex). It remains uncertain whether Arm. loganam, aor. logac'ay 'to bathe' has a disyllabic root too, given the productivity of the Arm. verbs in -anam. Myc. re-wo-to-ro-ko-wo and re-wo-te-re-jo deviate in root vocalism from the Homeric and later forms; it is thought that their e-vocalism is original, and that λοετρόν, etc. arose by metathesis of lewo-. The Celt. and Gm. nominal derivatives show the same vocalization as the Homeric forms, e.g. Gaul. lautro 'bathing place', Olr. Iéathar 'basin', ON: laudr [n.] 'lye, soap foam', OE léapor 'soap foam', which may go back to IE louh,-tro- and be identical with λο(ρ)ετρόν. Hitt. lahu-' / lahu- 'to pour, cast (metal), overflow' points to /leh,-u- and can therefore not be related to λούω.

XXXXXλοφνίς, -ida¢ [f.] 'torch' (Lyc., AP, Cleitarch. gloss. apud Ath. 15, 701a [cod. λοφίδα)]). <?>

    *DER λοφνίδια- λαμπάδια 'small torches' (H.); also λοφνία [f.] 'id? (Anon. apud Ath. 15, 699d; Kaibel Aopvida); cf. Scheller 1951: 56.

    *ETYM Formation in -ίς or -ia derived from "λόφνος, -vn, Because of the description  in Ath., τὴν ἐκ τοῦ φλοιοῦ τῆς ἀμπέλου λαμπάδα 'torch made of the bark of the  vine', it may derive from *lop-sn-, related to λέπω 'peel', λοπός 'shell, bark'; the suffix  is also seen in λύχνος, with comparable meaning. Still, I find this solution rather  improbable.

XXXXXλόφος [m.] 'neck of draught animals and men, crest of a helmet, crest of a hill, ridge' (IL), also 'tuft on the head of birds, crest of feathers, cockscomb' (Simon., Hdt., Ar., Arist.). <1E? lob-o- 'crest, top'>

    *COMP Often as a second member, e.g. yrj-, yew-Aogos '(earthen) hill' (Pl. X.); rarely  as a first member, e.g. (τὰ) λόφουρα 'having a crest-like tail', of draught animals and  animals of burden (horses, asses, τὰ ὑποζύγια) as opposed to ruminants (Arist,  Thphr., Hell. inscr.). λόφη [f.] 'comb' (Ὁ. S.), perhaps after Kopi?

    *DER 1. Diminutives: λόφιον 'small crest of the helmet' (sch.), λοφίδιον 'small hill  (Ael.). Other substantives: 2. λοφιά, Ion. -τή [f.] 'manes, bristly back, dorsal fin, etc.'  (τ 446, also Hdt., Arist.), cf. Scheller 1951: 72f; 3. λοφεῖον 'crest case' (Ar.), also Logic:  περικεφαλαίας θήκη 'chest around the head', 1.6. 'helmet' (H.). 4. λοφίας [m.] 'fish  with dorsal fins', denomination of the φάγρος (Numen. a pud Ath.), like ἀκανθίας,  etc., Chantraine 1933: 94, also 'the first dorsal vertebra' (Poll.); in the last mg. also  λοφαδίας (Poll.); λοφιήτης [m.] 'inhabitant of a hill (AP, of Pan, after πολιήτης). 5.

XXXXXλόφωσις [m.] 'crest ornament' (Ar. Av. 291); cf. ἀέτωσις (see ▶︎ aietdc). 6. Adjectives: λοφώδης 'crest-like, hilly' (Arist.), λοφόεις 'crested, hilly' (Tryph., Nonn.). 7. Verbs:

===Pag_921: Beekes_Página_0921.tiff===

λοφάω 'to be crested' (Babr., Ar. H.), after κομάω, Leumann 1950: 307'; λοφίζω [v.] to raise the A.' (Zonar.); λοφόομαι [v.] 'to tower, form a hill' (Eust.). 8. Hypostasis: :αταλοφάδεια [adv.] 'hanging down from the neck' (k 169 with metrically conditioned -eta, cf. κατωμάδιος, κατωμαδόν; Chantraine 1933: 39, Chantraine 1942: οἱ and 176).

    *ETYM As both Alc. (Z 65) and Hdt. (1, 171) consider the crest of the helmet to be a  Zarian invention, Schulze 1892: 257, 4 considers λόφος to be a Carian loan in this  pecific sense, which he separates from λόφος 'neck'. This is untenable. 4n acceptable connection is that with ToA lap 'head' (Schulze 19332: 252), the  iemantics of which are understandable if the Greek meaning was originally 'crest,  'rown'. However, ORu. Jobo 'skull', together with OCS lebens 'belonging to the  kul? (also Ru. lob 'forehead'), cannot be connected, since they point to */ub".. Ilyr. ἮΝ Otto-(Atto-)lobus is uncertain (Mayer Glotta 32 (1953): 83).

XXXXXλόχμη 'lair of wild beasts'.

    *VAR λόχος [m.] 'ambush, childbed', etc. Ξολέχεται.

XXXXXλυγαῖος 'dark'. -οἠλύγη.

XXXXXλυγγούριον [n.] 'a kind οἴ amber' (Thphr., Delos III', Str.).

    *VAR Also Atyy-, Atyk-; note λυγκούριον-: TO ἤλεκτρον 'amber' (H.).

    *ETYM Analyzed as a substantivized bahuvrihi of λύγξ and οὖρον, as the stone was  hought to be the urine of the lynx. However, Avyyotpiov has variants λογούριον-  sehoc, Λάκωνες 'glass, crystal' (H.) and Aoyotpiov: ὕαλος 'id' (H.), which rather    chow that it is a foreign word. Therefore, the explanation as urine of the lynx is just a  'olk-etymological fantasy. See Fur.: 278%. See ▶︎ λύγξ 2.

XXXXXλύγδος [f.] '(white) marble' (D. S., Peripl. M. Rubr., AP).

    *DER λύγδεινος 'made of marble, marble-white' (Babr., Philostr., AP, Cyrene), -iveoc  id' (AP). λύγδη: τὸ δένδρον ἡ λεύκη 'white poplar' (H.).

    *ETYM Ending as in ▶︎ μόλυβδος, κίβδος, etc. and, like these, without etymology. A  connection with λευκός and cognates is morphologically hard to explain, as the  iuffix -δος is not productive (except in sound-words like ▶︎ κέλαδος, s.v.). Fur. 307  connects λογάδες, but this is improbable. Still, the word is probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXλύγος [f.(m.)) 'flexible branch, twig which is suited for twisting' (Il.). «ἸΕῦ *leug- 'bend, wist'>

    *COMP Some compounds like Λυγο-δέσμα [f.] 'bound with willow-twigs', Laconian  »pithet of Artemis (Paus.).

    *DER λύγιον 'twig' (sch.), Avyéa 'willow' (Eust.), λύγινος 'made of λ.᾿ (Heph. apud  4th.), λυγώδης 'like a willow' (Dsc., Eust.), λυγόω 'twist, bend' (AP, API.). Also  λχυγίζομαι, -w [v.] 'to turn, wind, bend' (Hp., Att, Theoc., AP), with λυγισμός  turning, bending', of wrestlers, dancers, etc. (Ar., Luc.), λύγισμα 'sprain' (Dsc.),  στικός 'supple, flexible' (Poll.).

    *ETYM Interpreted as verbal noun, λύγος can be connected with isolated formations  n other languages: Lith. kignas [verb.adj.] 'supple', together with the denominative  vod-present ON lykna < PGm. */ukn-jan 'bend the knee'; Lat. luxus < *lug-s-o-  sprained' (cf. λύγισμαλ). Cf. also the frequentative Lat. Iucto(r), luctare 'to wrestle'

===Pag_922: Beekes_Página_0922.tiff===

(back-formation Jucta [f.] 'wrestling match'), originally *'to turn (intr.)'; cf. λυγισμός. The original meaning of λύγος would be 'turning, bending'; perhaps λυγίζομαι, which is attested at a later date, retained a sense of this meaning.

XXXXXλύγξ 1 'hiccup'. =A lw.

XXXXXλύγξ 2, λυγκός [m., f.] lynx (h. Hom. 19, 24, E., Arist., Thphr., Ael.).

    *VAR Also gen. Avyydc (E. fr. 683).

    *COMP As a first member in λυκό-λυγξ 'wolf-lynx' (pap. in Sb. Heidelb. 1923: 2, 14,  13); on ▶︎ λυγγούριον (also Avy«-, λιγκ-, etc.) [n.] a kind of amber (Thphr.), see s.v.

    *DER Diminutive AvyKiov (Callix.), λύγγιος 'of the lynx' (Edict. Diocl.). On the  ambivalent PN Avyxetc (Hdt., Pi.) see BoShardt 1942: 130f. thence λυγκεύς name of  an eye-salve (medic.). _

    *ETYM Old name of the lynx, found also in Arm., Gm., and BSI. Except for the nasal,  λύγξ has a counterpart in the Lith. consonant-stem /i#s-y [gen.pl.), which is found  beside the innovated i-stem lis-is. The same change of declension occurred in the  Slav. group (which received an initial r- by influence of another word, eg. *ryso  'sotted, red'): Ru. rys', etc. Transformations have occurred elsewhere as well: with thematic vowel in MoSw. 16  'lynx' (PGm. *luh-a-, IE *luk-o-); with an s-suffix in West-Germanic: OHG luhs, OE  lox (cf. MoHG Fuchs, OE fox); with an n-suffix in Arm. Ius-an-un-k* [Ρ].], which also  presupposes an old full grade IE *leuk- or louk-. The Arm. n-formation might be  connected somehow with the Greek nasal infix, which reappears in Lith. dial. (Zem.)  lynsis. Fur.: 121 argues, on the other hand, that the word is of non-IE origin. It has been  connected with the root */euk- 'to see'; it would have referred to the sharp sight of  the animal. However, this cannot explain the long ἢ of Β5]., nor the -n- of Arm. nor  the g of Gr. λύγγιος. So the word is non-IE, and probably a loan from a Eur. substrate language. There seems no reason to connect the gloss λουνόν: λαμπρόν  'shining' (H.). The PN Λυγκεύς may be cognate or not. Lockwood Glotta 72 (1994): 41-43 thinks the name refers to the light color of the  animal's skin. He simply declares that the nasal is secondary, and also connects the  mythical name Λύγκεύς, but DELG Supp. (where Lockwood's interpretation is  accepted in its entirety) thinks that the name rather comes from the geographical  names with Avyk- mentioned by Lockwood, which indeed seems possible (these  names may refer to the lynx or not, and they may well be of Pre-Greek origin). Therefore, there is as yet no conclusion to this discussion. Cf. Fur: index. See  > Avy youplov.

XXXXXλυγρός 'miserable, unhappy'. ⟹ λευγαλέος.

XXXXXΛῡδός [adj.] 'Lydian' (Alc.).

    *DER Λύδιος 'of Lydia, Lydian' (Pi.), Λυδία (Hdt.), Λυδικός (Hdt.), Λυδίζω 'speak  Lydian' (Hippon.), Λυδιστί 'in Lydian' (Cratin.).

===Pag_923: Beekes_Página_0923.tiff===

    *ETYM The name derives from Luwiy-a- 'Luwian'. The Lydians came from the north  ind were originally called Mrjovec. Then coming southward, they occupied Luwian  erritory and thereby received the name of the older inhabitants. In Lydian, -y- > -d-,  while -i- was syncopated. Thus *Luwiy-a- > *Luwd- gave Lid- (with long ἢ). The  change of name is mentioned by Herodotus (1, 7; 7, 74); it is not found in Homer. Che later Lydian territory had a Luwian substrate. See Beekes Kadmos 42 (2004):  37ff., where the thesis is put forth that the Lydians were driven south on the arrival  of the Phrygians, around 1200%; see also Beekes BiOrbis. 59 (2002): 205-242 (441f.).

XXXXXλύζω [v.] 'to hiccup' (Hp., Ar., Arist.). <1 *sluk/g- 'swallow'>

    *VAR Aor. λύγξαι (Gal.).

    *COMP Sometimes with dava-, ἐπι-, ὑπο-.

    *DER λυγμός 'swallowing' (Hp. Arist., Nic.), also = ὀλολυγμός (HL), with λυγμώδης  accompanied by swallowing' (Hp.); λύγδην [adv.] 'swallowing' (S., AP). Also λύγξ, λυγγός [f.] 'id? (Hp. PL, Th.) with λυγγώδης = λυγμώδης (Hp.), Avyyavoptevov:  ιύζοντα ἐν τῷ κλαίειν 'during crying' (H.), AvyKaivw [v.] 'to swallow' (Suid.).

    *ETYM For Avtw : λύγξ, compare ἰύζω : ἴυγξ, κλάζω : KAayyi, as well as βήσσω : BNE. It  'annot be decided whether the verb or the noun is more original. Morphologically,  ιύγξ can be a back-formation from λύζω < *Av(y)y-tw, but also its base form. Zognates are found in Celtic and Germanic, eg. Olr. slucim 'to swallow' < *slu-n-k-,  Δ Ilyncu 'id'; MLG slaken 'id' < TE *slig-, MHG slitchen 'id.'; and with geminate  MHG slucken 'id.', together with iterative MHG sluckzen 'to sob'. This means that  51. A- is from *sl-, but there are forms without *s-, e.g. Pol. tkac 'to swallow'. LIV'  listinguishes two roots *sleuk- and *sleug- with identical meaning, which seems to  all for a solution.

XXXXXλύθρος, -ov 'clotted or thick blood'. ⟹ λῦμα.

XXXXXλυκάβας, -αντος [m.] attested since τ 306 = € 161, A. R. 1. 198, Bion Fr. 15: 15; grave- 'pigrams (imperial period) from Arcadia and Ionia. Time-indication of uncertain ng., usually explained as 'year' and used in this sense by later authors, who seem all o be based on τ 306; acc. to Leumann 1950: 2124 rather 'new moon' (against this ruijgh 1957: 147). The supposed Arcadian origin (AB) probably refers to the late Arcadian inscriptions, see Leumann: 273.

    *VAR Also acc. -Bav, also λυκαμας (inscr. Amorgos, Kretschmer Glotta 2 (1910): 319).

    *DER AvKaPavtides ὧραι (AP).

    *ETYM Unrelated is the TN Λυκαβηττός. All existing explanations are unconvincing:  »g. original meaning 'light-circle', from *Av«- 'light' (see on λύχνος) and apa:  τροχός 'wheel' (H.); or originally 'Lycian king (or priest, god)', ie. Apollo, so  'lliptical for 'festival of Apollo', and a Lydian word. More dated suggestions are  ound in Frisk (with lit.). Recently, Koller Glotta 51 (1973): 29-34 explained the word  rom *AbKa βάντα 'das weggegangene Licht', so the moonless night of the new  noon. This cannot be correct: the variant with p and the suffix -avt- clearly point to  ?re-Greek origin.

===Pag_924: Beekes_Página_0924.tiff===

XXXXXλυκάψος, -ός [f.] name of a poisonous plant, 'Echium italicum' (Nic. Dsc.). «PG? (δ, V)>

    *VAR V.1. λύκοψος (Dsc. 4, 46).

    *DER Also λυκαψίς.

    *ETYM Frisk explains, following Stromberg 1944: 100f. on χορδαψός, that it originally  meant 'attacking wolves', because it was poisonous (like λυκο-κτόνον, etc.,  Stromberg 1940: 66 and 7of.). However, the suffix also occurs in σκινδαψός and in  the town Galepsos, so it is more probably a Pre-Greek form (note the interchange  a/o).

XXXXXΛυκηγενής [adj.] epithet of Apollo (A 101, 119).

    *ETYM Like for Λύκειος (A.), for Λυκη-γενής several connections have been  attempted: with the wolf, the Lycians, and earlier also with light (cf. on λύχνος). There is little doubt now that it means 'born in Lycia', see e.g. Beekes JANER 3  (2003): 15f. The antiquity of the formation appears from the lack of the  compositional -ἰ- in Λυκι-.

XXXXXλύκιον [n.] 'dyer's buckthorn, Rhamnus petiolaris', also a decoction from it (Peri pl. M Rubr., Dsc., Gal.). 4GR?>

    *ETYM Perhaps originally 'the Lycian (plant)', named after its place of origin: cf. Dsc. 1, 100 φύεται δὲ πλεῖστον ἐν Καππαδοκίᾳ καὶ Λυκίᾳ 'it grows mainly in  Cappadocia and in Lycia', though with the addition: καὶ ἐν ἄλλοις δὲ τόποις πολλοῖς  'put also in many other places'. Cf. Strémberg 1940: 122.

XXXXXλύκος [m.] 'wolf (I); often metaph., e.g. as the name of a kind of daw (Arist. ν.1. λύκιος, cf. Thompson 1895 s.v.), of a fish (Hikes. apud Ath. Stromberg 1943: 105), = 'hook, sting' (Plu., Poll.), etc. <1E *ulk'o- 'wolf>

    *COMP Compounds like Avké-(f)opyog > Λυκοῦργος PN, properly 'warding off  wolves' (eipyw), Avkoo-otpa town in Arcadia; cf. »λυκαψός (also λύκ-) [m.] and  -ψίς [f.].

    *DER Feminines: λύκαινα 'she-wolf (Arist.), after λέαινα, etc., with -aivov (Poll.), of  a woman; λυκώ name of the moon (PMag. Par.); diminutives: λυκιδεύς [m.]  'younger wolf (Sol. apud Plu., Theoc.), λυκίσκος: ἡ μὴ ἔχουσα ἀξονίσκον τροχαλία,  τρῆμα δὲ μόνον 'pulley without a bolt, but with only a bolt-hole' (H.); also PN  (Schwyzer: 542). Purther: λυκέη, -ἢ 'wolfskin' (K 459, etc.), λύκειος δορά 'id' (E. Rh. 208),  substantivized λυκεία [f.] (Pb. 6, 22, 3); λυκώδης 'like a wolf (Arist.), λυκηδόν 'id'  (A.), λυκηθμός 'howling of wolves' (Anon. apud Suid.), after μυκηθμός; AvKdoptat  [v.] 'to be lacerated by wolves' (X.). On »λύσσα, see s.v.

    *ETYM An exact formal correspondence with λύκος is found in the North-Germanic  name of the lynx, MoSw. 16 < PGm. *!uha- from IE *luko- (see ▶︎ λύγξ 2). However,  one would of course prefer to connect the widespread name of the wolf, which is  preserved in e.g. Skt. vfka-, Lith. vilkas, OCS vloke, Go. wulfs, Alb. ulk. λύκος can be  derived from IE *ulko- if we assume metathesis. A comparable problem is found  with Lat. lupus. ᾿

===Pag_925: Beekes_Página_0925.tiff===

For the name of the wolf, taboo may have played a role (Havers 1946: 37ff.), causing phonetic irregularities. For IE ulk'o-, such a taboo origin is possible as well; however, the interpretation as 'lacerater' (from uel(k)- 'to lacerate') can hardly be maintained, as that root has no labiovelar.

XXXXXλῦμα, -ατος [n.] 'dirt, waste, garbage', metaph. 'contamination, defamation' (A 314 and & 371, Hdt.); on the mg. Sinclair 1953: 330ff. (who wrongly connects Abw).

    <IE  *luH- 'dirt, pollute'>

    *VAR Mostly plur. -ata. Also λύμη [f.], often plur. -cu, 'maltreatment (e.g. mutilation,  flagellation), damage, violation, revilement' (Ion. poet., also Hell. and late).

    *DER 1. From λῦμα: λύμακες' πέτραι 'rocks' (H.), at an alphabetically wrong position;  cf. βῶλαξ, λίθαξ, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 379); κατα-λυμακόομαι [v.] 'to be covered  with λύμακες (ie. dirty (Tab. Heracl. 1, 56); also Λύμᾶξ, -κος [m.] Arcadian HN (cf. ῥύαξ, σύρφᾶξ, etc; Chantraine 1933: 381f.), acc. to Paus. 8, 41, 2 because of the  afterbirth (λύματα) of Rhea that was thrown into the river, but in fact probably  because of the ooze. 2. From λύμη: λυμεών, -ωνος [m.] 'destroyer' (S., E, Tim. Pers.,  Isoc.), like ἀπατεών (Chantraine 1933: 163), with λυμεων-εύομαι [v.] 'to play the A.'  (Plb.); λυμάχη (-x12)- ἡ εἰς διαφθορὰν λύπη 'grief because of destruction' (H.), after  ταραχή or otovayn? A transformation of λῦμα, λύμη is Adpap (Max. Astrol.), cf. Schwyzer: 519. Denominative λυμαίνομαι [v.], aor. λυμήνασθαι (rare λυμῆναι, -ἄναι),  in two meanings: a. derived from Ada 'to purify, remove dirt' (Hp.), usually ἀπο-  λυμαίνομαι 'to wash, purify' (A 313f., A. R., Agath., Paus.) with ἀπολυμαν-τήρ 'table  cleaner' (p 220, 377); Ὁ. more often from λύμη 'to maltreat physically, damage,  destroy, violate', also with δια-, kata- (IA, Arc.); on the mg. see Schulze 1933a: 169,  Fraenkel 1906: 49); λυμαντήρ 'destroyer, violator' (X.), λυμάντωρ (Timo, Epigr. Cyrene), -τής (S.) 'id' with λυμαν-τήριος (A.), -τικός (Ph., Arr.) 'destroying,  violating'.

XXXXXλύθρος [m.], also -ov [n.] 'clotted or thick blood' (Hom. [only dat. -pw], Hp. Ep.), with λυθρώδης 'bloodstained' (LXX, AP).

    *ETYM For λῦμα : λύμη, cf. γνῶμα : γνώμη, χάρμα : -μη, βρῶμα : -μη, etc. To λῦμα,  -Hn corresponds Alb. lum 'slime, mud' < IE *!um-; an match for λύθρος is perhaps  found in the Illyr. TN Ludrum (with IE d* or d), and Alb. ler 'mud' (IE *leu-dr-) is  also close. The nouns mentioned derive from a primary verb meaning 'to pollute, contaminate',  lost in Greek and replaced by λυμαίνομαι. This verb lives on in Lat. pol-lué < *por-  lué and led to the verbal noun Lat. Iutum = Olr. loth 'excrements, dirt'. Other  derivatives are Lat. lustrum 'puddle, marsh' and German river names like Lune and  Lienz (from *Luantia), cf. Λύμαξ. On the geographical names, see Krahe Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 6 (1955): 106ff. and 242ff. and Eisenstuck Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 7    (1956): 53ff.

XXXXXλύπη [f.] 'pain, grief (IA). «ἰοῦ *leup- 'peel'>

    *COMP As a first member in λυπο-τόκος 'bringing grief (Halicar.).

    *DER λυπηρός 'painful, distressing' (IA); besides λυπρός 'id.' (trag.), often of the soil,  opposed to εὐρεῖα (v 243), πεδιάς (Hdt. 9, 122), also ὀρεινή (Arist. HA 556a 4),

===Pag_926: Beekes_Página_0926.tiff===

'unfruitful, frugal' vel sim; compounds παρά-λυπρος (Str.), λυπρόγεως, -χωρος, -βιος (Str., Ph., App.); λυπρότης 'frugality', of the soil (Str.). Denominative verb λυπέω 'to cause sorrow, pain or distress', -ἔομαι 'to be distressed' (Hes., Sapph., IA), after ἀλγέω acc. to Debrunner 1917: $194, with λύπ-ημα 'sorrow' (Antipho Soph.), -ητικός 'full of sorrow' (Arist. Plu.).

    *ETYM Without a certain explanation. In the same way as ▶︎ λευγαλέος and relatives  could be related with Skt. rujati 'to break', it was suggested that λύπη could belong,  as a verbal noun, to synonymous Skt. lum pati, lupydte 'to break, tear apart'; however,  lup- is rather dialectal for rup- in Skt. rupyati (which is related to Lat. rumpé < IE  *Hru-n-p-). Other words going back to IE *Iup- rather mean 'peel off vel sim. e.g. Lith. lupti 'to  peel, fleece, flay', Ru. lupit' 'to peel', OHG louft, loft 'bark' (where IE *Iub*- is also  possible). In view of the semantics, this etymology must be considered uncertain. In  λυπρός, an old primary derivative independent οἔλύπη may have been preserved.

XXXXXλυπτά [f.] - ἑταίρα, πόρνη 'whore' (H.), in an alphabetically wrong position. < PG(S,V)>

    *ETYM Connection with Skt. lubdha- 'avaricious, desirous, eager' (to which belong  Lat. lubet, libet, MoHG lieb, etc.), is phonetically impossible. Fur.: 316 compares λύπη  'id', also λούπα 'id'; he also connects ▶︎ Aintw. For the ending, cf. θάπτα. Therefore,  the word is Pre-Greek.

XXXXXλύρα [f.] 'lyre', four-stringed (or seven-stringed) instrument like the cithara (h. Merc. 423). <PGP

    *VAR Ion. Avpn.

    *COMP Compounds like λυρο-ποιός fabricator of lyres' (Ρ].), avti-Avposg 'like the  lyre' (S.).

    *DER Diminutives λύριον (Ar.), λυρίς (Hdn. Gr.); further λυρικός 'ptng. to the lyre;  lyre-player' (Phid., Plu.); λυρίζω [v.] 'to play the lyre' (Chrysipp.), cf. Schwyzer: 736;  instead, κιθαρίζω is usual; thencewith λυριστής 'lyre-player' (Plin.), -iotpia [f.]  (sch.), -ἰσμός 'playing the lyre' (sch.).

    *ETYM Technical loan from the Mediterranian area; cf. ▶︎ κιθάρα. IE etymologies  should be rejected. Borrowed as Lat. lyra; OHG lira > MoHG Leier, etc.

XXXXXλυσιτελής [adj.] 'useful, profitable, advantageous' (IA).

    *DER AvoiteAéw 'be profitable, useful' (1A), -τέλεια 'profit, advantage'.

    *ETYM Properly 'paying the costs', a governing compound of λύειν and τὰ τέλη.

XXXXXλύσσα [[.] (martial) rage, fury, frenzy' (IL), 'rabies' (X., Arist.). <1E *leuk- 'light', GR λυκ- 'wolf>

    *VAR Att. λύττα.

    *COMP Some compounds like λυσσο-μανής 'mad for rage' (AP), G-Avocos 'healing  Avoca' (Paus.), ci-Avocov [n.] name of a plant, the seeds of which were used against  rabies (Stromberg 1940: 91).

    *DER λυσσάς [f.] 'raging' (E.), λυσσ-ώδης (N 53, etc.), -αλέος (A. R., Man.), -ἦρης  (Orph., Man.), -ήεις (H.) 'id'; Avoondov [adv.] (Opp.). Denominative verbs: 1. λυσσάω, -ττάω [v.] 'to rage, rave, be mad' (Hdt,, Ar,, S., Ρ].), with Avoontiip epithet

===Pag_927: Beekes_Página_0927.tiff===

if κύων (© 299; cf. AP 5, 265), and λυσσητής, Dor. -ατάς (Anth.) 'raging', λυσσ- ᾿τικός 'id.' (Ael.), -ἡματα [pl.] 'attacks of rage' (E.); 2. Avocaivw [v.] 'to rage, rave' S.); 3. λυσσόομαι [v.] 'to become raging' (Ps.-Phoc.).

    *ETYM Formation like ὄσσα, γλῶσσα, aia, etc., so a derived feminine. It has often  veen explained as 'she-wolf' and identified with Skt. vrkih, ON ylgr 'id'; acc. to  Nackernagel-Debrunner 1930: 171, it is rather an abstract like φύζα 'flight, rout'. ipecht 1944: 344 and 387, rather connects Skt. ruc- [f.] 'light' (the rage is called after  he sparkling eyes) and recalls the expression λευκαῖς ppaciv 'with white/lighting  γρήν᾽ (Pi. P. 4, 194), λευκαὶ φρένες: μαινόμεναι 'raging' (H.). Pok. 687 agrees with  his.

XXXXXττει [v.] - πολλὰ λαλεῖ 'is talkative' (H.). <?>

    *ETYMCf. λύζει 'eructat' (Latte).

XXXXXττος [adj.] = ὑψηλός (St. Byz. s.v. Λύκτος, H.). <?>

    *ETYM Acc, to St. Byz., also the name of a town in Crete 'διὰ τὸ κεῖσθαι ἐν μετεώρῳ  '6nw' 'because of its elevated location', = Λύκτος; thus, as an appellative, it probably  150 has Cretan assimilation xt > tt (Schwyzer: 316). Etymologically isolated, but see  'ur. 307.

XXXXXχνος [m.] '(portable) light, lamp' (τ 34), also a fish name (Str., H.), cf. Lat. lucerna; erhaps called after its fluorescent organs, or after its shape Stromberg 1943: 55f.)? (IE *lewk-sn-eh,- 'moon, stars', etc>

    *VAR Plur. also τὰ λύχνα, to which the sing. λύχνον was formed (cf. Schwyzer 1950:  7, sommer 1948: 88)

    *COMP  Several compounds like λυχνοῦχος [m.] 'lamp-stand' (com.), also as a second  nember, like in θερμό-λυχνον = λυχν-έλαιον 'lampoil' (Att. inscr.).

    *DER 1. Diminutives: Avyvapiov (pap.), λυχνίσκος fishname (Luc.). 2. name of the  andlestick: λυχνεῖον (com., Arist., Hell. inscr.) with λυχνείδιον (-idiov), λυχνίον,  ιον (Antiph., Theoc., Luc.), also 'lamp' (pap.), λυχνία, -ἕα, -eia (Hell.). 3. name of  he ruby that emits light: λυχνίας λίθος (Pl. Com.), λυχνίτης (Str.), also name of  'arian marble, because lamps were made of it (Varro apud Plin.; see Redard 1949: 56  nd 244'), λυχνεύς (Callix., H.), also 'lighter' (Ath.), λύχνις [m.] (Ὁ. P., Orph. L.),

XXXXXυχνίς [f.] (Luc. cf. 4). 4. plant name: Avyvic [f.] 'rose campion, Lychnis coronaria' Thphr., Dsc.), because of its crimson color, acc. to Strémberg 1940: 49, Avyvitic [f.] vandlewick, Verbascum' (Plin., pap. Dsc.), because the leaves were used as a andlewick (Stromberg 1940: 106, Redard 1949: 73; cf. on »θρύον). 5. Other ubstantives: Avyvewv, -@voc [m.] 'place to store lamps' (Luc. ΝῊ 1, 29), λύχνωμα int' (sch. Ar. Ach. 1175, = λαμπάδιον), with a nominal basis (Chantraine 1933: 187). i. Adjectives: λυχν-αἴος (Procl.), also -ιαῖος (5. E, Gal.) 'ptng. to a lamp', -wdnc¢ amp-like' (Heph. Astr.). 7. Verb: λυχνεύω [v.] 'to light sbd' (Areth. in Apoc.).

    *ETYM Beside λύχνος < ἔλύκ-σν-ος we have, with full grade, Av. raox-sn-a- 'light,  Jeaming', OPr. lauxnos [pl.] 'stars', Lat. lina = Praen. Losna, OCS luna 'moon', MIr. uan 'light, moon', all from IE *louk-sn- or *leuk-sn-; acc. to Frisk, the deviating zero  rade in λύχνος may be related to a reluctance of Greek to use ov-diphthongs.

===Pag_928: Beekes_Página_0928.tiff===

The words mentioned are all transformations of an old noun with suffixal -sn- from the verb for 'shine, gleam', which is represented in Greek by ▶︎ λεύσσω. An s-stem probably served as an intermediate form (Av. raocah- [n.] 'light' < IE leuk-es-, Lat. limen from leuk-s-men-, etc.). Uncertain is the appurtenance of Aovvév- λαμπρόν 'brilliant? (H.). The suffix -sn- is also found in synonymous Skt. jydtsna- [f.] 'moonlight'. A zero grade noun ἔλυκ- (= Skt. riic- [f.] light') appears in the hypostasis ἀμφι-λύκ-η epithet of the night (H 433) 'dawning', also as a substantive 'twilight, dawn' (A. R., Opp.); and based on this, also in λυκ-αυγής 'of the grey twilight' (Luc.), λυκ-ό-φως, -wto¢ [n.] 'twilight' (Ael., H. s.v. λυκοειδέος, sch.); see also on ▶︎ λύσσα.

XXXXXλύω [v.] 'to loose, untie, release, (re)solve, destroy, pay' (Il.). <1E *lhwu- 'cut off, release'>

    *VAR Aor. λῦσαι, fut. λύσω, perf. med. λέλῦμαι, aor. pass. λύθῆναι (IL.), aor. med. also  λύμην, λύ(ν)το (Hom.); perf. act. AEADKa.

    *COMP Very frequent with prefix, like ava-, ἀπο-, δια-, ék-, κατα-, παρα-. As a first  member λῦσ(ι)- in governing compounds like λυσί-πονος, ▶︎ λυσιτελής, PNs like  Λυσί-μαχος, short name Λυσίας, etc. as a second member in ▶︎ βουλῦτός.

    *DER 1. λύσις 'solution, deliverance' (CQ 655 and t 421), from the prefixed verbs also  ἀπό-, ava-, διά-, κατά-, ἔκ-λυσις, etc. (Thgn., Sol., IA); thence (kata-, ἀπο-)λύσιμος  'fit for solving, etc. (trag., Pl. Arist.); also λύσιος 'bringing release', epithet of the  gods, especially Dionysus (Pl. Plu.). 2. λύματα [pl.] = ἐνέχυρα 'pledge, security'  (Suid.); but κατάλῦ-μα [n.] 'inn' (Hell.), together with -μάτιον (Hell. pap.) derived  from κατα-λύω in the mg. 'to lodge, visit'. 3. Aeol. Dor. Ata [f.] (Alc. Pi.), λύη (Hdn. Gr.) 'dissolution, separation, στάσις᾽; thence, but with deviating mg., Avaiog, -aia  epithet of Dionysus or the Great Goddess (Anacreont., IG 5(2), 287 [I-II?]; Tim. Pers. 132), borrowed as Lat. Lyaeus. 4. (ἀνα-, κατα-)λυτήρ, -ἦρος [m.] 'deliverer, arbiter'  (A, E, Hell. inscr.) with (ἐκ-)λυτήριος 'rescuing, liberating' (Hp., trag.); λυτήριον =  λύτρον (Pi, A. R.), but καταλυτήριον = κατάλυμα (Poll. see above). Fem. λύτειρα  (Orph.), also λυτηριάς (Orph.). 5. δια-λύτης ''deliverer', κατα- 'lodging guest', ava-  'rescuer', ovv- 'reconcilor' (Th. Plb.); also (after λύσις, Abw): (ἀνα-, κατα-, ἐκ-,  Tlapa-, εἰο)λυτικός 'fit for releasing or solving, etc.' (Pl., Arist.). 6. λύτρον 'ransom'  (usually plur.), 'substitute, retribution' (Pi, IA), together with (ἀπο-, mapa-,  ἐκ-)λυτρόω, -όομαι [v.] 'to release in exchange for ransom, etc.' (Att.), whence  (Ολύτρωσις, λυτρώσι-μος, λυτρωτής, ἀπολυτρωτικός (Hell.).

    *ETYM The regular Greek verbal system apparently resulted from levelling. The  athematic aorist λύ-μην, λύ-το with short vowel is archaic; a more recent form is the  thematic present tw, originally with short v (Hom.), but later also long (Att.;  sometimes also Hom.), probably by influence of λῦσαι, etc. (cf. Schwyzer: 686 and  Chantraine 1942: 372). -  Correspondences to bw are Lat. ud 'to make amends, pay', to which belongs solvé  (from *se-lu6) 'to loose, release'; the long vowel in solitus and in the verbal adjective  Skt. lina- 'cut off agrees with that in βου-λῦ-τός, and points to a laryngeal in the  root. Since λύτο, λύσις, etc. have a short root vowel, the root must have been */h,u-,

===Pag_929: Beekes_Página_0929.tiff===

rerhaps to be further analyzed as a u-present leh,-u-. This is oncfirmed by the iccentuation of Lith. liduti 'to stop' and PSI. léviti 'to diminish, weaken'. 'he Skt. verb deviates formally (the nasal presents Jundti, Iunoti are not found lsewhere, while the other finite forms are of much later date). Germanic has a verb vith s-enlargement, e.g. Go. fra-liusan 'to lose' < IE leus-, fralusts 'loss' < IE lus-ti-, ra-lus-nan 'to be lost'. See LIV' s.v. *leuH- for further forms. | [v.] 'want, wish' (Epich., Ar., Theoc., Dor., El. inscr.). <?>

    *VAR Pres. 2sg. λῇς, 355. Af, upl. λῶμες, etc, El. opt. AEotav, Cret. opt. 'AE(Wou,  -Etotev, subj. λξιωντι, ptc. AEtovtos, -a, etc., inf. (conj. by Ahrens Th. 5, 77) λῆν; the  'loss λεῳμι (H.) looks Ionic.

    *DER τ. λῆμα [n.] 'will, spirit, courage, audacity' (Hdt.), with Anuatia- φρονήματα,  ἰουλεύματα 'thoughts, resolutions' (H.), ληματίας [m.] 'high-spirited, daredevil' (Ar. ἐα. 494), Chantraine 1933: 93; vl. ληματιᾷς, as if from *Anpatiaw; ληματόομαι in  ι«ελημάτωμαι: λῆμα ἔχω εἰς τὸ ἔργον 'T am desirous of work' (H.); 2. λῆσις: βούλησις,  (ἵρεσις 'will, purpose' (H.), to which one adds Anic: ... καὶ βούλησις (HL), for which  aconian loss of intervocalic sigma is assumed (DELG).

    *ETYM Connection with λιλαίομαι (root */as-) and λίαν (no etymology), found in  der dictionaries, is impossible. According to DELG, we could start from a pre-form  lé-i6, which would enable derivation from IE *uelh,- (Lat. velle, MoHG wollen) as  ulh,-ie/o-. It is not clear, however, if this formation would vocalize to give *fAn-. Cf. *Awiwv.

XXXXXβη [ἡ 'outrage, dishonour, damage, mutilation' (I].), 'kind of rash' (Gal.). <1£ sleh.g'- 'seize'>

    *COMP ἐπί-λωβος 'bringing damage' (Vett. Val.), -ἧς 'id.' (Nic.).

    *DER λωβητός 'laden with λώβη (O 531, Hes. Sc. 366, 5.; Ammann 1956: 21), λωβή-εις  A. R.), -uwv (Nic. Al. 536; v.l. -twp) 'outrageous'. Denominative verb λωβάομαι  -dw), rarely with prefixes like ἀπο-, éx-, dta-, 'outrage, maltreat, mutilate' (Il.), or  ather deverbative like nwtd-opat, vwpdw?; with λωβητήρ 'slanderer, corruptor' (Il;  in the mg. Benveniste 1948: 38 and 42), fem. -rtetpa (AP); also -ἦτωρ (Opp., AP),  ἡτής (Ar.); λώβησις = λώβη (Ptol., sch.). Rare λωβεύω 'mock, ridicule' (Od.; like  tyopebw, Chantraine 1942: 368; also Shipp 1967: 120: to avoid contracted forms).

    *ETYM Formerly analyzed as a lengthened grade formation like κώπη, λώπη, λώγη,  vut such ad hoc lengthened grades can no longer be accepted. [raditionally connected with a Baltic word for 'aggravation, objection, burden,  iuisance, damage', Lith. sloga, Latv. slaga < IE *sloHg'-eh.-, a verbal noun to Lith. légti 'to (op)press, aggravate', Latv. slégt 'to shut, close'. Recently, Ragot RPh. 76  2002) convincingly suggested, on the basis of Homeric evidence, that λώβη  wiginally meant 'seizure' and that it is connected with λάζομαι 'to seize, take hold' <  sleh.g'- as a regular feminine o-grade derivation. *ur.: 3023) compares λυβάζειν: λοιδορεῖν 'slander, abuse' (H.), which (if correctly  'ompared) would point to a Pre-Greek word *Iub-. BNE, -ηκος [m.] - yoy 'vulture' (Cyran. 28). <PG(v)>

===Pag_930: Beekes_Página_0930.tiff===

AME, -ἰκος 883

    *VAR λούπης = ἰκτῖνος 'kite, Milvus regalis' (Hierocl., Facet. 257, Hdn. Epim. 46),  λούππις 'milvus' (gloss.).

    *ETYM See Fur.: 148, and cf. Lat. Iupio 'to cry, of the kite' (Suet. Fr. p. 251). Thus, a  Pre-Greek word with interchange *lub/p-.

XXXXXλωγάλιοι [m.]? - ἀστράγαλοι ἢ πόρνοι 'dice or fornicators' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM In the first meaning, it has been connected to λέγω in the sense 'die  Aufgelesenen', with a lengthened grade as in Awyn, for which one also compared  »λογάδες (λίθοι) 'accumulated stones'. However, such lengthened grades are  unacceptable. In the sense of πόρνοι, it is related to Awydc; see ▶︎ Awyaviov.

XXXXXλωγάνιον [n.] 'dewlap (of oxen) (Luc. Lex. 3, sch.), also λωγάλιον (H.) and λογάνιον (Suid.). <?>

    *ETYM Perhaps from »Aayaiw, »Aayapdc in the sense '(skin) hanging down';  intermediate forms (*AWyavov, *Aw@yn?) cannot be determined, however. The gloss  > λωγάς: πόρνη 'whore' (H.) also belongs here.

XXXXXλωγάς - πόρνη 'whore' (H.).

    *ETYM Related to λάγνος 'lewd' and to »λωγάνιον (Persson 1912(1): 134 and 2, 939).

XXXXXλώγασος [m.]? - tavpeia μάστιξ 'whip made of ox-hide' (H.). < PG(s)>

    *ETYM Pre-Greek, on account of the suffix -acoc.

XXXXXλώγη [f.] - καλάμη. καὶ συναγωγὴ σίτου 'reed, gathering of food' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM In the last meaning, clearly related to λέγω; a lengthened grade is also found  in ἐλώγιη: ἔλεγεν (H.), with Dor. contraction of the ending, from the deverbative  λωγάω; the explanation καλάμη can also be understood as a collective, e.g. 'straw'.

XXXXXλωΐων [adj.] 'better, more desirable, more agreeable' (Semon. 7, 30). 4»

    *VAR Att. A@wv; ntr. λώϊον (IL), Att. λῷον, plur. λώϊα, A@a (Thgn., Theoc.), gen. τῶν  λῴων (Chalcis II'), also msc. sing. λῷος (Hdn. Gr.); Awitepov (Od.), -ερος (A. R.),  -έρη (Call. AP). Superlative λῷστος (Thgn., trag.), ᾧ λῷστε (PL); details in Seiler 1950: 88ff.

    *ETYM The neuter Awiov, which is the first attestation, can be interpreted both as an  o-stem and as a n-stem; the o-stem is ascertained only in rare and late forms: Awia,  A@a, λῴων, A@oc. The n-stem is ascertained in kwiwv and Awovos, -ἰ (S.); the s-stem  alternating with it appears in A@w [acc.sg.f.) (S., Pl.) and Awoug [acc.plf.) (S.). From  these data, Leumann Mus. Helv. 2 (1945): 7ff. concluded that the o-stem forms arose  as analogical formations from the neuter λῴϊον, and that λώϊον is an old n-stem  form. As primary formations, λωΐων and λῷστος may go back to a verb as well as a noun  (cf. Seiler 1950: 88ff.). Two possibilities are mentioned by Frisk: connection with λῆν,  isg. ▶︎ AW 'wish, want', or derivation from *Jau- seen in.» ἀπολαύω, ▶︎ Agia, ▶︎ λᾶρός,  for which we could reconstruct *loh,u-is-, perhaps connected with Arm. law 'good,  better'.

XXXXXλώδιξ, -uxocg [f.] 'woven cover' (Peripl. M. Rubr., pap.). «τῶν Lat»

    *DER Also diminutive λωδίκιον, etc.

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    *ETYM From Lat. ἰδάϊχ, which itself might be taken from Celtic; see WH s.v.

XXXXXλῶμα (n.] 'hem, fringe, border of cloths' (LXX Ex.). <?>

    *DER λωμάτιον (AP); acc. to EM = τὸ γυναικεῖον, ὃ ὑπὸ Ἀττικῶν ὄχθοβος λέγεται ... καὶ τὸ εἰς τὸ κατώτερον τοῦ ἱματίου ἐπίβλημα 'woman's dress, which is called 6. in  Attic ... also the embroidery on the lower part of the dress'; acc. to H. also = ῥαφή  'seam, stitch', Κλωσμός (a clucking sound). Further ἀσύλλωτοι, of ὦμοι 'shoulders' (Call. Dian. 213), properly 'not tied together',  ie. 'uncovered'; εὔλωστοι: ebugeic 'well-woven', λωστοί: ἐρραμμένοι 'stitched',  ἄλωστοι- ἄρραφοι 'unstitched', λωισμόν: λῶμα (H.); see Danielsson IF 4 (1894): 162ff.

    *ETYM λῶμα has been connected with ebAnpa, abAnpa 'rein', Lat. lorum 'id', Arm. lar 'noose, cord', but ebAnpa is Pre-Greek. Connection with the root *vel- 'turn,  wind, twist' is hardly possible, as it does not explain the w in λῶμα. Both proposals  are unconvincing. See ▶︎ Awtic, ▶︎ AwoTUus.

XXXXXλώπη 'cove, mantle, cloth'. =Aénw.

XXXXXλωστυς [f.]<?>

    *VAR Only λωστυος [gen.sg.] (Apy. Eg. 1923, N° 123, 39 and 68; Oropos [IV*]).

    *ETYM Meaning end etymology unknown; cf. Kretschmer Glotta 16 (1928): 169.

XXXXXλωτις [f.] mg. unknown (SIG 145, 26; Delphi IV*); acc. to Danielsson IF 4 (1894): 164ff. designatin of a 'cloth with trimming and ornament woven and sewed on it', and related to λῶμα, ἀ-σύλ-λωτος, etc. (see > λῶμα). <?>

    *DER The reading λΊωτι (SIG 243 D 15) is uncertain, cf. Dittenberger ad loc.

    *ETYM Related to λωστυς?

XXXXXλωτός [m.] 'lotus', name of several nutrimental plants, 'Trifolium, Melilotus, Trigonella, etc.' (Il.), also of the Egyptian water lily, 'Nymphaea' (Hdt.), of the libyan lotus tree, 'Celtis australis' (1 93 f.), and a flute made of it (E.); on the mg. Strémberg 1937: 184, Carnoy REGr. 71 (1958): 95f.. Economos Class. Journ. 30 (1934-1935): 424ff. «τὰν Medit>

    *COMP EN Awto-payot (Od.), μελί-λωτος [m.], -ov [n.] 'Melilotus' (Sapph.).

    *DER λωτόεις 'rich in lotus', probably in Awtedvta, -obvta for -devta, of media (M  283), see Chantraine 1942: 35 and 351, Chantraine REGr. 63: 283; λώτινος 'consisting  of X., made of \? (Sapph., Anacr.); Awtdpiov 'lotus flower' (medic.), λῶταξ 'αὐλητής,  flute player' (Zonar., Eust.). Denominative verbs: 1. λωτίζομαι 'to pick the flower, ie. take the best part' (A. Supp. 963), -w (H.), ἀπο-λωτίζω [v.] 'to take the flower from 504. (E.), with Awtiopa 'the  flower, best part of sth' (A. Fr. 99, 18, E. Hel. 1593). 2. kwtéw [v.] 'to play the flute'  (Zonar.); hardly in λωτεῦντα (M 283), see above.

    *ETYM A Mediterranean word. Acc. to Lewy 1895: 46, it was borrowed from Hebr. ἰδὲ  'otaxth, oil of myrrh' (LXX Ge. 37, 25; 43, 11); cf. also Arab. la@dan > λάδανον,  ▶︎ Andavov. Hyllested 2004 assumes *luh,-to-, with vocalization of the laryngeal, but  the evidence for such a development is too limited.

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XXXXXλωφάω [v.] 'to recover, take rest, let go' (Pl. Phdr. 251c), also trans. 'to quench, relieve' (poet.); on the mg. see Fowler AmJPh. 78 (1957): 176 and 179. <?>

    *VAR Also -éw (Hell.); aor. λωφῆσαι (since τ 459), fut. λωφήσω (P 292, etc.), perf. λελώφηκα (Th., PL).

    *COMP Rarely with prefix, e.g. κατα-.

    *DER λώφησις 'cessation' (Th.), A@pap: λώφημα (H.), λωφήϊος 'relieving, expiatory'  (A. R. 2, 485).

    *ETYM Formally, cf. the type πωτάομαι, νωμάω, στρωφάω, which means that it is  probably a deverbative (Schwyzer: 719). Etymology unknown; connection with  ἐλαφρός, ἐλαχύς, etc. is impossible because these have an initial laryngeal. The  comparison with the Germanic group of OHG labén 'to quench, refresh'  (Bezzenberger BB 5 (1882): 318) is doubtful; these may also be considered borrowings  from Lat. lavare 'to wash'. Not related to IE *sleub*- 'hang down' (as per Schwyzer:  719*, followed by Pok. 964).

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===Pag_938: Beekes_Página_0938.tiff=== XXXXXΜ

XXXXXμά [pcl.] asseverating 'really, indeed' (Il, IA), adversative = δέ 'but' (Thess.).

    <IE  *(s)me(h,) (2)>

    *ETYM Might be cognate with Skt. smd [pcl.] 'really, truly and/or with Hitt. -ma  [encl.] 'but'. It is unclear whether μά continues *mh, or *mn. See ▶︎ μήν 1. μᾶ (f.] 'mother', in pa γᾶ voc. = μῆτερ γῆ 'Mother Earth' (A. Supp. 890, 899 [lyr.]), and  also as a woman's exclamation (Hdt., Theoc.).

    <IE, ONOM>

    *ETYM Nursery word like Skt. md 'mother' (lex.); likewise, πᾶς = ▶︎ πατήρ 'father'. See    »μαῖα, ▶︎ μήτηρ, ▶︎ μάμμη.

XXXXXμάγαδις, -ίδος [f.] a stringed instrument, ascribed to the Lydians, but also to the Thracians (Alcm., Anacr.); also a Lydian flute (Ion Trag., Anaxandr.).

    *VAR ACC. -ἰν.

    *DER payaditw 'to play the μάγαδις, imitate the μ., ie. sing scales' (Theophil,, Arist.),  cf. Schwyzer 736. Further μαγάς, -άδος [f.] 'the bridge on a stringed instrument'  (Ptol., Philostr., H.), with μαγάδιον (pap. 1", Ptol.).

    *ETYM A foreign word from an unknown, probably Lydian source. Others have  proposed Semitic origin (Lewy 1895: 162f.). Fur.: 122, 226 reconstructs a pre-form  *uaydic, comparing πηκτίς, also a Lydian stringed instrument, with which it would  be identical, according to Aristox Fr. Hist. 66 and Menaichm. 4 J.

XXXXXμαγαρίς [f.] " μικρὰ σπάθη 'small blade' (H.).

    *ETYM Lewy KZ 59 (1932): 192 compares Hebr. m*géra 'saw', garar 'draw, pull', which  remains questionable. Latte considers it a mistake for patapic, comparing paddpetc:  τὰς πλατύτερας λόγχας τῶν κεράτων. Κελτοί; see DELG s.v.

XXXXXμάγγανον [n.] 'philtre, charm' (Heracl. All, H.), 'block of a pulley' (Hero Bel., pap. ITF), 'iron peg, bolt' (sch.), μ. πολεμικόν 'catapult, ballista, tormentum' (gloss., H.), « yayyapov 'fishing-net' (H.).

    *DER μαγγανάριος 'enchanter' (pap. III'), 'mechanic' (Papp.) is probably a loan from  Latin. Denominative verb ttayyavebw 'to deceive by machinations, bewitch, play  tricks' with payyav-eia 'trickery' (Pl. Lg., Ph.), -evpata [pl.] 'trickeries, quack  medicines' (Pl., Plu.), -ευτής 'impostor, quack' (Suid., Phot.), -ευτικὴ τέχνη 'magical  art' (Poll.), -ebtpiu [pl.J (H. s.v. βαμβακεύτριαι), -ευτήριον 'haunt of impostors'  (Them.).

    *ETYM As a loan, the word became widespread: Lat. manganum 'machine' (whence  Ital. mangano 'sling'), with the by-form mango 'fixer' (from Hell. ἐμάγγωνξ), whence

===Pag_939: Beekes_Página_0939.tiff===

mangonium 'the touching up of wares for sale'; a number of European languages may have borrowed the word from Latin: for example, Alb. mangé 'hemp brake, hackle', méngji 'medicine'; MHG mange 'catapult', MoHG Mange(!) 'wringer for laundry' (whence e.g. Lith. mafigalis 'mangle'); Mir. meng 'deceit, cleverness, ruse'. Skt. mafiju-, mafijula- [adj.] 'beautiful, sweet, charming', mangala- [n.] 'happiness, salvation, good omen' (all epic and class.) were proposed as cognates of μάγγανον, but this is not credible, as they are semantically too far off (Dravidian origin was considered by Mayrhofer KEWA: 547, 553 and Mayrhofer EWAia: 3: 379f.). Such an isolated comparison of Sanskrit and Greek words carries little weight. Oss. mang 'deceit', MP mang 'id', Sogd. mnk 'id.' are unclear, Connection to the group of > μάσσω 'knead' is unconvincing too. As Van Beek (p.c.) suggests to me, μάγγανον recalls μηχανή both semantically and formally. Although the Greek form cannot be derived from an IE root *meng- (as per Pok. 731), the pair of words shows prenasalization and interchange of y and x, which both are typical reflexes of a Pre-Greek word. For the change in vowel quantity, we may compare ▶︎ καγκύλας - κηκῖδας. Αἰολεῖς (H.). As regards the semantic development, Frisk assumes that the word originally denoted a concrete technical object. However, the technical meanings diverge strongly, and are attested at a later date. Rather, the connection with μηχανή shows that the oldest attestations depart from a meaning 'ruse, trick' (see ▶︎ μηχανή). Later, the word was used to denote all kinds of special tricks, and the divergent technical meanings, e.g. yayyattov 'fishing-net' (H.), can only be understood in this way.

XXXXXμαγδαλιά late for ἀπομαγδαλιά. >pLdoow.

XXXXXμάγδωλος [m.] 'watchtower' (pap., H.).

    *VAR Or ὥλοςξ Also μαγδώλ, -ὥλος.

    *COMP μαγδωλο-φύλαξ 'watchman' (pap., H.).

    *DER Eg. town name Μάγδωλος (Hecat. 317 J.), Μαγδῶλα (pap.).

    *ETYM From Sem,; cf. Hebr. migdal 'tower' (also as a TN). Fur.: 312, 321 considers a  non-IE loan in Hamito-Semitic (adducing Berb. mogador 'watchtower' and Akk. madgaltu 'id.').

XXXXXμάγειρος [m.] 'slaughterer, butcher, cook' (Att., Hell. and late).

    *VAR Dor. μάγϊρος.

    *COMP As a second member in ἀρχι-μάγειρος 'chief cook' (LXX, J., Plu.).

    *DER Rarely fem. μαγείραινα (Pherecr. 84; nonce form), μαγείρισσα (LXX). Diminutive μαγειρίσκος [m.] (Ath.), with magiriscium 'small figure of a butcher'  (Plin.). Adjective μαγειρικός 'of a cook or butcher' (Ar., Ρ]., Arist.) with -ἰκόν, -ἰκή  'art of cooking, butcher taxes, etc.'; μαγειρώδης 'like a butcher' (Eun.). Denominative μαγειρεύω [v.] 'to be cook or butcher' (Hell.) with payetp-eiov 'butchery, soup  kitchen' (Arist., Hell.), -eia [f.] 'boiled food' (Cato, Hdn. Epim.), -ηΐα [6] 'butcher  taxes?' (Eresos), τευμα = -eia (H., Eust.), -ευτικός (late). Probably also Ἀπόλλων  Mayiptoc (Cyprus).

    *ETYM As an element of higher culinary culture, the profession μάγειρος seems to  have entered Attic from Doric (for older dartpdc?). The earlier history of the word is

===Pag_940: Beekes_Página_0940.tiff=== XXXXXμαδάω 889 unknown. Pisani Rev. Int. ét. balk. 1 (1934): 255ff. supposes Macedonian origin, connecting μάχαιρα 'big knife, butchery knife'; Schwyzer: 471' recalls Lat. mactare. Not related to ▶︎ μάσσω 'to knead', as earlier authors assumed. The word looks non-IE, because of the alternations εἰ / 1 and (if μάχαιρα belongs here) y/y. Is it Pre-Greek, deriving from *mak-ar'-? Aeol. μάγοιρος, mentioned by LSJ s.v., is only attested in Greg. Cor., which is not a trustworthy source. See ▶︎ μάχαιρα.

XXXXXμάγος [m.] 'member of the Median caste of priests, Magus', as an appellative 'interpreter of dreams, sorcerer, deceiver' (Hdt., Heraclit., S., E., etc. [Μᾶγος A. Pers. 318]), as an adjective 'magical, enchanting' (Philostr., AP). «τὰν Iran.>

    *COMP ἀρχι-μάγος 'chief Magus' (Epigr. Hypaipa; cf. Wikander 1946: 491). "ΝΣ

    *DER μαγικός 'belonging to the Magi, magical' (LXX, Plu., etc.), μαγιανός magical,  enchanted' (pap. I*; after Ἀσιανός), payétav αὐλόν: τὸν μαγεύοντα τοὺς  ἀκροωμένους H.; μαγεύω 'perform as a Magus, enchant' (E., Hell.) with μαγεία (-ia)  'teachings of the Magi, magic' (Pl. Alc., Thphr., Act. Ap.), μαγ-εύματα [pl.] 'id' (CE),  -ευτής = μάγος (D. C.), -ευτικός 'regarding the Magi, regarding magic' (P1).

    *ETYM From Iranian; cf. OP Magus (Av. moyu-), name of a Median tribe with  priestly functions. As the appellative meaning is unknown, the etymology cannot be  established. See Schmitt Glotta 49 (1971): 105-107; recent discussion in Brust 2005:  386ff.

XXXXXμαγύδαρις [f.] 'blossom, seed, root (and the sap obtained from it) of the plant called σίλφιον and of a related plant' (Thphr., Dsc., HL). 42>

    *VAR Late μαγόδαρις (Gp. 2, 35, 9 codd.).

    *ETYM Foreign word of unknown origin (Libyan or Syrian?); cf. the litt. in WH s.v. mag¯udaris (P1.).

XXXXXμαδάω [v.] 'to drip, melt, be moist' (Thphr.; concerning a disease of a fir-tree), also 'to fall out', of hair.

    *VAR Aor. μαδῆσαι.

    *COMP Also with ἀπο- (Hp., Ar., Arist., LXX).

    *DER μάδησις 'hair loss' (Hp.), μαδαῖος 'moist' (Poet. de herb.), after ixpaioc?  Factitive μαδίζω [v.] 'to remove hair, pluck or singe' (medic.), also with ἀπο-; thence  μαδιστήριον 'instrument for removing hair, place where depilation is carried out' =  etotpa 'place for singeing slaughtered swine' (Halicarn. I, sch.), ὁλο-μάδιστος  'completely bald' (Cyran.), also μάδισος (see below); as an iterative μαδάσκομαι [v.]  'to drip, become moist' (medic. VII). Expressive enlargement μα[γ]δάλλει- τίλλει,  ἐσθίει 'plucks, eats'; μα[γ]δάλλοντες: τίλλοντες, ἐσθίοντες (HL), cf. κναδάλλεται:  κνήθεται 'scratches' (H.) and Debrunner IF 21 (1907): 91. Further: μαδαρός [adj.] 'wet' (Hp., Arist.), 'bald' (Luc.) with μαδαρότης 'baldness,  loss of hair and of the eyelashes' (Hp., Gal.), μαδαρόω 'to remove hair' (LXX Ne. 13,  25, v.l., Crete II*), μαδάρωσις = -ότης (Gal., Vett. Val.), probably directly from  μαδαρός; padap-taw [v.] 'suffer from hair loss' (Cleopatra apud Gal. 12, 405). Also  μαδι-γένειος 'with bald chin' (Arist.); cf. χαλαρός beside χαλί-φρων. Note μάδος, -ov  (back-formation?) = ἄμπελος λευκή (Dsc.), because its root was used for depilation;

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rendered as ψίλωθρον by H., which may indicate the same plant. Further μαδωνάϊς = νυμφαία 'water-lily' (Boeot. according to Thphr. HP 9, 13), but Bechtel amends to padwvia. Also μάδισος: δίκελλα. οἱ δὲ μαδιβός (H.), probably from μαδίζω.

    *ETYM For the shift of meaning from 'flow away' to 'fall out', compare ἐκρέω 'to flow  away, fall out' and Lat. déftuo 'to flow down', also 'to fall out', of hair. For the pair  paddw : padapdc, cf. χαλάω 'slacken' beside χαλαρός 'loose' and πλαδάω 'to be  moist' beside πλαδαρός 'wet' (rhyming), which are both semantically close. The aor. μαδῆσαι is an innovation as compared to χαλάσαι (which behaves like λαγαρός :  λαγάσαι, etc.); it is unclear how the present stem, μαδα- was derived. The root is also  found in Lat. madeé 'to be moist, drip, be drunk (after the intransitives in -ére), Olr. maidim 'to break (out)' (intr.), 'to fall to pieces' (< *'to flow out or away' vel sim.;  possibly formally identical with madeo), Skt. mddati 'to be intoxicated'. On the  reconstruction *meh,d-, see Lubotsky MSS 40(1981): 133-138. See further >» μαστός,  ▶︎ μήδεα.

XXXXXμάδρνα [npl.] = κοκκύμηλα, βράβυλα 'plums, sloes' (Seleuc. apud Ath. 2, 508).

    *VAR Also ἁμάδρυα: κοκκύμηλα. Σικυώνιοι (H., Phot.). Also ▶︎ ἄδρυα, in Σικελοὶ de  ἄδρνα λέγουσι τὰ μῆλα 'apples'. παρὰ δὲ Ἀττικοῖς ἀκρόδρυα 'fruits grown on upper  branches of trees' (H. and Ath. 3, 83a). Maybe also βάδρυα, but see Fur. 221.

    *ETYM ἁμάδρυα did not originally mean 'belonging to a tree', as tree names in aya-  meant 'blossoming at the same time as'. Rather, initial /h-/ was added by folk  etymology to *a-~idadpva, a form with (non-IE) prothetic vowel. This form  (ἀ)μάδρνα must be a Pre-Greek etymon. If Badpva is reliable, we also have variation  t/B, to which Ε may be added in order to explain ▶︎ ἄδρνα.

XXXXXμᾶζα [f.] 'barley-cake' (1A), '(metal) nugget, mass, ball' (LXX, J., pap.).

    <IE? *meh,g-  'knead'>

    *VAR Accent acc. to Hdn. Gr. 2, 937; Att. acc. to Moer. Also μάζα (Hell. acc. to  Moer.), Megar. μᾶδδα (Ar. Ach. 732, 835).

    *COMP Compounds: μαζο-νόμος (pap. ITP), -νόμον (Hell. inscr.), -νόμιον (Callix. 2),  -νομεῖον (com.) 'trencher for μ.᾿; ὁλό-μαζος 'with its whole mass, from top to  bottom' (Hero Stereom.).

    *DER Diminutive μαζ-ίσκη (Ar.), -ίον (Phryn. Com. et al.). Adjective μαζ-ηρός  'belonging to the μᾶζα' (Poll.), for the formation cf. σιτηρός; μαζεινός (for μάζινοςξ)  βοῦς: 6 ἐξ ἀλφίτων 'of barley groats' (H.). Denominative μαζάω [v.] 'to knead barley  dough' (pap., H.), ὑπερ-μαζάω 'to be overfed' (Ath., Luc.); also μαζάω (Suid.), cf. κριθάω. Unclear μαζύγιον [n.] (beside μαζύς [f.]) 'amalgam' (Zos. Alch.).

    *ETYM Derived from μαγ-ῆναι, pres. »μάσσω with a suffix -1a-; cf. μᾶζα μεμαγμένη  (Archil.). The long a would then be secondary. Borrowed from μάζα: Lat. massa  'clump, mass' (Plaut.), Not a Semitic loan word (Hebr. massah 'unsoured bread' is  rather from Greek). The comparison with OCS mazati 'to salve, smear', mazo  [1sg.pres.] points to *meh,g-. In this case, the long a may also represent an old full-  grade.

XXXXXμαζός 1 [m.] 'nipple, breast'. =paotdc.

===Pag_942: Beekes_Página_0942.tiff=== XXXXXμαιμάω 891 μαζός 2 [3] ἃ fish (Epich. 69).

    *VAR  Also μαζέας = the fish ἥπατος (Xenocr. apud Orib. 2, 58); μαζεινός or μαξεινός  (Doris apud Ath. 315f).

    *ETYM See Thompson 1947 s.v. The variation has no parallel, but rather points to a  Pre-Greek word. LSJ notes: 'probably for μαζίνης in Thphr. Fr. 171.2'.

XXXXXμαθαλίς, -ίδος [f.] 'name of a cup, used as a measure (Blaes. 2, H.).

    *ETYM Formation like ἀγκ-αλ-ίς, φυσ-αλίς, τρυφ-αλίς et al. (Chantraine 1933: 252),  but there is no root etymology. Connection with μάθνιαι: γνάθοι 'jaws' or  ▶︎ μασάομαι 'to chew' seems impossible. Fur.: 212 compares Lat. matula 'pot for  liquids' and βάτος, βάδος, βάδιον 'measure of liquids'.

XXXXXμάθη

    *VAR μάθησις, μαθητής, etc. --μανθάνω.

XXXXXμάθυιαι [f.pl.] - γνάθοι 'jaws' (H.). κ᾿-μασάομαι.

XXXXXμαῖα [f.] 'mother', mostly used to address elderly women (Od.), 'nurse, midwife' (Att.), 'grandmother' (Dor.); name of a big crab (Arist.), cf. γραῖα; of a plant, = λεπίδιον (Orib.), cf. γέρων and synonyms in plant names in Strémberg 1940: 56 and 159. As a PN, mother of Hermes (h. Merc.).

    *DER μαιήϊος and μαιάς = μαιευτικός, -κή (Nonn.), Maids = Mata (ξ 435). Denominatives: 1. μαιεύομαι [v.] 'to be midwife, deliver' (Att.) with μαιεία [f]  'midwifery' (Pl), μαίευ-μα 'product of delivery', -σις 'delivery', -τικός 'pertaining to  delivery, able to deliver' (Pl.), μαιεύτρια 'midwife' (S.); 2. μαιόομαι [v.] 'id' (Hell.)  with μαίω-σις 'delivery', -τικός (Plu.), μαίωτρα [pl.] 'midwife's wages' (Luc.); μαῖοι  'adoptive parents' (Paros).

    *ETYM Analogical enlargement of the nursery word μᾶ with the suffix -1a, based on  γραῖα (related to γραῦς, both 'old woman'). Borrowed as Lat. maia 'midwife'; the  ancient roman goddess Maia was later identified with Maia (WH).

XXXXXμαιμάω [v.] 'to be eager, quiver with eagerness, rage' (11).

    *VAR 35g. μαιμᾷει, pl. μαιμώωσι, etc, aor. μαιμῆσαι (E 670); enlarged form μαιμάσσω  (ΧΧ, AP), also μαιμώσσω (Nic.) and μαιμάζω (Ph),

    *COMP Also with ava-, περι-, ἐπι-.

    *DER μαῖμαξ: ταραχώδης 'disturbing' (H.), μαιμάκτης, -ov [m.] 'the boisterous one',  of Zeus as god of the wind in Athens (Plu., Harp., H.), opposed to μειλίχιος; also  Μαιμακτήρ name of a month (Phocaia), with Μαιμακτηριών, -dvoc [m.] 'id.' (Att),  probably from "Μαιμακτήρια [pl.] name of a festival; μαιμάχης: ὑβριστής (Zonar.).

    *ETYM The intensive reduplication can hardly be of IE origin; the aorist must be  secondary. The original quantity of the middle syllable cannot be ascertained,  Although productive, the suffix -ax- in μαῖμαξ, μαιμάκτης, etc. points to Pre-Greek  origin. Late μαιμάσσω may just contain an enlargement -(a)oow, but it might also be  connected with the velar in μαιμάκ-της, etc. Additionally, ἀ-μαιμάκετος may belong  here (cf. s.v.), but this is semantically unclear (assuming a pleonastic privative, like in  ἀβέλτερος, is unlikely).

===Pag_943: Beekes_Página_0943.tiff===

The connections with μαίομαι and μῶμαι are obsolete; see Tichy 1983: 331-334 for a discussion of the meaning of μαιμάω and an attempt to derive it from the perf. ptc. μεμαῶτ-.

XXXXXιαίνη [f.] 'name of a small herring-like fish, Maena vulgaris' (AP 9, 412). <?>

    *VAR Further forms patvopévn (sch. Luc.) with μαινομένιον (Alex. Trall.), MoGr. μαίνουλα, μανάλι, etc. details in Thompson 1947 s.v. Also μαινίς, -ίδος [f.] (com.,  Arist.) with μαινίδιον (com., Arist.).

    *ETYM No etymology. The connection with fish names in other languages (e.g. Ru. mew [m.] 'barbot', Lith. ménké 'haddock', which derives from mefikas 'small', see  Fraenkel 1955 s.v., and Skt. mina- [m.]) is extremely doubtful. Strémberg 1943: 531. hesitatingly attempts to connect μαίνη with ▶︎ μαίνομαι by interpreting it as 'the  wildly raging fish'. Borrowed as Lat. maena.

XXXXXιαίνομαι [v.] 'to rage, be furious, out of one's mind, excited' (Il.); rarely active ἐκ- μαίνω 'make furious' (E., Ar.), μαίνω (Orph.), aor. μῆναι (S., E.), intr. med. μήνασθαι (Z 160, Theoc.). 41E *men- 'think of, remember'>

    *VAR Aor. μανῆναι (IA), fut. μανέεται (Hdt.), perf. (with present mg.) μέμηνα (A.,  S.).

    *COMP Also with prefix, e.g. ἐκ-, περι-, ὑπο-, év-.

    *DER 1. From the present: μαινάς, -άδος [f.] 'the raging one, Bacchante' (1}.);  μαινόλης (Aeol., Dor. -Aac, fem. -Aic) 'raging, excited' (Sapph., A.). 2. From the root:  μανία, -in 'fury, madness' (IA); μανικός, μανιώδης 'furious, raging' (IA), fem. also  μανιάς 'id.' (after λύσσα : λυσσάς, Schwyzer: 508). Verbal adj. ἐμ-μανής 'raging' (IA),  probably a hypostasis (to μανία) after ἐμ-φανής, etc., as ἐμ-μαίνομαι does not occur  before Act. Ap., J. On ▶︎ μάντις, see s.v.

    *ETYM Several languages have a zero-grade yod-present corresponding to μαίνομαι <  ΤΕ *mn-ie/o-: Skt. mdnyate, Av. mainiieite 'to think'; Olr. muinithir 'id'; OCS monjo  'to think, consider', Lith. miniu 'to commemorate, remember'. The intr. aorist  μανῆναι has counterparts in the Balto-Slavic infinitive, Lith. minéti, OCS monéti. Secondary origin may be considered for μανῆναι (which is post-Homeric) as well, cf. φαίνομαι : φανῆναι. Formations that arose in Greek are μήνασθαι < PGr. *man-s-  and μέμηνα (after τακῆναι : τέτηκα, etc.). Related to the group of »μένος, ▶︎ μέμονα, and probably ▶︎ μιμνήσκω. For more  cognates, see LIV' s.v. 1. *men-.

XXXXXμαίομαι [v.] 'to touch, investigate, search', present also 'to seek to attain' (Il.). <?>

    *VAR Aeol. also μάομαι (Sapph. 367), fut. μάσσομαι, aor. -μάσσασθαι.

    *COMP Usually with ἐπι-, in the aor. also with eio-, éx-, ἀμφι-, μετα- (Pi. N. 3, 81).

    *DER Verbal adjectives ἀ-προτί-μαστος 'untouched' (T 263), ἐπί-μαστος epithet of  ἀλήτης (v 377), mg. unclear (cf. Bechtel Lex. s.v.). Action nouns: μάσμα [n.] 'search, investigation' (Cratin. 424, Pl. Cra. 421b), μαστύς,  -tog [f.] 'id? (Call. Fr. 277). Agent noun: μαστήρ [m.] 'searcher' (trag.), also [f.],  Schwyzer: 530, also name of an Athenian officer (Hyp.); μάστειρα [f] (A),  μαστήριος Ἑρμῆς 'Hermes, God of tracing' (A.); epic PN Méotwp; μαστρός [m.]

===Pag_944: Beekes_Página_0944.tiff=== XXXXXμάκαρ 893 name of a financial officer (Pellene, Rhodos, Delphi), μαστρικός (Delphi II*), pa- otp(e)ia, El. μαστράα = εὔθυνα (Messen. I?, H.). Denominative μαστεύω [v.] 'to search, track down' (Pi. A.; Epid., X.), μάστ-ευσις (Epid. IV', Archim.), -ευτής (X.), -ela (VIP); cf. ματεύω. Perhaps also related are PNs like Εὔμαιος, Οἰνόμαος, Maiwv (epic).

    *ETYM The sigmatic forms (e.g. aor. -μάσσασθαι and ἀ-προτί-μαστος) suggest an  analysis μαίομαι < *mas-ie/o-, but they might also belong to ματέω, »ματεύω as  secondary formations. Often, μαίομαι 'to touch' and μαίομαι 'to strive for, try' (the  latter with genitive) are considered to be two different verbs, but the meaning 'try to  reach, strive for' can be easily explained from the conative aspect of the present stem. There are no clear cognates. In the sense 'to touch', μαίομαι has been compared with  words for 'beckon with the hand', etc., e.g. OCS namajati, 1sg. namaje 'to beckon',  Lith. moti, 156. mdju 'id', mostoti 'to turn, swing'; but these clearly continue a root  *meh.- or *meh,-, and thus are formally different from Greek. In the sense 'strive,  try, the verb was compared with ▶︎ μαιμάω 'to be eager', ▶︎ μῶμαι 'to strive', but these  connections cannot be formally substantiated. LIV? s.v. *mes- reconstructs a present  *ms-io- > *ahio- >> PG *ma*io-, but such analogical replacement is questionable.

» μάστιξ, ▶︎ μάσθλης, ▶︎ μαστροπός were compared in Frisk, but are unrelated. See further ▶︎ μαστός.

XXXXXμαῖρα [f.] 'the Dog Star'. --μαρμαίρῳ.

XXXXXμαίσων, -wvoc [m.] 'native cook' in Athens (Ath. 14, 659a); μαισωνικὰ σκώμματα (ibd.). <?>

    *ETYM No etymology. Acc. to Ar. Byz. (ibd.), it is originally the name of the comic  mask of a cook or servant, which was named after an actor. Unrelated to μασᾶσθαι  'chew', as per Chrysippus (ibd.).

XXXXXμάκαρ [adj.] epithet of gods and men, 'happy, blissful' (Il.). < PG(v)>

    *VAR  Fem. also μάκαρ (E., Ar. [lyr.]), but more frequently μάκαιρα (h. Ap. 14), also  ntr. in the obl. cases (AP, Nonn.). Further also μάκαρ (Archil. Supp. 3, 5, Sol. 14,  Diph. 126, 6), μάκαρς (Alcm. 10, 11).

    *DER Superl. μακάρτατος (Od., A., S.); μακάριος 'blessed, happy' (Pi.); often used as a  form of address (PL, Ar.), cf. δαιμόνιε; also μακαριότης 'blessedness' (PI. Lg., Arist.);

XXXXXμακαρία [f.] 'id' (Ar., Pl. Hp. Ma. 2936); μακαρίτης, Dor. -τᾶς, fem. -t1¢ 'part of the blessed', 'blessed one' (A., Ar., Men., Theoc.). Denominative μακαρίζω [v.] 'to praise, glorify (Od.) with μακαριστός (IA), also barytone μακάριστος; μακαρισμός [m.] 'act of blessing' (Pl. Resp., Arist.), μακαριστής [m.] (J.). Also μακαρτός 'blessed' (AP 7, 740, 5; verse-final), as if from "μακαίρω. Obscure is μακαρίνη: ἀνδράχνη 'purslane, Portulaca' (H.).

    *ETYM The idea of Brugmann IF 18 (1905-1906): 434 that μάκαρ is originally a neuter  *'blessedness', whence occasionally msc. μάκαρ and fem. μάκαιρα, is not supported  by the texts. It is rather Pre-Greek, because its formation is isolated within Greek,  and because of the interchange -ap/-ap.

===Pag_945: Beekes_Página_0945.tiff===

XXXXXμακεδνός [adj.] 'tall, slim', of trees, etc. (η 106, Nic., Lyc.); also name of a people related to the Dorians (Hdt.).

    *DER Also EN Μακεδόνες [m.pl.] 'Macedonians', -wv (IA) [sg.], whence Maxedov-  fa, -{n, τικκός 'Macedonia, -nian' (IA), also ἡ Μακεδον-ίς (scil. γῆ) (Hdt.), -ἴτις (Ael.),  τἰσσα 'Macedonian woman' (Stratt.); paxedovitw [v.] 'to be pro-Macedonian' (Plb.,  Plu.). Long medial vowel in Μακη-δών (Hes. Fr. 5, 2, Call.), -dovia, -in (Hell. poet.).

    *ETYM The pair Maxe-ddv-ec beside μακε-δν-ός is thought to contain an old  ablauting suffix, which is also supposed in γοεδνός, etc., though a variant -δόν- is  lacking there. A suffix -56v- is found in animal names, in other appellatives, as well  as in action nouns. %    A by-form of the EN is Μακέτης 'Macedonian' (Gell.), -τις [f.] (Str., AP) and -tia,  -τή (AP), -t& (pap., see Mayser 1: 3, 24); cf. οἰκέτης, etc. Fur. does not discuss these  forms. As an analysis μακε-ὄν-ος is impossible for an IE word, the ethnonym is  probably of substrate origin (cf. Λακεδαίμων; Fick 1905: 90); the form with -t-  (which could be a variant alternating with -6-) then points to Pre-Greek origin. The meaning of the adjective strongly suggests that it is cognate with μακρός (Frisk),  but this can hardly be accounted for in terms of IE morphology. On account of the  strange suffixation, I assume Pre-Greek origin for it, too.

XXXXXμακέλη [f.] 'mattock' (Hes. Op. 470, Theoc., A. R.), also a destructive instrument of Zeus (A., S., Ar.). 4PG(V)>

    *VAR μάκελλα [f.] (@ 259, Luc. Hes. 7).

    *ETYM The formation has been compared with ἀγέλη, θύελλα, etc. The similarity  with ▶︎ δίκελλα cannot be coincidental, but Frisk concludes that a convincing  explanation has not yet been found. A cross of δίκελλα and a form *patéAn,  corresponding to Lat. mateola 'tool to stave in the earth', supposed by Giintert 1914:  122f., is not supported by any further evidence. Arm. market 'mattock' shows a  remarkable similarity; it might be a loan from a common source. Unrelated are Lith. makdras 'big stave' and Arm. mac 'plough-tail' (the latter is an Iranian loan). The following glosses from H. may belong to μάκελλα, -ἐλη: μάσκη' δίκελλα, βάσκα'  μακέλη and μάκκορ (Lacon. for μάσκος): ἐργαλεῖον γεωργικόν, ὡς δίκελλα  'agricultural tool like a 5'. The variation -ehAa/-éAn is best explained by a Pre-Greek ending *-al'a. Therefore,  μάκελλα, μακέλη are Pre-Greek, as is ▶︎ δίκελλα, see Beekes 2008. On variation κίσκ,  cf. Fur.: 295-301.

XXXXXμάκελλον [n.] 'fence' (inscr. Epid. IV*).

    *VAR -o¢ [m.] 'id.' (sch. Ar. Es. 137); τος [m.] and -ov [n.] 'meat market, hall for  groceries' (Mantinea J*, Sparta, 1 Ep. Cor. 10, 25, Ὁ. C.); μάκελ(λ)α' φράγματα,  δρύφακτοι 'fence, railing; latticed partition'; wakedoc: δρύφακτος (H.).

    *DER μακελλωταὶ θύραι 'latticed doors' (Delos 1152, borrowed as Lat. macellétae 'id,  (Varro); μακελλεῖον: laniatorium 'butchery', paxeAAitng: corporicida (cod. corpodicina) (gloss.); details in Redard 1949: 117. Also μακελᾶς [m.] as 'keeper of  latticed doors' (AP 7, 709)? See O. Masson Arch. Orbis 18:4 (1950): 7ff.

===Pag_946: Beekes_Página_0946.tiff===

    *ETYM Frisk considers this to be a borrowing from Semitic (Hebr. mikia 'enclosure'),  after Stowasser apud Lewy 1895: uf. Borrowed from Greek was Lat. macellum  'market, etc.', whence macellarius > jraxehddptog 'butcher' (gl. laniator), -ἰον [n.]  'food market' (pap. VIP). The form μακελλωταί was not derived from Hebr. mikla'6t  [pl.], but from μάκελλον, like e.g. θυσανωτός from θύσανος. The TN Μάκελλα [f.], a  town in western Sicily (Hell. and late), also belongs here. The primary meaning of  μάκελλον is 'lattice, fence', and thence 'meat market', etc. The fence may have  consisted of pointed objects, which would support relationship with ▶︎ μακέλη  'mattock'. If this is correct, the word must be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXμακκοάω [v.] 'be stupid or out of one's mind' (Ar. Eq. 62, 396, Com. Adesp. 1210, Luc. Lex. 19); Μακκώ [f.] name of a stupid woman (Suid.). <?>

    *ETYM Popular formation with expressive gemination; further details are unclear. Lat. (Osc.) maccus 'person of the Atellana, fool, buffoon' also belongs here, of which  further details and various explanations are found in WH s.v.

XXXXXμακκούρᾳ [f.] - χειρὶ σιδηρᾷ, ἧ χρῶνται πρὸς τοὺς ἵππους 'an iron hand, which is used with horses' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Improbable Semitic etymology by Lewy KZ 55 (1928): 24ff.

XXXXXμακρός [adj.] 'long, great, high' also 'deep, tall, far, lengthy' (1... <1E *mehk- 'long, thin, tall'>

    *COMP Many compounds, e.g. μακρό-βιος 'having a long life' (Hdt., Hp.), ἐπί-, ὑπό-,  πρό-μακρος 'oblong' (Hp.), see Stromberg 1946: 100.

    *DER Grades of comparison: μακρό-τερος (θ 20 = σ΄ 195), ττατος (H 288 a. 373);  further primary forms μάσσων, μήκιστος (see on μῆκορ). Nominal abstracts: μάκρος [n.] 'length' (Ar. Av. 1131), probably an accidental  formation, cf. Chantraine 1933: 417; μακρότης [f] 'id' (Hell.). Denominative paxptvw [v.] 'to lengthen, remove' (LXX, Hero), whence paxpvopdc  'long interval', μάκρυμμα [n.] 'sth. thrown away' (LXX; v1. LAaKpvvais).

    *ETYM Old adjective, which was also preserved in Latin and Germanic: Lat. macer  'meagre, thin', OHG magar, ON magr 'meagre' < IE *mh,kro-. A parallel /-formation  is found in Hitt. mak-l-ant- 'meagre'. μακεδνός cannot be formally explained in IE  terms, however. In the sense of 'long, high', μακρός ousted δολιχός, which was  inherited too. On the vocalisation of laryngeals in the position *RHC., cf. Beekes IF  93 (1988): 25. See ▶︎ μῆκος.

XXXXXμάκτρα [f.] 'kneading trough, bathing tub', etc. Ξομάσσω.

XXXXXμάλα [adv.] 'very, quite, by all means' (II.). <1E *mel- 'strong, better'>

    *COMP Compar. μᾶλλον 'more, rather', superl. μάλιστα 'most of all, especially' (IL).

    *ETYM Formation like ἅμα, τάχα, πάρα, etc. (Schwyzer: 622). It is thought to contain  a zero grade stem, as opposed to the full grade seen in Lat. mel-ius 'better' beside  multus 'many' < mil-td-; a zero grade also in Latv. milns 'very many'. The compar. μᾶλλον (with secondary length after θᾶσσον) probably replaced the original full  grade "μέλλον. The form μάλιον: μᾶλλον (H.), to be inserted in Tyrt. 12, 6 as well, is

===Pag_947: Beekes_Página_0947.tiff===

an innovation; the same goes for pakwtépa- προσφιλεστέρα 'more dear' (H.). See ▶︎ μαλερός, ▶︎ μέλω.

XXXXXμαλάβαθρον [n.] name of an oriental spice, probably ἃ kind of cinnamon (Peripl. M. Rubr., Dsc., Gal., Plin.). «τὴν Ind.>

    *DER -1vo¢ 'prepared with u.' (Dsc.).

    *ETYM From Skt. tamdla-pattra- [n.] 'leaf of the Tamala tree', which was borrowed as  τὰ μαλάβαθρα, Lat. malobat(h)rum (after malum), -inus, -dtus.

XXXXXμαλακός [adj.] 'weak, soft, tender; effeminate, flabby' (Il.), on the mg. cf. Treu 1955: 183, 187f.

    <IE? *mlh,-k- 'weak'>



    *COMP μαλακογνώμων 'of mild mood' (A.), μαλακο-κρανεύς 'having a weak skull',  bird-name 'grey shrike' (Arist.).

    *DER μαλακία, -in (14), μαλακότης (PL, Arist., Herod.) 'weakness, effeminacy'.

XXXXXμαλακίων [m.] (form of address) 'sweetheart' (Ar. Ec. 1058), see Chantraine 1933: 165; τὰ μαλάκια 'molluscs' (Arist.); μαλακώδης 'softish' (St. Βγ2.). Denominative verbs: 1. μαλάσσω, -ττω 'to soften, appease' (Pi., IA), μάλαγμα [n.] 'emollient, padding' (PL., Thphr., Ph. Bel., etc.), μαλαγμα-τώδης (medic.), -τίζω [ν.} (Zos. Alch.); μάλαξις 'softening' (Thphr., Plu.); μαλακ-τήρ 'weakener', μαλακτὴρ ἐλέφαντος 'ivory worker' (Plu.); -τικός 'mitigating' (Hp., Plu.). 2. μαλακίζομαι [v.] 'to be soft' (Att.). 3.

XXXXXμαλακύνω [v.] 'to soften' (X., Hell.), with μαλάκυνσις 'softening' (Alex. Aphr.).

    *ETYM The nearest cognate of μαλακός seems to be monosyllabic BAGE, so we are  dealing with a primary «-derivative. The forms point to a split paradigm: *mlh.-k- >  Ἐμλᾷκ- and *mlh,-ek- > *taA-ax-. The comparison with the verb for 'rub, meal' (in  > μύλη) is outdated. See ▶︎ BAGE, ▶︎ μαλθακός.

XXXXXμαλατῆρες " ναῦται 'sailors' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXμαλάχη [f.] 'mallow' (Hes.).

    *VAR Also μολόχη (Epich. and Antiph. apud Ath. 2, 58d, SIG 1172, 8, etc.), μολάχῃη  (Vase inscr. Naples). μάλβακα [acc.] (Orac. apud Luc. Alex. 25).

    *DER μαλάχιον (Ar. Fr. 320, 10), μολόχιον (Clem. Al.) 'woman's ornament worn  around the neck', also μάλακιον (Poll, H.), after μαλακός; μαλάχιος: ἰχθῦς ποιός a  fish (H.), after the color (Strémberg 1943: 25); μολοχίτης (v.L -τις) 'mallow-colored  stone' (Plin., Isid.); μολόχινος 'made of mallow-fibre, mallow-colored' (Peripl. M. Rubr.), μολόχινα [n-pl.] 'clothes made of mallow' (ibd.) > Lat. molochina [f.]. Cret. TN ἐμ Μολοχᾶντι (nom. *ModAoyxac, see Schwyzer: 528).

    *ETYM Along with Lat. malva (whence MoHG Malve, etc.), from a Mediterranean  language; traditionally compared with Hebr. mallaah, name of a lettuce-like plant;  does Georg. balba also belong here? The hapax μάλβακα [acc.] has a remarkable  similarity with malva and points to *uaAfax/y-. We may therefore assume a Pre-  Greek form *mal*ak-. This explains all Greek variants, including the different  vocalizations. Pre-Greek may have taken the word from Semitic, or the other way  around.

===Pag_948: Beekes_Página_0948.tiff=== XXXXXμαλθακός 807

XXXXXμάλδακον [π.] = βδέλλιον (Dsc. 1, 67, Plin. 12, 35) 'aromatic gum obtained from Balsomadendrum africanum'. «LW Near East>

    *ETYM Fur.: 212 thinks it is a non-IE loan from the Near East, standing for  ἔμαδαλκον, and compares Hebr. b'délah, Akk. budulhu, bidurhu.

XXXXXμαλερός [adj.] mg. uncertain, said of fire (1]., Hes. Se. 18, A. Ch. 325), of lions (A. Ag. 141), of singers (Pi. O. 9, 22), also of πόθος, Ἄρης; usually explained as 'violent, strong' (or 'consuming'), acc. to Bechtel 1914 s.v. rather 'zermalmend', 'crushing'. <?>

    *VAR μελερός: μαραντικόν. καυστικόν 'quenching, burning' (H.).

    *ETYM Formation like θαλερός, φανερός, etc. There is no etymology, because of the  uncertain meaning. Traditionally taken to be related to »μάλα in the meaning    'violent', etc.; acc. to Bechtel, however, it belongs to ▶︎ μάλευρον and ▶︎ μύλη.

XXXXXμάλευρον [n.] 'flour' (Alc. 70 LSJ, Achae. 51, Theoc. 15, 116). 41Ε *melh,- 'meal, rub'>

    *VAR Cret. PN Μάλευρος (SGDI 5028 n 4).

    *DIAL Myc. me-re-u-ro /meleuron/.

    *ETYM Either a reshaping of ἄλευρον (s.v. ▶︎ dAéw) after μύλη, or an old word,  cognate with OHG melo < PGm. *melwa- 'meal', etc. The latter connection is  possible if we reconstruct PIE *melh,-uV-, in which case Myc. me-re-u-ro < *melh,-  ur- represents the old vocalism, cf. ἄρουρα 'arable land' (Myc. a-ro-u-ra) which is an  extension of *h,erh,-ur. μάλευρον must then have taken its vo  or even continue an old ablauting variant *milh,-eu- (assuming that the heteroclitic  inflection is secondary). The explanation of Myc. me-le-ti-ri-ja by vowel assimilation  from mela- (as per LIV' s.v. *melh,-) is unacceptable, as there was no regular vowel  assimilation in Greek (see Van Beek fthc.b).

XXXXXμάλη [f.] 'armpit', almost only in the expression ὑπὸ μάλης 'under the armpit, secretly' (Att.), after this also ὑπὸ (τὴν) μάλην (Plb., Luc.), παρὰ τὴν μ. (Hippiatr.). <?%>

    *DIAL Myc. ma-ra-pi /malap*i/?

    *ETYM In the same meaning we find μασχάλη, but it does not seem probable that  μάλη is a shortened form of μασχάλη.

XXXXXμαλθακός [adj.] 'weak, tender, soft, mild' (P 588, also Hp., Pl.).

    *VAR Acol. μόλθακος (Alc.).

    *DER μαλθακία 'softness' (PI. R. 590 Ὁ); μαλθακώδης 'emollient' (Hp., Gal.),  μαλθάκινος = μαλθακός (AP). Denominative verbs: 1. μαλθάσσω = μαλάσσω (Hp., trag.), with μαλθακ-τήριον  -τικός, -ξις (medic.). 2. μαλθακίζομαι [v.] 'to be or become soft' (A., E., Pl. Gal.). 3. μαλθακύνω = μαλακύνω (sch.). 4. Also μαλθάζω (Aret.), -aivw (Stob.) = μαλθάσσω,  both probably through replacement of the suffix, rather than to μάλθη, ▶︎ μάλθων. Unrelated is ▶︎ μάλθη. Without suffixal -ax-: μαλθώδης = μαλακτικὸς ἢ κηρώδης 'emollient or like wax'  (Hp. apud Gal.); μάλθων [m.] 'sissy' (Socr. apud Stob.); Μάλθιον woman's name  (Paros); parOwow- μαλακώσω 'will soften' (H.). Here also ἐπίμαλθα: ἀγαθά,  προσηνῆ. ἢ μαλακά, ἢ ἀσθενῆ λίαν 'good, soft, or soft, or very weak' (H.).

===Pag_949: Beekes_Página_0949.tiff===

    *ETYM Formation like μαλακός; the two synonymous adjectives may have influenced  each other. If μαλακός belongs with βλάξ, then μαλθακός must have taken its ending  from μαλακός. Solmsen 1909: 55 recognizes ▶︎ μάλθῃ as the feminine of an original  adj. "μαλθός 'weak', which also left traces in μάλθων, etc. (though a reconstruction  -4-ko- seems improbable for μαλθακός    Outside Greek, the Germanic word for 'mild', eg. OHG milti, Go. unmildjai  ᾿ἄστοργοι᾽, has been compared, which could belong to Skt. mdrdhati 'to neglect'  (maintained in LIV? s.v. 1.*meld"-). However, the following considerations may show that the word is Pre-Greek: 1)  μαλθ- cannot be explained from IE *mld*-, as this would give **BAaO-; 2) μαλθακός  cannot be cognate with μαλακός, as the latter must go back to *mlh,-ek-, and there is  no trace of the *h, in the former; 3) if μαλθάζω is old, it points to suffixal *-ay-,  which together with the (more common) variant seen in μαλθακός must derive from  the well-known PG suffix -ak-. It is now clear that words in -ako- cannot be derived from an IE derivational type  *-4-ko-, as most words of this kind (like ὄστρακον) are of substrate origin.

» μάλθη should be separated from μαλθακός as a technical loanword. However, μαλθων, "μαλθόω, etc., which seem to be derivations of μάλθη, are rather variants of μαλθακός without the suffix *-ak-. It is unclear whether ▶︎ ἀμαλός 'weak' can be connected; ▶︎ ἀμαλδύνω differs too much phonetically as well as semantically. See further ▶︎ μαλακός.

XXXXXμάλθη [f.] 'mix of wax and pitch', used to caulk ships, and on writing tablets (Cratin. 204); acc. to H. also = τρυφερή [adj.] 'delicate, tender'; is this correct? Also name of a large aquatic animal (Ael, Opp.), perhaps after its tender or wax-like meat, Stromberg 1943: 32. 4PG(S)>

    *VAR  Also μάλθὰ (Ar. Fr. 157), μάλθης, -θῃ (Hippon., S., D.); on the variation -1) : -&  cf. Solmsen 1909: 265.

    *ETYM This word probably has nothing to do with ▶︎ μαλθακός, as it is a technical  loanword. The word is Pre-Greek, as μαλθ- cannot be explained from IE (*mld'- >  βλαθ-). This also explains the nom. in -& (Pre-Greek: C 3,1). Borrowed as Lat. malt(h)a.

XXXXXμαλιάω [v.] 'to suffer from glanders'.

    *DER μαλίασις, the disease. Ξομῆλον 1.

XXXXXμάλκη [[1 'numbness from cold' in hands and feet, plur. 'chilblain' (Nic.); μάλκην: τὸ ἐπικόπανον. Πάριοι 'chopping-block' (H.).

    *DER μάλκιον [n.]: φάρμακον ἀσθενές te καὶ μάλκιον 'a weak and benumbing  medicine' (Anon. apud Suid.), perhaps a compar. like ῥίγιον; superl. μαλκίστατον  ἦμαρ (Call. Fr. anon. 45). Denominative μαλκίω [v.] 'to become numb with cold,  freeze' (A. Fr. 332 1652 Mette], X., D., Ael.), after iSiw, often written μαλακίω after  μαλακός; μαλκιότωντι [ptc.datsg.] (Arat. 294, m.c.), μαλκιῆν- ὑπὸ κρύους  κατεσκληκέναι καὶ δυσκίνητος εἶναι 'to be stiff and unable to move for cold' (Phot.). Here also μαλκόν' μαλακόν (H.)?

    *ETYM A convincing explanation is still lacking. There have been attempts connect  Lith. mutkis 'blockhead', OCS mloéati 'be silent, dumb', and other words of doubtful

===Pag_950: Beekes_Página_0950.tiff=== XXXXXμανδάκης 899 appurtenance. The connection with μαλακός is semantically unconvincing. A form μαλκ- can hardly be explained in IE terms. The variant spelling μαλακίω may indicate that the word is Pre-Greek.

XXXXXμαλλός [m.] 'flock of wool' (Hes. Op. 234, Milete VI', A., S, Herod.). < PG?>

    *COMP πηγεσί-μαλλος 'thick-fleeced' (T 197).

    *DER μαλλωτός 'provided or lined with flocks of wool' (Pl. Com., Str.) with  μαλλωτάριον 'sheepskin' (pap. V-VIP); μάλλωσις 'lining with wool (sch.). Further  μάλλυκες: τρίχες 'hairs' (H.), after ἄμπυκες, κάλυκες, etc; with simplification of the  geminate: μάλιον 'long hair, pigtail' (AP 11, 157, Herm. Trism.).

    *ETYM The connection with Lith. milas 'coarse homespun wool has been  abandoned. Greppin Glotta 59 (1981): 70-75 suggests that Arm. mal 'ram' is cognate  with the Greek word. The latter only denotes the 'flock of wool, and never the  animal, but this may be a later semantic development. An IE form *mh,I- is rather  improbable, however. Greppin explains the form from *malyo-, but this is not  certain, as the -λλ- may also be a geminate of Pre-Greek origin. Clackson 1994: 232  (fn. 250) suggests that 'the word is better explained as a loan from Arabic mal  'possession' with its transferred meaning 'sheep' (thus Acaryan 1977: 224).'  The word may well be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXμᾶλός [adj.] epithet of τράγος 'goat' (Theoc. Ep. 1, 5), explained as 'white' by H. <?>

    *ETYM May have been dissolved from μαλο-πάρανος, properly 'apple-cheeked  (Theoc. 26, 1), but taken by H. to mean λευκοπάρειος; cf. μάλουρος (-ptc) =  λεύκουρος, λευκόκερκος (H.). See ▶︎ μῆλον 1.

XXXXXμάματα [n.pl.] - ποιήματα (vl πέμματα 'dressed food' Meineke), βρώματα 'prepared food (H.); μάμματα' βρώματα (sch. Pl. Alc. 1, 118e). <?>

    *ETYM von Blumenthal 1930: 2f. thinks it is dialectal (Doric-Macedonian) for  μάγματα (and related to ▶︎ μάσσω 'to knead').

XXXXXμάμμη [f.] 'mother' (Pherecr, Men, Epicur, AP), 'mother's breast' (Arr.), 'grandmother' (LXX, pap. 1", Ph., Plu.).

    *COMP μαμμό-θρεπτος 'raised by grandmother' (Phryg., Poll.), also Μαμμᾶκυθος  [m.] 'blockhead' (Ar. Ra. 990), properly 'who hides with his mother' (kevOw).

    *DER Hypocoristic derivatives: μαμμία (Ar.), -fov (Phryn.), -iSiov (Plu., Hdt.). Adjective μαμμῷος, μαμμικός (pap.). Cf. παππία, etc. s.v. ▶︎ πάππα. Denominative μαμμάω [v.] 'to cry for the breast' [thus LSJ] (Ar. Nu. 383).

    *ETYM A nursery word, from reduplicated μάμμᾷ [voc.] (Ar. Byz.). Several cognates,  eg. Lat. mamma 'mother, nurse, grandmother, mother's breast', MoHG (Alem.)  mamme, Lith. mama, Ru. mdma. See also Chantraine REGr. 59-60 (1946-1947): 243  and Risch Mus. Helv. 1 (1944): 119. On the geminate, see Schwyzer: 315; on the a-  vowel, ibid. 339. See ▶︎ μᾶ, ▶︎ μαῖα, ▶︎ μήτηρ, ▶︎ μαστός.

XXXXXμανδάκης [m.] 'ἱδεσμὸς χόρτου (band to tie trusses), sheaf, bundle'.

    *DER μανδάκιον [n.] (pap.); μανδακηδόν 'in the form of a band' (Hippiatr.).

===Pag_951: Beekes_Página_0951.tiff===

    *ETYM Formation like ▶︎ γαυνάκης. Is it perhaps a loan from Old Iranian banda-ka-  'band, fetter' via Thracian, in view of the development b > m? See recently Brust  2005: 415ff. The formation can hardly be IE. See ▶︎ μάνδρα.

XXXXXμάνδαλος [m.] 'bolt of a door' (Med. apud Erot., Artem.). 4?

    *DER μανδαλώσας 'bolting(?y (H. s.v. τυολαρώσας), μανδαλωτός 'with the bolt shot'  (com., Phot.), also a lascivious kiss [LSJ].

    *ETYM Technical word in -ado- without etymology; cf. on ▶︎ μάνδρα. The formation  can hardly be IE. Unrelated are ἀμάνδαλον = ἀφανές 'invisible' (Alc. Z 81),  dpavdaroi ἀφανίζει, βλάπτει 'renders invisible, damages' (H.), in view of the  divergent meanings. Ἂς    \avdpa [f.] 'fold, pound, stable' (5. Fr. 659, Call, Theoc., Peripl. M. Rubr., Plu.), also  'cloister' in dpyt-pavdpitng 'chief of a cloister, abbot, archimandrite' (Just.). «ΡΟ»

    *VAR pdvdpar ἕρκη, φραγμοί, adda, σηκοί βοῶν καὶ ἵππων 'enclosures for cows and  horses' (H.).

    *DER Enlargement μάνδρευμα (Ὁ. H.), after the nouns in -evpa.

    *ETYM The word μάνδρα has been compared with Skt. mandird- [n.] 'dwelling,  house', mandura [f.] 'stable' since Fick, in which case we could be dealing with a loan  from a common source (Asia Minor). The unification of μάνδρα, μάνδαλος,  μανδάκης under one root mand- 'to fence in' or 'pound made of twisted rods', is ill-  founded. Semitic etymology in Lewy KZ 58 (1931): 59 (to be rejected). DELG mentions pavdpo- in names, on which see Nilsson 1941(1): 558°. Hardly an IE  formation, as a root *mh,n(d)- is improbable.

XXXXXμανδραγόρας [m.] 'mandrake' (Att., Thphr.). <2

    *DER μανδραγορίτης οἶνος (Dsc.), -ἴτις: Ἀφροδίτη (H.); the plant was known as an  aphrodisiac; -ἰκός 'made of μ᾿ (Alex. Trall.); -ἰζομένη 'drugged with μ᾿ (name of a  comedy of Alexis).

    *ETYM Unexplained. E. Fraenkel Satura Berolinensis: 23f. suspects that the plant was  named after a person (a physician). Schrader-Nehring 1917(1): 42 (following  Lagarde) hesitatingly refers to the Persian plant name merdum gija 'plant of  humans'; the Mandragora root is called ἀνθρωπόμορφος by an unknown informant,  and is referred to by Columella as semihomo. It could be a folk-etymological  adaptation of a foreign word. From μανδραγόρας, MoE mandrake, Arm. manragor, etc. have been borrowed.

XXXXXμανδύα [f.] a woollen garment (A. Fr. 364 = 711 Mette, LXX). «ἢ

    *VAR -1 [f.], -ας, -ης [m.].

    *ETYM Unexplained foreign word: Persian acc. to Ael. Dion. Fr. 252 and Hy; A. (1...)  and St. Byz. 415, 7 speak of Λιβυρνικὴ μανδύη. Considerations in Brust 2005: 42o0ff.

XXXXXμάνης [m.] 1. 'slave', also a typical slave-name (com.); 2. 'kind of cup' (Nico 1, Delos 1Π᾿, pap.); also the unlucky throw of the dice; also a bronze figure, used in the game of κότταβος (a cup, or a support?); see Ath. 487¢ d. <?> 'ΝΑΙ μάνητες [nom.pl.], μάνᾶς [acc.pl.]. ὍῬΕΒ Diminutive μανίον.

===Pag_952: Beekes_Página_0952.tiff===

    *ETYM The slave name is from Phrygian (Φρύξ means 'slave', among other things;  see WH s.v. manés); the connection with κότταβος is secondary. Mazzarino Rend. Acc. Linc. 6:15 (1939): 366ff. thinks the word is Sicilian in the latter meaning, and  connects it with Lat. mandre 'to flow'. We may be dealing with two different origins.

XXXXXμανθάνω [v.] 'to learn, get to know, experience' (Pi.). On the meaning, see Snell 1924: 74f. and Dorrie 1956.

    <IE *mn(s)-d'h,- >

    *VAR Aor. μαθεῖν CL), fut. μαθήσομαι (Thgn., Parm.), perf. μεμάθηκα (Anacr.,  Xenoph., Emp.).

    *COMP Also with prefix, e.g. κατα-, &k-, Tpo-, μετα-.

    *DER Action nouns: 1. μάθη [f.] 'learning, insight' (Emp., H.). 2. μάθος [n.] 'what has  been learnt, custom' (Alc., Ηρ. A.). 3. μάθησις = μάθη (Alem. IA). 4. μάθημα 'what  has been learnt, knowledge', plur. '(mathematical) sciences' (1A, Hell.), with  μαθηματ-ικός 'fond of learning, scientific, mathematical' (Ρ]., Arist.), -ἰκεύομαι [v.]  'to argue mathematically' (Dam.). 5. μαθημοσύνη 'learning' (Phr., imperial period). Agent nouns: μαθη-τής 'disciple' (IA), -τικός 'fond of learning; learnable' (PI. Arist.), -τικεύομαι (Dem.), -tedw [v.] 'to be a disciple, turn into a disciple' (NT, Plu.)  with -τεία 'education' (Timo, D. Chr.), -τιάω [v.] 'to be eager to learn' (Ar.); fem. -τρίς (Ph.), -tpta (Ὁ. S., Act. Ap.); μαθετής 'id,' (Knossos 115). after ebpetic? Ὁ

    *ETYM The Greek forms all go back to the zero grade aorist μαθεῖν; the full grade  could be represented either in μενθήρη φροντίς, μέριμνα᾽ (H., EM) or in προμηθής  'premeditative, careful'. The latter is isolated (cf. s.v.), but μενθ- corresponds to  OHG mendi 'gladness', menden 'to rejoice', beside a zero grade in e.g. Go. mundon  sis 'to look at, σκοπεῖν᾽, ON munda 'to aim (with a weapon), head for a goal'. A full grade in Lith. mafidras 'lively, cheerful, OCS modre 'ppdvisoc, σοφός᾽. A pre-  form *mns-d'eh, (related to *mén-s-) is assumed for Skt. medha 'wisdom, insight',  Av. mazdd 'remembrance'. See ▶︎ μενθήρι.

XXXXXμανιάκης, -ov [m.] 'golden collar, worn by the Persians and Gauls' (Plb., LXX, Pln.). <%>

    *VAR Also -n [f.].

    *COMP μαννο-φόρος (Theoe. 11, 41; v.l. for duvo-).

    *DER Diminutive -ἰάκιον (sch. Theoc. 11, 41), also μανάκιν (pap.); μάννος, μόννος  [m.] 'collar' (Poll.).

    *ETYM Formation like ▶︎ μανδάκης, ▶︎ γαυνάκης. Usually considered to be a Gaulish  word (cf. eg. Olr. muin-torc 'collar', OW minci 'collar for horses', etc.) with cognates  in Lat. monile 'collar, OHG menni 'neck ornament', etc; see WH s.v. monile. Relation with ▶︎ μόναπος 'aurochs' seems improbable. It is now thought that the other IE languages must have acquired the word from the  same (or a related) source as Greek. R. Schmitt Sprache 13 (1967): 61-64 connects Av. zaranu-maini- 'with golden collar'; see also Kronasser 1969: 61. Arm. maneak 'collar  could be of Iranian origin in view of the suffix *-aka-. The variants μάννος, μόννος  point to a non-IE origin for the Greek word: geminate -vv-, interchange a/o and  presence of a suffix -(t)ak-. Still, the origin remains unclear.

XXXXXμαννα 1 [f.] 'frankincense powder' (Hp., Dsc.). «ΡΟ»

===Pag_953: Beekes_Página_0953.tiff===

    *ETYM Probably a loan, possibly of Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXμαννα 2 [n.] 'manna' (LXX).

    *ETYM From Hebr. man 'manna'.

XXXXXμᾱνός [adj.] 'thin, loose, open in texture, rare' (IA, Emp. 75, 1).

    *VAR μᾶνός (Telecl. 61); on Bavov see below.

    *COMP μᾶνό-στημος 'with loose chain, thin, fine' (A. Fr. 297 = 688 Mette).

    *DER μανότης 'thinness, rareness' (PL, Arist. Thphr.), μανία 4. (An. Ox.); μανώδης  'thin' (Arist.); μανάκις 'rare' (Pl. Com., H.), to πολλάκις; μανόω [v.] 'to loosen'  (Thphr.) with μάνωσις (Arist.). Variant βανόν' λεπτόν 'thin, delicate' (H.).

    *ETYM Ion. μᾶνός and Att. μᾶνός derive from ἢ μαύρός; beside these, we find ἃ u-stem  in μάνυ: μικρόν (cod. πικρόν). Ἀθαμᾶνες 'small' (H.). The u-stem is also seen in  Arm. manr, gen. manu 'small, thin, fine', manu-k 'child, boy, servant' (see Clackson  1994: 117). Unrelated is ▶︎ μάνυζα, Brugmann ΚΜ ΝΕ, 62 (1907): 634f. also adduces  μαναύεται: παρέλκεται (H.), properly 'isolates himself, and, hesitatingly,  ▶︎ βάναυσος. However, the -av- remains unexplained. Skt. mandk 'a little', Lith. mefikas 'short', Hitt. maninku- 'close, near', are all of  unclear formation, as well as Olr. menb < *menuo-. If Gr. μανυ- is from *mnh,-u- (cf. μανώδης, μαν-άκις), it conflicts with the etymology of OIr. menb. Perhaps, μόνος could be included here. For Pre-Greek origin, see Fur.: 221 with good  motivation. See ▶︎ μόνος,

XXXXXμαντία [f.] 'raspberry' (Dsc. 4, 37).

    *ETYM Probably Pre-Greek. Cf. Alb. Gheg mand 'mulberry(tree)'; see Fur: 209, 272,  who compares Sardian and Basque forms and states that »Bdro¢ cannot be  separated from these words. He considers μαντία to be Dacian, but with no apparent  reason.

XXXXXμάντις, -ews [m., f.] 'seer, prophet' (I].); also name of a plant (Nic.), of a grasshopper: 'praying mantis' (Theoc., Dsc.), a garden-frog (H.) as a predictor of the weather, cf. Str6mberg 1940: 79.

    <IE? *men-ti->

    *VAR Ion. gen.sg. -1o¢.

    *COMP  Often as a second member in trag,, e.g. ἰατρό-μαντις 'soothsayer who is also a  physician' (A.), cf. Risch IF 59 (1949): 272f. Rarely as a first member, eg. μαντι-πόλος  'predictive' (E. [anap.], Orac. apud Luc., Man.), which is formally like οἰωνο-πόλος  'bird-watcher', etc. (Wackernagel K Z 29 (1888): 143).

    *DER 1. μαντεῖος, -ἠΐος 'concerning the soothsayer, prophetic' (P., trag.), after  βασιλεῖος, etc; μαντεῖον, -ἤϊον [n.] 'oracle, oracle site' (μ 272). 2. μαντικός 'id',  μαντική (τέχνη) 'the art of seeing' (IA). 3. μαντῷος 'id. (AP), after ἡρῷος, etc. 4. μαντοσύνη 'faculty of prophecy' (1]., Pi., Emp.), after ἱππο-σύνῃ, etc; -ovvoc [adj.]  'belonging to the seer or oracle' (Corinna, E. [lyr.]). 5. μαντεύομαι (late also -evw)  [v.] 'to predict, consult an oracle' (II.), after βασιλεύειν, etc; with μαντεία, -ein, η-ἴη  'prophecy, prophetic faculty, oracle' (h. Merc.), μάντευμα 'oracle' (Pi. trag.),  μαντευτής = μάντις (Hdt.), -evtpia (sch.). PN Μάντιος (Od.).

===Pag_954: Beekes_Página_0954.tiff===

    *ETYM As an agent noun in -τι-, μάντις stands isolated (most other ἐΐ-5ἴ6 ΠΊ8 are  abstract nouns); μάρπτις 'brigand' (A. Supp. 826f; broken context) and mdpric 'calf  are similar in formation. Benveniste 1935: 83 reconstructs an old neuter τὸ μάντι  'divination', but μαντι-πόλος, adduced by Benveniste, can easily be explained in a  different way (see above). μάντις seems to be derived from μαίνομαι, μανῆναι (cf. ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ μαίνεται, Hdt. 4, 79). It is natural to take it as an original feminine  abstract, like φάτις, with an Aeolic reflex of the suffix. However, the vocalism μαν-  would have to be an analogical zero grade (after which example?), which makes the  etymology a bit doubtful. See ▶︎ μέμονα, ▶︎ μένος.

XXXXXμάνυζα [f.] -μονοκέφαλον σκόροδον 'garlic' (H.). 4 PG(S)>

    *ETYM No doubt a Pre-Greek plant name; it has nothing to do with μανός 'thin,  loose'. For words in -Ca (with short -a, an ending characteristic for substrate words),  cf. κόνυζα.

XXXXXμάξεινος glossed as γαλλερίας, ὀνίσκος (diminutive of ὄνος 'ass', but also a fish- name) by Dorio apud Ath. 315f. >patdc 2.

XXXXXμαπέειν [v.aor.] 'to take hold, grasp' (Hes. Sc. 231, 304). <?>

    *VAR Reduplicated μεμάποιεν [3plopt.aor.] (ibid. 252; v.l. μεμάρποιενλ

    *DER Further "ἐμ-μαπεῖν in ἐμμαπέως 'immediately, quick'.

    *ETYM Etymology unknown. In spite of its semantic agreement with μάρπτω    (μέμαρπεν, -we Hes. ibd. 245, Op. 204), μαπέειν can hardly be connected with it in  formal] terms.

XXXXXμάραγδος --σμάραγδος,

XXXXXμάραγνα [f.] 'whip' (A. E, Pl. Com., Poll); Η. also σμάραγνα (cf. on ▶︎ σμάραγδος

    *ETYM The word corresponds to Syrian mérayna 'flagelli genus'. Hiibschmann KZ 36  (1900): 175f. already assumed that both were loans from OP *mara-gna- 'killer of  snakes'. On the formal difficulty that MoP mahr points to *marOra- (mdr€ra-),  instead of *mara-, see now Brust 2005: 428ff,, who assumes it is a loan from North-  West Iranian.

XXXXXμάραθον [n.] 'fennel, Foeniculum vulgare' (Epich., D., Thphr.). < PG?>

    *VAR Also -ος [m., f.] (Hermipp.) and μάραθρον (Alex., Hell. pap., Dsc.).

    *DIALMyc. ma-ra-tu-wo /marat*wonf.

    *COMP  Compounds εὐ-μάραθος 'rich in fennel (AP), ἱππο-μάραθί(ρ)ον 'Prangos  ferulacea' (Diocl. Med., Thphr., Dsc.), διὰ τὸ μέγεθος (Stromberg 1940: 30).

    *DER jtapabic, -ίδος [f.] = ἱππο-μ. (Ps.-Dsc.), μαραθᾶς [m.] 'fennel-trader', μαραθίτης  οἶνος (Dsc., Gp.), TNs like Μαραθών, -@voc [m., f.] (1 80).

    *ETYM For a plant name, foreign origin is suspected. A cunning attempt at an  explanation in IE terms was made by Hesselman 1932: 94ff, who compared MoSw. mjérd(rje, OSw. mierdher [m., n] 'fish-trap' (or its funnel-like entrance), from  PGm. *merdra- «ΤῈ *merH-d'ro-; the plant would have been named after its funnel-

===Pag_955: Beekes_Página_0955.tiff===

like flower. Apart from formal problems, the Mycenaean form eliminates the proposed cognates. It is rather a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXμαραίνω [v.] 'to quench, destroy', med.-pass. 'to die away, wither' (Il.). <?>

    *VAR Aor. μαρᾶναι (}. Merc.), aor. pass. μαρανθῆναι (Il.), perf. med. μεμάρα(σ)μαι  and fut. μαρανῶ (late).

    *COMP Also with ano-, κατα-, Mpo-, ἐκ-.

    *DER μάρανσις [f.] 'fading away' (Arist.), μαρασμός 'withering', μαρασμώδης  (medic.); μαραντικός 'withering' (Phryn., sch.).

    *ETYM As an example for the above system of forms, Frisk suggested κηραίνω 'to  damage, corrupt' with comparable meaning, oft ▶︎ ἰαίνω, aor. ἰᾶναι 'refresh', with  opposite meaning, which probably had an old primary nasal present (cf. s.v.). The  precursor of papaivw may have been a nasal present as well; see ▶︎ udapvaya with  further connections. DELG thinks that the root may be related to Lat. morior, etc. This idea finds support  in the thesis of Meier-Briigger KZ 102 (1989): 62-67 that the verb meant 'to die out,  let die out, let waste away', from the root *mer- 'to die away'. However, his  reconstruction *mpy-ie/o-, with two consequent vocalic resonants, and hence the  explanation of pap-, is hardly possible and does not solve anything.

XXXXXμαράσσαι [f pl.) - κύνες, ὄρνιθες 'dogs, birds' (H.).

    *VAR Also duapdoat al σῦς. οἱ δὲ κύνας 'swine, others: bitches' (H.), see Fur.: 372.

    *ETYM The word is Pre-Greek in view of the prothetic vowel. It has been compared  with ▶︎ papiv.

XXXXXμαραυγέω [v.] 'to contract the pupils when exposed to light; to be blinded', of the pupils of a cat (Plu.).

    *DER papavyia 'flicker, be blinded' (Archyt. apud Stob. 3, 1), -yeta also name ofa fish  (Xenocr.), because of its gaze, acc. to Stromberg 1943: 4af.

    *ETYM Compound with second member as in χρυσ-, oxt-, BoA-avyéw, and with an  adjectival or verbal first member. Thus, either related to μαρμάρεος 'flashing'  (μαρμάρεαι avyai Ar. Nu. 187 [lyr.]), or to ▶︎ μαρμαίρω, with compositional  formation like in e.g. εἰλυ-σπάομαι, ▶︎ δνοπαλίζω.

XXXXXμαργαρίτης [m.] 'pearl' (Thphr., Str., Ael. Arr, NT). «τὴν Iran.>

    *DER μαργαρῖτις (λίθος) [f.] 'id.' (Ath, Isid. Char.), diminutive -ἰτάριον (PHolm.). Besides, probably as a back-formation (cf. below), μάργαρον 'id.' (Anacreont.,  PHoim.), -ος [m., Ε] 'id' (Tz.), also 'Indian pearl mussel' (Ael.), τίς (λίθος) 'pearl'  (Philostr., Hld.), -ίδες [pl.] name of a pearl-like kind of date palm (Plin.); -ίδης [m.]  (Praxag.).

    *ETYM An oriental loanword, mostly assumed to be from Iranian, MP marvarit, MoP  marva-rid 'pearl (acc. to Schiffer RPh. 63 (1937): 4sff.), but critical discussion in  Brust 2005: 432ff. The older view derives it from Skt. manjari 'flowering bead' (epic  class.), 'pearl' (lex.), with -itn¢ added in Greek, like in numerous other stone names. The by-form mafjara- [n.] would agree well with μάργαρον, but the late and rare  occurrence of both the Skt. and Greek form is no support for a direct identification.

===Pag_956: Beekes_Página_0956.tiff===

Suggestion by Gershevitch 1989: from Iran. *myrga-ahri-ita- 'born from the shell of a bird' = 'oyster'. From μαργαρίτης, Lat. margarita, etc; see WH s.v.

XXXXXμάργος [adj.] 'mad, furious, greedy' (Od.). < PG(v)>

    *VAR Also μόργος: ἄπληστος 'greedy', μοργίας: γαστριμαργίας, καὶ ἀκρασίας  'gluttony, being out of control, incontinence' (H.). Moreover ἄμαργος; μαρικᾶς:  κίναιδος 'catamite' (H.), but see under the names; 4Bapkva- λιμός 'hunger, famine'  (H.), which points to "ἄβαρκος. ἄβαρτος: ἄπληστος, οἱ δὲ ἄμαργος (H.), ἀβαρτία:  ἀπληστία (Η.). PNs Βάργος, Βάργη, Βρόγγος, Βάργασος, Μάργασος. Ἄβαρτος  (Paus. 7, 3, 10)

    *COMP  As a first member in e.g. yaotpi-uapyos 'gluttonous' (Pi, Arist., Ph.) with  yaotpt-papy-ia (Ηρ. Pl.), τέω (Ph.); Blanc RPh. 65 (1991): 59-66 connects στόμαργος  from ᾿στομά-μαργος.

    *DER Μαργίτης [m.] name of the principal character of a satirical epic poem (Arist.,  Plb.), -ἰτεία [6] 'fury, madness' (Phld.); μαργότης If] 'madness, gluttony,  wantonness' (PL, trag.), -oobvn 'id. (Anacr., Thgn.); μαργηέντων:' λυσσώντων  'raving' (H.). Verbs: 1. μαργαίνω 'to rage, be furious', only pres. (E 882, Democr.); 2. μαργάω, only  in pres. ptc. μαργῶν, -ὥσα 'furious, wanton' (trag., Call.); 3. μαργόομαι, only in ptc. μαργούμενος, μεμαργωμένος 'id. (Pi., A.). With an unclear e-vowel: μέργιζε: ἀθρόως  ἔσθιε 'eat at once!' (H.).

    *ETYM The many variants (prothetic vowel, k/y, u/B, a/o, etc.) are typical for Pre-  Greek words. The -e- in μέργιζε probably represents a Pre-Greek variation as well;  see Fur.: 217'.

XXXXXμάρδος [m.] 'reed-pipe' (Hdn. 1, 142, LSJ Supp.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXμάρη [f.] 'hand' (Pi. Fr. 310). <?>

    *DER ▶︎ εὐμαρής, whence εὐμάρεια; uncertain μάρις, -εως [m.] name of a measure for  liquids, = 6 κοτύλαι (Arist, Poll.), = τὸ χόες (Polyaen.), whence diminutive μάριον  (pap.). )

    *ETYM Forssman 1966: 135-140 doubts the authenticity of μάρη 'hand'. Blanc REGr. 10§ (1992): 548-556 and Blanc RPh. 70 (1996): 118 and 126 supposes that the form was  coined to explain εὐμαρής. Schrijver 1991: 458 rejects an r/n-stem, as this would  presuppose a root consisting of a single consonant m-, which is impossible in PIE. Former comparisons with Germanic and Celtic words, to be found in Frisk, are now  obsolete.

XXXXXμαριεύς, -ἕως [m.] 'stone that burns when in contact with water' (Arist. Mir. 8338 27; v.l. μαριθάν [acc.]); in H. μαριζεύς: λίθος τις, ὅς ἐπισταζομένου ὕδατος καίεται 'id', also μαριθήν [nom.] without an indication of mg. (Hdn. 1, 16, 7). 42>

    *ETYM The correct form is uncertain; connected with ▶︎ wappaipw? In this case, it  would properly mean 'gleaming, sparkling'. See ▶︎ μαρίλῃ.

===Pag_957: Beekes_Página_0957.tiff===

XXXXXμαρίλη [f.] 'glowing ashes', opposed to ἄνθραξ 'glowing coals' and σποδός, -ἰά 'ashes' (IA).

    *VAR Arist. also has σμ-. Photius cites a form μαρείνη which he connects with  μαραίνω.

    *COMP  μαριλο-καύτης 'charcoal-burner' (S.).

    *DER Diminutive μαρύλλια [pl.] (Ρ.1 οἰ. X. 56), after other diminutives in -ύλλιον;  μαριλ-εύω [v.] 'to change into glowing ashes; to burn coals', whence -ευτής (Poll.).

    *ETYM Formation like μυστίλη, ζωμίλη, στροβίλη (-Troc), etc. (Chantraine 1933: 249). The form with σμ- probably shows that the word is Pre-Greek, as initial IE *s- would  disappear in Greek. See ▶︎ μαριεύς, %

XXXXXμαρίν [f.] - τὴν σῦν. Κρῆτες 'swine (Cret.)' (H.).

    *ETYM Fur.: 372 cites ἀμαράσαι- αἱ σῦς. οἱ δὲ κύνας 'others say dogs' (H.) beside  μαράσσαι: κύνες, ὄρνιθες 'birds' (H.). Because of the prothetic vowel in the former,  μαρίν (if connected) is probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXμαρῖνος [m.] an unknown fish; perhaps a kind of barbel (Arist., H.), cf. Thompson 1947 s.v. H. glosses it κίθαρος 'chest', a kind of flatfish, ἰχθῦς θαλάσσιος 'seafish', καὶ ὄνομα κύριον 'an ordinary name'.

    *ETYM Formation like ἀτταγ-ῖνος, etc. (see on ▶︎ attayac). The suffix -ivac is Pre-  Greek.

XXXXXμάρις [m.] a liquid measure (Arist., Poll.) = 6 κότυλαι, or 10 χόες (Polyaen.).

    *ETYM Schmitt 1989: 301-315 thinks it is a loan from OP *mari-.

XXXXXμαρίσκος [m.] 'bog-rush, Cladium mariscus' (Plin. HN 21, 112). «ΡΟ(5)»

    *ETYM Formation like ἰβίσκος, ἀλθίσκος, and other plant names (Chantraine 1933:  407); further opaque. The suffix -ioxog probably points to a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXμαρμαίρω [v.] 'to flash, sparkle, gleam' (1]., late also prose).

    *VAR  Only present. Rarely with ἀνα-, napa-, mept-, brt0-.

    *COMP πυρι-, περι-μάρμαρος 'sparkling (of fire)' (Man., Hymn. Is.).

    *DER Besides μαρμάρεος 'gleaming, flashing, sparkling' (Il.) with μαρμαρίζω =  μαρμαίρω (Pi, Ὁ. S.); μαρμαρυγή [f.] 'flashing, sparkling', of rapid movements, etc. (IA since 8 265), cf. on ▶︎ ἀργός 1 for the semantics; formed after ἀμαρυγή. Thence  μαρμαρυγώδης 'seeing sparks' (Hp.), μαρμαρύσσω (cf. ἀμαρύσσω) = μαρμαίρω  (Them. Jul.); μαρμάρυγμα (Cael. Aur.).

    *ETYM Analyzed as a reduplicated intensive yod-present μαρμαίρω < ἔμαρ-μαρ-τω,  standing beside μαρμάρεος like δαιδάλλω beside δαιδάλεος, The discussion of the  semantics and parallels in other IE languages by Tichy 1983: 289-296 shows that the  word may well be an onomatopoeia in origin. This means that Pre-Greek origin is a  strong possibility, and in fact, it is almost ascertained by »ἀμαρύσσω, with a  prothetic vowel. The suffix -vy- also speaks for this. An element μαρ- is found in Maipa [f.] 'the sparkling one', name of Sirius (Call.,  Eratosth.), also as a PN in Hom., and in ▶︎ μαραυγέω. Cf. further perhaps the PN  Ἀμφί-μαρος, son of Poseidon (Paus. 9, 29, 6), perhaps from "Ἀμφι-μάρμαρος?

===Pag_958: Beekes_Página_0958.tiff===

The connection with ▶︎ μαρίλη and ▶︎ μαριεύς is quite possible in terms of Pre-Greek origin. It was thought that Skt. mérici- [f., m.] 'beam of light, mirage in the air' was a certain outer-Greek cognate. Although accepted by Mayrhofer KEWA 2: 589 and Mayrhofer EWAia 2: 321, the connection must be rejected, since the Greek vocalism μαρ- cannot be explained in this way (PIE has no phoneme *a). See »μάρμαρος.

XXXXXμάρμαρος [m.] 'stone, (piece of) rock' (M 380, | 499, probably also E. Ph. 663 [lyr.] and Ar. Ach. 1172 [lyr.]), also an attribute of πέτρος (Π 735, E. Ph. 1401); 'white stone, marble' (Hp., Thphr., Theoc.); also μάρμαρον [n.] 'id' (Call, late inscr.); also 'callosity on the foot of asses' (Hippiatr.).

    *COMP Some compounds, eg. μαρμαρο-φεγγής 'gleaming like marble' (Tim. Pers.).

    *DER μαρμάρ-ινος (Theoc., inser.), τεος (inscr., pap., AP) 'of marble'; -όεις 'gleaming  like marble' (S.), -ώδης 'marble-like' (Et. Gud.); uncertain μαρμαρικός, of ἄσβεστος  (PHolm. 25, 19); probably rather to Μαρμαρική. Further μαρμαρῖτις (πέτρα) 'marble-  like' (Ph. Byz.); also a plant name, 'peony, Fumaria' (Ps.-Dsc.), because of the blue-  gray color; Strémberg 1940: 26, also 'peony' (Plin., who explains the plant's name  from its location). μαρμαρ-άριος 'marble worker' (inscr., = Lat. marmorarius). Denominative μαρμαρόομαι, -dw [v.] 'to be changed into marble, to cover with  marble' (Lyc., Hero); μαρμάρωσις 'callosity' (Hippiatr.) is best taken directly from  μάρμαρον, cf. on ἀέτωσις s.v. ▶︎ αἰετός. μαρμαρωσσός 'with callosity' (Hippiatr.) is  from Lat. marmorosus 'id'.

    *ETYM Because of its original sense of 'stone, rock', Frisk connected it with μάρναμαι,  assuming that the meaning 'marble' resulted from folk-etymological connection with  μαρμαίρω, μαρμάρεος. P. Mazon prefers a connection with μαρμαίρω; cf. LSJ's 'a  crystalline rock which sparkles'. Pre-Greek origin is probable. The age of the veterinary meaning 'callosity' cannot be established; in any case, it  does not represent an independent development from a supposed mg. *'hardening'  vel sim. but is rather a direct metaphor from 'stone' or 'marble'. The same  development is seen in Lat. marmor, which was borrowed from Greek. The forms  found in Western European languages are from Latin. See ▶︎ μάρναμαι, ▶︎ μαρμαίρω.

XXXXXμάρναμαι [v.] 'to fight, battle' (I]l.).

    *VAR Only present; by dissimilation Bap vate vos [ptc.].

    *COMP Rarely with ἐπι, mept-.

    *ETYM The zero-grade nasal present μάρναμαι has an exact formal pendant in Skt.  mṛṇîhí [ipv.], from which thematic myndti 'to crush', also 'to grab' was formed. If  this etymology is correct, μάρναμαι may originally have meant 'to crush one  another', or alternatively, it may derive from the sphere of wrestling (from 'to grab'). Both Gr. and Skt. may derive from athematic *mr-n(e)h.-. For possible further  cognates, most of which do not seem ascertained, see LIV* sv. *merh,-. See  ▶︎ μάρμαρος.

XXXXXμάρπτω [v.] 'to catch, seize, lay hold off, overtake' (IL).

    *VAR Aor. μάρψαι (Il.), perf. μέμαρπεν, etc. (Hes., A. R.).

    *COMP Also with kata-, ovv-.

===Pag_959: Beekes_Página_0959.tiff===

    *DER μάρπτις [m.] 'robber' (A. Supp. 826 [lyr.]; Schwyzer: 271, 504°); κάμμαρψις'  μέτρον σιτικόν, TO ἡμιμέδιμνον. Αἰολεῖς 'a corn-measure (Aeol.)' (H.).

    *ETYM A system without outer-Greek cognates. Note the glosses (all H.) βράψαι-  συλλαβεῖν, ἀναλῶσαι, κρύψαι, θηρεῦσαι 'to gather, spend; consume, hide, hunt' and  βράπτειν: ἐσθίειν, κρύτττειν, ἀφανίζειν 'to eat, hide, make disappear; remove', τῷ  στόματι ἕλκειν, ἢ στενάζειν 'to suck into one's mouth, or to sigh, groan', with Bp- <  mr-. With a different auslauting velar, we find βρακεῖν' συνιέναι 'to understand', ie. 'to  grasp', and βράξαι: συλλαβεῖν, δακεῖν, καταπιεῖν 'to gather, bite, drink'. The latter  have been compared with Skt. mysdti 'to touchytake'. However, the variation k : 1  cannot be explained in IE terms (improbable is assimilation 1 - k > | - π as per  Schwyzer: 302). Rather, the variants point to Pre-Greek *mr(a)k'-, which became  either Bpan- or Bpak-, with a reflex different from that of the IE labiovelar, or μαρπ-. See ▶︎ βρακεῖν, ▶︎ μαπέειν.

XXXXXάρσιππος [m.] 'bag, pouch (for money), purse' (X., LXX, Hell. pap.).

    *VAR Codd. also -ιπος, -υπί(π)ος.

    *DER Diminutive μαρσίππιον, -imov, -ὑπίπλιον (Ηρ. LXX, Hell. pap.).

    *ETYM The word is most probably Pre-Greek because of its variants in 11(7) and t/v. Borrowed into Lat. marsup(p)ium, -sip(p)-; see WH s.v.

XXXXXαρτιχόρας [m.] according to Ctesias (apud Arist., Paus.), an Indian name for a mythical animal, acc. to Paus. 9, 21, 4 (μαρτιόρα) the tigre, = ἀνδροφάγος.

    *ETYM From Iranian; related to OP martiya- [m.] 'man' and Av. x'ar- [v.] 'to  consume', MoP mardom-x4ar 'man-eater'. Cf. Brust 2005: 44off.

XXXXXἄρτυς [m., f.] 'witness' (Il.) 'martyr, blood-witness' in christian litt.

    *VAR Aeol. (Hdn. Gr.) and Dor. μάρτυρ, Cret. Epid. μαῖτυς (-pc), τ-ρος, also μάρτυν  [acc.] (Simon.), μάρτυσι [dat.pl.] (-pot Hippon.?); thematicized in epic and NWGr. μάρτυρος.

    *COMP μαρτυρο-ποιέομαι [v.] 'to call to witness' (inscr., pap.), ψευδό-μαρτυς 'false  witness' (Pl.), ἐπί-μαρτυς 'witness' (Ar., Call., A. R.), probably back-formation from  ἐπι-μαρτύρομαι, -péw; on alleged ἐπιμάρτυρος (for ἔπι μάρτυρος) see Leumann 1950:  71.

    *DER μαρτυρία (A 325; cf. below on paptupéw), μαρτύριον (IA) 'testimony, evidence'. Denominatives: 1. μαρτύρομαι [v.] 'to call to witness' (IA), also with prefix, e.g. δια-,  ἐπι-; 2. μαρτυρέω [v.] 'to testify, bear witness' (Alc., Pi., IA), often with prefix, eg. ἀντι-, ἐκ-, ém-, Sta-, κατα-, ovv-; thence μαρτύρημα (E.), (ἀντι-, κατα-)-μαρτύρησις  (Epicur., pap.) 'testimony', also (δια-, éx-, ἐπι-, συμ-)μαρτυρία 'id.'

    *ETYM The basis may be a verbal abstract *,1dp-tv- 'testimony', seen in μάρ-τυς, -TDv,  -tvo.. The change from the abstract mg. 'testimony' to the appellative 'witness' is  frequently attested, eg. MoFr. témoin < Lat. testiménium, MoE witness originally  'testimony', then 'witness'. The suffix -po- gave rise to μάρτυρος, probably of  adjectival origin. A compromise with μάρτυς then perhaps led to the consonantal  stem μάρτυρ-; note the gen.pl. μαρτύρων (ἐναντίον μαρτύρων, etc.), which can be

===Pag_960: Beekes_Página_0960.tiff=== XXXXXμάσθλης 909 both from the o-stem and from the consonantal stem. Dissimilation occurred in μαϊτυῤζρ)ς < "μάρτυρ-ς; μάρτυσι and μάρτυς can be explained in thesame way. μάρτυς has been explained as a zero grade tu-derivation from the root smer- 'remember', which is found in Skt. smdrati and which may have other derivatives in Greek, e.g. ▶︎ μέριμνα 'care, concern'; the proper meaning of μάρτυς would then be 'remembrance'. However; a reconstruction 'smr-tu- would rather give Bpatv-; therefore, I assume that it is rather a loan from Pre-Greek (see Fur.: 296). This is confirmed by the suffixes -tu-r-, which are non-Indo-European.

XXXXXμασάομαι [v.] 'to chew, bite' (Hp. com., Arist.). «Ὁ, PG?(v)>

    *VAR  Aor. μασήσασθαι.

    *COMP Also with prefix, e.g. Sta-, kata-.

    *DER Derivatives: (δια- )μάσημα 'bite, morsel' (Hp., Antiph., Thphr.), (δια-)μάσησις  'chewing' (Thphr., Dsc.), μασητήρ 'chewer', 'muscle in the lower jaw' (Hp.), παρα-  μασήτης 'by-chewer', 'trencher-companion, parasite' (middle com.). Besides  παραμασύντης 'id.' (middle com.), μασύντης (H.), Μασυντίας PN (Ar.) from  *uaotvw; cf. μοσσύνειν- μασᾶσθαι βραδέως 'to chew slowly' (H.); Chantraine  corrects to μασ-, which may be right or wrong; the variation might point to Pre-  Greek origin.

    *ETYM The meaning of μασάομαι suggests that it is an iterative-intensive deverbative  formation to a primary yod-present (cf. pipdw to φῦρω < *pip-.w). Next to it we  find an innovative "μασύνω. The yod-present has been analyzed as PGr. *mnt'-ie/o-  on account of the gloss μάθυιαι: γνάθοι 'jaws' (H.); a stem PGr. *mnt'- can also been  recognized in ▶︎ μάσταξ << μάστο- < μαθ-τ-. As there is not enough evidence for a sound change *-tH- > Gr. -θ-, I reject the  comparison with Skt. math- 'to stir' < IE *metH- (which is semantically not  compelling either). The synonym Lat. mando, -ere 'to chew' is mostly derived from  *metH-, too, but in Latin, the development *mt-nH- > mand- is regular (cf. pando <  *pt-nH-). On the other hand, the Gm. group of OHG mindel, ON mel [n.] 'bit of the bridle' <  IE *ment-, Go. munps 'mouth' < IE *mnt- has been compared. Gr. μαθ- was analyzed  as the corresponding zero grade, but the aspiration cannot be explained. Moreover,  the Gm. group should rather be compared with MW mant 'gums, mouth', Lat. mentum 'jaw' as *mn-to-. In sum, everything remains uncertain, but note that the gloss μοσσύνειν could point  to Pre-Greek origin. ᾿

XXXXXμάσθλης [m.] 'leather', name of leather objects (cf. διφθέρα) like 'leather shoe, strap' (Sapph., Hp., S.); also metaph. ofa flexible and flattering man (Ar.).

    *VARAeol. μάσλης, -ητος (with loss of the 9); μάσθλη [f.] (S. Fr. 571, H.).

    *DER μασθλήτινος 'like leather' (Cratin, Eup.), μασθλήματα [n.pl.] 'leather ware'  (Ctes.).

    *ETYM Formation like τάπης, λέβης, etc; explanation uncertain. Traditionally  derived from ἱμάσθλη (see ▶︎ ἱμάς) with loss of the anlaut (for which μάστιξ is  compared, see Chantraine 1933: 375, Str6mberg 1944: 44). However, such a loss is

===Pag_961: Beekes_Página_0961.tiff===

highly improbable. Schwyzer: 533 and 725? derives μάσθλης from ▶︎ μάστιξ and ▶︎ μαίομαι; thence ἱμάσθλη with secondary adaptation to ἱμάς. Extensively on μάσθλης, Hamm Glotta 32 (1953): 43ff. Possibly Pre-Greek (see Fur.: 172"°), ασθός 'breast'. -'μαστός.

XXXXXἀσκαῦυλὴς [m.] 'basin for ablution'. <?>

    *ETYM Late transcription of Hebrew maskel (inscr. Philadelphia, Lydia ITI'). DELG  asks whether it is a notation of ▶︎ βασκαύλης.

XXXXXἄσκη - δίκελλα (H.). -ομακέλη. Ἂς

XXXXXἄσπετον [n.] 'leaf or stalk of silphion' (Antiph.). < PG?(s)>

    *ETYM On the suffix -eto-, see Fur.: 115%.

XXXXXάσσω [v.] 'to knead (dough), press a workable material in a form; to strike, wipe off, make a reproduction of sth.' (since τ 92). 415? menk-, or meh,g- 'knead'>

    *VAR Att. μάττω, -ομαι, aor. μάξαι, -σθαι, pass. μαγῆναι, μαχθῆναι, perf. med. μέμαγμαι, act. μέμαχα (Ar).

    *COMP Often with prefix, like ἀπο-, ἐκ-, dva-.

    *DER 1. ἐκμαγεῖον (μαγεῖον Longin.) 'mass of which prints are made, offprint, mould;  towel, napkin' (IA). 2. payic, -ίδος [f.] 'kneaded mass, cake, kneading trough,  dresser' (Hp., Com, S.). 3. μάγμα [n.] 'kneaded mass, thick salve, smear' (pap., Plin.),  ἔκ-, ἀπό-μαγμα 'offprint, wiping cloth, wiped off dirt' (Hp., S., Thphr.), μαγμόν' τὸ  καθάρσιον 'purifying means' (H.). 4. &k-, ἀνά-μαξις 'wiping off (Arist.). 5. μαγεύς  [m.] 'Kneader, baker, sbd. who wipes off (Poll, AP, H.), probably directly from the  verb. 6. μακτήρ' ἡ κάρδοπος 'kneading trough', ἡ πυελίς 'socket, basin'. καὶ διφθέρα  'leather bag'. καὶ ὀρχήσεως σχῆμα 'scheme of a dance' (H.); (ἀπο-, κατα-)μάκτης  'someone who kneads or wipes off (Com. Adesp., H.), fem. ἀπομάκτρια (Poll). 7. μάκτρα [f.] 'baking trough' (com., X.), 'trough, bathing tub, sarcophagus' (Hell.),  spelled μάκρα, see Schwyzer: 337; (ἔκ-, ἀπό-)-μάκτρον 'offprint, towel, etc.' (E., Ar.). 8. μακτήριον = μάκτρα (Plu.). 9. μακτρισμός name of a dance (Ath.), after  κορδακισμός; cf. on μακτήρ above; thence -iotpia name of a dancing girl (ibid.). 10. ἀπομαγδαλιά (Ar, Plu. Gal.), μαγδαλιά (Gal), -éa (Hippiatr.) 'bread crumb for  handwashing'; like ἁρμαλιά, φυταλιά, etc., but with unexplained δ (perhaps after  *anoudySnv?). 1. With root-final κ: μακαρία: βρῶμα ἐκ ζωμοῦ καὶ ἀλφίτων 'dish  made of soup and barley groats' (H.).

    *ETYM In Germanic and Balto-Slavic, comparanda are found that may be derived  from IE *meh,g-, eg. MoHG machen, OS makon 'to make, erect, build', if from *'to  knead, form' (but note Molc. maka 'to smear'), OCS mazati, 1sg. maze 'to smear,  salve' (MBret. mezaff 'to knead' is unrelated, see Matasovic 2009 s.v.); uncertain is  the comparison with Arm. macanim, macnum 'to stick, congeal'. On the other hand, a root IE *menk- is found in Lith. minkyti, 1sg. minkau, also  mankyti, 13g. mankau 'to knead a soft mass', OCS moka, Ru. muke 'flour' and related  Balto-Slavic words. From Gm., one might adduce MoHG mengen, OE mengan, etc., -

===Pag_962: Beekes_Página_0962.tiff=== XXXXXμάστιξ, -ἰγος 911 if the original mg. is 'knead together', and from Indo-Aryan Skt. macate 'to crush, etc.' (Dhatup.). The etymology is connected with the question which velar was original in Greek, -«- or -y-. The isolated μακαρία is the only one with a clear voiceless stop, for μάσσω < ἔμακτίω can be explained as analogical after the aorist. If related, μᾶζα points to -y-, but μαγῆναι and most nominal forms -y- can be explained by analogy as well. Therefore, both options remain open. A suppletive system *menk (whence μακαρία, μάσσω) beside meh.g- (whence μαγῆναι) is conceivable, too. I retain some doubts, however, about the form -μαγδαλιά. See ▶︎ μᾶζα.

XXXXXμάσσων 'longer'. -᾿ μῆκος.

XXXXXμάστα [?] + ἡγεμών, ἢ μεγάλως (HL). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXμάσταξ, -ακος [f.] 'mouth; mouthful, morsel' (I 324), also metaph. 'locust' (S. Fr. 716, Nic.), Ambraciotic acc. to Clitarch. apud EM 216, 9, because of its voracity (cf. Stromberg 1944: 17f.).

    *DER μαστάζω [v.] 'to chew' (Nic. Th. 918), also συμ- (Hippiatr.), with expressive by-  forms: 1. μασταρύζω (vl. -ifw) [v.] 'to chew fervently, withdut uttering a word', of an  old man (Ar. Ach. 689); cf. μασταρίζειν: μαστιχᾶσθαι. kai τρέμειν 'to tremble'. ἢ  σφοδρῶς ἢ κακῶς μασᾶσθαι 'to chew violently and in a bad way' (H.), μαστηρύζειν'  τὸ κακῶς μασᾶσθαι (Phot.); formation like κελαρύζω, βατταρίζω, etc. 2. μαστιχάω,  only ptc. dat.sg. μαστιχόωντι (Hes. Sc. 389, verse-final) 'chewing violently for anger'  = 'grinding the teeth, foaming' (of a boar), μαστιχᾶσθαι in H. s.v. μασταρίζειν (see  above); back-formation μαστίχη [f.] 'resin of the mastich-tree' (Com. Adesp.,  Thphr.), μαστίχ-ινος (Dsc.), -ηρά [f.] 'plaster from mastich' (Aet.), after ἐλαιηρός,  etc. (Chantraine 1933: 232f.).

    *ETYM Both μάσταξ and μαστάζω, which need not be directly related, go back to a  derivative μασ-τ- (from ἔμαθ-τ-, cf. the gloss μάθυιαι': γνάθοι H.) which stands  beside the yod-present μασάομαι (from *108-1-). The function of.the proposed  formation remains unclear, however. For the formation of μαστάζω, cf. βαστάζω,  κλαστάζω (beside KAdw), etc. (Schwyzer: 706); for μάσταξ, see πόρταξ © πόρτις),  μύλαξ (: μύλος). The gloss μέστακα' τὴν μεμασημένην τροφήν 'chewed food' (H.),  with deviating vocalism, does not show an old full grade, but it was simply reshaped  folk-etymologically after μεστός 'mouthful'. The group may be of Pre-Greek origin; see ▶︎ μασάομαι for further details.

XXXXXμαστεύω 'to search after'. -"μαίομαι, ματεύω.

XXXXXμάστιξ, -yos [f.] 'whip, scourge', metaph. 'plague' (Il.). < PG(s)>

    *VAR Also dat. μάστῖ, acc. -iv C¥ 500, 0 182, AP).

    *COMP μαστιγο-φόρος 'bearing the whip', also name of a policeman (Th. pap.).

    *DER Diminutive μαστίγιον (M. Ant.); μαστιγ-ίας [m.] 'rogue' (Att.), see Chantraine  1933: 93; -la name of a magic plant (PMag. Par.). Denominative verbs: 1. μαστίω 'to whip, scourge, thrash' (1].), present only, sporadic  in epic. 2. μαστίζω (post-Hom.), -ἰσδω (Theoc.), aor. μαστίξαι (11; Hell.) 'id', either

===Pag_963: Beekes_Página_0963.tiff===

from μάστιξ or enlarged from μαστίω, beside μαστίκ- τωρ 'scourger, chastiser' (A. Eu. 159), -τήρ 'id' (conj. A. Supp. 466). 3. μαστιγ-ῶσαι, -dw (-éw Hat. 1, 114) 'id,' (IA), with paotiywot 'whipping' (Ath.), -ώσιμος 'worth a thrashing' (Luc.), after λεύσιμος (Arbenz 1933: 99).

    *ETYM The connection with μαίομαι, as an enlargement in -y- of an old instrument  noun in -ti-, is doubtful; the word is rather Pre-Greek, on account of the suffix -ly-.

XXXXXμαστιχάω -''μάσταξ.

XXXXXμαστός [m.] 'nipple, motherbreast, breast', metaph. 'hill, height', also name of a cup (Apollod. Cyren. apud Ath. 11, 487b, Oropos, Delos); cf. Jaeger RAM 102 (1959): 3376. (on the use in Clem. Al. and Ph.).

    *VAR  Post-Hom. μαστός, epic ion. poet. μαζός, Dor. (Theoc.) μασδός, Hell. also  μασθός; on μαστίχη see ▶︎ μάσταξ.

    *COMP φιλό-μαστος 'loving the breast' (A.), γυναικό-μαστος (-θος) 'having female  breasts' (medic.), δεκά-μαζος 'having ten breasts' (Epigr. Gr.); μαστό-δε-τον [n.]  'breast-band' (AP); cf. e.g. ἀκμό-θετον.

    *DER Diminutive μαστίον 'small cup' (Oropos), μαστάριον 'id.' (Delos), also 'small  breast' (Alciphr.).

    *ETYM Attempts have been made to attribute μαζός, μαστός, μασθός to three  different pre-forms, *mad-do-, *mad-to-, *mad-d'o- (Schrader KZ 30 (1890): 476). However, the existence of a nominal suffix *-d'-, and especially of *-d-, is doubtful. Moreover, semantically, derivation from the root of μαδάω is meaningless. If the form is Pre-Greek, μαζός [mazdos] and μαστός differ in voice only (and  aspiration in Hell. μασθός). Since voice and aspiration are not distinctive in Pre-  Greek, all forms may go back to the same Pre-Greek word. It is therefore not  preferable to explain μασθός (attested at a later date) as a reshaping after words with  comparable meaning, or by association with words like στῆθος, κύσθος, βρόχθος.

XXXXXμαστροπός [m., f.] 'procurer, procuress' (Ar., X., etc.).

    *VAR Also μαστροφός (H.); hypocoristic μάστρυς [f.] (Phot.).

    *DER μαστροπικός, -οπεύω, -οπεία (Att.).

    *ETYM The usual connection with μαίομαι 'touch, investigate' is uncertain, as the  variant with -φ- may point to a Pre-Greek word. Fur.: 160 compares μάτρυλλος, -α  'procurer', ματρυλεῖον 'brothel', μαστρυλλεῖον and μάστρυς 'procurer, -ess'; note the  variation o/ zero in these forms, on which see Fur.: 301ff.

XXXXXμασχάλη [f.] 'armpit (h. Merc.), metaph. 'axil, branch' (Thphr.), 'bay' (Str.), etc.

    *COMP E.g. ἀμφι-μάσχαλος 'with two arm-holes', of χιτών (com.).

    *DER μασχαλίς [f.] 'axil' (Thphr.), ppacxadt(v)ov, -eov (-Eov cod.) [f] 'basket made of  palm twigs' (H,, sch.), -taioc 'belonging to the armpit' (inscr., medic.); μασχαλιστήρ  'girdle in the arm-pits' (Hdt, A.), like βραχιονιστήρ, etc. see Chantraine 1933: 328;  formally, it is a euphemistic expression for 'mutilate' from the denominative  μασχαλίζομαι, with probable original mg. 'be girded in the armpits': according to  ancient informants, all bodily extremities including nose and ears were cut off

===Pag_964: Beekes_Página_0964.tiff=== XXXXXμάτη 913 during mutilation, and were fastened to a string running through the armpits. Thence μασχαλισμός 'mutilation', μασχαλίσματα [pl.] 'cut off extremities' (A. S., Lex.). The correctness of this old interpretation is doubted by Boehm in PW 14: 2060ff.

    *ETYM The formation may be compared with that of ἀγκάλη 'bent arm'; further  details are unclear. No doubt a Pre-Greek word. A very bold attempt was made by  Adams Glotta 62 (1984): 65f. See ▶︎ μάλη.

XXXXXμάταιος --μάτη.

XXXXXματεύω [v.] 'to search, seek, strive to' (Ξ 110). <?> 'ΝΑΙ ματέω in μάτης (Theoc. 29, 15, from Aeol. ἐμάτημι), patel ζητεῖ; ματῆσαι- μαστεῦσαι, ζητῆσαι 'id'; μάσσαι' ζητῆσαι (H.), ματεῖσθαι:- ζητεῖσθαι (Hp. apud Erot.).

    *COMP Also with prefix: ἐσ-ματέομαι, -μάσασθαι (Ηρ.), ἐμ-. κατ-εμ-ματέω (Nic.) 'to  put the finger (down the throat), to implant (a sting)'.

    *DER μάτος [n.] 'investigation' (Hp. apud Gal.), ματήρ: ἐπίσκοπος 'supervisor',  ἐπιζητῶν, ἐρευνητής 'searcher, inspector' with ματηρεύειν: pa<o>teverv, ζητεῖν (HL).

    *ETYM ματεύω is probably secondary for patéw (cf. Schwyzer: 732). The latter  formally corresponds to δατέομαι and πατέομαι, so we probably have to start from a  nominal t-stem. The verbal nouns dd5actoc, ἄπαστος are parallelled by ἀπροτίμαστος, while  -μάσ(σλασθαι, μάσσαι conform to the aorists δάσί(σγασθαι, πάσ(σγασθαι. Therefore,  the verbal forms with -σ- can be combined with ματέω, just likenominal  as μαστύς, μαστήρ, μάστιξ, ▶︎ μάσμα, etc. The form μαστεύω (see ▶︎ μαίομαι) may also  have received its -σ- from these sigmatic forms. The pair patéw: μαίομαι may be compared with δατέομαι : δαίομαι; but ascertained  outer-Greek comparanda are lacking for μαίομαι (unlike for δαίομαι).

XXXXXματέω [v.] 'to tread', in the ptc. μάτεισαι [nom f.pl.] (Aeol., Incerti auct. 16, 3 LP, from Ἐμάτη-μι), ματεῖ: πατεῖ 'id.' (H.). <1E? *men- 'tread'>

    *ETYM Formed like ▶︎ ματέω 'to search', if not simply a rhyme with natéw. Connected  with a primary verb 'to tread' in Balto-Slavic, eg. Lith. minti, 1sg. minu 'to tread  (down), break flax', OCS meti, sg. mong 'to press together', Ru. mjat', 186. mnu 'to  knead, tread (loam), break (flax)'; nominal derivatives are found in Celtic, eg. W  mathr 'trampling, mire' < *mn-tro-. Skt. carma-mnd- [m.] 'tanner' cannot be  included here; see Mayrhofer EW Aia s.v. See ▶︎ natéw.

XXXXXμάτη [f.] fault, folly' vel sim. (Stesich, A, S.). <2?

    *VAR Also patin 'id.' (k 79, A. R.), a metrically convenient transformation (Porzig  1942: 204 and 70); μάτην [adv.] 'idly, in vain, without reason' (h. Cer.).

    *DER 1. μάταιος 'idly, empty, foolish, rash' (IA) with ματαιό-της (Hell.), -σύνη  (Polem. Phgn.) 'idleness, etc.' and denominatives: a) (ἀπο-)ματαΐζω [v.] (Hdt, J.),

XXXXXματάζω [v.] (A., 5.) 'to talk nonsense, act foolishly', also -αιάζω [v.] 'id' (Hell.); b) ματαιόομαι, -dw [v.] 'to bring to naught, act foolishly (LXX, NT) with ματαίωμα (Hermas). 2. ματάω, aor. ματῆσαι 'to do in vain, miss, be useless' (II.).

===Pag_965: Beekes_Página_0965.tiff===

    *ETYM The difficulty in determining the original meaning of the verbal noun μάτη  (thus Fraenkel 1912: 115) and of its fossilized accusative μάτην makes it very hard to  find a convincing etymology. The connection with the Slavic group of Pol. matac,  isg. matam 'to swindle, turn, lie, deceive', SCr. matati, 1sg. matam 'to allure, attract',  clearly has little value. Meier-Briigger Glotta 67 (1989): 42-44 connects the root *men- 'to have in mind',  with negative connotations. Fur.: 88 n. 476 notes that words for 'stupid, foolish' are  often of substrate origin (see also ibid. 242, 339; cf. ματταβος: ὁ μωρός 'moron' H.). See »μηνύω, ▶︎ ατταβος.

XXXXXμάτιον [n.] Eg. measure of capacity (pap. II-III')?

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXματίς [adj.] - μέγας. τινὲς ἐπὶ τοῦ βασιλέως (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Tentatively compared with Celtic words for 'good', eg. Olr. maith < PCL. *mati-. It remains doubtful whether the gloss is from Greek or from another  language.

XXXXXματρυλεῖον = paoctpomdéc.

XXXXXμάτταβος [adj.] - 6 μωρός 'someone stupid, moron' (H.).

    *VAR ματτάβης: ἀπορῶν 'without escape or means' (H.), ματταβεῖ: περιβλέπει,  ἀδημονεῖ 'gazes around, is troubled' (H.), uattabo<b>pevoc: μέλλων καὶ ἀποκνῶν  'who is about to do something but hesitates' (H.).

    *ETYM A popular word, acc. to Chantraine 1933: 261f. derived from μάτη with the  degrading suffix -β-, and containing expressive gemination. It may well be Pre-  Greek; see Fur.: 242, who connects it with μάταιος 'idle'. See ▶︎ wat.

XXXXXματτύῃ [f.] name of a sweet dish, which is made of all kinds of ingredients, like minced meet, poultry, aromatic spices; it is ascribed to the Thessalians and the Macedonians (middle and new com.).

    *VAR Also -α [f.], -ης [m.].

    *COMP Asa first member in ματτυο-κόπης [m.] (epithet, Amm. Marc.), perhaps also  in ματτυο-λοιχός (Ar. Nu. 451 and Hdn. Gr. 1, 231 according to Bentley; codd. ματιο-).

    *DER ματτυάζω [v.] 'to prepare au.' (Alex.).

    *ETYM Formerly analyzed as derived from "ματτύς (comparing ἰχθύη : ἰχθύς, δελφύα  : δελφύς, etc.), representing *pax-tc with a dialectal (Cretan or perhaps Thessalian)  assimilation. This would be a tv-derivative of μάσσω < *pak-w 'to knead'; see Kalén  1918: οἵ, following Ath. 14, 663b. Improbable. Fur: 386 compares ματύλλη 'id.'  (Poll. 6, 70). The a-vocalism in the root and the alternation t(1) point to Pre-Greek  origin. Borrowed as Lat. mattea; see WH s.v.

XXXXXμαῦλις 1 - μάχαιρα. καὶ ἡ μισθωτὸν (Latte: μισθίον) ποιοῦσα 'large knife, also a procuress' (H.). «Ἰῶν Lyd.?>

    *DER μαυλίζω = μαστροπεύω 'to pander' (H., sch.) with μαυλιστής [m.] (Cat. Cod. Astr., Phot. Suid.), μαυλίστρια [f.] (Suid. sch, EM); μαυλιστήριον: παρ᾽ Ἱππώνακτι,

===Pag_966: Beekes_Página_0966.tiff=== XXXXXμάχλος 915 λύδιον νόμισμα 'a Lydian custom / currency in Hipponax' (λέμισμα cod.) λεπτόν τι 'something small or delicate' (H.); Latte gives Λύδιόν τι λεπτόν νόμισμα. 'a small Lydian currency', fr. 126 Bergk.

    *ETYM A chain of hypotheses is assumed by Jongkees Acta Orbis 16 (1938): 146ff.:  from Lyd. *mav-lis, an adj, built on *Mavs, the Lydian name of the mother goddess  Magna mater (seen in PNs from Asia Minor, e.g. Mava, Mav-evva, Μαυ-σσ-ωλλος,  etc.). Thus, it would properly mean 'belonging to Mavs'. Thence 1. = μάχαιρα, as the  Magna mater was considered the patroness of metal weapons; 2. 'woman devoted to  the Magna mater', who makes her money as a prostitute; 3. 'coin of the Magna  mater' (with added suffix -τήριον). Criticism of these hypotheses in O. Masson 1962:  178.

XXXXXμαῦλις 2, -ίδος, -τος [f.] 'knife' (Call. Nic., AP, H., Suid.,sch.). -ομαῦλις 1. μαῦρος

    *VAR μαυρός. -'ἀμαυρός.

XXXXXμαφόρτηςς, -ου [m.] 'short cloak with acap' for women and monks. «LW Sem.>

    *VAR  μαφόρ(τλον [n.].

    *COMP δελματικο-μαφόρτης, -τιον 'a μ. cut like a Dalmatian cloak', from δελ-,  δαλματική, Lat. Del-, Dalmatica (pap. imperial period).

    *ETYM From Sem.,, cf. Hebr. maaforet, Aram. ma'aford, -for'ta 'cloak with cap'. See  Lewy KZ 59 (1932): 192. Lat. probably borrowed mafortium, maforte from Greek, as  well as mafortis, -fors; see WH s.v. Greek borrowed σουβρικο-μαφόρτιον (pap. imperial period) from Latin.

XXXXXμάχαιρα [f.] 'large knife, butchery knife' (IL); post-Hom. also 'short sword, dagger'.

    *COMP μαχαιρο-φόρος [adj.] 'sword-bearing', subst. msc. 'sword-bearer' (IA), ἀ-  μάχαιρος 'without a knife' (Pherecr.).

    *DER Diminutive μαχαίρ-ιον (Hp., X., Arist.), -ἰς [f.] (com., Str.), -iétov (Ph., Luc.);  further μαχαιρᾶς [m.] 'sword-bearer' (pap., inscr.), μαχαιρωτός 'equipped with a  sword' (Gal. Paul. Aeg.); paxatpiwv, -iwvoc [m.] plantname = ξιφίον (Dsc. 4, 20, v.l. τώνιον), after the form of the leaves, acc. to Strémberg 1940: 44; also as a PN (Paus.);

XXXXXΜαχαιρεύς [m.] (Str., sch. Pi.).

    *ETYM Like γέραιρα, χίμαιρα, πίειρα, etc., μάχαιρα looks like a derivative in *-1a- built  on an r-stem. Traditionally connected with μάχομαι, but DELG finds this  implausible. Semitic etymology (with reservations) in Lewy 1895: 177 (comparing  Hebr. m'kérd 'sword', but acc. to Gordon Antiquityy 30 (1956): 22ff., this is rather  from Greek); cf. Kretschmer Glotta 19 (1931): 160. Borrowed as Lat. machaera. I compare μάγειρος 'cook', and on account of the interchange y/x, conclude that it is  a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXμάχλος [adj.] 'lascivious' (of women), 'luxuriant, wild' (Hes., A.).

    *VAR μάχλης: ἀκρατής, πόρνος 'out of control, sodomite' (H.); also μαχλάς, -άδος  [f.] (Man., AP, Ph.), μαχλίς: ἑταίρα, πόρνη 'courtisane, prostitute' (H.).

===Pag_967: Beekes_Página_0967.tiff===

    *DER μαχλο-σύνη 'lasciviousness, voluptuousness' (CQ 30, Hes., Hdt.), -της 'id' (EM,  Sch.); μαχλικός 'like a lascivious woman' (Man.); μαχλεύομαι [v.] 'to be lascivious' in  μεμαχλευμένον ἦτορ (Man.), μαχλῶντες: πορνεύοντες 'prostituting' (H.).

    *ETYM The comparison with Skt. makha-, an attribute of gods, is gratuitous and  should be discarded in view of the unknown meaning of the latter (see Mayrhofer  EWaAia 2: 288). Fur.: 21 adduces Βάκχος (with interchange βίμ), and compares (ibid. fn. 48) Arm. mahaz 'lascivious', suggesting that all these words are from Asia Minor. Note that a word of this meaning with interchange βέμ may well be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXμάχομαι [v.] 'to fight, combat' (IL).

    *VAR Epic also μαχέομαι (μαχειόμενος, μαχεούμενον with metr. lengthening), aor. μαχέσ(σγ)γασθαι (Il), μαχήσασθαι (Ὁ. S., Paus.), μαχεσθῆναι (Plu. Paus.), fut. μαχήσομαι (epic Ion.), μαχέσ(σ)ομαι (Ion. and late), μαχέομαι (B 366), μαχοῦμαι  (Att), μαχεῖται (Y 26), perf. μεμάχημαι (Att.).

    *COMP P Often with prefix, e.g. dia-, ovv-, dmo-. As a second member in μονο-μάχος  'fighting on his own' (A, E.), msc. 'gladiator' (Str.), whence μονομαχ-έω, -ia, etc,  ναυ-μάχ-ος 'fighting at sea' (AP), but ναύ-μαχος from μάχιη, see below.

    *DER μάχη 'battle' (11); as a second member in ἄ-, πρό-, σύμ-, ναύ-, ἱππό-μαχος, with  derivatives like προμαχ-ίζω, ovppay-éw, vavpay-éw, -ἰα. Thence: 1. μαχη-τής [m.] 'warrior' (Hom., LXX), Dor. μαχατάς (Pi), wayatap:  ἀντίπαλος 'adversary' (H.), Aeol. μαχαίτας (Alc. 350), probably hyperaeolism (cf. DELG). 2 μάχιμος 'warlike, militant' (IA), after ἄλκιμος; also msc. 'soldier of an  Egyptian tribe', with μαχιμικός 'in the way of the uaywor (pap.). 3. Μαχάων [m.] PN  (Aeol. epic), Ion. -éwv, with Dor. Maxav-idac. From μάχομαι also μαχ-ἤμων 'warlike' (M 247, AP) and μαχ-ητός 'to be fought with'  (u 119), ἀ-, περι-μάχ-ητος (Att), μαχ-ητικός 'ready for battle' (Pl. Arist.). The  second member -μάχᾶς, as in ἀπειρο-μάχᾶς 'unexperienced in battle' (Pi.), λεοντο-  wax ac 'fighting with a lion' (Theoc.), may be derived from noun or verb alike.

    *ETYM Beside the thematic root present μάχομαι, the isolated by-form μαχέομαι is  modelled on μαχήσομαι, rather than a denominative of μάχη. The pair μαχήσομαι :  ἐμαχό-μην has parallels like ἀπ-εχθήσομαι : ἀπ-εχθόμην, μαθήσομαι : ἔμαθον and  γενήσομαι : ἐγενόμην. One has therefore been inclined to analyze ἐμαχόμην as an  original aorist, from which μάχομαι was subsequently made. Further evidence for  this view is the remarkably low frequency of the aorist in Homer (Triimpy 1950:  2603), It is supposed that a new aorist μαχέσί(σ)γασθαι arose (after the model of  κοτέσσασθαι, etc.) after μάχεσθαι had been reinterpreted as a present. The new  future μαχοῦμαι then arose from μαχέσ(σγ)ασθαι in analogy with the type teAéo(o)at :  fut. τελῶ. In the domain of fighting and battle, old inherited expressions can hardly be  expected. The connection with a supposed Iran. PN *ha-mazan- 'warrior' in  ▶︎ Ἀμαζών, ἀμαζακάραν: πολεμεῖν. Πέρσαι, and ἀμαζανίδες: ai μηλέαι (H.) is  ingenious, but highly uncertain. Within Greek, it is formally possible to connect  μάχομαι with μάχαιρα '(butchering) knife' and with μῆχαρ, μηχανή 'ruse' (cf. χειρο-vaya [f.], scil. ἑταιρεία, the name of the workers' party in Milete acc. to Plu. 2, 298c.),

===Pag_968: Beekes_Página_0968.tiff=== XXXXXμέγας 917 a suggestion which DELG rightly calls improbable. As an isolated root, μαχ- may well be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXμάψ [adv.] 'blindly, in vain' (Hom.).

    *COMP  As a first member in μαψι-λόγος 'speaking in vain' (h. Merc.), after other first  members in 4, see Zumbach 1955: 22; μαψ-υλάκᾶς 'barking in vain' (Pi., Sapph.), εἴς.

    *DER μαψ-ίδιος 'idle, useless' (E., Theoc.), -ἰδίως [adv.] (Hom.).

    *ETYM Adverb in -ς, always occurring before vowel, of unexplained origin. Not  related to Lat. mox 'soon', etc. (see WH s.v.). It could well be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXμεγαίρω [v.] 'to grudge, envy, refuse' (Il.), mostly with negation.

    <IE *megh.- 'great'>

    *VAR  Aor. μεγῆραι.

    *DIAL According to sch. N 563 and Eust., from Salamis (cf. Ruijgh 1957: 162).

    *DER Privative verbal adj. ἀ-μέγαρ-τος 'not enviable, unpleasant, unhappy' (1].). Perhaps Méyaipa [f.] name of one of the Erinyes.

    *ETYM Formation like ἐχθαίρω, yepaipw, etc., formally identical with Arm. mecarem  'to esteem highly' from mec 'great', except for the yod-derivation. As Clackson 1994:  149-150 remarks, the suffix -aipw became productive in Greek, e.g. ἐλεαίρω to ἐλέω  'to pity'. Thus, it is unnecessary that an r-stem *meg(h.)-r- 'greatness' or *megh.-ro-  'great' underlies both the Greek and Armenian verbs. The Greek development of meaning is understood by Clackson from 'to regard as  great' > 'regard as too great' > 'grudge'. See ▶︎ μέγας.

XXXXXμέγαρα 1 [n.pl.] 'pits into which living pigs were thrown during the Thesmophoria' (Paus.).

    *VAR Also μάγ- (Men.).

    *ETYM Probably from Semitic, cf. Hebr. me'ara 'cavity'. See Lewy 1895: 94, although  he prefers identifying the word with μέγαρον 'hall'. μέγαρον 2 [n.] 'hall, room, the inner space of a temple', plur. 'house, palace' (epic Ion.,  11.); on the mg. e.g. Wace JHS 71 (1951): 203f. <PG>

    *VAR  Gen.pl. -ἔων (Sophr.).

    *ETYM Undoubtedly a technical loan from the substrate, perhaps adapted to μέγα; cf. the TN Méyapa.

XXXXXμέγας [adj.] 'great, big, large' (Il.).

    *VAR  μεγάλη [f.], μέγα [n.]; compar. μέζων, superl. μέγιστος (I1.).

    *DIAL Att. compar. μείζων, lengthened after κρείττων, ἀμείνων, etc. (Schwyzer: 538),  Myc. compar. me-zo,

    *COMP μεγά-θυμος 'with great mind' (Hom.), μεγαλ-ήτωρ 'magnanimous' (1].),  μεγαλό-φρων 'magnanimous' (Att.), cf. Hom. μέγα φρονέων; μεγιστό-τιμος 'with  highest honour' (A.).

    *DER 1. From peya-: μέγεθος [n.] 'greatness, sublimity' (IL), Hdt. v.l. μέγαθος; cf. πλῆτθος; -ε- by vowel assimilation according to Schwyzer: 255, but this is improbable  as such assimilations were irregular; thence μεγεθ-ικός 'quantitative' (comm. Arist.),  -bvw [v.] 'to magnify', pass. 'to get exalted' (late), after μεγαλύνω; -όομαι =  μεγαλύνομαι (medic., S. E.); PN Μέγης with patronymic Μεγάδης (1]..

===Pag_969: Beekes_Página_0969.tiff===

, -ἔουσα 2. From μεγαλο-: μεγαλ-εῖος 'grand(iose)' (PL, X., Plb.), enlarged after ἀνδρεῖος, with -εἰότης 'highness, majesty' (LXX); μεγάλ-ωμα [n.] 'greatness, power' (LXX), -wovvn 'id' (LXX, Aristeas), -w- analogical; -ωστί [adv.] 'magnificently'. 3. From μέγιστος: μεγιστᾶνες [m.pl.] (rarely -av sg.) 'great lords, magnates' (Men., LXX, NT), after the PNs in -ἄνες, Bj6rck 1950: 55, 278ff.; PN Meyiot-w [f.] (Emp., pap.), -lac, -εύς; μεγιστεύω [v.] 'to be(come) very great' (App.).

    *ETYM A form corresponding to μέγα, μέγας is found in Arm. mec 'great', meca-w  linstr.] (a-stem); Skt. mahi [n.] 'great' (with ἢ from *-gh,-) can also be subsumed  under IE *mégh,-. We find PGm. *meku with secondary *-u after *felu > Go. filu  'many', see ▶︎ πολύς: ON miok 'very'. Further, Hitt. mekk- 'much, many' (Old Script)  was reshaped into an i-stem mekki-. ᾿    The final -α from -h, is the zero grade of - in Skt. maha- 'great' (as a first member),  maha-nt- 'id'; the effect ofa laryngeal after g was aspiration in Skt. with *gh > h. The  masculine μέγας, -av is immediately understandable as an innovation from μέγα; the  other forms have an enlargement *-/-, the origin of which is unlear. This  enlargement is also found in Go. mikils 'great' < PGm. *mekila- and in synonymous  Lith. didelis 'great' (from didis 'id.'). See ▶︎ ἀγα-, ▶︎ μεγαίρω.

XXXXXμεδέων, -Eovea 'ruler'. πομέδω.

XXXXXμέδιμνος [m.] corn measure (IA), a 'bushel' = 48 χοίνικες, which was about 52 1/2 liters in Athens.

    *VAR Older -ίμνος; with dissimilation Fedipvoc (Gortyn).

    *COMP As a second member in ἡμέδιμνον [n.] 'half-bushel', also -o¢ [m.]  (haplological for ἡμι-μέδιμνον, originally a substantivized adj.).

    *DER μεδιμν-ιαῖος 'measuring one Lt' (Gortyn), -aiov: μέτρον μοδίου (H.).

    *ETYM Formally, μέδιμνος looks like μέριμνα 'care, anxiety', λίμνη 'harbor' (cf. λίμην), στάμνος ''wine-jar', etc. If we assume an enlarged mn-stem to the root *med-  (seen in Greek μέδομαι 'to care', μέδω 'to rule, govern', μήδεα 'counsels, plans'). However, the -ἰ- remains problematic. It is tempting to compare Lat. modius  'bushel', derived from modus 'measure'. Because of the great number of loanwords  in -μν-, Chantraine 1933: 216 considers the word to be of Mediterranean origin. To  my mind, the word must be Pre-Greek, in view of the suffix -μν-. See Fur: 246'.

XXXXXμέδω [v.] 'to rule, govern' (Emp., trag.). .

    *VAR Also -€w? Only present.

    *DER μέδων [ptc.] 'ruler' (Hom.), like ἄρχων, fem. -ovoa 'ruling', name of one of the  Gorgons (Hes.), also μεδέων, -éovtos 'id.' (IL, h. Merc.), fem. -ἔουσα (h. Hom., Hes.);  PN Μέδων, Λαο-μέδων, etc, TN Μεδεών (Boeotia) in the sense 'seat of  government'(?).

XXXXXμέδομαι [med.] 'to care for, think of, be prepared for' (Il), only pres. except μεδήσομαι (1 650). Hence μεδίμῳ: ἥρωι 'hero' (H.), probably after κύδιμος, δόκιμος, etc.

    *ETYM In the sense of 'think of, be prepared for', μέδομαι corresponds exactly to the  Lat. frequentative meditor, -ari 'to reflect, meditate', beside which we find the  primary verb medeor, -éri 'to heal' and the primary noun modus 'measure', from

===Pag_970: Beekes_Página_0970.tiff=== XXXXXβείγνυμι 919 which modius, modestus and moderor are derived. Celtic has several cognates, e.g. Olr. mess 'iudicium' < med-tu-, air-med 'measure'. The basic meaning 'measure' is found in Germanic as well: Go. mitan (also miton 'to consider'), OE metan, MoHG messen, etc. An old specialized meaning is found in Lat. medeor 'to heal' (originally 'to take measures' vel sim.?) and Av. vi-mad- 'healer, physician'. See ▶︎ μήδομαι, which has been considered to show a lengthened grade of the same root, but may also be from a different root meh,(d)-.

XXXXXμέζεα [n.pl.] 'male genitals'. μήδεα.

XXXXXμέθυ [n.] 'entoxicating drink, wine' (IL).

    *VAR Gen. -vog (Pl. Epigr., Nic.).

    *COMP Asa first member in μεθυ-πλήξ, -yos 'hit by wine, drunk' (Call, API), etc.

    *DER Denominative verbs: μεθύ-σκομαι (1A) 'to intoxicate oneself, be(come) drunk',  aor. μεθυ-σθῆναι (Alc. IA); act. μεθύ-σκω 'to intoxicate oneself (PL, Hell.), aor. μεθύ(σν)-σαι, fut. μεθύσω; μεθύ-ω (only present-stem) = ο-ύσκομαι, often metaph. (Od.). Verbal nouns: 1. μέθη [f.] 'drunkenness, intoxication' (IA), back-formation from  μεθύω after πληθύω : πλήθη; 2. μέθυσις 'intoxication' (Thgn.), after πόσις (Porzig  1942: 190); 3. μέθυσμα 'intoxicating drink' (LXX, Ph.). 4. μέθυσος (-on) [m., f.]  'drunkard' (Hecat., Ar.), first of women; also μεθύσης 'id' (Ath., Luc.); 5. μεθυστής  'id' (Arr, AP), -botpia [[] (Theopomp. Com.), -votac (Trag. Adesp.). 6. ιεθυστικός  'dipsomaniac, intoxicating' (PL, Arist); 7. μεθύσιον: εἶδος ἀμπέλου 'kind of  grapevine' (H.); 8. μεθυμναῖος epithet of Dionysus (Plu.); playful transformation of  Μηθυμναῖος (from Μήθυμνα), according to H. an epithet of Dionysus (Wackernagel  1916: 131°). PNs, eg. Μέθων, -υλλος, -ὕσκος. On > ἀμέθυστος, see s.v.

    *ETYM Old word for 'honey, mead', which was retained in most languages: Skt. mddhu- [n.] 'honey', Av. madu- [n.] 'currant wine', OCS med 'honey', Lith. medus  'id', ON mjodr, OHG metu [m.] 'mead', Olr. mid 'id', ToB mit 'honey'. The  meaning 'honey' was limited in Greek to μέλι, which was inherited as well; the  archaic word μέθυ, which (unlike its derivatives) was soon given up, referred to wine  only.

XXXXXμείγνυμι [v.] 'to mix, bring together, connect', med. 'to intermingle, convene in battle' (IL). «1Ὲ *meig/k- 'mix'>

    *VAR μειγν-ύω (X,, Arist.), μίσγω (Hom,, IA, etc.), ὀνεμείχνυτο (Sapph.), aor. μεῖξαι,  med. μίκτο (epic), pass. μιγῆναι with fut. -ἤσομαι, μ(εγιχθῆναι with -ἤσομαι, fut. μείξω, -ομαι, perf. med. μέμίελγμαι; act. μέμιχα (Hell).

    *COMP Very often with prefix, e.g. ovv-, émi-, Kata-, dva-. As a first member in  governing compounds μ(ελιξ(ο)-, e.g. μιξεέλληνες [pl.] 'semi-Hellenes' (Hellanic.,,  Hell.), μ(ελιξότθροος 'mixing the crying, with mixed cries' (A.); also jucy-, especially  in μισγ-άγκεια [f.] 'place where valleys meet' (A 453), from ἔμισγ-αγκής. As a second  member in itapl-, dva-, συμ-μιγής, etc. (LA); thence μιγής (Nic.), dva-, ἐπι-μίξ [adv.]  'mixed' (I1.).

===Pag_971: Beekes_Página_0971.tiff===

    *DER Few derivatives: 1. (σύμ-)μεῖξις (also -t-) 'mixing, etc.' (IA); 2. μεῖγμα (-(-Ὁ)  'mixing' (Emp., Anaxag,, Arist.), μεῖχμ[α] (Alc.); 3. ἐπιμ(ελιξία, -ίη 'mixing,  intercourse' (IA); from ἐπίμί(ελικκ-τος. 4. μιγάς, -άδος [m., f.] 'mixed, together' (Att.). 5. Several adverbs: (σύμ-)μίγα, μιγά-δην, -δις, μίγ-δα, -δὴν (epic poet.). 6. μιγάζομαι  [v.] 'to mix, unite' (θ 271), to μίγα, μιγάς (Schwyzer: 734).

    *ETYM It is very doubtful whether μίγνυμι, which is frequent in mss., is an original  zero grade. It is probable that μείγνυμι, built after μεῖξαι and μείξω, was early. The  full grade is an alternative rendering for other forms, which in principle take zero  grade (as in μεῖξις for μίξις; (σύμ)-μικτος, μέμιγμαι). IE *m(e)ik- is reflected by Skt. misrd- = Lith. mjSras 'mixed'; Lith. miéSti, sg. miesitt  'to mix', OCS mésiti, sg. mép [caus.] 'to mix'.'A sk-present, like in μίσγω, is well-  represented in the Western languages too: Lat. misced, Olr. mescaid 'mixes,  confuses', OHG miscan, MoHG mischen (if not a Lat. loanword). The vv-present is  probably an innovation, as it is limited to Greek. Indic has a reduplicated s-  formation in mi-miks-ati 'mix', probably an original desiderative, with perf. mimiksé,  caus. meksayati. All other languages have a voiceless root-final stop instead of the voiced one  represented by μίσγω and found in μιγῆναι, piya. Since all Greek formations (except  the ske/o-present) are isolated (e.g. pass. μιγῆναι), these are probably analogical after  forms with a following voiced consonant (or made to the aorist μεῖξαι). It is  unnecessary to assume a variant *meig-.

XXXXXμειδιάω [v.] 'to smile' (I1.). 41Ε *smei- 'smile'>

    *VAR In Hom. only ptc. -ἰόων, -ἰόωσα, later also inf. -1av (Ρ].) and indicative forms,  eg. μειδιᾷ (Theac.); aor. μειδιιᾶσαι (Sapph., Pl, Plb., Plu.), -ῆσαι (IL).

    *COMP Also with prefixes like é7-, ὑπο-. Compound φιλο-(μ)μειδής 'with a friendly  smile', especially of Aphrodite (IL), as if from μεῖδος: γέλως 'laughter' (H.), but  perhaps directly from the verb, see below. On Hes. Th. 200 see Risch 1947: 76 and  Strunk Glotta 38 (1960): 70, but also Dornseiff Ant. class. 6 (1937): 247, and Heubeck  Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 16 (1965): 204-6; see DELG.

    *DER μείδημα [n.] 'smiling' (Hes.), -iapia 'id'? (Luc. Plu.), (ἐπι-)μειδίασις (Plu.),  -ίασμα (H.), -ἰασμός (Poll., Sch.), τὸ μειδιαστικόν 'cheerfulness' (sch.); μειδ-άμων  'smiling' (Hymn. Is.).

    *ETYM The relationship between the above forms is unclear. The present μειδ-ιάω,  with the aor. μειδιᾶσαι, is probably an epic transformation, and the pres. ptc. may  have served as a pivot form. The form φιλο-(μ)μειδής can be derived from a verb as  well, and μεῖδος then extracted from it. All Greek forms have an element -5-, which appears to be lacking in most other  languages. Skt. smdyate, -ti 'smile', ToB smi-, ToA smi- 'id.', OCS smijati se isg. sméjo  se 'to laugh', Latv. smiét, sg. smeju 'to laugh (at)'. However, we also find the Balt. iterative smaidit, and smaida 'laughing'. One view is that Baltic and Greek  independently added *-d- to the root. The opposite view is that Baltic and Greek  share an old *d-enlargement (DELG s.v. and LIV' s.v. *smei-). In view of the recent  insight that root-final *d and *h, interchange frequently, *smeid- may well be the  original form.

===Pag_972: Beekes_Página_0972.tiff=== XXXXXμεῖραξ 921

XXXXXμείζων [compar.] 'larger'. >péyac.

XXXXXμείλια [n.pl.] 'propitiations, atonement, penalty' (1 147 = 289, A. R., Call.).

    *VAR Rarely sing. -lov.

    *ETYM No good explaination exists. See ▶︎ μείλιχος.

XXXXXμείλιχος [adj.] 'soft, mild, friendly' (II.). «?»

    *VAR Also μειλίχιος 'id.' (II); Μειλίχιος epithet, especially of Zeus (1A).

    *DIAL Att. also Μιλίχιος (early itacism, Schwyzer: 193), Dor. Μηλ-, Arc. MeA-, with  Μειλιχιεῖον 'temple of Zeus M.' (Halaesa); details in Nilsson 1941(1): 411ff Aeol. μέλλιχος.

    *COMP μελλιχό-φωνος (Sapph.), ἀ-μείλιχος 'unfriendly, irreconcilable' = ἀμείλικτος  (1...

    *DER From μείλιχος: 1. μειλιχίη [f.] 'softness, mildness' (O 741, Hes., A. R.); 2. μειλιχώδης 'soft? (Cerc.); μειλίχη [6] 'boxing-glove' (Paus. 8, 40, 3), cf. muppixn; 4.

XXXXXμειλίσσω [v.] 'to calm, appease' (Il.), aor. -ίξαι, also with ἐκ-: μείλιγμα (μέλιχμα Milete VI) [n.] 'expiational sacrifice' (κ 217), (ἐκ-)μείλιξις 'expiation' (Anon. apud Suid., Eust.), μειλικ-τήριος 'expiating' (A. Pers. 610), -τικῶς [adv.] 'id' (sch.);

XXXXXμείλικτρα [pl.] = μειλίγματα (A. R.).

    *ETYM Popular formation with a suffix -x- like in νηπίαχος, Dor. ὁσσίχος, εἴς. (Chantraine 1933: 403f.), related to »μείλια, but without any certain further  connection. The different dialectal forms μειλ- : μελλ- : μηλ- have been explained'  from μελ-ν-; for comparison, Lat. mel 'honey', gen. mellis (if indeed from *mel-n-)  has been proposed, as well as Lith. maldné 'mercy'. μείλιχος was undoubtedly  connected with ▶︎ μέλι by folk etymology.

XXXXXμεῖον [n.] 'small animals (sheep or lambs), which were sacrificed during the Apatouria' (Att. inscr., Is., sch.). 4 GR>

    *COMP  As a first member in μει-αγωγός 'who puts the animals on the weighing-  machine' (Eup. 116) with μει-αγωγέω (Ar. Ra. 798), -εἴον, -ἰα Suid.).

    *ETYM Properly a neuter of the comparative ▶︎ μείων with transition to an o-stem. Unrelated to the IE word for 'ram, sheep' in Skt. mesd- [m.] 'ram, sheep, fell', OCS  méxs 'leather sack', etc.

XXXXXμεῖραξ [f.] 'girl (com.), late also msc. 'boy' (Aret., Hld.). «1Ε *mer-io- 'young (girl or man)>

    *COMP φιλο-μεῖραξ [m., f.] 'loving boys' (Ath., Paus.).

    *DER Diminutives: 1. μειράκιον [n.] 'youth, younger man' (Hp., Att.) with μειρακι-  ώδης 'youthful (PL, Arist.), -dopat [v.] 'to become adolescent' (X., Ph., Ael.), -εὔομαι  [v.] 'id., to behave as a youth' (Arr, Plu., Luc.), also μειρακ-εύομαι (Alciphr. 2, 2). 2.

XXXXXμειρακίσκος [m.] 'boy', also -1 [f.] 'gir? (Att.). 3. μειρακύλλιον 'id.' (com.).

    *ETYM For the feminine gender, cf. δέλφαξ, πόρταξ, σκύλαξ. The diminutive  derivatives in Greek ousted the basic word. We have to start from a noun, perhaps "μεῖρος (cf. λίθαξ : λίθος), which would agree  with Skt. mdrya- [m.] 'youth, lover', Av. mairiia- (meaning unclear), and Skt. marya-

===Pag_973: Beekes_Página_0973.tiff===

Κά- 'small man' (with a thematic k-suffix independent of peipat). A fem. ueipa (like στεῖρα) may be also considered. As a remote cognate, Lith. mergd 'girl' has been adduced and, with different vocalism, Lith. marti [6] 'bride, young woman' (cf. ▶︎ Bpttopaptic); also, the unclear Lat. maritus 'with wife, married' (see WH s.v.). Nowadays, Celtic words are also connected: W morwyn, OCo. moroin 'girl, maiden' < ΡΟ]. moreind-- MW merch 'daughter' < mer-k-. The connection of Alb. sheméré is 'hardly convincing' (Demiraj 1997 s.v.). In view of all the different enlargements involved, all comparisons beyond IIr. and Gr. mer-io- (perhaps a common innovation?) remain a bit weak. :

XXXXXμείρομαι [v.] 'to receive as one's share' (1 616), 'to divide' (Arat. 1054).

    <IE *smer-  'remember, care'>

    *VAR ἔμμορε [38g.perf.act.] 'shares in' (II.), 3pl. ἐμμόραντι: τετεύχασι 'they have as a  share' (H.), later also Eupopec, -ov (A. R,, Nic.); μεμόρηκα (Nic.); εἵμαρται (-to)  [3sg.perf.(plpf.)med.] 'it is (was) decided by fate' (Il), ptc. (especially fem.)  εἱμαρμένη 'fate' (IA); Aeol. ἐμμόρμενον (Alc.), Dor. ἔμβραται- εἵμαρται, ἐμβραμένα'  εἱμαρμένη (H.); also innovated βεβραμένων: εἱμαρμένων (H.), μεμόρ-ηται, -ημένος  (Man., AP).

    *COMP Also with ἀπο- (Hes. Op. 578), ém- (Vett. Val. 346, 6). As a second member in  > κάμμορος (< κά-σμορος), »ἤμορος < ἄ-σμορος, etc.

    *DER 1. ▶︎ μέρος [n.] 'share, etc.'. 2. μόρος [m.] 'fate, (fate of) death, violent death' (II.),  'share, share of ground', also as a measure of land (Mytilene, Western Locris). Diminutive μόριον [n.] 'share, part, member of the body' (IA), mathem. 'fraction,  denominator', with μοριασμός, -στικός, from "μοριάζω (Ptol., sch.); further μόριμος  [adj.] 'destined by fate' (Y 302, Pi., A.), μόριος 'belonging to the fate (of death)' (AP),  probably also ▶︎ μορίαι, of ἐλαῖαι, popdetc 'deathly' (Nic.). 3. μόρα [f.] name of a  Lacon. section of troops (X.). 4. μοῖρα [f.] 'part, piece, piece of ground, share, degree,  fate, (evil or good) fate, death-fate', also personified 'goddess of fate' (Il.); in  compounds, e.g. μοιρη-γενής 'child of destiny' (ΓΤ 182), -1- analogical metrical  lengthening; εὔτ-μοιρος favoured' (B., Pl.). Hence μοιρ-άδιος 'destined by fate' (δ. OC 228 cod. Laur.), -idtog 'id' (Pi. S.), ταἴος 'belonging to fate' (Man.), -ιαῖος  'measuring a degree' (Ptol., Procl.). μοιρ-ικός, -ἰκῶς 'according to degree' (Ptol.,  Vett. Val.); μοιρίς [f.] 'half (Nic.); μοιρ-άομαι, -aw [v.] 'to divide, be awarded one's  share, share' (A., A. R.), τάζω = -dw (Anon. in Rh.). 5. μορτή (Dor. -ta) 'share of the  farmer' (Poll., Eust., H.). 6. ▶︎ μόρσιμος 'destined by fate'.

    *ETYM The perfect forms Aeol. ἔμμορε (later taken as a them. aor., whence ἔμμορες,  -ov) and Ion. εἵμαρται can be explained from *sé-smor-e and *sé-smr-toi, resp. The  full grade yod-present μείρομαι < *smér-io- joins this pattern, also seen in φθείρω :  ἔφθορα : EpOappat. Initial *srm- shines through in derivatives too: eg. ἄ-μμορος,  κατὰ (μ)μοῖραν. Corresponding forms outside Greek are doubtful. Lat. mere6, -ére, -eor, -éri 'to earn,  acquire' (if properly *'to get one's share') might be cognate, but its formation,  *(s)mer-eh,-, is different. Hitt. marriie/a-"*) cannot be connected (as it rather means  'to dissolve by heating'; cf. Kloekhorst 2008 s.v.). The connection with the group of

===Pag_974: Beekes_Página_0974.tiff=== XXXXXμέλας 923 μέριμνα 'care, concern' is highly hypothetical. Of the nominal derivatives, only μοῖρα requires a special explanation: one may start either from an o-stem μόρος or from an older consonant-stem ἔμορ-. The o-vowel could also be an Aeolic zero grade. See LIV? s.v. 2. smer-, to be separated from 1. (s)mer- 'denken an, sich erinnern'.

XXXXXμείων [compar.] 'smaller' (Il, Hp., X., Dor., Arc.). 41Ε *meiH-u- 'less, small'>

    *VAR  μεῖον [n.], also μειότερος (A. R., Arat.), superl. μεῖστος 'least' (Locr. V*, Hdn.,  H.).

    *DIAL Myc. me-u-jo, me-wi-jo /meiw-ios/.

    *COMP As a first member in petov-extéw [v.] 'to have too little, fall short', with -etia  (X.), from μεῖον ἔχειν after πλεον-έκτης, -εκτέω, -εξία.

    *DER Derivatives, probably analogical after the o-stems: 1. μειότης [f.] 'minority'  (A.D., Vett. Val.); 2. μειόομαι, -dw [v.] 'to decrease, be inferior, diminish' (Hp., X.,  Arist.) with μεί-ωσις 'decrease' (Hp., Arist.), -wya 'reduction of wealth' = 'penalty'  (X% An. 5, 8, 1), τώτης [m.] 'who diminishes' (Paul. Al.), -ωτικός 'diminishing,  decreasing' (Hell.).

    *ETYM Considered to be a primary comparative from a verbal root 'to lessen' (ΠΝ  s.v. 1. *meiH-), seen in Skt. minati 'to lessen, damage', miyate 'to become less,  wither', etc. Cf. the opposite πλείων, πλέων, πλεῖστος (see ▶︎ πολύς). The presence of  the suffixal -u- in Myc. me-u-jo and me-wi-jo is unexpected from an IE point of view  (we expect it in the positive only), but it is not contradicted by the later evidence. It  might find support in ToB maiwe 'small, young' < *moHi-uo- (Adams 1999 s.v.,  which he connects with ON mijér 'small, thin'). See ▶︎ μινύθω.

XXXXXμέλαθρον [n.] 'vault of the roof, roof-beams, roof, also (often plur.) 'dwelling, house' (I., also inscr. Delos III*, LXX, pap.).

    *VAR Also μελάθρα [f.] (Delos IV*).

    *COMP As a second member in ὑψι-μέλαθρος 'with high-roof-beams' (ἢ. Merc.), etc.

    *DER μελαθρόομαι 'provide with roof-beams' (LXX).

    *ETYM Explained by the ancients as ἀπὸ tod μελαίνεσθαι ὑπὸ τοῦ καπνοῦ, 'because  of sooting by smoke' (EM 576, 16). The comparison with ▶︎ βλωθρός 'high', proposed  by Frisk, fails because the latter would presuppose a root *mlh,- (if inherited at all),  which can never yield μέλα-. Connection with ▶︎ κμέλεθρον 'beam' was tentatively considered by Giintert 1914:  144f. and Pisani KZ 71 (1954): 125f. because of the remarkable formal and semantic  similarity. In my view, this proves that the word is Pre-Greek, as ▶︎ κμέλεθρον is a by-  form showing variation e/a and in the initial.

XXXXXμέλας [adj.] 'dark-colored, black' (IL). <1E *mel(h.)-n- 'black'>

    *VAR Fem. -atva, ntr. -av. Compar. μελάν-τερος (Il.), superl. -τατος (IA), late  μελανώτερος (Str.), μελαινοτάτη (Epigr. Gr, AP).

    *DIAL Aeol. -atc.

    *COMP Very frequent as a first member, e.g. μελάγ-χροος (-e¢ [pl.]), -χροιής, -χρής,  -χρως, μελανό-χροος, etc. 'with dark skin' (see Sommer 1948: 21ff.); μελαγ-χιμος  'dark, black' (A., E., X.), cf. δύσ-χιμος, Sommer 1948: 71}; μελάν-δετος probably  'dark-striped' or 'with dark bands' (O 713, A, E.); μελάν-δρυ-ος 'made of black wood

===Pag_975: Beekes_Página_0975.tiff===

(δόρυ}᾽ (A. Fr. 251), ntr. 'heartwood' (Thphr.), plur. 'piece of tunny', with μελάν-dpuc [m.] 'tunny' (Pamphil.); μελάμ-πυρον [n.] (also -ος [m.]) 'ball-mustard, Neslia paniculata' (Thphr., Gal.); for the form cf. ▶︎ διόσπυρον, on the mg. Carnoy REGr. 71 (1958): 96; μελαγ-κάλαμον [n.] (dvandva) 'ink and pen' (pap. ΝΡ, see Maas Glotta 35 (1956): 299f.). Often in PNs (e.g. short names like Medatvetc, Μελανεύς, Μελανθεύς, Μέλανθος).

    *DER 1. μελαιν-άς [f.] name of a dark-colored fish (Cratin.), see Strémberg 1943: 22;  -ἰς [f.] name of a sea-shell (Sophr., Herod., Xenocr.), also name of Aphrodite in  Corinth (Ath.). 2. μελάν-τον [n.] 'ink (pap., Edict. Diocl.). 3. μελαν-ία [f] 'blackness,  black shade or pigment' (X., Arist.), -ότης [f] 'blackness' (Arist.), opposed to  λευκότης. 4. μελανός = μέλας (Sp.), -όν [n.] 'black pigment' (Sammelb. IV°); after  κελαινός, ὀρφνός, etc; μελαιναῖος 'id' (Orac. Sib.), after κνεφαῖος, etc; μελανώδης  'blackish' (EM). Denominative verbs: 1. μελαίνομαι [v.] 'to become dark or black' (II.), act. (trans.)  τω; hence μέλανσις [f.] 'blackening' (Arist.), μέλασ-μα [n.] 'black spot, black paint'  (Hp.), -μός [m.] 'blackening, black spot' (Hp., Plu.), peAavtnp-ia [f.] 'black pigment,  blackness' (JG δ᾽, 1672, Arist.), -tov 'stain' (sch.). 2. μελάνω [v.] 'to become (make?)  black' (H 64). 3. intr. pedavéw [v.] 'id' (Thphr., A. R., Call.).

    *ETYM The formation μέλᾶς [m.] < ᾿μέλαν-ς, μέλαινα [f.] < -av-ta, μέλαν [n.] is  parallelled in the adjective τάλᾶς [m.] 'wretched', τάλαινα [f.], τάλαν [n.]. It must be  remarked, however, that τάλας seems to be an original nt-stem. Traditionally,  μέλαινα is identified with Skt. malini [f.], from alleged IE *melh.-n-ih,. The stem  μελαν- [m.] would be an innovation for older thematic "μέλανο- = Skt. malina-  'dirty', but the direct comparison fails, for not only is malin? exclusively known as a  gloss in the sense of 'menstruating woman', but the masculine malina- must be an  epic-classical derivative from Ved. mdla- [n.] 'dirt'. The latter may be from *molh,-o-  or from *mel-o-, so we cannot decide on this basis whether the root of μέλᾶς ended  in a laryngeal. Of the many words cited under the root mel- denoting colors, a couple of Baltic  formations with a suffix -n- are interesting for Greek: Latv. melns 'black', OPr. melne  'blue spot', fem. milinan [acc.] 'spot'; beside these, there are formations with a suffix  -u(o)-, eg. Lith. mulvas 'yellow, of clay'. See ▶︎ μολύνω.

XXXXXμέλδομαι [v.] 'to cause to melt' (Φ 363), intr. 'to melt' (Nic. Th. 108).

    <IE *smel-d-,  *h.meld- (Ὁ) 'melt'>

    *VAR μέλδω 'to cause to melt' (Call., Man.); ἀμέλδειν: τήκειν 'to melt' (H.).

    *ETYM In Greek, μέλδομαι was superceded by inherited τήκω. It is a full grade  thematic root present with an exact parallel in Gm: OE meltan 'to melt, flow away',  caus. mieltan 'to dissolve, digest' < *maltjan = ON melta 'to digest, malt'; beside  these (with inital s-) OHG smelzan, MoHG schmelzen, etc. The Gm. verbs have  many derivatives, e.g. Go. ga-malteins 'analysis'. The relation to Greek > ἀμαλδύνω and ἀμέλδειν is unclear. Rix KZ 104 (1991): 194%  reconstructs the root without initial laryngeal. On μελδόμενος (Φ 363) see Schmidt  Glotta 65 (1987): 65-9.

===Pag_976: Beekes_Página_0976.tiff=== XXXXXμέλι, -ἰτος 925

XXXXXμέλε [voc.] in Att. ὦ μέλε [νος.], 'my best (friend) vel sim. (com., Ρ].).

    *ETYM Probably shortened from ὦ μέλεε; compare ὦ τᾶν from ὦ τάλαν.

XXXXXμελεαγρίς, -ίδος [f.] 'guiney-fowl, Numida ptilorhyncha, meleagris' (Soph. apud Plin., Arist.), also μελέαγρος: ἡ κατοικίδιος ὄρνις 'the domestic bird' (H.); extensively Thompson 1895 s.v. <?>

    *ETYM Probably a foreign word, adapted to Μελέαγρος by folk etymology. Uncertain  hypothesis by Schrader-Nehring 1917(2): 159": connection to an Iranian word for  'bird, fowl seen in Av. maraya-, which does not match the African origin of the bird  at all.

XXXXXμελεδαίνω, μελετάω, etc. Ξ'μέλω.

XXXXXμέλεος [adj.] 'idle, vain, futile; miserable' (11... «Ὁ

    *COMP Rarely as a first member, e.g. μελεο-παθής 'suffering misfortune' (A.).

    *ETYM As for its accent, μέλεος agrees with secondary adjectives like χρύσεος, λίθεος,  βόεος (Chantraine 1933: sof.), but conceptually it rather belongs to primary oxytones  like étedc, κενεός, στερεός; is it a case of Aeolic retraction? Like étedc from ἐτερός,  μέλεος may derive from "μέλερος. Further details are unclear. See ▶︎ βλάσφημος.

XXXXXμέλι, -ιτὸς [n.] 'honey' (IL). <1E *melit- 'honey'>

    *DIAL Myc. me-ri.

    *COMP Very frequent as a first member, e.g. μελί-κρᾶ-τον, Ion. -κρη-τον 'honey  mix', 'sacrifice of milk and honey' (Od.), compounded with ▶︎ κεράννυμι; also  μελιτο-, e.g. μελιτο-πώλης [m.] 'honey trader' (Ar.); as a second member in οἶνό-  μελι 'drink from wine and honey' (Plb.), etc; on ▶︎ ἀπόμελι, see s.v.

    *DER A. Adjectives: μελιτόεις 'honey-sweet' (Pi.), fem. μελιτόεσσα (scil. μᾶζα), Att. μελιτοῦττα 'honey-cake' (Hdt., Ar.), μελιτ-ηρός 'pertaining to honey, honey-like'  (Ar. Thphr.), τινος 'made from honey' (pap.), -ὦδης 'honey-like' (Thphr.). Probably  also μελι-χρός 'honey-sweet' (Alc, Anacr, Hp., Telecl, Theoc.), cf. πενιχρός,  βδελυχρός, Chantraine 1933: 225f. See Sommer 1948: 263, who assumes it is Aeol. for  μελί-χρως 'honey-colored'; acc. to Schwyzer: 450 it stands for -χροος. B. Substantives: tehit(e)ov [n.] 'mead' (Plu.); μελιτόν' κηρίον, ἢ τὸ ἐφθὸν γλεῦκος  'honeycomb, or the boiled new wine' H5 μελιτίτης (λίθος) 'topaz', (οἶνος) 'honey-  wine' (Dsc.); μελίτεια [f.] 'Melissa officinalis' (Theoc.); μελιτισμός [m.] 'treatment  with honey' (medic.) as if from "μελιτίζειν. C. Verbs: μελιτόομαι 'to mix with honey, be sweetened with honey' (Th., Plu.) with  μελίτωμα 'honey-cake' (com.), τωσις 'sweetening' (gloss.). Isolated stands μέλισσα, -ττα [f.] 'bee' (IL), perhaps haplological for Ἰμελίελιχ-ια  'honey-licking'; compare Skt. madhu-lih- [m.] 'honey-licker' = 'bee'; but  alternatively derived from *péAtt-1a. Thence several compounds and derivatives, e.g. μελισσουργός (-tT-) 'beekeeper' (PL, Arist.) with -éw, -ia, -eiov; μελισσεύς 'id.'  (Arist., pap.), also (with different origin) as a PN; μελίσσιον 'beehive' (pap. III*), -fa  'id' (Gp.), -ών 'id? (LXX), etc. Cf. further ▶︎ βλίττω.

===Pag_977: Beekes_Página_0977.tiff===

    *ETYM Old inherited neuter for 'honey', formally identical with Hitt. milit < melit. The Greek verb ▶︎ βλίττω and the Hitt. stem form malit(t)- show that the root  originally had ablaut, so a gen. *mlit-ds. With thematic enlargement, it is found in Go. milip and Alb. mjalté < PIE *meli-t-o-. Olr. mil and Lat. mel may also go back to *meli-t-; it is improbable that the Lat. gen. mellis is from *mel-n-. Arm. metr, gen. metu was supposedly transferred to the u-  stems after synonymous *méd"u (see ▶︎ μέθυ). The gloss μελίτιον: πόμα τι Σκυθικὸν μέλιτος ἑψομένου σὺν ὕδατι καὶ πόᾳ τινί 'a    Scythian drink made from honey, cooked with water and a kind of herb' (H.), stems    from an unknown source. '

XXXXXμελία [f.] 'ash, lance made of ash-wood' (IL. also Thphr.). «PG? (S, V), IE? *smel- 'ash, grey' >

    *VAR Epic -in.

    *COMP μελιη-γενής 'born from an ash' (A. R.); €0-ypeding [m.] 'armed with a good  lance' (Hom.), after it φερε-μμελίης 'bearing alance' (Mimn.).

    *DER μέλεινος (ρ 339); with metrical lengthening μείλεινος (1) 'made of ash-wood ;  like in 5pv-ivos, etc., and favoured by the metre; further pehi-ivog (Att. inscr.), μελέ-  ἵνος (Att. inscr., Thphr.): after πτελέ-ἵνος, εἴς, or dissimilated from -t-1-?

    *ETYM Morphologically and etymologically isolated. The old comparison with Lith. (dial.) smélus 'sand-colored, ashy-grey' starts from the grey color of the wood. Perhaps the word is Pre-Greek in view of the various forms in -tvoc. See Fur.: 223,  226, 317 on the consonantism (who compares > πτελέα 'elm'), and 354, 356 on the  vowel alternations.

XXXXXμελΐνη [f.] 'millet', especially 'foxtail millet (Setaria italicay (IA). <?>

    *ETYM Lat. milium [n.] 'millet, proso millet' is usually compared, although it formally  deviates from μελίνη, Uncertain is the appurtenance of Lith. mdlnos [f.pl.] 'swath,  foxtail millet'. The root is thought to be either that of Lat. molé 'to meal', etc., in the  sense 'product to be mealed'; or that of μέλας (cf. MoFr. millet noir, G Mohrenhirse,  denoting varieties of millet); Porzig 1954a: 178 assumed an opposition with ἄλφι,  supposed to be related to ἀλφός 'white'. On the other hand, Fur.: 246 compares ἔλυμος 'millet' and ἐλίμαρ- κέγχρῳ ὅμοιον ἢ  μελίνῃ ὑπο Λακώνων (H.), which may continue feA-. This seems too far-fetched.

XXXXXμέλκα [f.] 'a dish prepared from sour milk' (Gal., Alex. Trall., Gp.). <Lw Lat»

    *VAR Or [n.pl.]? Also -1,

    *ETYM From Lat. melca 'id', which itself is considered to be a loan from Germanic;  see WH sv. for this and other interpretations.

XXXXXμέλκιον [n.] - κρήνη, νύμφαι, παίγνιον 'source, nymphs, playful' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Has been compared with a few Balto-Slavic words of various meanings, e.g. Ru. moloko 'milk', Lith. malkas 'draught'. The second and third meanings are rather  unclear.

XXXXXμέλλαξ, -ακος [m.] 'young boy' (inscr. Alexandria, PMag. Par.), μέλακες: νεώτεροι 'the younger ones' (H.).

===Pag_978: Beekes_Página_0978.tiff=== XXXXXμέλος 927

    *VAR See below on μῖλαξ.

    *DER Diminutive μελλάκιον (Alexandria).

    *ETYM Thought to be a hypocoristic short form (based on, eg., μεῖραξ) of μελλ-  έφηβος (Hell. inscr.), pedd-eipryy (Sparta), vel sim.; cf. μελλόνυμφος (S.), and see  Chantraine 1933: 379f. However, as the word is no doubt identical with ▶︎ μῖλαξ 2, it is  rather Pre-Greek (note the variant with single -A-). Therefore, etymological  connection with μελλ- is improbable.

XXXXXμέλλω [v.] 'to be destined, must, need, etc.', in various constructions; also 'to be about to, commemorate, linger, hesitate' (Il.). <?>

    *VAR Aor. μελλῆσαι (Thgn., Att. prose), fut. μελλήσω (D.).

    *COMP Rarely with δια-, kata-, avti-. As a first member in μελλό-γαμος = μέλλων  γαμεῖν (S.), μελλ-είρην 'who is about to be εἰρήν᾽ (Lacon.).

    *DER μέλλησις 'being about to do, (mere) intention, hesitation' (Th., Pl. Lg., Arist.),  μέλλημα 'postponement' (E., Aeschin., τησμα PMasp.), μελλώ [f.] 'hesitation' (A. Ag. 1356), μελλησμός 'delay, indecision' (Epicur., D. H.), also 'approach', of a disease  (Aret.); μελλητής [m.] 'laggard' (Th. 1, 70, Arist.), -τικός 'hesitating' (Arist.),  μελλητιᾶν- TO μέλλειν (HL), like βινητιᾶν etc., Schwyzer: 732.

    *ETYM The full grade yod-present μέλλω, probably < ἔμελειω, is original; the non-  presentic forms and the nominal derivations were created at a later date. Traditionally connected with Lat. pro-mellere 'litem promovere' (Paul. Fest.) and the  Celtic group of Olr. mall 'slow, tardy'. On this basis, a root *mel- 'to linger, hesitate,  be late' is sometimes reconstructed. According to Gray Lang. 23 (1947): 247, however, μέλλω is a denominative from  Ἐμέλος 'concern, interest', related ▶︎ μέλω, Lat. melior, etc. Alternatively, Szemerényi  AmJPh. 72 (1951): 346ff. suggested derivation from the root of μολεῖν 'to go', μέλος  'member', Lat. mélior 'set in motion by force', etc.

XXXXXμέλος [n.] 'member', in older literature only plur. 'limbs' (il.); also '(articulated) tune, song, melody' (h. Hom. 19, 16, Thgn., Pi. IA). <?>

    *COMP λυσι-μελής 'relaxing the limbs' (Od.), also with allusion to the μελεδήματα (v  57); μελο-ποιός 'poet of songs' with -éw, -ia (Att.), μελεσί-πτερος 'with singing  wings', of a cicada (AP), after the type ἑλκεσί-πεπλος.

    *DER 1. Diminutive μελύδριον 'small song' (Ar. Theoc.), -ta [pl.] 'poor limbs' (M. Ant.); pediok(vjov 'id.' (Alcm., Antiph.). 2. Adjective: μελικός 'lyric (Ὁ. H., Plu.). 3. Adverb: μεληδόν 'part by part' (Poseidon.); on μελ(ε)ῖστί see below. 4. Verbs : μελίζω 1. 'to analyze' (Pherecyd. Hist, LXX), also with δια-, ἐκ-, ἀπο- 2. 'to  sing, sing of (Pi. A., Theoc.), also with dta-, ἀντι-. Further μελισμός (Sta-) 'analysis'  (Plu.), 'song' (Str.), μέλισμα 'song, melody' (Theoc., AP); μελικτάς (Theoc., Mosch.),  -ἰιστής (Anacreont.) 'flute-player'; μελιστί 'limb for limb' (J.), older form μελεῖστί  (Hom.), probably from *teAet{w. Also μελεάζω [v.] 'to execute a recitative' (Nicom. Harm.).

    *ETYM For the double meaning 'member' and 'tune, song', cf. Ir. alt 'member' and  'poem'. In the sense of 'member', μέλος has been replaced by synonymous terms like

===Pag_979: Beekes_Página_0979.tiff===

, -ομαι κῶλον, ἄρθρον. To judge by its structure, μέλος must be old (cf. ἕδος, ἔπος, γένος etc.), but it does not have a clear outer-Greek counterpart. Still, a comparison with a Celtic word for 'knuckle' might be possible: Bret. mell, Co. mal, plur. mellow, also in W cym-mal'articulus, iunctura, commissura'. This may derive from ΡΟ]. melsa, and would relate to μέλος like e.g. Skt. vats-d- 'yearling' to fétos 'year'.

XXXXXμέλπω, -ομαι [v.] 'to celebrate with song and dance; to sing, dance' (IL). «?»

    *VAR Post-Hom. (epic lyr.) aor. μέλψαι, -ασθαι, fut. μέλψω, -ομαι.

    *COMP Also with ava-, μετα-, é7t-.

    *DER μέλπηθρα [n.pl.] 'plaything' (IL), μελπήτωρ, -ορος [m.] 'singer'; μολπή [f.]  '(play with) song and dance' (IL), with μολπαῖος epithet of ἀοιδή (Erinn.), μολπηδόν  'like a μολιτή᾽ (A. Pers. 389), μολπᾶτις [f.] (Dor.), apposition to κερκίς 'female singer'  (AP), μολπάζω [v.] 'to sing (ofY (Ar.), whence jioAmtactas [m.] (Dor.) 'singer,  dancer' (AP), μολπάστρια = συμπαίκτρια (H.); μολποί [m.pl.] guild of singers in  Milete, with μολπικοί 'id' (V*).

    *ETYM No etymology. If somehow related to μέλος, we have to start from an original  meaning 'member', not from 'song'. Far-fetched speculations by Szemerényi Emerita  22 (1954): 169ff. Connection with the Celtic group of Olr. -molathar 'to praise', W  mawlt 'praise' is dubious.

XXXXXμέλω [v.] 'to be concerned with, care for' (IA). <?>

    *VAR  μέλει μοι [3sg.pres.], μέλομαι, fut. μελήσω, -σει, -σομαι (IL), aor. μελῆσαι,  ἐμέλησε (Att.), pass. μεληθῆναι (S.), perf. μέμηλα, -ε (IL), med. μέμβλεται, -το (IL),  with a new present μέμβλομαι (A. R., Opp.), μεμέληκε (Att), μεμέλημαι (Theoc.,  Call).

    *COMP With prefix: ἐπι-μέλομαι and -έομαι 'to care for', μετα-μέλομαι, μετα-μέλει  μοι 'repent' (1A).

    *DER 1. μέλημα [n.] 'anxiety, object of care, darling' (Sapph., Pi, A.), μελησμός 'care'  (EM). 2. μελέτωρ, -ορος [m.] 'who takes care of = 'avenger' (5, El. 846). 3. wedetaw  [v.] 'to care for, strive; to study, practise oratory' (Hes., h. Merc.) beside μελέτη 'care,  provision, practice, etc.' (Hes.); because of its accent (cf. γενετή, τελετή), the latter is  probably a back-formation, like ἀγάπη from ἀγαπάω; on deverbatives in - (ε)τάω see  Schwyzer: 705. Thence μελετη-ρός 'who likes practicing' (X.). From μελετάω: μελέτ-  μα 'practice' (Att.), -noic 'id' (AB), -ητικός 'caring' (LXX), -ητής [m.] 'trainer'  (Aristid.), -ητήριον 'place for practice' (Plu.). 4. μελε-δῶνες [fpl.] (late also sg.)  'cares, concerns' (vl. τ 517, k. Hom., Hes. Thgn.), also μελη-δόνες, -δών 'id'  (Simon., A. R.); -edwv- and -néov- are both metrically conditioned for -e5ov-;

XXXXXμελεδῶναι [pl.] 'id' (v.. τ 517, Sapph., Theoc.), sing. -avn (Hp.); μελεδωνός [m., {] 'watcher' (Ion.), -wvets 'id.' (Theoc.). Denominative μελεδαίνω [v.] 'to care for' (Ion., Archil.); besides, μελεταίνω (Argos VI) from μελετάω; μελεδήματα [pl] = μελε-δῶνες (P 62), after νοήματα; μελεδήμων 'caring' (Emp., AP), after νοήμων etc., see Chantraine 1933: 173; μελεδ- ηθμός 'practice' (Orac.); back-formation μελέδη [f.] 'care' (Hp.), after μελέτῃ. From ἐπι-μέλομαι: 1. ἐπιμελ-ής 'caring for, anxious; object of care' (IA); thence ἐπιμέλεια 'care, attention' (Att.); 2. ἐπιμελη-τής [m.] 'who cares, governor', etc;

===Pag_980: Beekes_Página_0980.tiff=== XXXXXμέμονα 929 μεταμέλεια 'repentance, change of mind' (Att) is analogical to μετα-μέλομαι; also (back-formation) μετάμελος 'id' (Th. 7, 55).

    *ETYM Beside the full-grade thematic root-present μέλω, the perfect μέμηλα has a  remarkable lengthened grade. The middle μέμβλεται, -το for ἔμε-μλ-ε- takes the zero  grade and a thematic vowel. The t)-enlargement in μελ-ἤ-σω gradually conquered  the whole verbal system: μελῆ-σαι, -θῆναι, μεμέλη-κε, -μαι,    There is no convincing etymology. Most dictionaries defend the connection with  μέλλω, which is semantically not evident.

XXXXXμέμβραξ, -ακος [m.] 'kind of cicada' (Ael.).

    *ETYM Formation like ἀσπάλαξ, κόραξ, ὕραξ, and other animal names (Chantraine  1933: 379). Probably related to βράζειν 'drone' vel sim., as a sound-imitation. Other  such names of cicadas and locusts in Stromberg 1944: 18. According to Gil Emerita  25 (1957): 322f, the word is Pre-Greek, which must be correct in view of the suffix  and the meaning. See »μεμβράς.

XXXXXμεμβράς, -άδος [f.] 'kind of sprat' (com., Arist.).

    *VAR μεμβράδιον (Alex. Trall.).

    *COMP μεμβρ-αφύα [f] 'kind of anchovy' (com.), cf. the gloss ἀφύα' μεμβράς (Η.),  see ▶︎ ἀφύα.

    *ETYM Perhaps dissimilated from βεμιβράς (Aristomen.). See Fur: 217. See ▶︎ βεμβράς.

XXXXXμέμνημαι 'to be mindful of. πομιμνήσκω.

XXXXXμέμνων 1, -ovos [m.] name of a black bird (Ael, Ὁ. S, Dionys. Av.). <?>

    *DER μεμνονίδες [f.pl.] 'id.' (Paus. 10, 31, 6).

    *ETYM The birds in question were connected with the tomb of Memnon in different  ways by ancient informants; see Thompson 1895 s.v. and Hitzig and Bltimner 1896-  1910 on the attestation in Pausanias. See ▶︎ μένω, ▶︎ μέμνων 2.

XXXXXμέμνων 2, -ονος [m.] - ὁ ὄνος 'donkey'; peuvovia- τὰ ὄνεια κρέα 'donkey meat' (H.); ace. to Poll. 9, 84, also name of the relevant market.

    *ETYM In the meaning ὄνος, we have an appellative use of the PN Μέμνων as 'the  firm, steadfast one' (see ▶︎ μένω and ▶︎ Ἀγαμέμνων for a different opinion), because  of the proverbial stubbornness of the donkey (cf. A 558ff.). See ἀλέκτωρ 'cock' (s.v. ▶︎ ἀλεκτρνών), καλλίας 'ape, monkey', and Κάστωρ 'beaver' as other animal names  that are based on appellatives. Further examples of this naming process in Schrader-  Nehring 1917(1): 231.

XXXXXμέμονα [v.perf.] 'to have in mind, strive' (IL).

    *VAR 1Ρ]. μέμαμεν.

    *ETYM Old stative perfect, identical with Lat. memini 'to remember', IE *mé-mon-hze. Without reduplication, we find Go. man 'to think, believe', ga-man 'to remember'. The ablaut, with a zero grade in the plur. μέμαμεν < *mé-mn-me, is old and matches  eg. Go. ipl. mun-um. Another exact correspondence exists between the imperatives  μεμάτω and Lat. memento < PIE *mé-my-tod. The zero grade in the pte. μεμαώς,  plur. μεμαῶτες, μεμᾶότες (with metrical lenthening) is analogical.

===Pag_981: Beekes_Página_0981.tiff===

A yod-present was formed to the root *men-, represented in Greek by ▶︎ μαίνομαι (with deviating meaning); from a root tmneh,- (probably an extension) derives »ψιμνήσκω. An old verbal noun is ▶︎ μένος; perhaps, the compound ▶︎ αὐτόματος also contains the zero grade. On the supposed forms ἐμμεμαώς (Hom.), ἐμμέμονεν (S. Tr. 982 [lyr.]}) see Leamann 1950: §2.

XXXXXμεμόριον [n.] 'monument, mortuary monument' (inscr. imperial period). «τὴν Lat»

    *VAR  Also μημόριον, μνημόριον.

    *ETYM All of the above are crosses of μνημεῖον and Lat. meméria. From μεμόριον  comes Lat. memorium. See Kretschmer Glotta&11 (1921): 97 and WH s.v. memor,  memoria.

XXXXXμέμφομαι [v.] 'to reproach, blame, be discontent, complain' (IL), 'to accuse' (Gortyn). <1E? *me-mb"- 'reproach' (?)>

    *VAR Fut. μέμψομαι, aor. μέμψασθαι, μεμφθῆναι.

    *COMP  Also with prefix, especially ém-, κατα-. As the first member of a governing  compound: μεμψί-μοιρος 'reproving fate' (Isoc., Arist.).

    *DER 1. (éni-, κατά-)μέμψις 'reproof, reproach, objection (Att. since A.). 2. (ἐπι-ἡμομφή 'id' (poetic since Pi. Ep. Col. 3, 13), μόμφος [m.] 'id' (E. Fr. 633,  Mantinea V*); ἐπί-, κατά-μομφος 'subject to reproach, reproachable, reproaching'  (A, E.), either hypostases from ἐπὶ, κατὰ μομφῆς, or bahuvrihis; also ἐπιμεμφ-ής  'reproachable' (Nic., AP), ἰμμεμφ-ἧς 'subject to complaints' (Mantinea ν᾽), derived  from é7t-, ἐμ- μέμφομαι; opposite ἄτμομφος (A.), ἀ-μεμιφής (Pi, A.) with ἀμεμφ-ία  (A., 8.). 3. μέμφειρα [f.] = μέμψις (Telecl. Com. 62), probably personified after  πρέσβειρα, κτεάτειρα, etc. 4. μεμφωλή = μέμψις (Η., Suid.).

    *ETYM The isolated Gothic verb bi-mampjan 'mock, insult' (Ev. Luc. 16, 14) shows a  remarkable similarity, although its -p- does not correspond to Gr. -@-. Celtic words  for 'disgrace', like Olr. mebul 'shame' et al. < PCelt. *mebia, lack the medial nasal. This may point to a root *meb®-, which occurs as a reduplicated or a nasal present in  Greek (and perhaps Gothic). Most dictionaries doubt the connections mentioned  (not even mentioned in LIV').

XXXXXμέν emphatic pel. ποιμήν 1.

XXXXXμενεαίνω, μενοινάω Ξομένος,

XXXXXμενθήρη [f.] explained as φροντίς, μέριμνα 'thought, care' (in Panyas. 12 [3], H., ΕΜ, Suid.). «ἢ»

    *VAR Cf. μενθηριῶ: μεριμνήσω, διατάξω 'to take care of, arrange' (H.), and ἀ-  μενθήριστος = ἀφρόντιστος, ἀμέριμνος 'without consideration, careless' (Timo 59;  codd, am-).

    *ETYM Origin uncertain. Perhaps derived from the root of μανθάνω with a suffix  τήρη (cf. μέρμηραι, -pi(w). See ▶︎ μανθάνω, ▶︎ μοῦσα.

XXXXXμένος [n.] 'mind, courage, rage, strength, urge' (IL).

===Pag_982: Beekes_Página_0982.tiff=== XXXXXμένω 931

    *COMP δυσ-μενής 'evil-minded, hostile' (IL) with δυσμέν-εια, -in, -aivw, etc;  metrically enlarged δυσμενέων, -ἔοντες (Od.); ἀ-μενής 'forceless' (E.); perhaps also  the PNs Auevéac, Ἀμενίσκος and (with unexplained -vv-) Ἀμεννάμενος (Bechtel  19178: 6f.)? Cf. further ▶︎ ἀμενηνός. In PNs, e.g. Κλεο-μένης; as a first member in  μενο-εικής 'suitable for the mind, delightful, plentiful' (Hom.).

    *DER 1. μενεαίνω [v.] 'to desire strongly, rage' (IL), aor. -ῆναι, with -aivw added to  *meneh-. 2. μενοινάω [v.] 'to have in mind, aim at, wish, desire' (IL), also -ww, aor. -fjoat, of unclear origin (Mevoitng, -ottiog belongs to οἶτος 'fate'). Thence μενοινή  [f.] 'intention, desire' (Call., A. R., AP; probably a back-formation).

    *ETYM As an old verbal noun, μένος is identical with Skt. mdnas- [n.], Av. manah-  [n.] 'spirit, thought, will', IE *men-s- [n.]. The adjective δυσ-μενής matches with Av. dus-manah- 'evil-minded', Skt. dur-manas- 'sorrowful'; and εὐ-μενής with Skt. sa-  manas- 'well-minded'. The root formed a perfect that is preserved in ▶︎ μέμονα, cf. γένος : γέγονα. The related present ▶︎ μαίνομιαι deviates in meaning. See further  > μιμνήσκω.

XXXXXμέντοι [pcl.] postpositional pcl. 'however, meanwhile, yet' (IA).

    *ETYM From μέν (» μήν 1) and the dative τοι (δ᾽ (still distinct in Hom.). Hell. μέντον 'id.' modelled on ἔνδοι- ▶︎ ἔνδον. See Denniston 1954: 405, 409-10, 495.

XXXXXμένω [v.] 'to remain, stay, wait, expect, stand fast' (IL). «IE *men- 'stay'>

    *VAR Also μίμνω (IL), enlarged μιμνάζω (11), fut. μενέω (Jon.), Att. μενῶ, aor. μεῖναι  CIL.), perf. μεμένηκα (Att.).

    *COMP Very frequent with prefix, eg. év-, €m- Kata-, mapa-, ὑπο-. Often as a first  member in governing compounds, e.g. μενε-χάρμης 'steadfast in battle' (1].), also -ος  (Il.); PN Mevé-Aaog, -λεως (11).

    *DER μονή (év-, ἐπι-, Kata-, Mapa-, ὑπο-, etc.) 'stay, abode, etc.' (14) with μόνιμος  (nap(a)-) 'staying, steadfast, etc.' (Thgn., Pi, IA); povin 'stability, permanence'  (Emp.), 'steadfastness' (Tyrt.), probably after ▶︎ καμμονίη 'endurance'; μόνος (Ev-,  map(a)-, ἐπί-, etc.) 'enduring' (Pi, Att.). μένημα [n.] 'place of detention' (pap. VI°). μενετός 'inclined to wait' (Th, Ar.). Μέμνων (Hom.), a secondary appellative  (> μέμνων 2), interpreted as 'who stands firm, who persists', but rather from *Mé6-  μων, cf.on ▶︎ Ἀγαμιέμνων. An iterative deverbative ἐπι-μηνάω is retained in the perf. ἐπιμεμηνάκαντι (Del. 91, 11; Argos ITI*); cf. below.

    *ETYM The thematic root-present μένω is the basis of the whole Greek system. Beside  this stands a reduplicated present μίμνω, The perfect μεμένηκα is an innovation. Although a counterpart of these formations is not found outside Greek, we have  Arm. mnam 'to stay, expect', which agrees with the iterative ἐπι-μηνάω; both derive  from *ménd-, for which cf. Lat. célare (to oc-culere), sédare (to sidere; cf. ▶︎ ἕζομαι),  Other formations are found in Lat. maneére < *mn-eh,- and Av. manaiieiti [caus.] 'he  makes stay' < *mon-eie-. In Sanskrit, we find as primary formations the reduplicated  athematic ma-man-dhi (ipv.), ma-man-yat (opt.), d-ma-man (ipf.) 'to wait, stand  still' (only RV 10, 27; 31; 32). Further represented in ToAB mdsk- 'to reside, be' <  *mn-sk-, and probably in the isolated verbal noun Olr. ainmne 'patience' < *an-men-  V-. The comparison with Hitt. mimma- 'to refuse, reject' as from *mi-mn-e/o-,

===Pag_983: Beekes_Página_0983.tiff===

matching μίμνω (Jasanoff 2003) is doubtful for semantic as well as formal reasons (see Kloekhorst 2008 s.v.).

XXXXXμέριμνα [f.] 'care, concern, solicitude' (h. Merc. Hes., Sapph., Emp., Pi., trag., Ar.); rare in prose, originally Ionic?

    <IE? *smer-, PG?>

    *COMP ἀ-μέριμνος 'without concern' (S., Hell.), ἀμεριμν-ία 'carelessness' (Plu.), etc.

    *DER μεριμνάω [v.] 'to care (for), be anxious' (S., Ar. X., D.), whence μεριμν-ήματα,  Dor. -άματα [pl.] 'cares' (Pi., S.); τητής [m.] 'caring for something' (E.), -ητικός  (Artem., sch.).

    *ETYM The position generally taken is that μέριμνα is a back-formation from  μεριμνάω (cf. Epevvaw : ἔρευνα, etc.), but this idea it not confirmed by the age of the  attestations, nor by their distribution. Formally closest is ▶︎ μέδιμνος; a noun *pep-i-  μὼν or *pép-t--ta seems to have served as a basis. A primary verb *smer-  presupposed by this analysis exists in Skt. smdrati, Av. maraiti, paiti-imaraiti, hi-  Smar- 'to remember, remind'. Cognate formations can perhaps be found in  ▶︎ μέρμερος, μέρμηρα, -ίζω, where further connections are given. Alternatively, Fur.:  246 assumes Pre-Greek origin because of the suffix (-ytv-).

XXXXXμέρμερος [adj.] conventional epithet of unclear mg. (acc. to H. μέρμερα = χαλεπά, δεινά, φροντίδος ἄξια 'difficult, awesome, worthy of thought'); apparently a reduplicated intensive formation. If related to μέριμνα, we may assume an original mg. 'raising concern', whence 'distressful, dreadful' vel sim. (?), beside 'pondering, caring', of persons.

    *VAR  Also attested as a PN (Apollod., Paus.). In Hom. (only IL.) always μέρμερα  [n.pl.} as an epithet of ἔργα, also as object of ῥέζειν, μητίσασθαι; post-Hom. of  κακόν, βλάβη, etc. (E, Lyc., Nic.), also of persons and animals (Pl. Hp. Ma., Plu.,  Opp.); enlarged μερ-μέριος (Them.).

    *DER μέρμηραι [f.pl.] 'cares, concerns' (Hes. Th. 55, Thgn. 1325, also IG 14, 1942 [late  verse]), μερμηρίζω [v.] 'to care, meditate, invent, consider, linger' (Hom.), aor. -i€au,  fut. -iEw (cf. Ruijgh 1957: 87); also ptepptaipw [v.] (Suid., H., Phot. [codd. also -μέρω]);  on ἀπο-μερμηρίσαι 'forget the cares' (Ar. V.5, D. C.) see Ruijgh ibid.

    *ETYM Under μέριμνα, the primary thematic root-verb Skt. smdrati, Av. maraiti  'remember' (reduplicated hi-Smar-) was adduced. The length of the vowel in  μέρμηραι, as opposed to μέρμερος, was explained by Frisk from the verb μερμηρίζω,  where he ascribed it to the meter. Yet, this is no sufficient explanation; the  interchange rather points to Pre-Greek origin (on εἴη, see Fur.: 257%). Thus,  unrelated to ▶︎ μάρτυς or ▶︎ μείρομαι.

XXXXXμέρμις, -ἶθος [f.] 'band, string' (x 23, D. S. 3, 21). 4PG(S,V)>

    *VAR Dat.pl. -θαις (Agatharch. 47); acc.sg. -Oov (H.), nom. -θος (Zonar.).

    *ETYM Formation like ἕλμις 'intestinal worm' (μέρμινθα is a vl in Ὁ. 5. Lc. cf. ἕλμινθος), and like ὄρνις, γέλγις 'head of garlic', etc. Cognates have been supposed in  μηρύω 'to wind up' as well as in ▶︎ βρόχος and ▶︎ μάραθον 'fennel'. But of course, the  word must be Pre-Greek, because of the alternating suffix -i0-/-tv0-. Fur: 289  compares μήρινθος, σμήρινθος 'string, thread', and further σμῆριγξ 'hair', σμήριγγες:  πλεκταί, σειραί, βόστρυχοι 'coils, strings; cords; curls of hair' (H.).

===Pag_984: Beekes_Página_0984.tiff=== XXXXXμέσαβον 933

XXXXXμέρμνος [m.] 'kind of falcon' (Call., Ael.).

    *VAR μέρμνης: τρίορχος (H.).

    *DER PN Μέρμνων (Theoc. 3, 35).

    *ETYM Origin unknown, but compare the Lydian dynasty of the -Μερμνάδαι; see  Neumann 1961: 70. Fauth Herm. 96 (1968): 257 recalls the PNs Μάρμαξ (Paus.) and  Βάρβαξ (> βάρβαξ), and »μόρφνος (epithet of αἰετός 'eagle', meaning unclear). The  last connection could show that the word is Pre-Greek (alternation μίφ).

XXXXXμέροπες, -wv, -εσσι [pl.] epithet of ἄνθρωποι (Hom.), βροτοί (B 285), after these of λαοί (A. Supp. 90 [lyr.}) and, as a substantive, = ἄνθρωποι (trag., Hell. and later poets); also = oi ἄφρονες ὑπὸ Εὐβοέων 'senseless (Eub.)' (Gloss. Oxy. 1802, 48). Further as an EN (Pi.) and of a bird (Arist., Plu.); cf. below. 'ΤΟΜΡμεροπο-σπόρος 'procreating men' (Man.). 'ὈΕΕμεροπήϊος 'human' (Man, Opp.).

    *ETYM The original meaning is unknown, which has opened up the way for  speculations (see Frisk). Koller Glotta 46 (1968): 14-26 starts from h. Ap. 4 with the  formula πόλις μερόπων ἀνθρώπων, said of Cos, and states that it meant 'a city of  mortal men'. See further Ramat Acad. Toscana La Colombaria 1960: 131-157 and  Ramat Riv. fil. class. 90 (1962): 150. The suffix -oy (-wy), probably non-IE, is found in various names of animals and  peoples, e.g. Spvoy, Δρύοπες, πάρνοψ, Δόλοπες, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 259). Like the  word itself, it is probably Pre-Greek. See Beekes Glotta 73 (1995-1996): 21-27. The  relation between ἀέροψ and Mépoy is unclear (see Fur.: 246).

XXXXXμέρος [n.] 'part, share, section, row, rank' (ἢ. Hom., Thgn., Pi, IA). <1E *smer- 'think of, remember, care'>

    *COMP Rarely as a first member, e.g. μερ-άρχης [m.] 'distributing official' (Att. inscr.), 'commander of a military division' (Hell.), very often as a second member,  eg. πολυ-μερής 'consisting of many parts' (Ti. Locr., Arist.).

    *DER μερίς, -ίδος [f.] 'part, distribution, contribution, plot of ground, district, class'  (Att., Hell.) with pepid-tov (Arr.); as a first member it appears in in μεριδ-άρχης [m.]  'governor of a district' (pap., LXX), εἴς, Further μερίτης [m.] 'participant' (D., Plb.)  with μεριτικός 'belonging to the μερίτης᾽ (Lyd.), (συμ-)μεριτεύω, -ομαι [v.] 'to  distribute (among each other)' (LXX, pap.), with pepiteia 'distribution of property'  (pap.); μερικός 'concerning the part, individual, special' (Aristipp. apud D. L.), with  -κεύω [v.] 'to consider as an individual' (Steph. in Rh., Eust.); μερόεν' μεριστικόν 'fit  for dividing [LSJP (H.); μέρεια or -eia in ἐν τᾶι μερειᾶι (Tab. Heracl.). Denominative (first from μέρος, but later from μερίς too): μερίζω (Dor. -ίσδω) [v.]  'to distribute', med. 'to distribute among each other, to drive apart' (IA, Theoc.,  Bion), also with prefix as ἐπι-, dia-, kata-; thence (émt-, κατα-)μερισμός 'distribution'  (PL, Arist.), μέρισμα 'part' (Orph.), kata-, ἀνα-μέρισις 'distribution' (Epicur.),  μεριστής 'distributor', συμ- 'fellow-heir' (Ev. Luc., pap.), fem. -iotpta (sch.).

    *ETYM Verbal noun from ▶︎ μείρομαι 'to take one's share', perf. ἔμμορε 'to  participate'.

XXXXXμέσαβον [n.] 'strap', fixing the pole to the middle of the yoke. «PG>

===Pag_985: Beekes_Página_0985.tiff===

    *VAR Hes. Op. 469 -ὧν, probably gen.pl; μεσσαβα [ρ].} (Call.); μεσάβοιον, v.l. -ό-  (Poll. 1, 252).

    *DER μεσσαβόω [v.] 'to yoke (the horses)' (Lyc.).

    *ETYM Analyzed as an hypostasis from (év) μέσῳ βοῶν 'between the oxen', with a  thematization like in ἑκατόμ-βη (μεσάβοιον based on ἐννεάβοιον, etc.). However,  the compositional vowel -a- instead of -o- is unexplained (assuming that μεσα- was  influenced by μετα- does not help). In fact, the whole analysis is morphologically  unacceptable. If we take into consideration the forms μέσοψ 'strap' in μεσόπα'  ἱμάντα τὸν περὶ τὸν ζυγὸν καὶ τό ἄροτρον δεδεμένον 'a strap bound around the  yoke and the plough' (H.), pointing to interchange of labials, and also μεσσαῖον- τό  ὑπὸ τοὺς τραχήλους ὑποτιθέμενον 'which ®& put around the neck' (HL), with  geminate -σσ-, μεσάτιον (μεσάντιον I Reg 17, 7), Pre-Greek origin becomes evident. See Fur. 107 on a/o, 148f. on n/p.

XXXXXμέσακλον [n.] 'weaver's beam' (LXX 1 Ci.17,7).

    *VAR vill. -Kvov, -άντιον; -κμον (H.), -κνον (Suid.); μέσακμον: κανὼν τοῦ ἱστοῦ 'rod  of the loom', οἱ δὲ ἀντίον 'others: (part of) the loom', οἱ δὲ τόμεσάκτων ἢ μεσάκρων  (H.); μεσάτμῳ: τῷ κανόνι, τῷ μέσῳ καλάμῳ τοῦ ἱστοῦ 'the middle rod of the loom'  (Suid.).

    *ETYM Almost certainly a technical loanword from Pre-Greek, because of the many  different variants.

XXXXXμεσημβρία [f.] 'midday, noon', as a direction 'south' (Att. A.).

    *VAR -in (Archil., Hecat.), μεσαμβρίη (Hdt.).

    *DER μεσημβρινός (Att.), Dor. (Theoc.) μεσαμβρινός 'ptng. to the afternoon,  southern' (after the adj. of time in -ινός); μεσήμβριος 'southern' (Ruf. apud Orib.),

XXXXXμεσημβριάς [f.] (Nonn.); also (after Dor. ἀμέρα) τὸ μεσᾶμέριον 'at midday' (Theoc.). Denominative verb μεσημβρ-ιάζω (PL), -iCw (Str.), with pte. -ἰάων, -l6wv (AP, A. R.) 'to pass the meridian, culminate', of sun and stars.

    *ETYM An abstract formation in -ia from μέσον apap, or derived from an old  adjective *péo-au(B) p-oc, -ἰος 'of the middle of the day' from the zero grade of duap  'day'. Thence μεσ-ἄμβρ-ία, -in with shortening by Osthoff, and μεσ-ημβρ-ία with  analogical ἡ after ▶︎ ἧμαρ, ἡμέρα.

XXXXXμέσκος [m.]? - κῴδιον, δέρμα. Νίκανδρος 'skin, fleece (Nic. = Fr. 119} (H.). «1ν Orient.

    *ETYM An Oriental loanword acc. to Lewy 1895: 131, Justi ΠΕ Anz. 17: 125: cf. Aram. meska, Assyr. masku, OP maSka, MP and Arm. mask 'hide, skin, soft leather', etc. Did ▶︎ πέσκος arise from here by contamination with πέκος (Gtintert 1914: 145f.)?  Latte simply reads néoxog instead of μέσκος.

XXXXXμεσόδμα - γυνή «ὡς Λάκωνες» (H. gl. 917). <2 «ΑΒ Also μεσοδόμα: γυνὴ. Λάκωνες (H. gl. 947).

    *ETYM Unknown; -ὅμα reminds of δάμαρ. Fur.: 227 derives a form μεσίσγομα from  the glosses cited above, but this is unwarranted.

===Pag_986: Beekes_Página_0986.tiff=== XXXXXμέσπιλον 935

XXXXXμεσόδμη [f.] 'crossbeam', stretched from wall to wall in a building, or from side to side on a ship, and in which the mast was stepped (Od., Hp., Ὁ. S.), details in Bechtel 1914 S.V. (GR

    *VAR  μεσόδμᾶ (Delph. IV'), μεσόμνη (Att. inser.), on the phonetics see Schwyzer:  208. Also μεσόδμη: ξύλον, 16 ἀπὸ τῆς τρόπεως ἕως Tod ἱστοῦ (H.) and μεσόδμαι καὶ  μεσόδματα- τὰ μεσόστυλα. τίνες δὲ τὰ τῶν δοκῶν διαστήματα (Η., Latte:  'μεσόδματα vix sanum').

    *ETYM Properly 'belonging to the middle of the house', a compound of μέσος and  the zero grade of the word for 'house' (Sep-, du-), seen in ▶︎ δεσπότης and ▶︎ δάπεδον,  cf. on ▶︎ δόμος, enlarged with a suffix -a-: μεσό-δμ-ἃ like "ἑκατόμ-βε-ἃ, The term  was transferred from domestic architecture to the construction of ships. The second  member -ὅμη is often directly derived from dépw 'to build' as a zero grade root-noun  (cf. νέο-δμᾶ-τος, δέ-δμη-μαι < *-dmh,-), so 'middle structure'?

XXXXXμέσος [adj.] '(in the) middle', of space, time, etc., τὸ μέσον 'centre' (I].).

    <IE *med"io-  'middle'>

    *VAR Compar. peoai-tepoc, superl. -tatog (IA), after παλαίτερος, etc; also  μέσ(σλατος (Il, Ar.), after ἔσχατος, etc; μεσσότατος (A. R., Man.).

    *DIAL Aeol. μέσσος, Cret. Boeot. μέττος,

    *COMP Very often as a first member, eg. ▶︎ μεσόδμη, ▶︎ μεσημβρία; μεσαι-πόλιος 'half-  grey, grizzled' (N 361; cf. eg. μεσό-λευκος), like μεσαίτερος, was not built on a  locative but metrically conditioned (Schwyzer: 448).

    *DER Adjectives: 1. μεσήεις = μέσος (M 269, metrical enlargement in verse-final  position, perhaps after τιμήεις, τελήεις). 2. μεσ(σ)ήρης = μέσος (E, Eratosth.), after  ποδήρης, etc. 3. μεσαῖος = μέσος (Antiph.), cf. τελευταῖος. 4. μεσάδιος 'central'  (Aeol. acc. to sch. Ὁ. T.), after διχθάδιος etc., cf. also μεσάζω. 5. μεσίδιος 'in the  middle, mediating' (Arist.); μεσίδιον [n.] 'property deposited with an intermediary',  whence -16w 'to make a deposite' (pap., inscr.). 6. μεσίτης [m.] 'mediator, arbiter',  with -ἰτεύω [v.] 'to be a μι, to settle', also 'to pawn' (Plb., pap., NT), -iteia 'mediation,  settlement, pawning' (7. pap.). 7. μέσης [m.] 'wind between ἀπαρκτίας and katkiac'  (Arist.), also μεσεύς = καικίας (Steph. in Hp.). 8. μεσότης, -ητος [f.] 'middle, mean,  moderation' (Pl; Arist.). 9. μεσακόθεν [adv.] 'amidst, between' (Arc. IV"), from  -αχόθεν after πανταχόθεν. μεσσάτιος (Call.), μεσάτιον name of a strap (Poll.) are unrelated, see ▶︎ μέσαβον  'leather strap'. Denominative verbs: 1. μεσόω 'to constitute the middle, be in the middle' (1A); 2. μεσεύω 'to keep the mean, be neutral' (Pl. Lg., X., Arist.); 3. μεσάζω = μεσόω (LXX,  Ὁ. S.). ae Old local adjective, identical with Skt. mddh ya-, Lat. medius, Go. midjis, OHG  mitti, all from IE *méd"io- 'in the middle'. See further ▶︎ μεζσ)σηγύζς).

XXXXXμέσπιλον [n.] 'medlar, -tree, Mespilus germanica' (Archil, Hp, Amphis, Dsc.), also 'thorn, Crataegus (orientalis, oxyacantha', Thphr.).

    *VAR -iAn [f.] (Thphr.).

===Pag_987: Beekes_Página_0987.tiff===

    *ETYM A foreign word of unknown origin. Probably Pre-Greek on account of the  suffix -A- (Pre-Greek: suffixes). Borrowed as Lat. mespilum, -a, whence OHG  mespila, etc.

XXXXXμεσποδι -᾿μέσφα.

XXXXXμέσσαυλος (-ονὴ --μέταυλος.

XXXXXμε(σ)γοηγύ(ς) [adv.] 'in the middle, between' (Il, Hp. Eratosth.). 41 *med"ieh,-gu- 'going in the middle'>

    *VAR  μεσηγύς (only Orph.).

    *ETYM On the facultative -ς, see Schwyzer: 404xand 620. The similarity with ἐγγύς is  obvious, but it is unknown whether this is due to a common origin or to analogy. See  most recently De Lamberterie RPh. 72 (1998): 132, arguing that it contains an  instrumental μεσση, like in Skt. madhyd 'in the middle' (Forssman IF 101 (1996):  305), and a root *g'eu- which stands beside *g'em-, *g'eh.-. See ▶︎ πρέσβυς, ▶︎ ἐγγύς.

XXXXXμεστός [adj.] 'full, filled, satiated' (IA). «IE? *med- 'measure, be full'>

    *COMP Also with ava-, év-, ἐπι-, etc. in different mgs., first after ἀνάπλεος, etc. Also  possible is a back-formation of ἀνα-μεστοῦσθαι (cf. Stromberg 1946: 91 and 117).

    *DER μεστόομαι, -όω [v.] 'to be filled, fill up' (com., S., Pl. Lg., Arist.), also with ava-,  dia-, ἐν-, κατα-, whence late and rare μέστωσις 'filling, satiation', τωμα 'filling'. Also  μέσμα' μέστωμα (H.), perhaps an old primary formation independent of peotdc?

    *ETYM Unclear. Connection with μαδάω is impossible from the laryngealist point of  view. A connection with *med- 'to measure' has also been proposed, defended by  Meier-Briigger KZ 105 (1992): 240-244, referring to de Saussure's translation 'quia sa  mesure'. LIV? connects μεστός with 2. *med- 'voll werden, satt werden', to be  separated from 1. *med- 'measure'.

XXXXXμέσφα [adv., prep.] 'until' (© 508).

    *VAR Further μέσφι (Aret.); μέστα (Cret. IT', Cyren.), wet ἐς (Gortyn), μέστε (Arc.),  μεσποδι, wes (Thess.); cf. Ruijgh 1957: 137.

    *ETYM The initial part is the same as in ▶︎ μέχρι (and perhaps ▶︎ werd); thence the -ἰ in  μέσφι was taken. Final -~a is obscure. μέστε corresponds to ▶︎ ἔστε; μεσποδι may  contain IE *pod-i 'foot' (see Garcia Ramén in DELG Supp.); Thess. μὲς (only in μὲς  vac πέμπτας), might stand for μέστε, -ra with haplology. Many details remain  unclear, as is common with petrified expressions.

XXXXXμέτα, μετά [adv., prep.] 'in the midst, afterwards; between, with, after' (1].), with gen., dat. and acc. 415 *meth, 'in the midst, between, after'>

    *DIAL Myc. me-ta.

    *ETYM The Germanic preposition Go. mip, ON med, OHG mit(i) 'with, among' < IE  *met(i) or medi is very similar, and probably related to μέσος; Gr. -a could be an  innovation after κατά, ava, διά, etc. Cf. also Alb. mjet 'middle'. A remote cognate  may be contained in the first element of ▶︎ μέχρι, and possibly in ▶︎ μέσος. Note τὰ  wérate 'afterwards' (Hes. Op. 394 acc. to Hdn. and other sources [τὰ μεταξύ codd.J),  with -Ce like in θύραζε, etc. The form μεταξύ [adv.] 'in the midst, between' (II.), late

===Pag_988: Beekes_Página_0988.tiff=== XXXXXμετανάστης, -ον 937 also 'afterwards', is common and old, and may derive from peta + Ev(v). Beside μετά or instead of it, some dialects (Aeol., Dor., Arc.) use ▶︎ πεδά.

XXXXXμέταλλον [n.] 'mine, quarry' (Hdt., Th, X. Att. inscr.), late also 'mineral, metal' (Nonn., AP), back-formation from μεταλλεύω.

    *COMP Asa first member in μεταλλ-ουργός 'miner', with -éw, -elov (D. 8., Dsc.).

    *DER 1. μεταλλεῖα [n.pl.] 'minerals, metals' (Pl. Lg. 678d), substantivized form of  Ἰμεταλλεῖος 'ptng. to to a mine'. 2. μεταλλικός 'ptng. to mines' (D., Arist.). 3.

XXXXXμεταλλεύς [m.] 'miner' (Lys., Pl. Lg. Att. inscr.); thence, or from μέταλλον, 4.

XXXXXμεταλλεύω [v.] 'to be miner, work in the mines, dig up from quarries' (Pl. Arist., LXX) with μεταλλ-εία (PL, Str.), -ευσις (Ph. Bel.) 'mining', -ευτής = μεταλλεύς (Str.), -εὐτικός 'ptng. to mining' (Pl. Lg. Arist, pap.) 5. μεταλλίζομαι [v.] 'to be condemned tobe a miner' (Cod. Just.). 6. μεταλλῖτις' γῆ τις 'some kind of earth' (H.). On itself stands μεταλλάω [v.] 'to investigate, inquire, examine' (IL. late prose), cf. below.

    *ETYM A technical term of mining, and therefore suspected of being a loan. The  attempt to explain μέταλλον as a back-formation from petaAAdw does not help, as  no convincing etymology has been found for the verb either. The explanation from  μετ᾽ ἄλλα, properly '(inquire) for other things', is hardly convincing. It is much  more probable that denominative petaAAdw is originally a technical term, which was  used in a metaph. sense by epic poets, but fell out of use elsewhere. Borrowed as Lat. metallum 'mining, metal', whence MoHG Metall, MoE metal, etc. On Pre-Greek  -aAd-, see Beekes 2008.

XXXXXμεταμώνιος [adj.] 'idle, vain, useless' (Hom., Pi., Theoc.), where always -a [n.pl.], later 'borne by the wind, raised on high' (Simon., Ar.), by association with ἄνεμος,

    *ETYM The word is synonymous with ἀνεμώλιος, and like the latter, it is modelled on  ἄνεμος 'wind'. It is a hypostasis of pet' ἀνέμων for ἔμετ-ανεμ-ώνιος, with subsequent  haplology. The glosses μωνιή: ὀλιγωρία and μωνιόν' μάταιον, ἀχρεῖον (H.) probably  originated from a false analysis of this form. Not related to ▶︎ μάτην.

XXXXXμετανάστης, -ov [m.] See below. «GRE

    *DER In Hom. only in the expression ἀτίμητον μετανάστην (I 648 = P 59); post-  Hom. 'migrant, emigrant, fugitive' (Hdt. 7, 161 of the Athenians, Arat., Ph., pap.),  -στις [f.] (Ph.) and -otpia (AP), like ἀγύρτης : ἀγύρτρια, etc; μετανάστο-ιος [adj.]  'migrating, wandering' (AP, Nonn.), μεταναστ-εύω, -εύομαι [v.] 'to drive out,  wander, flee' (LXX, Str., Ph.).

    *ETYM Hat. and his contemporaries already understood the word as 'wanderer', and  connected it (as μετ-ανά-στη-ς) with μετ-ανα-στῆτναι 'to move, emigrate',  μετανάστασις 'removal, emigration' (Hdt, Th., Hp.). In this case, however, it would  stand for *petava-otdé-tng with metrically conditioned haplology (cf. ἐπι-, napa-,  προ-στά-τῃς, etc.), as an old root noun -στη-ς < *steh,- (like in Skt. ni-stha-s, prati-  stha-s, etc.) has no counterpart in Greek. Since this interpretation is in conflict with the Homeric use of μετά and ἀνίστασθαι,  a better hypothesis may be the explanation already given in the TLG: μετα-νάσ-της ~  *yeta-vaiw 'to live together with', like μεταναιέ-της (Hes.), -taw (A. Cer.). As an old

===Pag_989: Beekes_Página_0989.tiff===

parallel formation to Att. μέτ-οικος, Arg. πεδά-βοικος and to μετοικέται-: κατὰ μέσον οἰκοῦντες (H.), μετανάστης would originally have meant 'who lives among others (as a foreigner), resident' (and still does in Homer). Because of the disappearance of verbal -vac- and the gradual advance of peta- 'around' at the expense of peta- 'with', μετανάστης was associated with μεταναστῆναι, μετανάστασις already in classical times. Leumann's view (Leumann 1950: 183°°) that μετα-νάσ-της would properly mean 'immigrant' (from peta-vaiw 'to move') has to meet the same objections as the connection with μεταναστῆναι. See > ναίω.

XXXXXμεταξύ = péta. %,

XXXXXμετάρσιος [adj.] 'raised, high in the air' (Ion.), equivalent of Att. μετέωρος (Capelle Phil. 71 (1912): 449{{.

    *VAR Dor. πεδάρσιος (A., Ar.).

    *DER μεταρσιόω [v.] 'to raise on high' (Ion.).

    *ETYM Formation like ἀνάρσιος (to *&v-aptoc), ἀμβρόσιος (to ἄμ-βροτος), etc. Acc. to Wackernagel KZ 28 (1887): 131, it is a contracted form of *weT-deptoc > *pét-ap-  τος, from μετ-αείρω, -aipw 'to lift up'. See »μετέωρος.

XXXXXμέτασσαι [f.pl.] 'lambs born later, i.e. of middle age', between the πρόγονοι and the ἕρσαι (1 221); τὰ μέτασσα [n.pl.] 'later on' (h. Merc. 125). 41Ε * meth,-tio- 'born later'>

    *ETYM Derived from μέτα like ἔπισσαι 'daughters born later' to ἔπι, so probably from  *weta-tlo-, -τιᾶ [f.], like Skt. dpa-tya- 'offspring'. The explanation as μέτ-ασσαι =  μετ-οῦσαι 'being in between', an archaic zero grade fem. ptc. of μετ-εῖναι, meets the  problem that both τὰ pétacoa (for τὰ μετόντα) and ἔπισσαι have to be explained as  analogical formations. See ▶︎ περισσός.

XXXXXμέταυλος [adj.] attribute of θύρα (Ar., Lys., Plu.), also substantivized [f.] 'the door that opens from the (outside) court, or from the living of the men, towards the back rooms (opposite ἡ αὔλειος θύρα 'the outside door'), in Vitr. (6, 7, 5) used of a corresponding corridor.

    *VAR  μέσαυλος (E., Ph. [v. l. -Atoc, Vitr.), μέσσαυλος (-ov) 'the inner court where the  cattle were put for the night (Hom.,, A. R. 3, 235); μεσαύλη [f.] 'court inside the  house' (pap. VI?; reading not quite certain).

    *ETYM As a hypostasis, Att. μέταυλος either stands for ή μετ᾽ αὐλήν (θύρα), Le. the  door behind the (outward) court, or for ή μετ᾽ αὐλῆς (μετ᾽ αὐλῶν Bipa), i.e. the door  in the middle of the court (between both courts); the meaning, which changed with  the organisation of the house, cannot be settled without exact knowledge of the plan  of the house; cf. the explanations by Wistrand Eranos 37 (1939): 16ff. Therefore, the  etymological analysis is likewise uncertain. On μεσο- for older μετα-, see  Wackernagel 1920-192.4(2): 242. On the other hand, Hom. μέσσαυλος seems to stand for τὸ μέσον or (ἐν) μέσσῳ  αὐλῆς, meaning 'what belongs to the middle of the court' or 'what is in the middle  of the court', 1.6. 'middle of the court, interior of the court; cf. Risch IF 59 (1949):  τοῦ, It would then have to be separated from μέταυλος. In A. R. 3, 235, epic

===Pag_990: Beekes_Página_0990.tiff=== XXXXXμέτρον 939 μέσσαυλος may have been influenced by later μέσαυλος; late μεσαύλη conformed to the simplex.

XXXXXμετέωρος [adj.] 'raised on high, in suspense, above the earth, on high sea, superficial', metaph. 'hesitating, uncertain, pending, excited' (I].).

    *VAR Epic μετήορος, Aeol. and Dor. πεδάορος (Alc., A.).

    *COMP Often as a first member, e.g. μετεωρο-λόγος 'who speaks about τὰ μετέωρα,  astronomer', with -έω, -ia (IA).

    *DER μετεωρ-ότης [f.] 'sublimity' (Corn.), -ia 'absence of mind' (Suet, M. Ant.),  -ootvn 'id' (Man.); -ἰδιον mg. uncertain (pap. letters). Denominative μετεωρίζω [v.]  'to raise high, encourage (with false hopes), etc.', med.-pass. also 'to become proud,  arrogant' (IA) with μετεωρ-ισμός (Hp., Arist.), τἰσμα (Hell.), -toig (Plu., D.C.)  'exaltation, excitedness, etc.'; τιστής (H.) as an explanation of πεδαοριστής (beside  ἵππος @pu<a>ypatiag), -ἰστικός 'exciting' (Vett. Val.). Also petewpéw =  μετεωρίζομαι (Ph.).

    *ETYM Derivation from *pet-agipw, pet-aipw (Aeol. nedaipw) 'to lift up', like  συνάορος 'coupled together' from συν-αείρω (cf. ἔξοχος to ἐξέχω, etc.). A hypostasis  of wet' ἀέρος 'located in the air', with analogical -o-, is unlikely. See ▶︎ μετάρσιος.

XXXXXμετόπη [f.] 'metope', element between the triglyphs on the frieze of Dorian temples (Vitr.), codd. methope, -a like triumphus, sephulcrum, etc. (cf. Leumann 1963-1979: 131). ΑΚ Accentuation not found in the mss. Also μεθόπια [n.pl.] (Delph. IV4, H p[...Jomia Att. inscr. IV*), cf. ἐφόπτης beside ἐπόπτης. etc. (Schwyzer: 220).

    *ETYM Given other technical terms like peta-kidviov, μετα-στύλιον 'space between  the columns' (Att. and Hell. inscr.), μεθόριος, -ov 'what lies between boundaries,  borderland between two countries' (Th., X.), μετόπιον must indicate a space between  the dna. Acc. to Vitr. 4, 2, 4, the ὀπαί were tignorum cubicula et asserum, i.e. omissions or indentations in the beams, in which the heads of the crossbeams were  fitted in; these heads were covered with special planks, the so-called triglyphs. According to another view, rejécted by Vitr., the dnai were originally openings for  light, which certainly fits the meaning of ὀπή, 'hatch, opening for light', better. Demangel BCH 55 (1931): u17ff. argues for the latter, seeing the triglyphs as a grid  which was put before the ὀπαί afterwards. The form μετόπῃη is clearly secondary to petémov, and adapted to the simplex,  perhaps because the metopes themselves seemed to be 'openings in-between';  μετόπη 'opening between (the triglyphs) would be a compound of the type περί-  κηπος 'garden around (the house)' (Hell. and late pap.), cf. Risch IF 59 (1949): 252, or  understood like μεσ-αύλη (see ▶︎ μέταυλος).

XXXXXμέτρον [n.] 'measure, goal, length, size; metre' (I].). <1E *meh,- 'measure'>

    *COMP Many compounds, eg. σύμμετρος 'with the same measure, measured,  appropriate, symmetrical', συμμετρ-ία 'harmony, symmetry, etc.' (IA); περί-μετρος  'exceeding (the measure)' (Od.); but περίμετρον (Hdt., Arist.), τος [f.] (scil. γραμμή)  'circumference', with verbal connotation after περίοδος etc. (cf. περι-μετρέω Luc.).

===Pag_991: Beekes_Página_0991.tiff===

    *DER Adjectives: 1. μέτριος 'moderate, suitable' (Hes.) with μετρι-ότης 'moderation'  (IA), -oobvn 'poverty' (pap. VIP), -ακός 'moderate' (pap. VIP), -4¢w 'to be moderate'  (Att, Hell.) with -ασμός (Suid.); μετριεύεται (H. s.v. Aayapittetal). 2. μετρικός  'metrical, by measure' (Arist.). 3. μετρηδόν [adv.] 'in metrical form' (Nonn.). 4. Verb: petpéw 'to measure (out)', etc. (Hom.), very often with prefix, e.g. ava-, δια-,  ἐπι-, ἐκ-, ἀπο-, ovv-; hence (often with prefix) μέτρ-ησις 'measurement' (IA), -ημα  'measure' (E., Hell.), -ητής [m.] 'measurer', name of a measure, 'metretes' (Att.),

XXXXXτητίς [f.] 'id' (Amorgos IV*), -ητιαῖος 'sticking to a μι (Caryanda), -ητικός 'regarding measurement' (Pl.). As a second member in several verbal compounds, e.g. γεω-μέτρης [m.] 'geometer' (PL, X.) with yewpetp-ia, Ion. -in (Hdt., Ar.), -1Kd¢ (Democr. Pl.), -éw (Att.), βου-μέτρης 'measurer of cows' = ὁ ἐπι θυσιῶν τεταγμένος παρὰ Αἰτωλοῖς 'who has been appointed at a sacrifice (Aetolian)' (H.). Backformations, e.g. διάμετρος (scil. γραμμή) [f.] 'diameter, diagonal, etc. (PL, Arist.), ἐπίμετρον 'excess, addition' (Hell.).

    *ETYM Beside μέτρον, we find μήτρα [f.] 'areal measure', etc. (Cilicia) with an  identical suffix, but a different root grade; corresponding exactly with Skt. matra [f.]  'measure'. Also in ἐρεσι-μήτρην' τὴν γεωμετρίαν (HL), see on ▶︎ gpa. It may go back to the root *meh,- seen in the athematic present Skt. mé-ti 'measures'. Greek shows a short vowel in μέτρον, as opposed to Skt. matram [n.] 'id'; this  derives from a vocalization of the zero grade *mh,-tro- > μετρ- (rather than *#mh,tr- >  μητρ-). The latter would be the expected vocalization, if we assume that *NHC-  develops like *-CNHC- > Gr. CN1/a/wC. However, contra Beekes 1969: 183, it seems  that the *m- remained consonantal in initial position, see Beekes IF 93 (1988): 22-45. A derivation IE *méd-tro- from *med- 'measure' is impossible, as it would have given  Ἰμέστρον. See ▶︎ μῆτις.

XXXXXμέτωπον [n.] 'the space between the eyes, forehead, brow', metaph. 'front, front of an army' (1].); also as a plant name = χαλβάνη (Dsc.).

    *COMP εὐρυ-μέτωπος 'with a broad forehead' (Hom.).

    *DER μετώπιος 'on the forehead' (A 95, P 739), also substantival = 'forehead' (see  below), -tov [n.] 'front' (Priene IV*), 'bandage on the forehead, etc.' (Gal.), name of a  salve prepared from the plant μ., etc. (Dsc., Gal.); μετωπ-ίδιος 'of the forehead' (Hp.,  AP), but προ-μετωπ-ίδιος 'on the forehead' (Hdt., X.), mept- 'covering the forehead'  (Hp.), from the corresponding prepositional forms; -tatog 'id' (medic.); -iag [π|.]  'with a typical forehead' (pap.); μετωπίς: ἱατρικὸς ἐπίδεσμος 'medical bandage' (H.);  μετωπ-ηδόν (Hdt, Th.), -ἄδόν (Opp.) 'forming a front'. On the PN Μέτωπος  Sommer 1948: 8.

    *ETYM Acc. to Arist. (HA, 491b 12), it originally means μεταξὺ τῶν ὀμμάτων, 'space  between the eyes', a hypostasis from μετά and ὦπ-α 'eye, face' with a thematic vowel. The form μετώποιον 'forehead, front' may be a parallel formation containing a suffix  -to-. The expression is understandable when one starts from an animal's head, which  has the eyes on the flanks (cf. Sommer op.cit. 115°).

XXXXXμέχρι [adv., prep.] 'as far as, until' (I1.).

    *VAR Also μέχρις (Ω 128, X., Hell.).

===Pag_992: Beekes_Página_0992.tiff=== XXXXXμήδομαι 941

    *ETYM Identical with Arm. merj 'near, by', whence merjenam 'to approach' < *merji-  anam; from IE *mé-¢'s-r-i, containing the word for 'hand'. See ▶︎ ἄχρι.

XXXXXμή [pel.] 'not, that not' (IL).

    *VAR Further μηδέ, μηδείς, μηκέτι, μήτε, etc. ;

    *ETYM Old prohibitive negation, identical with Arm. mi, Skt. ma, Av. ma, OP ma,  and ToAB ma; IE *meh, also to be included here is Alb. mo 'id.' « *meh, next to mos  < *meh, ke. See ▶︎ οὐ.

XXXXXμήδεα 1 [n-pl.) 'male genitals', of φωτός (Od., Androm. apud Gal., Call, also Ant. Lib.), μέζεα (Hes. Op. 512, Lyc.); wédea (Archil. 138); metaph. 'urine' in Opp. (Cyn. 4, 441); μέζος: αἰδοῖον 'private parts' (H.).

    *COMP As a second member in εὐμέζεος (cod. -μάξεως; leg. -μεζέοςξ)- εὐφυὴς (cod. -eic; leg. -ob¢?) τοῖς αἰδοίοις 'well-endowed qua private parts' (H.).

    *ETYM The variation between μήδεα, μέζεα and μέδεα clearly points to a Pre-Greek  word: interchange e/n (cf. Fur: 258%), δίζ (Fur.: 293ff.). The form μήδεα is not a  euphemistic replacement for péCea, μέδεα (as per Wackernagel). WP compared MIr. mess (< *med-tu-) 'gland', assuming an original meaning 'swell, swollen in the form  of balls' (which does not make sense for this root).

XXXXXμήδεα 2 'counsels, cares'. -μήδομαι.

XXXXXμήδιον [n.] plant name, 'Campanula lingulate' (Dsc.). < 2>

    *DER ἐπιμήδιον name of an unknown plant (Dsc.).

    *ETYM Strémberg 1940: 122 supposes connection with μήδιος: μαλακός 'soft, delicate'    (ΗΔ

XXXXXμήδομαι [v.] 'to deliberate, estimate, contrive, decide' (Hom.).

    <IE *meh,-, *med-  'measure'>

    *VAR Aor. μήσασθαι (Hom.), μῆστο' <é>BovAetoato (H.), fut. μήσομαι.

    *COMP Rarely with ém- and δια-. As a second member e.g. in θρασυ-μήδης 'with bold  plans' (Pi. B.), also as a PN (11... 2. μηδοσύνη 'prudence' (Hell.). 3. μήστωρ, -wpoc,  -opoc [m.] 'adviser' (IL, Hp.), also as a PN (1].); as a second member in e.g. δορι-μήστωρ [m.] 'adviser in war' (E.), often in PNs, e.g. Θεο-μήστωρ (Hdt.), Κλυται-  μήστρα, -ἡ (see on ▶︎ κλύω), etc.

    *DER μήδεα [n.pl.] 'counsels, plans' (11...

    *ETYM Primary thematic μήδομαι, whence aor. μήσασθαι beside older μῆστο, and  μήσομαι, is commonly identified with the near synonym μέδομαι (see ▶︎ μέδω). The  lengthened grade -"- is also seen in Dor., so it must be old. This is remarkable, as all  other presents with a long root vowel have an old full grade plus a laryngeal. Therefore, one might consider influence of the root *meh,- 'measure' (discussed  under μῆτις and μέτρον) on μέδομαι, so as to yield μήδομαι. This cross would have  to be old, as the verbal noun μήδεα 'plans' has an immediate counterpart in Arm. mit-k' [pl.] 'id'. See Beekes IF 93 (1988): 30f. and also Clackson 1994: 147-149, who    denies that Arm. mit-k' and Greek μήδεα necessarily constitute a shared innovation  of these two languages.

===Pag_993: Beekes_Página_0993.tiff===

XXXXXμηκάομαι [v.] 'to bleat', of sheep, also of a hare and of ἃ horse; in the formular verse Kad' δ᾽ ἔπεσ᾽ ἐν κονίῃσι μακών, of a horse, deer, boar, and also of a man (Phryn. PS, Procop., sch., H.).

    *VAR  μηκάζω (Nic.), perf. μέμηκα only in ind. plpf. ἐμέμηκον (t 439) and pte. μεμηκώς (K 362), fem. μεμακυῖαι (A 435), aor. ptc. μακών (P 469, κ 163).

    *DER After κεμάς and other animal names: μηκάς [f.] 'bleating', in Hom. only plur. of  αἶγες 'goats', later (S., E.) also of ἄρνες 'sheep', and (substantivized) = αἴξ, Late  derivatives: μηκ-ασμός (Plu. Poll.), -ηθμός (Opp.), -ἡ (Ael., sch.) [f.] 'bleating',  -ητικός [adj.] 'bleating' (sch.).

    *ETYM The pair μέμηκα: μακεῖν (pte. μακών) agrees with λέληκα : λακεῖν (with  comparable meaning 'to scream, screech'), κέκραγα: κραγεῖν 'to croak', etc. Several  types of present were created from the old intensive perfects and thematic aorists:  μηκάζω, -άομαι (cf. λάσκω, κράζω, etc.). On μακών, see Leumann 1950: 235 n. 31. The  formation is onomatopoeic, starting from the sound-imitation μη (*meé), and with  many cognates, e.g. MHG meckatzen 'bleat', mecke 'he-goat', Lith. mekcidti, mekénti  'id', Lat. miccié 'id', Skt. (lex.) meka- [m.] 'he-goat', Arm. mak'i 'sheep'. The ablaut  μηκ-" μακ- cannot be of IE date, so it must be analogical.

XXXXXμῆκος [n.] 'length' (Od.). «1 meh,k-os- 'length', mh.k- 'long'>

    *DIAL Dor. μᾶκος (Archyt.).

    *COMP Often as a second member, e.g. περι-μήκης, Dor. -μάκης 'very long, very high'  (1), with expressive enlargement περιμήκ-ετος 'id' (Hom, Arat.), after mayetoc,  ἀριδείκετος, ἀμαιμάκετος, etc.

    *DER Superlative μήκιστος (Dor. μάκιστος) 'longest, highest, greatest' (Il), with  Μηκιστεύς PN (IL); compar. μάσσων, ntr. μᾶσσον (0 203, etc.), after ἄσσον etc. derived from ▶︎ μακρός after ἐλάσσων, πάσσων, θάσσων; secondary μακρό-τατος,  -τερος. Old denominative verb μηκύνω (Dor. μακύνω) 'to lengten, stretch out' (ΡΙ., IA),  rarely with prefix, e.g. ἀπο-, ém-. Hence the rare and late prosodic terms μήκτ-υνσις  (sch.), -υσμός (Eust.) 'lengthening', -vvtikdg 'which can be lengthened' (A. D.). Further derivations, also rare and late: μηκεδανός 'long' (AP, Nonn.), for μακεδνός  after ἠπεδανός, etc; μηκ-ικός 'regarding the length' (Procl.), -68ev 'from afar'  (Aesop., Paul. Aeg.), τότης [f.] 'length' (Gal.).

    *ETYM A counterpart to μῆκος is Av. masah- [n.] 'length, greatness', with a short  stem vowel. Likewise, Av. masista- and OP ma6ista- are opposed to μήκιστος in their  vocalism, which is not well understood. The full grade formation *meh,k-os- in  μῆκος is typical for an old s-stem. On the short vowel in ▶︎ μακρός < *mh,k-ro- see  further ▶︎ μέτρον. The root is also seen in Lat. maciés 'leanness', mace6 'to be lean'  and Hitt. mak-l-ant- 'lean'.

XXXXXμήκων [f] 'poppy, Papaver somniferum, poppy-head' (© 306), meatph. of poppy-like objects, e.g. 'ink-bag of the cuttle-fish' [m.] (Arist.). «1Ὲ *meh,k-n->

    *VAR Dor. Arc. μάκων, -wvoc.

    *COMP μηκωνο-φόρος (scil. γῆ) [f] 'poppy-bearing country' (pap.).

===Pag_994: Beekes_Página_0994.tiff=== XXXXXμῆλον: 943

    *DER 1. name of poppy-like plants (Euphorbia, wild lettuce): μηκών-ιον (Ηρ.,  Thphr.); also = 'opium' (Phld.), -ἰς [f.] (Nic. inscr., pap.). -ἴτις (Gal.), also name of a  stone (Plin.), Redard 1949: 57. 2. μηκών-ειος [adj.] 'spiced with poppy' (Philostr.),  ntr. 'opium' (S. E, sch.), τίς [Ε] (Alcm.), -τκός 'poppy-like' (Thphr.). 3. Diminutive  μηκωνάριον (Androm. apud Gal.).

    *ETYM Formation like βλήχων. It is clearly related to the Slavic and Germanic word  for 'poppy': CS make, Ru. mak (o-stem), and OHG maho, MHG mahen, man, and  (with the reflex of Verner's Law) OHG mago, OSw. val-méghi (val- < *ualha-  'torpidity'), etc. The Verner variants and the short vowel (as opposed to Gr. -a-) are  notable and point to old ablaut. Kroonen 2009 reconstructs an ablauting n-stem for  PGm., which is the same formation as Greek and points to an inherited lexical item. As the poppy originates from the Mediterranean according to botanists, it is often  thought that we are dealing with a 'Wanderwort', which was borrowed into Indo-  European at PIE date. Fur.: 218 compares βηκώνιον: εἶδος βοτάνης and concludes to  a Pre-Greek form, but this is improbable.

XXXXXμήλῃ [f.] 'chirurgical probe' (Hp. AP). 4GR?>

    *COMP As a second member in πλατυ-μήλη 'broad probe' (medic.) and other  determinatives (Risch IF 59 (1949): 285), ἀμφί-μηλον [n.] 'probe with two ends'  (medic.).

    *DER μηλόω [v.] 'to probe' (Hp., Ar.), also (med.) 'to paint wool' (Eust., H.), with  μήλωσις 'probing', μηλω-τή, -tic, -tpic, -τρίδιον 'probe' (medic.); μηλ-αφάω [v.] 'to  probe' (Sophr., H., EM, Eust.), after ψηλαφάω; μήλωθρον 'painted wool' (Eust., H.).

    *ETYM Prellwitz proposed a pre-form PGr. *mas-la- derived from the root of μαίομαι,  aor. μάσσασθαι 'to touch, examine'. Possible, but uncertain.

XXXXXμηλολόνθη [f.] 'beetle, gold-beetle, dung-beetle' (Ar. Nu. 764, Arist.).

    *VAR Also μηλολάνθη (Poll.), μηλάνθη (Herod.).

    *COMP χρυσο-μηλολόνθιον (Ar. V. 1341).

    *DER μηλολόνθιον (sch. Ar. V. 1332).

    *ETYM From μῆλον ὀλόνθιον, properly 'fig-sheep'; it consists of μῆλον 'sheep' and  ὄλονθος 'wild fig', because many beetles are parasitic of figs and other plants. The  formation is like ἱππο-πόταμος (for ἵππος ποτάμιος), It was reshaped to μηλολάνθη  by folk etymology, based on ἄνθος; thence (after οἰνάνθη 'blossom of the vine', etc.)  μηλάνθη. Extensive treatment in Strémberg 1944: sff.

XXXXXμῆλον 1 [n.] 'apple' (IL), also of other stonefruits (Hp., Dsc.), '(seed-)capsule of a rose' (Thpr.), metaph. plur. 'breasts, cheeks, tonsils, apple-like beaker' (Ar. Theoc., medic., pap., inscr.). 42>

    *VAR Dor. Aeol. μᾶλον.

    *COMP As a first member in μῆλ-οψ 'apple-colored' = 'yellow' (η 104), μαλο-πάραυος  'with apple-like cheeks' (Theoc.); μηλ-άπιον [n.] name of a fruit (medic., Plin.), etc. As a second member in determinatives, e.g. γλυκύ-μαλον, -μηλον 'sweet-apple'  (Sapph. [but cf. Risch IF 59 (1949): 10], Call.), μελί-μηλον 'summer apple, Pyrus  praecox' (Dsc.), also 'apple mead' (medic.) for μηλό-μελι (Dsc.); cf. κοκκύ-μηλον; cf. further ▶︎ ἐπιμηλίς.

===Pag_995: Beekes_Página_0995.tiff===

    *DER A. Substantives: 1. μηλέη, -a 'apple-tree' (Od.); 2. μηλίς, μαλίς [f.] = μηλέα  (Ibyc, Theoc.), 'yellow pigment' (Plu.), name of a distemper of asses, perhaps  'glanders' (Arist.); 3. μηλίτης οἶνος 'apple-, quince-wine' (Plu, Dsc.); 4. μηλίσκα  [n.pl.] name of cups shaped like apples (Delos 11}; 5σ.Μηλ-ιάδες [f-pl.] 'fruit-tree  nymphs' (Poll.), like κρην-ιάδες; 6. μήλωθρον [n.] = ἄμπελος λευκή (Thphr., Dsc.),  cf. ψίλωθρον 'id' from ψιλόω, πύρωθρον = πύρεθρον. B. Adjectives: 7. μήλινος, μάλινος 'made of apples, apple-colored' (Sapph., Thphr.);  8. μήλειος 'concerning the apple' (Nic. A. R.); 9. μηλώδης 'apple-like' (Gal.). C. Verb: 10. μηλίζω 'to resemble an apple (in color)' (medic.). Perhaps the island  name Μῆλος; see Heubeck Glotta 25 (1936): 271.

    *ETYM Mediterranean word. From Greek stems Lat. malum, mélum, with mdlinus  'apple-colored', mélinus 'of quince-apples'; see WH s.v. 1. mdlus. The word was  formerly connected with Hitt. mahla-, but this appears to have a different meaning  'grape, vine, twig of a vine', see Cuny REA 20 (1918): 364f. It can hardly be related to  ἀμάμαξυς, as per Fur. 212.

XXXXXμῆλον 2 [n.] 'small cattle, sheep and goats' (II.). <1E? *meh,lo- 'small cattle'> «ΝΑΙ Mostly plur. -a. μηλάτων (Lyc. 106) after προβάτων.

    *DIAL Also Dor.

    *COMP  Often as a first member, e.g. μηλο-βότης, Dor. -τας 'shepherd' (Pi. E.), also  -βοτήρ (2 529, ἢ. Merc. 286) in verse-final - βοτῆρας, after the simplex; pnAdtav τὸν  ποιμένα. Βοιωτοί (H.), haplological for μηλ-ηλάταν or for μηλόταν after βοηλάταν  (Bechtel 1921, 1: 307); on ▶︎ μηλολόνθη, see s.v. Rarely as a second member, only in a  few bahuvrihis, e.g. πολύ-μηλος 'with many sheep' (1.); also in PNs, e.g. Boeot. Πισί-  μειλος.

    *DER μήλειος 'pertaining to the small cattle' (Ion, E.), μηλόται: ποιμένες (Η.),

XXXXXμηλωτή [f.] 'sheepskin' (Philem. Com., Hell.), like knpwt etc, with Μηλώσιος epithet of Zeus (Corc., Naxos), prop. 'who is wrapped in a sheepskin' (Nilsson 1941(1): 395f.).

    *ETYM An old word for 'small cattle', which is well-attested in Celtic, e.g. Olr. mil [n.]  'small animal', and is sporadically found in WGm. too, e.g. in OLFr. mala 'cow',  MoDu. maal 'young cow'. Opposed to these words, which may all go back on a pre-  form *meh,lo-, stands Arm. mal 'sheep' with a-vocalism, as well as Ukr. mal' [f.]  'small cattle, young sheep', Ru. (Crimea) mali¢ 'kind of Crimea-sheep'. It seems  obvious to connect these words with the Slavic adjective for 'small', e.g. OCS male,  Ru. madlyj. One step further is the Gm. word for 'small, narrow' in Go. smals, etc.,  which is often used of small cattle, e.g. ON smali [m.] 'small animal', OHG smalaz  fihu 'small cattle'. If we posit IE *(s)\mneh,-, (s)moh,l- (OCS malb, etc.), and (s)mh,l-  (Arm. mal, Go. smals, etc.), it seems possible to bring together all words mentioned. For Arm. mal, ACaryan 1977: 224 (approved in Clackson 1994: 232'°°) proposes a loan  from Arabic mal 'possession; sheep'.

XXXXXμήν 1 [pel.] confirming pcl, 'honestly, certainly; truly' (I].). 41Ε *sme 'really, true'>

    *VAR Dor. Aeol. μάν.

===Pag_996: Beekes_Página_0996.tiff=== XXXXXμῆνιγξ, -ἰγγος 945

    *ETYM Commonly compared with the asseverating pel. Skt. sma, sma, but the exact  relation with this form and with: remains unclear. The particle ▶︎ μέν 'really, true',  which is functionally identical and related in meaning, can hardly be separated from  »μήν. Like ▶︎ δή beside ▶︎ δέ, μήν must have undergone vowel shortening as a result  of a weakening of its function; this shortening then entered Attic and the other  dialectal areas from the epic and Ionic scientific language. See Leumann Mus. Helv. 6  (1949): 85ff.; extensively on μήν Schwyzer 1950: 569f. See ▶︎ μά.

XXXXXμήν 2 [m.] 'month' (11), also 'moon-sickle (Ion., Ar., Att. inscr., Thphr.).

    *VAR Also Att. μείς, Dor. μής, El. μεύς; gen. μηνός, Aeol. μῆννος.

    *COMP μηνο-ειδής 'formed like a moon-sickle' (14), PN Μηνό-δωρος, also μηνί-  apxos, -άρχης [m.] 'monthly prefect' (pap. ΓΝ). after taki-apyog etc; ἠλιτό-μηνος  'missing the right month' (T 118; cf. s.v.), ἐπι-μήν-ιος 'lasting a month, monthly' (IA).

    *DER μήν-η 'month' (IL), like σελήνη; -ἀς 'id' (E.); μην-ίσκος [m.] 'moonsickle',  especially of objects in the shape of a moon-sickle (Ar., Arist.); μην-ιαῖος 'a month  old, monthly' (Hp., LXX, pap.), -teioc 'monthly' (Hell. pap.), μην-αἷος 'belonging to  the month' (Orac. apud Lyd. Mens; probably from pv); μηνιαστεία [f.] 'monthly  achievement' (pap. ITIP), but cf. Μηνιασταί [m.pl.] 'adorers of Μήν᾽ (Rhodos);

XXXXXμήνιον [n.] (botanical) 'peony' (Ps.-Dsc.), from its astrological use, see Stromberg 1940: 133.

    *ETYM From the oblique cases (gen. μῆνν-ος < *ménsos, etc.), an analogical nom. *méns arose, whence *mens by Osthoffs Law. By subsequent loss of the nasal and  compensatory lengthening, μείς and μής developed. The new nom. μήν arose by  analogy with gen. μηνός, etc. (after simplification of the -vv-), and El. μεύς is built on  the model of Ziyvdc : Ζεύς. Originally, a disyllabic nom. *méndés- (with lengthened grade) or *méndt- (with  alternating -t-) existed beside the obl. stem ἔμηνσ- < IE *méns-. Thence arose Lith. ménuo 'moon, month', Go. menops 'month', etc. The disyllabic form is also seen in  Lith. ménes-is 'month'. On monosyllabic *méns- are based both Lat. méns-is (gen.pl. ménsum) and Skt. mds- 'moon, month' < PllIr. *maHas- < *meh,ns-. The  development of the calendrical meaning 'month' was accompanied by the creation of  new expressions for 'moon' (σελήνη, lina, etc.). Original derivation from *meh,-  'measure' (see > μῆτις), from the role of the moon as a measure of time, is quite  possible.

XXXXXμῆνιγξ, -tyyos [f.] 'skin, cuticle', especially 'cerebral membrane' (Hp., Arist., Gal.), also 'cuticle in the eye' (Emp., Arist.), drum of the ear' (Arist.).

    *COMP As a first member in μηνιγγο-φύλαξ [m.], name of a chirurgical instrument  (medic.).

    *DER Diminutive μηνίγγιον (gloss.); MoGr. pnwyyitic [f.] 'inflammation of the  cerebral membrane', MoFr. méningite (Redard 1949: 103f.).

    *ETYM The semantic parallel with words like Lat. membrana 'thin, soft skin' and  Slavic words for 'inner part of the skin, εἴς (eg. SCr. mézdra, Sln. mézdra, Ru. mezdrd), all ultimately derived from the root of IE *méms- 'meat', is striking.

===Pag_997: Beekes_Página_0997.tiff===

However, μῆνιγξ cannot be combined with them. The unexplained -v-, together with the suffix -tyy-, clearly points to a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXμῆνις [f.] 'wrath', especially of gods, but also of Achilles (Il.). <?>

    *VAR Dor. μᾶνις, -ἰος, -t50¢.

    *COMP As a second member in ἔμ-μανις 'filled with wrath' (Cret.), on the formation  Sommer 1948: 113.

    *DER μηνίω, Dor. μανίω [v.] 'to rage' (I, Hdt., Hell.), aor. -ioa, rarely with ἀπο-, ἐπι-  (avtt-, ἐκ-); μήνι-μα [n.] '(reason for) wrath' (II.), -θμός 'raging' (P 62, 202, 282); also  μηνιάω 'id? (LXX, Ὁ. H.), on the formation Schwyzer: 732, and μηνίαμα (LXX);  enlargements -ἰάζω (Et. Gud.), -ἰζω (An. Ox, and -ἰσμα (lolkos 115). From μῆνις  (unviw?) also μηνίτης (-t1¢?) [m.] 'a man filled with rage' (Arr. Epict.).

    *ETYM Etymology unknown. The identification with Lat. mdnés 'souls of the  departed' by Ehrlich KZ 41 (1907): 294f. is now abandoned. The explanation from  *uva-vic (from the root of μέμνημαι by Schwyzer RAM 80 (1931): 213ff. was later  doubted by Schwyzer himself (Schwyzer 1939: 495); instead, he proposes connection  with μαιμάω. The semantically obvious connection with μένος and cognates is  impossible because of the long ἃ in Doric (see Bjorck 1950: 177f.); on μηνίτης, see  also Radermacher RHM 63 (1908): 444ff.

XXXXXμηνύω [v.] 'to notify, betray, announce' (h. Merc.). < IE? *meh,- 'notify'>

    *VAR Dor. μανύω, aor. -ῦσαι, etc.

    *COMP Also with prefix: kata-, ἐκ-.

    *DER μήνυμα [n.] 'indication, information' (Th. Men.), (kata -)μήνυσις 'id' (Att);

XXXXXμηνυτής [m.] 'informer' (Att.), also -τήρ 'id' (A. Eu. 245, Orph. H.), μανύτωρ 'id.' (AP); μηνυτικός 'containing information; boastful' (Ph. D. C.); μήνυτρον, usualy plur. -a 'reward for infomation' (h. Merc.) with μηνυτρίζομαι 'to be denunciated (for a reward)' (Hell. pap.; also H. as an explanation of μηνύεσθαιλ

    *ETYM μηνύω is either a primary thematic vv-present (with present suffix introduced  in the aorist) or a denominative from a pre-form *ifjvuc or *puyvic. The word  remains without obvious cognates. LIV' takes up the connection with the BSI. group  of Lith. méti, OCS namajati 'to beckon (with the handy and reconstructs *meh,- 'to  notify'.

XXXXXμῆον [n.] Name of an umbellate, 'bald money, spignel, Meum athamanticum' (Dsc., Plin.).

    *VAR μεῖον (v.L).

    *ETYM Carnoy REGr. 71 (1958): 96 connects mei- 'to be refreshing', which does not  convince. Fur: 235 compares ttatov 'Trifolium arvense', which would point to  substrate origin.

XXXXXμῆριγξ [2] - ἄκανθα γινομένη ἐν τοῖς ἐρίοις τῶν προβάτων 'thorns which grow in the fleece of cattle', ie. 'bristles? (H.).

    *VAR σμῆριγξ: πόα, καὶ εἶδος ἀκάνθης 'grass, also a kind of thorn'; σμήριγγες:  πλεκταί, σειραί, βόστρυχοι 'braids, cords, curls of hair'. kai τῶν κυνῶν ἐν τοῖς μηροῖς

===Pag_998: Beekes_Página_0998.tiff=== XXXXXμηρυκάζω 947 καὶ τοῖς αὐχέσιν ὀρθαὶ τρίχες 'hairs which stand upright on the shank and neck of dogs' (H.); a kind of hairdress (Lyc. 37, Poll. 2, 22).

    *ETYM In the sense of 'braids, cords', σμῆριγξ agrees with ▶︎ μήρινθος. The occasional  meaning 'rope, string' may have been caused by the similarity with μήρινθος, μηρύω. The meaning 'év τοῖς μηροῖς... τρίχες᾽ is clearly a folk-etymological attempt to  connect μῆριγξ with μηρός. Fur.: 28978 separates the gloss as ἄκανθα from the other  words. All of them are clearly of Pre-Greek origin, of account of the suffix -tyy-, the  prothetic o-, and the lack of possible cognates.

XXXXXμήρινθος [f.] 'cord, thread' (IL).

    *VAR σμήρινθος [f.] (Pl. Lg. 644 e). Cf. μήρινς Orph. A. 597, and further σμῆριγξ,  -tyyoc 'hair' (Lyc. Poll. 2,22, H.); σμήριγγες: πλεκταί, σειραί, βόστρυχοι (H.), see  »μῆριγξ.

    *ETYM Because of its suffix, μήρινθος is probably Pre-Greek. Adaptation to μηρύομαι  has also been assumed, a word that was probably inherited. However, there is little  reason for this: see > μηρύομαι.

XXXXXμηρός [m.] 'the upper meaty part of the shank, shank' (IL).

    *VAR Plur. both μηροί [m.] (O 146) and μῆρα [n.].

    *COMP Few compounds, eg. μηρο-τραφής 'with fleshy shanks' (Str., AP), σύμ-μηρος  'with the thighs closed' (Hp.).

    *DER μηρία [n.pl.] 'thigh-bones' (Il.), -ἰον [sg.] (Posidon.); μηρ-ταῖος 'belonging to  the shanks' (X.), like vwt-tatoc, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 49); μηρίζω [v.] 'to strike on  the thigh' (Ὁ. L.), after γαστρίζω; δια-μηρίζω [v.] 'to hold the thighs separated' with  τισμός (Ar., Zeno), also kata- 'id.' (Suid.).

    *ETYM According to Vine 2002: 333, μῆρα continues an old collective plural *méms-  reh,, although one would expect Greek to develop anaptyxis as in **pepuBp-. Via a  back-formation *méms-ro-, this collective may have been the basis for the thematic  neuter for 'flesh': IE *méms-(o-), seen in Skt. mamsd- [n.], Go. mimz, Ru. mjdso, ToB misa [Ρ].], all 'meat'. We also find a form IE *més- (with unexplained lack of nasal) in  Skt. mas- [n.] 'id'. Reflexes of *méms-ro- can be found in Lat. membra [n.pl.] 'limbs,  body parts', Olr. mir 'piece, bite', CS mezdra 'inner side of a rind'. To account for the  Greek forms μηρός and μῆρα, it would be best to depart from the nasalless pre-form  *més-ro- seen in Skt. mds-. Unrelated is ▶︎ μῆνιγξ.

XXXXXμηρυκάζω [v.] 'to ruminate' (Arist., Thphr.), -dopat. <?>

    *VAR μαρ- (Ath. 9, 390f, Jul. Gal. 314d), -ίζω (Gal.).

    *COMP Also with ava-, ἀπο-, (LXX, Ph., Plu. et al.),

    *DER μηρυκισμός [m.] (LXX), ἀνα-μηρύκησις [f.] (Aristeas) 'ruminating'; back-  formation μήρυξ [m.] name of a (supposedly) ruminating fish, 'Scarus cretensis'  (Arist.), see Stromberg 1943: 53.

    *ETYM The three verbs μηρυκ-άομαι, -άζω, -ίζω are derived either as denominatives  from a noun with a suffix -«-, or as enlargements of a primary *ipvKx-, which may  itself have an enlargement -κ- (cf. épd-k-w, ἐρυκ-άνω, -avdw to ἐρύομαι or ἐρύω). Frisk connects *pnpvw, -ὕομαι 'to wrap, wind', referring to the turning movements  of the mouth and muscles of a ruminator; unconvincing.

===Pag_999: Beekes_Página_0999.tiff===

XXXXXμηρύομαι [v.] 'to draw up, furl, wind (up) (μ 17ο, Hes., Hp., X., Plb., Hero). VaR Dor. pap- (Theoc., cf. below), aor. μηρύσασθαι, perf. μεμήρυκα (Hp.).

    *COMP Also with prefix, e.g. ék-, περι-, OVV-.

    *DER μήρυμα [n.] 'knot, strand' (Hero, Ph. Bel., Nic.), -udtiov (Hero); συμμήρυ-σις  [f.] 'winding together, connection' (M. Ant.). *pfpuc 'clew' is posited by Fur.: 218 on  account of βηρυσσεύειν- σπειρειν (supposed to stand for ortetpav), ἑλίσσειν 'to wind'  (H.); which he assumes to be a denominative of "βήρυσσα = *uripuc.

    *ETYM The word is probably Pre-Greek, on account of the variant in β-. Fur.: 289  suggests that μηρύομαι is a denominative of "μῆρυς. See ▶︎ μήρινθος.

XXXXXμήτηρ [f.] 'mother' (IL). *.

    *VAR Dor. μάτηρ; gen. μητρός, acc. μητέρα, etc.

    *DIAL Myc. ma-te.

    *COMP Many compounds, e.g. μητρο-πάτωρ 'mother's father, grandfather through  mother' (IL) and other kinship-names, μητρό-πολις [f.] 'mother-state' (Pi., Simon.,  1A), ἀ-μήτωρ 'motherless' (Hdt.), poet. also 'unmotherly' in μήτηρ ἀμήτωρ (S.);  probably in ▶︎ Δημήτηρ. On the compounds see Sommer 1948: 147, 176f., Risch IF 59  (1949): 17f., 59 and 261, Wackernagel Glotta 14 (1925): 38.

    *DER 1. Diminutives: ματρύλ(λ)α [f.] 'brothel-hostess' (Phryn., Eust.) with ματρυλ-  giov 'brothel' (Din., Men.), see Leumann Glotta 32 (1953): 224, Bjérck 1950: 67;  μητράριον = matercula (gloss.). 2. μήτρα, Ion. -1 [f.] 'uterus, womb' (IA), metaph. 'hardwood, marrow' (Thphr.), see Strémberg 1937: 122ff., also 'queen bee' (Arist.),  see Sommer 1948: 1474; μητρίδιος 'having a womb', 'rich in seeds' (Ar. Lys. 549),  after κουρίδιος, νυμφίδιοςξ 3. μητρίς (scil. γῆ) [f.] 'land of the mother' (Pherecr.),  after πατρίς. 4. μητρικός 'regarding the mother' (Arist., Hell. inscr., pap.). 5. μητρό-  θεν (Dor. μα-) 'from mother's side' (Pi.). 6. Denominative verbs: μητρ-ιάζω 'to honour the (Great) Mother' (Poll.), after θυσι-  άζω (cf. Schwyzer: 735), -i(w 'to belong to the (Great) Mother' (Iamb.), -ἄζω 'to  resemble the mother' (gloss.). 7. PN Μητρείς (Schulze 1933a: 419), Μᾶτρυς  (Leumann Glotta 32 (1953): 220). 8. See also ▶︎ μήτρως and ▶︎ μητρυιά.

    *ETYM Old inherited word for 'mother'. It has been retained in all branches except in  Hitt. (which has anna-): Skt. matér-, Lat. mater, Lith. mété 'woman, wife', (dial.)  'mother', OHG muoter. The word does not go back to a nursery word *mad (see 4),  as it contained a laryngeal (*meh.-ter-), as shown by the acute accent of Lithuanian.

XXXXXμῆτις, -tog, -ίδος [f.] 'measure, skill, craft' (Il.). On the concept of μῆτις, see Detienne and Vernant 1974. *«coMP As a second member in πολύ-μητις 'capable of many machinations, inventive', of Odysseus, also of Hephaistos (Hom.), ἀγκυλο-μήτης 'having crooked counsels, cunning', of Kronos, also of Prometheus (Hom.).

    *DER 1. μητιέτἄ [nom.sg.m.] (originally vocative?), epithet of Zeus, 'who possesses  μῆτις᾽, metrically conditioned form at the end of verse for *pnTita, cf. νεφεληγερ-ἕτα  (Zeb); acc. μητιέτην (metr. inscr. Tegea), nom.- ἕτης (Corn.). 2. μητιόεις 'imbued  with w.', of Ζεύς, φάρμακα, etc. (ὃ 227, h. Ap. 344, Hes.).

===Pag_1000: Beekes_Página_1000.tiff=== XXXXXμηχανή 949 Denominative verb: aor. μητίσασθαι, fut. μητίσεσθαι 'to ponder, design, devise' (Hom., Emp., A. R.); pres. μητίομαι (Pi. P. 2, 92); as a present, epic poetry uses μητιάω, -άομαι (μητιόων, μητιάασθαι, etc.) for metrical reasons (after the type in dw), also prefixed ἐπι-, ovv- (Hom., A. R.). Verbal noun μητίματα [pl.] (H. s.v. μήτεα, for μήδεαξ).

    *ETYM An original verbal noun meaning *'measuring', μῆτις is derived from the root  *meh,- found in Skt. mimati 'measures', etc. The formation *meh,-ti- itself is found in  an isolated Germanic word, OE méd [f.] 'measure', and is presupposed by the  denominative Lat. métior 'to measure'. Another Greek formation is μήτρα 'land-measure', ablauting with ▶︎ μέτρον, with the  instrument suffix *-tro-. Other languages also preserved isolated verbal nouns in  various meanings, e.g. in Germanic: Go. mel 'time', OHG mal 'point of time, (time  for) meal'. The unassibilated -t- (for -ot-) must be explained as an archaic element  of Aeolic (and perhaps Doric). See further ▶︎ μήδομαι.

XXXXXμήτρα 1 'uterus'. -ομήτηρ.

XXXXXμήτρα 2 'land-measure, κλῆρος᾽, ~pétpov.

XXXXXμήτρως [m.] 'male relative of the mother, maternal uncle, grandfather' (IL).

    *VAR  Dor. μάτρως, -woc and -w (further forms in Schwyzer: 480 and in LSJ).

    *DER μητρώϊος, -ῷος (Dor. pa-) properly 'belonging to the μήτρωες, ie. to the  mother's family' (τ 410), later referring to μήτηρ directly: 'what belongs to the  mother, maternal' (A.); τὸ Μητρῷον (scil. ἱερόν) 'the temple of the Great Mother  Cybele', which was used as a state archive in Athens (Att.); ta Μητρῷα (scil. ἱερά)  'the temple-service of Cybele' (Ὁ. H.); with μητρῳακός 'belonging to the service of  Cybele' and μητρῴζω 'to celebrate the Cybele-festivals' (late); μητρωϊκός = μητρικός  (Delos II*). By-form μήτρων (Dor. μά-), -ωνος [m.] (inscr. Asia Minor; originating  from the acc. μήτρων). μητρυιά (Dor. pa-, Ion. -τή) [f] 'stepmother' (IL) with  μητρυι-ώδης 'like a stepmother' (Plu.), -άζω 'to act as stepmother' (gloss.); jocular  innovation μητρυιός [m.] 'stepfather' (Theopomp. Com., Hyp.).

    *ETYM If μητρυιά is connected with μήτρως (following the communis opinio, but  there is in fact no decisive evidence for this), we must start from a long -du- > 6, of  which -v- in μητρυιά would be the zero grade (cf. Schwyzer: 470f.). Regular  correspondences with μητρυιά (probably for older *pntpuid, gen. -vidc, see  Wackernagel KZ 33 (1895): 574', Schwyzer: 4695) are found in Arm. mawru, gen. mawrui (< *méatruui-) 'stepmother, mother-in-law', and perhaps also (though  further off) in OE modrige 'sister's mother' < PGm. *mddruyion-. The formation  would have to be of pre-Proto-Greek age. Cf. Kuiper 1942: 56ff. See ▶︎ μήτηρ.

XXXXXμηχανή [f.] 'expedient, contrivance, cunning; means, tool, machine, device' (IA, Dor.).

    *VAR Dor. μαχανά.

===Pag_1001: Beekes_Página_1001.tiff===

    *COMP μηχανο-ποιός 'machine-builder, engineer, machinist' (Att.), ἀ-μήχανος (Dor. -d-) 'without any means, helpless; unmanagable, irresistible, impossible' (II.), partly  associated with μηχανάομαι; thence aunxav-ia, -in (1 295), -éw (Ion.).

    *DER 1. Uncertain Maya-vevc epithet of Zeus (Argos, Tanagra, Cos, since V*), also a  month name (Corcyra), Mayaveiog month name (Chalcedon); Mayav-ic epithet of  Athena (Cos), -ἴτις epithet of Aphrodite and Athena (Megalopolis). 2. μηχανιώτης  'deviser, machinator', of Hermes (h. Merc. 436; after ἀγγελι-ώτης, etc.). 3. μηχανάριος 'engineer' (pap.). 4. μηχαν-όεις 'inventive' (S.), -ἰκός 'id., pertaining to  machines, mechanical', subst. 'engine builder' (Χ., Arist.). 5. μηχάνωμα (Dor. pa-)  [n.] 'apparatus, crane' (Thphr., Delphi), enlagged from μηχανή (Chantraine 1933:  187). 6. Denominative verb μηχανάομαι (-dw) 'to devise (with ruse), realize,  construct, manufacture artificially' (Il.), aor. μηχανήσασθαι, etc. also with prefix, e.g. ἐπι-, ἀντι-, προσ-; hence μηχάν-ημα 'invention, apparatus, mechanical device' (Hp.,  D., trag.), τησις 'id'? (Hp., Plb.), -ητής [m.] 'deviser of war machines' (sch.), -ητικός  'inventive' (X.). Besides, we find μῆχαρ [n.] (indecl.) 'means, expedient' (A. Lyc.)  and μῆχος (Dor. μᾶ-) [n.] 'id' IL, Hdt.); unlike μηχανή, both words are dying and  remain without compounds and derivatives.

    *ETYM Dor. μαχανά, [A μηχανή are not derived (as traditionally assumed) from a  heteroclitic *payap, *pdxavoc. They have oxytone accentuation, like the verbal  nouns φυλακή, κομιδή. Beside the r/n-stem, we find an s-stem μῆχος, according to a  regular pattern. The root is usually recognized in verbal forms with a short vowel in  Germanic and Slavic, e.g. Go. mag 'can, is able', MHG mag; OCS mosti, isg. mogo,  Ru. moe', sg. mogt 'can, be able'. These verbs have accompanying nouns Go. mahts  'power, might', etc. = OCS moStv, Ru. mod' 'id' < QIE *mag"-ti-. Beside this ti-  derivation, we find an n-stem in OHG magan, megin, ON magn, megin 'power,  might'. It is doubtful if Lith. magéti, sg. magu 'to please, be pleasant', mégti, isg. meégstu 'to love, like', etc. can be connected with μηχανή, already in view of the ablaut  *é: Grd. Since PIE had no *a, the question is how we can derive the ablauting forms. In  Beekes MKNAW 61 (1998): 10f., I pointed out that a laryngeal cannot have been  vocalized to Slavic *o. This means that the Germanic and Slavic forms (which are  closely related, both semantically and formally) cannot derive from *mh,g'-. As a  consequence, the Greek word remains isolated. The suffix -av- is typical for Pre-Greek words; note that Greek has no forms with  *udy- either that could point to a zero grade. In fact, the connection with  ▶︎ μάγγανον (Van Beek p.c.) proves that μηχανή is Pre-Greek. Lat. machina was borrowed from Dor. payavd; Pashto mécéan 'handmill from  μηχανή (Morgenstierne Acta or. 7 (1929): 200; Morgenstierne Acta Orbis 18: 143); for  the meaning, cf. VLat. machina also 'millstone, handmill'.

XXXXXμία [f.] 'one'. =eic,

XXXXXμιαίνω [v.] 'to stain, soil, defile' especially 'to defile through bloodcrime' (ΠΣ in Hom. also a technical term for coloring or dying (A 141-7), see Myc. below.

===Pag_1002: Beekes_Página_1002.tiff=== XXXXXμικρός 951

    *VAR Aor. μιᾶναι, μιῆναι, pass. μιανθῆναι (1].). fut. μιανῶ (Cyrene, Antipho), pass. μιανθήσομαι, perf.pass. μεμίασμαι (Att.), act. μεμίαγκα (Plu.), μιᾷ [3sg.subj.aor.pass.]  beside fut. μιασεῖ (Cyrene).

    *DIAL Myc. mi-ja-ro, probably of colored fabrics.

    *COMP Rarely with prefix as éx-, kata- ovv-. Compounded μιαι-φόνος 'committing a  defiling murder, defiled by murder', epithet of Ares (Il. E and ®, B., Hdt., E.), μιη-  φόνος (Archil.), μιαι-φονέω (Att.), -ia (D., Ὁ. S., Plu.). Isolated are piaxoc: μίασμα,  and μιαχρόν: «οὐ» καθαρόν (H.).

    *DER μίασμα [n.] 'defilement, abomination, horrible stain' (IA), on the formation see  Porzig 1942: 241; μιασμός [m.] 'defilement' (LXX, Plu.), μίανσις [f.] 14. (LXX);

XXXXXμιάστωρ [m.] 'defiler, avenger' (trag., late prose), -o- like in μίασμα, cf. also ἀλάστωρ;

XXXXXμιάντης [m.] 'id' (EM), ἀ-μίαν-τος 'unstained' (Thgn., Pi.), of a stone = ἄσβεστος (Arist., Plin., Dsc.). Further μιαρός (Ih), μιερός (Call.) 'defiled, soiled, polluted', especially through bloodcrime, with μιαρ-ία (Att.), -ότης (An. Ox.).

    *ETYM Although the interchange *r/n in μιαίνω : μιαρός looks Indo-European, clear  cognates are unknown. Improbable or uncertain hypotheses are listed in Frisk. The first member in μιαι-φόνος is probably verbal, like in taAai-nwpoc, so properly  'ὁ μιαίνων φόνῳ". Beside it, we find μιη-φόνος, probably secondary like AA8n-  beside Ἀλθαι-μένης. Blanc BSL 96 (2001): 153-179 connects Go. bi-smeitan 'to besmear, strike', but there is  no evidence for sm- in Greek; moreover, the development of meaning within  Germanic is not evident. If there is no etymology, μιαίνω is rather Pre-Greek. Did it have *m'a(n)-, with  palatal *m-? We know that an /a/ could be pronounced as [6] after a palatalized  consonant; this might be the origin of the e/a-alternation in adjectives of the type    μιαρόςμιερός.

XXXXXμίγνυμι --μείγνυμι.

XXXXXμῖκρός [adj.] 'small, short, little' (Ε 801, γ 296, trag., Att.).

    *VAR Also σμικρός (P 757, Hes. Op. 361, Ion., trag., Att.), μικκός (Dor. Boeot.), μικός  (Att. inscr. [V*, Trag. Adesp. 31, pap.).

    *COMP Very frequent as a first member, especially in scientific and technical  language.

    *DER Diminutives and hypocoristics: μικύλος (Mosch. 1, 13); μικύθινον: TO μικρόν καὶ  νήπιον 'infant' (H.); *pikkixoc (cf. ὁσσίχος etc, Chantraine 1933: 404) in Lacon. μικκιχιδδόμενος 'under age' (inscr.), from "μικκιχίζομαι; cf. also the PN below. Abstract: (σ)λμικρότης [f.] 'trifle, insignificance' (Anaxag., Pl.). Denominative:  (σ)μικρύνω [v.] 'to diminish, reduce, belittle' (Demetr. Eloc., LXX), also with prefix,  especially kata-; κατασμικρίζω 'id' (Arist., Phld.), σμικρίζεσθαι- διαττᾶσθαι 'to sift'  (H.); ἀποσμικρόω 'id? (Tim. Lex.). PNs, e.g. Σμικρίνης [m.] 'niggard' (Men.), like  Αἰσχίνης, etc; Μίκων, Μικίων, Μίκυθος, -iwv, Σμικυθίων CLeumann 1950: 155,  Schulze 1933a: 671).

    *ETYM The group of words has a familiar and colloquial aspect, as is shwon by the  variants μικός and geminated μικκός, The initial interchange in μικρός and (older)

===Pag_1003: Beekes_Página_1003.tiff===

σμικρός is unexplained and (also) points to Pre-Greek origin. The connection with the comparative μείων, assuming that the x was taken from the opposite μακρός, fails because σμικρός is clearly older: the latter cannot be combined with μείων (which belongs to Skt. mindti 'reduce', etc. and has no s-mobile). Old alternation of suffixes in μικ-ρό-ς : μικ-υ-θός (Bloomfield Lang. 1 (1925): 94) is improbable.

XXXXXμῖλαξ 1 'taxus, bindweed'.

    *VAR μῖλος. -'σμῖλαξ. μῖλαξ 2 [2] + ἡλικία 'age-group' " ἔνιοι δὲ μέλλαξ, καὶ παρ᾽ Ἑρμίππῳ ἐν Θεοῖς (fr. 33)  ἀγνοήσας Ἀρτεμίδωρος: ἐκεῖ yap μῖλάξ ἐστιν, δηλοῖ δὲ τὸν δημοτικόν 'some have  μέλλαξ, among them Artemidorus on Hermippus's 'Gods' (fr. 33), but wrongfully,  as μῖλαξ is found there, and it means a kind petson' (H.). DELG adds that the gloss  may be partly corrupt, referring to μέλλαξ in H., ie. μέλίλ]ακες: νεώτεροι 'the  younger ones' (corrected to μελλ- by Salm.). 4 PG(v)>

    *ETYM Identical with ▶︎ μῖλαξ 1 as a metaphor? Baunack Phil. 70 (1911): 461 supposes a    cross of μεῖραξ (pronounced μῖρ-) and μέλλαξ (2). The word is Pre-Greek on account  of the variant seen in ▶︎ μέλλαξ,    WA(A)6¢ [adj.] - βραδύς, χαῦνος 'slow, loose, spongy; frivolous' (H.), cf. ἀργός: μιλός,  βραδύς and νωχέλεια 'slowness' .... μιλότης (-ώτις cod.) (H.), νωχελής: ὁ μιλός,  βραδύς, ἄχρηστος 'useless; ineffective' (Η.). <PG(V)>

    *DER PN Μίλων (inscr.).

    *ETYM Unexplained; cf. Latte Glotta 34 (1955): 191f. DELG compares ▶︎ μῖλαξ 2. The  variation λίλλ points to a Pre-Greek word. Fur.: 226, 317 compares πτίλος 'having an  eye-disease through which the eye-lashes fall out', but this is not very convincing.

XXXXXμίλτος [f.] 'ruddle, red earth, red color, cinnabar, vermillion, red lead' (Hdt., com., Att. inscr.), also 'rust' in plants = ἐρυσίβη (Paus. Gr.), and a taboo for 'blood' (PMag.).

    *DIAL Myc. mi-to-we-sa /miltowessa/.

    *COMP μιλτο-πάρῃος 'with red-painted cheeks', of ships (Hom.), ἔμ-, σύμ-μιλτος  'painted red' (Dsc., Lebadea).

    *DER μιλτάριον = 'blood' (PMag.), μιλτεῖον 'vessel for storing μ᾿ (AP), μίλτ-ειος 'of  μ΄ (AP), -ὦδης 'u.-colored, rich in μ᾿ (Eub., com, Str.), -ity¢ [m.] name of a red  stone (Plin.), -6w 'to smear with μ᾽ (Hdt, Ar.). PN MiAtetc (Epid.VI*), or an  appellative; Μιλτ-ιάδης (after Στρεψι-άδης), Μιλτώ [f.], etc.

    *ETYM A technical foreign word. The connection with μέλας 'black' is phonetically as    well as morphologically impossible, and semantically uncompelling. The word is  undoubtedly Pre-Greek.

XXXXXμίλφοι [m.pl.] a disease, 'falling off of the eyelashes' (Dsc., Gal.).

    *DER μίλφωσις [f.] 'the falling off of the eyelashes' (Gal.), cf. ἕλκωσις, ἴλλωσις,  κνίδωσις, etc; back-formation μιλφός [m.] 'sbd. who suffers from μίλφωσις᾽ (Vett. Val.).

    *ETYM Like so many nouns in -goc, μίλφοι is etymologically unclear. Fur.: 225, 317  compares ▶︎ πτίλος 'id.' and ▶︎ wA(A)dc¢ 'slow' (but see s.v.).

===Pag_1004: Beekes_Página_1004.tiff=== XXXXXμιμνήσκω 953

XXXXXμιμαίκυλον [n.] 'fruit of the κόμαρος᾽ (com. Thphr.), cf. Dawkins JHS 56 (1936): 1.

    *VAR Also μεμαίκυλος (Gal.), μιμάκυλος (H.).

    *ETYM A foreign word, no doubt Pre-Greek (note the variations). For the ending, cf. ἄκυλος 'acorn' with comparable meaning.

XXXXXμίμαρκυς, -vog [f.] 'hare-soup, jugged hare', from the intestines with their blood (com.)}. < PGP

    *ETYM The form μίμαρκυς seems to display reduplication. A tempting similarity  exists with a synonymous Germanic word: OE mearh 'sausage', MoNw. mor 'meat-  sausage from intestines', ON morr 'the fat inside a slaughtered animal', etc., PGm. *mdrhu- < IE *mdrku- or *morku-. If related, it would have to be a very old  anatomical expression of cattle-breeders, cf. ἤνυστρον 'fourth stomach of a  ruminant', which is unlikely. Unrelated are Lat. murcus 'maimed' or Hitt. mark- 'to  cut apart' < *merg-. Acc. to Neumann 1961: 85f., μίμαρκυς is a loan from Hitt. or another IE Anatolian  language. I agree with Fur. 366% that the word cannot be IE. The reduplication is  clearly Pre-Greek.

XXXXXμιμνήσκω [v.] 'to remind (oneself), remember, heed, care for, make mention' (I].).

    *VAR Usually -ομαι (-ήσκω, Schwyzer: 7oof., Aeol. μιμναισκω [gramm.], μνήσκεται  Anacr.); fut. μνήσω, -opat, aor. μνῆσαι (Dor. μνᾶσαι), -ασθαι, perf. med. μέμνημαι  (Dor. -uva-, Aeol. -uvat-) with fut. μεμνήσομαι (all IL), aor. pass. μνησθῆναι (6 418,  Acol. μνασθῆναι) with fut. μνησθήσομαι (1A). Also pres. μνάομαι, μνῶμαι, μνώοντο, μνωόμενος, etc. (I].), 'to woo for one's bride,  court' (Od.) 'to solicit? (Hdt., Pi.), προ-μνάομαι 'to court for' (S., Pl, X.); see below. «comp Often with prefix, especially ὑπο-, dva-; also παρ-, προσ-υπομιμνήσκω, ἐπ-,  OVV-, προ-αναμιμνήσκω.

    *DER 1. μνῆμα, Dor. Aeol. μνᾶμα [n.] 'memorial, monument, tomb' (I!) with μνημ-  εἴον, Ion. -ἠΐον, Dor. μναμ- 'id.' (Dor., IA), cf. σῆμα : σημεῖον, etc., rare and late  τάτιον, -άδιον, -άφιον, -dptov (see ▶︎ μεμόριον); μνηματίτης λόγος 'funeral oration'  (Choerob., Εἰι5ῖ.); ὑπόμνη-μα 'remembrance, note' (Att.) with -ματικός, -ματίζομαι. 2. μνήμη, Dor. μνάμα [f.] 'remembrance, mention' (Dor. IA), μνή-σ-μη (Lycaonia);  hence or from μνῆμα: μνημ-ἠϊος 'as a remembrance' (Phryg.), -ioxopat =  μιμνήσκομαι (pap.). 3. μνεία [f.] 'remembrance, mention' (Att.), verbal noun < ἢ μνᾶ-  ἴα like πεν-ία etc. (cf. Chantraine 1933: 81). 4. μνῆστις (uvao-) [f.] 'remembrance,  thought, posthumous fame' (v 280) with -o- like in μνησθῆναι, μνηστύς, etc; after  λῆστις (see ▶︎ AavOdvw) rather than the other way round. 5. ἀνά-, ὑπό-μνη-σις  'remembrance, admonition' (Att.); also pvnot- as a verbal first member in μνησικακέω [v.] 'to remember the (suffered) wrong', whence -ia, -ος (IA). 6. μνηστύς,  -bog [f.] 'courting' (Od.), later replaced by μνηστ-εία, -evpa (see μνηστεύω). 7. μνηστήρ (μνᾶσ-), -τῆρος [m.] 'wooer' (Od.), on μνηστήρ beside μνηστύς see  Fraenkel 1910: 327; also month name μναστήρ (Messene); adjectival 'remembering,  reminding' (Pi.), μνήστειρα [f.] 'bride' (AP), 'reminding' (Pi.); uvijotpov 'betrothal,

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marriage' (Cod. Just.); προμνήστρ-ια (προ-μνάομαι) [f.] 'matchmaker' (E., Ar., Ρ].), -ίς 'id? (X.). 8. μνήστωρ 'mindful (A.). 9. μνηστή [f.] 'wooed and won, wedded' (Hom., A. R.), also 'worth remembering' (Sammelb. 6138), πολυ-μνήστῃη (-ος) 'much wooed' (Od.), also 'mindful; remaining in memory' (Emp, A.); but 'A-pvatoc (Gortyn); hence μνηστεύω (μνασ-) [v.] 'to woo a wife' (Od.), also 'to apply for a job', with μνήστευμα (E.), -eia (Hell.) 'wooing'. το. μνήμων (μνά-), -ovoc [m., f.] 'mindful' (Od.), often as the title of an office 'notary, registrator' (Halic., Crete, Arist.), first derived from μνῆμα, but also directly associated with the verb. Thence μνημο-σύνη 'remembrance' (Θ 181), also the name of one of the Muses (h. Merc. Hes.); -cvvov [n.] 'id' (Hdt, Th, Ar.); probably poetical; -ος 'for remembrance' (LXX); besides Μναμόν-α (Ar. Lys. 1248), cf. on εὐφρόνη; Μνημ-ώ (Orph.) = Μνημοσύνι,. Denominative μνημονεύω [v.] 'to remember' (IA), with μνημόνευ-σις, -μα, etc. Adjective μνημον-ικός 'for remembrance, with good memory' (Att.). 11. PNs like Μνιησεύς (PI), short name of Μνήσ-αρχος (BofShardt 1942: 130), Μνασίλλει (Boeot.); Mvacéac; probably a Hellenisation of Sem. M'nasse = Μανασση.

    *ETYM The above paradigm (including all formations derived from μνᾶ-) is a Greek  creation. A monosyllabic IE *mneh,- is represented in classical Skt. a-mndsisuh  [3pl.aor.] 'they mentioned' (which recalls μνῆσαι); further, in a-mnd-ta- 'not  mentioned' and mndyante 'are mentioned'. It is probable that this is a root extension  of *men- 'to remember', but its function is unclear. Other cognate languages present  nothing that could be compared directly with the Greek forms. It has been thought that μνάομαι corresponds exactly to Skt. mndyate, so from  *mneh,-ie/o-, but it was rather analogically formed to (e.g.) the aorist μνήσασθαι;  μιμνήσκω may also have been secondarily created, like e.g. κικλήσκω or βιβρώσκω. The meaning 'to woo a woman, court' developed from μνάομαι 'to think of, be  mindful of as a courteous expression; see Benveniste 1954: 13ff. The connection with  γυνή < *g*n-h,- should be discarded. See ▶︎ μαίνομαι, ▶︎ μέμονα, ▶︎ μένος.

XXXXXμῖμος [m., f.] name of an actor, 'mime' (A. Fr. 57, 9, E. Rh. [lyr.], D., Plu., pap.), kind of scenic sketch, founded by the Syracusan Sophron, 'mimus' (Arist.).

    *COMP μιμο-γράφος 'mime-writer' (Hell.), λογό-μιμος [m.] 'actor or writer of  spoken mimes' (Hegesand. Hist.), ἀρχί-μιμος [m.] 'chief comedian' (Plu.); as a  second member mostly verbal to μιμέομαι, eg. γυναικό-μιμος 'imitating women'  (trag.).

    *DER μιμάς, -άδος [f.] 'mimic player (female) (Ael.), μιμώ [f.] 'ape' (Suid. s.v. πίθηκος), μιμίελα [f.] 'farce' (Ph.), μιμικός 'regarding the μῖμος, mimic' (Hell.). Probably denominative μιμέομαι, μιμήσασθαι 'to imitate, mimic, copy (in art)' (h. Ap. 163), also with prefix, eg. ἀπο-, ἐκ- with derivatives: (avti-, ἀπο-, ἐκ-)μίμησις  'jmitation, artistic, especially dramatic presentation' (IA), (ἀπο-) μίμημα 'imitation,  representation' (IA); (συμ-)μιμητής [m.] 'imitator, artist? (IA), μιμήτωρ, -opoc [m.]  'id' (Man.); μιμητικός 'able at imitation, imitating, mimetic' (Pl. Arist.); μιμηλός  'id', also 'imitated' (Luc., Plu.), or 'referring to pipoc' (Chantraine 1933: 242), with  μιμηλάζω (-ἰζωξ) = μιμέομαι (Ph.).

    *ETYM Compared with μιμέομαι, μῖμος is attested only rarely and at ἃ late date; still, it  is most likely that μιμέομαι is a denominative built on the latter. The technical

===Pag_1006: Beekes_Página_1006.tiff===

meaning of μῖμος makes aloan probable. The connection with Skt. maya [f.] 'magic, etc. is dated: the translation found in Frisk (following Schulze) as 'Zauber(bild), Truggestalt' is deceptive, as it focuses on the notion of 'image', which is not found in the earliest attestations of md yd. It rather means 'magical power, skill, etc.'. μῖμος was borrowed as Lat. mimus 'id'. There is no etymology, and Pre-Greek origin is quite possible.

XXXXXμιν [encl.pron.] 'eum, eam, id; se', anaphoric or reflexive pron. 3sg. (IL), late also 3pl. «1Ὲ *h,i- 'he, who'>

    *VAR Also anaph. νιν 'id' (Dor., trag., cf. Bjérck 1950: 163).

    *DIAL Myc. -mi /min/.

    *ETYM Compare especially Cypr. piv 'id'? < *h,i-m (Lat. is, etc.). Not from a  reduplicated form *im-im (as per Rix 1976: 186), which looks rather strange for  indefinite pronouns. The initial nasal may have been taken from (the end of) the  preceding word, as happened in OP dim and OPr. dim (reanalysis of the neuter  ending *-od), e.g. in the 1sg. aorist *(h,e)deiksyn: Him > *(e)deiksam im >> *(e)deiksa  mim > ἔδειξά μιν. Cf. Beekes KZ 96 (1982-1983): 229-32.

XXXXXμίνδαξ [f.] 'a kind of Persian incense' (Amphis 27 Kock). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXμίνδις [?] 'association for the maintenance of tombs' (Tit. As. Min. IL 1, 62, [Telmessos]). 4 LW Lyc.?>

    *DER pevdita 'members of such a society'.

    *ETYM A local word, perhaps from Lycian mifiti. See Neumann 1961: 53f. and Laroche    BSL 58 (1963): 78".

XXXXXμίνθη [f.] 'mint' (IA, Thphr., Plu.); on the mg. Kretschmer Glotta 12 (1923): 1os5ff. < PGP

    *VAR Also μίνθά (Thphr.), μίνθος.

    *DIAL Myc. mi-ta.

    *ETYM A foreign word, like Lat. menta. It is undoubtedly Pre-Greek, because of the  variant ending -ἄ, See ▶︎ καλαμίνθη.

XXXXXμίνθος [m.] 'human ordure' (Mnesim. Com.). «ΡΟ»

    *DER μινθ-όω [v.] 'to stain with μ.᾽ (Ar.), metaph. 'to renounce utterly, abominate'  (Hell., com.).

    *ETYM Formation like ὄνθος, σπέλεθος, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 369); further unclear,  but perhaps Pre-Greek.

XXXXXμινύθω [v.] 'to lessen, fade away', also trans. 'to reduce' (Il.).

    *VAR  Also μινυνθάνω (PMich.); ipf. -bBeoxov (ἐμινύθει Hp.), fut. μινυθήσω, aor. τῆσαι, perf. μεμινύθηκα (Ηρ...

    *COMP Rarely with περι-, συν-, ἀπόο-.

    *DER Medical terms: μινύθ-ησις [f.] 'waning', -ἥματα [pl.] 'what is lessening, dying  members', -ώθης 'weak, lessening' (Hp.), on the verbal derivation see Chantraine

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: 431, -ικός 'diminishing' (Cael. Aur.). Beside it μίνυνθα [adv.] 'for a short time' with μινυνθάδιος 'lasting a short time' (I1.).

    *ETYM Built after the synonym φθινύθω, either from a vu-present (corresponding to  Lat. minud, cf. *p8ivp-w) or from an adjective "μινύς (cf. βαρύθω : βαρύς), which  seems to have been preserved as a first member in a few compounds, though late and  rarely attested: μινύτωρος, -ώριος 'living a short time' (AP), μινύζηον: ὀλιγόβιον  'having a short life' (H.). The same adjective has been recognized in μίνυνθα, ie. acc. *uivobv + -Ba eg. after the opposite δηθά. An IE adj. *minu- is also presupposed by Lat. minuéd, and probably also by minus  (secondarily s-stem), and is assumed for Germanic (eg. Go. minniza 'smaller' <  *minyiza-) as well. If a suffix -nu- is separated, Piuciwv, etc. may be compared.

XXXXXμινυρίζω [v.] 'to whimper, whine, complain (in a low tone)' (E 889, δ 719), 'to sing ina low tone, wharble, hum' (Ar, PL. Arist.).

XXXXXονΑἈμινυρίσαι [aor.] (Plu.).

    *DER μινύρισμα 'twittering' (Theoc., 5. E.), -ἰσμός 'id' (sch.), -ίστρια [f.] 'twittering'  (ἀηδών, verse inscr.); unclear μινυρίγματα [pl.] (Philox. 2, 28). μινύρομαι [v.] 'to sing  in a low tone, twitter' (A., S, Ar., Call.), μινυρός 'whimpering, whining' (A., Phryn. Com.), 'twittering' (Theoc.).

    *ETYM Expressive and onomatopoeic words, resembling κινυρίζω : κινύρομαι :  κινυρός, with which they were amalgamated in a way that can no longer be  established. There is no further evidence for a variation k/u, as proposed by Fur.: 388. Still, Pre-Greek origin is possible. Acc. to Leumann 1950: 244, μινυρίζω is the oldest form of the series. Lat. minurrio,  -ire twitter' (Suet.) shows a remarkable similarity: if it is not directly borrowed from  Greek, it was at least influenced by it. Similar reduplicated formations are μιμιχμός:  τοῦ ἵππου φωνή 'horse's voice' and μιμάξασα' χρεμετίσασα, φωνήσασα 'to neigh (of  horses), resound' (H.). See ▶︎ μύρομαι.

XXXXXμιργάβωρ - τὸ λυκόφως 'twilight' (H.).

    *VAR μιργῶσαι: πηλῶσαι 'to cover with mud or clay' (H.).

    *ETYM A relationship with μίσγω (μιργάβωρ as dialectal Laconian or Elean for Ion. "μισγ-ήξως, e.g. Brugmann-Thumb 1913: 150) has been assumed, the second element  being the word for 'dawn'. However, the gloss on μιργῶσαι (if it belongs here at all)  cannot be correct. Connection of the first element with Lith. mirgéti 'flicker', ON  myrkr, acc. myrkvan 'dark' « PGm. *merku-, *merkuiia- is improbable.

XXXXXμίργμα [n.] (2) ᾿ἐπὶ tod κακοπινοῦς καὶ ῥυπαροῦ καὶ πονηροῦ 'filthy, dirty, bad' (H.). <?>

    *VAR wpa ms. (DELG).

    *ETYM Unknown. Latte connects the glosses pipy@oat and μιργοῦλον.

XXXXXμιργοῦλον [n.] μύσος, μίασμα 'defilement, stain' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. See ν pipypa.

XXXXXμιρόν [?] ὅταν νυστάζῃ tic λέγουσι Ταραντῖνοι 'The Tarentians say this whenever someone is sleepy' (H.). <?>

===Pag_1008: Beekes_Página_1008.tiff=== XXXXXμισθός 957

    *DER Perhaps the PN Μίρων (see Latte)?

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXμιρύκεον Ξ'μυρίκη.

XXXXXμίσγω

    *ETYM See »μείγνυμι; for μισγ-άγκεια, see also ἄγκος (» ἀγκ-).

XXXXXμισέωῳ [v.] 'to hate, abhor' (Pi., JA). 4 PG> 'ΑΚ Aor. μισῆσαι (P 272), aor. pass. μισηθῆναι (Hdt.), fut. pass. μισήσομαι (E.), also -ηθήσομαι (LXX), perf. μεμίση-κα, -μαι (Att.).

    *COMP Also with prefix, e.g. dta-, ἀπο-. Very often as a first member (opposed to  ptho-), €.g. μισό-θεος 'who hates the gods' (A., Luc.), cf. Schwyzer: 442.

    *DER μίσημα [n.] 'what is hated' (trag.), μίσηθρον (-tpov) 'charm producing hatred'  (Luc, pap.), after otépynOpov, Benveniste 1935: 203; μισητός 'hated, hateful' (A, X.);  τητικός 'prone to hatred' (Arr.), μισήτιζε: μίσει, orbye 'id? (H.). μισήτη [f.]  'lascivious woman, whore' (Archil. [?], Cratin.), accent according to Ammon. 94; cf. μισητός: ... ἄπληστος 'greedy' (H.) with unclear change of mg, with μισητία  'lasciviousness, unsatiable desire' (Ar., Procop.). μῖσος [π.] 'hatred, enmity, grudge,  object of hatred' (trag,, Att.).

    *ETYM The date and the spread of the respective attestations do not favor the  common assumption that μισέω is a denominative to μῖσος; if it were, we would  expect an aorist Hom. "μίσε(σ)σεν instead of μίσησεν (but perhaps it is analogical  after φίλησενξ). A suffix -σος does not exist in inherited words. Therefore, Fur.: 254 assumes a Pre-  Greek word, with an assibilated dental ἪΡ.

XXXXXμισθός [m.] 'hire, pay, wages, reward, daily wages' (Il.).

    *COMP Several compounds, e.g. μισθο-δό-της [m.] 'who pays the wages', -téw, -σία  (Att.), compounded forms of μισθὸν δοῦναι with a suffix -tn-; μισθο-φορέω [v.] 'to  get paid' with -φόρος 'who served for hire', -φορά 'wages'; ἕμ-μισθος 'being paid'  (Att).

    *DER Diminutive μισθάριον (Hp. com., pap.); μίσθιος [adj.] 'hired' (Hell.);  μισθόομαι, -dw [v.] 'to hire for oneself, act. 'to hire' (IA) with several derivatives:  μίσθωμα 'rent, lease' (Att.), -wpdatiov (Alciphr.), μίσθωσις 'hiring' (Att.), τώσιμος  'which can be hired' (Lex. apud D.), -ωσιμαῖος (gloss.); μισθωτός (directly from  μισθός) 'hired, hireling, mercenary' (IA), -ωτής [m.] 'tenant' (Att.), -wtpia [f.]  (Phryn. Com.), -ωτικός 'belonging to rent' (Pl, pap.), -ωτήριον 'meeting place of the  μισθωτοί᾽ (Ephesus ΠΡ, H. s.v. ὄψ᾽ ἦλθες

    *ETYM This old word for 'reward, recompense' vel sim. was also preserved in Indo-  Iranian, Germanic and Slavic: Skt. midhd- [n.] 'prize in a contest, contest', Av. mizda- [n.] 'wages', Go. mizdo [f.] 'wages', MoHG Miete 'rent', OCS muzda, Ru. mazda [f.] 'wages, hire, reward', all from IE *misd"é-. Because of the gender of the  Gm. and Slav. words, Meillet MSL .21 (1920): 111 considers *misd'd- to be an old  feminine; but if so, the change of gender in μισθός would be remarkable. In the sense

===Pag_1009: Beekes_Página_1009.tiff===

of 'wages', μισθός was replaced by ὀψώνιον in the Hell. period (Chantraine 1956a: 2sf.).

XXXXXμιστύλη 'ἘΤΥΜ See »μυστίλη (also for μιστυλάομαι).

XXXXXμιστύλλω [v.] 'to cut up meat' (II). «Ραΐ»

    *VAR Aor. μιστῦλαι, -ασθαι (Semon., Lyc., Nonn.); δια-μιστῦλαι (Hadt. 1, 132).

    *DER Backformation μίστυλλον 'piece of meat' (Strato Com.).

    *ETYM As a denominative, μιστύλλω seems to go back to "μιστύλος 'cut up,  consisting of pieces' (cf. στωμύλλω : -ὕλος, καμπύλλω : -vAoc). As a further basis,  one might posit a noun *\uoto-, which could stand for *miT-to-, and could be  connected with some Germanic words for 'hew, cut', eg. Go. maitan 'to injure,  mutilate'. Skt. méthati 'to be inimical' is not related (cf. Mayrhofer EWAia). The  word may rather be Pre-Greek. See ▶︎ μίτυλος.

XXXXXμίσυ, -υος, -ἕως [n.] 1. 'copper ore' found in Cyprus (Hp.); 2. 'ruffle, Tuber aestivum', growing near Cyrene (Thphr.), cf. André 1956 s.v. misy. 4LW Anat.?>

    *ETYM Perhaps an adjective 'brilliant' borrowed from an Anatolian language; cf. Hitt. miSriuant- 'brilliant', from the root *meis- (Skt. misdti 'to open the eyes'). See  Neumann Kadmos 28 (1989): 94f.

XXXXXμίσχος [m.] 1. 'stalk of a leaf, fruit or flower' (Thphr., Porph.); 2. name of a Thessalian instrument for field work, ἰσχυρότερον ἔτι τῆς δικέλλης 'even stronger than the 6.', . & μᾶλλον εἰς βάθος κατιὸν πλείω γῆν περιτρέπει καὶ κατωτέρωθεν 'which, reaching deeper, turns around more earth, and from a greater depth' (Thphr.). Acc. to H. = ὁ παρὰ τῷ φύλλῳ κόκκος 'the seed at the leaf, which can hardly be correct. Also difficult to understand is μίσκος = 'pod, shell' (Poll. 6, 94). Extensively on μίσχος Strémberg 1937: 115f. 41. PG(V); 2. PG?(V)>

    *COMP ἄ-μισχος 'without stalk' (Thphr.).

    *ETYM Probably an agricultural term in origin, and transmitted to botany by the  botanist Theophrastus. No etymology. The connection with μίσκαιος: κῆπος 'garden'  (H.), which is also compared to Lith. miskas 'wood, forest', also 'wood for burning or  building', is semantically void, unless one accepts a basic meaning 'trunk, bar' for the  Lith. word. Pur.: 133 connects μίσχος with μίσκος 'pod, shell', which means that the word is Pre-  Greek. However, he does not connect the stalk with the Thessalian tool. On the other    hand, he may be right in connecting the latter with μίσκαιος 'garden', where σχίσκ  also points to Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXμίτος [m.] mg. uncertain, 'thread of the warp, chain' vel sim. also 'thread' in general, Lat. licium (since ¥ 762), see Bliimner 1875-1887: 141ff, where other interpretations are discussed. Cf. κατὰ μίτον 'uninterrupted' (Pherecr., Plb.). <?>

    *COMP Often as a second member, e.g. λεπτό-μιτος 'with fine threads' (E.), πολύ-  μιτος 'consisting of many threads, damask' (A., Cretin., Peripl. M. Rubr.).

===Pag_1010: Beekes_Página_1010.tiff=== XXXXXμνᾶ 959

    *DER μιτώδης 'thread-like, made of threads' vel sim. (5, Ant. 1222), μίτινοι 'licinae'  (gloss.), μιτηρός, μιτάριον (sch. E. Hec. 924), μιτόομαι, -ώσασθαι [v.] 'to hitch up  threads' vel sim. (AP), μίσασθαι() 'id' (Pl. Com.), μιτίσασθαι 'liciare' (gloss.).

    *ETYM Because of the uncertain meaning, all explanations are hypothetical.

XXXXXμίτρα [f.] 'girdle bound with metal' (IL), 'maiden's girdle' (Theoc., A. R, Call.), 'fillet, diadem' (Alcm., Hdt., E., Ar., Call.), 'victor's chaplet, wreath' (Pi.). <?>

    *VAR Ion. -pn [{1}.

    *COMP μιτρη-φόρος (also -o-p-) 'bearing a wt.' (Hdt., Plu.), αἰολο-μίτρης 'with  glittering girdle' (E 707, Theoc.), on the ending -ς see Schwyzer: 451); ἄ-μιτρος  'without girdle' (Call.).

    *DER μιτρίον (gloss.), μιτρώδης 'like a μ᾿ (An. Ox.), μιτραῖον (cod. -éov) ποικίλον  'many-colored' (H.); μιτρόομαι, -dw [v.] 'to put on or wear a LL, to dress with a wt.'  (Str., Nonn.).

    *ETYM For comparison, one has thought of Skt. mitrd- [n., m.] 'friend', properly  'friendship', Av. mi@ra- [m.] 'treaty, friend', as a personification 'Mithra' = OP  Mi9ra-, assuming an inherited word *mi-tro- with original meaning 'connection',  from JE *mei- 'to bind, attach' (Pok. 710). The combination remains quite  hypothetical, as long as a corresponding primary verb is not found (Ilr. may- 'to fix,  establish'?). Extensive treatment of mitra- in Mayrhofer E WAia s.v. Given its technical meaning, μίτρα (which is isolated in Greek) could very well be a  loan, perhaps from an Indo-Iranian source. Or does the short -ἄ (in the acc. μίτρᾶν  [LSJ) point to a Pre-Greek word?

XXXXXμίτυλος [adj.] Adjunct of αἴξ (Theoc. 8, 86) of uncertain mg; acc. to H. μίτυλον' ἔσχατον, νήπιον. Λακεδαίμονες 'utmost, childish; foolish'. <?> ΑΙ μύτιλον: ἔσχατον, ἀφ᾽ οὗ καὶ τὸν νεώτατον 'utmost, whence (7) also the youngest'. οἱ δὲ καὶ τὸ ἀποβαῖνον καὶ ὁ νήπιος καὶ ὁ νέος 'that which results, infant, young one' (H.); see Leumann Glotta 32 (1953): 217.

    *ETYM Explained as 'hornless' and connected with μιστύλλω, in which case μύτιλος  must have arisen by means of metathesis. However, as DELG remarks, the  explanation may be due to a folk-etymology with Lat. mutilus by a later scholiast. Dissimilation from an original ᾿μύτυλος could be imagined (similar cases in  Schwyzer: 258). The similarity with the PN Μυτιλήνη (also MitvA-) is probably  irrelevant (cf. WH s.v. mutulus).

XXXXXμίτυς, -vos [f.} name of a substance used by bees (Arist.).

    *ETYM Unexplained; it could very well be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXμνᾶ [f.] 'mina', weight and a sum of money = 100 drachmae (IA). «LW Sem.>

    *VAR  Gen. -ᾱς (Ion. -f¢), etc., Jon. μνέαι [pl.].

    *DER Diminutive μναδάριον (Diph. Com.), probably for ἐμνᾳδ-άριον from ἵμνά-  dtov, -μνα-ἴδιον (like ζῳδ-άριον : Cw-diov); μνα-αἴος, μναῖος 'weighing or worth a  mina' (com., Χ., Arist.), -iaiog 'id' ¢Arist., Hell.) -ieiov [n.] golden coin = 1 silver-  mina (pap.); on -ἰαῖος, -ἰεῖος see Chantraine 1933: 49 and 53.

===Pag_1011: Beekes_Página_1011.tiff===

    *ETYM A Semitic loanword. Cf. Hebr. mane, Akk. manu name of a weight. Borrowed  from μνᾷ was Lat. mina. Skt. manda- [f.], name of a golden ornament, remains far;  but MoP man as a designation of a weight might belong here, too; see Mayrhofer  EWaAia 2: 308. Fur.: 380 connects μνάσιοςἠν and assumes a cultural term from the  Near East.

XXXXXμνάομαι 'to remember, think of, ponder', also 'to woo (a woman), court'. τομιμνήσκω.

XXXXXμναρόν [adj.] glossed as μαλακόν, ἡδύ, pdadiov 'delicate, sweet, easy' (Phot.), or θυμῆρες 'delightful' (H.), respectively (Cratin. 431). <?>

    *ETYM Probably for μνιαρόν ('1 vapdv), cf. Schwyzer: 274. See ▶︎ uviov.

XXXXXμνάσιον [n.] name of an Egyptian waterplant, 'Cyperus esculentus' (Thphr.).

    *VAR Also μναύσιον,

    *ETYM From Eg. mnw; see Hemmerdinger Glotta 46 (1968): 245.

XXXXXμνίον [n.] 'seaweed' (Lyc., Nic., Agatharch., Str.), also μνιός = ἁπαλός 'soft' (Euph. 156 from EMand Hdn.). 42>

    *DER μνι-όεις (A. R.), -ώδης (Nic.), -αρός (Opp., AP) 'weak like moss'.

    *ETYM Unexplained. See ▶︎ μνόος.

XXXXXμνόος, μνοῦς [m.] 'soft down' (on young birds) (Hp., Ar. AP). «ἢ

    *ETYM Rhyming word with χνόος, χνοῦς [m.] 'down, foam, crust'. On the other  hand, cf. μνίον 'seaweed'. Is μνόος a cross from these two? See ▶︎ μνίον.

XXXXXμνῴα [f.] name of the serf population of Crete. <?>

    *VAR  μνωΐα, μνοΐα.

    *ETYM Polomé Latomus 13 (1954): 83 argues against the connection with Georg. mona 'servant, slavé' as a Caucasian-Pre-Greek correspondence (as per Hubschmid  19§3b: 103, with Dumézil). See ▶︎ δμώς.

XXXXXμογέω [v.] 'to toil, be distressed, suffer' (IL.). 4 PG>

    *VAR μεμογηώς [perfptc.] (Nic.).

    *COMP Rarely with ovv-, év-. As a first member in μογοσ-τόκος epithet of Eileithyia  (Il.) and Artemis (Theoc.), who where assist at child-birth; also of ὠδῖνες (Lyc.), of  the Trojan horse (Tryph. Ep.), of ὥρα (Nonn.). Compound mg. uncertain, but not  (as per Bechtel 1914) 'causing pain', taking poyoo- as an acc. pl. < *udyove. In any  case, μογο-τόκος was metrically impossible (Chantraine 1942: 95).

    *DER μόγος [m.] 'toil, trouble, distress' (A 27, rare). From μόγος probably μογερός  'laborious, distressful (trag.). Adverb μόγις 'with toil, barely' (IL). Perhaps PN  Moyé& [m.] (Boeot.).

    *ETYM μογέω may be a denominative from μόγος, but the scarcity of the substantive  makes it more probable that an old intensive verb poyéw gave rise to μόγος as a  back-formation. There are no certain cognates. The Baltic adjective Lith. smagus 'heavy, strong,  powerful (of blows)', Latv. smag(r)s 'heavy' rather belongs to Lith. smdgti, 156. smagiu 'to scourge, beat, throw (something heavy)'. Meier-Briigger Glotta 70 (1992):

===Pag_1012: Beekes_Página_1012.tiff=== XXXXXμοιχός 961 1341. proposes that the word belongs to *megh,- 'big', but this is semantically not immediately convincing. A by-form with initial op- is found in σμογερόν: σκληρόν, ἐπίβουλον, μοχθηρόν 'harsh, treacherous, sorrowful (H.), cf. also »opvyepdc 'painful', etc. Beside σμογερόν and opvyepdc, Fur.: 140, 363 connects μόχθος, poxAdc, and judges the group (probably correctly so) to be Pre-Greek. See on »μῶλος. See ▶︎ μόχθος, ▶︎ μοχλός, ▶︎ μόλις.

XXXXXμόθος [m.] 'battle-din' (Il, Hes. Sc., Nic.).

    *COMP μοθούρας: τὰς λαβὰς τῶν κωπῶν 'the grips of a handle' (H.), explained in  Solmsen 1909: 567.

    *DER μόθαξ, -ακος [m.] 'child of the Helotes or Perioikoi, who has received his  education together with a Spartan' (Phylarch. Hist. [11], Plu., Ael.); μόθων, -ωνος  [m.] = μόθαξ (sch., EM., H.), also 'impudent man' vel sim. (Ar. Pl. 279), parodically  represented as a demon (beside Κόβαλοι etc. Ar. Eg. 635); name of a vulgar dance,  practised by sailors (Ar., Poll), also name of a melody on the flute that accompanies  the dance (Trypho apud Ath. 14, 618c). μοθωνικός 'like the μόθωνες᾽ (lon apud Plu. Per. 5), μοθωνία: ἀλαζονεία τις τοῦ σώματος κινητική 'a boasting posture of the body  that sets in motion' (EM).

    *ETYM The great stylistic difference between epic μόθος and Dor. μόθαξ and μόθων  is remarkable, but it is clear that Homer preserves the oldest meaning 'turmoil'. No cognates outside Greek. Has been compared with CS motati se 'agitari', Ru. motdt' 'to throw to and fro, waste; to reel, wind up', or with Skt. manthati, mathnati  'to stir, shake', but Gr. θ as against Sl. t and Skt. th contradicts this (*-tH- does not  regularly yield Gr. -0-); moreover, regarding the latter equation, a vocalic nasal does    not vocalize to -o- in this position in any Greek dialect. Perhaps the word is Pre-  Greek.

XXXXXμοιμυάω

    *ETYM See μυάω (8ν. ▶︎ μύω) and ▶︎ μύλλον.

XXXXXμοιμύλλω

    *ETYM See μύλλω sv, ▶︎ μύλη,    μοῖος Ξ'σμοιός,

XXXXXμοῖρα [f.] 'part, share, lot'. πομείρομαι.

XXXXXμοῖτος [m.] 'xdptc, thanks, favour' (Sophr. 168). «1ὺν Ital.2>

    *ETYM As the word is Sicilian, perhaps it is a borrowing from OLat. (or Italic?)  *moitos 'exchange' (seen in Lat. mitare 'to change, exchange'; cf. mituus 'mutual',  εἴς.) see WH s.v. muté. At any rate, unrelated to the group ▶︎ ἄμοιος, ▶︎ μοῖος, and  ▶︎ σμοιός.

XXXXXμοιχός [m.] 'adulterer' (IA), 'idolatrous person' (Ep. Jac. 4, 4), cf. μοιχαλίς, μοιχάω, -εὐω. 4IE? *hmeig'- 'urinate'>

    *COMP Sometimes as a first member, eg. μοιχ-άγρια [n.pl.] 'fine imposed on one  taken in adultery' (8 332), after »Cwaypia, Chantraine 1956a: 51' (cf. s.v.); also

===Pag_1013: Beekes_Página_1013.tiff===

κατάμοιχος = μοιχός (Vett. Val.), probably back-formation from καταμοιχεύω (pap.).

    *DER A. Several feminine formations, mostly late: μοιχ-άς (Aeschin, Socr.), -αλίς  (LXX, NT, Hld.), also 'idolatrous woman' (NT), -ἤ, -ἰς (Ar. Byz.), -atva (Tz.); older  μοιχεύτρια (see below). B. Adjectives: μοιχ-ίδιος 'begotten in adultery' (Hecat., Hdt., Hyp.), after κουρίδιος,  see on ▶︎ κόρῃ; -ἰκός (Luc., Plu.), -tog (AP), -ώδης (Com. Adesp., Ptol.) 'adulterous',  C. Abstract formation: μοιχοσύνῃ = μοιχεία (Man.). D. Denominatives: 1. μοιχάω [v.] 'to seduce into adultery, be adulterous' (originally  Doric: Gortyn -iw), of a man (the Lacedaimonian Callicratidas in X. HG 1, 6, 15),  τάομαι 'id', of women and men (LXX, NT), 'téibe idolatrous' (LXX), 'to bastardize'  (Ael.), after Lat. adulterare; 2. μοιχεύω = -dw, also pass. 'to be seduced' (Xenoph.,  Att.), med. -εύομαι 'to be adulterous' (Att. only of women, LXX also of men); 'to  idolate' (LXX); μοιχεία 'adultery' (Att.), μοιχευ-τής = μοιχός (Man.), -τρια [f.] (PL,  Plu.); 3. μοιχ-αίνω (Vett. Val.); 4. τάζω (Anon. apud Suid.) 'id.'

    *ETYM Often analyzed as an agent noun of ν» ὀμείχω 'to urinate', as a vulgar  expression. Borrowed as Lat. moechus. The initial laryngeal (*h,meig'-) is usually  assumed not to have vocalized before a resonant and an o-grade root (the Saussure  Effect). Alternatively, it may be thought that the semantic connection of adultery  with urinating is not specific enough, and that the etymology must be abandoned.

XXXXXμόκρων [3] μόκρωνα: τὸν ὀξύν. Ἐρυθραῖοι 'sharp' (H.).

    *ETYM Latte Gnomon 31 (1959): 32 corrects it to μόκωνα, after the Acarnanian name  Μόκων; an adjective "μόκων would explain μοκκώνεις' neptppoveic 'very thoughtful;  arrogant' (ms. μοκκώνωσις). Fur. 341, 372 identifies μόκρων with ἀμακρῶτις =  ἀμπελόπρασον 'wild leek, Allium Ampeloprasum' (Ps-Dsc. 2, 150), but it remains  unclear on which grounds.

XXXXXμολγός [m.] 'bag made of cowhide' (Ar. Eq. 963, D. C.), Tarentinian acc. to Poll. 10, 187.

    *DER μόλγινος 'made of ox-hide' (Theodorid. apud Poll. 10, 187); μόλγης, τῆτος {m.]  (like πένης, πλάνης, etc.) = μοχθηρός (Crates Gramm. apud sch. Ar. Eq. 959), in the  same mg. also μολγός (Suid.).

    *ETYM Differs from a Germanic word for 'bag, pouch' only in the velar and accent:  OHG malaha, MHG malhe 'leather bag', ON malr 'bag' < IE *mélko-. It has  therefore been assumed that Gr. -y- is due to borrowing, perhaps from Thracian  (thus Pok. 747). Also, Go. balgs 'ballows, bag', Ir. bolg have been compared, in which  case μολγός must have been phonetically influenced by ἀμέλγω. Fur: 126 assumes a pre-IE Wanderwort. Cf. Taillardat 1962: §$160 and 209,  commenting on the meaning 'glutton, κίναιδος; cf. also Taillardat REGr. 64 (1951):    10ff.

XXXXXμολεῖν 'to go, come'. =BAwoKw.

===Pag_1014: Beekes_Página_1014.tiff=== XXXXXμόλουρος 963

XXXXXμολεύω [v.] 'to cut off and transplant the shoots of trees' (Lex. Att. apud Poll. 7, 146); μολούειν: ἐγκόπτειν τὰς παραφυάδας 'to engrave the offshoots' (H.). <1E? *melh,- 'come, appear', ΡΟ»

    *ETYM Probably built on *tt6A0¢ or "μολεύς 'runner', from the root of μολεῖν 'to go,  come'; see ▶︎ βλώσκω. The form μολούειν is explained as modelled on κολούειν. Perhaps, μόλουρος [m.] 'kind of snake', μολουρίς, -ίδος [f.] 'locust' (Nic.) should  also be included here? It may be asked, however, whether the variation -ov-/-ev- is  not rather a Pre-Greek phenomenon. I do not believe in a variation t/k as in  μολεύωϊκολούω (Fur.: 388). See ▶︎ μόλουρος.

XXXXXμόλις [adv] 'hardly, barely' (trag., Att.). <?>

    *VAR = μόγις.

    *ETYM No etymology. Earlier proposals (see Solmsen 1909: 169ff.) are problematic:  connection with μῶλος 'fight', if from earlier 'trouble', is formally doubtful because  of the root vocalism; that with μέλλω 'to be about to do, hesitate, etc.', semantically  uncompelling. See ▶︎ μογέω.

XXXXXμολοβρός [m.] scornful or ignominious qualification, referring to Odysseus, who has not yet been identified, by the goat-herd Melanthos and the beggar Iros (p 219, σ 26; after this Lyc. 775); also of the head (κεφαλή) of a plant in unknown mg. (Nic. Th. 662).

    *DIAL Myc. mo-ro-qo-ro /molog'ros/.

    *DER μολόβρ-ιον [n.] 'the young of a swine' (Ael.), -ity¢ ὗς 14. (Hippon.). PN όλοβρος [m.] (Th. 4, 8, 9; Lacon.).

    *ETYM Numerous doubtful proposals have been advanced. In antiquity: ἀπὸ τοῦ  μολεῖν καὶ παραγίνεσθαι πρὸς βορὰν Kai τροφήν 'from going, and having recourse  to food' (sch. Lyc. 775), which is clearly folk-etymology; and also recently: Neumann  KZ 105 (1992): 75-80 derives it from *podog, related to Skt. mdla- [n.] 'dirt', and the  root *g'rh,- 'eat' in βιβρώσκω, assuming a meaning 'Dreckfresser'. Although this is  clearly better than earlier proposals, it does not explain the second member -βρος, as  *-9"rHo- would have given *-Bapo- (I do not accept the loss of laryngeals in  compounds). Rather a Pre-Greek word; Fur.: 388 compares κολόβριον 'young of a  swine' (Ar. Byz. apud Eust.).

XXXXXμολόθουρος 'evergreen plant, asphodill, Asphodelus ramosus' or = ὀλόσχοινος, 'Scirpus holeschoenus' (Euph. 133, Nic. Al. 147). <4?

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXμόλουρος [?] unidentified snake (Nic. Th. 491). <?>

    *ETYM It has been assumed that a word for a locust is derived from this word:  μολουρίς, -ίδος (Nic. Th. 416). Gow and Scholfield think that it is the snake  μόλουρος, but Gil Fernandez 1959: 52 translates 'locust'. Hesychius has μολοῦρις:  αἰδοῖον 'private parts' κολοβὴ λόγχη 'blunt spear(head)': ἢ μόλις οὐρῶν 'urinating  with difficulty' (folk-etymology), and μολουρίδες-: βατραχίδες καὶ τῶν σταχύων τὰ  γόνατα 'little frogs, the knees of the offspring' (?); Suid. has μολυρίς, μολυρίδες:  μολυρίδας τὰς ἀκρίδας 'locusts' φασί. No etymology.

===Pag_1015: Beekes_Página_1015.tiff===

XXXXXμολόχη [f.] 'mallow'. = μαλάχη,

XXXXXμολπή [f.] 'dance with song'. '"μέλπω,

XXXXXμόλσον [n.]? - σελίνου καυλός καί ἄνθος 'stalk and flower of the celery' - of δὲ τὴν ὑποφνάδα (H.). <2

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXμόλσος [m.] ὁ δημός. Αἰολεῖς 'fat (Aeol.) (H.). 4 2

    *ETYM Compared with péAdw. See Hoffmann 1893: 241, who reads δημός for δῆμος.

XXXXXμόλυβδος [m.] 'lead' (A).

    *VAR  μόλιβος (A 237, also Hell. prose), als μόλυβος (LXX), μόλιβδος (Plu.),  βόλυβδος (Att. defix.), βόλιμος (Delph., Epid.), βόλιβος (Rhod. in περι-βολιβῶσαι).

    *DIAL Myc. mo-ri-wo-do.

    *COMP μολυβδο-χοέω 'melt lead, solder with lead' (Ar., inscr.).

    *DER A. Substantives: μολύβδ-αινα [f.] 'weight of lead, plummet, ball of lead' (Q 80,  Hp., Arist.), 'a plant, Plumbago europaea' (Plin.), see Stromberg 1940: 26; like  ἄκαινα, etc. (Schwyzer: 475, Chantraine 1933: 109); -ἰς [f.] '4. (Att. Hell); -tov [n.]  'leaden weight' (Hp.)}, μολίβ-ιον [n.] 'leaden pipe' (Antyll. apud Orib.), -ίδιον (Hero);  μολυβδ-ἴτις [f] 'lead-sand' (Dsc., Plin.); -wya 'lead-work' (Moschio apud Ath.);  μολυβᾶς, -ἅτος {m.] 'lead-worker' (pap.). B. Adjectives: μολύβδ-ινος (μολίβ-) 'leaden' (IA, Paul. Aeg.), -ob¢ (μολιβ-, μολυβ-)  '4. (Att, Hell.}; -ὦδης 'like lead' (Dsc., Gal.), -uxdg 'leaden' (gloss.), μολυβρόν- τὸ  μολυβοειδές 'like lead' (H.). C. Verbs: μολυβδόομαι (μολιβ-}) 'to be furnished with leaden weights, etc.' (Arist.)  with -wots (gloss.); περι-βολιβῶσαι 'frame with lead' (Rhod.); poAvBd-aw [v.] 'to  have the color of lead' of the face, as a symptom of disease (Com. Adesp.). Here also μολβίς: στάθμιόν τι ἑπταμναῖον (H.) with loss of internal 1 or v (Solmsen  1909: 607).

    *ETYM Because of its variants, the word ts commonly considered to be an Anatolian  loan. The form βολιμος would be due to metathesis and βολιβος due to assimilation. The forms μόλιβος and μόλυβδος are clearly the most archaic; apart from these,  there is also Myc. /moliwdos/; and μολιβδος ts now also found in Olbia about 500°. The Mycenaean form could easily be the oldest, assuming that i changed to u before  A connection with Lat. plumbum cannot be substantiated. The Latin word is rather  related to Celt. *pl(ojud"o-, as 1 have shown in Beekes MSS 59 (1999): 7-14; the  Germanic word *laud- (E lead) was borrowed from Celtic. The Greek word cannot  have come from the West (cf. also Basque berun 'lead'), as lead was much older in  Greece. The Greek word has now been compared with Lyd. marivda-, of which we now  know that it meant 'dark' (as in E murky); its Hitt. equivalent is 4Markuyaia-  'chtonic deities'. marivda- would be an IE word from the root *merg*-, *morg*ijo-  giving *marwida-, which may have become *marwda- with syncope, which in turn

===Pag_1016: Beekes_Página_1016.tiff=== XXXXXμόνος 965 might have become *marwida- by anaptyxis. For the semantics connecting 'lead' and 'dark', cf. Lat. plumbum nigrum. See Melchert 2004.

XXXXXμολύνω [v.] 'to defile, pollute, stain' (Att.). «Ἰεῦ *mel(h,)- 'dirt'>

    *VAR  Mostly present stem; μολυνῶ, μολῦναι, -υνθῆναι, etc. (Hell.).

    *COMP. Also with prefix, e.g. dva-, συν-.

    *DER HOA-vvoic, -υσμός 'defilement, pollution' (LXX, Str.), -vopa 'stain' (Hate), -vupa  'id' (gloss.); μολυνίιγ: ἡ πυγή 'behind, rump' (H.), μόλυχνον' δυσταλέον (H.), leg. αὐσταλέον 'dried up'?; Latte gives δεισαλέον 'filthy vel sim. Perhaps also the Boeot. HN Μολόεις, if 'the filthy one', from "μόλοςξ

    *ETYM Denominative in -ivw from an unattested base form. Schmidt KZ 32 (1893):  384 connects it with Lith. mulve 'mud, mire' and the factitive verb mulvinti 'to cover  with mire'. In order to combine the root vocalism with that of Lithuanian, he  assumes "μαλύνω (like Lith. -zl- from "-[-), and assimilation *a > o before v in the  following syllable, but there are too many counterexamples to such a rule. Numerous words for 'dark, dirty color' and 'dirt, defilement' are assembled under a  root *mel(H)-, but only Skt. médla- [n.] 'dirt, defilement' is of interest here, with a  derivative mdlavant- 'dirty', which formally matches the hydronym Μολόεις. Both  Greek μολύνω and Μολόεις may have been built on older "μόλος, -ov 'dirt' (cf. αἰσχύνω, σκληρύνωῳ, etc.), which corresponds with the Skt. word if we assume a pre-  form *molH-o-. Cf. Mayrhofer EWaAia, s.v. mdla-. Alternatively, Fur.: 227 compares poAbvet- μολύνει (H.), which could point to a Pre-  Greek word. See ▶︎ μέλας.

XXXXXμόναπος [m.] Paeonic word for βόνασος, βόλινθος, 'aurochs' (Arist). < PG(V)>

    *VAR Also μόναιπος (Arist.), μόνωψ, -witoc (Ael.).

    *ETYM Fur.: 207, etc. adduces μόναιπος (Arist. Id. Mir. 8304) and derives μόνωτος  (Antig. Mir. 53 cod.) from *povaftos < ἔμοναπτος; both μόναιπος and ἔμοναπτος  may continue a Pre-Greek pre-form *monap'-. Other variants could be βόλινθος and  Bdévaoc(c)ac, but details are unclear.

XXXXXμονθυλεύω [v.] 'to stuff, fill, etc' <PG?(v)r

    *ETYM If ὀνθυλεύω stands for fovO-, it may show the characteristic Pre-Greek  variation F/u (Pur.: 246). See ▶︎ ὀνθυλεύω.

XXXXXμόνιμος 'lasting, steadfast'. >pévw.

XXXXXμόνος [adj.] 'alone'. 41E? men- 'small', mon-uo- 'alone'>

    *VAR μοῦνος (epic Ion.), μῶνος (Theoc.).

    *COMP Frequent as a first member, e.g. μόν-αρχος [m.] 'monarch' (μούν-), with -ἔω,  -la, etc. (Thgn., Pi., IA).

    *DER 1. μονάς, μουνάς, -d60¢ as an adj. [f., m.] 'lonely' (trag., AP), subst. [f.] 'unity'  (PL) with μοναδ-ιαῖος 'of uniform greatness' (Hero), -ἰκός 'consisting of unities,  uniform, individual' (Arist.), -ἰστί [adv.] 'in unities' (Nicom.), -ἰσμός [m.] 'formation  of unity' (Dam.). 2. μοναχ-ῇ (PL, X.}, -ῶς (Arist.) 'only in one way', -ob (PL, Thphr.)  'only in one place'; μοναχός [adj.] 'single' (Arist., Epicur.), also [m.] 'hermit, monk'  (AP, Procop.), Lat. monachus, with μονάχτουσα [f.] (Jerusalem VIP), -ἰκός [adj.]

===Pag_1017: Beekes_Página_1017.tiff===

'hermit-like, monkish' (Just, pap. VIP); substantive μοναχισμός 'monastic life'; μοναχ-όω 'to get lonely' (Aq.). 3. μουνάξ (adv.] 'lonely, alone' (Od., Arat.), povakia 'lonelyness' (sch, Eust.) from *povakdéc like διξός, etc; PN Μονάξιος (VP). 4. μονιός, μούνιος 'living alone, wild' (Call., AP), μονίας ({m.] 'lonely man' (Ael.). 5. povia, -in 'lonelyness, celibacy' (Max.), μονότης [f.] 'unity' (Sm., Iamb.), 'singularity' (Alex. Aphr. in Metaph.). 6. μουνόθεν (Hdt. 1, 116; vl. -o8évta), μονά-δην (A. D., EM), μουνα-δόν (Opp.) 'lonely, alone'. 7. Verbs: μονόομαι (uovv-) [v.] 'to be left alone', -6w 'to leave alone' (IL), with μόν-ωσις 'lonelyness' (Ρ]., Ph.), -ώτης [m.] = μονίας (Arist.), -ωτικός '(left) alone' (Ph.); μονάζω [v.] 'to stay alone, separate oneself (LXX, Christ. authors, gramm.) with μονασμός 'lonely situation' (Eust.), μοναστήριον 'cell of a hermit, cloister' (Ph., paf,), μονάστρια [f.] 'nun' (Just.).

    *ETYM PGr. "μόνρος (whence Ion. μοῦνος, Att. μόνος) probably stands beside  *pavpos in paves, ▶︎ μανός 'thin, rare', albeit with a somewhat different meaning. The latter agrees with Arm. manr, gen. manu 'small, thin'. An element -yo- also  appears in the synonym '*olfoc (see ▶︎ οἷος), and also in ▶︎ ὅλος < *sol-uo- 'whole',  Otherwise, Ἰμόνρος is isolated. A different formation may be found in Skt. manak 'a  little', Lith. merikas 'scanty', ToB menki [n] 'lack', εἴς, which contain a velar. Unrelated is Hitt. maninku- 'short, near'.

XXXXXμόρα —peipopal.

XXXXXμοργιάς [f.] - γαστριμαργίας καὶ ἀκρατίας 'gluttony, being without command; incontinence' (H.).

    *ETYM It has been suggested that this is the Aeolic equivalent of *uapylac. On the  other hand, we may also be dealing with the Pre-Greek variation a/o (Pre-Greek,  sections 6.1 and 6.3). See ▶︎ μάργος.

XXXXXμόργος [m.] 'twined basket of a chariot, in which straw and chaff was transported' (Poll. 7, 116, H.); acc. to H. also σκύτινον or βόειον τεῦχος 'leather ware'. «ΡΟ»

    *DER μοργεύω [v.] 'to transport in ἃ μόργος᾽ (Poll. l.c.). Unclear μόργιον' μέτρον γῆς,  ὅ ἐστι πλέθρον. καὶ εἶδος ἀμπέλου 'and measure, which equals a plethron; also a  kind of vine' (H.). Chantraine reads μόρτιον and connects μορτή, without  argumentation.

    *ETYM The connection with ▶︎ ὀμόργνυμι or Ἀμοργός would presuppose the  operation of the Saussure's Law (loss of initial or root-final laryngeal in an o-grade  root). However, the connection is semantically uncompelling and speculative. As a  technical term, probably Pre-Greek. See ▶︎ μάργος.

XXXXXμορίαι [f.pl.] of ἐλαῖαι, probably to be corrected in poptai (Scheller 1951: 128 and 132*), name of holy olives in Athens (Ar., Lys., Arist). Thence Ἀθηνᾶ Mopia and Ζεὺς Μόριος as protectors of olive culivation (S.). Cf Nilsson 1941(1): 442. <?>

    *VAR Rarely sing.

    *ETYM Probably from μόρος, μόριον 'lot, share' (see ▶︎ peipouat), as these trees  formed the share due to the goddess in every plantation (Latte in PW 16: 302f.). Nilsson (lc. fn. 4) refers to 'den primitiven Rechtsbrauch, daf§ ein Baum dem  gehort, der ihn gepflanzt hat, auf welchem Boden er auch wichst'. Different

===Pag_1018: Beekes_Página_1018.tiff=== XXXXXμορμώ, -οῦς 967 explanation by Heubeck Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 1 (1949): 281 (with Brandenstein): a Pre-Greek word for 'olive', whence several PNs in Asia Minor and Greece were derived, e.g. Mtpa (Lyc.), Μύραι (Thess.).

XXXXXμορμύρος [m.] name of a sea-fish of the family of the breams (Sparidae), 'Pagellus mormyrus (Arist., Archestr.); details in Thompson 1947 s.v.

    *VAR With dissimilation μορμύλος (Dorio apud Ath., Opp.); also μύρμη (Epich. 62).

    *ETYM According to Strémberg 1943: 76 'probably called after the sound, which  arises from its quick movement in the water'. The connection with μύρομαι, μύρῳ  'to flow, trickle' (Stromberg l.c.) is not convincing. Connection with popptpw is  quite possible, if the fish meant here would properly be the 'bubble-blower',  Borrowed as Lat. murmillé 'gladiator with Gaulish helm, on top of which was a fish';  see WH sv. μορμύρω [v.] 'to bubble up, foam', of water (IL, late prose). <ONOMP

    *VAR Present stem only; also μυρμύρω (H.).

    *COMP Also with ava-, ἐπι-.

    *ETYM Onomatopoeic verb with intensive reduplication (Schwyzer: 647 and 258,  Chantraine 1942: 376). Such formations are frequent: Lat. murmur6, -dre ἵν. 'to  murmur', Skt. murmura- [m.] 'crackling fire', - [f.] name of a river, marmara-  'roaring', Lith. murméti, murm(Dénti 'to grumble, murmur', Arm. mimr-am, -im <  *murmur-am, -im) 'id.', etc. See ▶︎ μύρομαι.

XXXXXμορμώ, -οῦς [f] 'bogey, spectre', also personified and as an interjection (Erinn. [5], Ar., X., Theoc., Luc.).

    *VAR Also -όνος, -όνα, etc. (Schwyzer: 479).

    *DER μορμωτός 'frightful (Lyc.}; μορμ-ύσσομαι [v.] 'to frighten' (Call.), poppttav-  τες (Phryg. IV®), also μορμύνει and μορμύρει- δεινοποιεῖ 'scares' (H.). Further the  nouns μόρμορος and μύρμος: φόβος, μόρμη: χαλεπή, ἐκπληκτική (H.). PN  Μόρμυθος (like Γοργώ : Γόργυθος, Leumann 1950: 155,25); also the ΡΝ Μυρμιδόνες  Enlarged verbal form μορμολύττομαι = μορμύσσομαι (Ar. Pl, X. Ph.),  μορμολυξάμενος (Gal.) with μορμολύκ-η, Dor. -a [f.] (Sophr. 9, Str.), -ειον (-eiov)  [n.] (Ar, Pl. wa.) = poppe; also poppop iw 'id' (Phot.).

    *ETYM μορμώ has been compared with Lat. formido 'terror, fear, ghost' by assuming  a dissimilation analogous to that supposed for μύρμηξ beside Lat. formica. Further  connections are uncertain; it is probably a reduplicated formation like Γοργώ (see  γοργός), which was originally used as a terrorizing call, and perhaps cognate to  μορμύρω. The by-forms Μομβρώ, Μομμώ (H.) clearly show the popular character of  the word. Beside μορμώ, we find both μορμύσσομαι, -ὕνει, -ὕρει and poppo-  λύττομαι, -λύκη, -λύκειον, for which πομφόλυξ, πομφολύξαι (to πομφός) may be  compared, though dissimilation from ᾿μορμορύττομαι (Schwyzer: 258) is also  imaginable (the nouns μορμολύκη, -elov are backfomations). A connection with Lat. formidé, etc. does not seem obvious. To my mind, it is likely  that the words are Pre-Greek, although there is no concrete proof of this. See Fur.:  364.

===Pag_1019: Beekes_Página_1019.tiff===

XXXXXμορόεις [adj.] μορόεντα epithet of ἕρματα 'ear-pendants' (Ξ 183, σ 298). ΑΚ Only ntr.pl. -oevta; a different word is μορόεις derived from μόρος 'fate (of death), as in μορόεν ποτόν 'fatal drink (Nic.).

    *ETYM Acc. to H. and Eust. 976, 40 = μετὰ πολλοῦ καμάτου πεπονημένα 'what has  been accomplished with much pain' (from μόρος 'share'; per H., also = πόνος  'labour, pain'); therefore in Ὁ. 5. 1, 152 also of τεύχη. Acc. to LSJ, it probably rather  derives from μόρον 'mulberry', in the sense 'having the color or shape of mulberry'.

XXXXXμόρον [n.] 'black mulberry, blackberry' (Epich., A. Hp.). <?>

    *DER μορέα, -ἔη [f.] 'mulberry tree, Morus nigra' (Nic. Gal.); μόρινος 'mulberry-  colored' (pap.); on ▶︎ μορόεις s.v. Here also μῳρίδες: μάντεις 'seers' (H.), where the  latter must be a mistake for pavtiat vel sim., which Dsc. 4, 37 gives as the Dacian  name of the mulberry (see ▶︎ βάτος).

    *ETYM Gr. μόρον matches with Arm. mor, instr. -iw 'blackberry', whence mor-i, mor-  eni 'berry-shrub'. Latin has mdrum 'mulberry', whence (as loans) Germanic words  like OHG muir-bere, mér-bere, MHG miilber. In spite of its long vowel, Lat. mérum  may be a loan from Greek; the same holds for Arm. mor. Thus, all forms mentioned  may go back to Gr. μόρον. For the compounded form συκόμορον, see ▶︎ σῦκον. Pok. 749 gives μῶρον (H.), but I can only find μῶρα- συκάμινα, which Latte corrects to  μόρα.

XXXXXμόροξος [π|.] 'kind of pipe-clay, used to bleach clothes' (Gal, Aét.).

    *VAR Also μόροχθος (Dsc.).

    *ETYM The variation &: x6 (like in Ἔρεχθεύς : Ερεχσξς) is typical of Pre-Greek; see  Fur.: 263 Anm. 3. The interchange 8/o may reflect a phoneme *¢ (Pre-Greek: section  5.5).

XXXXXμόροττον [n.] ἐκ φλοιοῦ πλέγμα τι ᾧ ἔτυπτον ἀλλήλους τοῖς Δημητρίοις 'kind of wickerwork made of bark, with which people used to beat each other during the Demetria' (H.). «ρα»

    *ETYM See Nilsson 1906: 3233. Fur.: 341 connects Calabr. marrotta. A Pre-Greek word  is probable (cf. DELG).

XXXXXμόρρια [n.pl.] name of an oriental mineral ('Derbyshire spat' or a kind of agate); also a vessel made of it, 'murra vessel' (Paus.).

    *VAR  Llovpptva (Arr.); also μο(υ)ρρίνη [f.sg.] (Peripl. M. Rubr.).

    *ETYM Probably of Iranian origin; cf. MoP mori, muri 'glass balls'; the Greek word  was borrowed as Lat. murra, vasa murrina (whence perhaps μούρρινα, -ivn?). See  also Kretschmer Glotta 1 (1909): 337.

XXXXXμόρσιμος [adj.] 'decided by fate, πεπρωμένος᾽, of ἦμαρ = 'day of death', thence also of man (X 13): 'destined to die, mortal' (IL, also Hdt.).

    *ETYM Related to ▶︎ μείρομαι, and traditionally derived from *pdpoic, supposed to be  Aeolic for *smy-ti- in the sense of μόρος, ▶︎ μοῖρα. This analysis is doubted by ΠΕΙῸ  s.v. μείρομαι, which prefers a derviation in -σιμος. The connection with the word for

===Pag_1020: Beekes_Página_1020.tiff=== XXXXXμορφή 969 'death' (Lat. mors, IE *mr-ti-) or 'mortal' (» μορτός, ▶︎ βροτός) is rightly rejected by Frisk.

XXXXXμορτός [adj.] = ἄνθρωπος, θνητός (H., Call. Fr. 271), rather μόρτος (Latte).

    *COMP μορτοβάτιν': ἀνθρωποβάτιν ναῦν (H.), mg. unclear; cf. μορτο-βάτη 'trodden  by the dead' (LSJ). As a second member in Ayé-, Κλεό-, Χαρί-μορτος (Lesbos, Syros,  Lato), Bechtel 1921, 1: 123; Masson RPh. 89 (1963): 218ff. (more names in DELG).

    *ETYM DELG correctly remarks that there is no reason to take the gloss as Aeolic, in  view of the Doric names. Therefore, the vocalism points to original *mdér-to-,  identical with Skt. mdrta- and Av. marata- [m.] 'mortal, man'. See ▶︎ βροτός.

XXXXXμόρτος - μέλας, φαιός 'black, grey' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Uncertain. DELG compares μορύσσω and refers to Pok. 734.

XXXXXμορύσσω [v.] Only perf. ptc. μεμορυχμένος (vl. -y-) 'defiled, blackened' (v 435, Nic. Q. S., Opp.), also 2sg. aor. opt. μορύξαις 'one should besmear' (Nic. AL. 144). <?>

    *DER Compar. μορυχώτερον (used as an adverb) 'darker' (vl. in Arist. M etaph. 9874  10), Μόρυχος epithet of Dionysus in Sicily (Sophr. 94), as his face was besmeared  with yeast during the wine harvest; also name of a tragic poet (Ar-) with Mopvyia  οἰκία (Pl. Phdr. 227b); see Praechter Herm. 42 (1907): 647.

    *ETYM For Μόρυχος, cf. ἥσυχος, βόστρυχος, and other popular words in -χος (see  Chantraine 1933: 402ff.); a back-formation from μορύσσω, with analogical -boow, is  possible. Possible Greek cognates are mentioned under »udpepvoc. Outside Greek, Slavic  words for 'smear', etc. have been considered, e.g. Ru. mardtv, mardju 'to smear,  stain', etc. (but these have IE lengthened grade).

XXXXXμορφή [f.] 'shape, form, beauty, grace' (θ 170 and A 367), on the mg. cf. Treu 1955: 175f. <?>

    *COMP Very often as a second member, eg. πολύ-μορφος 'with many forms (Hp.,  Arist.) with πολυμορφοία (Longin., Him.).

    *DER Three denominatives: 1. μορφόομαι, -dw [v.] 'to assume a shape or form'  (Thphr, Arat, LXX, NT, Plu.), also with peta-, dia-, εἴς, whence (μετα-,  δια-ἡμόρφωσις 'shaping, embodiment' (Thphr, Str., Ep. Rom.); μορφ-ώτρια [f.] 'she  who shapes, represents' (E. Tr. 437), τωτικός 'forming' (Gal, Procl.); also μόρφωμα  form (Epicur., Aq.), but in trag. (A., E.) as an enlargement of μορφή, cf. Chantraine  1933: 186f. 2. μορφάζω [v.] 'to make gestures, behave' (X.) with -ασμός name of a dance (Ath.,  Poll.), 'to embellish' (Eust.); ἐπι-μορφάζω 'to pretend, simulate' (Ph.). 3. μορφύνει: καλλωπίζει, κοσμεῖ 'to adorn' (H.), after καλλύνω etc; from ἄ-μορφος:  ἀμορφύνειν: οὐ δεόντως πράττειν 'not proceeding as one should' (H., Antim. 72). Two names: Μορφώ [f.] epithet of Aphrodite in Sparta (Paus., Lyc.), Μορφεύς [m.]  son of Sleep (Or. Met. 11, 635), after the dream-images created by him. Adjective  μορφήεις 'with beautiful shape' (Pi.).

===Pag_1021: Beekes_Página_1021.tiff===

    *ETYM ἀμερφές' αἰσχρόν (H.) points to a noun "μέρφος [11] beside μορφή. A verbal  root *merg''- vel sim. that could be the basis of the verbal nouns "μέρφος and μορφή  is unknown. Lith. mdrgas 'many-colored, beautiful' and mirgéti 'to flicker' (with zero  grade), point to a root *merg)- (Winter's Law) and therefore cannot be related. Van Beek (p.c.) suggests that Lith. merga 'girl' (which has no good etymology)  makes a nice formal match, if from 'beautiful appearance'; we would have to assume  a pre-form *merg'"-h,- in which Gr. introduced an o-grade, Lat. forma (the long 6 is  secondary, De Vaan 2008 s.v.) may be a loan from Greek via an intermediary (e.g. Etruscan), but perhaps it could be related to μορφή, assuming a relatively early  metathesis *merg''- >> *g'"erm- > *g""orm- > form.

XXXXXμόρφνος [adj.] epithet of αἰετός (MN 316), also name of a kind of eagle (Hes. Sc. 134, Arist., Lyc.), 'vulture' acc. to Suid, cf. Thompson 1895 s.v. <?>

    *VAR Accentuation after Hdn. Gr. 1, 173 (following Aristarchus); μορφνός is cited as  well.

    *ETYM Like the rhyming word ὀρφνός 'dark', μόρφνος is usually explained from a  meaning 'dark-colored' vel sim. (thus already Hdn., Suid.) Similar words are  μοριφόν' σκοτεινόν, μέλαν 'dark, black' (H.), μορύσσω, Μόρυχος, as well as ▶︎ μόρον. Connection with μορφή cannot be proven. Pisani RiLomb. 73 (1939-40): 497ff. suggests an Aeolic form *popBo-gv-0-¢ < IE  *mrg*o-g""n-o-, with a first member related to Skt. mrgd- [m.] 'big bird , and  influenced by the eagle name νηττοφόνος 'killer of ducks' (Arist.); doubtful in view  of the haplology that has to be assumed. See ▶︎ μορφή. μόσσυν, -bvoc [m.] 'tower-like building of wood' (X., A. ΒE. Call, Ὁ. H.), also of other  wooden constructions (Lyc.). 4LW2>

    *VAR -votc [dat.pl.].

    *DER Μοσσύντοικοι [m.pl].] 'inhabitant of the pdcovvec', name of a people south of  the Black Sea (Hecat., Hdt., X., Arist.); μοσσυνικοί- ξύλινοι πίνακες μεγάλοι, ὥστε ἐν  αὐτοῖς καὶ ἄλφιτα μάσσειν 'large wooden planks, for pressing barley groats in' (H.);  also as an ethnicon in μοσσυνικὰ μαζονομεῖα (Ar. Pr. 417), cf. H.

    *ETYM Stated to be a loan from Iranian (comparing Oss, (Digoron) masug 'turris'). However, acc. to Brust 2005: 464ff., this must be regarded as uncertain. Fur.: 340  follows a proposal by Kretschmer Glotta 22 (2934): 2 that the word is a pre-IE  substrate word.

XXXXXμοσσύνειν τ-ομασάομαι.

XXXXXμόσυλον [n.] kind of cinnamon (Dsc. 1, 14, cf. Gal. 14, 257). <?>

    *DER μοσυλῖτις a kind of cassia (ib.).

    *ETYM Has been compared with the PN Μόσυλοι. Cf. Redard 1949: 67, 74.

XXXXXμόσχος 1 [m.] 'offshoot of plants, slip' (A 105, Thphr.), 'stalk of a leaf (Dsc.); 'young cow, heifer, calf (also fem.), also of other young animals and of young men (Hdt., com., E., pap.).

===Pag_1022: Beekes_Página_1022.tiff=== XXXXXμοτός 971

    *COMP As a first member almost only in the sense 'calf, eg. μοσχο-τρόφος 'raising  calves' (pap.), μοσχό-ταυρος [m.] 'bullas old asa μόσχος᾽, ie. ''bull-calf (Al. Le. 4, 3);  as a second member only in μονό-μοσχος 'with one stalk' (Dsc.).

    *DER 1. Diminutive μοσχ-ίδιον 'small shoot' (Ar., Ael.), -lov 'young calf (Ephipp>  Theoc.), -άριον 'id.' (LXX, pap.). 2. Substantives: μοσχ-άς, -άδος [f] 'shoot, slip' (Pamphylian), after φυτάς etc. (Chantraine 1933: 353), also 'heifer' (gloss.); -fac [m.] 'young of a animal' (Poll), like  νεανίας etc; -ὧν, -ὥνος [m.] 'calf-stable' (pap.); -ἢ [f] 'hide of a calf (Anaxandr.). 3. Adjectives: μόσχ-(ελιος 'of a calf (E., X., Plb., AP); τινος 'of calf-leather' (pap.),  -ivou- of σκιρτητικοί 'the jumping ones' (H.). 4. Adverb: μοσχ-ηδόν 'like calves'  (Nic.). 5. Verb: μοσχεύω [v.] 'to plant a shoot' (D., Thphr., D. H.), also 'to raise a calf  (Philostr.), with μοσχ-εία [f] 'planting of shoots' (Ph. Byz.), -ευσις [f] 'id.' (Gp.),  -evjia [n.] 'shoot, offspring' (Lhphr., pap.), -ευματικός = malleolaris (gloss.). Perhaps related is the EN Μόσχοι 'youngsters', see Brandenstein 1954b: 82.

    *ETYM The form μοσχίον seems to match Arm. mozi, gen. -voy 'calf exactly. However, a number of objections may be raised against the reconstruction of a  Graeco-Armenian isogloss (see Clackson 1994: 152-154). First, the Armenian word  may havea number of different origins; it is not excluded that it is a borrowing from  Greek, for example. Further, the meaning 'calf is comparatively recent in Greek  beside 'stalk, shoot of a plant', in which meaning μόσχος is traditionally compared  with Lith. mazgas 'bud of a tree'. Also, the semantic development 'heifer, young' >  'shoot' seems strange (though not without parallels: DELG compares E ἐσ sucker). Now, the Lithuanian word is mostly derived internally from mégsti 'to knit', so that a  couple of options remain:    1) μόσχος 'calf and Arm. mozi are a Graeco-Armenian isogloss *mos¢'o-, and Lith. is  unrelated. ᾿    2) Greek and Lith. are related as *mosg'o-, and Arm. is a loan from Greek.

3) twoetyma mos¢"o- and mosg'o- merged in Greek (improbable).

XXXXXμόσχος 2 [m.] 'musk' (Aét, Alex. Trall.). «τὴν Iran.»

    *DER μοσχίτης = ὀσμύλος, name of a sea-octopus that emits a strong odor (sch. Opp. H. 1, 307).

    *ETYM From MoP muék 'id.', which is from Skt. muskd- [m.] 'testicle', because of the  shape of the gland; cf. μύσχον: τὸ ἀνδρεῖον Kai γυναικεῖον μόριον 'the male and  female genitals' (H.). Late Lat. muscus 'id.' with muscdtus, -um also belong here,  possibly a borrowing from Greek. All other European forms came from Latin.

XXXXXμότα [n.pl.] - Σαρδιᾶναι βάλανοι 'acorns' (Dsc. 1, 106).

    *ETYM Fur.: 304 compares μόστηνα κάρυα (a nut-bearing tree, Ath. 2, 52b); further,  ἄμωτον = καστάνειον 'chestnut' (Ageloch. apud Ath. 2, sad). So an interchange  μο(σγι- ~ ἀ-μωτ- remains, which points to Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXμοτός [m.] 'lint pledget, lint, compress, tampon' (Hp., Dsc.).

    *VAR τὰ μότα [pl] (Call. H.), like μηρός : μῆρα etc, gen. μοτάων (Q. S. 4, 212; verse-  final); μοτὸς ... κοῖλος 'drainage tube' (Hp.).

===Pag_1023: Beekes_Página_1023.tiff===

    *COMP μοτο-φύλαξ [m.], -άκιον [n.] 'bandage to retain a compress' (medic.), ἔμ-  μοτος 'provided or treated with μ.᾿, also 'ulcerating' of wounds (medic. since Hp.),  also metaph. (A. Ch. 471), cf. Bechtel 1921(3): 294f.

    *DER Diminutive μοτάριον (Gal., EM), Lat. motarium; further μότ-ωμα [n.] 'lint  dressing' (Hp. pap.), -ημα [n.] 'linen, oakum' (pap.). Denominative μοτόω [v.] 'to  stop up, pack', also with δια-, ém-, mept-, whence (dta-, περι-)ἡμότω-σις 'packing'  (medic., LXX), back-formation διάμοτον [n.] 'lint, tent? (Paul.Aeg.); besides éu-  μοτέω 'id.' (medic.).

    *ETYM Technical medical expressions without etymology. Fur.: 182 compares μόδα-  στρώματα 'anything soft for lying on: mattress, εἴς, If this is correct, the word is  Pre-Greek. ᾿    μοττία '-μόχθος.

XXXXXμοῦσα [f.] 'Muse', goddess of song and poetry (usually in plural), also metaph. 'song, music, poetry' (IA, IL.).

    *DIAL Aeol. μοῖσα, Dor. μῶσα, Lacon. μῶἀά (Ar.).

    *COMP Many compounds, e.g. μουσ-ηγέτης, Aeol. μοισ-αγέτας [m.] 'who leads (the)  Muses' = Apollo (Pi., Att.), ἄἔνμουσος 'without Muses, uneducated, etc.' (IA), ἀμουσ-  ia 'lack of education' (Ε,, Pl.).

    *DER A. Substantives: 1. μουσ-εἴον 'seat of the Muses, school for higher education,  Museum' (Att.), Lat. miiséum, -fum, also 'varicolored sculpture of stones, mosaic';  thence late Gr. μουσῖον 'ἃ. (WH s.v.). 2. Movoa-iotai [m.pl.] 'guild of worshippers  of the Muses' (Rhod.), like Ἑρμαϊσταί etc. 3. μούσωνες: οἱ κορυφαῖοι τῶν μαγείρων,  καὶ οἱ τεχνῖται 'the top cooks, ie. the specialists' (H.), with Movowwos, -ia (if not  Etruscan; Solmsen 1909: 49). 4. μουσάριον name of an eye-salve (Alex. Trall.). B. Adjectives: 1. μουσικός 'belonging to the Muses, musical, educated' with μουσική  (τέχνη) 'music, poetry, mental education' (Pi., IA), -ικεύομαι [v.] 'to be a musician'  (Duris, S. E. sch.). 2. μοισ-αἴος 'belonging to the Muses' (Pi.). 3. μούσ-ειος 'id.' (E.,  AP). C. Verbs: 1. μουσόομαι 'to be led and educated by the Muses' (Ar., Phld., Plu.), -6w  'to endow with music' (Ph.), ἐκ- (E. Ba. 825), kata- (Jul.), 'to ornate with mosaics'  (Tralles), with μουσωτής 'mosaic-worker' (Syria VI°); probably a back-formation to  μουσῖον (see above). 2. μουσ-ίζομαι (E.), -icdw (Theoc.) 'to sing, play', with  μουσικτάς: ψάλτης, τεχνίτης 'harper, artist' (H.). 3. μουσ-ιάζω 'id' (Phid.).

    *ETYM Although the precise original appellative meaning of μοῦσα is unknown, it is  clear that the Muses are connected with poetry and singing. The word may analyzed  either as "μόντ-ια or as "μόνθ-ια. It cannot be directly related to *men- (μένος,  μέμονα, etc.). The explanation from *dévt-ta (as 'mountain woman, nymph') is  impossible, as the root of Lat. monf- 'mountain' is not found in Greek (and is  actually IE *men-, LIV' s.v. 23. *men-). More plausible is the comparison of μοῦσα <  "μόνθ-ια with ▶︎ μενθήρη, ▶︎ μανθάνω. In this context, it may be remarked that the  Muses are connected with memory and remembrance, which is indeed the meaning  of the root IE *men- (LIV? s.v. 1. *men-).

===Pag_1024: Beekes_Página_1024.tiff=== XXXXXμύαξ, -ἄκος 973 So far, all explanations have started from the assumption that the word is IE, while it could also be of Pre-Greek origin (continuing *monP)-a).

XXXXXμόχθος [m.] 'exertion, difficulty, distress, misery' (Hes. Sc., Pi, trag., mostly poet.). < PGP

    *COMP Often as a second member, e.g. πολύ-μοχθος 'of much labour' (trag., Arist.),  also as a technical expression (in construction) in πρόμοχθοι- τὰ προβεβλημένα τῶν  τοίχων 'the projecting parts of the walls' (Η. also Delos II*). _

    *DER 1. μοχθ-ηρός 'laborious, miserable, worthless, bad' with μοχθηρ-ία 'bad  condition' (IA), -όομαι [v.] 'to be troublesome' (Aq.). 2. μοχθ-ήεις (Nic.), τώδης  (Vett. Val.) 'id.'. Verbs: 1. μοχθ-έω 'to exert oneself, subsist with difficulty' (poet. since K 106); also  with ἐκ-, etc., with μοχθήματα [pl.] 'exertions' (trag.); 2. μοχθ-ίζω 'id.' (poet. since B  273), a metrical variant of μοχθέω, see Chantraine 1942: 95, Shipp 1967: 95; 3. μοχθ-  6w 'to tire' (Aq.).

    *ETYM For the sequence -χθ-, we may compare ἄχθος, ὄχθος, βρόχθος εἴς, When  compared with synonymous ▶︎ μόγος, > μογέω, the words show a variation γίχθ,  which must be Pre-Greek. It is improbable that μόχθος contains an 'expressive  enlargement' -θ- (Frisk). . Fur: 319£. 388 connects μοττίας: ᾧ στρέφουσι τῶν ῥυτήρων TOV ἄξονα 'by which one  turns the ἄξων of the reins' (H.) as Cretan for *poxtiac.

XXXXXμοχλός [m.] 'handle, lever, long or strong rod', often used to bar doors, 'crossbeam, -bar' (Od.). 'ΝΑΙ μοκλός (Anacr. 88).

    *DER Diminutive μοχλ-ίον (Com. Adesp., Luc.), -toxoc (Hp. Ar.), μοχλ-ικός  'regarding the lever' (Hp., Ph. Bel.). Verbs: 1. μοχλεύω 'to (remove with a lever' (Ion. poet., also late prose), also with  ἀνα-, &k-, whence μοχλ-εία 'removing with a lever, restoring with a lever' (Arist.,  medic.), -ευσις 'id' (Hp.), -ευτής (Ar.), -ευτικός 'pertaining to leverage' (medic.); 2. μοχλέω 'id. (M 259); 3. μοχλόω 'to shut with a bar' (Ar.).

    *ETYM A pre-form *toy-oAo-¢ with the instrumental suffix has been assumed, as  seen in Lat. palus 'pole' < *pag-slo- from *peh.g- 'to fix'. The basis has been taken to  be the stem seen in »μόχθος and ▶︎ μογέω. The variation κίχ, and (if correct) the  comparison with μόχθος and jtoyéw, show that the word is Pre-Greek.

XXXXXμῦ 1 [n.] the twelfth letter of the Greek alphabet (inscr. ΓΝ). «τὴν Sem.>

    *ETYM Transformation of a Semitic name based on v0; cf. Hebr. mém. Ion. has μῶ    instead (Democr., Delos III'; Schulze KZ 42 (1909): 113), like v@ based on pa. Cf. Schwyzer: 140.

XXXXXμῦ 2 [interj.] μυμῦ imitation of a complaint (Ar. Eq. 10).

    *ETYM Cf. Schwentner 1924: 29 and sof., and Lat. mui facere. See ▶︎ μύζω.

XXXXXμύαξ, -ἄκος [m.] '(sea) mussel' or ifs shell (medic. Plin.); 'spoon' (medic.), from 'shell'.

===Pag_1025: Beekes_Página_1025.tiff===

    *ETYM Formation like ἀσπάλαξ, μέμβραξ, teak, and other animal names (Chantraine  1933: 378f.). Probably derived from μῦς (which may also mean 'mussel'), like μυΐσκη,  -o¢ 'id.' cf. also Lat. mutsculus 'mussel', and see Stromberg 1943: 109. Connection  with μύω 'to shut (oneselfy is not very probable. Although the suffix -αξ is typically  Pre-Greek, it is quite possible that this suffix was added to the IE word *muHs  mouse',

XXXXXμυάω = L100.

XXXXXμυγερός = LWvKapic.

XXXXXμῠδάω [v.] 'to be humid, decay (due to moisture}, (Ion. poet., Plb.).

    *VAR Aor. μυδῆσαι (HL), perf. μεμύδηκα (Dsc.).

    *COMP Also with περι-, δια-,

    *DER wbb-adéoc 'soaked, dripping' (since A 54), dta- (A. [lyr.]), -αλόεις 'id' (AP);

XXXXXμὗδος [m.] 'moisture, corruption' (Nic.) with μυδόεις = μυδαλέος (Nic), μυδών, -ῶνος [m.] 'putrefaction of an ulcer' (Poll.). (δια-)γμύδησις 'moisture, corruption' (medic.), Lddaivw [v.] 'to moisten, make wet' (A. R., Nic.), also with δια-. For ▶︎ μύδρος, which may be cognate, and ▶︎ μύζω 'suck', which was wrongly connected.

    *ETYM It is doubtful whether μύδος was the basis of the Greek group, as it is late and  rare (see below). A verb or a noun may have served as a basis for μυδαλέος, which is  the earlier attestation (formation like ἱκμαλέος, ἀζαλέος, etc.); beside this adjective  (probably with metrically lengthened 6), the verb μυδαίνω may have its long vowel  by analogy (after αὐαλέος : αὐαίνω, etc, see Schulze 1892: 1609ff.). μυδάω is  ambiguous too: it can be denominative from μύδος, but it can also be understood as  a deverbative formation (cf. Schwyzer: 719, also 682 on μαδάω), in which case μύδος  would be a late back-formation. Comparable words outside Greek do not clarify the situation: Lith. mdudyti 'to  bathe' (full grade iterative), may have secondary d and is probably related to Latv. maat 'to submerge, swim'; Lith. mudrtis 'lively' cannot be from IE *mud-, as the  expected reflex of Winter's Law is missing (so it must derive from *mud*-). Further  Skt. mudira- [m.] 'cloud' (class.), also 'frog' and 'lover' (lex.), where all meanings  probably derive from mud- [f.] 'lust, joy', médate 'to rejoice'. For the semantics, note  Skt. madati 'to rejoice', beside ▶︎ μαδάω. Further, MoDu. mot 'fine rain' and other  Germanic words are compared. Fur: 249f. 259 connects μύσος and takes 5/o to point to Pre-Greek origin. The  variation of vocalic length may also point in the same direction.

XXXXXμύδιον -ομῦς.

XXXXXμύδος [adj.] ἄφωνος (H.).

    *VAR  μύνδος (S. Fr. 1072, Lyc. 1375, Call. Fr. 260), in lower Italy 'with small ears'  (Rohlfs ByzZ 37 (1937): 58f.).

    *ETYM The connection with μύνδος (see also on ▶︎ wuKdc) immediately presents itself,  and it would point to a Pre-Greek word (prenasalization). Connection with Arm. munj 'dumb' may seem obvious, but is unclear in the end (Clackson 1994: 45 lists.

===Pag_1026: Beekes_Página_1026.tiff=== XXXXXμύζω 2 975 munj < *mundio- as 'somewhat dubious'); it could well be a substrate word. Pok. 751 does not help.

XXXXXμύδρος [m.] 'metal or iron mass roasted in fire, glowing stones (of a volcano)', etc. (Ion., A. S., Antiph., Arist.) on the mg. see Kagarow Eos 31 (1928): 195ff. 4PG>

    *VAR σμύδρος: διάπυρος σίδιρος 'red-hot iron' (H.).

    *COMP As a first member in μυδροκτυπέω 'to forge glowing iron' (A.), -κτύπος (E.).

    *DER As a medical technical term, μυδρί-ασις (Ion. -noic) [f.] 'broadening of the  pupils' (Cels.,, Gal, Cael. Aur.), as if from *liwdp-iaw 'to glow like metal'; naming  motive uncertain.

    *ETYM If related to μυδάω, which is formally proximate (μύδρος : μυδαλεός; cf. Debrunner IF 23 .(1908-1909): 5 and 9), μύδρος originally denoted the molten,  flowing metal mass as opposed to the hard iron. However, the technical meaning  rather suggests a Pre-Greek word. This is confirmed by the variant σμύδρος,

XXXXXμυελός [m.] 'marrow' (IL).

    *VAR  Epic ὕ with metrical lengthening. Late Greek has μυαλός, rejected by  Phrynichos.

    *COMP Some compounds, e.g. ἀ-μύελος 'without marrow' (Arist.).

    *DER μυελ-όεις 'full of marrow' (Od.), -ὦὧδης 'like marrow' (Arist.), «νος 'soft as  marrow' (AP); μυελόομαι [v] 'to be changed into marrow, consist of marrow'  (LXX).

    *ETYM For the formation, cf. τιμελή 'fat? with comparable meaning. Has been linked  with μυών 'cluster of muscles' (see ▶︎ μῦς) Marrow and muscles, both being soft,  stand in opposition to the bone. The old word for 'marrow', seen in Skt. majjdn-,  OHG mark, etc. was replaced in Greek by μυελός, and in Latin by medulla. The word has no further etymology. Chantraine 1933: 244 is probably right that the  word is Pre-Greek. Fur.: 350 adduces μυαλός as a Pre-Greek variant, but this may be  recent and is unreliable.

XXXXXμυέω ''ιύω.

XXXXXμύζω 1 [v.] 'to suck' (Hp. X.). < ONOM>

    *VAR Aor. μυζῆσαι (A 218), pres. also μυζ-άω, -éw (Hero, late).

    *COMP Also with éx-, ἀπο-. Asa first member in μύζ-ουρις fellatrix' (Com. Adesp.).

    *DER (ἐκ-)μύζησις, ἐκ-μυζηθμός, -ησμός 'sucking' (medic.), μυζητής = [m.]  'caterpillar' (Sm.).

    *ETYM Properly 'to do uv', because of the position of the lips when sucking, and  basically identical with ▶︎ μύζω 2. The traditional connection with μυδάω is not  obvious semantically. See for further details Tichy 1983: 103f., 1436.

XXXXXμύζω 2 [v.] 'to mutter, moan' (Hp., A., Ar. Arist.).

    *VAR Aor. μύξαι (Men.), fut. μύξω (Ὁ. L.), perf. ptc. μεμυζότε (Antim.), after Hom. πεφυζότες.

    *COMP Also with ἐπι- in ἐπέμυξαν (Δ 20), ἐπεμύξατο' ἐπεστέναξεν, ἐπεγόγγυσεν  'groaned, muttered' (H.).

===Pag_1027: Beekes_Página_1027.tiff===

    *DER μυγμός [m.] 'moan, sigh' (A., Arist.), also 'production of the sound μ᾽ (Ὁ. T.);  further μυχμός 'id.' (w 416).

    *ETYM Properly 'to say pb', an old onomatopoeic formation with several  correspondences, like Lat. miigié 'to roar', Hitt. miigae-* 'to evoke, invoke, entreat',  OHG muckazzen 'to speak slowly', etc. See Tichy 1983: 150. A connection with  > μύσσομαι may also be envisaged. See ▶︎ μυκάομαι, ▶︎ μῦθος.

XXXXXμῦθος [m.] 'word, discourse, conversation, deliberation, story, saga, tale, myth' (1].); on mg. and use see Fournier 1946: 15f.

    *COMP μυθολόγος [m.] 'story-teller', whence -éw, -ia (Att.), -ebw 'to tell' (Od.), metr. for -ἔω; πολύ-μυθος 'rich in words (stories)' (JL, Arist.).

    *DER 1. Diminutives: μυθ-άριον (Str.), -ίδιον (Luc.), -ύδριον (Tz.). 2. Adjectives: μυθ-  ικός 'belonging to the μ.᾽ (PL. Arist.), -ώδης 'fabulous' (Att.). 3. Verbs: a) μυθέο-μαι 'to tell (IL) with μυθη-τής 'story-teller' (Antig.), μυθητῆρες:  στασιασταί 'leaders of a revolt' (H.), also μυθιῆται (like οἰκιῆ-ται, πολι-ῆται) =  otactactai (Anacr. 16; cf. Coll. Alex. 248f.); also sing. with unclear mg. (Phoen. 1, 7);  b) μυθεύω 'id? (E, Arist.) with μύθευμα 'tale' (Arist, D. H.); c) μυθίζω 'id' (Dor. in  Ar. Lys., Theocr., AP). On itself stands μύθα- φωνή. Κύπριοι 'voice (Cypr.)' (H.).

    *ETYM Frisk thinks that μῦθος is originally a creation of popular and everyday  language, drawn from an onomatopoeic element pv. DELG objects that there is no  trace of sound-imitation, not even in the earliest texts. There are no comparanda; the  word is quite possibly Pre-Greek.

XXXXXμυῖα [f.] 'fly' (1L.). «1Ὲὲ *mus-ih.>

    *VAR  Also pba.

    *COMP Some compounds, e.g. μυ()ο-σόβη [f.] 'fan against flies, fly-flap' (Delos 1Π",  Men.), ▶︎ μύωψ 1 [m.] 'horse-fly; goad, spur', ▶︎ κυνάμνια [Ff] 'dog-fly'.

    *DER 1. μυῖτις, -ίδος [f.] = θλάσπι, 'Capsella bursa pastoris' (Ps.-Dsc.), also μυιό-  mtepov (ibd.), as the partition of the fruit was compared to the wing of a fly  (Stromberg 1940: 55). 2. μυϊϊκός 'pertaining to the fly' (gloss.), μυιώδης name of a god  in Elis, who was also called μυί-αγρος 'fly-catcher' (Plin.). 3. μυΐνδα παίζειν 'play the  game μυῖα χαλκῆ᾽ (Poll. H.).

    *ETYM Formation with the suffix -1a-, like νῆσσα, κίσσα, and other animal names  (Chantraine 1933: 98). An old word for 'fly, mosquito' is found in several languages,  but it was subject to all kinds of (tabooistic?) transformations. PGr. *mus-ia, whence  μυῖα, agrees best with Lith. musia, musé 'fly' and with the Slavic group of OCS  mosica 'mosquito'. Lat. musca 'fly' has a suffix -k-, and Arm. mun (gen. mn-oy)  'mosquito' a suffix -n-, if it derives from *mus-no-. A basis without -s- is possible too,  like in ON my [n.] < PGm. *miu-ia-. Forms with (secondarily developed?) velar are  found as well: OHG mucka 'id.', Slavic words (with ou-diphthong) like Ru. muiixa 'fly'  < IE *mous-h,-, etc. Onomatopoeic origin (from the humming sound) is quite  possible; see WH.

XXXXXμὕκάομαι [v.] 'to low, bellow' (of cattle), metaph. 'to roar, crack' (almost only poet.). «1Ε *muH- 'bellow'>

    *VAR Aor. μὕκεῖϊν (IL), μυκήσασθαι (Ar.), perf. μέμῦκα (11...

===Pag_1028: Beekes_Página_1028.tiff=== XXXXXμύκης, -ητος 977

    *COMP Also with prefix, e.g. ἀμφι-, παρα- (Κ 413). As ἃ second member in ἐρί-μῦκος  'lowing loudly' (Hom.).

    *DER Action nouns: μῦκ-ηθμός [m.] 'the bellowing' (I1.), Chantraine 1933: 137; -mua  'id? (E,, Arist., Call.), -ησις 'id' (Arist.); back-formation μυκή 'id' (A. R.). Agent nouns: μυκ-ητής, Dor. -ατάς 'the bellowing' (Theoc.), -twp 'id' (Nonn.),  -ητίαι σεισμοί (Arist.), 'σείοντες τὴν γῆν μετὰ βρόμου" 'shaking the earth with a  roar; cf. on βρασματίας s.v. ▶︎ βράσσω; μυκάμων 'bellowing' (Hymn. Is.). Adjective μυκητικός 'bellowing' (Corn., 5. E.). Adverb μυκηδόν 'with bellowing'  (unknown poet POxy. 864, 22).

    *ETYM The pair μὑκεῖν : μέμῦκα agrees with xpdyetv : κέκρᾶγα, λακεῖν : λέληκα, etc. The present μυκάομαι, to which μυκήσασθαι is an innovation, was formed from this  pair after intensive verbs like βέβρῦχα: βρῦχάομαι (Fraenkel 1912: 95f.°); on the  middle diathesis, see Schwyzer 1950: 227. The Greek verb has direct couterparts in Balto-Slavic and Germanic: Lith. mikti, 18g. mukiu 'to bellow', Ru. mycat', Ukr. mukaty, etc, MHG muhen 'id'. Lat. migio, etc. have IE *g (see on »μύζω 2).

XXXXXμυκαρίς [?] - νυκτερίς 'bat' (H.). <PG?e

    *ETYM The assumption of a taboo reshaping of νυκτερίς based on μυκτήρ, μύξα,  μύκητες, etc. is unconvincing. Latte thinks the gloss is corrupt (see DELG), but this  cannot be maintained as there is no argument. Fur.: 122 compares μυγερός =  νυκτικόραξ 'long-eared owl' (Cyran. 29), so the word could be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXμύκη [{1] - ἡ θήκη 'chest, box' (Suid.).

    *VAR Cf. μύκων: σωρός, θημών 'heap' (H.), and ἀμύκαρις: πλῆθος, ἄθροισμα 'mass,  aggregate' (H.).

    *ETYM The identification is by Fur.: 372. If the third gloss is correctly compared, the  ἀ- is evidence for a Pre-Greek word. Pok. 752 compares ON miuigi 'heap', OE muga  'heap, mass', Bav. Mauche 'Auswuchs, Fussgeschwulst der Pferde'. See now Kroonen  2009: 116ff. on the possibility to reconstruct an IE n-stem for μύκων beside a Proto-  Germanic paradigm nom. *muho, gen. *mukkaz.

XXXXXμύκηρος [m.] 'almond, kind of nut' (Ath. 2, 52c and 530, H.).

    *VAR Lacon. μούκηρος, acc. to Seleuc. and Pamphil. apud Ath. 2, 52c and 53c  Laconian and Teian for ἀμυγδάλη; another by-form is ἀμιχθαλόεις; further forms  given are Guuxtov: γλυκύ 'sweet'. οἱ δὲ ἄμικτον (H.), and ἀμυκλίς: γλυκύς, ἡδύς 'id?  (H.), see Fur.: 140.

    *COMP μουκηρό-βατος (Ath. 2, 530), -βας (H.) 'καρυοκατάκτης, nutcracker',  probably for -βάγος = -Fayos to (ε)άγνυμι 'break'; cf. Bayoc: κλάσμα 'fragment,  morsel' ... Λάκωνες (H.); details in Kretschmer Glotta 18 (1930): 9sf.

    *ETYM The variants (prothetic ἀ-, υἱι, «t/ γδί x8, etc.) show that the word is Pre-  Greek.

XXXXXμύκης, -ητος [m.] 'mushroom', also metaph., e.g. 'mushroom-like protuberance, any knob or rounded body, cab or cap at the end of a scabbard, snuff of a lamp-wick, membrum virile' ([A).

===Pag_1029: Beekes_Página_1029.tiff===

    *VAR Gen. also -ov (Ion. -ew), plur. -αι.

    *DER μυκήτ-ινος 'made of mushrooms' (Luc.), μυκόομαι 'to become like a  mushroom, become spongy' (medic.).

    *ETYM Traditionally taken to be a formation in -1)(t)- from a noun possibly found in  Lat. miicus 'snivel, mucus of the nose'; for the development of meaning, cf. Sln. gliva  'agaric' beside Lith. glefvés 'slime'; for further details, see ▶︎ μύσσομαι. However, Fur.:  298 correctly remarks that the meanings of this word cannot all be explained by  derivation from μύσσομαι 'to snuff, blow one's nose'. He assumes a basic meaning  'prominent, extremity', as μύκης may also mean 'stump of a felled olive tree' (inscr.). He connects the word with μύσκλοι- οἱ πυθμένες τῶν ξηρῶν σύκων 'stalks of dried-  up fig trees' (H.), which implies that the wordhis Pre-Greek (interchange K/ox). On  the suffix -1¢, -17to¢ in Pre-Greek, see Fur.: 172°.

XXXXXμύκλος [adj.] 'lascivious, lewd' (Archil. 183 as a PN, Lyc. 771, H.), as epithet of the pack mule (Lyc. 816), also name of the ass itself? (PTeb. 409, 7, ΤΡ; written μοικ-, reading very uncertain). Acc. to H., μύκλοι or μύκλαι are 'black stripes at the neck and feet of the ass'; according to EM 594, 18 and sch. Lyc. 771, μύκλος is 'a fold on the ass's neck'.

    *VAR Cf. μύσκλοι (below).

    *DER μυχλός, a Phocaean name of a stallion ass according to H., but also = σκολιός,  ὀχευτής, λάγνης, μοιχός, ἀκρατής 'twisted, someone lewd, lecherous, adulterer, not  in control; cf. also μύσκλοι- σκολιοί (H.).

    *ETYM μυχλός has been reduced to a pre-form ἔμυκσλός and identified with Lat. milus 'mule', if from *mukslo-; a deviating formation is found in Alb. mushk 'mule'  as well as in Slavic forms like ORu. mosko 'mule'. As the breeding of mules originates from Pontic Asia Minor (cf. on ▶︎ ὄνος), Frisk  remarks that we are probably dealing with a Wanderwort. I do not agree with this:  the variants (notably «/y, ox) are typical for Pre-Greek words (Pre-Greek section 5.5),  and thus receive an easy explanation. Fur.: 299% thinks that μύκλος is a separate  word.

XXXXXμυκός [adj.] - ἄφωνος 'speechless' (H.), alphabetically in a wrong position. <PG?, τ»

    *VAR  With dental stop: μυττός, μύτης, μύδος (H.), μύνδος (S. Fr. 1072, Lyc. 1375, Call. Fr. 260), in lower Italy 'with small ears' (Rohlfs ByzZ 37 (1937): 58f.), μυναρός (H.)  'id'. On itself sands μύρκος: ὁ καθόλου μὴ δυνάμενος λαλεῖν. Συρακούσιοι, ἐνεός,  ἄφωνος 'who is unable to speak at all, dumb' (H.); μυρικᾶς: ἄφωνος, ἐν ἑαυτῷ ἔχων ὃ  μέλλει πράττειν 'who keeps for himself what he is going to do' (H.), cf. von  Blumenthal 1930: 42.

    *ETYM Skt. mzka- 'dumb' has been compared. Perhaps from sound-imitating mit. For the dental formations, cf. Lat. mitus. Arm. munj 'dumb' < *mun(d)io- (Ὁ) can be  connected with μύνδος. Lat. murcus 'mutilated' (he who cuts off his thumbs, so as to  avoid becoming a soldier) corresponds formally with μύρκος; it is rather aloan from  Latin in Sicily than the other way around (see WH s.v.).

===Pag_1030: Beekes_Página_1030.tiff=== XXXXXμύλη 979 Does μυρικᾶς continue a Pre-Greek form mur'-k-? The other forms do not fit in easily; it is very unclear whether the words with μυ(ν)δ- belong here. The form μύνδος may be a prenasalized variant beside μύδος (and must therefore be retained pace Latte, whose note is unclear to me). It seems that μυναρός is a misreading for uvvdpoc.

XXXXXμύκων [3] - σωρός, θημών (H.). -ομύκη.

XXXXXμυλαικά [n.pl.] a kind of figs (Ath. 3, 78a).

    *ETYM Perhaps from a place called Μύυλαι.

XXXXXμυλάσασθαι [v.] - τὸ σῶμα ἢ τὴν κεφαλὴν σμήξασθαι. Κύπριοι 'to wipe off the body or the head (Cypr.)' (HL). <?>

    *ETYM Taken as a denominative from "μύλη or "μῦλον, and connected with a Slavic  word for 'soap': Cz. mydlo, Ru. mylo, etc. These derive from a Slavic verb myti 'to  wash' < *m(i)uH- with the instrument suffix *-d'Io-, which is the Slavic equivalent of  Gr. *-tro-. The connection is therefore highly improbable.

XXXXXμύλη [f.] 'handmill, mill, '(the lower) millstone' (Od.), metaph. 'molar' (LXX), 'knee- cap, hard formation ina woman's womb' (Hp, Arist.). <1E *melh,- 'grind'>

    *VAR Hell. and late also μύλος [m.] (LXX, NT, Str.), cf. Fraenkel 1912: 58.

    *COMP μυλο-ειδής 'like a millstone' (H 270), μυλήτφατος 'ground by a mill' (B 355, A. R., Lyc.); χειρο-μύλη 'quern' (X.), also -μυλος (Edict. Diocl.), -uvdov (Cass. Fel.), cf. on βούτυρον; diminutive -μύλιον (Dsc., pap.).

    *DER A. Substantives: 1. μύλαξ, -ακος [m.] 'millstone, big rounded stone' (Mii, AP,  Opp.), cf. λίθαξ etc. (Chantraine 1933: 379). 2. Hence, with a suffix -p-, μύλακρος [m.]  'millstone' (Alcm.), plur. = γομφίοι ὀδόντες 'molars' (H.); -axpic, -i60¢ [f.] as an  attribute of λᾶας 'millstone' (Alex. Aet.), substantively 'cockroach', also (influenced  by ἀκρίς) 'locust' (Ar. Fr. 583, Poll.); also -aBpic 'id' (Pl. Com., Poll.), perhaps after  ἁβρός, 4Bpa; -ηθρίς 'id' (Poll.). 3. μυλών, -ὦνος [m.] 'millhouse, mill' (Att.) with  -wvikdc 'miller' (pap.), diminutive -ώνιον (gloss.). 4. μυλωθρός [m.] 'miller' (Att.,  Arist.); cf. Chantraine 1933: 373 on the rather unclear formation; hence -w@pic [f.]  'milleress' name of a comedy of Euboulos; -ωθρικός 'belonging to a miller' (Plu.),  -w8péw 'to grind' (Men.); back-formation -w6pov = μυλών (Phot.)? Also -ωθριαῖοι  epithet of καλυπτῆρες (perhaps = 'roof-tiles', Delos II*, reading uncertain); also  μυλωρός 'miller' (Aesop., Poll.), after πυλωρός, etc. 5. diminutive μυλάριον 'small  handmill (pap.). 6. μυλεύς [m.] epithet of Zeus as keeper of mills (Lyc.). 7. μυλίας  [m.] (λίθος) 'millstone, stone from which millstones were made' (Ρ]., Arist., Str.), see  Chantraine 1933: 96. 8. μυλίτης [m.] (λίθος, ὀδούς) 'millstone, molar' (Gal.). 9. Μυλόεις: ποταμὸς Ἀρκαδίας 'a river in Arcadia' (H.), but cf. the HN ModAdetc,  usually connected with Skt. mdla- 'dirt', s.v. ▶︎ μολύνω. B. Adjectives, all rare and late: 1. μύλ-ιος 'belonging to a mill' (Procop.); 2. μυλ-ικός  'id' (Ev. Luc., Gal.); 3. τινος 'consisting of millstones' (Smyrna); 4. -αἴος 'working in  a mill (AP), -aiov [n.] 'handmill (pap.); 5. -ιαῖοι ὀδόντες 'molars' (medic.); 6. -όεις  'consisting of a millstone, belonging to a mill' (Nic, Nonn.); 7. -ητικὴ ἔμπλαστρος  'remedy for toothache' (Gal.).

===Pag_1031: Beekes_Página_1031.tiff===

C. Verbs, all rare: 1. μυλιάω only in μυλιόωντες [ptc.] 'gnashing with the teeth' (Hes. Op. 530), on -taw Schwyzer: 732; 2. μυλόομαι 'to be hardened, cicatrized' (Hp.). On itself stands μύλλω = βινέω (Theoc. 4,58) with μυλ(λλάς [f.] 'whore' (Phot., Suid.),

XXXXXμυλλός [m.] 'cake in the form of the pudenda muliebria' (Ath. 14, 6474; Sicilian).

    *ETYM The primary verbal noun μύλη, secondary μύλος (perhaps after λίθος or ὄνος  ἀλέτης), and the primary yod-present μύλλω are consistent in their u-vocalism,  which is now explained by Vine 1999b: 565 as a raising *oli > uli, comparing φύλλον  beside Lat. folium, and a few more examples. The v then spread from μύλλω to μύλη  before the former lost its agricultural meaning,    The yod-present is seen in OHG muljan, ON mylia 'to crush', from a zero grade  which also appears in W malu 'to grind' and Arm. malem 'to crush'. Further verbal  forms are Olr. melim [1sg.], OCS meljo [isg.] from *melH-, Go. malan, Lith. mali  (1sg.] from an o-grade, like Hitt. malla-' / mall- < *molH-ei; Lat. mol6 is probably  from *mel6 like Olr. melim. The technical meaning 'grind' may have evolved as a specialization from 'rub' or  'crush'. As a verbal noun, μύλη looks archaic in Greek, while μύλλω, which  developed an obscene meaning, was replaced by ▶︎ ἀλέω, which was also inherited,  but limited to the eastern languages. ▶︎ μάλευρον stands by itself. Remarkable is the e-  vowel of Myc. me-re-u-ro 'meal and me-re-ti-ri-ja 'female grinders', which seems to  point to a root *melh,- instead of the usual reconstruction *melh,-.

XXXXXμύλλον [n.] 'lip' (Poll. 2, 90).

    *DER Verbs μυλλ-αίνω, -iCw (Phot. Suid.), μυλλάω in μεμύλληκε: διέστραπται,  συνέστραπται 'distort the mouth, make mouths' (H.). With intensive reduplication  μοιμύλλειν: θηλάζειν, ἐσθίειν 'to suck, eat'. καὶ τὰ χείλη προσάπτειν ἀλλήλοις 'attach  the lips to each other' (H., Hippon., Com. Adesp.), cf. μοιμυάω s.v. ▶︎ μύω. Adjective, probably a back-formation: μυλλός (cod. -b-) = καμπύλος, σκολιός,  κυλλός, στρεβλός 'bent, curved, crippled, twisted' (H.), also Eust. 906, 54 'swivel-  eyed',

    *ETYM Frisk compares a Germanic group with a single consonant: OHG mila [f.],  MHG mil [n.] 'mouth, jaws', and further Skt. mila [n.] 'root', but acc. to Mayrhofer  KEWA s.v., Dravidian origin cannot be excluded for the latter. It does not seem that  μῦθος is connected, nor that the gemination is expressive. Perhaps an onomatopoeia.

XXXXXμύλλος [m.] name of a Pontic fish, also found in the Danube (Ar. Fr. 414, Ephipp., Gal., Ael.). «ἡ

    *VAR μύλος (Opp.).

    *ETYM As there is no further specification of the fish (see Thompson 1947 s.v.), all  explanations are up in the air. Therefore, the connection with the group of μέλας,  under the assumption that we are dealing with the mullet (Strémberg 1943: 22; see  also WH s.v. mulleus), is a pure hypothesis. Borrowed as Lat. mullus.

XXXXXμύλλω = YAN.

XXXXXμῦμα [n.] 'meat, cut up and mixed with blood, cheese, honey, vinegar and tasty herbs' (Com. apud Ath. 14, 662 d). <?>

===Pag_1032: Beekes_Página_1032.tiff=== XXXXXμῦρίος 981

    *ETYM Unexplained. See ▶︎ μυττωτός.

XXXXXμῦμαρ -οἀμύμων.

XXXXXμυναρός, μύνδος --μυκός.

XXXXXμύνη [f.] 'pretext, πρόφασις᾽ (φ 111). 42>

    *DER Aeol. μύναμαι in μυνάμενος [ptc.] (Alc. Z 69), mg. uncertain: 'to pretend'?, 'to  divert'?

    *ETYM The former connection with ἀμύνω, ἀμεύσασθαι is impossible because the  prothetic vowel developed from a laryngeal, provided that the latter words are IE. μύνη might be a back-formation from μύναμαι (Hamm 1957: 143°').

XXXXXμυννάκια [n.pl.] 'kind of shoes' (Poll. 7, 89, Ath. 3514).

    *ETYM Reported (by Poll.) to have been named after their inventor.

XXXXXμύξαι [f.] 'slime'. τομύσσομαι.

XXXXXμύξα 2 [f.] 'kind of plum-tree'. «ΡΟ»

    *ETYM Fur.: 129° (also 393) compares μυσκλον 'id.' (Orib. Syn. 6, 43).

XXXXXμύραινα [f.] 'kind ofeel, moray' (Sophr,, A., Ar.). 4PG(S,V)>

    *VAR Epich. -ῦ-; σμύραινα (Pl. Com., Mnesim., Arist.).

    *DER μῦρος (Dorio apud Ath. 7, 312f), σμῦρος (Arist.) [m.] 'kind of sea-eel'; cf. e.g. λύκαινα : λύκος; extensive treatment in Thompson 1947 s.vv.

    *ETYM Connected with σμύρις 'emery powder', etc. by Wood AmJPh. 49 (1928): 172,  and with words for 'grease, fat', e.g. OHG smero < IE *smer(u)- (Pok. 97o0f.), which  would fit the eel as a fat creature. However, this does not explain the Greek 0. Names of fishes are often Pre-Greek. The suffix -atva is well-known in such words (Fur. 171"), as is the prothetic o-. Therefore, it is a clear Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXμυρίκη [f.] 'tamarisk' (Il.).

    *VAR Originally i; i from metrical lengthening, see Solmsen 1901: 14f.

    *DER pupix-tvoc 'of the tamarisk' (Z 39, pap.), -ίνεος 'id? (AP), -ὦδης 'tamarisk-like'  (Thphr.); Μυρικαῖος epithet of Apollo in Lesbos (sch. Nic. Th. 613).

    *ETYM Ending in -ίκη (like ἑλίκη, adixn), μυρίκη is a loan of unclear origin, probably  Pre-Greek word. In favor of Semitic origin is Lewy 1895: 44: connection to Hebr. marar 'to be bitter' because of the bitter bark (cf. pupixiy δυσώδης H., related to  Aram. morigd 'crocus'?); cf. also ▶︎ ubppa?

XXXXXμῦρίος [adj.] 'countless, immense', usually plur. (1]., poet.). <?

    *VAR μύριοι [pl.] 'ten thousand' (Hes. Op. 252).

    *COMP Often as a first member, e.g. wvptd-Kapmog 'with countless fruits' (S.), -pdpoc¢  (ναῦς) 'freighter carrying 10,000 measures' (Th.); also μυριόντ-αρχος 'commander  of 10,000 men' (A, after Exatévt-apxoc).

    *DER μυριάς, -άδος [f.] 'the number 10,000, myriad' (IA); μυρι-οστός 'ten  thousandth' (Att.), after éxatootdc, εἰκοστός; -αστός 'id.' (Hell.), after μυριάς,  -οστύς [f.] = μυριάς (X.); μυρι-άκις 'ten thousand times' (Att.), also -οντάκις 'id, (H.

===Pag_1033: Beekes_Página_1033.tiff===

, -ηκος as an explanation of μυριάκις; after ἑκατοντάκις); μυριονταδ-ικός 'of the number ten thousand' (Theo Sm.), from *tuptovtds after ἑκατοντάς,

    *ETYM No etymology.

XXXXXμύρμηξ, -ηκος [m.] 'ant', metaph. 'submarine rock' (IA, Lyc.), also as a proper name (Hdt.), also 'gauntlet with metal studs' (Poll.). For the mg. cf. μυρμηκία 'ant-hill; throng of people'.

    <IE *morui- 'ant'>

    *VAR Dor. (Theoc.) μύρμᾶξ, -ἄκος, Also μύρμος (Lyc.), βύρμαξ, βόρμαξ, ὅρμικας  H.). Oke Rare in compounds, eg. μυρμηκο-λέων (LXX) and λεοντο-μύρμηξ (Hdn. Gr.), name of a fabulous animal. Cf. Risch IF 5¢(1949): 256.

    *DER 1. μυρμηκειά [f.] 'ant-hill' (Arist Thphr.), 'crowd' (Com. Adesp., Η.), ἽΠΠΟΥ,  arpeggio' (Pherecr.). 2. μυρμηκ-ία 'wart under the skin', or the irritation caused by it  (Hp., Ph.), with puppncdw [v.] 'to be afflicted with warts' (LXX), whence -ίασις  (medic.). 3. μυρμήκ-(ελιον [n.] name of an ant-like spider (Nic. Plin.). 4. μυρμηκίας  λίθος 'stone with ant- or wart-like lumps on it' (Plin.), ~ χρυσός 'gold dug out by  μύρμηκες (H1d.). 5. μυρμηκῖτις (λίθος) 'id.' (Plin.). 6. μυρμηκ-ώδης 'ant-like' (Plu.),  -wetc full of warts' (Marc. Sid.), metrically lengthened from -detc. 7. μυρμηκίζω as a  medical expression 'to feel as though ants were running under the finger' i.e. 'to be  quick and feeble' (of the pulse); 'to itch' (medic. On itself stands μυρμηδών'  ξυνοικία τῶν μυρμήκων, a transformation of μύρμηξ, and μυρμηδόνες' οἱ μύρμηκες  ὑπὸ Δωριέων (H.), a derivation from μύρμος (see above) after τενθρηδών and other  insect names; cf. also σφηκών and other names of habitation in -wv.

    *ETYM The suffix is found in σκώληξ 'worm, maggot', σφήξ 'wasp', etc. Parallel forms  with a velar suffix (probably genetically unrelated to μύρμηξ) are Lat. formica 'ant'  and Skt. valmika- [m., n.] 'ant-hill'. The basic form was probably *morui-. It is found  in various forms, most of which underwent some deformation, perhaps of tabooistic  origin. Influence of *u(0)rmo/i- 'worm' may also be assumed. IE *morui- is directly continued in Av. maoiri-, Olr. moirb, ORu. morovij, etc; IE  *mour-, *meur- in e.g. ON maurr- [n.] < PGm. *maura-, OSw. myra [f.] < PGm. *meurion-. Other forms are Skt. vamrd- [m.] (cf. also valmika- above) and βόρμαξ,  βύρμαξ, where B- probably stands for F-; in ὅρμικας, a f- may have been lost. In Lat. formica, the f may go back to m- by dissimilation (cf. on opp); it would then be  close to μύρμηξ.

XXXXXμύρομαι [v.] 'to shed tears, bewail' (II), later (Lyc., A. R.) also 'to flow' (of a river) and 'to drip' (of blood).

    *VAR  Only pres. and ipf. (3pl. ipf. μῦρον Hes. Sc. 132), except for aor. μύρασθαι  (Mosch.).

    *COMP Also with περι-, mpoo-.

    *ETYM If it originally refers to a murmuring sound, μύρομαι is onomatopoeic, and  related to ▶︎ popjitpw. The connection with Lat. muria [f.] 'pickle', Lith. murti, isg. murstu 'to become wet', etc. is not preferable. Probably derived from the same root is  the seond member of ἁλι-μυρήεις, -μυρής, an epic epithet of ποταμός, πέτρη, etc.,  although its proper meaning remains uncertain.

===Pag_1034: Beekes_Página_1034.tiff=== XXXXXμύρτος 983

XXXXXμύρον [n.] 'sweet-smelling oil, salve, perfume' (Archil., Lesb. lyr., TA). <?>

    *COMP Often as a first member, e.g. μυρο-πώλης 'seller of salves' (Att.). μυρ-εψός  [m.] 'preparer of unguents' (Critias, Arist.).

    *DER 1. Substantives: diminutives pup-iéiov (Ar.), -agiov (Arr.); μυρίς [f.] 'salve box'  (Poll.), cf. σπυρίς, also = μυρρίς (Thphr.), see ▶︎ μύρρα; μύρωμα [n.] = μύρον (Ar. Ec. 1117); μυρίνης οἶνος (Hell., com., Ael.), beside μυρρίνης (see ▶︎ μύρρα and ▶︎ μύρτος). 2. Adjectives: μυρ-ηρός 'belonging to pwpov (A., Ar.), like ἐλαιηρός; -detc 'full of  salves, smelling like salves' (AP, Man.), -ὦδης 'salve-like' (sch.). 3. Verbs: μυρίζω  (1A), σμυρίζω (Archil.) 'to salve, perfume'; μυρόομαι 'to be salved or perfumed' (Ar. Ec. 1117 [v.1. μεμύρισμαι]).

    *ETYM Evidently a culture word, μύρον may be a loan (thus Chantraine 1933: 16). Traditionally connected as IE (together with σμύρις 'emery') with a Germano-Celtic  etymon for 'smear, fat': OHG smero 'smear', Olr. smi(u)r 'marrow' (perhaps also in  Lat. medulla if < *(s)meru-lo-). However, this comparison does not explain the  Greek -u-. The isolated form σμυρίζω may rest on association with σμύρις, σμύρνα,  but it may also be a variant.> μύραινα is also a Pre-Greek word on account of the variants in σμ-, and probably  unrelated. See also ▶︎ σμύρις, ▶︎ σμύρνα.

XXXXXμύρρα [f.] 'myrrh, sweet-smelling wood of the myrrh-plant' (Sapph., Thphr.). «τὰν Sem.>

    *DER μυρρίς, -ίδος [f.] 'sweet cicely, Myrrhis odorata' (Dsc. 4, 115) beside μυρίς  (Thphr. CP 6, 9, 3) from (or after?) μύρον (cf. below). μυρρίτης (-τις) [m., f.] name  of a stone (Plin., 'myrrhae colorem habet'), and of a wine (Edict. Diocl.); also  μυρρίνης (scil. οἶνος; Hell. com.», if not from ▶︎ μύρτος or ▶︎ μύρον.

    *ETYM From Semitic, cf. Aram. mira, Hebr. mdr, Arab. murr 'myrrh' (Lewy 1895:  42ff.); should ▶︎ μυρίκη also be included here? Borrowed as Lat. murra, murrina. According to Ath. 15, 688c, μύρρα stems from μύρον. μύρρα was replaced by  unrelated σμύρνα, ▶︎ σμύρνη, which had the same meaning; this may in turn be a  back-formation from Σμυρναία [adj.] (properly 'Smyrnaean'), which arose as an  epithet of μύρρα. Further details in Heubeck Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 1 (1949): 2721.

XXXXXμύρσος [adj.] - κόφινος ὦτα ἔχων 'basket with ears', ὅς καὶ ἄρριχος 'a kind of wicker basket' (H., Call. Fr. anon. 102).

    *ETYM Groéselj Ziva Ant. 5 (1955): 112 compares Etr. mur 'urna'. Fur. 65 accepts this,  and further compares (213) βυρρός: κάνθαρος. Τυρρηνοί 'dung beetle'; metaph. 'drinking cup' (H.). Probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXμύρτος [f.] 'myrtle, twig or spray of myrtle' (Pi, Simon.). 4PG(V)>

    *VAR μύρτον [n.] = μυρσίνη (Archil. acc. to EM 324, 14), 'myrtleberry' (Att.),  'pudenda muliebria' (Ar.); on the difference in gender see Schwyzer 1950: 30.

    *COMP Few compounds, eg. μυρτο-πώλης [m.] 'myrtle seller' (Sammelb. 19), ἱερό-μυρτος [f.] = μυρσίνη ἀγρία (Ps.-Dsc.).

    *DER 1. μύρσινος 'of myrtle' (Eub., Thphr.), Att. μύρρινος, also μύρτινος; μυρσίνη,  Att. -pp- [f.] 'myrtle, -twig, -crown' (IA), μυρσινο-ειδής (h. Merc. 81), μυρσιν-ίτης  (οἶνος) 'myrtle wine' (Dsc.), 'kind of stone' (Plin.), probably after the color, 'kind of

===Pag_1035: Beekes_Página_1035.tiff===

, μυός Euphorbia' (Dsc.), after the form of the leaves, acc. to δίγόπιθεγρ 1940: 43; τινος 'of myrtle' (Dsc., Aét.), Mupptv-ovc, -obvtoc [m.], -oitta [f.] names of Attic demes, with -οὐσιοι [pl.] 'inhabitants of M.'; μυρσινᾶτον ἔλαιον 'myrtle oil' (medic.); also μυρτίνη [f.] 'kind of olive, kind of pear-tree' (Nic.). 2. μυρτίς, -idoc [f] 'myrtle-berry' (Hell.), also puptia: μυρσίνη, καὶ μυρτίς (H.), μυρτάς, -άδος [f] 'kind of pear-tree', etc. (Nic. Gal.). 3. μυρτίδανον [n.] 'myrtle-like plant', etc. (Hp.), perhaps from μυρτίς, cf. ἐρευθέ-δανον 'madder', Strémberg 1940: 147f. 4. pwptaric: ἡ ὀξυμυρρίνη, ὡς Λάκωνες 'butcher's broom (Lacon.) (H.), like συκ-αλίς etc. (Stromberg 1940: 78). 5. μυρττ-ίτης = μυρσιν-ίτης (Thphr. Nic.). 6. μυρτεών, -ὥνος [m.] 'murtetum' (gloss.), also μυρσεών 'id' (gloss.). 7. μυρτωταί [f-pl.] 'vases decorated with myrtle- twigs? (vase-inscr.. AmJArch 31, 349f5 like μηλωτή etc.). 8. μύρτων, -ωνος [m.] 'weakling, debauchee' vel sim. (Luc. Lex.). 9. μυρτίλωψ': ζῷόν τι 'an animal' (H.); formation like aiyiAwy etc. with a Pre-Greek suffix. TNs and PNs like Muptoc, Μυρτῷος, Μύρσινος, Μύρσος, Μυρτίλος, Μυρσίλος, etc; see Heubeck Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 1 (1949): 271.

    *ETYM Because of the phonetic similarity and their semantic proximity, μύρτος,  μύρρα, μυρίκη are usually considered to be mutually cognate Semitic loans without  further argumentation, as first stated by Lewy 1895: 42ff. (see especially Heubeck op. cit. 282, with further hypotheses). However, the variation μυρτ-μυρσ- points to Pre-  Greek origin (see Fur. 259) and should not be explained by assuming all sorts of  cross-influence. Semitic origin is also rejected by DELG. Heubeck (l.c.) takes the  group as coming from Asia Minor, which does not exclude that it is Pre-Greek. Lat. murtus, -um, as well as Arm. murt, MoP murd, were borrowed from μύρτος,  τον.

XXXXXμῦς, μυός [m.] 'mouse, rat' (IA, etc.), metaph. of sea-animals: 'mussel, kind of whale', etc. (A. Fr. 34 [=59 Mette]); details in Thompson 1947 s.v., on the naming motive see Stromberg 1943: 109f;; also 'muscle' (Hp., Arist.); cf. below. <1E *muHs 'mouse'>

    *VAR  μιῦν [acc.sg.] analogical, see below.

    *COMP μυ-γαλῆ (-€n) [f.] 'shrew-mouse' (Hdt., com. Arist.), μυο-θήρας [m.] 'mouse-  catching snake' (Arist., sch.), ἄ-μυος 'without muscle' (Hp.), also μυσ-κέλενδρα  [n.pl.] 'mouse dung' (Dsc., Moer., Poll. H.); for the second member cf. Lat. mis-  cerda 'id', but unclear in detail.

    *DER 1. Diminutive μυΐδιον (Arr, M. Ant), also μύδιον 'small boat' (Ὁ. S.), 'small  forceps' (medic.); μυΐσκη, -ος 'small sea-mussel' (Hell.). 2. On ▶︎ μύαξ, -ἄκος [n.] 'sea  mussel', see s.v. 3. μυών, -@voc [m.] 'cluster of muscles, muscle' (P 315 and 324, A. R.,  Theoc.). 4. μυωνία (rather -1d) [f.] 'vulva', properly 'mouse hole', as a term of abuse  for a lewd woman (Epicr. 9, 4), directly from μῦς like iowa from tov, etc; more in  Scheller 1951: 45f., σοῦ, 5. Adjectives μυώδης 'muscular' (Ὁ. S., Plu.), also 'mouse-like'  (Plu.); μύειος 'of the mouse' (An. Ox.), μύϊνος 'with the color of a mouse' (EM,  Phot.). 6. μυω-τός epithet of χιτών (Poll.), 'mouse-colored' or 'of mouse-skin'? also  name for an arrowhead (Paul. Aeg.), also 'having muscles' (Clearch.); thence  μυόομαι 'to be or become muscular' (medic.), trans. -όω.

===Pag_1036: Beekes_Página_1036.tiff=== XXXXXμύσσομαι 985

    *ETYM Old IE name of the mouse, retained in several language families: Lat. mis,  mitr-is, OHG mis, Skt. miis-, etc. the acc. μῦν must therefore be secondary for "μῦα  by influence of bv to be, ὑός, etc. The vocalic length was caused by a laryngeal, for which there are two indications: the  accent of SCr. mis, and ToB mascitse 'mouse', with mas- < *mwas- <*muHs-. A  variant with short vowel has been wrongly supposed in Skt. muska- [m.] 'testicle'; cf. ▶︎ μόσχος 2. The metaphorical meaning 'muscle' (after the mouse-like movement of certain  muscles under the skin) can be observed in other languages too: beside Greek, also in  Germanic (OHG and OE 'muscle of the upper arm'), Lat. miisculus 'small mouse,  muscle', Arm. mukn 'mouse, muscle'. Derivation from the verb for 'steal' in Skt. mus- (pres. musndti, mosati) is purely hypothetic. On several plant names containing  the word for 'mouse', see Amigues RPh. 74 (2000): 2736.

XXXXXμύσος [n.] 'pollution, defilement, horrible sight' (Emp. trag., Hp.). <?>

    *COMP Few compounds, e.g. χερομυσής 'polluting the hands' (A. Ch. 73) with verbal  interpretation of the second member, μυσ-αχθής 'cumbered by μύσος, horrible'  (Nic., AP).

    *DER Adjectives: μυσαρός 'polluted, defiled, horrible' (Hdt, E., Ar.), -ερός (Man.), cf. juapdc/-epdc; cf. μυσαρία (Sm.); also μυσά: μιαρά, μεμιασμένα, μυσαρά 'polluted'  (H.). Verbs: 1. μυσάττομαι, -αχθῆναι, -άξασθαι 'to feel defiled, loathe, abhor' (Hp, E.,  X., Luc.), whence μύσαγμα = μύσος (A. Supp. 995) and expressive μυσάχνη [f.]  'prostitute' (Archil. 184), = μισητή, ἀκάθαρτος 'to be abhorred, unclean' (H.),  μυσαχνόν: μεμολυσμένον 'stained' (H.), cf. βδελύττομαι : βδελυχρός. 2. μυσάζω =  μυσάττομαι (Aq.). 3. μυσιάω 'to abhor, loathe' (Corn.), after verbs of disease in -ἰιάω. With velar enlargement (but perhaps a Pre-Greek variant) in μύσκος: μίασμα, κῆδος  'pollution, anxiety' (H.), cf. μίαχος s.v. ▶︎ μιαίνω.

    *ETYM μύσος recalls μῖσος, but remains without certain etymology. A couple of  isolated words meaning 'unclean' from Celtic, Germanic and Slavic are compared in  Pok. 742: e.g., Olr. mosach < *mussako-, LG mussig 'dirty, Ru. muislit' 'to suck,  beslaver'. The group has been compared with the root of μυδάω 'to be moist, decay'  as *mud-s-o-, but this remains hypothetical. The sparsely attested forms ▶︎ ἀμυσχρός,  > ἀμυχρός could be related if μύσος is Pre-Greek.

XXXXXμύσσομαι [v.] 'to blow one's nose, snort' (Ηρ. Epic. in Arch. Pap. 7, 5); also act. 'to wipe off (Pl, E, Arr. AP), metaph. 'to deceive' (Men., H.).

    *VAR Fut. μύξομαι.

    *COMP Usually with ano- 'id' (Ar., X., Arist.), also with mpo- 'to deceive 504. for  money' (Hp.), 'to snuff a lamp' (Ar. V. 249 v.l. for πρόβυσον), 'to extort money'.

    *DER 1. μυκτήρ, -ῆρος [m.], often plur. 'nostril' (Ion., com., X.), also 'mocker' (Timo),  as a back-formation from μυκτηρίζω, 'mockery' (Plu., Luc.); thence μυκτηρίζω (ἀπο-  H.) 'to bleed at the nose' (Hp.), 'to be mocked' (Lys. Fr. 323, S., LXX), whence  τηρισμός 'mockery', -ηρίσματα [pl] CH. as an explanation of ἀποσκώμματα),  -ηριστής [m.] 'mocker' (Ath.). 2. μύξα, -ης [f.] 'slime, mucus', also 'nostril, snout,

===Pag_1037: Beekes_Página_1037.tiff===

, -ακος spout of a lamp' (Hes. Sc. 267, Ion., Arist.), with several derivatives: diminutive μυξάριον (M. Ant.); μυξώδης 'slimy, full of slime' (Hp. Arist., Thphr.); μυξ-ωτῆρες [pl.] (Hdt., Hp.), -ητῆρες (Gal.) 'nostrils' (cf. τροπωτήρ, κωπητήρ, etc.); μυξ-άζω, -dw 'to be slimy' (sch.); fishnames: μύξων, -ωνος [m.] 'kind of mullet' (Arist.), as a back-formation μύξος 'id' (Ath.), cf. κόκκων : κόκκος, etc. (but see below on the derivation); μυξῖνος 'id' (Hices. apud Ath.), like κορακῖνος, etc. 3. ἀπόμυξοιις 'snuffling' (Plu.), -ia 'mucus' (AB, H.). On »μύκης 'mushroom', see s.v.

    *ETYM μύσσομαι is a yod-present; Latin has a nasal present é-mungo 'to wipe the  nose' (cf. σχίζω beside Lat. scind6). Frisk explains μύξα as follows: in the same way as  kvion and κνῖσα may go back to the s-stem supposed in Lat. nidor, μύξα could go  back to an s-stem perhaps continued in Lat. miicor [m.] 'mold, moistness' (Solmsen  1909: 238f.). He then asserts that μύξων, μύξος can be derived directly from μύξα. For  the sporadic forms with σμ- (σμύσσεται and σμυκτήρ H., σμύξων Arist. beside  μύξων), Frisk adduces a Celtic parallel in Gael. smuc, smug 'mucus. Further  proposed cognates include MIr. mocht 'weak' < *muk-to- (problematic, see  Matasovié 2008 s.v. *muxto-), the Germanic group of ON mjtikr, and Latv. mukls  'marshy'. To my mind, the forms μύξα, μύξος, μύξων (the above derivation of which seems  doubtful) beside μυκ-, as well as the existence of variants with initial o-, could also  point to Pre-Greek origin. On μύσκος: μίασμα (H.), see ▶︎ μύσος. See »μύζω 2,  > μυχθίζω.

XXXXXμύσταξ, -ακος [m.] 'upper lip, moustache' (Stratt, Eub., Theoc. LXX), a Doric and Laconian word (cf. Arist. Fr. 539).

    *VAR μύττακες:' μυκαί (cod. μύκαι). Σικελοί. Ἴωνες (leg. Adk-) πώγωνα 'beard' (H.). On βύσταξ see below.

    *ETYM According to Ehrlich KZ 41 (1907): 288 and Giintert 1914: 128, a  transformation of μάσταξ 'mouth' by influence of the rare ▶︎ βύσταξ 'moustache'  (Antiph.), which has itself been explained as an innovation. Frisk assumes a cross of  μάσταξ and μύλλον 'lip', which seems impobable. Both the variation ,-/B- and the  variant μύττακες point to Pre-Greek origin; see Fur.: 218, 304.

XXXXXμυστήριον = 0.

XXXXXμυστίλη [f.] 'piece of bread, scooped out as a spoon' (com. Ath, Aret., Poll.).

    *DER Diminutive μυστιλάριον (Poll), denominative μυστιλάομαι [v.] 'to gulp out  soup with a μυστίλη᾽ (Ar.). Further μύστρον [n.] 'id' (Nic. Fr. 68,8 = Ath. 3,126b),  also -ος [m.] (Poll., Hero Mech.), also 'spoon, especially as a measure or dose'  (medic., pap.), μυστρο-θήκη [f.] 'spoon-case' (pap.); diminutive μυστρίον (medic.).

    *ETYM Probably a Pre-Greek word because of its suffix -t\-, which is frequent in  these words. For the suffix of μυστίλη, one may compare ζωμΐλη, στροβίλη, μαρΐλη,  πέδῖλον, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 249). For an Indo-European etymology, one would  have to assume a nominal basis, e.g. "μύστον, -oc, for which there is no further  connection. The notation μιστύλ(λ)η, -dopatis due to confusion with > μιστύλλω.

XXXXXμύστιξ [adv] «Gua τῷ σκότει 'at the time of darkness' (H.).

===Pag_1038: Beekes_Página_1038.tiff=== XXXXXμυχός 987

    *ETYM From μύω, with an adverbial suffix, see Janda Sprache 40 (1998): 21.

XXXXXμυττός [9] - τὸ γυναικεῖον 'female genitals' (H.).

    *ETYM Fur.: 218 compares BUTTOG τὸ γυναικαῖον αἰδοῖον '4. (H.), which proves Pre-  Greek origin. See ▶︎ μυκός.

XXXXXμυττωτός [m.] 'dish, kind of paste', made of cheese, honey, garlic, etc. (Hippon., Anan., Hp., com., Thphr.).

    *VAR Also -σσ- (Hp. Loc. Hom. 47), -o- (Call. fr. 282).

    *DER μυττωτεύω [v.] 'to change into a μ., to hash up' (Ar.), μυσσωτεύματα' ἀρτύματα  'condiments' (H.).

    *ETYM For the realia, cf. on μῦμα. A formation in -wtdc, probably denominal (cf. Chantraine 1933: 305f., Schwyzer: 503). In view of the variation -tt-/-co-/-o-, the  word is Pre-Greek.

XXXXXμυχθίζω [v.] 'to blow the nose, sniff; to ridicule' (Theoc., Plb., AP).

    *VAR ἀνα-μυχθίζομαι 'to sniff, sigh loudly' (A. Pr. 743); in H. also προμυχθίζει and  ἐπεμύχθισαν, the latter as an explanation of ἐπέμυξαν.

    *DER μυχθισμός [m.] 'snorting, mocking' (Hp. E., Aq.); μυχθώδης 'snorting' (Hp.),  as if from *pby8o¢ (cf. below).

    *ETYM An expressive present, related to ▶︎ μύσσομαι and ▶︎ μύζω 'to moan, sigh'. Frisk  suggests that the starting point for the present μυχθίζῳ may have been the aorist  μύξαι, μύξασθαι, perhaps via an intermediary *,10y80¢ (see above), or alternatively  after βρόξαι : βρόχθος : βροχθίζῳ. The element μυχθ- could be Pre-Greek (not in  Fur.).

XXXXXμυχλός Ξομύκλος.

XXXXXμυχός [m.] 'the innermost place, interior, corner, hiding-place, storage room' (1].)} on the mg. in Homer see Wace JHS 71 (1951): 203ff. «ΡΟ»

    *VAR μυχά [pl.] (Call. Del. 142). On μοχοι- see below.

    *COMP ἑπτά-μυχος 'with seven hiding-places' (Call.).

    *DER 1. μύχιος 'innermost' (poet. since Hes. Op. 523, late prose); several superlatives,  all from μυχός: μυχοίτατος (φ 146), from the loc. -μυχοῖ in μοχοῖ: ἐντός. Πάφιοι  'inside' (H.); μυχαίτατος (Arist.); -tepoc (Hdn. Epim.), after μεσαί-τατος, -tepos,  etc; μύχατος (A. R., Call.), after ἔσχατος, etc; μυχέστατος (Phot.). 2. μύχ-αλος =  -atog (trag. anon. μύχαλα Τάρταρα; also E. Hel. 189 [lyr.]?), cf. μυχάλμη: βυθὸς  θαλάσσης 'depth of the sea' (Phot.), cf. ἅλμη, and βύσσαλοι-: βόθροι 'holes' (H.). 3. μυχώδης 'full of corners' (E.). 4. μυχάς [f.] = μυχός (Lyr. Adesp. Oxy. 15 Π 4). 5.

XXXXXμυχόομαι [v.] 'to be hidden in a corner' (sch.). On μύσχον- τὸ ἀνδρεῖον kai γυναικεῖον μόριον 'male and female private parts' (H.), connected by Fick KZ 43 (1909-1910): 149 assuming Ἰμύχ-σκον, see ▶︎ μόσχος 2.

    *ETYM As a fourth series of stops (*k', etc.) is not assumed anymore, the genetic  connection with Arm. mxem 'to immerse' (Frisk) is obsolete, but it was semantically  doubtful anyway. The Gm. group of ON sm juga 'to slip in', MHG smiegen 'to nestle'  may theoretically derive from IE *smeug'-, like Greek, but the Gm. words may also  go back to *smeuk, and correspond to OCS smykati se 'to drag on, cooper', Lith.

===Pag_1039: Beekes_Página_1039.tiff===

smukti 'to glide (away)', etc. Fur: 364 thinks that μυχός is Pre-Greek, but without further arguments (see ▶︎ βυθός and Fur.: 254). One argument could be the gloss βύσσαλοι, if it really belongs here; another, the gloss μοχοῖ- ἐντός with a vocalic interchange.

XXXXXμύω [v.] 'to close, be shut', of the eyes: 'to shut the eyes, abate', especially with kata- (δ. Fr. 774, Call. Nic.). 41E? meus-, meuH- 'shut'>

    *VAR Aor. μῦσαι (O 637), late μῦσαι (AP), fut. pbow (Lyc. 988), perf. μέμῦκα (Ω 420).

    *COMP Also with prefix, especially ém-, xata-, ovv-. As a first element in μύτ-ωψ,  thematically enlarged -ωπός 'with closing eyes', ie. 'near-sighted' (cf. Sommer 1948:  9°). By

    *DER 1. Adverb in -τί with privative a: ἀμυστί 'without closing (the lips), at one  draught' (Hp., Pherecr.), whence ἄμυστις [f.] 'drinking at one draught' (Anacr.,  Epich., E.), whence ἀμυστίζω [v.] 'to empty the cup at one draught' (E., Plu.). 2. (σύμ-, κατά-)μύσις [f.] 'closing' (Hp., Thphr., Plu.). 3. μύστης [m.] 'sbd. initiated (in  the Eleusinian mysteries)' (Heraclit., Ar., E.), probably from 'who shuts his eyes', in  opposition to the ἐπόπτης 'the observer': he who has reached the highest degree;

XXXXXμύστις [f.] name of comedies of Antiph. and Philem., also in LXX; μυστικός 'belonging to the μύσται (mysteries), secret' (IA), μυστήριον, usually «a [ρ].] 'secret service' (IA), μυστηρ-ιώδης, -ἰκός, etc. Beside μύω stands μυέω (mostly pass. μυέομαι) 'to be initiated', secondarily act. 'to initiate' (1A), aor. μυηθῆναι, μυῆσαι, fut. μυηθήσομαι, perf. μεμύημαι; rarely with év-, συν-, mpo-. The mg. probably developed from 'to have one's eyes closed' (cf. μύστης). Thence μύησις [f.] 'initiation' (Hell., inscr., Ph.). On itself stands μυάω 'to shut the lips (the eyes?) (only in Ar. Lys. 126 τί μοι μυᾶτε; explained with σκαρδαμύττετε by H.), also μοιμυάω (H., Phot.); perhaps constructed from the passage in Ar, but cf. the reduplication in μοιμύλλω s.v. »μύλλω.

    *ETYM The present μύω can be explained either from *mus-ie/o-, or from *muH-  ie/o-. The short vowel in the aor. μὖύσαι, like that of φθάσαι, etc, may perhaps be  explained from an older root aor. (Frisk suggests that μύσαν O 637 stands for older  Ἰμὖν); μῦσαι can be secondary after μύω. The fut. μὕύσω derives from the aorist. The  innovative presents μυέομαι and μυέω may have arisen from non-presentic forms  enlarged with ἡ, like μυηθῆναι, μεμύημαι; cf. Schwyzer: 721. The perfect μέμῦκα  recalls other intransitive perfects, like ἕστηκα, BéBrka, etc, and could be a recent  formation. From other languages, Oettinger 1979: 161ff. connected Hitt. munnae-* 'to hide,  conceal', which is followed by Bernabé and Rodriguez Somolinos Glotta 71 (1993):  121-129. μύω cannot belong to ▶︎ ἀμύνω, however, which requires a root *h,meu-. The  connection with Pal. mus- 'to satiate oneself' as IE *meus- 'to shut oneself' by Janda  Sprache 40 (1998): 21 is semantically not very attractive. Finally, Fur: 378 compares  > ἀμύω and considers the possibility of Pre-Greek origin. So: either the root was *meus-, in which case the perfect was innovated, or it was  *meuH-, when the aorist and nominal forms like μύστης are young.

XXXXXμυωξός [m.] 'dormouse' (Opp. K. 2, 574).

===Pag_1040: Beekes_Página_1040.tiff=== XXXXXμῶλος 989

    *ETYM The proposal to derive μυωξός from ἃ pre-form ἔμυ-ωκ-ιος, a verbal  governing compound of μύω 'to shut' and the IE root *h,k"- 'eye, sight', with a suffix  -10- and compositional] lengthening, is untenable: it would have resulted in -σσ-, not  in -€-. Unclear is μυωξία, glossed ὑβριστικὸς λόγος by H. and Suid.; according to  Suid., it also means 'mouse-hole', ▶︎ μυωπία, If so, the first member may be μῦς, but it  may also be folk etymology. The word is rather Pre-Greek, cf. ▶︎ μόροξος for the  suffix.

XXXXXμυωπία [f.] 1. 'mouse hole' (Arist., Ael.); 2. 'shortsightedness' (Aét.). < GR>

    *ETYM In the first meaning, a compound of μῦς and ὀπή 'hole', with compositional  lengthening and suffixal -ia; cf. Scheller 1951: 45f. In the second meaning, the word is  derived from ▶︎ μύωψ 2 'shortsighted'.

XXXXXμύωψ 1, -ωπος [m.] 'goad, spur; gadfly', also 'stimulus' (A., PL, X., Arist.). < PG?(S)>

    *DER μυωπίζω [v.] 'to spurn' (X., Plb.); μυωπίζομαι [v.] 'to be stung by gadflies' (X.,

    *ETYM Boisacq's proposal ἔμυί-ὧψ 'with the aspect ofa fly, fly-like' is called doubtful  by DELG. The suggestion of a special use of μύωψ 2 (Gil Fernandez 1959: 81-4) is not  convincing either. For the suffix -wy in insect names, cf. κώνωψ 'gnat, crane fly' and  Sommer 1948: 97. Since κώνωψ is probably a Pre-Greek word, the same may hold for  μύωψ as well.

XXXXXμύωψ 2, -ωπος [adj.] 'shortsighted' (Arist.).

    *DER μυωπία 'shortsightedness', -ωπίας [m.] 'shortsighted man' (Poll. Paul. Aeg.),  -ωπίασις = -ωπία (Gal.), after the words for diseases in -iaotc, as if from "-ωπιάω;

XXXXXμυωπάζω [v.] 'to be shortsighted' (2 Ep. Pet. 1, 9). Also thematic μυωπός 'id' (X. Cyn.).

    *ETYM Properly 'with eyes getting shut', from pow and ay. See ▶︎ μύωψ 1, ▶︎ μύω.

XXXXXμω [?] Name ofa letter. =10 1.

XXXXXμωκάομαι [v.] 'to mock, ridicule, insult' (LXX, Epicur., Agatharch.).

    *COMP Sporadically with prefix, like éta-, κατα-.

    *DER μωκός [m.] 'mocker, insulting' (Arist, LXX), μωκία 'mockery', μῶκος [m.]  'insult' (Anon. apud Ath., Simp.), μωκάζω (Suid.), -ebw (Zonar.) 'to insult'; μώκημα  (LXX), dta-, κατα-μώκησις (Plb., Ath.) 'mockery'.

    *ETYM Formally (cf. βρωμάομαι, πωτάομαι, etc.), it is obvious to take μωκάομαι as an  intensive deverbative; the rare forms μωκός and μῶκος must then be back-  formations. One might also compare intensives like μηκάομαι and μυκάομαι, but  further details are obscure. According to an anonymous spokesman (Stud. itfilcl. N.S. 1, 93), the word was originally used for a camel (κάμηλος μωκᾶται), an  indication which could point to onomatopoeic origin. Fur.: 133 compares μώχεται"  φθονεῖ (H.) with a different velar, and concludes to a Pre-Greek word. See > μῶμος.

XXXXXμῶλος [m.] 'battle, turmoil of battle' (Il, σ 233, Hes. Sc. 257; after these Archil. 3). <1E? *meh,- 'get tired'>

===Pag_1041: Beekes_Página_1041.tiff===

    *COMP As ἃ second member in εὔμωλος' ἀγαθὸς πολεμιστής, εὔοπλος 'good fighter,  well-armed' (H.), Εὐμωλίων (Sparta); further in the following words from Gortyn,  which semantically belong together: ἀντίμωλος ᾿ἀντίδικος, opponent in court',  ἀντιμωλία: δίκη εἰς ἥν οἱ ἀντίδικοι παραγίνονται 'trial in which the adversaries are  present' (H. s.v. μωλεῖ), ἀμφίμωλος 'about which a trial is held, disputable', ἀμωλεί  'without trial', uncertain ἀγχεμω[λία], perhaps = dyytoteia?

    *DER Denominative verb μωλέω [v.] 'to go to court, litigate' (Gortyn), also with  ἀμφι-, ἀπο-, ἐπι-; μωλεῖ- μάχεται 'battles', μωλήσεται- μαχήσεται, πικρανθήσεται 'will  be embittered' (H.). Here probably also Μώλεια [n.pl.], name of an Arcadian festival  (sch. A. R. 1, 164). '

    *ETYM Connection with Lat. molés 'heavy masé, effort, etc. (Frisk) is by no means  certain: the original meaning would then be 'effort, labor' vel sim. (cf. μῶλος Ἄρηος),  whence 'fight' (cf. πόνος), and thence, with transition to the juridical sphere,  'Tawsuit' (cf. διώκειν, φεύγειν; see Triimpy 1950: 160ff., Ruijgh 1957: 95f.). A better solution seems to separate a suffix -I-, and connect a group of Germanic and  Slavic words: OHG muoan 'to cumber, bother' (G miide), Ru. isg. mdju 'to exhaust,  tease', Lith. pri-si-muol-eti 'to get tired'. See LIV? s.v. *meh,-. See ▶︎ μόλις, ▶︎ μῶλυς.

XXXXXμῶλυ [n.] name of an unknown plant (Κ 305, Com. adesp. 641), identified in various ways by later authors (Plin., Dsc., Ps.-Dsc., Poet. de herb.). According to Thphr. (HP 9, 15, 7) it is an Arcadian name for a kind of garlic 'Allium nigrum'; also μῶλυς ῥίζα (Lyc. 679). See Ferrari RILomb. 88 (1995): 12ff.

    *ETYM A foreign word, which may be compared with ▶︎ μώλυζα, This has a non-  Greek suffix (cf. κόνυζα, ὅρυζα), which means that our word is probably Pre-Greek,    too. For the u-stem, cf. μίσυ, βράθυ, σῶρυ, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 119). All proposed  IE etymologies (see Frisk) have to be rejected.

XXXXXμώλυζα [f.] name of a kind of garlic (Hp.). < PG(S)>

    *ETYM Related to μῶλυ with the same ending as in κόνυζα, ὄρυζα, pita, etc. See also  André RPh, 84 (1958): 235. As the ending can hardly be explained in Indo-European  terms, it must be Pre-Greek. It could represent /-d'a/ or /-tYa/.

XXXXXμῶλυς, -vog [adj.] '(mentally) enervated; dull, feeble, weak' (5, Fr. 963. Nic., Demetr. Lac.). <?>

    *VAR Also μῶλυξ' ἀπαίδευτος 'lacking education, stupid' (H.), cod. -6-, cf. von  Blumenthal 1930: 42f.; μώλυκα' τὸν ἀπαίδευτον. Ζακύνθιοι (H.); μωλυρόν: νωθρόν,  βραδύ 'sluggish, slow' (H.).

    *DER μωλύω [v.] 'to boil imperfectly, scald, simmer', med. 'to become powerless, fade  away', especially of wounds: 'to fail to come to a head' (Hp, Arist.), also -tva,  τύνομαι; aor. pass. μωλυ(ν)θῆναι, perf. med. μεμώλυσμαι, rarely with ἀπο-, Kata-,  δια; μωλύεται: γηράσκει 'becomes old', μεμωλυσμένη: παρειμένη 'slack, weakened'  (H.). Verbal nouns μώλυσις (υνσις) [f.] 'scalding, simmering' (Arist, Thphr.),  opposite of ἕψησις; -υτὴς ἐπέων mg. uncertain (Timo).

    *ETYM For μωλύω (whence μωλύνω), compare κωλύω. The much rarer μῶλυς could  be a back-formation. With velar: μῶλυξ like κόρυξ: νεανίσκος 'boy' (H.), see κόρη;

===Pag_1042: Beekes_Página_1042.tiff=== XXXXXμῶμος 991 μωλυρός like ἐχυρός, καπυρός, etc., if not dissimilated from -υλός. Because of the unclear meaning and formation, μῶλυς is etymologically hard to assess. Connection with μέλεος does not explain the long vowel -w-. Comparison with μῶλος is mentioned by Pok. 746. Petersson 1923: 18 relates μωλύω to μολούω (see μολεύωλ), like κωλύω to κολούω. As Frisk remarks, everything remains hypothetical. The suffix -vx- looks Pre-Greek.

XXXXXμῶλαξ [?] a Lydian name for wine (H.).

    *ETYM Fur.: 219 compares βωληνή = ἄμπελος, a kind ofvine in Bithynia (Gp. 5, 17, 5). If correct, the word seems Pre-Greek in view of the interchange.

XXXXXμώλωψ, -wros [m.] 'stripe, wale, weal, bruise' (Hyp., Arist., LXX, medic.). < PG(s)>

    *DER μωλωποικός 'stripy' (Gal.), -ίζω [v.] 'to make stripes, wallop, bash' (Aq. , Plu.).

    *ETYM The analysis as a compound containing -wy 'eye, sight, etc.' is wrong. Words  like these contain a suffix -wy (see eg. »kwvwy) and are certainly of Pre-Greek  origin. Any relation with *mel- 'black' (μέλας, μολύνωλ) is out of the question.

XXXXXμῶμαι [v.] 'to strive, try, desire' (poet.). «τ

    *VAR 38g. μῶται (Epich.), 3pl. μῶνται (Euph. [III*]), opt. μῷτο (Stob.); perhaps also  El. patito, see Fraenkel 1910: 45, Bechtel 1921, 2: 854; inf. μῶσθαι (Thgn.), pte. μώμενος (A., S.), aor. ἐμώσατο: εὗρεν, ἐτεχνάσατο, ἐζήτησεν 'invented, contrived,  investigated' (H.).

    *DER μῶσις [f.] 'searching' (Corn.).

    *ETYM It cannot be established whether the primary verb μῶμαι is an athematic  formation or a yod-present (cf. Schwyzer: 675°). There is little support for the  supposition of Bechtel 1914 s.v. μαιμάω, that μῶμαι derives from a lost perfect. The  hapax ἐμώσατο is an innovation from μῶμαι. Connection with the reduplicated verb  ▶︎ μαιμάω and the ambiguous ▶︎ μαίομαι is possible. Prellwitz BB 26 (1901): 3009ff. connected the Gm. group of Go. mops 'courage, fury', followed by Pok 7oa4f.

XXXXXμῶμος [m.] 'blame, reproach, blemish' (poet. β 86, late prose), 'stain of a sacrificial animal (LXX). «τ

    *VAR  μῶμαρ [n.] (Lyc.).

    *COMP ἄ-μωμος 'without blame' (Jon. poet.), μωμο-σκόπος 'who inspects the  sacrificial animal for a blemish', together with -σκοπέομαι, -éw (Ph.).

    *DER μώμιιμος 'with blame' (Stoic.); cf. νόμιμος, etc. Denominative verbs: 1. μωμάομαι 'to blame, abuse, defame' (Ion. poet. since ἢ... Ion. -éopa, rarely with ém-,  éta-; thence μώμημα (LXX, ν.1.). -ησις (sch.) 'blame', -ητής [m.] 'censurer' (Hp.),  τητικός 'censorious' (Hell.), -ηλός 'blameful (Hld.). 2. μωμεύω [v.] 'id' (ζ 274, Hes. Op. 756), in order to avoid contracted forms, cf. λωβάομαι next to λωβεύω (see  > λώβη). 3. μωμαίνω [v.] 14. (Hdn. Epim.).

    *ETYM Beside μῶμος stand μῦμαρ' αἶσχος, φόβος, ψόγος 'shame, fear, blame' and  μυμαρίζει: γελοιάζει 'jests' (H.); the old connection with ἀμύμων 'noble, royal, vel  sim. as a privative formation from *pdpa is rather doubtful. Ablaut ὦ (from ἤδη) : v  is hardly possible, in spite of examples like ζωμός : ζύμη. The word remains isolated,  but cf. μωκάομαι, μῶκος for the meaning.

===Pag_1043: Beekes_Página_1043.tiff===

, -υχος μῶνυξ, -υχος [adj.] 'with one hoof, mostly plur., of horses, as opposed to the split hooves of cattle and sheep (Hom., Hdt, Arist.).

    <IE *s#-h,nog'"->

    *VAR On thestem formation, see Sommer 1948: 96ff.

    *ETYM The ancients derived it from ἡμονε(ο)-ονυξ, with syllable dissimilation and  compositional lengthening, an opinion defended in modern times by Runes Glotta  19 (1930/1931): 286f. However, Saussure 1922: 266 derived it from *opt-@vv§ with an  old zero grade of IE *sem- (see ▶︎ εἷς 'one'). Under this hypothesis, μῶνυξ must be an  extremely archaic form, which Frisk did not consider very likely. However, the  reconstructed form must be *styi-h,nug'- > μω-νυχ-, as was shown by the present  author (Beekes Orbis 20 (1971): 138-142).

XXXXXμωρός 1 [adj.] 'stupid, obtuse, foolish' (IA). <?>

    *VAR  Att. μῶρος (accent probably taken from the vocative; see Schwyzer: 380 and  383).

    *COMP Compounds, mostly late: e.g. μωρο-λόγος 'who speaks stupidities', whence  μωρο-λογία, -Aoyéw, -A6ynua (Arist.), ὑπότμωρος 'a little stupid' (Luc.).

    *DER μιωρία [f] 'stupidity' (1A), , Ion. -in; pwpiar ἵπποι καὶ βοῦς ὑπὸ Ἀρκάδων  'horses and cows (Arc.)' (H.), μωρίας [m.sg.], like e.g. ἐρυθρίας, and with a semantic  development like in MoGr. dAoyo = ἵππος; Μωρίων (Arc. Gramm.). Denominatives:  1. μωραίνω [v.] 'to be stupid, foolish' (A, E, X., Arist.), 'to play the fool, make  foolish', pass. 'to become insipid' (LXX, NT), whence μώραν-σις = μωρία (sch.). 2.

XXXXXμωρόομαι [v.] 'to become insipid' (Hp.). 3. μωρεύω = μωραίνω (LXX). 4. μωρίζω 'to be stupid' (Gal.).

    *ETYM Unexplained. Usually connected with Skt. murd- 'foolish', with ablaut 0(u) : ἢ,  but this ablaut is now not accepted anymore, cf. Mayrhofer EWAia s.v. With words  of this meaning, we must reckon with deviations and crosses, which makes  comparative work rather difficult. Lat. morus 'mad, silly' was borrowed from Greek  (see WH s.v.).

XXXXXμωρός 2 [adj.] - ὀξύ, μάταιον, ἀμβλύ 'sharp, in vain, blunt; dull' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM On the gloss ὀξύ, see Leumann 1950: 272".

XXXXXμώχεται = μωκάομαι.

===Pag_1044: Beekes_Página_1044.tiff=== XXXXXΝ ν- variant form of the privative prefix, in ν-ηλζ(ε)ής, ν-ήνεμος, v-wddc, etc. 41Ε *n- 'un-'

    *ETYM In Beekes 1969: 98-113, it was shown that forms in vn-, va-, vw- arose from the  IE negating prefix *n- combined with a following sequence *HC- (for Ἢ = *h,, "ἢ,  *h,, respectively). This vocalized as *'-HC-. See ▶︎ ἀ-.

XXXXXνάβλα [f.] name of a Phoenician lyre with 10 or 12 strings (Soph. Fr. 849 [uncertain conj.], LXX). «τὴν Sem.>

    *VAR -ac [m.] (com., Str.), also ναῦλα [f.] (Aq.,Sm.), -ov [n.] (H.).

    *DER ναβλίζω = ψάλλω (gloss.) with ναβλιστής [m.] 'vapAa-player' (Euph.), also  ναβλιστο-κτυπεύς 'id.' (Man. 4, 185) for Γναβλο-κτύπος (through cross and with  formal enlargement -evc), ναβλίστρια [[] (Maced.).

    *ETYM Like the instrument, the name was probably also Phoenician; cf. Hebr. nébel  name of a harp. More in Lewy 1895: 161. Borrowed as Lat. nablium, nablum, see WH  SV. Originally, the word seems to have meant 'vase'. See Masson 1967: 67-69 and  Heurgon 1966: 518-522. Etruscan has na plan, designating a cup.

XXXXXνάερρα [f.] - δέσποινα 'mistress' (H.). < GR>

    *ETYM An Aeolic form, probably for va<ét>eppa; cf. ναίτειρα (leg. vaér-?):  οἰκοδέσποινα (H.), see Hoffmann 1893: 241.

XXXXXναί [pcl.] affirmative pcl. 'really, yes' (IL); vat δή, vat μήν, vai μά Ata, νὴ Δία, etc.

    <IE?  *(h,e)no- 'that one'>

    *VAR  Also νή (esp. Att.), vel (Boeot., also Arc.).

    *DER ναίχι (ὅ., Pl.), with -y1 like in οὐχί, μηχί; ναιδαμῶς (Com. Adesp.) after οὐδαμῶς,  μηδαμῶς.

    *ETYM Greek vi corresponds with Lat. né 'really'; vai could have a formal  counterpart in ToB nai 'indeed, surely'. For νή : vel : val, cf. ἠ : εἰ : ai 'if; ▶︎ dai is  analogical beside δή, The word is usually connected with the demonstrative IE  *(h,e-)no- 'he there'; see ▶︎ ἐκεῖνος and WH s.v. enim.

XXXXXναϊάς [f.] 'Naiade'

    *VAR vale, Ion. νηϊάς, νηΐς. >vau.

XXXXXναικισσορεύοντας - ἐπίτηδες Siaovpovtac καὶ ἐξευτελίζοντας 'they who willingly 'tear to pieces', that is to say, disparage' + τινὲς δέ φασι ναικισσήρεις λέγεσθαι ἐπὶ τοῦ ἐμφαίνοντος ὁμολογεῖν καὶ μὴ ὁμολογοῦντος 'others say that v. is called he who

===Pag_1045: Beekes_Página_1045.tiff===

makes it appear that he agrees, even if he does not agree' (Pherecr. 222), ἐπὶ τῶν κατεψευσμένων ἡ λέξις 'the way of speaking of those who speak falsely' (H.). Cf. Photius s.v. <?>

    *ETYM It has been attempted to recognize ναίχι (= vat) in the beginning.

XXXXXναίω [v.] 'to live, inhabit', occasionally 'to be situated' (in this mg. also med. εὖ vatduevoc), aor. trans. 'to settle, give as a home', intr. 'to settle' (Il.). <1E? *nes- 'escape, return home', ΡΟ»

    *VAR  Aor. νάσσαι, -σασθαι, -θῆναι, late forms ναιήσαντο, perf. νένασμαι, fut. γάσσομαι.

    *COMP Also with prefix, e.g. κατα-, ἀπο-, συν-, TEPL-, παρα-.

    *DER Enlarged vatetdw 'to live, inhabit', also with mepi-, μετα-, mapa-; also 'to be  situated', especially in eb ναιετάων 'well situated, livable' (1].); cf. Chantraine 1942:  358. From the present stem (probably in part a back-formation from ναιετάων mept-,  μετα-ναιέται [m.pl.] 'who live around, together with' (QO 488, A. R. 4, 470, Hes. Th. 401), 4dt-vatétat 'who live in the sea' (B. 16, 97); ἐν-ναέται 'inhabitants' (Isyll, A. R.),  -έτις [f.] (A. R.). Simplex ναέτης, Dor. -tac 'inhabitant' (poet. since Simon.), vatétic  [f.] (Call); secondary (év-)vaetip [m.] 'id' (AP), ἐνναέτειρα [f.] (API). On  ▶︎ μετανάστης, 866 8.ν.

    *ETYM The causative meaning of aor. νάσσαι probably arose from its opposition to  intr. νασθῆναι. The meaning 'to be situated', which is often found for ναιετάω  (especially in εὖ ναιετάων), but rarely with ναίω, has not yet received a convincing  explanation; perhaps we must start from the ptc. eb ναιετάων, if properly 'where one  lives well', with the same shift as in ὁ ἐπιβάλλων, etc. (type café chantant). The verbal stem vao- (ναίω < *vdo-1w) is isolated. Comparison with *nes- as in  ▶︎ νέομαι, νόστος is semantically attractive, but the a-vocalism poses a problem. A  solution could be that vao- arose by restoration of v- in the zero grade do- < *ns-;  thus e.g. LIV' sv. *nes-. Note, however, the original reflex of the zero grade in  ▶︎ ἄσμενος. Alternatively, νασ- could be Pre-Greek. See further ▶︎ ναός,

XXXXXνάκη [f.] 'woollen skin, fleece', especially of sheep and goats (ξ 530, Lyc., Paus.). 4 PG>

    *VAR  More common is νάκος [n.] (Pi, Hdt., Simon., inscr.).

    *COMP Asa first member in νακο-δέψης [m.] 'tanner' (Hp.), as a second member in  κατω-νάκη [f.] 'coarse cloth, worn by slaves working on the field, with a front of  sheepskin' (Ar.), whichis properly a bahuvrihi; on dpvaxic see ▶︎ ἀρήν.

    *DER νακύριον: δέρμα 'skin, hide' (H.); formation unclear, perhaps to be changed  (following Schmidt) into vaxt<6>ptov (like μελ-ύδριον εἴς. Chantraine 1933: 72f.).

    *ETYM For νάκος : van, cf. νάπος : νάπη and common pairs of abstracts, like βλάβος  : BAAB1;; the suffixation of νάκος is like eipoc, φᾶρος, etc., that of νάκη like λώπιη, etc. (all names for 'wool' and 'cloth'). The reconstruction as IE *nak-s-ko- and comparison with OE nec 'soft leather, e.g. deer-skin' « PGm. *naska-, which is isolated in Germanic, cannot be upheld for  obvious reasons. Rather a Pre-Greek word; see Fur.: 294, 305. The suffixation of  νακύριον points in the same direction. See ▶︎ vacow.

===Pag_1046: Beekes_Página_1046.tiff=== XXXXXναός 995

XXXXXνάμαραν [acc.sg.m.] 'candelabrum? (inscr. Delos 2240f.). 41} Sem.

    *ETYM Through metathesis from Syr. m*ndra 'id.'; see Grégoire Byzantion 13 (1938):  18if. Ronzevalle Mél. Univ. St. Joseph (Beirut) 22 (1939): 109-121 starts from Syr. n'mara 'crown'.

XXXXXνάννας, -α ⟹ νέννος.

XXXXXναννάριον [n.] - οὕτω καλούμενον εἶδός τι dowtwv 'a sort of hopeless people' - ἄμεινον δὲ τὸν τρυφερὸν καὶ μαλακόν ἀκούειν 'better: hearing softly and delicately' (HL). <?>

    *DER Also name of a courtesan (Theophil.11); cf. perhaps νάνναν.

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXνανναρίς [m.] - κίναιδος 'someone lewd' (HL). 42>

    *ETYM Unknown. See ▶︎ ναννάριον.

XXXXXνᾶνος [m.] 'dwarf (Ar. Fr. 427, Arist, Longin. H. POxy. 465, 225 [II?]); also a cake made of oi] and cheese (Ath. 14, 646c). 4ONOM>

    *VAR  Often νάννος (mss.); on the notation vavvoc (hypocoristic gemination) beside  νᾶνος cf. Schwyzer: 268.

    *COMP As a first member in ναννο-φυής 'of dwarfish stature' (Ar. Pax 790).

    *DER νανώδης 'dwarflike' (Arist.), ναννούδιον 'lapdog' (sch. Luc. Conv. 19).

    *ETYM An onomatopoeic word of unknown origin; cf. Schwyzer: 423 and Bjérck  1950: 67. Borrowed as Lat. ndnus > MoFr. nain, etc.; see WH s.v.

XXXXXναξος [adj.] epithet of κολοσσός (Epigr. apud Phot.). <?>

    *ETYM According to Geffcken & Herbig Glotta 9 (1918): 97 ff., to be accented ναξός =  'driven (with a hammer)', related to ▶︎ νάσσω. According to G. and H., the name of  the island Νάξος should also be included here.

XXXXXναός [m.] 'temple, house of a god, sanctuary' (Dor., Thess., late Att. Hell.). 4GR? *nas- wo-, PG?>

    *VAR  ναρός (Lacon.), vaboc (Lesb.), νηός (Hom., Hdt.), νεώς (Att.).

    *COMP ναο-κόρος (Delph.), να-κόρος (Dor.), vew-, νεο-κόρος (1A, Hell.) [m.]  'temple-warden' with derivatives (see ▶︎ kopéw); va(o)-, νεω-ποιός, secondary  -πο(ίλας (Schwyzer 451), -πο(ίλης name of an office in charge of the construction of a  temple, whence -ποιέω, -ποιία, -ποιεῖον, -ποϊκός, etc. (inscr. since V*); as a second  member in πρότναος (A.), Att. -vews, also -νάΐος, Ion. -νήϊς (Ἀθηνᾷ Προναΐα,  -vnia), 'in front of the temple', substantivized mpd-vaoc, Ion. -vijo¢ [m.], -vaov,  τνάϊον, -νήϊον [n.] 'front hall',

    *DER 1. Diminutives: ναΐδιον (Ρ]Ρ., Str.), vatoxog [m.] (Str, J.) with -iokiov, -ἰσκάριον  (pap., sch.). 2. Adjective: ναϊκός 'belonging to a temple' (Dodona). 3. Denominatives: ναεύω [v.] 'to take sanctuary in a temple' (Gortyn); ναόω 'to lead into a temple'  (Crete); cf. ναύειν: ἱκετεύειν, παρά τὸ ἐπὶ τὴν ἑστίαν καταφεύγειν τοὺς ἱκέτας  'supplicate, after the fact that suppliants take refuge at the hearth' (H.).

    *ETYM A pre-form *vaofoc has to assumed for the different dialectal forms. Therefore, the word is mostly analyzed as PGr. *nas-wo- and derived from νάσσαι,

===Pag_1047: Beekes_Página_1047.tiff===

▶︎ ναίω as 'habitation, house (of the god)', which is quite possible. However, Fur.: 338"? adduces the variants vaidc (Clinias apud sch. A. R. 2, 1085, H.) and νειός (inscr. Samos IV*), variants which would point to substrate origin.

XXXXXνάπη [f.] 'wooded vale, chasm' (© 558 ΞΡ 300); νάπα: σύμφυτος τόπος 'overgrown place' (H.). <PG?

    *VAR  νάπος [n.} (Pi, S., E., X.).

    *DER ναπ-αἴος 'like a wooded vale' (S., E.), -ὠδιὴς 'id.' (Eust., St. Byz.).

    *ETYM Cf. the TN Νάπος (Lesbos); probably Pre-Greek. See ▶︎ προνωπής.

XXXXXνᾶπυ, -ῦος [n.] 'mustard'. .

    *VAR Also σίναπι. Ἂς

    *DER νάπειον (Nic. Al. 430), after γήτειον, κώνειον. > σίναπι.

XXXXXνάρδος [f.] 'spikenard, Indian narde, Nardostachys Jatamansi' (Hell. and late).

    *VAR  vapdov [n.] (Thphr. Od. 12, Poll.).

    *COMP Few compounds, eg. ναρδό-σταχυς, -vog [m.] = νάρδου στάχυς, vapdoc  (Dsc., Gal...

    *DER νάρδε-ινος 'of nard' (Antiph., Men., Plb.), -ἰτης οἶνος 'wine spiced with nard'  (Dsc. in tit.), τἴτις βοτάνη 'nard-like plant' (Gal.) ; -i€w 'to resemble the nard' (Dsc.).

    *ETYM From Phoenician, cf. Semitic forms like Hebr. nérd, Aram. nirda, and Babyl. lardu. Further connection with Skt. nadd- 'reed, cane' (beside nadd- 'id.') is quite  uncertain and should probably be abandoned; the Semitic words rather come from  Skt. ndlada- [n.| 'Indian narde' (AV), on which see Mayrhofer KEWA: s.vv. naddh  and ndladam. Borrowed as Lat. nardus, -um; see WH. Beside νάρδος, we have vaptn  [f.], designating aromatic plants (Thphr. HP 9, 7, 3). Fur. 199 also compares ▶︎ νάρθιηξ and suggests that we are dealing with a Middle  Eastern culture word. νάρη ἡ ἄφρων καὶ μωρά 'an insane and stupid woman' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXνάρθηξ, -ηκος [m.] 'giant fennel, Ferula communis', also denoting its hollow stalk, which was used as a thyrsos and splint, among other things (Hes.); also 'capsule, cupboard' (Str.).

    *COMP Few compounds, e.g. ναρθιηκοφόρος 'v.-bearer' (PL. X.).

    *DER ναρθήκιον 'small splint' (medic.), -ia name of a v.-like plant (Thphr.), ef. Baxtnp-ia, ἀρτηρ-ία, etc; ναρθήκ-ινος 'made of ν᾿. (Arist), ναρθηκ-ίζω [v.] 'to  splint' (medic.), whence -ἰσμός, σμα (Apollod. Poliorc., etc); ναρθηκιῶντες:  νάρθηξι πλήσσοντες 'hitting with ν᾿ (H.). TN Ναρθάκιον in Phthiotis, also a  mountain in Thessalia (X., Plu.).

    *ETYM The variant va8pat- νάρθιηξ (H.) with metathesis, as well as the TN  Ναρθάκιον, point to original -ax-, which is a Pre-Greek suffix. See Fur: 199, who  compares ▶︎ νάρδος.

XXXXXνάρκαφθον [n.] 'a fragrant Indian bark' used as spice (Dsc. 1, 23).

===Pag_1048: Beekes_Página_1048.tiff=== XXXXXνάσσω 997 ΑΒ Also νάσκαφθον (written ναόκαφωον, which will be a simple mistake), but also νάκαφθον. Also λάκαφθον (Paul. Aeg. 7, 22)?

    *ETYM Fur.: 299 thinks it is a cultural term from the Middle East, in spite of the  suggested Indian origin. On a possible variation p/o, see ibid. 299f.

XXXXXνάρκη [f.] 'numbness, deadness, numbfish' (IA); on the fish see Stromberg 1943: 57.

    *VAR  Secondary νάρκἄ (Men.).

    *COMP As a second member in θηριο-νάρκη [f.] name of a plant that paralyzes a  snake (Plin.).

    *DER ναρκώδης 'paralysed' (Hp.); ναρκάω [v.] 'to be paralysed' (@ 328), also with  ἀπο-, δια-, ἐκ-, whence ἀπονάρκη-σις (Plu.); ναρκόω [v.] 'to paralyse, deaden' (Hp.)  with νάρκω-σις, -τικός (medic.).

    *ETYM νάρκη has been analyzed as a zero grade verbal noun with barytone accent  (Chantraine 1933: 22f.), belonging to a Germanic verb OHG sner(a)han, MHG  snerhen 'to swing, knot, draw together', with deverbative ON snara 'to turn, swing,  wind < PGm. *snarhon- and the verbal noun OHG snar(a)ha, ON snara [f.] 'swing'. The supposed connection (thus still LIV' s.v. *snerk- 'zusammenziehen, schlingen')  is semantically far from convincing; moreover, one would expect *nrk- to yield Gr. *v(5)pax-. The structure of this word looks non-IE. Therefore, we should rather  assume a Pre-Greek word *nark-; the variant nom. in -& also points to this.

XXXXXναρκίον [n.] ' ἀσκόν 'skin, hide, belly, bellows, etc.' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM DELG considers connection with λάρκος, λαρκίον, and perhaps vapvat, and  rejects the connection with ▶︎ νάρκη.

XXXXXνάρκισσος [m.(f.)] 'narcissus' (ἢ. Cer.).

    *DER ναρκίσσινος 'made from narcissus, narcissus-colored' (Hp., Dsc., pap.), -ίτης  name of a stone (D. P., Plin.), because of the color or the smell?

    *ETYM The suffix clearly points to a Pre-Greek word; cf. Hester Lingua 13 (1965): 361,  with Heubeck Vox Romanica 19 (1960): 151f. The connection with νάρκη is due to  folk-etymology.

XXXXXναρός [adj.] 'flowing, liquid'. > vaw.

XXXXXνάρφη [f.] - σκευαστός ἄρτος ὁ καὶ paontpic 'prepared bread/cake, which is also called μ᾽ CHL). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXvaoow [v.] 'to stamp down, squeeze close, press together, stuff (@ 122).

    *VAR Att. vattw, aor. νάξαι, fut. νάξω (H.), perf. med. νέναγμαι, νένασμαι.

    *COMP Rarely with prefix, e.g. kata-, ovv-.

    *DER Verbal adjective vaotdc 'pressed together, stuffed' (medic., ].), substantivized  (scil. πλακοῦς) [m.] name of a cake (com.) with ναστίσκος [m.] (Pherecr.); also  νακτός 'pressed together' (Plu.); νακτά' τοὺς πίλους καὶ τὰ ἐμπίλια 'things made of  felt and felt shoes' (H.). Verbal substantive νάγμα [n.] 'closely sqeezed stone-wall!'    J.).

===Pag_1049: Beekes_Página_1049.tiff===

    *ETYM It is unclear from the attestations whether the verbal stem originally ended in  a velar (νάξαι @ 122) or a dental (ναστός from *vattéc?). Etymology unknown;  connection with ▶︎ νάκος 'woollen skin' cannot be proven. Borrowed as Lat. naccae  'fullones', perhaps from *vakta; see WH s.v. The verb is probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXναυᾶγός [m.] 'shipwrecked person' (Hdt.).

    *VAR Ion. -ηγός. ;

    *DER vav-Gyéw, -ηγέω [v.] 'to be shipwrecked', -ayia, -ryta [f.] 'shipwreck', -ἅγια,  -ήγια [n.pl.] (rarely -tov [sg.]) 'wreck (of a shipy (IA).

    *ETYM Compounds of ναῦς and ἄγνυμι, ἀγῆναι 'break' with long compositional  vowel. This may be due either to compositional lengthening or analogy after other  such compounds (thus in Ion. -ny-), or to influence of katayvuu, ἔᾶγα, see Bjérck  1950: 42 and 147.

XXXXXναύκληρος [m.] 'shipowner, captain', sbd. who lets his ship and the places on board to other persons (IA), on the mg. against ἔμιπορος and κάπηλος see Finkelstein Class. Phil. 30 (1935): 320ff.; metaph. 'owner of a rented house' (com.).

    *DER vavkAnp-la [f.] 'employment as a ναύκλητ-ρος, society of shipowners,  navigation' (Att.), perhaps from ναυκληρέω (see below); -ἰον [n.] 'freighter' (D., E.);  ναυ-κλάρ-ιος epithet of Poseidon (Delos 12), -κληρικός 'belonging to the v.' (PI. Lg.),  ναυκληρώσιμοι στέγαι: Ta πανδοκεῖα 'rooms, taverns' (H.), after μισθώσιμος. Denominative ναυκληρ-ἕω [v.] 'to be vavkAnpog (Att.), metaph. 'to govern (a statey  (trag.), with ναυκληρήματα [pl.] 'shipping' (Tz.). Further ναύκραρος (ναύκλαρος H.)  [m.] name of the manager of a ναυκραρία (Lex Solonis apud Arist. Ath. 8, 3, Hdt.)  with vavkpap-(a [f.] part of a phyle in Solonic Athens, for financial and  administrative purposes (Arist. Ath. 8, 3), -ta [n.pl.] 'registry of the ναύκραροι᾽  (Ammon. gramm.), -ἰκός 'belonging to the ναύκραρος or -ia' (Lex Solonis apud  Arist.).

    *ETYM The usual term ναύκλαρος ναύκληρος arose by dissimilation and folk-  etymological connection with κλῆρος from older ναύκραρος. The latter only  remained in a technical sense. The original mg. is 'who stands at the head of a ship'. The zero grade in the second member of ναὐκρᾶρος (*-krh,-C-) may be compared  with that in ὀρθό-κραιρα (see ▶︎ kpaipa). Here, κρᾶρ- may derive from *krah-ro-,  which belongs to *krahn- < *krh,-s-n- seen in »kpaviov, and inflected forms of  »κάραᾶ. Other ablaut grades are continued in κάρηνα < *krh,-es-n-h, and Lat. cerebrum < *kerh,-s-ro- (see ▶︎ κάρηνα, ▶︎ κέρας). The same element appears in Boeot. PN (Λ)α-κρᾶρίδας < ᾿Λά-κρᾶρος (Solmsen  RhM 53 (1898): 151ff.). Borrowed as Lat. nauclérus, cf. Friedmann 1937: 26ff.

XXXXXναῦλον [n.] 'fare, freight, passage-money' (Att., Hell.).

    *VAR -o¢ [m.], also -AA- (inscr.), Schwyzer: 238.

    *DER ναυλόω, -όομαι [v.] 'to let out a ship, freight a ship' (Plb., pap.), with ναύλ-ωσις  'freighting', -ώσιμος 'belonging to freighting' (also of κτήνη, ὄνοι), -ωτική [f.], scil. συνθήκη or συγγραφή 'freighting agreement' (all pap.); cf. Kalbfleisch RhM 94  (1951): 94f.

===Pag_1050: Beekes_Página_1050.tiff=== XXXXXναῦσθλον 999

    *ETYM Probably from ▶︎ ναῦς, though further Ao-derivatives of nouns and semantic  examples are missing. See Chantraine 1933: 241. Borrowed as Lat. naulum. See  ▶︎ ναῦσθλον.

XXXXXναῦς [f.] 'ship' (11. details on the inflection in Schwyzer: 578. 41Ε *neh,u- 'ship'>

    *VAR Epic Ion. νηῦς, gen. νεώς (νηός, νεός, Dor. ναός), dat. νηΐ (vat), acc. ναῦν (νῆα,  véa), plur. nom. νῆες (νέες, νᾶες), gen. νεῶν (νηῶν, ναῶν», dat. ναυσί (νηυσί,  γήεσσι), acc. ναῦς (νῆας, νέας).

    *COMP ναύ-αρχος 'commander of a ship' (1A), see also ▶︎ νεώριον, ▶︎ νεωλκέω; in  dat.pl. as a first member, e.g. ναυσί-κλυτος, -κλειτος 'famous for his ship' (epic poet. Od.), ναυσί-πορος (X., Arist.) = ναύ-πορος (A., A. R.) 'sailed by ships'; as a second  member in χιλιό-ναυς 'consisting of thousand ships' (E., Str.); amalgamation with a  suffix -ia- in eg. (nevtekat-)Sexa-va-ia [f.] 'fleet of fifteen/ten ships' (Plb. and D.). Cf. further ▶︎ ναυᾶγός, ▶︎ ναύκληρος.

    *DER A. νήϊος, Dor. νάϊος (I1.), νηΐτης (Th. A. ΚE.) 'consisting of ships, belonging to  the ship', or vijtnc? See Redard 1949: 12 and 43. B. ναύτης, Dor. -tac [m.] 'sailer, ship-passenger' (II.), ναύστης (pap.) with analogical  -o-. Thence several derivatives: 1. ναῦτις, -150¢ [f.] epithet of γυναῖκες (Theopomp. Com.), ναύτρια [f.] (Ar. Fr. 825); 2. vatt-eia [f.] 'shipping' (Hell. inscr. and pap.),  after στρατεία (to otpatetvw), etc. 3. vaut-ia (Arist., Aret.), Ion. ναυσίη (Semon.),  'seasickness, disgust' (Scheller 1951: 41) with vavti-wdn¢ 'prone to seasickness,  sickening' (medic. Plu.), ναυτ-ιάω [v.] 'to be seasick, be disgusted' (Att.), vautia  partly a back-formation; -ἰασμός = ναυτία (Hippiatr.); 4. ναυτ-ικός '(consisting) of  seamen', also (referring to ναῦς) 'nautical' (IA); 5. ναυτ-ίλος [m.] or [adj.] 'shipper,  seaman; nautical' (Hdt., trag.), also name of a mollusc, 'paper nautilus, Argonauta  argo' (Arist.), see Thompson 1947 sv; on the formation Chantraine 1933: 248f.);  γαυτιλ-ία, -in 'navigation, sea-journey' (8 253), also connected with ναυτίλλομαι  (Scheller 1951: 35), ναυτίλλομαι [v.] 'to be sailor, sail' (Od.); 6. Ναυτεύς [m.] PN (6  112 beside mpupvetc; see Wackernagel KZ 24 (1879): 297). C. See »ναῦλον and ▶︎ ναῦσθλον.

    *ETYM Old IE word *neh,u- 'ship', which is also found in IIr., Arm., Lat. Celt, Gm.,  and Illyr. The inflections of Greek, Sanskrit (and also Latin) seem to correspond:  ναῦς = Skt. ndus < IE *neh,u-s; vii(p)a = Skt. ndvam, Lat. ndvem (whence nom. navis) < IE *neh,u-m; vii(p)ec = Skt. navas < IE *neh,u-es, vi(p)ac = Skt. nav-as < IE  *neh,u-ns, etc. Other reconstructions (eg. nom. *neh,-éu-s, acc. *neh,-eu-m, gen. *neh,-u-os << *nh,-u-os, cf. Beekes 1985: 96) are also possible. Examples from other languages: MoP πᾶν, Arm. naw (perhaps from Iranian), Olr. nau, ON nor [m.], ΠΙγτ. TNs Nau-na, Nau-portus, etc. Lat. nauta, nausea were borrowed from Greek.

XXXXXναῦσθλον [n.] Arg. for ναῦλον: 'fare, freight' (ἐφόδιον καὶ ναῦσθλον, IG 4, 823: 12 ΠΝ", Troezen], H.).

    *DER ναυσθλόο-μαι, -dw [v.] 'to be carried for fare, transport', (as a passenger)  'travel' (E, Ar. Lyc.).

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    *ETYM Built on ναῦς with a suffix -θλο- also seen in θύσ-θλα, θέμε-θλα, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 375); the -o- must be secondary (cf. ναύστης beside ναύτης s.v.> ναῦς). Unrelated is ▶︎ ναῦσσον.

XXXXXναῦσσον [n.] 'name of a tax' (Cyzicus Ν]", Cos I*). «?»

    *ETYM Because of the -oo- (original sampi) a technical foreign word, perhaps from  Carian; see Wackernagel RhM 48 (1893): 299.

XXXXXνάφθα [f., n.] 'petroleum' (LXX, Str., Dsc.). «τὴν Iran.>

    *VAR -ας [m.].

    *ETYM Cf. MoP naft 'petroleum', which is of uncertain origin. Acc. to Brandenstein  OLZ 43 (1940): 345ff., the Greek word is from*tran. *nafta- from *nab- 'be wet'. On  the meaning and further forms see Brust 2005: 471ff. Borrowed as Lat. nap(h)tha.

XXXXXναφρόν [π.] - λινοῦν ῥάμμα 'linen thread' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXvaw [v.] 'to flow, stream', mainly of water (II.). <?>

    *VAR Only present stem except for διαναῦσαι' διαπλεῦσαι 'to sail across' (H.) and the  ptc. aor. ἀμφι-ναέντος (Emp. 84). A long vowel is found in ipf. vae(v) (A. R,, Call.),  ναῖον (ι 222); note ναύει' ῥέει, βλύζει 'flows, gushes forth' (H.), interpreted as Aeol.

    *COMP Rarely with ἀμφι-, dta-, περι.

    *DER 1. vaétwp: ῥέων, πολύρρους 'streaming, having much current' (H.), vatwp (S. Fr. 270); 2. νᾶρός 'welding, streaming' (A. Fr. 347 = 764 Mette, S. Fr. 621); 3. νᾶμα  [n.] 'flowing water, source, stream' (trag., Pl, X., Arist.) with diminutive ναμά-τιον  (Thphr.), -τιαῖος 'from sources, source-' (Aeschin.), -τώδης 'rich in sources'  (Thphr.); 4. νασμός = νᾶμα (E.), -ὦδης (H.). Probably also 5. Ναϊάς, Ion. Νηΐάς (Od.,  A. R., AP), Naig, Ion. Νηΐς [f.] (Il.) 'Naiade', see below.

    *ETYM It is usually assumed that all present stem forms go back to *vdf-w (Frisk,  DELG, LfgrE). This is only possible if one assumes that shortvocalic vaw (νάει,  νάουσιν ζ 292, Φ 197) stands for ναίω as a rhythmical variant (Chantraine 1942: 167). Note, however, that ναίω is only attested in τ 222 (with a v.l. vaov). The ptc. ἀμφι-  vaévtoc (Emp. 84) was probably formed under the influence of ῥυέντος. It seems  that a basic form *vafeua or ἔνάξημα has to be assumed for νᾶμα (which is common  in Attic), although such a formation is unparallelled; if so, νᾶρός could also be from

    *VAR epdc, νασμός from *vafeopidc, and vatwp from *varétwp (cf. Bechtel 1914:  234f.). The forms with long vowel va-idc, -ic, vry-tac, -ἰς presuppose a noun ἔνᾶρ-α (cf. e.g. Kptiv-1] : -ἰάς); the proper meaning would then be 'daughter of the source'. As all  nymphs are considered to be daughters of Zeus, the Naiades are connected with the  Dodonaic Ζεὺς Naioc. However, a source in Dodona is only mentioned in late Latin  writers, and Zeus is unknown as a god of sources (cf. Nilsson 1941(1): 426f.); so the  proper meaning of Ndioc remains unclear. If the Naiades have something to do at all  with Ζεὺς Νάϊος, their qualification as daughters of a source must be left open. Correspondences to vdw outside Greek are uncertain. One might compare the  athematic long grade present Skt. snauti 'to drip', with zero grade ptc. snuta- (cf.

===Pag_1052: Beekes_Página_1052.tiff=== XXXXXνεβρός 1001 LIV? s.v. sney-), although the explanation of the Greek a-vocalism as an analogical zero grade snaw- beside *snew- remains dubious. See > véw, ▶︎ vijxw, ▶︎ Νηρεύς. -ve [pcl.] in Thess. 6-ve, τό-νε, ta-ve = ὅ-δε, τό-δε, τά-δε; beside it -νῦ in Arc. Cypr. 6- vu, with deictic 1 Arc. gen.sg. tw-vt = τοῦ-δε, tovdi, etc.

    *ETYM Like vai and vi, -ve has also been connected with the demonstrative stem  *(e-)no-. On -vv, see on > vu, νῦν, viv 'now', See ▶︎ vai.

XXXXXνεᾶλής [adj.] 'fresh, powerful, rested' (Ar. Fr. 361, Pl., X., D.).

    *VAR -ἅλής (Nic.).

    *ETYM Originally 'newly fed, newly grown (upy, from Ἰνεο-αλής, a compound of  véog and the root of an old verb 'to feed, nourish', preserved in ▶︎ &vaAtoc, and in    Lat. alé, etc. The compound underwent compositional lengthening and is formed  with the suffix -1¢ (cf. Schwyzer: 513).

XXXXXveavias, -ov [m.] 'youth, young strong man', also as an adj. 'youthful, strong, wilful' (Od.).

    *VAR Ion. νεηνίης, -ew; νεᾶνις [f.] 'young lady, girl' (IL, also LXX), Ion. νεῆνις,  contracted vijvic, -1606, -ἰν.

    *DER 1. Hypocoristic: νεανίσκος, νεην- [m.] 'id? (IA) with veaviox-evopat [v.] 'to be  in youth' (com., X.), -εύματα [pl] = Lat. Iuvenalia (Ὁ. C.); νεανισκ-άριον (Arr. Epict.), -bdptov (Theognost.). 2. Adjective: νεανικός 'youthful' (Att., Hp.) with  νεανικ-έω [v.] 'to be youthful' (Eup.), -ότης 'youth' (Sext. Ps.). 3. Verbs: νεανιεύομαι  [v.] 'to behave youthful or recklessly' (Att.), rarely with prefix as ém-, mpoo-; thence νεανίευμα [n.] 'youthful behaviour' (Ρ].), νεαν(ι)εία [f.] (Ph.); νεανίζω (Plu., Poll.).

    *ETYM A substantival derivation in -ἰᾶς from *vedivoc vel sim., which must itself be  an enlargement of νέος. A proposal for the origin of this suffix -a@n- was made by  Leukart 1980: 238ff.

XXXXXνέατος [adj.] 'lowest, utmost'.

    *VAR Epic also νείατος. =veidc, νέος.

XXXXXvedw [v.] 'to plough up a fallow land'. =VELOG, νέος.

XXXXXνεβλᾶραι = περαίνειν 'to finish, fulfill' (HL). <?>

    *ETYM Cf. νεβλάρεται (?) in Phot. = Ar. Fr. 241.

XXXXXνεβρός [m., f.] 'young of the deer, fawn' (11.λ <?>

    *COMP As a first member e.g. in νεβρο-τόκος 'bringing forth fawns' (Nic.).

    *DER Several derivatives, most poet. and late: 1. Substantive: veBpic, -ίδος [f.]  'fawnskin' (E.) with νεβρίδ-ιον (Artem.) and νεβριζω [v.] 'to wear a fawnskin' (Ὁ. 18,  259, beside κρατηρίζω 'drink a bowl', of the participants of a Dionysus-festival),  νεβρισμός 'wearing veBpic (gramm.); νεβρῆ [f.] 'id.' (Orph.); νεβρίας [m.] of γαλεός,  name of a shark (Arist.), after its color, cf. Thompson 1947 s.v., ἔλαφος νεβρίας 'deer'  (H. s.v. Addac); véBpaxec: of ἄρρενες νεοττοὶ τῶν ἀλεκτρυόνων 'the male chicks of  the rooster' (H.), cf. σκύλαξ, πόρταξ and Chantraine 1933: 379; νεβρίτης λίθος  (Orph.), -ἴτις (Plin.), after the color. 2. Adjectives: véBprvoc (S.), véBpetoc (Call. API.) 'of a fawn', véBpetov name of the Pastinaca sativa (Ps.-Dsc.), Stromberg 1944:

===Pag_1053: Beekes_Página_1053.tiff===

; νεβρώδης 'fawn-like' (AP). 3. Verb: νεβρόομαι 'to be changed into a fawn' (Nonn.).

    *ETYM An exact match to νεβρός has been sought in Arm. nerk, -oy 'color', deriving  both from IE *(s)neg'ro-. However, the meaning of the Armenian word has nothing  to do with 'deer'. The correspondence is listed as 'doubtful' in Clackson 1994: 182. Janda Sprache 38 (1996): 87-92 derives it from *neg'-ro- 'naked' (= unarmed). The deer and hind are often called after their variegated color, e.g. πρόξ, προκάς  'deer- or roe-like animal' from περκνός 'speckled', πρεκνόν: ποικιλόχροον ἔλαφον  'varicolored deer' (H.).

XXXXXνέηλυς 'newly arrived'. -οἐλεύσομαι. ᾿

XXXXXνεῖκος [n.] 'quarrel, strife, feud' (IL, Hdt.), on the mg. Triimpy 1950: 144f. 41ΕῈ neik- 'attack, run at'> 1 Asa second member in πολυ-νεικής 'much quarrelling', as a PN Πολυ-νείκης 'ῬῈΕᾺ νεικέω [v.] 'to quarrel with words, blame, abuse' (1].,, epic also -είω < -es-je/o-, aor. νεικέσ(σλαι; thence νεικεσ-τήρ 'quarreler' (Hes. Op. 716; v1. τητήρ); νεικέσσιος: πολέμιος 'hostile' (H.), after ἱκέσιος etc.

    *ETYM Related to the Baltic group of Lith. ap-nikti, also su-nikti 'to attack somebody',  Latv. nikns 'bad, grim, vehement', ndiks 'vehement, angry', and to Hitt. nini(n)k-* 'to  set in motion, mobilize' (see LIV' s.v. *nejk- 'sich erheben'). Greek only preserves  derivations from the s-stem, and perhaps also ▶︎ νίκη.

XXXXXνειός [f.] 'fallow field' (Hom., Hes., Call., Arist., Thphr.); on the mg. see below.

    <IE?  *ni- '(be)low'>

    *VAR Also νεός (X., Amorgos IV*), νειά (Amorgos IV*), ved or νέα (Thphr., Att. inscr.).

    *DER With deviating semantics: νει-όθεν [adv.] 'from below' (K 10, Hell. poet.), vet-  όθε 'id. (poet. inscr. 1ΠΡ, Luc.), νει-όθι 'below' (® 317, Hes. Th. 567, Hell. poet.). Superl. νείατος 'lowermost, utmost' (mainly epic since 1].), also véatoc, Arc. νήατος,  after ἔσχατος, πύματος, cf. μέσος : μέσατος; vedtn [f.] (Cratin., Pl.), contracted νήτη  (Arist. Ptol.), scil. χορδή 'the lowest string' (with the highest tone); νειότατον-  κατώτατον 'lowermost' (H.); also νήϊστος in νήϊστα: ἔσχατα, κατώτατα (H.),  probably also in Νήϊσται (Boeot. -ἴτται) πύλαι a gate in Thebes (A. Th. 460, E. Ph. 1104). Fem. vetaipa (véatpa Simon.) 'the lowermost', as a substantive (scil. γαστήρ)  'belly, abdomen' (IL, Hp., Hell.), cf. γέραιρα, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 104, 234; cf. also  Benveniste 1935: 112); contracted veipa (A. Ag. 1479, E. Rh. 794 [readings not quite  certain], H.); νειρός [m.] (Lyc., H) with νειρὴ κοίλη κοιλία ἐσχάτη 'outermost  stomach' (H.), Schwyzer: 475. On the entire set of forms, cf. Schwyzer: 503. Denominative vedw [v.] 'to plough a fallow land' (Hes. Op. 462, com., Thphr.),  connected with νέος 'new' at an early date, if not even derived from it, cf. on ▶︎ νέος;

XXXXXνεατός [m.] 'working of fallow land' (X. Oik. 7, 20; like ἀλοατός), νέασις [f.] 'id' (Thphr.) with νεάσιμος (gloss.), see Arbenz 1933: 87.

    *ETYM If νειόθεν, velatoc, veiaipa are cognate with νειός, νειός (scil. γῆ, χώρα), it  must have originally meant 'with a low location, low plain'; the meaning 'fallow

===Pag_1054: Beekes_Página_1054.tiff=== XXXXXνεκρός 1003 land', which is also possible for Homer, could rest on the folk-etymological connection with νέος 'new'; cf. Lat. novalis, -e 'fallow land'. The comparison of νειός < veirdc with a Slavic word for 'field', eg. Ru. niva [f.], is doubtful (see Derksen 2008 s.v. with alternatives). For Greek, if we separate a suffix -uo-, it is possible to compare the IE adverb ni 'low' seen in Skt. ni, with derivatives in eg. OHG nidar 'downward', OE neowol 'steep' < ni-yol-. However, the writing vn- in νήϊστος, Arc. νήατος has not been explained in a convincing way. Since an old lengthened grade is highly improbable (especially in a superlative), the n must be secondary.

XXXXXνείφει [v.] 'it snows' (Il.). 41E *sneig'"- 'snow'>

    *VAR Aor. νεῖψαι, νειφθῆναι, fut. νείψει. Cf. viga [acc.sg-f.] (falling) snow' (Hes. Op. 535).

    *COMP Sometimes with prefix, eg. κατα-. Compounds, eg. νιφ-ό-βολος 'snow-  covered' (Ar., E.), ἀγά-ννιφ-ος 'with muchsnow' (A 420, Σ 186, Epich.).

    *DER 1. νιφ-άδες [f.pl.], also sing. vip-dc, -άδος 'snow-flake, snowstorm' (Il, Pi.,  trag.), also [adj.] 'rich in snow' (S.); 2. νιφ-ετός [m.] 'falling snow, snowstorm' (IL,  Arist.) with νιφετ- ώδης 'connected with snow-fall' (Arist., Plb.); 3. νιφ-όεις 'snowy,  rich in snow' (IL).

    *ETYM The full-grade thematic root present veiget (vipguev M 280 stands for veig-),  from which the other Greek verbal forms arose, neatly corresponds with Av. snaéZa-  (eg. subj. snaéZat), OHG and OE sniwan, Lith. sniégti, 38g. sniéga, as well as perhaps  Lat. nivit 'it snows' (Pac.), from thematic PIE *sneig't-e- 'it snows'. A zero grade  thematic present is found in Olr. snigid 'it drops, rains', and a nasal present in Lat. ninguit, Lith. sniviga. Deviating in meaning is the zero-grade yod-present Skt. snihyati 'to get wet, sticky',  metaph. 'to find affection', with sneha- 'stickyness, affection, etc.', with a shift of  meaning that has been ascribed to the mild climate, like in the Celtic word (see  above). Comparable to this shift in Greek is eg. Nonn. D. 22, 283 αἵματι νείφεις of  sticky blood, Lyc. 876 ὀμβρία νιφάς of a rain shower. It is also possible that 'to be  sticky' is the original root meaning, as advocated by LIV? s.v. *sneig#"-. The root noun acc. vipa (beside which as a nom. νιφετός, νιφάς, χιών) is identical  with Lat. nix, nivis < IE *snig'*- and is also continued in ἀγά-ννιφος < *-snig"'-. viBa-  χιόνα 'winter' (H.) could also be included here as Illyrian (Krahe IF 58 (1942): 133). An o-stem *snoigo- is found in Gm. (eg. Go. snaiws, MoHG Schnee) and in Slavic  (e.g. OCS snége).

XXXXXνεκρός [m.] 'corpse, dead' (Il), plur. 'the dead' = 'inhabitants of the Underworld' (Od., Th, LXX, NT), also attributive and adjectival (-ά, -όν) 'dead' (Hell.); νεκρὸν ὕτπον (Pi. Fr. 203) is probably predicative.

    *COMP Often as a first member, e.g. νεκρο-δέγμων 'receiving dead' (Ἅιδης, A. Pr. 153  [lyr.]); rarely as a second member, e.g. μυριότνεκρος 'with uncountable casualties'  (μάχη, Plu.). .

    *DER 1. Substantive: νεκρών, -ὥνος [π|.] (Tegea II*, AP), νεκρια [f.] 'place of the dead,  graveyard' (Hell. pap.), on the unknown accent see Scheller 1951: 46. 2. Adjective:

===Pag_1055: Beekes_Página_1055.tiff===

γνεκρ-ιμαῖος 'belonging to ἃ corpse', τὸ vexp-tpaiov 'corpse' (LXX), after θνησιμ-αῖος, Chantraine 1933: 49; νεκρ-ικός 'regarding the dead', τὰ νεκρικά 'inheritance' (Luc., Vett. Val.); νεκρ-ώδης 'like a corpse' (Luc., Gal.). 3. Verb: vexpdopat, -dw 'to die, kill, enervate' (late) with νέκρωσις 'being dead, killing' (late), -ώσιμα [n.pl.] = νεκύσια (church-writers, gloss.), to θανάσιμος (Arbenz 1933: 93), -ώματα [pl.} 'dead bodies' (comm. Arist.), τωτικός 'causing death' (Gal.). In the same mg. νέκῦς (post-Hom. -ὕ-) [m.], also [adj.] 'dead' (epic poet IL, also Hdt. and Gortyn), véxup: νεκρός. Λάκωνες (H.); some compounds, e.g. νεκυο-μαντήϊον, -etov 'oracle of the dead' (Hdt.), ἰσό-νεκυς 'corpse-like' (E. Or. 200 [lyr.], after ἰσό- θεος, see on ἴσος). Thence: véxuia [f.] 'offer to the dead, so as to summon them' (Ὁ. δ. Plu., Nic.), old abstract formation in 14 instead of later -id (cf. ἀλήθεια beside -eia, etc., cf. Solmsen 1909: 248ff.); in the same mg. νεκυϊσμός (Man.); on formations in -topdc see Chantraine 1933: 142ff; νεκύσια [n.pl.] 'feasts of the dead' (Hell. pap.), cf. θαλύσια, γενέσια, whence Νεκύσιος [m.] Cretan month-name (115); νεκυϊκός 'belonging to the dead' (Cyran.); νεκύα [f.] plantname = φλόμος (Cyran.), because of its use in the conjuration of the dead; after καρύα, σικύα, etc; on ▶︎ νεκύδαλῴ(λ)ος see SV. Archaic is νέκες: νεκροί (H.), note also νεκ-άς, -άδος [f.] 'heap of dead' (E 886, AP), like νιφάς, etc. (Bechtel 1914 s.v., Chantraine 1933: 352). Unrelated is ▶︎ v@xap, -apog [n.].

    *ETYM The monosyllabic stem of véxec corresponds exactly to Lat. nex, necis [f.]  'violent death, murder' and OAv. nas- [f.] 'need, distress', from a root noun IE *nek-. The u-stem in νέκυς also appears in Iranian, in Av. nas, gen. nasduuo [f. m.]  'corpse'; originally, the Gr. v was short, corresponding to Iranian ablaut wu: dv < *u:  ou, as established in Beekes and Cuypers Mnem. 56 (2003): 485-491. Lat. nequdlia  'detrimenta' is sometimes adduced, but rejected by De Vaan 2008 sv. nex. The ro-  formation in νεκρός has no parallel outside Greek. The root was verbal in PIE, e.g. Skt. nasyati, ToA nakdt [3sg.pret.] 'to disappear,  perish'; see LIV' s.v. nek- for further forms. Probably unrelated is ▶︎ νέκταρ.

XXXXXvextaipovoty [v.] - κολάζουσιν 'chastise' νεκτάρας: μάστιξ 'whip' νεκτάρθη: ἐζημιώθη 'was punished' [corr. for ἐζυμώθηη (all H.). < 2

    *ETYM Not related to ▶︎ νέκταρ. Unknown.

XXXXXνέκταρ, -αρος [n.] 'nectar, drink of the gods' (II.). < IE?, PG?>

    *COMP As a first member in νεκταρο-σταγής 'dripping nectar' (com.), etc.

    *DER νεκτάρ-εος 'of nectar, smelling like nectar' (Il), -ώδης 'nectar-like' (Gp.);

XXXXXνεκτάριον [n.] plantname = ἑλένιον (Dsc.), also name of a medicine and several eye- salves (Gal.), with νεκταρίτης (οἶνος) 'wine spiced with vextapiov' (Dsc., Plin.).

    *ETYM In contrast with ἀμβροσία, which is of related meaning (see ▶︎ βροτός), νέκταρ  does not have an ascertained etymology. Often considered to be a compound of the  root noun *nek- 'death', found in véxec (cf. ▶︎ νεκρός), Lat. nex 'murder', and the  verbal root *ferh,- 'to cross, overcome', found in Skt. tdrati, the zero grade of which  indeed occurs as a second member in Skt. ap-tur 'crossing the waters', viSva-tur

===Pag_1056: Beekes_Página_1056.tiff=== XXXXXνέμεσις, -εως 1005 'overcoming everything', etc. (cf on ▶︎ tépyia). There is no reflex of word-final h., which may be assumed to have been lost in the oblique cases, e.g. nek-trh,-os > νέκταρος. However, it seems unlikely that the latter stem form was introduced into the nom./acc., since these were much more frequent. We rather have to assume analogical reshaping of the nominative; cf. the discussion in Beekes 1969: 161. If the etymology is correct, νέκταρ would be an element of IE poetic language (cf. Schmitt KZ 77 (1961): 88, who refers to Skt. mrtyumati ἢ 'to overcome death' odanéna 'by rice-milk' (AV 4, 35), as well as R. Schmitt 1967: 38f., 155ff.). Various older speculations should definitely be rejected (e.g. νέκταρ would originally mean 'not being dead', belonging to the gloss κτέρες: νεκροί 'the dead' [H.]; cf. on »>KTépac); see Frisk for references. Meanwhile, different explanations have been suggested assuming non-Indo- European origin. Fur.: 320 compares vikdptov, an eye-salve. If this is correct, the word may be Pre-Greek. He also points to other Pre-Greek words in -ap (op.cit. 134'), remarking that the traditional interpretation as a compound is too Indo- Iranian in character for a Greek word. Drew Griffith Glotta 72 (1994): 20-3 explains the word as a loan from Egyptian ntrh 'divine', a sodium carbonate used in mummification; in T 37, νέκταρ is dripped into the nostrils of Patroclus. The word is found as nif(i)ru in Akkadian, and as nitri in Hittite. Since these forms have no velar, the difficulty of explaining the Greek cluster -κτ- remains. It is suggested that it went via a Semitic form *netky, but such a form is not attested. Drew Giffith further compares δάκτυλος 'date' from Eg. dal, but this form may have been influenced by the word for 'finger'. It cannot be assumed that the velar was introduced from νέκυς, so the explanation cannot be maintained. The Egyptian word was later borrowed as ▶︎ νίτρον. Finally, Levin SMEA 13 (1971) derived the word from Semitic ngtr 'to burn incense'.

XXXXXνεκύδαλ(λ)ος [m.] 'the cocoon of the silkworm' (Arist. Ath., Clem. Alex.). On the mg. Immisch Glotta 6 (1915): 203ff. < PG(S)>

    *ETYM Formation like xopt-5-aA(A)og 'crested lark' (see κόρυδος), 'so probably  derived from νέκυς in view of the apparent lifelessness of the larva' (Frisk). According to Immisch Glotta 6 (1915): 203ff., the name is also connected with the  view of the Seelenschmetterling (butterfly of the soul) and its symbolic views. Incorrectly, Giintert 1919: 220 f.: properly 'deathworm', from νέκυς and del- 'split' in  δαιδάλλω, etc. The interpretation in Frisk seems most improbable. The word is  clearly Pre-Greek (on -aA(A Joc, see Beekes 2008).

XXXXXνέκυς 'νεκρός.

XXXXXγέμεσις, -εως [f.] 'righteous anger, retribution' (Il.), also personified (Hes.); on the mg. below. 41E? *nem- 'attribute'>

    *DER Νεμέσια [n.pl.] 'festival of Nemesis' (D.), appellative νεμέσιον [n.} as a  plantname = ὠκιμοειδές 'catchfly' (Ps.-Dsc.); Νεμεσεῖον (-tov) 'temple of Nemesis'  (Hell. inscr.); νεμεσίτης λίθος [m.] name of a magic stone (Cyran.). Denominative verbs: 1. νεμεσ(σ)άομαι, -dw 'to become indignant, rage, get angry,  resent' (IL), aor. νεμεσ(σ)-ηθῆναι, -ήσασθαι, -ῆσαι, verbal adj. -τός; analogical after

===Pag_1057: Beekes_Página_1057.tiff===

other verbs in -άομαι, -άω (cf. Chantraine 1942: 358, Schwyzer: 727), -σσ- beside -σ- is also analogical / metrical, as in νεμέσσι [dat.sg.] Z 335; νεμεσητικός 'prone to perturbation' (Arist.), νεμεσήμων 'unwilling, perturbed' (Call., Nonn.). 2. νεμεσίζο- jiat (only pres. and ipf.) 'id.' (Hom.).

    *ETYM Formation in -τις (cf. γένεσις, Λάχεσις; see on ▶︎ λαγχάνω), often connected  with ▶︎ νέμω. The proper meaning would be *'Gust) assignment, attribution,  imputatio'; this perhaps still shines through in the usual epic expression οὐ νέμεσις  (τινί), originally 'one cannot attribute (to sbd.y, ie. 'one cannot blame 504. for sth'  (cf. Bischoff Gnomon 15 (1939): 549').

XXXXXνέμος [n.] 'grove, forest' (since A 480).

    <IE? *nem, 'attribute', *nem- 'bend'>

    *DER Probably here Neyéa, epic -ein [f.] valley and place in Argolis with a forest  dedicated to Ζεὺς Νέμειος (since Hes.).

    *ETYM Identical with Lat. nemus [n.] 'forest, (holy) wood'; also related is a Celtic  word for '(holy) wood, sanctuary', in Gaul. nemeton, Olr. nemed. For IE *nem-os-  beside '*nemeto-, cf. τέλος : τελετή. Further combinations are hypothetical:  connection with Skt. ndmati 'to bend' with ndmas- [n.] 'bow, adoration'; with  > νέμω, -ovat in the sense 'to pasture'.

XXXXXνέμω, -ομαι [v.] 'to allot, dispense, distribute, appropriate, possess; to inhabit, manage; to pasture, graze, consume' (II.).

    *VAR Aor. νεῖμαι (IL), -ασθαι, pass. νεμηθῆναι, fut. veud, -οὔμαι (Ion. -ἕομαι, late  τήσω, -ήσομαι), perf. νενέμηκα,-ημαι (Att, etc.).

    *COMP Often with prefix, e.g. ἀπο-, éml-, KaTa-, προσ-.

    *DER A. νομή [f.] 'pasture', metaph. 'spread', eg. of an ulcer , 'distribution' (IA),  'possession' (Hell.). Also ém-, προ-νομή, etc. from émt-, προ-νέμειν, -εσθαι, etc. Also νομός [m.] 'pasture' (IL), 'seat, residence' (Pi, Hdt, S.), 'province' (Hdt, Ὁ. S., Str.). From νομή or νομός (cannot always be determined with certainty): 1. νομάς, -άδος  'roaming the pasture', substantivized plur. 'pastoral people, nomads' (IA), as an EN  'Numidians' (Plb.); thence νομαδ-ικός 'roaming, belonging to pastoral peoples,  Numidian' (Arist.), τίτης 'id' (Suid.), -iat [f.pl] 'pastures' with -taiocg (Peripl. M. Rubr.). 2. νομεύς [m.] 'herdsman, shepherd' (Il.), also 'distributor' (Ρ].), plur. 'ribs of  a ship' (Hdt.); from this (or from voudc?) νομεύω [v.] 'to pasture' (IL) with νόμευ-μα  [n.] 'herd' (A.), -τικός 'belonging to pasturage' (Pl.); διανομ-εύς (to διανομή).,  προνομ-εύω (to προ-νομή), etc. 3. νόμιος 'regarding the pasture', also as an epithet of  several gods (Pi, Ar., Call.); cf. on νόμος; νομαῖος 'id' (Nic, Call); νομώδης  'festering', of an ulcer (medic.). 4. νομάζω, -ομαι [v.] 'to pasture' (Nic.). B. νόμος [m.] 'custom, usage, law; (musical) key, tone' (since Hes.), with several  compounds, e.g.'"Evvopoc PN (II.), εὔτνομος 'equipped with good laws' (Pi.) with  εὐνομ-ίη, -ia Jawful order' (since p 487). From νόμος: 1. adj. νόμιμος 'customary,  lawful (IA), with νομιμότης [f.] (lamb.); νομικός 'regarding the laws, juridical,  jurisprudent' (Pl, Arist.); νόμαιος = νόμιμος (Ion. and late); νόμιος 'id' (Locris; cf. on νομός). 2 Verb νομίζω 'to use customarily, be used to, observe (a custom),  believe' (IA, Dor.), sporadically with prefix, eg. συν-, kata-; thence νόμισις [f.]  'belief (Th.}, νόμισμα [n.] 'custom, received or current institution, (valid) coin' (IA),

===Pag_1058: Beekes_Página_1058.tiff=== XXXXXνεογιλλός, -ιἰλός 1007 diminutive -άτιον (Poll.); νομιστός 'received' with νομιστεύομαι 'be received' (Plb.), also νομιτεύομαι 'id.' (Hell. and late inscr.), cf. θεμι(σ)γτεύω. C. νεμέτωρ, -ορος [π|.] 'keeper (of justice), avenger' (A. Th. 485); véunots [f.], also ano-, δια-, ἐπι-, etc, from ἀπο-νέμω, etc. 'distribution' (is. Arist.); νεμ-ητής = νεμέτωρ (Poll.) with -ἥτρια [f] (inscr. Rome, IV); uncertain Νεμήϊος epithet of Zeus (Archyt. apud Stob.); perhaps for Νέμειος (from Nevéa). On ▶︎ νέμεσις, see s.v. Ὁ. Deverbatives: νεμέθω, -opat [v.] 'to pasture' (A 635, Nic.); νωμάω 'to distribute, maintain, observe' (IL, Hdt., Parm.), aor. -ἦσαι, also with ém-, ἀμφι-, mpoo-, whence νώμ-ησις (Pl. Cra. 411d), -ἦτωρ 'distributor, etc' (Man., Nonn.).

    *ETYM The Greek system is built on the present νέμω. The disyllabic forms νεμέτωρ,  νέμεσις, νέμησις must somehow be analogical after yevétwp, γένεσις, etc., as νεμ-  had no final laryngeal The ramification of the meanings found in νέμω and its  derivations is problematic. Benveniste 1948: 79 stresses that the phenomenon of  lawful and regular distribution that characterizes the verb νέμω. However, it may be  asked whether more than one root is at the basis of νέμω. Of the words outside Greek that are interesting for the etymology, the Germanic  verb for 'take' agrees best with νέμω: Go. niman, etc; further, Latv. pemit, sg. pemu  'to take'. A selection of nominal derivations: Av. namah- [n.] 'loan', Lat. numerus  'number, etc., Olr. nem [f.] 'poison' (cf. Gr. δόσις, G Giff). Connection with Skt. ndmati 'bow, bend' and ToB nédm- 'id', which are formally  identical with νέμω, can be neither proven nor disproven. LIV' makes a division in 1. *nem- 'zuteilen' (Gr., Gm. and Latv.) and 2. *nem- 'sich neigen' (IIr. and To.). See  ▶︎ νέμος.

XXXXXνενίηλος [adj.] 'unwise, blinded', acc. to H. = τυφλός, ἀπόπληκτος, ἀνόητος 'blind, senseless, stupid' (Call. Jov. 63).

    *DER Beside it ἐνίηλος (very doubtful, probably <v>s-): ἀνόητος; also νενός' εὐήθης  'simple, silly (H.).

    *ETYM Fur.: 392 compares νενός with ἐνεός 'stupid, dumb'; the v.l. <v>e- might also  be an instance of this alternation.

XXXXXvévvog [m.] '(maternal) uncle' (Thera, Poll. H., Eust.), 'maternal grandfather' (Poll; v.l. v6vvoc); on the mg. cf. μήτρως. ONOM>

    *DER vavvav- TOV τῆς μητρὸς ἢ τοῦ πατρὸς ἀδελφόν' οἱ δὲ τὴν τούτων ἀδελφήν. νάννη: μητρὸς ἀδελφή (HL). Cf. also viv(v)n [f.] 'grandmother, mother-in-law' vel  sim.? (Thessalonica ΠΡ).

    *ETYM Reduplicated Lallwort like e.g. Skt. παπᾶ [f.] 'mother, mama', MoP nana 'id',  SCr. nana 'mother', Ru. njdnja 'nurse'; Lat. nonnus, -a 'monk, nun', also 'nurse-  maid' can probably also be adduced. On the Greek words, see Schwyzer: 315, 339, 423.

XXXXXνεογιλλός, -tAd¢ (adj.] 'newly born, young, small' vel sim. (u 86, Is. Fr. 12, Theoc., late prose); cf. H. νεογιλῆς (μ 86)" νεογνῆς, νεαρᾶς, νέας, νεωστὶ γεννηθείσης; acc. to sch. ad loc. γάλακτι τρεφομένης 'fed by mother's breast'; besides perhaps νεογιλής in νεογηλέα, v.l. Anacr. 51 for νεοθηλέα.

    <IE? *geid- 'suck'>

    *VAR Perhaps found in Myc. ki-ra = /gilla/, Chantraine 1968: 574.

===Pag_1059: Beekes_Página_1059.tiff===

    *ETYM The second member is also seen in the PN Γίλλος, with Γιλλίς, -iwv. The  gemination, which is typical of pet names, does not necessarily belong to the  adjective. However, if it is original, -γιλλος may stand for ἔ-γιδ-λος and belong  together with Lith. zisti, isg. Zindu 'to suck'; νεογιλλός may then originally mean  'who started sucking recently'.

XXXXXνεογνός [adj.] 'newborn'. >yiyvouau.

XXXXXνεολαία [f.] 'group of young men, youth of a nation' (A. [lyr.], Ar. Fr. 67, Theoc., late prose), also adj. (E. Ale. 103 [lyr.]; correct?). <«GR>

    *ETYM Abstract compound from νέος and λαός with a suffix -ia-: *veo-haf-ia,  properly 'composition of young people'. Cf. Georgacas Glotta 6 (1958): 172f.

XXXXXνέομαι [v.] 'to reach some place, escape, return, get home' (Il.). 41Ε *nes- 'return, heal'>

    *VAR Contracted forms νεῦμαι, veiau, νεῖται, etc., only present-stem. Further νίσομαι  (-co-), only present stem except for uncertain or late attestations of a supposed  aorist νίσίσλασθαι, often with prefix. e.g. peta-, ποτι-, ἀπο-, 'drive, go, come' (1].).

    *DIAL Myc. PN Ne-ti-ja-no /Nesti-anor/, see Peters Sprache 32 (1986). It is compared  with Thess. Νέσσανδρος (SEG 34, 530).

    *COMPA\so with prefix, especially ἀπο-.

    *DER 1. νόστος [m.] 'return, homecoming, (felicitous) journey' (IL), also 'income,  produce' (Trypho apud Ath. 14, 618d); &-vootog 'without yield' (Thphr.); hence  νόστιμος 'belonging to the return' (Od.), also 'giving produce, fruitful, nutritious'  (Call., Thphr., Plu.). Denominative verb vootéw 'to return, come home, travel' (epic poet. since IL. also  Hadt.), also with prefix, eg. ἀπο-, ὑπο-, mept-; thence ἀπο-, ὑπο-, περι-νόστησις [f.]  'return, retreat, etc. (late). 2. Νέστωρ, -ορος [m.] PN (Il.), whence Νεστόρεος (Il.),  Aeol. for -ἰος; -ειος (Pi., E.), veotopic, -ἶδος [f.] name of acup (Ath. 11, 487f.).

    *ETYM The thematic root present νέομαι < *nes-e/o- corresponds formally with the  Germanic group of Go. ganisan 'to recover, be saved', OE genesan 'to escape, be  saved, survive', MoHG genesen 'to mend, recover', with a perfective prefix *ga-. The  semantic connection between these verbs is quite straightforward. Skt. ndsate 'to  come near, approach, meet sbd., unite', which is semantically farther removed, is  nevertheless formally identical; if Nadsatyd [m.du.], indicating the Aévins, properly  means 'Healers, Saviors', it fits well with véopat, ga-nisan and the causatives Go. nasjan 'to save' and OHG nerian 'to save, heal, feed'. The forms νίσομαι (also written viocouat) are debated. Acc. to LIV?, we may explain  them as *ni-ns-e- > νῖσε- (instead of sound-regular **vive-) by assuming an  athematic 3sg. *ni-ns-toi with preservation of s before t, and only later thematization  (likewise, Pok. 766; differently, Peters Sprache 30 (1984): 86). The explanation as a  desiderative *ni-ns-s-e/o- is less likely in view of the formal match with Skt. nimsate  < *ni-ns-e/o-. The comparison with ToA nasam, ToB nesau 'I am' < perf. *nos- is accepted by  some, doubted by others. See also on ▶︎ ναίω 'to live' and on ▶︎ ἄσμενος, ΄

===Pag_1060: Beekes_Página_1060.tiff=== XXXXXνεοσσός 1009

XXXXXνεόπτραι [f.] - υἱῶν θυγατέρες 'daughters of sons' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Hypotheses by Latte and Benveniste 1969:1: 234.

XXXXXvéog [adj.] 'new, young, youthful, unusual, unheard' (Il.). <1E *neuo- 'new'>

    *VAR Grades of comparison νεώτερος, -τατος (since II.), also véatoc in the sense of  'the last one' (trag.), but perhaps contaminated with velatoc, see on ▶︎ νειός.

    *DIAL Myc, ne-wo.

    *COMP Very often as a first member, cf. veo-ytAAdc, veo-yv-dc, vé-optoc (see  ὄρνυμι), νεοχμός, etc.

    *DER 1. νεαρός 'young, youthful, tender, fresh' (Β 289; on the formation below) with νεάρωσις [f] 'rejuvenation' (Poet. in Pland. 78, 13). 2. νεότης, -ητος (Dor. -tas) [f.]  'age of youth, youthful spirit, band of young men' (II.), -τήσιος 'youthful' (Ps.-  Phoc.). 3. veoin [f.] 'youthful thoughtlessness' (¥ 604), νέοιαι: dppoobvat 'id.' (H.);  after dvoin, ἄνοια. 4. νέᾶξ, -κος [m.] = νεανίας (Nicophon, Poll.); see Bjarck 1950:  264f. Adverbs: 5. νεωστί 'newly, fresh' (TA) from νέως + τι (Schwyzer: 624). 6. vedBev  'lately' (S. OC 1447 [lyr.]). Denominative verbs: 7. νεάζω 'to be or become young'  (ας. com. Hdt, Hell.), also with prefix, eg. ava-, éx-, év-, whence ἐκνεασμός  'innovation (Simp.); on νεασμός 'labouring of a fallow land' (Gp.), from vedw, see  below and on ▶︎ νειός. 8. vedw 'to make new' (A.), also = vedw (LXX, Poll.) with νεώματα [pl.] 'laboured fallow land' (LXX). 9. vedw [v.] 'to work fallow land' (Hes. Op. 462), cf. Lat. novalis (ager, terra) 'fallow land'; besides, derivation from ▶︎ νειός  'fallow land' is conceivable. 10. vewoow, -ttw [v.] 'to renew (Hdn., H.). 11. νεωτερίζω  [v.] 'to renew, innovate (in political organization) (Att.) with vewtep-topds, -ἰσμα,  -LOLG, -ἰστής, -ἰκός. On ▶︎ νεᾶνίᾶς, see 5.ν.

    *ETYM The form νέος « νέρος (cf. Myc. ne-wo and Cypr. νερόστατοςλ) is identical  with Hitt. neua-, Skt. ndva-, Lat. novus, OCS nove, ToB fiuwe, ToA fiu, all from IE  *neuo- 'new'. There is also a derivative in -io- in Skt. ndvya-, Go. niujis, Gaul. Novio-  diinum, Lith. natijas. Theoretically, νεῖος (only A. R. 1, 125, verse-initially) could  agree with this, but it is rather due to metrical lengthening. An r-formation parallel  to νεαρός is found in Arm. nor 'new' < *neyerd- vel sims cf. νηρός. The  denominative verb vedw agrees with Lat. novdre and Hitt. neuahh- 'to renew', but  they could be parallel innovations, like the correspondence of νεότης with Lat. novitds, and of νέαξ with CS novaks. It is probable that the adjective *neuo- derives  from *nu 'now'.

XXXXXveooods [m.] 'young bird, chick', also of other animals and of men (IL), 'yolk of an egg' (Arist.).

    *VAR Also νοσσός (Schwyzer: 253 with lit.), Att. νεοττός,

    *COMP Some compounds, e.g. ν(ε)οσσο-τροφέω (-tt-) [v.] 'to rear young birds'  (Ar.).

    *DER 1. Diminutives: v(e)oociov, -tt- 'chick', also metaph. 'yolk of an egg' (Ar,  Arist. Thphr.); -ooic, -ττίς [f.] 'id', also as a PN (com., Arist. AP), as a designation  of a shoe (Herod. 7, 57; probably from the PN). 2. collective ν(εδοσσιή (Ion.), -ττιά  (Att), voooid (Hell) 'brood', also 'den, lair' (Herod.), 'beehive' (LXX). 3.

===Pag_1061: Beekes_Página_1061.tiff===

Denominative verb ν(ε)οσσεύω, -ττεύῳω 'to breed, nestle' (IA) with νεοττεία, -ττευσις 'breeding' (Arist.). 4. PN Νόσσος, Nooow, Νοσσικᾶς (inscr.).

    *ETYM Formed from νέος, probably after the example of περισσός, ἔπισσαι, or  μέτασσαι. These contain the adjectival suffix *-tio- added to a preposition, as found  also in e.g. Hitt. appezziia- 'backmost', Skt. dpatya- 'offspring' < *Hop-e/o-ti-o- and,  within Greek, in the adverbs ὀπίσ(σγω, πρόσ(σ)ω.

XXXXXνεοχμός [adj.] 'new, unusual, strange', almost only of objects (Ion. poet., Alcm.).

    *DER νεοχμίη: κίνησις πρόσφατος 'recent movement' (H.) and denominative  νεοχμόω = νεωτερίζω 'to innovate (in the political system), to revolt' (Hdt., Th. 1, 12,  Arist.) with νεόχμωσις [f.] 'innovation, unusual appearance' (Arist, Aret.); also  νεοχμ-έω (H., Suid.), -i(w (HL) 'id'.

    *ETYM Derived from νέος, but with an unclear formation. It has been compared with  ὀρροχμόν: ἔσχατον, ἄκρον 'topmost, highest' (H.), from ὄρρος. Wackernagel KZ 33  (1895): τί. analyzes -χμ- as the zero grade of χθών, χαμαί, so the compound would  originally mean 'new in (this) land'; however, this has not been universally accepted.

XXXXXνέπετος [3] = καλαμίνθη (Gal.). 'ΑΚ Cf. νέπιτα' ἡ καλαμίνθη (HL).

    *ETYM According to André 1956 s.v., νέπιτα was taken from Lat. nepeta. Fur.: 357 is  probably right in considering the origin of the Latin word to be a Greek pre-form  ἔνεπετα, Such a form points to Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXνέποδες [pl.] in νέποδες καλῆς Ἁλοσύδνιης as a designation of the φῶκαι 'seals' (ὃ 404); differently interpreted by later poets: as ἀπόγονοι 'descendants' (Theoc. 17, 25, Call. Fr. 77; also Eust. 1502, 36); as νηξίποδες 'creatures with fins' (H.), referring to fishes (Call. Fr. 260, Nic., AP), as ἄποδες 'feetless' (Apion apud Apollon. Lex.). 42>

    *ETYM The exact meaning is uncertain, so the word remains etymologically unclear. The fact that Greek has no word-negation *ve- 'not-, un-' is evidence against the  interpretation 'footless'. The interpretation as ᾿ἀπόγονοι᾽ identifies νέποδες with Lat. nepotes = Skt. ndpatah [pl.] 'grandchild'; thus, the word would have been adapted in  its inflection to πούς : ποδός.

XXXXXvép@e(v) [adv.] (from) below'.

    *VAR véptepag 'lower'. ''ἔνερθεν, ἐνέρτερος.

XXXXXvétwnov [n.] 'oil of bitter almonds' (Hp.), also vetwmov (H.) and by folk-etymology μετώπιον (medic, H.); viwnov (Hp. apud Erot.).

    *ETYM Acc. to Lewy 1895: 39f., it is a Semitic loan; cf. Hebr. natap, Aram. πη ἄρᾶ,  natopa 'drip; dripping, odoriferous resin'. However, the variations dental/zero (Fur.:  391) and e/t could also point to a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXνευρά [f.] 'string of a bow, sinew' (IL, X., Arist.). 418 *sneh,-ur/n- 'band, sinew'>

    *VAR Ion. -ἥ.

    *COMP Many compounds, e.g. veupd-onactog 'drawn by strings', substantivized  [n.pl.] 'puppets' (Hdt., X.), with derivatives vevpoondot-1g, -ἰκός, -ia, -ω (Arist.,  Hell.).

===Pag_1062: Beekes_Página_1062.tiff=== XXXXXνεύω 1011

    *DER Diminutive νευρίον [n.] (AP). Lengthened form νευρειή (Theoc. 25, 213; verse-  initial), cf. ἐγχείη : ἔγχος, etc; oxytone accent after νευρή. Also νεῦρον [n.] 'sinew, string (of a bow, of an instrument), cord, penis', in plur. 'strength, power' (II.). Derivatives: 1. diminutive vevpiov (Hp.). 2. Plant name νευράς, -άδος [f.] =  notippiov (Dsc., Plin.), δορύκνιον (Plin.). 3. Adjective νευρ-ώδης 'sinewy' (1A), -ἰνος  'made from sinews' (Pl. Arist.), -πκός 'suffering from contraction of the sinews,  concerning the sinews, etc.' (medic.). 4. Verb vevpdopat, -dw 'to be provided with  sinews' (Ar., Ph., Gal.), also with prefix ano-, ék-, whence ἀπονεύρωσις [f.] 'end of  the muscle, where it becomes tendinous' (Gal.).

    *ETYM Greek νεῦρον and Lat. nervus 'sinew, muscle, nerve' < *(s)neuro- display a  thematic enlargement of the r-stem seen in Av. snduuara [n.] 'sinew', ToB sfiaura  'sinews, nerves', Arm. neard 'sinew, fiber' (with QIE *-f). An alternating n-stem is  found in Skt. sndvan- [n.] 'band, sinew. The Greek and Latin thematizations  probably originated in the collective (neuter plural). We have to depart from IE *sneh,-ur/n-, a derivative in -uer/n- from a root *sneh,- 'to  twist together (threads), found in »véw 2 'to spin'. For the reconstruction, see  Schrijver 1991: 269. Hitt. ishunayar [n.] 'sinew' is unrelated, but derives from  ishunay- 'upper arm' (cf. Kloekhorst 2008 s.v.).

XXXXXvetw [v.] 'to incline, nod, beckon, grant' (IL). «IE *neu(H)- 'nod, incline'>

    *VAR Aor. νεῦσαι, fut. νεύσω, -νεύσομαι (IL.), perf. νένευκα (E.) -νένευμαι (Ph.).

    *COMP Often with prefix, e.g. dva-, ἐπι-, κατα-.

    *DER νεῦσις [f.] 'nodding, inclination', also with ἔκ-, ἀνά-, etc. (Pl, LXX), νεῦμα [n.]  'beck, nod' (A., Th., X.), also with ἐπι-, év-, ouv-; thence νευμάτιον (Arr.); νευστικός  'inclining' (Ph.). Enlargement νευστάζω (rarely with ém-) [v.] 'to nod, beckon' (I1.),  cf. βαστάζω, ῥυστάζω, etc.

    *ETYM Frisk argued that the retention of the diphthong in νεύω as well as in  νευστάζω pointed to a pre-form *neus-e/o- or *neus-ie/o-, comparing ▶︎ γεύομαι and  »εὕω. The late forms vévevka, -νένευμαι are derived from vetw. However, the  obvious cognate Lat. abnuo 'to refuse, deny', adnuo 'to nod, permit' derives from  *-neue/o-, which is why a root without -s- would be preferable. The form νεῦμα  agrees with Lat. niimen < *neu(s)-mn, but both forms are easily understood as  independent innovations. Garcia Ramon MSS 54 (1993): 33-63 discusses the Aktionsart and aspect of *neu(H)-  'to make a sudden movement', and comes to the following conclusions: 1) Lat. nitus  does not prove a laryngeal. 2) Skt. ndvate 'to move' should not be included as  evidence. 3) The Greek present may continue *neu(H)-e/o-. 4) The verb is non-  momentative and non-durative. The original meaning is still preserved in Greek and  Latin. Further cognates include Lith. niaisti 'to incline' and MIr. a:t-noi 'to entrust' (LIV'  s.v. *neu-). The group of Ru. nurit', which is semantically close, is difficult to connect  because a ro-adjective is hard to imagine for this root. See ▶︎ νύσσω, ▶︎ νυστάζω.

===Pag_1063: Beekes_Página_1063.tiff===

XXXXXνεφέλη [f.] 'cloud, mass of clouds' (epic poet. since IL, X., Arist.) also ἃ cloud in urine and in the eye (medic.), metaph. 'fine bird-net' (Ar., Call., AP). 1B *neb"-I- 'cloud'>

    *COMP νεφελ-ηγερέτα 'cloud-gatherer', epithet of Zeus, with voc. for nom., ἐπι-  νέφελος 'clouded' (Hdt., Hp., Arist.).

    *DER 1. Diminutive νεφέλιον [n.] (Arist. Thphr., medic.). 2. Adjectives: vepeA-wdnc  'cloudy' (Arist.), -ωτός 'covered with clouds, consisting of clouds' (Luc.). 3. Verbs:  νεφελ-όομαι (Eust.), -ἰζομαι (sch.) 'to be(come) covered with clouds'.

    *ETYM Both νέφος and νεφέλη are old inherited words with exact counterparts in  several languages. The word νεφέλη corresponds to Lat. nebula, MW nyfel 'cloud', IE  *neb'-el-h,-. Germanic has the same element -ἰ-, but the ending and the medial vowel  vary: e.g. ON η]6] [f.] 'darkness' < PGm. *nébula, OHG nebul [m.] 'mist? < PGm. *neb(V)la-. Celtic forms like Olr. nél [m.] 'cloud, mist', gen. nivil are ambiguous. Beside this /-stem, we find a neuter s-stem *neb'-s- in ▶︎ νέφος = Skt. ndbhas- [n.]  'cloud, mist, haze', Hitt. nepis, OCS nebo, gen. nebese 'heaven'. The word ▶︎ ὄμβρος is  unrelated.

XXXXXνέφος [n.] 'cloud, mass of clouds' (II.). «1Ὲ *neb"-s- 'cloud'>

    *COMP νεφο-ειδής 'cloud-like' (Epicur.), συν-νεφής 'surrounded by clouds, dark' (E.,  Arist.), ἐπι-νεφής 'cloudy, bringing clouds' (Arist. Thphr.) with the verbal  formations (probably back-formations): συν-νέφει, -vévogev (Ar. E., Arist.), ἐπι-  νέφει (Arist., Thphr.) 'is or makes cloudy', whence ἐπίνεψις [f.] 'cloudiness' (Arist.).

    *DER 1. Diminutive νεφύδριον (Olymp. Phil.). 2. Adjective νεφώδης 'cloudlike,  bringing clouds' (Arist. Str.). 3. Verb νεφόομαι (also with éx-) 'become cloudy, be  changed in a cloud' (Thphr., Ph.) with νέφωσις [f.] 'cloudiness' (Ph.).

    *ETYM For cognates, see ▶︎ νεφέλη. LIV? s.v. 1. *neb'- takes the impersonal verbs  συννέφει, etc. as old.

XXXXXνεφροί [m.pl.] 'kidneys' (IA). «1Ὲ *neg"ro- 'kidney'>

    *VAR  Also vegpw [du.] (Ar. Ra. 475), rarely sg. νεφρός.

    *COMP As a second member in περί-νεφρος 'fat around the kidneys' (Arist.).

    *DER vegpia [n.pl.] 'id' (pap. II-III); νεφρ-ίτης σφόνδυλος 'first vertebra of the  sacrum' (Poll.), -itt¢ (νόσος) [f.] 'disease of the kidneys' (Hp., Th.) with -ttikdc  'suffering of νεφρῖτις, healing the ν᾿ (medic.); νεφρ-ώδης 'kidney-like' (Arist.), -ἰαῖος  'ptng. to the kidneys' (Dsc.); hypostasis ἐπινεφρ-ίδιος 'on the kidneys', of δημός 'fat'  (® 204).

    *ETYM The word νεφροί has a counterpart in the glosses given by Festus: nefronés  (Praeneste), nebrundinés (Lanuvium) 'kidneys'. The Germanic word for 'kidney',  OHG nioro, ME nére (also kid-nére > E kidney), OSw. nittre, etc. which requires a  pre-form *neuran-, points to IE *neg''ro-. Both ἀδήν 'gland', inguen 'groin' and Lat. rénés, Olr. dru 'kidney' must be kept separate.

XXXXXvéw 1 [v.] 'to swim' (IL.).

    *VAR Ipf. &-vveov (Φ 11), aor. νεῦσαι, perf. vévevka (Att.), fut. νεύσομαι (H.), -σοῦμαι  (ν... X. An. 4, 3, 12).

    *COMP Often with prefix, e.g. δια-, ék-, περι-.

===Pag_1064: Beekes_Página_1064.tiff=== XXXXXνέω 2 1013

    *DER νεῦσις [f.] 'swimming' (Arist.), ἀνάνευ-σις properly 'swimming upward',  'revival' (LXX). Beside véw stands νήχω, usually -opat 'to swim', Dor. (Ps.-Theoc.) νᾶχω, -ομαι, fut. νήξομαι (epic poet. Od.), aor. νήξασθαι (Plb., Lyc., AP), perf. med. νενῆχθαι (Ath.),  very often with prefix (mostly med.), eg. mapa-, dta-, ἐκ-, émt-. Thence νῆξις [f.]  'swimming' (Batr., Plu, medic.), διάνηξεις 'swimming through' (Herm. apud Stob.),  νηχαλέος 'swimming' (Xenocr.), after μυδαλέος, etc.

    *ETYM The present νήχω, νάχω, whence νήξομαι, etc., contains a velar enlargement  of IE *sneh,-, as seen in Skt. snati 'to bathe', Lat. πᾶτε 'to swim', Olr. sndim 'to swim,  float, etc.'. For the root-extension -y-, compare σμῆν beside σμήχω 'to salve'. Deviating from νήχω in their vocalism, véw and νεῦσαι agree with πλέω : πλεῦσαι  and could be rhyme-formations. Verbal nouns with o-ablaut are supposed in véa-  πηγή. Λάκωνες 'source (Lacon.Y (Η:; corrected to vod by Bechtel 1921, 2: 378) and in  Νοῦς ποταμός (Arcadia, Asia Minor; cf. Schwyzer: 310); a zero grade aorist occurs in  ἔννυθεν- ἐκέχυντο (H.) (correct?). Beside νήχω and véw, there is ▶︎ vaw 'to bubble up, stream'.

XXXXXvéw 2 [v.] 'to spin'. 41Ε *sneh, 'spin'>

    *VAR Present 356. vij (νῆ, νεῖ; Hes. Op. 777), 3pl. νῶσι (Ael., Poll.), ipf. ἔννη (Aeol.;  Hdn., EM), inf. νῆν, ptc. vavta (H.), νώμενος (Poll.); also νήθω (Cratin., Pl, LXX);  aor. vijoat, -ασθαι (since n 198); v@oa (Eup. 319, pte.fipl.(?); Meineke νῆσαι), pass. νηθῆναι and fut. νήσω (Att.), perf. med. νένησμαι (late).

    *COMP Rarely with ém-, δια-, ovv-, κατα-.

    *DER νῆμα [n.] 'thread, yarn' (Od.) with νηματ-ικός 'consisting of threads' (Ath. Mech.), -ώδης 'fibrous' (Plu.); νῆσις [f.] 'spinning' (Pl.); νῆτρον [n.] 'distaff (Suid.);  > νήθουσα [f.] plant name.

    *ETYM The dental enlargement in νήθω may be compared with κνήθω : κνῆν, πλήθω  : πλῆτο (Schwyzer 703), and perhaps also κλώθω 'to spin' (Frisk). Aeolic ἔννη and Homeric ἐΐ-ννητος 'well spun' point to original *sn-, which is  etymologically expected on account of Olr. sniid 'spins, stitches'. The root is also  found in Lat. nére 'to spin' < *(s)neh,-, and without s-mobile in Germanic, e.g. OHG  nden 'to sew. The question is what present formation PIE built on this root. The forms v@ot,  v@vta, νώμενος are thematizations (from ἔνηουσι, *vijovta, *vndpevoc) of the old  athematic verb found in the ipf. évvn < *e-sneh,-t. However, there are also forms that  point to an i-enlargement: e.g., Ru. nit' 'thread', Lith. nytis 'warp thread' < *(s)nh,-  ti-. Lat. ποῦ is ambiguous and could continue either a yod-present derived from this  i-present, or an old athematic formation. Celtic points to a yod-present *sniyo-. Latv. snaju, snat 'to wind together loosely' is perhaps related, but its apparent o-vocalism  is unclear. The *o is also found in several nouns, e.g. Olr. sndth 'thread' (probably <  *snoh,to- rather than *snh,-td-), OGutn. sndp 'cord' = OE snéd 'headband, snood',  Latv. sndtene 'linen shawl'. An important derivative from *sneh,-, which became lexicalized already in PIE, is  *sneh,-ur/n- 'cord, sinew, etc.'; see on ▶︎ νεῦρον.

===Pag_1065: Beekes_Página_1065.tiff===

1014 -γέω 3 -véw 3 [v.] 'to amass, pile up, load with sth'. <?>

    *VAR  Aor. νῆσαι, -ασθαι, perf. med. νένη(σ)μαι, also with ἐπι-, περι-, ovv-, etc. (TA),  aor. pass. νησθῆναι (Arr.), fut. νήσω (Suid.), νησόμεθα: κορεσθησόμεθα 'will be  stuffed' (H.); ipf. also νήει, νήεον, aor. νηῆσαι (epic 11... ναήσατο (B. 3, 33), besides  γνήνεον (only ν.]. ¥ 139), ἐπ-, παρ-ενήνεον (Hom.).

    *COMP Present stem only with ἐπι-, περι- (Hdt.).

    *DER vijyotc [f.] 'heaping up' (sch. A. R. 1, 403).

    *ETYM Hom. -ενήνεον does not have intensive reduplication with lengthened grade  (such formations are not assumed anymore, since δηδέχαται has been explained  differently). Most scholars assume that it is a mistake for -ενήεον, but an objection is  that is occurs several times (DELG). Therefore, the form remains unexplained. The present νηέω, posited on the basis of νήει, νήεον, may have been formed from a  non-presentic stem in -n, like aor. νηῆσαι. Likewise, -véw may have arisen from  vijoat (which may in turn be a contracted form of νηῆσαι). The gloss νῶντος:'  σωρεύοντος 'heaping up' (Phot.) can also be explained in various ways. In its  entirety, then, the collection of forms remains unclear. There is no etymology.

XXXXXνεωλκέω [v.] 'to haul the ship on land, bring the ship in dock' (Thphr., Plb., Ὁ. S.). «σκ»

    *DER Also νεωλκός = ὁ νεωλκῶν (Arist., Cos 1", Poll.), «ἰα [f.] 'docking' (Aen. Tact.,  Arist., Thphr.), -ta [n.pl.] 'docks' (App., H.).

    *ETYM Synthetic compounds of ναῦς and ἕλκω. The forms νεωλκός < ἔνηρ-ολκός  and vewAx-ia, -a may be back-formations from νεωλκέω (cf. deipotopéw,  πολιορκέω, etc. Schwyzer: 726), but they may also be the basis of the latter.

XXXXXνεώρια [n.p].] 'dockyard, ship-arsenal' (Att.).

    *VAR Also -tov [sg.].

    *DIAL Dor. vawpiov (Core. II*).

    *DER Diminutive vewpidiov (Delos; 115); νεωρός: νεωριοφύλαξ 'guard of the  dockyard' (H.), -ot [pl.] = ἐπιμεληταὶ τῶν νεωρίων (IG 1', 74: 11 [V*]).

    *ETYM From *vnfo-Fdép-ta (perhaps with haplology), originally 'place where ships  are surveyed', a compound of ▶︎ ναῦς and a verbal noun of ▶︎ ὁράω, extended with the  suffix -ἰο-. The rarer form vewpdc may be a back-formation from this (like e.g. θυρωρός; cf. Leumann 1950: 223°).

XXXXXνεώς [m.] 'temple'. =vadc.

XXXXXνέωτα (adv.] 'next year' (Semon. 1, 9). 4 GR?>

    *VAR Elsewhere εἰς (ἐς) νέωτα (X., Thphr.), Delph. [ἐν vjew [τ]ὰ (Del? 323 A 12 [V-  IV*]).

    *DERIn the same mg. ἐς véw (Cyrene; also as a weakly attested ν.]. in Theoc. 15, 143);  unclear ἐς νέων (BGU 958 ς 13 [III?]), see Maas Riv. fil. class. 56 (1928): 413.

    *ETYM Without a convincing explaination. The word véwta is traditionally analyzed  as a compound of νέος and ἔτος 'year', but none of the advanced reconstructions  (see Frisk) can explain the -w-. DELG accepts the solution by Szemerényi 1969b: 233,  who starts from the dative attestation in Semon. without the preposition éc,

===Pag_1066: Beekes_Página_1066.tiff=== XXXXXνήκουστος 1015 assuming that νεὼ was abstracted from vew(uetet, and that adverbial -ta (as in ἔπειτα, etc.) was added later.

XXXXXνη- privative prefix in νη-κερδής 'useless', νη-πενθής 'free of sorrows', etc. (Il.). GR>

    *VAR Dor. va-.

    *ETYM Forms in vn-, va-, vw- arose from the IE negating prefix *n- combined with a  following sequence *HC- (Ἢ = *h,, *h., *h,, respectively). After reanalysis of such  forms, νη- spread as a separate prefix to words without original initial laryngeal. See  Beekes 1969: 98-113, and cf. the privative prefixes ▶︎ d- and ▶︎ v-, both from *n-.

XXXXXνή [pcl.] assertory particle. =vai.

XXXXXνηάς [f.] a gigantic animal, the remains of which were seen on Samos (Euph. apud Ael. N.A. 17, 28). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXνηγάτεος [adj.] epithet of χιτών (B 43), κρήδεμνον (E 185), φᾶρος (h. Ap. 122), καλύβαι (A. R. 1, 775). «ἢ

    *ETYM The similarity with MoGr. Macedonian ἀνήγατος 'not worn yet, new' cannot  be accidental. However, the etymology is unknown. Fur. 374 does not help.

XXXXXvijypetos [adj.] 'which cannot (or hardly) be woken' (Od., Alex. poets).

    <IE *h,ger-  'awake'>

    *ETYM From *n- and *h,gr-eto- in ἔγρετο. See ▶︎ éyeipw.

XXXXXνήδυμος [adj.] epithet of ὕπνος (Hom.), in late poets also of Μοῦσα, Ὀρφεύς, ὕδωρ, ἄνθος (h. Pan., API, Nonn.).

    *ETYM Reinterpretation of ἥδυμος 'sweet' (see ▶︎ ἡδύς) by taking the preceding  ephelcystic v to the next word. This v had been introduced after the loss of the F in  order to remove the hiatus (e.g. ἔχεν ἥδυμος ὕπνος B 2). See Leumann 1950: 44f. and  Chantraine 1942: 14.

XXXXXνηδύς, -ύος [f.] 'abdominal cavity, abdomen' (IL). <?2>

    *VAR  -Uc, secondarily -ὕς; see Schwyzer: 4636.

    *DER With suffix -to-: νήδυια [n.pl.] 'intestines' (P 524, A. R., Nic.).

    *ETYM Unexplained.

XXXXXνηέω 'to heap (upy. >-véw 3.

XXXXXνήθουσα [f.] plant name (PMag. Par.).

    *ETYM Probably a Pre-Greek word; see Fur.: 197%. Details in Stromberg 1940: 106.

XXXXXνήθω 'spin'. =véw 2.

XXXXXνῆϊς, -ίδος, -15a [adj.] 'unknowing, nescius (since H 198, 8 179). <?>

    *VAR Secondarily acc. -ἰν.

    *ETYM Perhaps contains the prefix ▶︎ v1-, which arose by reanalysis of the original  privative prefix *n- (cf. νηκερδής) and a root noun *uid-.

XXXXXνήκουστος [adj.] 'who does not hear' (Emp.). 418 *h,kou- 'hear'>

===Pag_1067: Beekes_Página_1067.tiff===

(ελής, -εές

    *ETYM From *n- and *h,kous-, as in ▶︎ ἀκούω.

XXXXXνηλ(ε)ής, -εές [adj.] 'without compassion, pitiless' (epic poet. since IL), also 'unescapable, unavoidable', in νηλεὲς ἦμαρ, etc. ΑΚ Metrically lengthened νηλειής, -εἰές (Hes. Th. 770 and ἢ. Ven. 245 [verse- initial], A. R. 4, 476); see Chantraine 1942: 74 and 101.

    *COMP As a first member in νηλεό-ποινος 'punishing without mercy' (Hes.), etc.

    *ETYM In the sense 'without mercy', from the negation *g- and *h,leu-o- (as in  ▶︎ ἔλεος, ἐλεέω). In the sense 'unescapable', from the root *h,leu-, as in ἀλέομαι. The    PN Νηλεύς (Hom.) could be related, but could also be Pre-Greek. See Beekes 1969:  109 and index.

XXXXXνηλίπους [adj.] 'without footgear, barefoot'. ΑΚ Gen. -ποδος (S. OC 349), νήλιπος, -ov (A. R. 3, 646, Lyc. 635, Theoc. 4, 56, where ν.]. ἀνήλιπος [-ἀλ-]).

    *DER Cf. νηλίπεζοι ἢ νήλιποι- ἀνυπόδετοι 'without shoes' (H.).

    *ETYM Acc. to sch. Theoc. 4, 56, it derives from an otherwise unknown and  unexplained ἦλιψ (name of a Dorian shoe) and privative vw(1)-. If this is true, the  oldest attestation νηλίπους may stand for ἔνηλιπο-πους with syllabic dissimilation  (cf. Schwyzer: 263), or be a reformation οἔνήλιπος after ποῦς.

XXXXXνήνεμος [adj.] 'without wind, calm' (Hom.).

    *DER νηνεμίη (Il.) 'calm, lull', νηνεμέω [v.] 'to be still' (Hp.).

    *ETYM From *n- and the root of ▶︎ ἄνεμος in the zero grade.

XXXXXviyvéw 'to heap (up)'. +-véw 3.

XXXXXνηνία [f.] public eulogy, sometimes accompanied by the flute (Cic. Leg. 2, 24, 62). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. It is supposed to be the origin of Lat. nénia. The word νηνίατον is  ascribed to Hipponax (fr. 163 Masson) by Poll. 4, 79. Cf. νηνίατος (correction for  νινήατος): νόμος παιδαριώδης καὶ φρύγιον μέλος 'childish tune, Phrygian melody'    (H.).

XXXXXνηπελέω 'to be powerless'. -οὀλιγηπελέων.

XXXXXνήπιος [adj.] 'under-aged, young, feeble, childish, foolish' (II.). «τ

    *COMP As a first member in νηπιό-φρων 'puerile, thoughtless' (Str.).

    *DER νηπιέη [f.] 'puerility, childish behaviour' (Hom.) with Aeol. -ἔη for -in,  probably after ἠνορέη (Leumann 1950: 1107, Chantraine 1942: 83); hence νηπίεος =  νήπιος (Opp.); νηπιότης [f.] 'puerility' (PL, Arist.); νηπιάζω [v.] 'to be childish' (Hp. Ep., Erinn., 1 Ep. Cor. 14, 20, etc.). Enlargements: 1. νηπίαχος 'id' (Il), whence -αχεύω [v.] 'to be childish, play  children's plays' (X 502, verse-final; metrically conditioned, Chantraine 1942: 95 and  368), -dyw 'id'? (A. R, Mosch, Opp.), probably after otevayw, idxw; see also  Schwyzer: 722f. 2. νηπύτιος 'id. (IL, Ar. Nu. 868, Orph.), with -in (A. R.), -ιεύομαι  (AP).

===Pag_1068: Beekes_Página_1068.tiff=== XXXXXνήριτος 1017

    *ETYM The most recent discussion by Kazansky 2005 is not convincing: he assumes a  root *h,ep- 'strength' with an extension *h,pel- in ἀνηπελίη: ἀσθένεια 'weakness'  (H.), ▶︎ ὀλιγηπελέων, etc. Since the root *h,ep- itself is not attested in the meaning  'strength', Van Beek (p.c.) suggests that it may be better to return to the proposal of  Lacroix 1937: 261ff., who proposed that νήπιος consists of the negative prefix and  ▶︎ ἥπιος. We may reconstruct *#-h,p-ijo-, with the root *h,ep- 'join' as found in Hitt. happ-*' 'to join', Lat. aptus 'fitting' and Gr. ἄπτω 'to attach, grasp'.

XXXXXvijpetov [n.] the plant 'dolphin-flower' (Ps. Dsc. 3, 73). <?>

    *DER νηρειάδιον (ib.).

    *ETYMNeither νήριον nor Νηρεύς offers an etymology.

XXXXXΝηρεύς, -ἕως [m.] sea god, son of Pontos and Gaia (h. Ap. 319, Hes. Th. 233 and 240). «ΡΟ»

    *VAR Epic Ion. gen. -ῆος.

    *DER Νηρεῖος in Νηρεῖα τέκνα = 'fishes' (Euphro 8, 2) and Νήρειον, -άδιον =  deAgiviov, a plant name (Ps.-Dsc.) perhaps referring to νηρόν '(fresh) water'?  Besides Νηρηΐς, -eic [f.], -idec [pl.] 'Nereids, seanymphs' (IL).

    *ETYM As Νηρεύς has relevance only as the father of the Nereids (see von  Wilamowitz 1931: 219 and Nilsson 1941(1): 240; in Hom., he is probably mentioned as  ἄλιος γέρων), we should consider whether the father was named after his daughters. He may also be called Πρωτεύς (West ad Hes. Th. 233). Not only Νηρεύς has been  considered as a base form of Νηρη(Ελίδ-, but other stems as well; cf. Schwyzer: 465  and Chantraine 1933: 345f. The glosses νηρίδας' τὰς κοίλας πέτρας 'hollow rocks' and  γηρόν- τὸ ταπεινόν 'low-lying' (H.) are also worthy of consideration. An IE etymology can hardly be expected. The word is probably Pre-Greek, as is  suggested by the ending -etc. See ▶︎ vau.

XXXXXνήριον [n.] name of a plant, 'Nerium Oleander, oleander' (Dsc. 4, 81, Plin.). <?>

    *ETYM May belong to νηρόν '(fresh) water' because of the characteristic property of  this plant to follow the course of brooks (Stromberg 1940: 113).

XXXXXνήρις 1 [?] plant name, mostly taken as 'savin, Juniperus Sabina' (Nic. Th. 531), but sometimes identified with νήριον. <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXνῆρις 2 νηρίδας' τὰς κοίλας πέτρας 'hollow rocks' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. DELG connects the word with νηρόν, but this is not obvious.

XXXXXνηρίτης [m.] several kinds of sea-snails (Arist.). «ΡΟ»

    *VAR Also written -ei-; besides we find avapitas (Ibyc., Epich.), ἀνηρίτης (Herod.).

    *COMP νηριτοτρόφος (A. Fr. 312), but see Leumann 1950: 245.

    *ETYM The more usual orthography with -ei- may be based on association with  Νήρειος (from Νηρεύς); the connection with νηρόν 'water' (already improbable in  itself) is refuted by the forms ἀναρ-, ἀνηρ- with vocalic anlaut. Fur.: 372 takes this  initial variation as evidence for Pre-Greek origin. See Thompson 1947 s.v.

XXXXXνήριτος [adj.] 'uncountable' (Hes. Op. 511, A. R.).

===Pag_1069: Beekes_Página_1069.tiff===

    *COMP As a first member in νηριτόφυλλον': πολύφυλλον 'with many leaves' (H.), and  in νηριτόμυθος (H.); cf. also νηρίται- μεγάλοι (H.), to be changed into νήριται-  μεγάλαι.

    *ETYM From *y-h,ri-to-, ἃ compound of privative *n- (see ▶︎ νη-) and a verb ἀρι- 'to  count' (seen in μ ἀριθμός) with a suffix -fo-. It also occurs in εἰκοσιν-ἤριτος  'twentyfold' (X 349, with compositional lengthening), Arc. Ἐπάριτοι = ἐπίλεκτοι  'selected', etc. Hence, probably through reinterpretation, the mountain name  Νήριτον (B 632, Od.) and the PN Νήριτος (p 207); see Leumann 1950: 243ff., as well  as Ruijgh 1957: 161f.

XXXXXνηρόν [adj.] - τὸ ταπεινόν 'low' (H.). «Ὁ % Η

    *ETYM Unknown. The connection with ▶︎ νῆρις 2 by DELG is not obvious.

XXXXXνηρός [adj.] 'fresh', of fish, ἡμί-νηρος 'lightly salted'; also of water: τὸ νηρόν (ὁ νηρός) '(fresh) water' (Hell.), MoGr. νερό. < GRP

    *ETYM Contracted from νεαρός (Schwyzer: 250); see ▶︎ νέος and Kretschmer Glotta 15  (1927): 64.

XXXXXνησίγδα [2] - ἐν Nuxti (= Philem. 52) ἀποδιδόασι μάσημά τι ποιόν (H.), so a kind of dish. <2

    *ETYM Unknown. The suffix -tySa points to Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXνῆσος [f.] 'island' (Π.); also '(flooded) land near a river, alluvial land' (Tab. Heracl., pap.).

    *VAR Dor. νᾶσος (Rhod. νᾶσσος SG DI 4123, 4 [I*]).

    *COMP Some compounds, e.g. νησο-φύλαξ 'guardian of the island' (Ὁ. S.), νησί-  ἀρχος, -άρχης 'governor of the island' (Antiph. com., Hell. inscr., etc.), after ta€(-,  πολί-αρχος, etc. not from νησίς or νησίον; χερσό-νησος, Att. xeppd-, Dor. -νασος  (f.] 'peninsula'; περίνησον 'with a fringe', of ἱμάτιον.

    *DER 1. Diminutives: νησίς [f.] (Hdt. Th. Plb.), νησίδιον (Th., Arist. Str.), νησίον  (Str.), νησύδριον (X., Isoc.). 2. Other nouns: νησιώτης, Dor. νασιώτας {-τις [f])  'islander', as an adjective 'insular' (Pi, Hdt, A.), after ἰδιώτης, στρατιώτης, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 311); thence νησιωτικός 'typical of an islander' (Hdt, Th. Ar., E.);

XXXXXνησίτης [m.] 'id? (St. Byz.), fem. vacitic 'forming an island' (AP); νησαῖος 'insular' (Ε,, Arat.), after λιμναῖος, etc; Νησιάδεια [n.pl.] festival at Delos, -ειον [sg.] name of a fund (Delos III*), with -1- like in vnoi-apxog, etc. 3. Verbs: νησίζω (Plb.), -ιάζω (Str., Ph.) 'to form an island'; νησεύομαι 'to form alluvial deposits' (EM 25, 48).

    *ETYM The interpretations as 'swimmer', derived from νήχω or the root *sneh,- 'to  bathe' (recently, Meier-Briigger KZ 106 (1993): 302, who follows Rix in assuming  PGr. *snak'-io-), should be abandoned. As words for 'island' differ from language to  language, νῆσος is probably an Aegean loan (note that Lat. insula is also of unclear  origin). Fur.: 387, who points to the variation between single o and geminate, also  assumes a Pre-Greek loan.

XXXXXvijooa [f.] 'duck' (IA). <ΙΕ? *h,enh,t- 'duck', GR?>

    *DIAL Att. νῆττα, Boeot. (Ar. Ach. 875) νᾶσσα [f.].

===Pag_1070: Beekes_Página_1070.tiff=== XXXXXγήφω 1019

    *DER Diminutive νηττάριον (Ar., Men.), νηττίον (Nicostr. Com.), νησσίον (pap. VI-  VII).

    *ETYM A formation in -ἰα like μυῖα, κίσσα, and other animal names (Chantraine 1933:  98). The first question is whether the word is related to other words for 'duck' that  go back to *h,enh,t- (vel sim.). These are the following: an i-stem in Skt. ati- [f.] and  Balto-Slavic, e.g. Lith. dntis, Bel. tc [f.] < PSI. *pt» 'duck'. In Slavic, there is also an &-  stem, e.g. ORu. uty, gen. utove (PSI. *ety). The various extensions go back to a t-  stem, which was retained as such in Lat. anas, gen.sg. anatis, gen.pl. anat(@i)um, and  in some Germanic languages, e.g. OHG anut (i-stem in plur. enti), ON endr [pl.]. However, the stem *h,enH-t- suggested by Lithuaninan and Latin would yield *av-  in Greek, even in a zero grade root. No solution has been found for this problem. Rix  KZ 104 (1991): 186-192 suggested a dissimilation of *h, - h, to *s - h., with adaptation  to the root of νήχω 'to swim'. One may also envisage derivation within Greek from  vnx- 'swim' (thus Ruijgh, apud Schrijver 1991: 95). For older literature, see Hamp  KZg2 (1978): 29-3}.

XXXXXνῆστις, -ἰος, -t50¢ (m., f.] 'not eating, fasting, jejune' (Il.); as a fem. subst. a part of the small intestine, 'intestinum iejunum', as it was always found to be empty upon section (Hp. Arist.), see Strémberg 1944: 63.

    <IE *n-h,d-ti- 'not eating, fasting,  sober'>

    *VAR  Dat. also -et, nom.pl. also -etc. Secondary forms: νήστης [m.] (Semon, Arist.),

XXXXXvijoteipa [f.] (Nic. Al. 130), see Fraenkel 1910: 126%. With secondary ἀ-: dvnotic = ἄσιτος (A. Fr. 433 Mette, Cratin. 45).

    *DER νηστεύω [v.] 'to fast', with νηστεία, -n [f.] 'fast' (IA) and the rare and late  adjectives νήστ-ιμος (pap.), -κός (Aét.) 'ptng. to fast'.

    *ETYM From the negation *n- and the verb for 'eat', to which a suffix -ti- was added. The origin of this element used to pose a problem, but it also appears in ▶︎ ἄγρωστις,  which Meier-Briigger KZ 103 (1990): 33f. convincingly analyzed as *h,egr-o-h,d-ti-  'field-fodder'. The synonym Arm. παν 'fasting' (which also translates Gr. νῆστις in  the Gospels) may well be derived from the same pre-form *n-h,d-ti- (see the  discussion in Clackson 1994: 154ff.), as proposed by Klingenschmitt, assuming a  development *-it- > Arm. -wt. Meier-Briigger lc. also gives possible parallel  formations *-h,d-ti- from Iranian and Luwian.

XXXXXνήτη [f.] 'the lowest (string)'. >vetdc.

XXXXXνήφω [v.] 'to be sober', often metaphorical. « ὍΝ ΑΚ Dor. νάφω. In the older language only present, mostly ptc. (IA, Thgn., Archil.); aor. νῆψαι (J. 1 Ep. Pet. 4, 7).

    *COMP Also with prefix, e.g. dva-, ἐκ-.

    *DER 1. νήφων, -ονος in νήφονες: νήφοντες (H.), dat.pl. νήφοσι (Thgn.); 2. νηφάλιος  'without wine', of libations, etc. (A.), later also of persons 'sober' (Ph., J.), whence νηφαλιεύω [v.] 'to bring a libation without wine' (Poll.), νηφαλίζω in νηφαλισμένον:  ὕδατι, οὐκ οἴνῳ ἡγνισμένον 'purified with water, not with wine' (H.); besides  νηφαλιεύς epithet of Apollo (AP 9, 525, 14, where -éa is a metrical enlargement in  verse-final position, cf. BoShardt 1942: 70); also νηφαλέος (Hdn. Gr. Ph.), after

===Pag_1071: Beekes_Página_1071.tiff===

αὐαλέος, etc., and νηφαντικός 'sobering' (Pl. ΡΗἰδ. 61, Porph.) as if from "νηφαίνω; cf. e.g. σημαλέος : σημαντικός. Verbal noun νῆνμις [f.] 'soberness' (Plb., Str.).

    *ETYM Arm. nawti is probably unrelated (see on ▶︎ νῆστις); see the discussion in  Clackson 1994: 154ff. In view of the predominance of nominal forms (including the  ptc. νήφων) and of the meaning, it is conceivable that the relatively rare present  νήφω (with secondary vijyat) is denominative. This was already suggested by Frisk,  and is elaborated by Weiss KZ 107 (1994): 91-98, who reconstructs *g-h,g'"-on- >  vngov-, from the root for 'drink' seen in Hitt. eku-* and in Lat. ébrius < *h,ég'"-r-  (perhaps rather *h,e-h,g'"-r-). Weiss also makes it clear (ibid. 97) that vagw is a  hyperdorism, which may have been created by an ancient commentator. OHG nuoh-turn 'sober', earlier considered to 'testify for *ndg'*-, is not related (it is  rather a loan from Lat. nocturnus).

XXXXXνήχυτος [adj.] 'streaming richly, overflowing', of ὕδωρ, ἅλμη, ἱδρώς, etc. (Hell. poetry).

    *VAR On ἐπινήχυτος 'id? (δῶρα, Orph. A. 39, 312) see below.

    *ETYM Can hardly be separated from other frequent formations in -xutoc (from  xéw), like ἀμφί-χυτος, ἀ-διά-χυτος, οἰνό-χυτος; in this case, vy- must be secondary. However, since the compound ἐπινήχυτος clearly belongs to ἐπινήχομαι, the  question arises whether νήχυτος was not secondarily connected with νήχομαι. This  would agree better with the meaning. See ▶︎ νη-.

XXXXXνήχω, νήχομαι [v.] 'to swim'. >véw 1. -VL=-VE, νιβατισμός a Phrygian dance (Ath. 629d, H.). <?>

    *ETYM Hypothesis by Haas 1966: 168; also, Haas Acta Ant. Acad. Hungar. 18 (1970):  571.

XXXXXνίγλαρος [m.] 'whistle' (Ar. Ach. 554), plur. 'trills, quavers' (Pherecr. 145), but a small flute acc. to Poll. 4, 82. <?>

    *DER νιγλαρεύω [v.] 'to whistle' (Eup. 110); cf. νιγλαρεύων' τερετίζων 'humming'  (H.).

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXvides [2] - αἰδοῖα ἢ ὀρχίδια παιδίων 'private parts or testicles of children' (Phot.), who cites the word as Sicilian. H. has νίιδες, which Latte corrects. <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXνίζω, -ομαι [v.] 'to wash, bathe' (IL).

    *VAR Analogical vintw (Men., NT), -opat (v.l. σ 179, Hp.), aor. νίψαι, -ασθαι (IL),  pass. νιφθῆναι (Hp.). fut. viyw, -opat (Od.), pass. νιφήσομαι (LXX), perf. med. νένιπται (Q 419), νένιμμαι (Ar.).

    *COMP Also (in Att. prose always) with prefix, especially amo- and ἐκ-.

    *DER 1. νίπτρον (ἀπό-} [n.] (mostly plur.) 'water for washing' (trag., Ar.), modavintpa  [pl.] (-ov) by syllable-dissimilation from "ποδ-απόνιπτρον, secondary nodévintpov,  'water for washing one's feet' (Od.); also ποδανιπτήρ [m.] (secondarily ποδο-) 'basin

===Pag_1072: Beekes_Página_1072.tiff=== XXXXXνΐκη 1021 for washing one's feet' (Stesich., Hdt., inscr.), νυττήρ [m.] 'washing basin' (Ev. Jo.); 2. katavin-tn¢ [m.] 'washer', who washes the peplos of Athene Polias (AB, EM). 3. (ἀπό-, κατά-)νίμμα [n.] 'washing water'; 4. (ἀπό-, ἔκ-)νίψις [f.] 'washing' (Plu, medic.). On ▶︎ χέρνιψ, see s.v.

    *ETYM The word vilw goes back to a zero grade yod-present IE *nig'-ie/o-, which is  also retained in Olr. nigim 'to wash'. Skt. nenikté has intensive reduplication, but cf. also impv. ninikta; further, a sigmatic aorist niksi [1sg.inj.med.], anaiksit [3sg.act.]  with regular lengthened grade, and a thematic aor. anijam, both perhaps going back  to a root aorist (see LIV'). Greek generalized the zero grade in νίψω, νίμμα, etc. Formal correspondences are found in the privative verbal adj. ἄνιπτος beside Skt. niktd- 'washed', Olr. necht 'pure'. An isolated verbal noun seems to have been  preserved in Gm, eg. OHG nihhus, nichus 'river-monster, water-spirit', fem. nihhussa, MoHG Nix, Nixe, PGm. *nik-wes-, *nik-us-. Lat. pollingo 'to wash corpses'  probably does not belong here; it is connected by LIV? with *uleik'- 'to make wet'.

XXXXXνίκη [f.] 'victory, upper hand', in a battle, in a contest, before court, etc. (IL), Νίκη 'goddess of victory' (Hes.).

    *VAR Dor. vika.

    *COMP νικη-φόρος (Dor. -a-) 'carrying away victory' (Pi. A.), νικότβουλος 'who  wins in the council' (Ar. Eq. 615; hidden PN, connected with νικάω), φιλό-νικος  'fond of triumph, emulating, pugnacious', whence -ia, -éw (Pi. Democr., Att.), often  written with -el- and associated with νεῖκος 'quarrel'; Ὀλυμπιο-νίκης, Dor. -ας [m.]  'victor in Olympia' (Pi.,[A); many PNs, e.g. Νικό-δημος, Ἱππό-νικος.

    *DER 1. From Νίκη : νικάς, -άδος [f.], νικ-άδιον, -ίδιον (small) Nike-statue' (inscr.);  2. Adjective vikaioc 'ptng. to victory' (Call., J.), νικάεις 'rich in victories' (AP); on  νικη-τήριος, -τικός see below. Probably denominative νικάω [v.] 'to vanquish, overcome, conquer', Ion. wkéw,  Aeol. νίκημι, aor. νικῆσαι, pass. νικ-ηθῆναι, fut. -ἦσω (all IL.), perf. νενίκηκα (Att.),  rarely with prefixes, e.g. ἐκ-, κατα-, mpo-; on the epic use of νίκη and wkdw see  Triimpy 1950: 192ff. From νικάω: 1. νικάτωρ, -ορος [m.] 'victor', epithet of the kings Seleucus and  Demetrius of Syria (Hell. inscr.) with νικατόρειον 'tomb of Νικάτωρ᾽ (App.), also  PN with the patronymic Νικατορίδας (Rhodos), cf. Fraenkel 1910: 163', νικήτωρ 'id.'  (Ὁ. C.). 2. νικατήρ, -ῆρος [m.] 'victor' (Dreros ITI-II*), νικητής [m.] 'id.' (III-IV?). 3. νίκημα (Dor. -a-) [n.] 'prize of victory, victory' (Hell., Crete). 4. νίκαθρον [n.]  'offering for victory' (Sparta), νίκαστρον [n.] 'prize of victory' (Phot., H.); on the  formation see Chantraine 1933: 373 and 333f. 5. νικητήριος, [n.] -ov 'ptng. to victory,  prize of victory' (Att.) and νικητικός 'conducing to victory' (X., Hell.), both also  connected with νίκη. An innovation for νίκη is νῖκος [n.] (Hell.), after κράτος (Fraenkel Glotta 4 (1913):  30ff., Wackernagel 1916: 81f.). Unclear is νικάριον [n.] name of an eye-salve (Alex. Trall.); cf. on ▶︎ νέκταρ.

    *ETYM There is no good etymology. Skt. nica- 'directed downwards', OCS nico  'directed forward, on the face', Latv. nicam 'down the stream', etc. are from *ni-  h,k'o- and are unrelated, as this would have to yield a labial stop in Greek.

===Pag_1073: Beekes_Página_1073.tiff===

Connection with the root of νεῖκος and Lith. ap-nikti 'to attack' is semantically gratuitous. Klingenschmitt's analysis (Klingenschmitt 1975: 162%) as ni-ih,k-eh,- 'Niederwerfung' is pure speculation, as the prefix ni- is not attested elsewhere in Greek. The word could be Pre-Greek (not in Fur.).

XXXXXνίκλον - TO λίκνον 'winnowing fan' (H.).

    *VAR Also -ei-. ξολικμάω, λίκνον.

XXXXXνικύλεον [n.] 'a fig' in Crete (Hermonax apud Ath. 76e).

    *ETYM See Neumann Glotta 36 (1957): 156 and Neumann Glotta 40 (1962): 51-4, as  well as Ruijgh 1967a: $10. The Mycenaean sign «πὶ» looks like a fig-tree.

XXXXXνικύρτας [m.] : δουλέκδουλος 'born slave' (H.); 6f. Hippon. fr. 28 M. <?>

    *ETYM See O. Masson 1962: 120f., as well as Haas 1966: 168.

XXXXXνιν = αὐτόν, αὐτήν, etc. >LILv.

XXXXXνίννη [f.] 'grandmother, mother-in-law(?). >vévvoc.

XXXXXνίννιον [n.] ▶︎ pupus (gloss.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXvivvov [?] - τὸν tT καταβάλλην ἵππον (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Perhaps a modification of vvov (DELG).

XXXXXνίσομαι 'to travel, go, come'. Ξονέομαι.

XXXXXνίτρον [n.] 'sodium carbonate, soda, natron' (Sapph., Ion., Arist., Hell.). «τὴν Eg.>

    *VAR With dissimilation v - t > A - t: A(tpov (Att, Hp.), cf. Solmsen 1909: 235.

    *COMP Few compounds, e.g. ὀξύ-νιτρον 'mix of vinegar and natron' (Paul. Aeg.),  λιτρο-πώλης 'natron-seller' (inser. IV*).

    *DER 1. νιτρώδης (also A-) 'natronlike, containing natron' (PI. Arist.), with -wéia  (medic.); 2. νίτρινος 'of natron' (Delos II*); 3. νιτρία [6] 'natron-mine' (pap. III',  Str.), cf. Scheller 1951: 46, with νιτριώτης νομός name of an Egyptian province (Str.);  4. νιτρική [f.] and -κά [n.pl.] 'natron-taxes' (Hell. pap. and ostr.); 5. νιτρῖτις [f.], of  λίμνη, 'producing natron' (Str.); 6. wtpdopat [v.] 'to be washed with natron' (Sor.),  with νίτρωμα [n.] 'sodium carbonate' (PHolm., H.); also 7. νίτρασμα [n.] 'soap' (Sor.)  as if from "νιτράζω.

    *ETYM An Oriental loanword: Hebr. neter, Arab. natriin > MoFr. natron, etc., and  probably also Hitt. nitri- [n.], all from Eg. nér(j) 'natron'. See Lewy 1895: 53, Laroche  BSL 51 (1955): xxxiif., Neumann 1961: 19, and WH s.v. nitrum (which is a Greek LW)  for further considerations.

XXXXXνοά [f.] - πηγή: Λάκωνες 'source, running water' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown; reminiscent of ▶︎ vaw. Cf. Perpillou BSL 67 (1972): 1090ff.

XXXXXνόθος [m.] 'procreated out of wedlock by a known father, illegitimate, bastard' (I].); opposite γνήσιος.

    *COMP νοθᾶ-γενής 'baseborn' (E.), with analogical ἃ (Dor.) for o (Schwyzer: 438).

    *DER νοθεῖος 'ptng. to a νόθος (Lys. Ar.), denominative νοθεύω [v.] 'to corrupt,  adulterate' (LXX, J., Plu., Luc.), also with ὑπο-, with vo8eia [f.] 'birth out of wedlock'

===Pag_1074: Beekes_Página_1074.tiff=== XXXXXνόσος 1023 (Plu.), (ὑπο-)νοθευτής [m.] 'adulterer' (Ptol.), (ὑπο-)νόθευσις [f.] 'corruption, adulteration' (inscr. Mylasa).

    *ETYM Unexplained.

XXXXXνομή, νομός, νόμος '-νέμω.

XXXXXνόος [m.] 'mind, sense, intellect, reason; purpose, aim' (IL. epic Ion.). <?>

    *VAR  Contracted νοῦς (Att., also k 240, etc.), perhaps Aeol. gen. v@ (Alc.), acc. νῶν  (Sappho)?

    *COMP Very frequent as a second member, e.g. εὔ-νοος, -vouc 'well-minded', whence  εὐνο-έω, -in, -ἰᾶ, etc. ([A); as a first member, eg. in the compounds νου-θετ-έω [v.]  'to put in mind, remind of (after νομοθετέω : νομοθέτης : νόμον θεῖναι, etc.),  whence νουθέ-τησις, -τημα, -σία, -τεία, etc. (IA); νουν-εχ-ής 'prudent', vovvex-ac,  -όντως [adv.] (to νοῦν ἔχει, Exwv).

    *DER Nouns: 1. νοερός 'intellectual' (Heraclit., Arist.); 2. νοήρης 'prudent, capable'  (Herod., H.); 3. νοότης, -ητος [f.] 'intellectuality' (Procl.); 4. véap [n.] 'illusion,  phantom' (Theognost.), archaizing innovation. Verbs: A. νοέω 'to meditate, observe, think, devise, have in mind' (Il.), aor. νοῆσαι  (contracted v@oat), etc., very frequent with prefix, e.g. δια-, év-, ἐπι-, προ-, μετα-,  ovv-; hence 1. νόημα [n.] 'thought, intelligence, decision' (IL), -patiov (Arr.),  -ματικός (late). -μων 'thoughtful, prudent' (Od. Hdt.); 2. νόησις (νῶσις) [f.]  'observation, understanding, thinking', also διανόη-σις, etc. (1A); 3. mpo-voia [{|]  'provision', δια-νοία, -νοιᾶ 'meditation, thought, aim', etc. (IA); 4. νοιγτικός (also  mpo-, etc.) 'mental' (Ρ].); 5. mpo-, δια-, ἐπι-, ὑπο-νοητής [m.] 'director', etc. (late). B. νόομαι 'to be converted into νόος᾽ (Plot.).

    *ETYM No doubt an old inherited verbal noun (cf. λόγος, φόρος, etc.), though there  is no certain etymology. An old proposal compares the Germanic group of Go. snutrs 'wise, prudent', which is possible, but not compelling. Heubeck Minos 20-22  (1987): 237 defended the connection with νεύω (cf. LIV? s.v. *ney-). Formally,  connection with *nes- (mentioned by LIV') is also possible, but the semantics seem  to be difficult.

XXXXXνορβεῖ [v.] ἐνταμεῖται 'will engrave' (H.). <?>

    *VAR  νορβά' καλή (HL).

    *ETYM Pok. 977 connects Go. at-snarpjan 'to touch', ON snarpr 'sharp, hard,  uneven', snerpa 'to sharpen', MoDu. snerpen 'to bite (of wounds), OHG snerfan  'draw together'. De Vries 1961 mentions Arm. snerb 'narrow'. The connections  remain uncertain.

XXXXXvoptn [f.] a plant, = otpvyvov (name of various plants), τιθύμαλλος 'spurge' (Thphr. apud Phot.). «3»

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXνορύην - [ὀρύειν] ἔστι δὲ εἶδος ὀσπρίου 'a kind of leguminous plant' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. .

XXXXXνόσος [f.] 'illness, disease; distress, need' (II.). <?>

===Pag_1075: Beekes_Página_1075.tiff===

    *VAR Epic Ion. νοῦσος (see below).

    *COMP νοσο-ποιέω [v.] 'to cause illness' (Hp.), ἐπί-νοσος 'prey to disease, unhealthy'  (Hp., Arist.), Stromberg 1946: 85.

    *DER A. Adjective: 1. νοσερός 'ill, unhealthy' (Hp., E., Arist.); 2. voonpds 'id.' (Hp.,  X.), cf. ὑγιηρός (Pi, Ion.); thence νοσήριον (H. s.v. κηρέσιον), perhaps for  γοσητήριον or voonpdv? 3. νοσηλός 'ill, sickly' (Hp.), from vooéw, cf. Chantraine  1933: 241; thence νοσήλια [n.pl.] 'diet for ill persons (Opp.), νοσηλεύω [v.] 'to care  for a patient', med. -opat 'to be ill' (Isoc., J.), νοσηλεία [f.] 'nursing, morbidity (S., J.,  Plu.); 4. νοσακερός 'id' (Arist.); 5. νοσώδης 'ill, unhealthy' (Hp., Att.); 6. Νόσιος  epithet of Ζεύς (Milete VI-V*). B. Verbs: 1. vooéw 'to be ill' (Att. also Ion}, whence νόσημα [n.] 'illness' (LA),  diminutive νοσημάτιον (Ar.), -τικός, -τώδης 'sickly' (Arist.); 2. νοσεύομαι 'to be  sickly', whence véceupa 'illness' (Hp.); 3. νοσάζ-ομαι 'to be ill', -w 'to make ill',  vooitw 'to make ill (Arist., Gal.). C. Substantives: 1. νόσανσις [f] 'getting ill' (Arist.), cf. ὑγίανσις; 2. unclear νοσίμη  (leg. -ἡμηῦ) = νόσημα (Theognost.).

    *ETYM Since Herodotus has νοῦσος beside vooéw (which is predominant in Ionic  anyhow), it is thought that the former is a Homerism in Hdt. Mechanically, we have  to reconstruct a pre-form *vécfoc on the basis of our material, but as Wackernagel  1916: 86 suggested, epic νοῦσος could also be understood as a false rewriting of  ΝΟΣΟΣ, which would represent ἐνόσσος. The epic form must then have been taken  over by Hdt. and Hp. There is no good etymology. Recently, an attempt was made by Willi JHS 128 (2008):  153-172, who reconstructs *-h,osu-o-, starting from the adjective *h,osu- 'good, in  good condition'. This is taken to be a u-stem of the root *h,es- 'be', and is supposed  to be the same formation as found in Hitt. assu- 'good, favorable' (cf., however,  Kloekhorst 2008 s.v.). Willi then posits a 'regular' development of *n-osuo- to  *noswo-, assuming that all instances of prevocalic av- (the normal reflex) are  analogical. In order to make this work, he assumes that intervocalic PIE -su-  regularly yielded Gr. *-of- (which is against the communis opinio). However, since  this root (and all other roots which turn up with an initial vowel in Greek) started  with a laryngeal, the regular outcome of *n-h,osuo- (and of all similar cases) is  *anoswo-. This disproves the whole account.

XXXXXνόστος = VEOpAL.

XXXXXνόσφι(ν) [adv., prep.] 'aside, far (from), without' (epic and lyr. since Il.). <?>

    *DER νοσφίδιος 'situated aside, secretly' (Hes. Fr. 187), νοσφιδόν [adv.] 'secretly'  (Eust.); verb νοσφίζομαι 'to turn away (intr.), remove (oneself), steal' (B 81 = ©. 222),  act. 'turn away (trans.), remove', aor. νοσφίσί(σλασθαι, pass. νοσφισθῆναι (Od.), fut. νοσφίσ(σ)ομαι (A. R.), also act. νοσφίζω (h. Cer. Pi); sometimes with prefix,  especially ano-; thence νόσφισμα [n.] 'pilfering' (pap.).

    *ETYM No etymology. Meier-Briigger MSS 48 (1987): 179-186 explains the form as  containing *nos 'us', as seen in ἄμμε < *ys-me, and assumes an original meaning  'away from us'; this is semantically doubtful. Heubeck KZ 98 (1985): 257-259 defends

===Pag_1076: Beekes_Página_1076.tiff=== XXXXXνυκτάλωψ, -ωπος 1025 Thieme's idea that the word is derived from the stem nos- of the word for 'nose'; this is impossible, as the word for 'nose' was neh,-s-, *nh.(e)-s- (see Beekes 1995: 180).

XXXXXΝότος [m.] 'South(west) wind', which brings mist and wetness (Il.), 'the South, Southwest' (IA); on the mg. Nielsen Class. et Med. 7 (1945): 5ff.

    *COMP Some compounds, e.g. Εὐρό-νοτος [m.] 'Wind between Εὖρος and Noto  (Arist.).

    *DER A. Subst.: 1. votia, -in [f.] 'wetness' (© 307, Arist., Thphr. it could also be an  abstract in -ia from νότιος, see Scheller 1951: 54 f}; from it νοτιώδης (Gal.) =  νοτώδης (see below) and νοτιάω 'to be wet, drip', if not rather vot-taw (see below). 2. votic, -ίδος [f.] 'wetness' (E., PL, Arist.). B. Adjectives: 1. νότιος 'rainy, wet' (epic, Hp.), 'southern' (1A); on the retention of  -τι- Schwyzer: 270; 2. votepdc 'id. (IA); 3. νότινος 'id' (pap.); 4. νοτώδης 'id.' CHp.);  5. VOT-Latog 'south(west)ern' (Herm. apud Stob.). C. Verbs: 1. νοτίζομαι, -ifw 'to become, be wet, make wet', also with prefix, eg. kata-, bito- (IA); hence νοτισμός 'wetness' (Sor.). 2. votéw (Hell.), νοτ-ιάω (Arist.;  Schwyzer: 732; cf. above) 'to be wet, drip'.

    *ETYM Connection of νότος with véw and νήχω 'to swim' leads nowhere, since these  continue a root *sneh,-. A similar formation may be seen in Arm. nay 'wet, fluid' <  PArm. *nato- or *noto-. The form may instead be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXνουθετέω 'to admonish, warn'. =vdéoc.

XXXXXνοῦθος [adj.] only as an epithet of δοῦπος (Hes. Fr. 48), 'dull' vel sim. <1E? *sneud"- 'cloud, dark', PG?> ἡ

    *ETYM Solmsen Glotta 2 (1910): 75f. adduces νυθόν: ἄφωνον, σκοτεινόν 'mute, dark',  and νυθῶδες: σκοτεινῶδες (H.), comparing the IE word for 'cloud' in Av. snaoda-,  Lat. παρᾶς, etc, cf. on ▶︎ νυστάζω. However, the two glosses adduced, together with  νοῦθος, may also form a Pre-Greek etymon (thus Fur.: 120'). One might also think  of comparing ▶︎ νώθης 'indolent, etc'.

XXXXXvo [n.] name of a letter (Achae. Trag., Pl. inscr., pap.). <LW Sem.»

    *VAR Indeclinable.

    *ETYM From Semitic; cf. Hebr. niin. See Schwyzer: 140.

XXXXXνυ, viv [pcl.] enclitic particle 'now', rarely adverbial.

    *VAR νῦν [adv.] 'now' (IL); viv-t (Att.), with deictic -ἴ like 66-1, etc; on spread and  use Ruijgh 1957: 57ff., also Risch Gnomon 30 (1958): 92.

    *ETYM Old inherited adverb, retained in most branches: Skt. nti, πῶ, niin-dm, Lat. nu-dius tertius 'now (is) the third day', num, nun-c, OHG nu, late MHG nun, Lith. ni, nu, niin-ai, Hitt. nu [pel.], ki-nun 'now', etc. Gr. νῦν may have either old *-m  (Lat. num) or *-n (Skt. niin-dm).

XXXXXνυθόν, νυθῶδες --νοῦθος.

XXXXXνυκτάλωψ, -w7tos [m., f.] 'seeing in the night' = 'day-blind', as a msc. substantive 'day- blindness', secondary 'night-blind, night-blindness' (Hp., Arist. Gal.); cf. Gal. 14,

===Pag_1077: Beekes_Página_1077.tiff===

: νυκτάλωπας δὲ λέγουσιν, ὅταν ἡμέρας μὲν βλέπωσιν ἀμαυρότερον δυομένου δὲ ἡλίου λαμπρότερον, νυκτὸς δὲ ἔτι μᾶλλον 'night-blind is called this, when people see less clearly at day, but more clearly when the sun sets, and even more clearly at night' ἢ ὑπεναντίως, ἡμέρας μὲν ὀλίγα, ἑσπέρας δὲ ἢ νυκτὸς οὐδ᾽ ὅλως 'or the opposite: at day they see only few things, while in the evening or at night they see nothing at all'; opposite ἡμεράλωψ (Gal. 14, 768e Dem. Ophth.). ΡΟ»

    *DER νυκταλωπκά [n.pl.] 'attacks of night-blindness' (Hp.), -tdw [v.] 'to suffer from  ν᾿ (Gal.), with -ἰασις (Orib.).

    *ETYM On the suffix -wn-, see ▶︎ ayxiAwy (with a variant aiyfAwy), which is Pre-  Greek. The connection with νύξ (for the formation, compare aitiaAwy to αἷμα, and  αἱμαλέος and θυμάλωψ to θυμ-ιάω, θυμός) must be folk-etymological.

XXXXXνύμφη [f.] 'bride, young lady', also appellation of a goddess of lower rank, 'nymph' (IL.); also metaph.. e.g. 'pupa' (Arist.), see Gil Fernandez 1959: 208 ff. «ΡΟ»

    *VAR Dor. -@. Voc. -& (I 130; AP 14, 43).

    *COMP νυμφό-λητπτος 'seized by the nymphs, raptured, delirious' (Pl. Arist.), μελλό-  νυμφος 'about to be wedded', 'betrothed' (S., γος, Ὁ. C.).

    *DER A. Nouns: 1. νύμφιος 'bridal' (Pi.), with different accentuation νυμφίος [m.]  'bridegroom' (II.); 2. νυμφ-ίδιος 'bridal, wedding.' (E., Ar.), formation like κουρίδιος,  see on ▶︎ Κόρη; 3. -κός 'id' (trag., PL. Lg.); 4. -εἴος, epic -ἡΐος 'bridal, belonging to the  bride' (Simon., Pi., S., Call.), like κουρήϊΐος, γυναικεῖος, -ἠϊος, etc; 5. -αἴος 'belonging  or consacrated to the nymphs' (E., inscr.), -aia [f.] name of a water-lily (Thphr.); 6. νυμφάς, -άδος [f.] 'belonging to the nymphs' (τύλαι; Paus.); 7. νυμφίδες: ὑποδήματα  γυναικεῖα νυμφικά 'women's wedding-shoes' (H.); 8 νυμφών, -ὥνος [m.] 'bridal  chamber' (LXX, Ev. Matth.); 9. νυμφάσματα [n.pl.] 'ornaments of the bride' (Orac.),  after ὑφάσματα; 10. Νυμφασία [f.] name of an Arcadian well. B. Verbs 1. νυμφεύω 'to give in marriage, to marry (of the groom)', pass. 'to marry  (of the bridey (Pi. S., E.) with νυμφεύματα [n.pl.] 'marriage' (S., E.), sing. 'bride' (S.),

XXXXXνύμφευσις [f.] 'marriage' (LXX); νυμφευ-τής [m.] 'bridegroom' (E.) 'groomsman' (Poll.), -τήρ 'bridegroom, husband' (Opp.), -tpia [f.] 'bridesmaid' (Ar., Plu.), -τήριος 'bridal', τὰ νυμφευτήρια 'marriage' (E.). 2. νυμφ-ιάω 'to be in a frenzy', of a mare (Arist.), after the verbs of disease in -1dw.

    *ETYM Compared with Lat. nubo 'to get married', OCS snubiti 'to love, court', from  IE *sneub*-. This is still followed by LIV' s.v. *sneyb*-. However, the inner nasal in  νύμφη remains unexplained this way. Therefore, νύμφη is rather a Pre-Greek word,  perhaps containing a prenasalized stop. The voc. in -a may be the old nominative  (cf. Pre-Greek endings). Note that Kretschmer Glotta 28 (1940): 273 also pleaded for  substrate origin, comparing the source name Νυμφασία.

XXXXXνύναμαι [v.]

    *VAR νυνατός.

    *ETYM Cret. for ▶︎ δύναμαι, δυνατός.

XXXXXνύννιον [n.] - ἐπὶ τοῖς παιδίοις καταβαυκαλούμενόν φασι λέγεσθαι: ὁμοίως καὶ τὸ νύννιος 'in the case of children, they say that they are lulled to sleep; likewise.

XXXXXνύννιος᾽ (H.). <?>

===Pag_1078: Beekes_Página_1078.tiff===

    *ETYM An onomatopoeic Lallwort; cf. MoGr. νανναρίζω, ναννουρίζω Ἱ lull asleep'  and Oehl IF 57 (1940): 19.

XXXXXνύξ, νυκτός [f] 'night' (11). <1E nekt-, nok't- 'night', neg'"- 'become dark'>

    *COMP Often as a first member, e.g. νυκτο-μαχ-ία, -in [f.] abstract formation as if  from *vuKTo-LLdxoc; νυκτο-μαχέω (Plu.), νυκτί-πλαγκτος 'wandering at night' (A.),  with locatival first member, probably partly analogical; as a second member eg. in  ἀωρό-νυκτος 'at an untimely, nightly hour' (A. Ch. 34), μεσο-νύκτιος 'in the middle  of the night' (Pi, Hp.), to μέσαι νύκτες; further -vvx- in eg. ἔν-νυχος, ἐν-νύχιος  'nightly, in the night' (Il.), νύχιος 'nightly' (Hes.), νυχεύω [v.] 'to wake all night long'  (E., Nic.); cf. below.

    *DER τ. νύκτωρ [adv.] 'at night' (Hes. Archil.); 2. νύκτερος 'nightly' (trag.) with  νυκτερίς, -ίδος [6] 'bat' (Od.), also as a fish-name (Opp.) and plant-name (Aét.), cf. Stromberg 1943: 111, see also Strémberg 1940: 74; vuKtepitic, -ίδος [6] ᾿ἀναγαλλὶς ἡ  κυανῆ᾽ (Ps.-Dsc.), νυκτερεύω [v.] 'to pass the night, pass a sleepless night' (X.), also  with dia-, év-, etc, whence voxtep-eia [f.] 'hunting by night' (Ρ].), -eujia [n.] 'night-  quarters' (Plb.), -ευτής [m.] 'who hunts by night' (PL), -ευτικός 'fit for hunting by  night' (ΧΟ 3. νυκτέριος 'nightly' (Aret., Luc.), τὰ νυκτέρεια = ἡ νυκτερεία (Eun.); 4. νυκτερινός 14. (IA) with νυκτερινία or -efa [f.] 'commander of the night watch'  (Ephesus 10), spelled -na; 5. νυκτερήσιος 'id. (Luc, S. E.), perhaps for -ἰσιος  (Fraenkel 1912: 151°)? Rare νύκτιος 'nightly' (AP), νυκτῷον [n.] 'temple of the night'  (Luc.), after μητρῷον, etc., Νυκτεύς [m.] PN (Apollod.). Cf. also »νυκτάλωψ, For νυκτέλιος epithet of Dionysus (AP, Plu. Paus.)  haplological for *vuxti-téAtoc, which is a hypostasis of νύξ and τέλος (τελέω), cf. νυκτελεῖν: ἐν νυκτὶ τελεῖν (Η.).

    *ETYM Old inherited word for 'night', retained in most IE languages: Lat. nox, gen.pl. noctium, Go. nahts, Skt. nak, acc. naktam (adverbial), Lith. naktis, gen.pl. nakty,  OCS ποξέρ, etc. all from IE *nokt-. The i-stem forms in Lat. noctium, Lith. naktis,  OCS noSt», etc. are innovations of the separate languages. The deviating v in νύξ is  explained from *nok"t- by Cowgill's Law (extensive treatment in Vine 1999b). The aspirated and t-less form in νύχα' νύκτωρ (H.), ἔννυχ-ος, -ἰος, εἰνάνυχες, νύχιος,  etc., is attested only in Greek and in Anatolian (Hitt. neku-* 'to become dark'). Schindler KZ 81 (1967): 290-303 reconstructed a static paradigm for a PIE root noun:  nom. nok"t-s, gen. nek't-s, because of Hitt. nekuz mehur 'at night', which contains an  old genitive. However, acc. to Kloekhorst 2008 s.v. neku-', the consistent non-  geminate spelling in Hitt. neku-*' and the aspirate in Greek vuy- both point to a root  *neg*.. which was lost in PIE after Anatolian split off. Subsequently, *neg'*t- was  assimilated to PIE *nek"t- (cf. Ilr. *n@kt-). On -νυχ- as a second member, see also  Sommer 1948: 64f. The r-stem in νύκτωρ, etc. is also found in Lat. nocturnus < *nokterino-, although  this may also be an independent formation. Otherwise, the formation of the  adjectives is partly paralleled by derivatives of ▶︎ ἦμαρ, ▶︎ ἡμέρα: a) νυκτερινός :  ἡμερινός, Ὁ) vuKTEplog : ἡμέριος, c) νυκτερήσιος : ἡμερήσιος; 4) νυκτερεύω :  ἡμερεύω.

===Pag_1079: Beekes_Página_1079.tiff===

XXXXXνυός [f.] 'daughter-in-law' (Hom.), secondary 'bride' (Theoc.).

    *ETYM An old feminine o-stem, identical with Arm. nu, gen. nuoy 'id', from IE  *snuso- [f.]. Lat. nurus was transformed into a u-stem is (after socrus); Skt. snusa, to  an d@-stem, as was the Germanic group of OHG sur, MoHG Schnur, and the Slavic  one of CS snexa. Alb. nuse 'bride' does not belong here. Connection to the group of  γευρά, ▶︎ νεῦρον is impossible, as this word was *sneh,-ur/n- and contained a  laryngeal.

XXXXXνυρίζει [v.] - νυσσει, ξύει 'to prick, pierce; scratch' (H.). <?>

    *VAR  Also νυρῶν- νύσσων, ξύων (H.). %

    *ETYM Unknown. Perhaps related to ▶︎ vévw and ▶︎ νύσσω; cf. Pok. 767.

XXXXXνύσα [f.] = δένδρον (Pherecyd. 178 J). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXνῦσος [adj.} = χωλός, a Syracusan word (Nonn. D. 9, 22; EM 280). <?

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXνύσσα [f.] 'turning post in the race-course, starting point and goal of the contest' (II.). «ρα»

    *ETYM Without a good explanation. Compared with »vicow as 'νύκ-ια 'the  thrusting one', which seems possible. Untenable Semitic etymology in Lewy KZ 55  (1928): 24ff; acc. to Jiithner Die Antike 15 (1939): 251, the word is Aegean (1.6. Pre-  Greek).

XXXXXνύσσω [v.} 'to thrust, sting, pierce' (on the epic use Triimpy 1950: 96f., 100ff.). <?>

    *VAR Att. νύττω, aor. νύξαι (IL), fut. νύξω, Hell. aor. pass. νυγῆναι, νυχθῆναι, perf. νένυγμαι.

    *COMP Also with prefix, e.g. κατα-, ὑπο-.

    *DER 1. νύξις [f.] 'thrust, sting' (Dsc., Plu.), κατάνυξοεις 'stupefaction, bewilderment'  to κατα-νύσσομαι 'to be stinged in the heart, be stunned' (LXX, NT); 2. νύγμα (also  -χμα) [n.] 'stab, prick' (Nic, Epicur, Gal.) with νυγμα-τικός 'fit for stabbing'  (medic.), -τώδης 'punctuated' (Arist, medic.); 3. νυγ-μός [m.] (Ὁ. S., Plu.), -μή If.)  (Plu.) 'id'; 4. vwy-dnv 'by pricking' (A. D.). Further νυκχάσας = νύξας (H.),  expressive enlargement with geminate and aspiration.

    *ETYM Without an exact correspondence outside Greek. A formal similarity exists  with some WGm. and Slav. expressions for 'nod, etc.', eg. MLG nucken 'to move the  head menacingly', nuck(e) 'sudden thrust forward and upward of the head when  frightened, etc.', OCS nukati, njukati 'to encourage', which are sometimes connected  with vetw, Lat. nuo (assuming a velar enlargement). Following Brugmann IF 13  (1902-1903): 153ff., vooow has been analyzed in the same way, which would, however,  imply a basic meaning 'to pull, thrust' for the root of vebw.

XXXXXνυστάζω [v.] 'toslumber, be sleepy' (Hp., Att.). <1E? *snud- 'sleepy, slumber'>

    *VAR  Mostly present; aor. -άξαι (Thphr., LXX), -άσαι (Dionys. Com., AP).

    *COMP Also with prefix, e.g. ὑπο-, ém-.

===Pag_1080: Beekes_Página_1080.tiff=== XXXXXγωθής 1029

    *DER νυσταγμός [m.] 'drowsiness' (Hp., LXX), νύσταγμα [n.} 'nap, short sleep'  (LXX), vbotakic (H.) as an explanation of νῶκαρ; νυστακτής as an epithet of ὕπνος  (Ar. V. 42, Alciphr.), -ακτικῶς 'ina sleepy way' (Gal.). Also νυσταλέος 'sleepy' (Aret.,  H.), after ὑπναλέος, skipping the presential suffix (Debrunner IF 23 (1908-1909): 18),  νύσταλος (Com. Adesp.) with νυσταλωπιᾶν' νυστάζειν (H.).

    *ETYM Some Baltic expressions for 'slumber, sleepy' are strongly reminiscent of  νυστάζω, e.g. Lith. snisti, sg. snidau 'to slumber away', with snuda, snudis 'sleeper,  dreamer'; a different ablaut-grade appears in sndudZiu, sndusti 'to slumber', and  (independent of Greek νυσταλέος) forms with an /-suffix: Lith. snaudalius 'sleepy  man', Latv. snaudule 'sleepy-head'. Thus, -τάζω would be just a formal enlargement,  as in κλαστάζω (from κλαστ-, kAad-), βαστάζω, etc. If this is correct, the old  connection with vebw 'nod' should be abandoned. It is doubtful that νυθόν and  > νοῦθος also belong here. γώ {[pron. nom,/acc.du.] 'we two, both of us' (Att., also E 219 and ὁ 475). <IE *neh, 'we  two'>

    *VAR Att. gen. and dat. νῷν.

    *DIAL Nom., acc. νῶϊ, gen., dat. νῶϊν (Hom.); acc. νῶε (Antim., Corinn.).

    *DER Possessive νωΐτερος (Ὁ 39, μ 185).

    *ETYM The old dual personal pronoun, identical with Av. na, OCS na, from IE *nehy. Further, with an old long diphthong, there is Skt. nau. Lat. nos also belongs here. The other case forms are Greek creations: νῶϊ, perhaps from *vw-fu (Ὁ); v@e, based  on σφε or πόδε (Schwyzer: 602f.).

XXXXXνώγαλα [n.pl.] 'dainties, candies' (com. [V*). <?>

    *DER νωγαλέος = λαμπρός (Zonar.) and νωγαλίζω [v.] 'to chew candies' (com, IV*),  with νωγαλίσματα {pl} = νώγαλα (Poll.); also -ebw 'id' (Suid.) with -εύματα [pl]  'id' (com. V-IV?).

    *ETYM No good explanation. Grodelj Ziva Ant. 1 (1951): 259 assumed dissimilation  from *Awyada, derived from λώγη.

XXXXXνωδός [adj.] 'toothless' (com., Arist, Theoc.).

    *COMP Determinative compound vwdo-yépwv 'toothless old man' (com.), see Risch  IF 59 (1949): 277.

    *DER νωδότης [f.] 'toothlessness' (Porph.).

    *ETYM From *#-h,d-, consisting of privative *n- (see ▶︎ d-) and the root of ὀδών  (ὀδούς) < *h,d-ont-. The o-stem perhaps replaces older *vwSwv after the pattern of  στράβων : στραβός, etc. (see Solmsen 1909: 29ff.). For the reconstruction of *h,-, see  Beekes in Kortlandt 2003: 186.

XXXXXνώδυνος [adj] 'feeling no pain' (Pi.), 'alleviating pain' (S.).

    *DER νωδυνία 'painlessness' (Pi, Theoc.).

    *ETYM From privative *n- and ὀδύνη; see on ▶︎ νωδός,

XXXXXνωθής [adj.] 'slow, indolent, stubborn' (A 559), see Bechtel 1921(3): 319 and Leumann 1950: 316. <?>

    *DER Thence νώθεια [f] 'indolence' (Pl, Luc.), νωθώδης 'lethargic' (Aret.).

===Pag_1081: Beekes_Página_1081.tiff===

, -αρος More usual is νωθρός 'id' (IA), whence νωθρ-ία, -in (Hp., Herod., pap.), -ότης [f.] (Hp., Arist., LXX) 'slowness, indifference'; -w5n¢ 'laming' (Hp.); fem. νωθράς, -άδος botanical name = βαλλωτή, also νωθουρίς (Ps.-Dsc.). Denominatives: 1. νωθρεύω,

XXXXXτομαι [v.] 'to be slow, slack, indifferent' (Hp., Hyp. pap.), with νωθρεία 'slowness' (Erot.); 2. νωθρ-ιάω 4. (Dsc.).

    *ETYM A number of etymologies has been proposed, none of which is really obvious:  1) from privative *n- and the root of ὅθομαι, meaning 'who cares for nothing', with  transformation of the second member after the s- and ro-stems; 2) from privative *n-  and the root of ▶︎ ὠθέω, 'who does not let himself be pushed from his place'. 3) The  old connection with Skt. adhrd- 'weak, poor', which presupposes PIE *nh,d'-ro-, is  again hesitatingly mentioned in Mayrhofer EWAia, but the meaning of the Sanskrit  word, which is clearly derived from the root nadh- 'to be in need', is too remote. Alternatively, Fur: 390 connects νωφάλης and νωφρύς, but a variation 0/¢p is  otherwise unknown.

XXXXXνῶκαρ, -apos [n.] 'lethargy, coma' (Nic., Hdn.); the latter explains it as στέρησις τῆς ψυχῆς 'absence of the soul'; it is also translated as νύσταξις 'slumbering'.

    *VAR Also [adj.].

    *DER vwkapwong 'slothful, sleepy' (Diph.).

    *ETYM Frisk includes v@xap under the derivatives of the root *nek- 'disappear' in  Greek, but a long vowel is entirely unmotivated in this formation. On the other  hand, Fur: 133 connects νῶκαρ with νωχελής, which fits well semantically (the  translation 'Todesschlaf by Frisk is inspired by a wrong etymology), and he denies  that it has anything to do with ▶︎ νεκρός, ▶︎ νέκυς. For Pre-Greek words in -ap, see  Fur.: 1347%    νωλεμές, -ἔως [adv.] 'without pause, unceasingly' (Il.), usually verse-final with αἰεί;  later 'firmly' (A. R.). <GR?>

    *ETYM Probably a compound of privative *n- and a neuter *d)ettoc, which is rather  hypothetically compared with a word for 'break, breakable' in Germanic, e.g. OHG  lam 'crippled', which may further belong to OCS lomiti 'to break', Lith. lémti 'to  ordain', 1585. lemit, and perhaps Olr. ro-laimethar 'to dare' (LIV? s.v. *lemH-). The  comparison with the Greek form presupposes, however, that the root reconstruction    is *h,lem(H)-.

XXXXXνῳμάω Ξνέμω.

XXXXXνωπέομαι [v.] 'to be downcast', = δυσωπεῖσθαι 'to shun, disapprove of (Ion. Hist, Phot.). <?> ᾿ «ΑΚ νενώπηται: τεταπείνωται, καταπέπληκται 'is humble, is struck with amazement' (H., Phot.).

    *ETYM Cf. ▶︎ προνωπής. Alternatively, does it derive from vwy- ἀσθενὴς τῇ ὄψει  'weak qua sight' (H.)?

XXXXXνωρεῖ [v.] - ἐνεργεῖ 'is effective, operates' (H.). IE? *noHr->

    *ETYM It has been compared with Lith. ndéras 'will and nériu, noréti 'want'. This  would point to *noHr-, but a reconstruction that is only based on a gloss remains

===Pag_1082: Beekes_Página_1082.tiff=== XXXXXνωχελής 1031 doubtful. At any rate, it does not belong to *h,ner-, which is impossible because of the acute vowel in Lithuanian.

XXXXXv@pow [adj.] mg. unknown.

    *VAR  Only in v@p-om, -orta, as an epithet of χαλκῷ, -6v (Hom.); after this νώροπι  πέπλῳ (Nonn.).

    *ETYM Adjective of unknown meaning. Cf. vapow λαμπρός, ὀξύφωνος, ἔνηχος  'bright, shrill, resounding'. ἢ ὅτι τὴν ὄψιν ἀσθενῆ ποιεῖ 'or that which weakens sight'  (H.), which would imply a meaning 'blinding'. It has often been compared with  ▶︎ ἀνήρ, but this has an initial laryngeal. Comparison with vwpet: ἐνεργεῖ 'is active'  (ΠΗ. Lith. noréti, sg. nériu 'want', etc, which have incorrectly been compared with  avijp, is perhaps possible, but gratuitous. The suffix -om- may point to a Pre-Greek word. Kuiper MKNAW 14: 5 (1951): 5  suggested that it was taken from αἴθοπι.

XXXXXνῶτον [n.] 'back' (11. <?>

    *VAR Secondary τὸν νῶτον and οἱ νῶτοι (Egli 1954: 84ff.).

    *COMP νωτο-φόρος 'carrying on the back', 'bearer' [m.], 'beast of burden' [n.] (X.,  Hell.) with -ἕω, -ia (Ὁ. S.); ποικιλότνωτος 'having a varicolored back' (Pi, E.).

    *DER Adjectives: νωτ-ιαῖος (Hp., PL, E.), see Chantraine 1933: 49, also -atog (Nic.),  -tog (Ti. Locr.) 'belonging to the back', fem. -ta¢ (Hp.). Substantives: νωτιδανός [m.] 'kind of shark' (Arist.), on the formation see Schwyzer:  530; also ἐπινωτιδεύς 'id.' (Epaen. apud Ath. 7, 294d), explanation uncertain (see  Thompson 1947 s.v5 different Stromberg 1943: 49f; cf. also BofShardt 1942: 86);

XXXXXνωτεύς [m.] 'beast of burden' (Poll., H.), see BoShardt 1942: 86. Verb νωτίζω 'to turn one's back, cover one's back, besmear, beat on the back' (trag., cf. Kretschmer Glotta 5 (1914): 287), also with prefix, e.g. ἀπο-, ém-; thence νώτισμα [n.] 'cover of the back' = 'wing' (Trag. Adesp.).

    *ETYM There are no obvious cognates. If connected with the Lat. natis, natés, gen.pl. -ium [[1 'the buttock', we may either assume an old root noun *n(e)h,t- (Schrijver  1991: 169) or a root *nh,t- (De Vaan 2008 s.v. natis), which became thematicized in  Greek.

XXXXXνωχελής [adj.] 'slow, dull, sluggish' (Hp., S., E., Hell. epic). 4 PG(v)>

    *VAR Also νωχαλής (cod. vwe-) νωθρός 'id' (H.), νωχαλίζει: βραδύνει 'to make  slow, delay' (H.). MoGr. has ἀνώχαλος.

    *DER νωχελίη, -ia [f.] 'slowness, laziness' (T 411), cf. Porzig 1942: 204 and Delebecque  1951: 156f., also -era [f.] (Orib., H.); νωυχελεύομαι 'to be slow, indolent' (Aq.). The plantname νωχελίς, -ίδος [f.] = βαλλωτή (Ps.-Dsc.; cf. Strémberg 1940: 158) has  a variant νωκελίς, and is therefore rather of Pre-Greek origin; note also νωφρύς  (Fur.: 390).

    *ETYM Fur. 133 convincingly compares ▶︎ νῶκαρ 'lethargy', which points to Pre-  Greek origin. The variant forms in -yah-, -κελ-, and the alternation x/ lead to the  same conclusion (although there is no explanation for the latter).

===Pag_1083: Beekes_Página_1083.tiff===

===Pag_1084: Beekes_Página_1084.tiff=== XXXXXΠῚ

XXXXXEaive [v.] 'to card, comb wool', metaph. 'to scratch, mangle, lacerate' (ξ 423, IA).

    <IE?  *ksn-ie/o->

    *VAR Fut. ξανῶ, aor. ξῆναι (late ξᾶναι), pass. ξανθῆναι, perf. med. ἔξασμαι (Hell also  ἔξαμμα)).

    *COMP  Also with prefix, especially kata- and δια.

    *DER ξάντης [m.] 'wool-carder' (PL) with ξαντική (scil. τέχνη) [f.] 'the art of carding  wool (PL), fem. ξάντριαι (title of a drama by A.); ξάσμα [n.] 'carded wool' (S. Fr. 1073), also ξάμμα (H. s.v. πεῖκος), ἀναξασμός [m.]} 'laceration' (med.), ξάνσις [f.]  'carding of wool' (gloss.), ξάνιον [n.] 'comb for carding' (Poll, AB, H.), also = éni-  Envov (Poll), probably after ktéviov; Eavaw (Nic.) 'to work hard (carding wool)',  -ῆσαι (S.Pr. 498), ἀποξανᾶν: κακοπαθεῖν 'to suffer' (H.); cf. bpavaw : ὑφαίνω and  similar cases in Schwyzer: 700. Probably related is ▶︎ ἐπίξηνον 'chopping-block', with  an unclear formation.

    *ETYM Technical expression from the production of wool. Its formation may have  been influenced by ὑφαίνω, which is semantically close. Probably somehow related  to ▶︎ ξέω, ▶︎ ξύω, but the exact derivation is unknown. There are no correspondences  outside Greek.

XXXXXξανθός [adj.} 'yellow, golden yellow, reddish, brownish, blond', of hairs (Il.), also of other things (post-Hom.); on the mg. Capelle RAM 101 (1958): 21f. < PG?>

    *DIAL Myc. PN ka-sa-to, cf. Gallavotti Par. del pass. 12 (1957): 1of.

    *COMP ξανθο-κόμης (also -ος) 'blond-haired' (Hes., Pi.), ἐπίτξανθος 'almost yellow,  yellowish' (X, Thphr.) beside ἐπι-ξανθίζομαι [v.] 'to become yellowish or brownish'  (Pherecr.).

    *DER 1. Ξάνθος [m.] name of a river, a town, a person, a horse (IL), with oppositive  accent; 2. ξάνθη [f.] name of a yellow stone (Thphr.); 3 ξάνθιον [n.] name of a plant  used to bleach hairs (Dsc., Gal.); Strémberg 1940: 23; 4. ξανθότης, -ητος [f.]  'yellowness' (Str.); 5. Denominative verbs: a. ξανθίζω 'to make or be &' (com., LXX)  with ξάνθοισις, -ἰσμός 'yellow-colored' (medic.), ξανθίσματα (κόμης, χαίτης) 'blond  curls' (E. Fr. 322, AP) ; b. ξανθόομαι 'to become £.', -όω 'to paint §.' (Dsc.), whence  ξάνθωσις (Ps.-Democr. Alch.); c. ξανθύνομαι 'id.' (Thphr.).

    *ETYM Unexplained. A remote connection with Lat. canus 'grey' has been supposed,  but this remains gratuitous. The comparison with Etr. zam@ic, supposedly 'of gold',  has little value (Heubeck Wiirzb. Jb. 4:2 (1949-1950): 202 compares Σκάμανδρος as  well). The word may be Pre-Greek; cf. ▶︎ ξουθός.

===Pag_1085: Beekes_Página_1085.tiff===

XXXXXξεῖ [n.] Name of theletter (Callias apud Ath. 10, 4534). «Ἰὴν Sem.>

    *VAR Indeclinable. Later Εἴ (Luc.).

    *ETYM Formed after met = Sem. pé; see Schwyzer: 140.

XXXXXξένος [m.] 'foreigner, guest, host' (Il.), 'mercenary, soldier' (€ 102, Att.); ξένη (scil. γυνή, yi) [f.] 'foreign woman, foreign country' (trag., X.); as an adjective 'foreign' (post-Hom.). <PG?

    *VAR Epic Ion. poet. ξεῖνος, Dor. ξένρος (in Cor. Ξενροκλῆς, Corc., El. Ξενράρης),  ξῆνος (Cyr. Φιλόξηνος), (hyper-)Aeol. ξέννος (Hdn.), cf. Schwyzer: 228.

    *DIAL Myc. ke-se-nu-wo /ksenwos/, ke-se-nu-wi-ja /ksenwia/.

    *COMP Many compounds like Eevo-, ξεινο-δόκρος [m.] 'receiving foreigners or guests;  host' (IL.), «pthd-Ee(t)voc 'loving guests, hospitable' (Od.), πρόξενος, Corc. πρόξενρος  {m.] 'public guest, deputy' (post-Hom.), see Risch IF 59 (1949): 38f see ▶︎ Εὔξεινος  πόντος.

    *DER A. Adjectives: 2. ξένιος, ξείνιος 'regarding the foreigner', τὰ Ee(i)via 'friendly  gifts (11... = Myc. ke-se-nu-wi-ja. 2. younger Ee(\ywkds 'id' (1A); 3. ξεινήϊος in τὰ  ξεινήϊα (or τὸ ξεινήϊον) = τὰ ξείνια (Hom.), after πρεσβήϊΐϊα; 4. ξενόεις 'full of  foreigners' (E. [lyr.]). B. Substantives: 1. Ee(t)vin, -ia [f.] 'guest-friendship, guest-right' (since w); 2.

XXXXXEetvoobvn [f.] 'hospitality' (@ 35); 3. ξενών, -@voc [m.] 'guestroom, -house' (E., Pl.); ξενῶνες: οἱ ἀνδρῶνες ὑπὸ Φρυγῶν 'the men's apartments among the Phrygians' (H.); 4. Eevic, -id0¢ [f.] 'road leading into foreign countries' (Delph. II*); 5. ξενίδιον [n.] 'small guesthouse' (pap. ITI'); 6. ξεν-ύδριον (Men.), -vAMov (Plu.) depreciatory diminutive of ξένος (Chantraine 1933: 73f.). C. Verbs. 1. Ee()vilw 'to entertain as a guest' (Il.), also 'to surprise' (Hell.), whence ξένισις [f.] 'hospitality' (Th.), ξενισμός [m.] 'id' (PL, inscr., Luc.), also 'strangeness, innovation' (Plb., D. S., Dsc.); ξενιστής [m.] 'host' (sch.). 2. ξε()ἡνόομαι 'to enter into a treaty of hospitality; entertain sbd. as a guest, to be entertained' (Pi, IA), also 'to live in (or: emigrate to) a foreign country' (S., E.), -6w 'to deprive of, embezzle' (HId.); ξένωσις [f.] 'stay abroad' (E. HF 965). 3. ξενιτεύτομαι 'to serve abroad as'a soldier' (Isoc., Antiph.), -w 'to live abroad' (Timae. Hist, J.); after πολιτεύομαι, -w to πολίτης and πόλις (Georgacas Glotta 6 (1958): 173); ξενιτ-εία [f.] 'being a mercenary, life abroad' (Democr., LXX), -ευτής [m.] 'who lives abroad' (VIP).

    *ETYM The semantic agreement with the old PIE word for 'foreigner, guest', seen in  Lat. hostis [m.] 'foreigner, enemy', Go. gasts 'guest', OCS gost» 'id.', IE *g'osti-, has  led to attempts to connect these with ξένος, assuming a root etymology *g'es-. The  word Eévoc could be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXξερόν [n.] 'the dry (landy only in ποτὶ Eepov ἠπείροιο (ε 402), ποτὶ ξερόν (A. R. 3, 322, AP), ἐπὶ ξερόν (Nic.). 'ξηρός.

XXXXXξέστης [m.] measure for fluid and dried things, = Lat. sextérius (Oropos [around 200°], J., AP), also 'pot, bottle' (Ev. Marc. 7, 4, pap.).

    *DER ξεστίον [n.] 'id.' (Ostr., Orib., Aet.; cf. ἀμνίον, Avyviov, etc; ξεστ-ιαῖος  'measuring a &. (Gal.).

===Pag_1086: Beekes_Página_1086.tiff=== XXXXXξηρός 1035

    *ETYM Backformation from *feotdptov, which was borrowed from sextarius with  metathesis, under the assumption that this was a diminutive. The suffix is like in  κοδράντης (= Lat. quadrans), etc. The word ξέστριξ κριθή- ἡ ἐξάστιχος, Κνίδιοι (H.)  is probably similar.

XXXXXξέω [v.] 'to shave, carve, smooth, polish' (Il.). 418? *ks-es- 'carve'>

    *VAR Aor. ξέσ(σλαι (IL), pass. ξεσθῆναι, perf. med. ἔξεσμαι (IA), fut. ow (Paul. Aeg.), perf. act. ἔξεκα (Choerob.), verbal adj. ξεστός (11...

    *COMP Also with prefix, e.g. dmo-, κατα-, Tapa-, περι-.

    *DER 1. ξέσις (ἀπό-) [f.] 'planing' (Thphr., Delph. IV*); 2. ξέσματα [pl.] 'carving,  chips, carved objects' (M. Ant, AP); 3. ξεσμοῖς [dat.pl.] (H. as an explanation of  σπαράγμασι 'pieces torn off); 4. ξόανον [n.] (carved) image of a god' (S., E., X.), also  name of a musical. instrument (S. Fr. 238); ξοάνων! προθύρων ἐξεσμένων 'carved  doorways' (H.); acc. to Latte Glotta 32 (1953): 35, who reads Eoav@v προθύρων'  ἐξεσμένων, it is also an adjective; diminutive ξοάνιον (Anaphe II*). 5. Eoic, -ίδος [f.]  'chisel' (Hell. inscr.) with ξοΐδιον (pap. ΠΡ) and ξοΐτης [m.] name of a profession  (Isauria; Redard 1949: 36); probably directly from ξέω after κοπίς, δορίς, etc; ξοός'  ξυσμός, ὁλκός 'scratch, furrow' (H.). 6. Of the prefixed forms: διαξόος [m.] 'sculptor  (Delph. 341°), ἀμφί-ξοος (-ovc) 'smoothing all around' (AP); ém-, kata-, παρα-ξοή,  -ά 'carving, planing, etc.' (inscr.). On ▶︎ ξώστρα, see s.v.

    *ETYM Probably related to ▶︎ ξύω and ▶︎ ξαίνω, but without a close correspondence  outside Greek. The stem €eo- (reconstructed from ξεστός, aor. ξέσ(σλαι, etc.) is the  basis of all forms cited. It has traditionally (Pok. 585f.) been interpreted as *ks-es-, the  zero grade of the IE root *kes- 'to scratch, comb', with an enlargement -es- (cf. on  »tpéw). This root is seen in OCS ¢esati 'to comb', Lith. kasti 'to dig, scrape', etc;  »κεάζω and cognates could be related as well. The form ξόανον follows the model of ὄχανον : ἔχω, πλόκανον : πλέκω, etc. See also  ▶︎ KEOKEOV.

XXXXXξηνός [m.] - κορμός 'squared trunk, block' (Suid.). <?>

    *ETYM Has been connected with ἐπίξηνον 'chopping-block', but further details are  obscure.

XXXXXξηρός [adj.] 'dry, arid' (IA). <ΙΕ? *ksero- 'dry'>

    *COMP Many compounds, e.g. ξηρ-αλοιφέω [v] 'to rub dry with oil' (Lex Solonis  apud Plu. Sol. 1), composed of ξηρὸν ἀλείφειν (to *Enp-adoupdc); ξηρόβηξ, -χος [m.]  'dry cough' (medic.), opposed to ὑγρό-βηξ (Stromberg 1944: 100); κατά-, ἐπί-ξηρος  etc. (Ηρ., Arist.) beside kata-, ἐπι-ξηραίνω.

    *DER 1. ξηρότης, -1to¢ [f.} 'dryness' (Att, Arist.); 2. Enpiov [n.], Enpagiov [n.]  'desiccative powder' (medic, pap.); 3. Enpwdng 'dryish' (EM beside πυρώδης). 4.

XXXXXEnpaivw [v.] 'to make dry', -opat 'to dry up', fut. -av@, -ανοῦμαι (IA), aor. ξηρᾶναι (ἧναιν, -ανθῆναι (IL), perf. med. ἐξήρασμαι (IA), -αμμαι (Hell.); often with prefixes like ava-, ἀπο-, ἐπι-, Kata-. Thence (ἀνα-)ξήρανσις [f.] (Thphr. Gal.), (ava-, ἐπι-, ὑπερ- ξηρασία, -in [f.] (Hp. Arist. Thphr.), on the formation see Chantraine 1933: 85; (ἀνα-)ξηρασμός [m.] (medic.) 'getting dry'; (ἀνα-)ξηραντικός 'getting dry' (Hp., Thphr.).

===Pag_1087: Beekes_Página_1087.tiff===

    *ETYM The word ξηρός can hardly be separated from ▶︎ ξερόν. If these belong  together with Lat. serénus 'bright, clear, dry < *kseres-no-, seréscé 'to become dry',  OHG serawén 'id.', etc. (cf. Pok. 625), ξηρός must contain a lengthened grade, which  is problematic. Mayrhofer EWAia sv. ksd rejects the old connection with Skt. ksdra-  'burning, biting, sharp' and ksdyati 'to burn'. Alternatively, for ξερόν one might  assume metathesis of σχερόν 'id.', possibly influenced by ξηρός. See Janko Glotta 57  (1979): 20-23 on this problem.

XXXXXξίμβίρλα -"σίδη.

XXXXXξίρις [f.] 'Iris foetidissima' (Thphr.). < PG>

    *VAR  Also Eipic (Dsc. 4, 22); σῖρις or σίρις (EM* 209, 35); ξυρίς (Dsc., Plin. Gal.); ξειρίς  (Ar., H.), all 'id'.

    *ETYM Frisk (s.v. Evpdv, which is unrelated) asks whether the original form was Etp-  or ξυρ-. Acc. to DELG, ξυρ- could be due to folk etymology (referring to Stromberg    1940: 44). Indeed, the form σῖριςσίρις suggests that Eip- is the oldest form. The  variants point to Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXξίφος [n.] 'sword with a straight, double-edged blade' (IL); see Triimpy 1950: 6off,; metaph. of the Eioc-like bone of the cuttle-fish (Arist.); as a plant name = Eigiov (Thphr.).

    *VAR Also σκίφος (sch., EM, H.).

    *DIAL Myc. qi-si-pe-e /k'sipe*e/ [du.]

    *COMP  As a first member in ξιφη-φόρος 'sword-bearing' (A., E.) with analogical -n-  (Schwyzer: 440). On σκιφα-τόμος see below. As a second member in ἄ-ξιφος  'swordless' (Lyc., A. D.), atig-et [adv.] (Hdn.).

    *DER 1. diminutive ξιφίδιον (Ar, Th.), also plant name = onapydviov, 'swordgrass'  (Ps.-Dsc.), see Stromberg 1940: 44; 2. ξιφύδριον (oxig- Epich.) name of a crustacean  (medic., H.). 3. ξιφίας (σκιφ- Epich.) [m.] 'swordfish' (Arist.), also name of a comet  (Plin.); 4. ξιφίον [n.] 'cornflag, Gladiolus segetum' (Thphr., Dsc.); 5. ξιφήρης 'armed  with a sword' (E,, late prose). 6. ξιφήν: ὁ φέρων ξίφος 'who bears a &.' (Suid.). 7. ξιφίνδα παίζειν = ξιφίζειν (Theognost.). 8. ξιφίζω [v.] 'to dance the sword-dance'  (Cratin.), ἀποξιφίζειν: ὀρχεῖσθαι ποιὰν ὄρχησιν, σκιφίζει- ξιφίζει. ἔστι δὲ σχῆμα  μαχαιρικῆς ὀρχήσεως (H.). Thence ξιφ-ισμός (Ath, D. C.), -towa (Choerob., H.)  'sword-dance', ξιφιστύς: μαχαιρομαχία, μάχη ἐκ χειρῶν 'battle with daggers (H.);  ξιφ-ιστήρ [m.} (pap., Plu.); -ἰστής CH.) 'sword-belt' rather directly from ξίφος in view  of the mg; cf. κορυφιστήρ s.v. ▶︎ Κορυφή. With prefix δια-ξιφίζομαι [v.] 'to fight with  the sword' (Ar.), διαξιφισ-μός [m.] 'battle with swords' (Plu.). Two further glosses  from H.:: ξίφαι- τὰ ἐν ταῖς ῥυκάναις δρέπανα ἢ σιδήρια 'sickles or tools in planes' and  (with metathesis) σκιφίνιον: πλέγμα ἐκ φοίνικος 'sth. plaited of date-palm' (after  κοφίνιον, etc.); perhaps also σκιφα-τόμος, a profession (Sparta °° Cf. on ▶︎ κίφος.

    *ETYM Oriental origin (Aram. saj*fa, Arab. saifun, Eg. séfet 'sword') has been  advocated by e.g. Lewy 1895: 176f,  Cop KZ 74 (1956): 231f. compared Oss. exsirf 'sickle', assuming IE *ksibrd-. Such an  isolated comparison, however, is highly unlikely.

===Pag_1088: Beekes_Página_1088.tiff=== XXXXXξύλον 1037 The Myc. form clearly points to Pre-Greek origin because of the variation k'-/k-. Perhaps the forms with oxtg- also point in this direction. It is unlikely that Myc. qi- si- pe-e lost its labiovelar through dissimilation with the following ῳ (as per Heubeck Minos 6 (1958): s5ff.). Pre-Greek also had labiovelars, which did not always share the fate of the inherited ones (see Pre-Greek).

XXXXXξουθός [adj.] mg. uncertain, 'resounding, trilling, quick, agile, yellow'(?), said of the wings of the Dioscuri (ἢ. Hom. 33, 13), of an eagle (B.), a cicada (AP); of the nightingale and its yévuc (A, E, Ar. Theoc.), of the swallow and other singing birds (Babr.), of bees (S. Fr. 398, 5, E.); also of the winds (Chaerem. Trag.), of ἀλκυόνες (AP), of the ἱππαλεκτρυών (A, Ar.); further of μέλι, αἷμα, λύκος (Emp., Opp.), with ξανθός as a vil, probably referring to the color (cf. H. ξουθά' οὐ μόνον ξανθά, ἀλλὰ kal Aevkd καὶ πυρρά 'not only &., but also white and tawny'). «Ὁ

    *DIAL Myc. PN ko-so-u-to (Gallavotti Par. del pass. 12 (1957): 6f.).

    *COMP Asa first member in ξουθό-πτερος, of μέλισσα (E., Lyr. Alex. Adesp.).

    *ETYM On the meaning, see Leumann 1950: 215. The etymology is unknown. The  general similarity with ξανθός has long been observed. Cf. Taillardat 1962: 8266 and  Duerbeck MSS 24 (1968): 9-32.

XXXXXξυλαμάω [v.} 'to plant or sow green crops or fodder' (opposed to oneipw), usually with dat. (χόρτῳ 'fodder'). <?>

    *VAR  Aor. -μῆσαι.

    *DER ξυλάμησις [f.], also the back-formation ξυλαμή [f] 'sowing green crops',  ξυλαμητής (also -ἰστής) [f.] 'sower of green crops' (Hell., pap.; Mayser 1906-1938, I: 3:  127, 66 and 79).

    *ETYM Technical word without etymology. Neither ξύλον nor ἀμάω (ἀμάομαι) seems  to yield an acceptable connection.

XXXXXξύλον [n.] 'wood, timber, firewood, tree, beam, stick; wooden block put around the neck, gallows; bench, table' (IL); also as a measure of length: 'the side of the vabBiov' (Hero Geom., pap.).

    *COMP Very frequent in compounds, eg. ξυλουργός (-οργός, -epydc) [m.]  'carpenter', with -éu, -fa, εἰκός (IA), cf. on δημιουργός; μονό-ξυλος 'made from one  piece of wood', of πλοῖον, etc. (IA). On ▶︎ ξύλοχος, see s.v.

    *DER 1. Diminutives: ξυλ-άριον 'small piece of wood' (LXX, pap., etc.), -ἤἦφιον 'piece  of wood' (Hp., Hell.), -άφιον 'id.' (Eust.); on -ἤφιον, -άφιον see Wackernagel Glotta  4 (1913): 2431: ξύλιον 'piece of wood' (pap. IV?). Further substantives: 2. ξυλ-εύς [m.] 'woodcutter', name of a sacrificial attendant in  Olympia (inscr. I*, Paus., H.), with -evw, -εύομαι 'to fetch wood' (Hell. inscr., Men.,  H.), -eia [f] 'fetching wood, stock of wood, timber' (Plb., Str., pap.). ξυλίτης: ἰχθῦς  ποιός 'kind of fish' (H.), explanation in Stromberg 1943: 25; ξυλῖτις (γῆ, χέρσος) [f.]  'bush' (pap.); 4. ξυλών, -ῶνος [m.] 'place for wood' (Delos ITI-II*). Adjectives: 1. ξύλ-ινος 'of wood, wooden' (Pi., B., IA), 2. -τκός 'id' (Arist.) with  τ-ἰκάριος 'woodseller (?)' (Corycos}, from Lat. -drius, 3, -ηρός 'regarding wood'  (Delos III*), -ηρά [f.] 'woodmarket'? (pap. I?), 4. -ὥδης 'woodlike, -colored' (Hp.,  Arist., Thphr.).

===Pag_1089: Beekes_Página_1089.tiff===

Verbs: 1. ξυλ-ίζομαι 'to fetch wood' (X., Plu.) with -ἰσμός 'fetching wood' (Str. Ὁ. H.), -ἰστής 'who fetches wood' (sch.); 2. ξυλ-όομαι, -dw 'to turn into wood, make of wood' (Thphr., LXX) with -wotg [f.] 'woodwork' (Th., Hell. inscr.), τωμα, -ωμάτιον 'id' (Delos 1Π᾿, εἰς); 3. ξυλ-εύω, see above on ξυλεύς.

    *ETYM The word ξύλον appears as σύλον, σύλινος on younger Att. vases (see  Schwyzer: 211). It seems to correspond with Lith. Stas 'post, pole, stave' < IE *ksulo-,  Ru. Stilo [n.] 'garden-pole', SCr. silj [m.] 'block' < IE *kseulo- (?). Germanic words  like OHG sul [f] 'style, pole', Go. sauls 'pillar' have a similar appearance. The  relation between the Slav., Balt, and Gm. words has been amply discussed, but  hardly explained. Was the word taken from a non-IE substrate language? See  Lehmann 1986 s.v. sauls. Original connection*of ξύλον with ▶︎ Edw is not probable,  but secondary influence (Chantraine 1933: 240) is conceivable.

XXXXXξύλοχος [f.] ἱλόχμη, lair', also 'thicket, bush'? (Hom., AP, Anacreont., also late prose).

    *DER ξυλοχίζομαι (-io8-) probably = ξυλίζομαι (Theoc. 5,65; see ξύλον).

    *ETYM Explained from *EvAd-Aoxoc with haplology, but the exact semantic  interpretation remains uncertain; cf. Solmsen 1901: 97'. Because of the fem. gender  (perhaps after λόχμιη), Bechtel 1914 s.v. points to the possibility of adjectival origin:  'having dry wood as a bed', of εὐνήν

XXXXXξύν [adj., prep.] 'with, together' (IL, especially OAtt.). <?>

    *VAR  With dat.; since II? sometimes with gen. after μετά. Younger form σύν (since  11); on the distribution of the forms see Schwyzer 1950 487%. On the use in Plato see  Kerschensteiner MSS 1 (1952): 29ff.

    *DIAL Myc. ku-su /ksun/.

    *ETYM No clear correspondences exist outside Greek. The appurtenance of BSI. forms (Lith. su 'with', OCS sa, Ru. s(o) 'together with, down from, etc.') is doubtful. Dunkel Glotta 60 (1982): 55-61 assumes that Evv arose from *som with *k- (seen in  *kom, Lat. cum) added before it (thus a contamination). The word ξύν is probably also contained in μεταξύ (cf. on ▶︎ μετά). See ▶︎ ξυνός.

XXXXXξῦνός [adj.] 'common, public, usual' (epic Jon., IL), = κοινός.

    *COMP Rarely in compounds, e.g. ἐπί-ξυνος = ἐπί-κοινος 'common' (M 422).

    *DER 1. ξυνάων, -άν (Pi.), ξυνέων (Hes.), ξυνών (S.) [m.] = κοινάν, -wv 'comrade,  companion', whence Evvwvia (Archil.), ξυνωνός (Theognost.); see on κοινών, -via,  -νός (s.v. ▶︎ κοινός). 2. ξυνήϊα [n-pl.] 'common booty', 1.6. not yet distributed (A 124,  Ψ 809), after πρεσβήϊα, ξεινήϊα. 3. ξυνόομαι [v.] 'to have contact with' (Nearch.,  Man.), -όω 'to bring into contact with' (Nonn.).

    *ETYM From *Evv-10-, derived from ξύν like ▶︎ κοινός from ἴκομτ-ιος < "κόμ (*KOv) =  Lat. cum. On Evvoc: κοινός and their derivatives, see Leumann 1950: 2243 and Bjérck  1950: 366f. See ▶︎ ξύν.

XXXXXξυρόν [n.] 'razor' (K 173). 41Ε *ksuro- 'razor'>

    *VAR Also -ός [m.].

===Pag_1090: Beekes_Página_1090.tiff=== XXXXXξύω 1039

    *COMP Rare as a first member, e.g. ξυρο-δόκη [f] 'razor-case' (Ar.); as a second  member with metrically conditioned enlargement in ὑπο-ξύριος (AP 6, 307; verse-  final), 'what is under the &.', whence 'on which the razor is whetted'. Backformation  in ὑπό-ξυρος 'cut away as ifby a razor', of the nose of an eagle, etc. (Hp.), ἀπό-ξυρος  'cut off, steep', of a rock (Peripl. M. Rubr., Luc.), κατά-ξυρος epithet of θυρίδες  'loopholes' (Ph. Bel.), cf. ὑπο-, ἀπο-, κατα-ξυράω, -éw below.

    *DER 1. Diminutives: Evp-tov (Hell), -agiov (Gal., sch.). 2. Evpiag [m.] 'with a  tonsure, clean-shaven man' (Poll, H.). 3. On ξυρίς, -ido¢ [f.] see ▶︎ ξιρίς. 4. Denominative verbs: a. Evpéw 'to shave clean' (Hadt., trag. and Att), ξυράω, -άομαι  (Hdt, Plu.), ξύρω, -optat, aor. ξῦραι, -ασθαι (Hp., Hell.), also with prefix, e.g. ἀπο-,  ὑπο-, κατα-; thence ξύρησις [f.] 'shaving' (LXX), -joyioc 'good for shaving' (Ael. Dion.), ξυρησμός [m.] 'id'? (Hdn.), ξυρητής [m.] 'barber' (pap.); b. Evpitw = -éw  (sch.), whence ξύρισμα [n.] 'shaving' (Tz.).

    *ETYM An inherited word, identical with Skt. ksurd- [m.] 'razor' < IE *ksuré-. For  further connections, see ▶︎ Evw.

XXXXXξυστάδες [f.] - ai πυκναὶ ἄμπελοι, ἄμεινον δὲ τὰς εἰκῇ καὶ μὴ κατὰ στοῖχον πεφυτευ- μένας ἀκούειν 'vines planted closely togehter, but it is better to understand the plants planted at random and not those planted in a row' (H.). =ovotac.

XXXXXEvotic, -ίδος [f.] 1. 'robe of rich and soft material, worn with festive clothes as a robe of state' (com. Pl.), whence ξυστιδωτός (scil. χιτών) 'chiton like a robe of state' (Att. inscr.); 2. 'shaver, drawknife; currycomb' (Epich., Diph.). «GR>

    *ETYM From ξυστός 'shaven clean, planed', probably a comic name: a cloth sweeping  the ground (on the formation, see Chantraine 1933: 343f.), but also a 'planing  instrument' (Chantraine 1933: 338). See ▶︎ ξύω.

XXXXXξυστόν 1 [n.] 'shaft of a spear', usually 'spear' (1]., Hdt, E., X.).

    *ETYM From ▶︎ Evw as 'what has been smoothened; smoothened stick' (scil. δόρυ).

XXXXXξυστός 2 [m.] 'walking place in a garden, a gymnasium, etc., covered colonnade where athletes exercise in winter' (X., Hell. inscr., Vitr., Plu., Paus.).

    *VAR Also -όν [n.].

    *COMP  As a first member in ξυστ-άρχης [m.] 'director of a ξυστός᾽ with ξυσταρχ-έω,  -ia (late inscr. and pap.).

    *DER ξυστικός 'belonging to a ξ., who exercises in a §' (late inscr. and pap., Gal.).

    *ETYM Originally an adjective, ξυστός meant 'smoothened', of the floor of a  promenade and a colonnade; thus still in ξυστὸς δρόμος (Aristias 5, V*). Cf. also  Evetv 'to smoothen', of δάπεδον (x 456). The word ▶︎ ξυστάδες (beside which ovot-)  is unrelated.

XXXXXξύω [v.] 'to shave, smooth, scratch' (Il.). «1Ὲ *kseu- 'shave, scratch'>

    *VAR Aor. ξῦσαι, pass. ξυσθῆναι, perf. pass. ἔξυσμαι. «Comp Also with prefix, e.g. ἀπο-, ἐπι-, KaTa-, περι-.

    *DER Action nouns: 1. ξῦσις (ἀπό-) [f.] 'shaving, scratching, ulceration, erosion' (Hp.,  inscr.). 2. ξῦσμα (ἀπό-) [n.] 'filings, chip, lint, etc.' (Hp., Arist.) with ξυσμά-τιον,  -τώδης (medic.); -λιον [n.] 'erosive plaster' (Cyran.). 3. ξυσμή [f.] 'scratching'

===Pag_1091: Beekes_Página_1091.tiff===

(Sophr.), plur. 'scribbles' (AP, Ὁ. T.). 4. ξυσμός [m.] 'itching, irritation' (Hp.). 5. κατα-ξυή [f.] 'smoothing' (Didyma II). Agent and instrument nouns: 6. ξυστήρ, -fpoc (mept-) {m.] 'shaver, plane, rasp, file' (Hp., Hell. inscr.), Evot-npidiov (Phryn.), -ἤριος (Paul. Aeg.). 7. ξύστρα [f.] 'plane, curry-comb' (Hp., Hell. inscr. and pap.). 8. ξῦστρον = -τήρ (Sparta ΠΡ), also 'sickle, scythe on a wagon' (Ὁ. S.); thence Evotpiov (pap. II Paul. Aeg.), Evotpic (H. s.v. στελγίς, = otheyyic), ξυστρωτός 'fluted, chamfered' (LXX, Hero), Evotpdopat [v.] 'to flute' (Mylasa). 9. περι-ξύστης [m.] name of a chirurgical instrument (Hermes 38, 283). 10. ξυήλη (-dAn) [f.] 'planing iron' (X., H., Suid.). 11. ξυστάλλιον = ξῦστρον (Delos 115 Adjective ξυστικός 'ptng. to shaving, etc' (meéilic,, etc.). See also Evatic, -όν, -ός and ▶︎ ξυρόν.

    *ETYM There is no direct correspondence for the Greek system. An athematic  lengthened grade present is found in Skt. ksnduti 'to grind, whet, rub', zero grade  pres. ptc. ksnuvand-. If this contained a nasal infix, it is archaic, as is clear from Lat.

XXXXXnovacula [f.] 'razor', a denominative or deverbative formation from novdre < ksnovare. The nasal was also introduced in non-presentic forms, eg. ptc.perf. ksnutd- (= Av. hu-xSnuta- 'well-sharpened'), verbal noun ksnétra- [n.] 'whetstone'. One may further compare Lith. skusti, isg. skutu 'to shave, plane, etc.', if somehow transformed from *ksu-. See ▶︎ ξέω, ▶︎ Eaivw.

XXXXXξώστρα [3] - ψυκτρίς, ψύκτρια (H.). «ἢ»

    *ETYM The gloss is probably corrupt, since ψυκτρ- is unknown. It has variously been  corrected to ψηκτρίς, ψήκτρια, or the lemma changed to ξύστρα. The word is usually  given under ξέω, but this need not be correct.

===Pag_1092: Beekes_Página_1092.tiff===

O 6-1 copulative prefix.

    *VAR In ὄ-πατρος 'of the same paternal descent' (A 257, M 371), ὀπάτριος (Lyc.); in  ὄ-τριχες ἵπποι 'horses with like manes' (B 765) and the glosses ὀγάστωρ' ὁμογάστωρ,  ὄζυγες: ὁμόζυγες (H.); also in ▶︎ oléteac.

    *ETYM Probably, Aeolic for copulative »d- 1. Semantically, it often comes close to  p d- 2. See ▶︎ ὄπατρος.

6- 2 'close by, near, with' vel sim. <?>

    *ETYM Assumed to be a fossilized prefix cognate with Av. and Skt. a- 'towards, away  from' < *(H)o-, in order to explain 6- in ὀκέλλω 'to drive ashore' beside ▶︎ κέλλω, and  further ὀτρύνω, ▶︎ ὄζος 1, ▶︎ ὄσχη, ▶︎ ὄψον; for further details, see the separate words. In view of the paucity of the examples, this analysis is probably wrong. More forms  are mentioned in Pok. 28of., but almost all of these are now explained by an initial  laryngeal.

XXXXXὁ [pron., art] demonstrative 'this one, that one' (I1.), later article.

    <IE *so, to- 'this  one'>

    *VAR Fem. ἡ, Dor. a; the nom.pl. oi, fem. ai (epic, Att.) is analogical for toi, tai (epic,  Dor.).

    *DER Also substantivized ὅς, in καὶ ὅς, ἦ δ᾽ ὅς 'said he', etc. (II).

    *ETYM An old demonstrative, originally only nom.sg.msc. and fem., retained in  several languages: e.g. Skt. sd(/), fem. sa, Go. sa, fem. so, ToB se, fem. sa, and OLat. sa-psa 'ipsa' with innovated forms sum, sam, sds, sds 'eum, eam, eos, eas'. All are  from IE *so(s), *sehy.

64 [interj.] interjection of pain (A. Pers. 117 and 122 [lyr.]).

    *VAR Also ὀᾶ.

    *DER Besides odd, ovG interjection of admiration (Arr. Epict., Ὁ. C., Ev. Marc. 15, 29);  οὐαί of pain, 'woe' (LXX, J., NT).

    *ETYM Cf. Lat. vah, interjection in various mgs., as well as vae utterance of pain, Go. wai 'woe'; further forms in Pok. of. On 6-, οὐ- as a rendering of a w-sound, see  Schwyzer: 313.

6a 1 [f.] 'elderberry tree, mountain ash, Sorbus domestica' (Thphr.). <1E *Hoi-ueh,- 'yew'> ᾿ ἍΝ ΑΚ Ion. ὄη, οἴη; variant οὔα. The fruit is called ὄον or οὖον [n.] 'elderberry' (Pl. Smp. 190d, Hp., Thphr., Dsc.).

===Pag_1093: Beekes_Página_1093.tiff===

    *ETYM Words reminiscent in form and meaning of ὄα are found in many languages:  Lat. diva [f.] 'grape', which may derive from IE *Hoiueh,-, like da; a derivation  *oiuiid- is assumed in Arm. aigi 'vine'. Further, Lith. (jevd, Latv. iéva [{1 'alder  buckthorn', the Slavic group of Ru. iva [f.] 'willow', the Celto-Germanic word for  'yew, e.g. Olr. ed [m.], OHG iwa [f.], and OPr. iuwis 'yew'. It remains uncertain  whether these words have a common origin, and/or whether we must reckon with  old loans. Alb. vo-dhé, va-dhé 'rowan tree' were borrowed from Gr. da, οἴη.

XXXXX6a 2 'hem, border'. >da.

XXXXXbap, ὄαρος [f.] 'wife', only in ὀάρων [gen.pl.] (I 327); ὥρεσσιν [dat.pl.] (E 486); dapac: γάμους. οἱ δὲ γυναῖκας 'wives, others: women*(H.). < PG?>

    *DER Thence dapitw [v.] 'to have a private conversation, to consort with someone  intimately, to chat' (Il, h. Hom.), only pres. and ipf.; dapoc, usually plur. -ot [m.]  'cosy intercourse or conversation', also 'ditty' (h. Hom., Hes., Pi., Call.), probably a  back-formation; also ὀαριστύς [f.] (Hom.), later ὀαρισμός, usually plur. -oi [m.]  (Hes., Call., Q. S.), ὀαρίσματα [pl.] (Opp.) 'intimate, close or colloquial conversation,  billing and cooing'; ὀαριστής [m_] 'close friend' (τ 179, Timo); on mg. and use of the  verbal nouns see Benveniste 1948: 70, Porzig 1942: 181f.

    *ETYM Looking at the denominative ὀαρίζω, it is thought that dap originally meant  'confidential intercourse, whence 'confidential company, wife'. A good etymology  has not been found. Several proposals have been made (see Frisk) where the initial 6-  would be either the Aeolic variant of copulative ▶︎ ἀ- 'equal, together with', or ▶︎ 6- 2  'to, with'. Regarding the second member, these proposals do not convince, however. Ruijgh 1967a: 386f. supposes that the Linear B ideogram for 'woman' (MULIER)  developed into the sign for wo, suggesting that there was a Pre-Greek word *woar  'woman' (cf. ▶︎ δάμαρ).

XXXXXὄβδην [adv.] 'in the face, overtly, public' (Call. Fr. 522, Lampsakos; A. Ὁ. Adv. 198,7 [where also ὄβδην]).

    *VAR  Only in εἰς (ἐς) ὄβδην.

    *ETYM Adverb in -δην from ὀπ-, the root found in ὀπή, ὄψομαι, etc., with εἰς like in  ἐς ἄντα.

XXXXXὀβελός [m.] 'broach' (IL), 'obelisk, bar of metal used as a coin or weight, obol' (= the sixth part of a drachme), 'obelus, horizontal line used as a diacritic. < PG»

    *VAR Att. ὀβολός, Dor. Arc. ὀδελός (also Nic.), Thess. ὀβελλός.

    *COMP ὀβολο-στάτης [m.] 'obol weigher', ie. 'petty usurer' (com.), τρι-ώβολον,  Dor. -ὥδελον [m.] (-w- by compositional lengthening) 'coin worth three obols,  amount of three obols = half a drachme' (Th., Ar.); also 650A kai: ὀβολοί (H.) from  *ddeh-odKal?

    *DER 1. Diminutive ὀβελίσκος [m.] '(little) spit, needle, obelisk, etc.' (Att., Hell.); 2. ὀβελίας (ἄρτος) 'bread roasted on a spit' (Hp., com.); 3. ὀβελίτης = -ίας (Poll.); 4. ὀβελεία ( = ia) [f.] name of an iron object (Att. inscr.), -ia [f.] 'obol tax?' (Cos I*); 5. ὀβελ-ιαῖος 'like a broach' (medic.), ὀβολιαῖος 'worth an obol, weighing an obol'

===Pag_1094: Beekes_Página_1094.tiff=== XXXXXὄβρυζα 1043 (Arist.); 6. ὀβελίζω [v.] 'to mark with an obelus' (Cic., Hermog.) with ὀβελισμός [m.] 'marking with an obelus' (sch.); but ὀβολισμός [m.] 'carriage rate' vel sim. (pap. ΠΡ.

    *ETYM The variation 6 : B in ὀδελός : ὀβελός can seemingly be explained by  assuming an original labiovelar *g', but a number of problems remain in the  reconstruction of a pre-form: 1) non-Aeolic ὀβελός instead of expected ὀδελός  cannot be easily explained by analogy, as e.g. Frisk s.v. states; 2) there is not enough  evidence for early vowel assimilations in Greek, for which ὀβολός is taken to be one  of the main examples (see Van Beek fthc.b). Thus, it was assumed (Schmidt KZ 32  (1893): 321ff.) that unaccented *e regularly developed to o if accented "6 followed in  the next syllable, with at least one consonant separating the vowels. However, if  ὀβολός would reflect such an old assimilation ¢ > 0, then the vocalism of ὀβίδελός in  all other dialects would be hard to understand; 3) the geminate in Thess. ὀβελλός is  unexplained; 4) the word was etymologically connected with βέλος 'missile', but the  initial 6- cannot be accounted for (cf. ▶︎ 6- 2). Extensive discussion of the word (also  in compounds) in Tod Numismatic Chronicle 7 (1947): 1-27. The word is clearly Pre-  Greek (see Fur. 389).

XXXXXὄβρια [n.pl.] 'cubs of wild animals' (E. Fr. 616); cf. ἰβρίκαλοι- χοῖροι 'young pigs' (H.).

    *VAR  ὀβρικάλοισι (A. Ag. 143 [Lyr.]), ὀβρίχοισι (A. Fr. 474, 809 Mette).

    *ETYM For ὄβριχα (perhaps -o1?), compare animal names and hypocoristic  formations like ὀρτάλιχος, ὁσσίχος (Chantraine 1933: 403f.); ὀβρίκαλα (-o1?) seems  to have a combination of suffixes -x- and -)-; further unclear. Vendryes REGr. 32  (1932): 496 supposes Sicilian origin. Fur: 191', on the other hand, assumes Pre-  Greek origin with interchange 6-/ i-. Although this would be a rare interchange, the  variation in the suffixes -Κ- and -χ- seems to confirm this.

XXXXXὄβριμος [adj.] 'strong, mighty' (11...

    *VAR Also ὄμβριμος with prenasalization.

    *COMP As a first member in ὀβριμο-πάτρη [{1], epithet of Athena and others, 'having  a mighty father'.

    *ETYM The word ὄβριμος is traditionally compared with words that have no initial 6-  and a long stem vowel: βριμός: μέγας, χαλεπός 'huge, hard' (H.), βριμάομαι  'yahenaivw, to be hard to deal with', Βριμώ [f.] epithet of Hecate, Persephone, and  others (see ▶︎ βρίμη), all of which are probably related to βρίθω, βριαρός. The short 1  in ὄβριμος may have been taken from ἄλκιμος and other near-synonyms, but the 6-  yields serious problems: it is neither a prefix nor a prothetic vowel. The variation  ὀβρι-" βρι- probably points to Pre-Greek origin (Fur.: 246, etc.), as does the  prenasalization.

XXXXXὄβρυζα [f.] 'assaying of gold' (Just. Edict. 11). <?>

    *DER ὀβρυζιακός and ὄβρυζος 'pure, 1.6. having been assayed', of gold (pap. IV-VI?,  sch.).

    *ETYM A technical loanword, compared by Benveniste RPh. 79 (1953): 122ff. with  Hitt. huprushi- name of a pot, as the word originally indicated the pot in which the

===Pag_1095: Beekes_Página_1095.tiff===

gold was tested. Borrowed as Lat. obrussa (since Cic.), later obryza, -iacus (since IV).

XXXXXὄγδοος (adj.] 'eighth' (IL). «18 h,ekteh, 'eight', h,ekth,-uo- (Ὁ) 'eighth'>

    *VAR  ὀγδόατος (1].); after τέτρατος, etc.

    *COMP As a first member probably in ὀγδόδιον: θυσία παρ᾽ Ἀθηναίοις τελουμένη  Θησεῖ 'sacrifice brought to Theseus by the Athenians' (H.), probably of a sacrifice  brought 'on the eighth day'; cf. on ▶︎ αὐτόδιον.

    *DER Oydoaiog 'appearing on the eighth day' (ΡΙΌ., Plu.). On ὀγδοάς, -ήκοντα, etc. see ▶︎ ὀκτώ,

    *ETYM The Greek ordinal 'eighth' goes back το ὄγδορος (cf. Old Corinth. [ὀγ] δόραλ,  which is an enigmatic form beside the cardinal ὀκτώ for at least two reasons: the  voiced cluster -y6- and the suffix -ow- that it seems to contain. It is possible that the  voiced cluster is analogical after ἕβδομος from *septm-o-; Sommer 1950: 24f. even  considered the possibility that the cluster in a pre-form *okty-o- developed an  anaptyctic -o-. However, nowadays one usually reconstructs *(h,)ekt(e)h,-uo- with a  suffix *-uo- added to the form, seen in the cardinal *h,ekteh,, Rix 1976: 172  reconstructs *(h;)ekth,u-h,o-, assuming voicing of the cluster by the *-h,-, which was  afterwards vocalized to yield -o-; this is an ad-hoc solution. Another question is whether or not the -y- is part of the stem (cf. Skt. astau). It is  found in Go. ahtuda ᾿ὄγδοος᾽, OHG ahtowi [pl.] 'eighth (as an officey, and in Lat. octdvus (with -a- perhaps by dissimilation *-eh,uo- > *-eh,uo-; Schrijver 1991: 300).

XXXXXὀγκάομαι [v.] 'to cry, roar', of the ass (Theopomp. Com., Arist., Luc.). <1E? *henk- 'groan'>

    *COMP Also with mpo-, ovv-.

    *DER ὄγκησις [f.] (Corn., Ael.), -ηθμός [m.] (Luc., Nonn.), -ημα [n.] (gloss.) 'roaring,  bellowing', also of oxen; -ηστής [m.] 'crier' (AP), -notixdc 'inclined to crying' (sch.);  ὀγκώδης 'id' (Ael.).

    *ETYM An intensive formation, like > Bodw, ▶︎ yodw, ▶︎ μυκάομαι, etc. A direct formal  counterpart is Lat. uncare 'to drone', of a bear (Suet.). An e-grade (IE *h,enk-) is  found in Ru. jacdt', sg. jacti 'to groan, call plaintively', Alb. nékon, Gheg angdj 'to  groan, sigh, lament'. Celtic and Germanic have various forms in the same meaning  from IE *h,ong-, eg. MIr. ong 'groan, sigh, lament', MLG anken 'to groan, sigh}  further, Lith. ἐπ κοι 'to groan, sigh', ungti 'id', etc. The word may have been onomatopoeic in origin. However, De Lamberterie RPh. 73  (1999): 37f. now derives it from ὄγκος 'swelling'. Borrowed as Lat. oncare 'to cry', of  an ass (Suet.). See also ▶︎ ὄκνος 2 'bitter'.

XXXXXὄγκιον [n.] 'name of a chest for iron and bronze ware' (@ 61, Hermipp. 16). <?>

    *VAR  Also -iov.

    *ETYM Details unknown; in Poll. 10, 165 σκεῦος πλεκτόν, a plaited tool. It is therefore  unclear whether it belongs to ▶︎ ὄγκος 1 (as a chest with hooks or handles) or to  ▶︎ ὄγκος 2 (as a carrier).

===Pag_1096: Beekes_Página_1096.tiff=== XXXXXὄγχνη 1045 ὄγκος 1 [m.] 'barbs of an arrow, chock' (1]., Philostr. Im., Moschio apud Ath. 5, 208b). «1Ὲ *h,onk-o- 'curvature'>

    *VAR Further dyxn- γωνία 'corner, angle' (H.).

    *ETYM Identical with Lat. wncus [m.] 'hook', as an adjective 'curved'; Gr. ὄγκινος  'barbed hook' (Poll. 1, 137 ν.]., sch.) comes from Lat. uncinus [m.] 'id' (Vitr.), For  further cognates (e.g. ἀγκάλη, ἀγκών), see on ▶︎ ἀγκύλος.

XXXXXὄγκος 2 [m.] 'mass, burden, weight; dignity, pride, show-off, also as a notion of style (1A). «1Ὲ h,onk-o- 'curvature', *h,onk-o- 'burden'>

    *COMP Often as a second member, eg. ὑπέρ-ογκος 'excessively large, exaggerated,  haughty' (Pl, X.), rarely as a first member, e.g. ὀγκότφωνος 'with a hollow and  pompous tone' (of a trumpet; sch.).

    *DER 1. Adjectives ὀγκ-ηρός 'bulky, extensive', mostly metaph. 'pompous' (Hp., X.,  Arist.); τώδης 'bulky, bombastic' (Pl. X., Arist.); ὀγκύλον: σεμνόν, γαῦρον 'proud,  haughty' (H.), together with (δι-)ὀγκύλλομαι, -υλόομαι [v.] 'to be swollen, be puffed  up (Hp. Ar); compar. ὀγκότερος 'bulky' (Arist.), superl. -tatog (AP). 2. Verb  ὀγκόομαι 'to be puffed up, swollen, elated', -dw 'to raise, exalt, etc.' (IA), also with  prefix, e.g. dia-, 8&-; thence (61-, £&-)dyKwoic 'swelling' (Arist. medic.), (ἐξ- )ὄγκωμα  'swelling' (Hp. E.). From H.: oykiat- θημῶνες, χώματα 'heaps, piles'; ὄγκιγ μέγεθος  'magnitude' (cf. on ▶︎ ὄγκος 1).

    *ETYM In the sense 'what is carried, load, burden', taken to be an o-grade verbal  noun to the root *h,enk- (seen in the reduplicated aorist ▶︎ ἐνεγκεῖν). A problem with  this analysis is the Schwebeablaut that has to be assumed, as the root is rather  *hnek-. Jouanna CRAI (1985): 31-60 has claimed that the meaning 'burden' is not  attested, and that all attestations can be understood from a meaning 'swelling', which  may have developed from 'curvature' (and, like ▶︎ ὄγκος 1, be derived from *h,onk-).

XXXXXὄγμος [m.] 'furrow, swath, line of scythed grass or grain', also of the course of the moon and the sun, etc., 'strip of land, which is (or ought to be) scythed down or cultivated in another way', also as a field-measure (Il., pap. imperial period).

    <IE  *h,og-mo- 'trajectory'>

    *DER ἐπόγμιος 'presiding over the dypoc', epithet of Demeter (AP); ὀγμεύω [v.] 'to  form an 6., to move in an 6. (X. Cyr. 2, 4, 20 of the drivers; 5. Ph. 163 of the wounded  Philoctetes), ἐπ-ογμεύω (κύκλον) [v.] 'to move in circles' (Tryph. 354); perhaps also  Ὄγμιος name of Heracles among the Celts (Luc. Herc. 1)?

    *ETYM A term of agriculture. As a verbal noun to ἄγω (ὄγμον ἄγειν Theoc. 10, 2),  ὄγμος may be identical in origin with Skt. 4jma- [m.] 'trajectory, draught'. It is hard  to imagine parallel innovations, since the suffix -mo- was not productive in Greek. This is one of the good examples showing that *h,0 > Gr. o.

XXXXXὄγχνη [f.] 'pear tree, Pirus communis', also 'pear' (Od., Thphr.).

    *VAR Also dx vn (Theoc., Call. Nic.), dyyvia: ἄπιον 'pear (tree) (H.).

    *ETYM Hypothetically connected with ▶︎ ἔγχος 'lance', if this was originally a lance of  pearwood. Of course, this remains a wild guess. Cf. »ἀχράς and ▶︎ dyepdoc, both  'pear (tree). Fur.: 131° connects κόγχναι: ai ὄγχναι (H.), and thinks the word is Pre-  Greek, also on account of the by-form ὄχνη (ibid. 279).

===Pag_1097: Beekes_Página_1097.tiff===

1046 664k

XXXXXὁδάξ [adv.] 'with the teeth, clenching one's teeth' (ὀδὰξ ἐν χείλεσι φύντες a 381 = σ 410 = v 268; also com, eg. Ar. V. 164 διατρώξομαι τοίνυν ὀδάξ τὸ δίκτυον); perhaps in different mgs. at three places in the Il. (e.g. A 749 ὀδὰξ ἕλον οὖδας; cf. X 17, B 418). «ΡῈ»

    *DER Three verbs: 1. ὀδακ-τάζω (Call, A. R.), -τίζω (Ὁ. H) 'to bite, gnaw' (cf. λακτίζω : AdE); ἀδακτῶ' κνήθομαι 'to itch' (H.). 2. ὀδάξ-ομαι, -w 'to scratch (oneself),  to itch, be scratchy, gnaw', also -άομαι (-έομαι), -dw; variant ἀδάξομαι, -άομαι; fut. τ-ήσομαι, perf. ptc. ὠδαγμένος (S.), aor. ὠδάξατο (AP); ὡδάγμην: ἐκνησάμην (Η.);  ὀδάξει' τοῖς ὀδοῦσι δάκνει 'bites with the teeth', folk-etymological explanation (H.);  ὀδαγμός (ἀ-, 5. Tr. 770), ὀδαξ-ησμός (Hp. Ph., Plu.) 'itch', -ητικός (Poll.), -ὦδης  (Aret.) 'scratchy, causing itch'. 3. ἀδαχεῖ 'scratches, itches' (Ar. Fr. 410), ἀδαχᾷ' κνᾷ,  κνήθει κεφαλήν, ψηλαφᾷ 'scratches the head, touches' (H.).

    *ETYM Both ὀδακ-τάζω, -τίζω and ὀδάξει in H. have been derived from ὀδάξ, which  traditionally translated as 'with the teeth'. However, it is hard to derive ὀδάξοομαι,  -άομαι, which is attested better and earlier, as well as ἀδαχ-εῖ, -G, if we start from  such a meaning. For the oldest attestations of ὁδάξ (Il.), 'with the teeth' is not  directly evident, although it seems possible. Bechtel 1914 rendered ὀδάξ in these  places with 'itching, scratching' (after ὀδάξομαι). The later meaning 'with the teeth'  would have arisen from a folk-etymological connection with ὁδών and dak vw. The forms with ἀ- have traditionally been explained by vowel assimilation (Schmidt  KZ 32 (1893): 391f.), but this has now become doubtful (see Van Beek fthc.b); they  rather point to Pre-Greek origin. It is also quite possible that the original reading was  άδαγ-, and that this was replaced by ὀδ- at some point by folk etymology, as ἀδαγ-  was less well-known. The aspiration in ἀδαχ-ᾷ, -et does not have to be explained as  analogical (Schmidt l.c.), but may be a variant of a Pre-Greek phoneme as well. The  same holds for the interchange between -κτ- and -E- in the verbal forms. For all these  reasons, the former derivation from a zero grade *h,d-nt- must be dropped. See  > ἀδαγμός.

XXXXXὀδαχᾶς [2] - καταπύγων. Ταραντῖνοι 'lecherous, lascivious (Tarentinian)' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXὀδμή [f.] 'smell, scent'. dw.

XXXXXὀδόλυνθοι [m.]? - ἐρέβινθοι 'chick-peas' (H.).

    *ETYM Clearly a Pre-Greek word; cf. ▶︎ ὄλυνθος.

XXXXXὁδός 1 [f.] 'road, street, ride, journey, march' (Il.), metaph. 'way out, means' (Pi., 1A). «1Ε *sod- 'course'>

    *COMP Many compounds, like ὀδο-ποιέω [v.] 'to clear a path, pave the way' (Att.),  with -ποιία [f.] 'road construction' (X.), -ποιός [m.] 'road worker' (X., Aeschin,,  Arist.); ὀδοι-πόρος [m.] 'traveller, wanderer' (Q 375, trag., com.) with -πορία, -in  'journey (on landy (A. Merc. 85, Hp., Hdt., X.), -πορέω [v.] 'to cover a distance,  travel, cross' (Ion., trag.); ὀδοι-δόκος [m.] 'highwayman, robber' (Plb.); the first  member retained a locative ending in order to avoid a sequence of three shorts. As a  second member e.g. in εὔ-οδος 'well-roaded' with evod-ia, -éw, -dw (Att.), also in

===Pag_1098: Beekes_Página_1098.tiff=== XXXXXὀδύνη 1047 εἴσ-, ἔξ-, μέθ-, σύν-οδος, etc. 'entrance, etc.' (since k 90), used as verbal nouns of εἰσ- ιέναι.

    *DER 1. ὅδιος (ἐν-, παρ-, ἐφ-, etc.) 'ptng. to the road' (Il.); 2. ta ὀδαῖα [n.pl.] 'goods  traded along the way' (8 163, ο 445; ch ὀδάω below); 3. -οδικός, in e.g. μεθοδ-ικός  'methodical, systematic' (Hell.); 4. ὀδωτός 'equipped with roads, practicable, doable'  (S. OC 495; cf. d56w); 5. ὀδίτης (παρ-, etc.) [m.] 'traveler, wanderer' (Il); 6. ὅδισμα  [n.] 'road construction' (A. Pers. 71 [lyr.]), cf. τείχισμα. Denominative verbs: 7. ὀδεύω 'to travel by road, wander' (since A 569), very often  with prefix, eg. δι-, ἐξ-, μεθ-, map-, ovv- (partly from δί-οδος, etc.); thence  (-)édevaig (IA), etc; 8, d86w 'to show the way, lead' (Hdt. A, E.); 9. daw (ἐξ-) 'to  sell' (E. Cyc.); ὀδεῖν: πωλεῖν 'to sell' (H.).

    *ETYM Traditionally, ὀδός is connected with a Slavic word for 'course', e.g. OCS xods  [m.] βάδισμα, Spdpoc', Ru. xod 'course, progress', which (like ὀδός) frequently  occurs with a prefix, and may have its initial (x- instead of s-) from compounds with  prefix (pri-, u-, per-). However, the absence of traces of Winter's Law in the Slavic  word (lengthening of the preceding vowel by influence of the glottalic stop *d)  makes it probable that xods was borrowed from Iranian. A further connection has  been proposed with Ilr. verbs like Skt. d-sad- 'to tread on, go on', Av. apa-had- 'to go  away, become weak'. The relation between all forms mentioned and the root *sed- 'sit'? remains unclear. Thus, the Greek noun ὀδός remains isolated.

XXXXXὀδός 2 [m.] 'threshold'. -ροὐδός.

XXXXXὀδούς [m.] 'tooth'. =ddwv.

XXXXXὀδύνη [f.] 'pain, torment, harm, sorrow' (Il.).

    <IE *h,d-un- 'pain'>

    *VAR  Mostly plur. -αι.

    *COMP As a second member in e.g. περι-ώδυνος 'very sore, painful' (Hp., Att.), -w-  compositional lengthening; thence περιωδυν-ία [f.] (Hp. Pl), verbs -éw (medic.),  -dw after ὀδυνάω; rarely as a first member, e.g. in ὀδυνήτ-φατος (ὀδυνήφατα  φάρμακα E 401 = 900, also of ῥίζαν A 847; after this Orph. L. 345, 753) 'soothing,  mitigating', an incidental poetical formation after Gpri-patoc, etc, but with  remarkable active mg.

    *DER Odvv-npdc, Dor. -apdg 'dolorous, painful' (Pi, Att.), -ωδῶς [adv] 'painfully'  (Gal.), -aitepocg 'more painful' (Hp.) as if from "ὀδυναῖος after σχολαίτερος, etc. (Schwyzer: 534); d8vvaw [v.] 'to hurt, grieve', -άομαι 'to be hurt, suffer pain' (1A),  rarely with é&-, kat-; thence ὀδυνήματα [pl.] 'pains' (Hp.).

    *ETYM Beside IA ὀδύνη stands Aeol. ἐδύνας [acc.pl.], cited in Greg. Cor. 597. On this  basis, it was assumed that the vocalic interchange is due to vowel assimilation & > Ὁ  before v. However, this is improbable; as argued by Kortlandt 2003: 94 and 199, a  form attested only in Gregory of Corinth (XII?) cannot be taken so seriously. The form ὀδύνη was taken to be an enlargement in -ἃ- of a verbal noun in -ur, -uen-,  -un- from the root *h,ed- 'eat'. Semantic parallels were adduced by Frisk (Hor. curae  edaces, Lith. édZidtis 'to trouble oneself beside édZidti 'to devour, bite', from ésti 'to  eat'), and ▶︎ ὀδύρομαι 'to wail' was compared as well. A further representative of

===Pag_1099: Beekes_Página_1099.tiff===

h,ed-ur, -un- has been seen in Arm. erkn, gen. erkan 'birth-pain, heavy pain'. On the further basis of Olr. idu 'birthpangs', from which he derived from PCelt. edwon-, Schindler KZ 89 (1975): 53-65 reconstructed an original feminine paradigm h,éduod(n), gen. h,dun-és, nom.pl. héduyon-es. However, the initial laryngeal was h,-, like in ▶︎ ὀδών; cf. Kortlandt 2003: 94 and 199, where Schindler's analysis of the Irish and Greek words is criticized on good grounds. The comparison with Armenian is doubtful, because acc. to Kortlandt, a cluster dw did not yield Arm. rk (ibid. 88ff.). He starts from a root h,ed- 'to bite, sting' also seen in Lith. todas 'gnat' < h,od-o-. Van Beek (p.c.) suggests that this root is continued in the verbal roots meaning 'stink, smell' (Gr. ▶︎ d¢w) and 'hate' (Lat. éd?), on which see LIV? s.wv. 1. h,ed- and 2. h,ed-, but that the original meaning was 'to sting'. Within Greek, ▶︎ ὠδίς may also be related.

XXXXXὀδύρομαι [v.] 'to wail loudly, lament, grieve, mourn, bewail' (Il.). «IE? h,d-ur, h,d- un- 'pain'>

    *VAR  Non-presentic forms are rare: aor. ὀδύρασθαι, pass. ὠδύρθην, fut. ὀδυροῦμαι.

    *COMP Also with prefix, e.g. ἀπ-, κατ-.

    *DER ὀδυρμός [π|.] (trag., PL), ὄδυρμα [π.] (trag.) 'wail, lamentation', ὀδύρ-της [m.]  'who breaks out in lamentations' (Arist.), -τικός 'inclined to lament or to wail'  (Arist, J. Plu.).

    *ETYM Perhaps a denominative yod-present to the r-stem alternating with the n-stem  in ▶︎ ὀδύνη, so originally 'to feel pain'. As a rhyme of μύρομαι, ▶︎ δύρομαι arose.

XXXXXὀδύσ(σλασθαι [v.aor.] 'to be angry, grumble' (II.). <1E? *h,ed- 'hate'>

    *VAR Perf. pass. ὀδώδυσται (€ 423), aor. pass. ὀδυσθῆναι (H.).

    *ETYM Beside the aor. ὀδύσίσγασθαι (ὀδύσαντο Z 138, ὀδυσσάμενος τ 407), we find  οὐδύεται: épiter 'fights, quarrels' (H.), probably with metrical lengthening: a  formation like ▶︎ ἠπύω, ἱδρύω, μεθύω, etc. If not analogical after other verbs denoting  a state in -bw, ὀδύομαι may derive from a u-stem noun *odu- (ὀδυσθῆναι,  ὀδώδυσται may have a secondary -o-). This has been compared with a verb for 'hate'  seen in Lat. 6di, odium, Arm. ateam, and with a Germanic adjective for 'dreadful':  OS atol, ON atall (Hitt. hatuki- 'terrible, frightful is unrelated; see on ▶︎ ἀτύζομαι 'to  be terrified' and Kloekhorst 2008 s.v. hatuk-*),

XXXXXὈδυσσεύς [π|.] son of Laertes and Anticleia, king of the island Ithaca (Il).

    *VAR Epic also Ὀδυσεύς (metrical shortening? Cf. on Ἀχιλλεύς). Several by-forms  with d (cf. Schwyzer: 209 and 333, Heubeck 1961: 24ff.): OAvo(o)evc, Ὀλυτ(τ)εύς,  Ὀλισεύς, etc. (vase-inscr.), Οὐλιξεύς (Hdn. Gr.), Lat. Ulixés. The form with -5- is  only ascertained by epic literature.

    *DER Ὀδυσήϊος (σ 353); Ὀδύσσεια [f.] 'the Odyssey' (Hdt, Pl.) with Ὀδυσσειακός  'belonging to the Odyssey' (Hdn. Gr., sch.), τὰ Ὀδύσσεια 'Odyssean games' (Magn. Mae. III*); Ὀλισ-σεῖδαι [m.pl.] name of a family (gpatpa) in Thebes and Argos  (inscr.).

    *ETYM Connected by the epic poets (eg. τ 407ff.) with ὀδύσσομαι, which is folk-  etymological (Linde Glotta 13 (1924): 223, Risch 1947: 82f., Stanford Class. Phil. 47  (1952): 209ff.). Modern interpreters sought the origin of the name in the Greek West

===Pag_1100: Beekes_Página_1100.tiff=== XXXXXὀδών 1049 or on the continent on the one hand, and in Asia Minor on the other. Those who argue for western, Ilyrian-Epirotic origin are Helbig Herm. 11 (1876): 281 (doubts by Kretschmer 1896: 280ff. with Ed. Meyer), Krahe IF 49 (1931): 143, and van Windekens Herm. 86 (1958): 121 ff; for continental origin, BoShardt 1942: 138f. (also on the phonetics); for origin in Asia Minor, Hrozny Arch. Orbis 1 (1929): 338, Gemser Archiv fiir Orientforschung 3 (1926): 183 (from Babyl. Hitt. Ul(Dus?; on this, see Kretschmer Glotta 18 (1930): 215), and Kretschmer Glotta 28 (1940): 253 and 278 (Odysseus as an Anatolian hero, related to Hatt. Λύξης, Lyd. Ai€oc). Doubtful attempts to connect the name Ὀδυσσεύς with the name of his maternal grandfather Αὐτόλυκος by Bolling Am/JPh. 27 (1906): 65ff. and Bolling Lang. 29 (1953): 2936. However, the name is typically Pre-Greek (see Fur. index) on account of the many variants. Faure's connection with ὀλίγος (Faure 1980: 33) is therefore wrong.

XXXXXὀδών [m.] 'tooth' (Ion.).

    *VAR ὀδούς (Arist., LXX); gen. ὀδόντος; Aeol. plur. ἔδοντες (only Procl., Greg. Cor.).

    *COMP  ὀδοντ-άγρα [f.] 'forceps for drawing teeth' (Hp., Arist.), yavAt-ddwv (Hes. Sc. 387, ntr. -όδον and -όδουν Arist.) 'with protruding teeth'.

    *DER 1. ὀδοντάριον 'little cog' (Heliod. apud Orib.), ὀδοντ-ίς [f.] name of a fish (pap. III"), -@¢ [m.] 'dentatus', -ίας [m.] 'dentiosus' (gloss.); odontitis [f.] 'toothwort,  Dentaria' (Plin.). 2. Adjective ὀδοντ-ικός 'ptng. to the teeth' (medic.), -ωτός  'equipped with teeth' (Hero, Luc., Gal.), with ὀδοντόομαι [v.] 'to be equipped with  teeth' (Poll.). 3. Verbs: ὀδοντ-ιάω 'to teethe' (Gal.) with -ίασις [f.] 'teething' (Dsc.,  Gal.), -i{w 'to equip with teeth' (Orib.), 'to polish (with a tooth)' (pap.), together  with -ἰσμός (Poll.), τ-ισμα (Eust.) 'the grinding of teeth'.

    *ETYM The younger nom. ὀδούς for ddwv is perhaps after διδούς. The form ὀδών,  gen. ὀδόντος agrees with the old name of the tooth in Skt. ddn [m.], Lith. dantis [m.,  f.], and OHG zan(d), all from IE *h,d-ont-. A zero grade *h,d-nt- is found in Go. tunpus (unextended tund- still in Go. aivatundjai 'horse's tooth'; cf. De Lamberterie  RPh. 74 (2000): 278), Lat. déns, etc. The original ablaut is still alive in Skt: gen.sg. datas < *h,dnt-ds beside acc. déntam; cf. also the Germanic forms. The zero grade is  assumed by some in Myc. o-da-ke-we-ta, -tu-we-ta, -twe-ta (wheels) with teeth', but  this is uncertain; see Aura Jorro 1985-1993 2, 16. Aeol. ἔδοντες (with secondary barytonesis) was taken to suggest that ὀδόντ- stands  for earlier *856vt- with vowel assimilation. Therefore, one used to reconstruct *h,d-  ont- as 'the eating one'. However, there are a couple of problems with this view. First  of all, the attestation of the Aeolic form (twice in a late secondary source) is doubtful. Further, the initial 6- is neatly matched by Arm. atamn (Kortlandt 2003: index),  which points to *h,-. It is further confirmed by νωδός, which requires *n-h,d-o- and  can hardly be secondary. The root *h,d- means 'to bite' and is also seen in Lith. uiodas, Latv. uéds 'gnat', both from *h,od-o- with long vowel by Winter's Law, and  within Greek with ▶︎ ὀδύνη (see there for further suggestions). The Aeolic form can  easily have ἐδ- after ἔδω. See ▶︎ vw5dc, ▶︎ αἱμωδέω.

===Pag_1101: Beekes_Página_1101.tiff===

ὄζος 1 [m.] 'branch, twig, bough, offshoot' (IL), also 'knot or eye on a tree' (Thphr.). IE h,esdo-, Hosdo- 'branch'>

    *VAR Aeol. ὕσδος (Sapph.).

    *COMP As a second member in e.g. πέντ-οζος 'with five knots', as a name of the hand  (Hes. Op. 742), πεντά-οζος 'with five knots' (Thphr.).

    *DER ὀζ- δης 'branchy, having many knots' (Thphr., Dsc.), τωτός 'branchy', -αλέος  'id? (AP), after ἀζαλέος; ὀζόομαι [v.] 'to put forth branches' (Hp., Thphr.).

    *ETYM Old inherited word for 'branch', identical with Arm. ost, gen. -oy, Go. asts,  OHG ast, from IE *Hosdo-. Beside these, we find OS and MLG 6st 'knot in wood,  knarl' with deviating length. Traditionally analyzed as *o-sd-o- 'sitting on (the stem)',  containing a prefix ▶︎ ὁ- 2 and the zero grade of *sed-; cf. on ἵζω (s.v. ▶︎ ἔζομαιλ It has  also been compared with Lat. nidus 'nest' < *ni-sd-o-. However, Lubotsky draws attention to the fact that there are various words with  similar formation and meaning: Skt. ddga- 'knot, sprout (of bamboo)', MP 'zg 'twig',  and MoP azg 'twig' seem to reflect *Hodsg™o-, and Olr. odb 'knot', MW oddf 'knot'  go back to *osbo- < *Hosg'o-. Hitt. haSduer- can also be compared; see the discussion  in Kloekhorst 2008 s.v. Taken together with Gr. ὄζος, Arm. ost and Go. asts 'branch'  < *Hosdo-, we seem to be dealing with a preform *Hosdg'o- (that may have  undergone metathesis to *Hodsg'o- in Indo-Iranian). Lubotsky therefore assumes  that the word was in fact an old compound with the first element *h,est(H)- 'bone'.

XXXXXὄζος 2 in ὄζος Ἄρηος, a nickname of brave heroes (II.). ἄοζος.

XXXXXbtw [v.] 'to smell, scent' (IA). <1E *h,ed- 'smell'>

    *VAR  Also ὄσδω, -ομαι (Theoc., Xenoph.); aor. ὀζῆσαι, fut. ὀζήσω (Att), also ὀζέσαι,  -éow (Hp. Superf-, Hell.), plpf. ὀδώδει (Od.), perf. ὄδωδα (Hell.).

    *COMP  Also with prefixes like an-, mpoo-. As a first member in the governing  compound ὀζό-στομος 'with smelling breath' (AP, M. Ant.), as a second member in  plantnames like κυν-όζολον (Ps.-Dsc.).

    *DER 1. ὀδμή [f.] 'odour, scent' (Il.), ὀσμή (Att., Hippon.); on σμ from du see below;  as a second member e.g. in εὔ-οδμος, -οσμος 'sweet-smelling, odorous' (Pi.), also in ὄνοσμα [n.] plantname? (Dsc.); thence ὀδμ-αλέος (Hp.), -ἥεις (Nic.), -ηνός (Η:; cod. 66-) 'strong-smelling'; ὀσμ-ώδης (Arist., Thphr.), -ηρός, -ἥρης CNic.) 'id'; ὀσμύλ-ἡ,  τος, -tov 'strong-smelling octopus' (Ar., Arist.), ὀσμ-ίτης (gloss.), -ἴτις (Ps.~Dsc.)  plantname, -ἀς [f.] = ὄνοσμα (Dsc.); ὀδμ-, ὀσμ-άομαι [v.] 'to scent' (Ion., Arist.),  with -ἡσις (Aret.). 2. From the present: ὄζ-αινα [f.] = ὀσμύλη (Call.), 'stinking adenoid' (Gal.) with  τ-αινικός 'belonging to the S{atva' (Ps.-Dsc.); ὄζολις [f.] = ὀσμόλη (Arist.); ὄζη [f.]  'malodorant breath' (Cels.), 'skin of the wild ass' (Suid.), because of the smell; ὀζηλίς:  ἡ βοτάνη (Theognost.); ὀζώδης = ὀδμώδης (EM, sch.); αἰΞο Ὀζόλαι (m.pL] name of a  Locrian people (Hdt,, Str. Plu.? Lengthened present ὀζαίνομαι = ὄζω (Sophr.), after  ὀσφραίνομαι. 3. From the perfect: ὀδωδή [f.] 'scent' (AP). 4. the suffix -ὦδης in εὐ-  ὦδης 'sweet-smelling, odorous' (Il.), etc. it became a highly productive suffix, but  witha faded mg.

===Pag_1102: Beekes_Página_1102.tiff=== XXXXXὀθόνη 1051

    *ETYM Apart from the perfect ὄδωδα, all verbal forms are clearly innovations based  on the present ὄζω. The derivations are largely based on this present, as well. The  formation of ὀδωδή (derived from the perfect?), as well as of ὀδμή and -wéng, is  isolated within Greek. Both can be old: ὀδμή may match Alb. amé 'unpleasant smell'  < IE *h,ed-mh,-, and -ὠδης may represent (with compositional lengthening) the s-  stem of Lat. odor, OLat. odés, probably also seen in Arm. hot, gen. -oy 'smell, odor' <  IE *h,ed-os-. The form ὀσμή rather derives from *od-s-md than phonetically from  ὀδ-μή. Both IE *h,ed-mh,- and *h,ed-os- presuppose a primary root present, which is  continued in thematic form in Lat. old, olére (with | for d); beside this, we find the  more common innovation ole, -ére (after the intransitive verbs). The yod-present  ὄζω was first thought to differ in vocalic length from Baltic forms like Lith. uodZiu  'smell, but the formation is in fact identical, as it is now known that the Baltic  vocalism is due to Winter's Law: lengthening before a glottalic (i.e. voiced non-  aspirated) consonant. Arm. hotim 'to smell' is a denominative of hot (see above). The present Arm. hofotim (with intensive reduplication) may present a formal  parallel to the reduplicated perf. ὄδωδα. See ▶︎ ὀσφραίνομαι.

XXXXXὄθιζα - ἀπήνη ἡμιονική 'wagon drawn by mules' (H.).

    *ETYM Lagercrantz KZ 35 (1899): 273 and Frisk 1966: 283 adduce ▶︎ ὄθομαι. Possibly  Pre-Greek.

XXXXXὀθνεῖος [adj.] 'foreign, alien' (Democr., Att. Arist.), 'irregular' (Gal. Aret.).

    *COMP ὀθν(ελό-θυμβος 'buried abroad' (Man.). = ἔθνος.

XXXXXὄθομαι [v.] 'to attend, turn to, take heed' vel sim., only with negation (Il, A. R.). <?>

    *VAR  Only presentstem, except ὄθεσαν: ἐπεστράφησαν 'turned around, paid  attention to' (H.).

    *DER From H.: ὀθέων: φροντίζων 'heeding', ὄθη: φροντίς, dpa, φόβος, λόγος  'thought, care, fear, mind (etc.Y and ὄθεσαν (see above).

    *ETYM Not well explained; the o-vocalism is remarkable in a present. Several  proposals have been made, but all at best hypothetical: a) connection to Go. ga-  widan, etc; Ὁ) to ὀθεύει: ἄγει, φροντίζει (H.), Lith. vedi 'to lead, bring', etc; c) to  > ἔθων, ▶︎ ὠθέω, ▶︎ ἔθειρα (see Frisk s.v.). See ▶︎ νωθής.

XXXXXὀθόνη [f.] 'delicate cloth, linen, sheet, canvas' (Hom., Emp., Act. Ap., Luc., Gal., AP). «ἣν ΒΡ»

    *VAR Usually plur. Also ὀθόνιον [n.], often plur. (Hp., Att., Hell.).

    *COMP ὀθονιο-πώλης 'salesman of linen' (pap.).

    *DER ὀθόνινος 'made of 6.' (Pl. Com., Luc.). From ὀθόνιον: ὀθονι-ακός [m.] 'id.'  (pap., inscr.), -ηρά [f.] 'linen tax' (pap., Ostr.); diminutive ὀθον-ίδιον (pap.).

    *ETYM A culture word of foreign origin. Acc. to Lewy 1895: 124f., it is from Hebr. *étun of uncertain meaning; however, Spiegelberg KZ 41 (1907): 129f. has proposed  Egyptian origin for this word (Eg. idmj 'reddish linnen').

===Pag_1103: Beekes_Página_1103.tiff===

XXXXXὀθόννα [f.] 'greater celandine, Chelidonium maius', also of the sap of this and other plants (Dsc., Plin.); name of an Egyptian stone (Paul. Aeg.); as a botanical name also ὀθόν«νριον (Dsc.). «τὴν Eg.>

    *ETYM Recalls ὀθόν-η, -ἰον, and hardly accidentally. Acc. to Dsc. 2, 182, it originates  ἐν τῇ kat Αἴγυπτον Ἀραβίᾳ, and acc. to Plin. HN 27, 12, it is Syrian.

XXXXXὄθριξ [adj.] 'with the same hair' (I].).

    *ETYM Composed of ▶︎ 6- 1 and ▶︎ θρίξ.

XXXXXὄθροον [adj.] - ὁμόφωνος, σύμφωνος 'having the same voice' (H.).

    *ETYM Composed of ▶︎ 6- 1 and a verbal noun of ▶︎ θρέομαι. "OOpuc, -vog [f.] high chain of mountains in Thessaly (Hdt, Str.), also ὄθρυν-: Κρῆτες  τὸ ὄρος 'mountain (Cret.)' (H.). <PG>

    *DER From it ὀθρυόεν- τραχύ, ὑλῶδες, δασύ, κρημνῶδες 'overgrown, forest-like,  rough, steep' (H.).

    *ETYM Acc. to Mahlow 1927: 497, it stands for ὀφρῦς, with variation 0 : @ (cf. Schwyzer: 302f.). Fur.: 198 compares Myc. o-du-ru-we, -wo (cf. Ruijgh 1967a: 185°). The name is no doubt Pre-Greek.

XXXXXοἴ [pcl.] onomatopoeic, expressing pain or suffering (trag.).

    *VAR Of acc. to Ar. Pax 933. = ὀϊζῦς, οἴμοι.

XXXXXοἴαξ, -ἄκος [m.] 'handle of the rudder, rudder' (trag., Pl.), οἴηκες [pl.] name of a device on the yoke (a handle? rings? O 269).

    *VAR Ion. -ηξ, -ηκος.

    *COMP As a first member in οἰακο-νόμος [m.] 'helmsman' (A. [lyr.]), cf. Sommer  1948: 166; as a second member perhaps in κερ-οίακες (from Kkepa(t)-olaKkec) [pl.]  'ropes belonging to the yard-arm' (Luc. Nav. 4).

    *DER Diminutive οἰάκιον (Eust.); οἰακ-ηδόν [adv.] 'in the manner of an οἵαξ᾽ (A. D.);  denominative oiak-itw (-n-) [v.] 'to pilot, steer' (IA), with τ-ισμα 'steering' (Trag. Adesp.), -ἰστής (Suid.); οἰάκ-ωσις 'steering' (Aq.). Also οἰήϊον [n.] 'rudder' (Hom.).

    *ETYM An instrument name, οἴαξ is formed like πόρπᾶξ 'handle of a shield', τρόπηξ  'handle of an oar', and οἰήϊον like λαισήϊον 'a kind of shield', ἐργαλήϊον 'tool', etc. The base of the Greek words was an old s-stem PIE *h,(o)iH-s-, reflected in  thematicized Skt. isd [f.] 'pole, shaft' and Hitt. μίξξα- 'id', which both point to a zero  grade. The origin of the Greek o-grade is unclear. The s-stem is also found in Slavic,  e.g. Sln. oj@, ojésa [n.] 'thill. The nautical usage is a Greek innovation; cf. on ▶︎ ἱστός,  which came to mean 'mast'. The IE noun is also preserved in Fi. aisa 'bar of the  forked pole (thill), probably from Baltic *ais6 or *aisa-. According to H. Katz 2003:  252, the noun is preserved as an Ilr. loan in other Uralic languages too.

XXXXXοἶβος [m.] 'back of the neck of a cow' (Luc. Lex. 3). <?>

    *ETYM Does it occur in ὄχθοιβοςξ

XXXXXοἴγνυμι [v.] 'to open' (1].}.

    *VAR Also οἴγω, Aeol. inf. ὀείγην (SGDI 214, 43), later also ἀν-οιγνύω (Demetr. Eloc.), ipf. ὠΐγνυντο (B 809, Θ 58), ἀνα-οίγεσκον (QO 455), -@yov, -Ewyov, aor. οἶξαι

===Pag_1104: Beekes_Página_1104.tiff=== XXXXXοἰδέω 1053 (ᾧξε, Wike Hom., ἀν-έῳξε Hom., Att.), pass. οἰχθῆναι (Pi, Att.), fut. οἴξω, perf. ἀν- éwya (intr., Hp. and late), with -éwya, *-éwypat (Att.), ὥϊκται (Herod.), dv-@ktar (Theoc.).

    *COMP Mostly with prefix, especially av- (to which ὑπ-, map-avolyvupu, brt-, συν-  ανοίγω, etc.), with the secondary past tenses ἤνοιγον, ἤνοιξα, ἠνοίχθην, ἠνοίγην,  ἠνέῳξα, etc. (X., LXX).

    *DER Few derivatives: ἄνοιξις [f.] 'opening' (Th., Thphr.), ἄνοιγ-μα [n.] 'opening'  (LXX), -εὖς [m.] 'opener' (Dam. Pr.), émavoik-twp (Man.), -της (Arg. Man.) [m.]  'who blows up'. As a second member in πιθ-οίγ-ια [n.pl.] 'opening of a barrel',  opening of the Anthesteriae in Athens (Plu.).

    *ETYM The judgment of these forms remains rather uncertain. The most recent  discussion is by Forssman 2005. He concludes that on the basis of the Greek  evidence, an ablauting root *dfey-/ *6fry- can be reconstructed. Starting from  epigraphically attested deiynv < ὀρείγην and the zero grade ὠ(ρ)ίγνυντο (cf. tyvuvto-ἠνοίγοντο [H.]), avaotyeokov, avéwye, ἀνέῳξε in Homer can be replaced by earlier  Ἰἀν-ορείγεσκον, *av-O(f erye, ᾿ἀν-ό(ρξλειξε. There is no certain etymology. The form  ὀξιγ-, OFery- corresponds formally to Skt. vijdte, vejate 'to tremble; to shrink, start  back', Skt. véga- = Av. vaéya- [m.] 'violent movement, pressure, clash, blow' < IE  *h,udigo-, etc. See ▶︎ ἐπῴχατο.

XXXXXοἶδα [v.] 'to know' (IL). «1Ὲ *ueid- 'see, look, know'>

    *VAR 2sg. οἶσθα (II.+), οἶσθας (com., Att.), οἶδας (Ion.); ipl. ἴδμεν, Att. ἴσμεν after the  2pl. ἴστε. The initial i- in the 3pl. ἴσᾶσι is measured both long and short in Homer;  this is explained by assuming a pre-form *yid-san, with different dialectal  developments, by Ringe (Jr.) MSS 50 (1989): 123-157. For the forms (e.g. subj. εἴδομεν, inf. εἰδέναι, ἴδμεναι, plpf. ἤδη) see Chantraine 1961: 189.

    *ETYM An old perfect, identical with Skt. véda [1sg.], vidmd [1p].], Go. wait [1sg.],

XXXXXwitum [1pl.] 'know', from IE udid-h,e [1sg.], uid-mé [1pl.]. Other cognates are OCS védé 'I know' with middle inflection, formally = Lat. vidi. From the perfect arose the present Arm. gitem 'to know'. Other correspondences are, among others, 2sg.ipv. ἴσθι = Skt. viddhi, ptc. εἰδώς = Go. weitwops 'witness', fem. ἰδυῖα = Skt. vidiisi. In Greek, ▶︎ ἰδεῖν 'to note, observe' is used as an aorist; cf. also ▶︎ vijic. De Lamberterie (in DELG Supp. sv. οἶδα) wrongly assumes a root h,yid- on account of νῆις (Call), which is a late form and can easily be a secondary formation, while there are no forms with ἐ(ελιδ- or é(F )et5- (and cf. ἴδρις, ἰδμοσύνη, βιδυιοι). On the basis of Celtic evidence, Schrijver KZ 112 (1999): 264-272 argues that the plpf. ἤδη 'he knew' continues a stative stem ueid-eh,-.

XXXXXoidéw [v.] 'to swell' (ε 455). <IE *h.oid-eie- 'swell'

    *VAR Also οἰδάω (Plu., Luc.), oidaivw (Hell. poet.); οἰδάνομαι, -w (1 646 and 554, Ar.,  A. R.), οἰδίσκομαι (medic.), act. -w 'to make swell', aor. οἰδῆσαι (IA), οἰδῆναι to  οἰδαίνω (Q. 5.), perf. ὥδηκα (Hp., Theoc.).

    *COMP With prefix, especially ἀν-οιδέω, -οιδίσκομαι, -οιδαίνω; also with δι-, ἐξ-.

    *DER 1. οἶδμα [n.] 'flood of water' (II.), after κῦμα; cf. κυέω : κῦμα, δοκέω : δόγμα (or  from a lost primary verb); οἰδματόεις flowing' (A. Fr. 69 = 103 Mette, Opp.). 2. oid0¢

===Pag_1105: Beekes_Página_1105.tiff===

[n.] 'swelling (Hp., Nic., Aret.); cf. κρατέω : κράτος. 3. οἴδ-ημα [n.] 'swelling' (Hp., D.) with -ἡμάτιον (Hp., Aét.), -ηματώδης (medic.); (ἀν-, δι-, ἐξ-, etc.)-otdyorg [f.] 'bulge' (Pl, medic., Thphr.). 4. (ἐπ-, ὑτ-)οιδαλέος 'swollen' (Archil., Hp.), to oidaivw like κερδαλέος : κερδαίνω. 5. οἴδᾶξ [m.] 'unripe fig' (Poll, Choerob.), from oido¢ or oidéw. 6. Backformations: ὕποιδος 'somewhat swollen' (Gal.), to ὑτι-οιδέω; ἐνοιδής 'swollen' (Nic.), to év-o1déw. See also ▶︎ Οἰδίπους.

    *ETYM Of the presentic forms, only oi5éw could be old. The causative οἰδάνω arose  by enlargement, together with the intr. οἰδάνομαι, and in the same way οἰδίσκομαι,  τω; oidaivw would be analogical after κυμαίνω, dpyaivw, etc, or perhaps from  οἰδῆσαι after κερδῆσαι : κερδαίνω, etc. The late and rare form οἰδάω was formed to  οἰδῆσαι. Sometimes, οἰδέω is held to be an! iterative-intensive formation, but a  corresponding primary verb is not attested. A certain cognate is Arm. aytnum 'to  swell with the primary aor. ayteay and the noun ayt (i-stem) 'cheek' < IE *h,oidi- or  *h,eidi-; the nu-present is an Armenian innovation. Germanic presents a few isolated  nouns, like OHG eiz, MoHG (dial.) Eis 'abscess, ulcer', from PGm. *aita- < IE  *h,e/oid-o-, cf. formally close oidoc [n.]; a suffix -r- is found in e.g. OHG eittar [n.]  'pus' < PGm. *aitra- [n.], and perhaps also in HNs like Eiter-bach. Lat. aemidus is  isolated as well (probably after synonymous tumidus), deviating from οἰδέω in  vocalism, but in this way it proves that the root was *h,eid-, not *h,eid- (the other  non-Greek forms may continue both IE *h,oi- and *h,ei-). The Slavic group of OCS  jad> 'poison' is open to more interpretations: they can also be derived from *h,ed-  'eat',

XXXXXΟἰδίπους [m.] king of Thebes, son of Laios, who unknowingly married his mother Tocaste after he had killed his father.

    *VAR  Also -πος (AP), -που, -πουν (Hdt., trag.), -ποδος (Apollod.), -ποδα (Plu.);  besides, after the patronymics, the following metrical variants of *OidimdéSac, -1\¢:  gen. -πόδᾶο, -πόδα, acc. -πόδᾶν (epic poet.), -1165ew (Hdt.), etc; see Schwyzer: 582,  Fraenkel 1912: 163f., Sommer 1948: 38, Egli 1954: 14 and 17.

    *DER Οἰδιπόδεια [f.] 'the saga of Oedipus' (Arist; after ἡ Ὀδύσσεια), also τὰ  Οἰδιπόδεια 'id' (Paus.) from Oidinddetog [adj.] (Plu., Paus.).

    *ETYM Properly 'with a swollen foot', with regular change i : ro in Oidi- and IE  *h,oid-ro- , which is found in Gm., e.g. OHG eittar 'pus'; see ▶︎ oidéw. Improbably, on  the meaning of the first element, Schréder Gymnasium 63 (1956): 72 ff. (to ON eista  'testicle'); quite hypothetically, Kretschmer Glotta 12 (1923): sof. (chthonic  interpretation).

XXXXXοἰέτεας [acc.pl.] 'of the same year, of the same age' (B 765).

    <IE *sm- 'same' + *uet-s-  'year'>

    *ETYM For *6-éteac (see ▶︎ 6- 1 and ▶︎ ἕτος 2) from "ὀρέτης, with οἱ as a reversed  notation for metrical lengthening. This notation can be understood in connection  with the antevocalic change of ot to o in Attic (e.g. ἐπόησε); it also occurred in Ionic.

XXXXXὀϊζῦς [f.] 'bale, wailing, suffering' (Il.). «

    *VAR οἰζύς (trag. Herod.), -boc.

    *COMP πάν-οιζυς 'consisting of nothing but misery' (A. [lyr.]).

===Pag_1106: Beekes_Página_1106.tiff=== XXXXXοἶκος 1055 ΦὈΕᾺ ὀϊζῦ-ρός (also -ρώτερος, -ρώτατος metrical lengthening, see Chantraine 1942: 102 and 258), secondarily οἰζῦὕρός 'woeful, miserable, poor' (epic Ion. since IL, Ar.); ὀϊζύω (Ὁ) [v.] 'to wail, suffer', aor. -ῦσαι.

    *ETYM An expressive word, ultimately derived from the interjection of (Ion. oi after  Ar. Pax 933), probably through a verb οἴζω, ὀΐζω (only A. Ὁ. Adv 128, 7ff.). See  ▶︎ οἰμώζω, ▶︎ οἶκτος.

XXXXXοἴη 1 [f.] 'elderberry tree'. >éa.

XXXXXοἴη 2 [f.] 'village' (Chios ΓΝ", A. R., H., Theognost.); Att. deme name'Oa (also Οἵα, Ὄη, Oin). <?>

    *COMP Perhaps as a second member in Οἰνόη.

    *DER oifjtat [m.pl.] 'villagers' (S. Fr. 134), οἰατᾶν: κωμητῶν 'villagers' (Η.), Οἰᾶται  [m.pl.] inhabitants of a deme in Tegea (Paus. 8, 45, 1; reading uncertain). Besides ὠβά [f.] name of a Spartan tribe (IG 5(1), 26: 11 [II-I*], Plu. Lyc. 6) with ὠβάτας: τοὺς  φυλέτας 'tribal members' (H.), ὠβάξαι 'to divide into wal' (Plu. ibid.); also ὠγή (Ξ  ὠρή): κώμη 'village' (H.), wac (Wag cod.)- τὰς κώμας, οὐαί: φυλαί 'tribes' (H.). Details  in Baunack Phil. 70 (1911): 466f.

    *ETYM The word οἴη has been identified with ὠβά = *wpa under a pre-form *wria. Formerly derived from *Of1a and compared with Go. gawi χώρα, περίχωρος,  district', which is interpreted as PGm. *ga-awja- (n.]. This is unlikely, however; see  Lehmann 1986 s.v. Further details are obscure.

XXXXXοἰήϊον -οϊαξ,

XXXXXοἶκος [m.] 'house, dwelling of any kind, room, home, household, native land' (IL). <1£ *ueik-, uoik-'house'>

    *VAR Dial. Foikoc.

    *DIAL Myc. wo-i-ko-de /woikon-de/ 'homeward',

    *COMP Very many compounds, e.g. οἰκο-νόμος [m.] 'housekeeper', with -νομέω,  -νομία (Att.), compound of οἶκον νέμειν, -εσθαι; μέτ-οικος (IA), πεδά-ροικος (Arg.)  'sbd. living among others, small farmer, tenant'; ἐποίκτιον [n.] 'outbuilding,  countryhouse, village' (Tab. Heracl, LXX, pap.), hypostasis of ἐπ᾽ οἴκου.

    *DER A. Substantives: 1. τὰ οἰκία [pl.] (IL), sing. τὸ oikiov (since LXX) 'residence,  palace, nest'. 2. οἰκία, Ion. -in [f] (post-Hom.), ροικία (Cret., Locr.) 'house, building'  together with the diminutive οἰκίδιον [π.] (Ar, Lys.), οἰκιή-της (Lon.), ξοικιά-τας  [m.] (Locr., Thess. Arc.) = οἰκέτης (see 5.), οἰκια-κός 'belonging to the house,  housemate' (pap., Ev. Matt.). 3. Rare diminutives οἰκ-ίσκος [m.] 'little house, little  room, bird cage' (D., Ar, inscr.), τάριον [n.] 'little house' (Lys.). 4. οἰκεύς (IL),  Εοικεύς (Gort.) [m.] 'housemate, servant'; fem. foixéa (Gort.). 5. οἰκέ-της (IA),  Boeot. ρυκέ-τας [m.] 'housemate, servant, domestic slave', fem. -τις (Hp., trag.),  together with -τικός (Pl, Arist. inscr.), -teia [f.] 'the whole of domestic servants,  attendants' (Str., Aristeas, J., inscr.); oiketebw [v.] 'to be a housemate, occupy' (only  ΕB. Alc. 437 [lyr] and H.); compound πανοικεσίᾳ [adv.] 'with all οἰκέται, with the  whole of attendants' (Att.).

===Pag_1107: Beekes_Página_1107.tiff===

B. Adjectives: 6. οἰκεῖος (Att.), οἰκήϊος (Ion. since Hes. Op. 457) 'belonging to the house, domestic, familiar' together with -ειότης (ϊότης), -εἰόω (-ηἰόω), whence -eiwpa, -είωσις, -ειωτι-κός, 7. οἰκίδιος 'id' (Opp.); κατοικ-ίδιος (to κατ᾽ οἶκον) 'indoors' (Hp., Ph.). C. Verbs. 8. oixew (IL), ξοικέω (Locr.) 'to live, reside', also 'to be located, occupy, manage', very often with prefix, eg. am-, dt-, év-, ém-, κατ-, μετ-. Thence oik-101¢ (late also διοίκ-εσις), -ἤσιμος, -ημα, -ηἡματιον, -ηματικός, -ητήρ, -ητήριον, -ήτωρ, -ητής, -ητικός. 9. οἰκίζω 'to found, settle' (since μ 135 ἀπῴκισε), often with ἀττ-, δι-, κατ-, HET-, συν-, etc., whence οἴκε-ισις, -ἰσία, -ισμός, -ἰστής, -ιστήρ, -ἰστικός. Adverbs: 10. οἴκο-θεν (11), -θι (epic), -σε (A. D.) beside the fossilized locative οἴκ-οι (10, -et (Men.), a recent formation? 11. οἴκα- δε 'homeward' (I1.), εοίκαδε (Delph.), probably from (f)otka [n.pl.] like κέλευθα, κύκλα, etc; οἴκα-δις (Meg); further oixdv-de (epic).

    *ETYM Old name for 'abode, house', identical with Lat. vicus [m.] 'group of houses,  village, quarter', Skt. vésa- [m.] 'house', especially 'brothel'; IE *udik-o- [m.]. Additionally, there is a zero grade root noun in IIr. and Slav.: Skt. vis- [f.], acc. viSam,  Av. vis- [f.], acc. visam, OP vidam 'abode, house, community', also 'house of kings' in  Iranian; OCS vosv [f.] (secondary i-stem) 'village, field, piece of ground', Ru. ves'  'village', from IE *uik- [f.]. Next to these old root nouns, Ilr. has a verb Skt. visdti,  Av. visaiti, IE *uik-e/o- meaning 'to sit down, settle, enter'. IE *udik-o- must be  derived from this verb, originally as an action noun, properly 'settlement'. Gr. ta  οἰκία and Skt. vesyd- [n.] 'house, village', though formally identical, are separate  innovations (Schindler BSL 67 (972): 32). The word »tpixdikec is probably  unrelated.

XXXXXοἶκτος [m.] 'lamentation, compassion, pity' (Od.).

    *COMP Rarely as a second member, e.g. ἔπ-οικτος 'pitiable' (A.), ἄν-οικτος 'pitiless'

    *DER Primary superlative οἴκτιστος (X 76), φιλ-οίκτιστος 'loving pity the most' (S.)  from φίλ-οικτος (A. [lyr.]); thus the rare οἰκτικός 'ptng. to lamentation, lamenting'  (An. Bachm.) and οἰκτοσύνη [f.] = οἶκτος (Hdn. Epim.). Old is οἰκτρός 'woeful,  wailing, deplorable' (Il.), as a first member e.g. in οἰκτρό-γοος 'with woeful  lamentation' (Pl. Phdr. 267c); probably (in spite of the difference in gender) to  οἶκτος after αἶσχος : αἰσχρός, ἔχθος : ἐχθρός, etc. cf. also the pair οἴκτιστος :  αἴσχιστος. Denominative verbs: 1. From οἰκτρός: οἰκτίρω 'to pity, commiserate, bewail' (11),  Aeol. oiktippw (Hdn. Gr.), aor. oixtipat, fut. οἰκτιρῶ (Att. also -tepw after itacistic  -τεῖραι, -teipw) late -t(e)iprjow (LXX, NT), also with xat-, etc; thence οἰκτιρ-μός  [m.] 'compassion, pity' (Pi, LXX, NT), -ywv 'compassionate, pitiful' (Gorg., Theoc.,  LXX) with -μοσύνη (Tz.); *oixtip-1w is supposed to continue *oiktp-1w with an i-  colored schwa secundum. 2. From οἶκτος: οἰκτίζω, -ομαι 'id' (trag., Th. Arist.), also  with xat-, etc, whence οἰκτ-ισμός [m.] 'bewailing' (A., X.), -iouata [n.pl.] 14. (E),

XXXXXκατοίκτοισις [f.] 'wailing, compassion' (Χ.).

    *ETYM Like ὀϊζύς with comparable meaning, οἶκτος probably also derives from the  interjection ot via οἴζω; the close connection appears from the backformation

===Pag_1108: Beekes_Página_1108.tiff=== XXXXXοἶμος 1057 ▶︎ δυσοίζω, from δύσ-οικτος. Comparable nouns from interjective verbs in -ζω are frequent, e.g. αἴαγμα, αἰακτός (to αἰάζω, αἰαῖ), βάβαξ, βαβάκτης (from βαβάζω, BaBai), etc. Doubtful non-Greek combinations, such as Go. aihtron 'beg' and ΜΙΓ. éigid 'screams', are given in Pok. 298. See ▶︎ ὀϊζύς,» οἰμώζω.

XXXXXοἴκυλα [n.pl.] 'akind of pulse' (Epic. in Arch. Pap. 7,7). <?>

    *VAR  οἴκελος 6 πίσος (Theognost Can. 20.); οἴκυλος: τὸ ὀσπρίον (ibid. 21).

    *ETYM Recalls Lat. vicia.

XXXXXοἶμα [n.] 'rush, attack, rage', of a lion and an eagle (1].), of a snake (Q. S.).

    <IE? *h,eis-  'move quickly'>

    *DER Verbal forms: aor. οἰμῆσαι 'to plunge, dash forth', said of birds of prey and of  people compared to birds of prey (X 140, 308, 311, ὦ 538), fut. οἰμήσουσι (Orac. apud  Hadt. 1, 62), of θύννοι, with οἴμημα' ὄρμημα 'rush, incitement' (H.). A supposed but  unattested present *oipdw seems, just like the o-vowel, to presuppose a noun "οἶμος  or "οἴμῃη (beside an original ntr. "εἶμα).

    *ETYM Probably from *oioupa, related to Av. aéSma- [m.] 'anger', which is compared  with an Ilr. verb 'to put in quick movement, urge forward' (e.g. Skt. pres. isyati, Av. isiieiti, perhaps related to ▶︎ iaivw) as a primary noun. Lat. ira 'anger' belongs to this  group as well. See ▶︎ ὀϊστός, ▶︎ οἶστρος.

XXXXXοἴμη [f.] 'song, chant, saga, tale' (Od., A. R., Call, etc.). <1E? *soh,i-m- 'song, spell'>

    *VAR In similar use also οἶμος ἀοιδῆς (ἢ. Merc. 451), ἐπέων οἶμον (Pi. O. 9, 47), λύρης  οἴμους (Call. ov. 97).

    *DER ἄοιμον: ἄρρητον 'unsaid' (H.), substantivized hypostasis προοίμιον (Pi, Att. prose), φροίμιον [n.] (trag.), properly 'what stands πρὸ οἴμης or πρὸ οἴμου (older  oipov, see oipoc)', 'start of the song, introductory chant, introduction, preamble',  borrowed as Lat. prooemium. Unclear is ▶︎ παροιμία.

    *ETYM Because of the occasional connection of msc. οἶμος with song and play, it has  been thought obvious to connect οἴμη with ▶︎ οἶμος 'path, way'. It is supposed, then,  that the word acquired a special meaning in the language of the aoidoi. Alternatively, however, οἴμη and οἶμος 'song, chant' can be separated from οἶμος  'path, way' and connected with ON seidr [m.] 'kind of sorcery', Skt. saman- [n_]  'song', which would presuppose a root *seh,-i- 'bind' (also found in Gr. ▶︎ ἱμάς), as  was proposed by Bader BSL 85 (1990): 36. In this case, the connection with οἷμος  'road' is folk etymology. The form oipoc cannot reflect *sh,om-io- (cf. Hitt. ishamai-'  'to sing' < *sh.m-oi-), as *-VmiV- should have yielded Gr. -ViwV-.

XXXXXοἴμοι (excl.] exclamation of pain (Thgn., trag.). Ξρὀϊζύς, οἶκτος.

XXXXXοἶμος [m.] 'streak' (A 24 οἶμοι κυάνοιο, on a θώρηξ), 'path, road, track', also 'strip, tract of land' (Hes. Op. 290, Pi., trag., Pl, Call, Men.), also connected with song and play (see ▶︎ οἴμηλ «ἣν

    *VAR Also [f.] after ὁδός, etc; also aspirated οἶμος, see below.

    *COMP Few compounds: δύσ-οιμος (τύχα A. Ch. 945 [lyr.]); acc. to H. = ἐπὶ κακῷ  ἥκουσα, δύσοδος; ἄοιμος: ἄπορος 'without way' and πάροιμος: ὁ γείτων 'neighbour'  (H.). See also ▶︎ παροιμία.

===Pag_1109: Beekes_Página_1109.tiff===

    *ETYM Perhaps related to ▶︎ ot. Since an aspirated form οἶμος is ascertained, e.g. by  Hdn. Gr. 1, 546, and by φροίμιον (see on ▶︎ οἴμη) and ἄοιμος, a pre-form IE *h,oi-mo-,  which is at the basis of Skt. é-man- [n.] 'path, walk', cannot be considered. Sommer  1905: 29 therefore proposed a modified reconstruction *h,oi-s-mo-. Osthoff BB 24  (1899): 168ff. earlier proposed a pre-form *uyoi-mo-, belonging to ▶︎ ἵεμαι 'to pursue,  hasten, desire'. Finally, Schulze 1933a: 665 connected ▶︎ οἱρών ᾿εὐθυωρία᾽, A 24  requires initial F-, and ἄοιμος: ἄπορος (instead of **dvoioc) may also point to this,  but Hes. Op. 290 does not have F-.

XXXXXοἰμώζω [v.] 'to wail loudly, cry, lament' (IL). 'ΑΒ Aor. οἰμῶξαι (IL), fut. οἰμώξ-ομαι (Att.),,gw (Plu, AP).

    *COMP Also with ἀν-, ἀπ-, etc.

    *DER οἰμωγ-ή [(1] (Il.), -μα [n.] (A, E), -μός [m.] (δ) privative adjective av-oipwx-  τος 'not wailed for', adverb ἀν-οιμωκ-τί (-tef) 'without lamentation' = 'unpunished'  (S.). An innovation is οἰμώττω 'id, (Lib.).

    *ETYM Derived from the interjection οἴμοι (οἴ μοι) 'woe me'. See ▶︎ ὀϊζῦς, ▶︎ οἶκτος.

XXXXXοἴνη [f.] 'the ace on a die' (Achae., Zen.). <1E *Hoi-no- 'one, only'.>

    *VAR  Also οἰνός [m.] (Poll.).

    *DER οἰνίζειν: τὸ μονάζειν κατὰ γλῶσσαν 'be alone regarding speech', οἰνῶντα:  μονήρη 'solitary' (H.).

    *ETYM Old word for 'one, only', found as a numeral in several languages: Lat. anus  (OLat. oino), Olr. din, Go. ains, OPr. ains, IE *Hoino-. In Greek, ▶︎ εἷς was used in  this meaning. The accentual variation οἴνη : οἶνός may be related to the substantival  use of the former. A parallel fomation is ▶︎ οἷος < *Hoi-uo-.

XXXXXοἶνος [m.] 'wine' (IL).

    *VAR Dial. Fotvoc,

    *COMP Very many compounds, e.g. οἶνο-χόος [m.] 'cupbearer', together with -yoéw  [v.], aor. -χοῆσαι 'to be a cupbearer, pour wine' (II.), epic also -χοεύω (only present),  metrically conditioned (Chantraine 1942: 368); οἰν-άνθη [f.] 'fruit-bearing bud,  blossom of the vine', also metaph. of the grape (since Pi, Thphr.), also name of a  plant, 'meadowsweet, Spiraea flipendula', because of its smell (Cratin., Arist.), name  of an unknown bird (Arist.); G-orvoc 'without wine' (IA), &-otvoc 'drunk' (Alex.,  Plb.), back-formation from ἐξ-οινόομαι 'to get drunk' (E.). On Οἰνόη cf. ▶︎ οἴη 2.

    *DER A. Substantives: 1. Diminutives, mostly belittling: oiv-apiov (D., Hell.), not  from oivapov because of the mg. (cf. Chantraine 1933: 74); -ίσκος (Cratin., Eub.),  -iétov (Apollod.). 2. ofvy [f.] 'vine' (Hes.), like ἐλαία : ἔλαιον, etc.; οἰνάς [f.] 'id' (AP,  Nic.), also 'rock dove, Columba livia', after the color (Arist.); also adjectival  'belonging to the wine' (AP, APL). 3. olv-apov [n.] 'vineleaf, grapevine' (X., Thphr.)  with -apic, -apia, -dpeos, -αρίζω (Ibyc., Ar., Hp., Thphr.). 4. οἰνοῦττα [f.] 'wine cake'  (Ar.), also name of a plant with intoxicating effect (Arist.). 5. oivwv, -@voc [m.] 'wine  cellar' (X, Hell.). 6. ξοινώα [f.] 'vineyard?' (Thespiae), cf. προθυρῴα etc. in Hdn. Gr. 1, 303. 7. Some glosses in H: oivwtpov χάρακα, ἡ τὴν ἄμπελον ἱστᾶσι 'pole by which  the grapevine is held upright', γοίνακες (= F-)- βλαστοί 'sprouts', γοινέες: κόρακες  'ravens', cf. οἰνάς.

===Pag_1110: Beekes_Página_1110.tiff=== XXXXXοἴομαι 1059 Β, Adjectives: 8. οἰν-ηρός 'containing wine, abundant in wine' (Pi., Ion., Arist.); 9. -wdn¢ 'wine-like, redolent of wine' (Hp., Arist.); το. -τπκός 'ptng. to wine' (Hell., inscr. and pap.). C. Verbs: τι. οἰν-ίζομαι 'to furnish oneself with wine' (Il, late prose), -ίζω 'to resemble wine' (Thphr., Dsc.); with οἰν-ιστήρια [n.pl.] name of an Attic festival (Eup., H., Phot.); cf. Ἀνθεστήρια, χαριστήρια, etc. 12. οἰν-όομαι, -dw 'to intoxicate (oneselfy (Ion., Od., trag.) with -wotc [f] 'intoxication' (Stoic, Plu.). On the PN Oiveuc see Bofshardt 1942: 106f; on the HN Οἰνοῦς [m.] (Laconia) and on Οἰνοῦσσαι [f.pl.] (islands), see Krahe Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 2 (1950-1951): 233.

    *ETYM Greek (F)otvoc looks similar to other words for 'wine' in Soutern European  languages: Lat. vinum < *uih,no-, U vinu, etc., Arm. gini < *yoin-iio-, Alb. Gheg véné  <*uoina-. The IE word for 'wine' may be reconstructed from these forms; together with related  ▶︎ ituc 'willow', Lat. vitis 'vine', and various other words, it may be derived from the  root *ueh,i- 'turn, bend'. As the wild vine was indigenous in southern Russia and in  certain parts of central Europe, this assumption is acceptable from a historical point  of view. However, as the cultivation of the vine started in the Mediterranean region,  in the Pontus area and in the south of the Caucasus, most scholars are inclined to  look for the origin of the word in these countries. This would point to non-IE origin. However, if we put the homeland of viticulture in the Pontus and the northern  Balkans, the word for 'wine' might come from there. In this case, not only would the  words mentioned from Greek, Lat., Arm., and Alb. derive from this IE source, but  also Hitt. yiian(a)-, HLuw. wiian(i)-, and the relevant Semitic words, like Arab. wain, Hebr. jajin. In Beekes MSS 48 (1987): 21-26, it was pointed out that the Hitt. form requires *yih,-on-o-; this is now accepted by Kloekhorst 2008 s.v. (with the  modification that the Hittite form is not thematic). The Celtic and Germanic words were borrowed from Lat. vinum, and from    Germanic or Latin again the Slavic and Baltic words for 'wine'. From Arm. gini  comes e.g. Georg. yvino.

XXXXXοἴομαι [v.] 'to suspect, expect, think, believe, deem' (Od.).

    <IE *h,uis- 'suppose,  assume', *h,uis- 'see clearly'>

    *VAR New presents: ὑπ-οίζεσθαι- ὑπονοεῖν 'to distrust' (H.), ὑπερ-οιάζομαι 'to be  arrogant, conceited' (Phot, Suid; also H.?). By-forms ὀΐομαι (Hom.), οἶμαι (trag.,  Att.), also active ὀΐω, οἴω (IL), οἰῶ (Lac. in Ar., etc.), aor. ὀΐσ(σλασθαι, ὀϊσθῆναι  (epic), οἰη-θῆναι (IA), -σασθαι (Arat.), fut. οἰή-σομαι (Αι), -θήσομαι (Gal.).

    *COMP Sometimes with prefix, e.g. συν-.

    *DER οἴη-σις [f.] (IA), -μα [n.] (Plu., D. Ὁ.) 'conceit, smugness, belief, opinion' with  -ματίας [m.] 'prig' (Ptol., H., Suid.), -τικός 'arrogant' (Ph.); dv-wio-toc 'unimagined,  unthought of (epic since ® 39), -ti [adv.] (δ 92).

    *ETYM We may consider ὀΐομαι (i) and ὀΐω (both i and Ὁ to be the original forms,  and thence οἴομαι, οἴω. Furthermore, οἶμαι arose in unstressed position, together  with the ipf. ᾧμην (Ar) beside φόμην. The oldest forms point to a reconstruction  PGr. *owis-ie/o-, which is supported by ὀϊσθῆναι and av-wiotoc. Then, O(Fyopat  developed into "ὄζρλιομαι > οἴομαι.

===Pag_1111: Beekes_Página_1111.tiff===

Etymological details are unclear. Beekes 1969: 58 assumes a root h,uis-. The comparison with Lat. émen 'portent' (OLat. osmen) from oyis-men- is dubious (see De Vaan 2008 s.v. for alternatives). It seems preferable to depart from an adverbial pre-form h,ouis directly comparable to Skt. avis 'evidently, before the eyes'. Then, ὀίομαι must be formed with the denominative suffix -ie/o- from this adverb. The root h,euis is also found in Gr. »diw 'to perceive' and with enlargement in > αἰσθάνομαι 'id.'.

XXXXXοἷος [rel.pron.] 'of which quality' (Il.).

    *VAR  οἵα, οἷον.

    *ETYM From the relative pronoun > ὅς; see alsa, > τοῖος.

XXXXXοἷος [adj.] 'alone, only, single' (= class. ▶︎ μόνος).

    *VAR Fem. -a (ἡ). ntr. -ov (Hom., Hes., Pi, A, S.); Cypr. oifoc.

    *DIAL Myc. o-wo-we /oiw-Gwes-/ 'with a single ear'.

    *COMP As a first member in οἰο-πόλος 'wandering solely, alone' (Hom., Pi.), together  with oiomoA-éw CE. [lyr.], AP).

    *DER οἰόθεν 'all alone' (H 39, 226); explanation in Leumann 1950: 2584;  denominative aor. οἰωθῆναι 'to be left alone' (Il, Q. S.). Details on the use of οἷος in  Ruijgh 1957: 127f.

    *ETYM Identical with Old Iranian words for 'alone, one': Av. aéuua-, OP aiva- from  IE *Hoi-uo-. Fomation like ἡμόνρος > ▶︎ μόνος), "ὅλρος > ▶︎ ὅλος. Beside it stands IE  *Hoi-no-; see ▶︎ οἴνη. Further connection with pronominal *h,ei- is probable.

XXXXXoipwv, -ὥνος [m.] 'furrow of a plough, ἡ χάραξις τοῦ ἀρότρον᾽ (Eratosth., Hdn.), 'straight line (in measuring fields), ἡ ἐκ τῆς καταμετρήσεως τῆς γῆς εὐθυωρία᾽ (H.); probably also in Cypr. i-to-i-ro-ni, i.e. iv (= ἐν) τῷ οἱρῶνι 'in the region'. IE? *soHi- r- 'furrow, limit'>

    *VAR  Also oi-.

    *ETYM Probably a derivative in -wv, which is often used to indicate places, from a  noun "οἶἷρος vel sim. Compared with Skt. sitd- [f.] 'furrow', sfra- [n.] 'plough', sima  (f.] 'frontier' by Schulze 1933a: 665, which is semantically and formally quite possible. The relations between the Skt. words, however, are debated.

XXXXXὄϊς [m., 6] 'sheep' (II.). «IE *h,eui- 'sheep'>

    *VAR Hom. gen. dioc, nom.pl. ὄϊες, etc; Att. οἷς, gen. οἷός (also Hom.), nom.pl. οἷες;  Arg. ὄρις. Details on the inflexion in Schwyzer: 573, Chantraine 1942: 219. In prose, it  was ousted by πρόβατον.

    *COMP Rare compounds and derivatives: οἰο-πόλος 'herding sheep' (h. Merc., Pi.),  -νόμος 'id. (Delphi IV', AP, API). Diminutive ὀΐδιον (Theognost.); οἴεος 'of sheep'  (Hadt., Cos), ὀέα: μηλωτή 'sheepskin'; oifac (dialectal for -éac): τῶν προβάτων τὰ  σκεπαστήρια δέρματα 'the covering skins of sheep' (H.); also οἷαι: διφθέραι, μηλωταί  'hides, sheepskins'; da: μηλωτή (H.). Perhaps with lengthened grade (?) da [f.]  'fleece of sheep' (com. Att. inscr. ΓΝ, Poll, H.). »οἰσπώτη and ▶︎ οἰσύπη are  probably unrelated.

===Pag_1112: Beekes_Página_1112.tiff=== XXXXXὀϊστός 1061

    *ETYM Old name of the sheep, found in nearly all IE languages, e.g. Skt. ἀνί-, HLuw. hawi-, Lat. ovis, Go. awistr 'sheepfold', Lith. avis, all from IE *h,éui- [m., f.]. The  accusative ὄϊν matches Skt. dvim, while the gen. ὄΐος equals Skt. dvyah. Additionally,  Gr. οἴεος corresponds to Skt. dvy-aya- (usually -dya-), but perhaps only as a parallel  innovation (see recently Schmitt 1997). We also find Lyc. yawa-, with transition to the a-declension (Melchert 1993: 66). This Lycian y- can point to *h,e-, contrary to what has often been assumed (see  Kloekhorst 2008 s.v. hayi-). The reconstruction *h,e- is also backed by the absence of  ἃ ἴῃ Skt. (no reflex of Brugmann's Law).

XXXXXοἷσος [m.] kind of wicker, 'chasteberry' (Thphr., Ael. Dion.).

    *VAR Also -ός.

    *COMP οἰσό-καρπον [n.] 'fruit of the οἷσος᾽ (sch, Eust.), for the ntr. gender cf. on  ▶︎ βούτυρον.

    *DER οἷσον = σχοινίον 'cord, thread' (H.); οἶσαξ, -ακος [f.] kind of willow (Gp.); on  the formation see Strémberg 1940: 78. Further oiov-a, -ἡ [f.] λύγος, willow' (Poll.),  οἰσύα ἀγρία = ἑλξίνη (Ps.-Dsc.), with οἰσυουργός [m] 'basket-maker' (Eup.), τὰ

XXXXXotova [n.pl.] 'basket market' (Lycurg.), οἰσύ-ινος 'made of οἰσύα᾽ (e 256, Th.).

    *ETYM The pre-forms *yoi-ty-o- and *yoi-tu-d have been assumed, which would  both be enlargements of *uoHi-tu-, derived from the IE verbal root *ueh,i- 'to wind,  twist' with a suffix *-tu- and an old o-grade. See on »itéa, »ἴτυς. An enlargement is  found in OCS vétve [f.] 'branch' < *uoHi-tu-i-. However, the form in -ύα does not  look Indo-European; moreover, οἷσαξ has a Pre-Greek suffix. Is the word Pre-Greek?

XXXXXοἰσοφάγος [m.] 'esophagus, upper opening of the stomach' (medic. Arist., Thphr.). < GRE

    *ETYM A learned formation, created by a physician. There are hardly any good  attestations of this purely scentific expression. Georgacas Glotta 6 (1958): 174  explains it as 'the one that carries what is eaten', from »oicev and the common  second member -φάγος. The formally much easier explanation as 'oicoc-eater'  (Strémberg 1944: 61ff.) cannot be defended. A similar Semitic designation of the  esophagus is Akk. Sérittu 'that which carries down'; cf. Mayrhofer BiOrbis. 18: 274°.

XXXXXοἴσπη --οἰσύπη.

XXXXXοἰσπώτη [{1] 'greasy dirt of unshorn sheep's wool, especially on the buttocks', also 'sheep'droppings' (Cratin., Ar. D.C., Poll.).

    *VAR  -ωτή (Hdn. Gr. 1, 343, H.), like μηλ-, κηρ-ωτή, etc. Also οἴσπη (ν.1. Hdt. 4, 187  [cf. οἰσύπη], Gal.), oto nar προβάτων κότιρος, ῥύπος 'sheep droppings, filth' (H.).

    *ETYM Analyzed 65. "ὀρι-σπωτη, but with an unclear second member. Connection  with the stem syllable of »onatiAn 'ordure, diarrhoea', etc. is uncertain, as the  semantic function of ona(t) is in need of explanation. The word is rather Pre-    Greek; cf. the suffix -ωτ- in ἀσκαλαβώτης (s.v. ▶︎ ἀσκάλαβος). See Fur.: 188, 384, and  further on ▶︎ οἰσύπη.

XXXXXὀϊστός [m., f.] 'arrow' (IL).

===Pag_1113: Beekes_Página_1113.tiff===

    *VAR οἰστός (Att).

    *COMP As a first member eg. in ὀϊστο-δέγμων 'holding arrows' (A. [lyr.]).

    *DER ὀϊστεύω [v.] 'to shoot arrows' (Hom., Nonn., AP), also with δι-, ἀπ-; thence  ὀϊστευ-τήρ (Nonn., AP), -τής (Call) 'archer', -μὰ [n.] 'shot of an arrow' (Plu.).

    *ETYM No convincing etymology. The traditional analysis (see Frisk) as a prefixed  verbal adjective 6-i0-t6c, related to Skt. isyati 'to bring in quick movement' via a  proper meaning 'rushing on, flying towards' (or 'urged on, sent off'), is extremely  improbable. DELG correctly supposes this word to be of Pre-Greek origin (not in  Fur.).

XXXXXοἴστρος [m.] 'gadfly, Tabanus bovinus' (x 300,,A., Arist.), also of a water-insect and a bird (Arist, perhaps Sylvia trochilus), 'sting' (S., E.), 'rage, madness, fierce desire' (Hadt., PL, S., E.). <1E *h,eis- 'set in movement, irritate'>

    *COMP οἰστρο-πλήξ, -yos 'stung by a gadfly, driven by rage' (trag., of Io, also of the  Bacchantes).

    *DER οἰστρ-ώδης 'enraged' (Ρ]., Epicur.), -ήεις 'full of stings, stinging, stung' (Opp.,  Nonn.), -ηδόν 'with rage' (Opp.); oio tp-dw 'to rouse, rage, roar' (trag. Pl., Arist.),  also -éw (Theoc., Luc., Jul.), aor. -foat, also with ἀν-, ἐξ-, map-, d1-. Thence οἴστρ-ημα [n.] 'sting' (S., AP), (nap-)ototp-nots [f.] 'rage, passion' (Corp. Herm. PMag. Par.); back-formation πάροιστρος 'enraged, mad' (Simp.).

    *ETYM Agreeing in its barytonesis with κέστρος, χύτρος, etc., olatpoc must originally  be an instrument noun or an agent noun (which amounts to the same thing). If it is  cognate with οἶμα < *oioua, and if (like the latter) it is derived from a verb 'to set in  vehement movement, urge, irritate', the word originally meant 'urger, irritator'. The  actual meanings 'gadfly', 'sting', 'anger' can be explained from this starting point. An  identical formation, except for the gender, is Lith. aistra [f.] 'vehement passion'; for  further cognates, see on ▶︎ οἶμα, See also Gil Fernandez 1959: 157. Fick KZ 43 (1909-  1910): 136 compared ἰστυάζει: ὀργίζεται 'rages' (H.) as a parallel zero grade tv-  derivation *His-ti-, but Latte judges the gloss to be corrupt.

XXXXXοἰσύα, -η =oicoc.

XXXXXοἰσύπη [f.] 'the greasy extract of sheep's wool' (Hdt. 4, 187, Hp.); cf. Dsc. 2, 74 withan extensive description of the preparation; acc. to H. it is 6 τῆς oldg ῥύπος 'sheep's ordure'.

    *VAR  οἴσυπος [m.] (Dsc. 2, 74, Plin., H.); olonat προβάτων κόπρος, ῥύπος 'sheep's  dung, ordure' (H.); οἴσπη (v.L Hdt. 4, 187, Gal. Suid.).

    *DER οἰσυπ-ίς [f] 'greasy flock of wool' (Hp.), -ηρός (Ar.), -όεις, -ὥδης CHp.) 'greasy'  (of wool); -ov = Addavov (Plin.); οἰσύπειον: ἔριον ῥυπαρόν προβάτων 'greasy wool  of sheep' (H.).

    *ETYM Explained as "ὀρι-σύπη, like the synonym ▶︎ οἰσπώτῃη, with an unclear second  member. There is clear evidence for the variant οἴσπη, but it is difficult to decide  whether the form with v or the form without it is secondary; cf. Fur. 188 on  Gad(v)it-. In any case, the word is most probably Pre-Greek (the meaning also speaks  for this). One might think of a labialized s, thus *ois'p-.

===Pag_1114: Beekes_Página_1114.tiff=== XXXXXοἴφω 1063 οἴσω, -ομαι [v.] 'I will bear, bring' (IL). <1 *h,eit-s- 'fetch'>

    *VAR  Dor. οἰσῶ, -eitat (Ar., Theoc., Archim.), pass. οἰσθήσομαι (E., D., Arist.), aor. inf. oloa (Ph. 1, 116), ἀν-οἷσαι (Hdt. 1, 157; -@oa codd.). Subj. én-oioE (Arc.),  οἴσωμεν: κομίσωμεν 'transport' (H.); verbal adj. oto téc 'bearable' (Th.), mostly with  prefix, e.g. δύστ-οιστος 'hard to bear' (Hp., trag.), dv-bn-o1o toc 'unbearable' (Timae.,  D.H.).

    *COMP Often with prefix, e.g. ἀν-, ἀπ-, ἐπ-, ovv-. As a first element perhaps in  ▶︎ οἰσοφάγος 'esophagus', perhaps also in Oice-Céa (Lesbian fieldname), cf. Schwyzer: 442 and 445.

    *ETYM Except for a few isolated aorist forms (see above) and for olotéc, οἴσω is  limited to the future tense (on oice, οἰσέμενί(αι), etc, see Schwyzer: 788 and  Chantraine 1942: 417f.). It stands in suppletion to the durative present φέρειν and to  the perfective aorist ἐνεγκεῖν, The Boeot. PN Avep-oitac, adduced by Bechtel 19172:  8f., supposedly meaning 'who carries the wind'(?), cannot be taken as a proof for oi-,  nor can the other names in -oitng¢, -o1tog (Bechtel 1917b: 346). Until Tichy Glotta 78 (2002), there was no etymology for οἴσω. Tichy connects it  with Lat. ati 'to use' from Plt. *oif-, and arguesthat the meaning may have developed  from 'fetch (in one's own interest)' to 'use'. Greek olo- < *oiss- is explained as an s-  present *oit-s-- Melchert 2007 proposes to compare CLuw. hizza(i)- 'to fetch' <  *h,eit-s-e/o- as well, which was previously translated as 'to bring', but rather means  'to fetch'.

XXXXXοἰτόν ~bdvov.

XXXXXοἶτος [m.] fate of men, (unfortunate) destiny' (Il, trag. [lyr.]). «1Ὲ *h,0i-to- 'share'>

    *COMP As a second member in μεγάλ-οιτος 'burdened with a heavy fate, unhappy'  (Theoc.) and in PNs like'Ex-oity¢ (Athens; Bechtel 1917b: 345); as a first member in  Οἰτό-λινος [m.} 'linos of fate' (Sapph. 140b, from Pamphos).

    *ETYM The derivation of οἶτος from the root of ἰέναι 'to go' as *h,oi-to- is formally  possible. An identical formation is supposed in the Celto-Germanic word for 'oath',  Olr. deth, Go. aips, OHG eid, if it originally denoted the walk to confirm an oath; cf. MoSw. edgdng. As an alternative, consider Av. aéta- [m.] 'punishment, guilt', which  was identified with oitoc by Bartholomae IF 12 (1901): 139 under an original meaning  'part, share'. It cannot be separated from ▶︎ αἶσα, ▶︎ αἴτιος, etc, and may reflect an  ablaut *h.ei / *h,oi. Thus, oltog may rather derive from *h,oi-to-, originally 'what has  been granted'; this is semantically much more convincing.

XXXXXοἴφω [v.] 'futuo' (Thera, Gort, Plu. Pyrrh. 28).

    <IE *h,ieb'-, *h,e-h,ib'- 'enter,  copulate'>

    *VAR Uncertain -éw (Mimn.).

    *COMP As a second member in φιλ-οἰφᾶς [m.} (Theoc. 4, 62), Att. PN Κόρ-οιφος,  also Kép-oiBoc, for which Kretschmer Glotta 14 (1925): 199 suggested Phrygian  origin.

    *DER οἰφ-όλης [m.] 'fututor' (Naxos; H.), -όλις [f.] (Η.λ

    *ETYM The synonym Skt. ydbhati, OCS jebe, Ru. jebti, can hardly be separated from  οἴφω. Moreover, ToB ydp- 'to enter' formally identical. It is supposed that Tocharian

===Pag_1115: Beekes_Página_1115.tiff===

preserves the original meaning, and that the other languages initially started to use the word as a euphemism, perhaps after the departure of the Tocharians. The comparison with ▶︎ ζόφος and ▶︎ Ζέφυρος is doubtful; see s.vv. LIV reconstructs a prefix 6- added to a root ieb'- to account for the Greek form, but it is better to assume a reduplicated present *h,e-h,ib'-, as suggested by Cheung 2007: 175, since the prefix mentioned hardly occurs in Greek (see on ▶︎ ὁ- 2).

XXXXXοἰχμή - δούλη, of Se οἰχμᾶν (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXοἴχομαι [v.] 'to go (away), leave, disappear, die' (Il.), mostly used in a situation with an accompanying or preceding action, which is*expressed by a pres. ptc.: 'to be gone away, be vanished'. <?>

    *VAR Fut. οἰχήσομαι (Att.), perf. ᾧχωκα, οἵ- (K 252), ᾧχηκα (K 252 v.L, Hell.), med. ᾧχημαι, οἴ- (Ion.).

    *COMP Often with prefix, e.g. ἀπ-, ἐπ-, παρ-, δι-, μετ-.

    *DER οἰχνέω [v.] 'to go, come, walk, approach', also with ἐξ-, εἰσ-, etc. (Hom., Pi. trag.), also = οἴχομαι (S.).

    *ETYM The pair οἴχομαι : οἰχνέω may be compared with ὑπ-οίσχομαι : ὑπ-ισχνέομαι. The perfect οἴχωκα, which is attested early, probably arose by analogy with some  semantically close example (Frisk suggests μέμβλωκα). The main problem with οἴχομαι is its curious meaning, which seems not to have  been proper to oiyvéw, which is durative. It is suggested in LIV® s.v. *h,eig'- that  οἴχομαι continues an old perfect. An acceptable connection is provided by the nasal present Arm. ijanem 'to come  down' (beside Gr. οἰχνέω, although both may be innovations), 3sg. aor. é < *oig'-  (ὃ ε-. On the Armenian verb, see Klingenschmitt 1982: 208f. Furthermore, ToB yku  'gone' [ppp.] is considered to be related; see Adams 1999: 61. A few isolated nouns  are also adduced: Olr. degi 'guest' < *oig'-ét-; Lith. eiga [f.] 'course', but the latter is  rather directly derived from *h,ei- 'go'. The analysis as an 'extension' of the root  *hei- 'go' is gratuitous. See ▶︎ ἴχνος.

XXXXXοἰωνός [m.] 'bird of prey, observed by the soothsayer' (Il.), 'prognosticating bird, omen' (IL, also in prose).

    <IE? *h,eu-i- 'bird'>

    *VAR  Olwvdc (Trypho; also Alcm. 60 B 6?).

    *COMP As a first member in οἰωνο-πόλος [m.] 'interpreter of birds' (Il. Pi. A. [lyr.]);  in D. H. = augur.

    *DER οἰωνίζομαι [v.] 'to observe the prognosticating bird or the auspices, to deem an  omen, tell fortunes' (X, D., Hell.), rarely with prefixes like μετ-, 2€-. Thence οἰων-ἱστής [m.] 'interpreter of birds, augur (IL, Hes. Sc. D. H.), -ἰστικός 'belonging to the  bird-interpreter or to soothsaying (Pl., Arist.), τισμα [n.] 'omen' (E., LXX), -ἰσμός  [m.] 'id'? (LXX, Plu.), -ἰστήριον [n.] 'omen' (X. Ap. 12), probably after τεκμήριον;  'place for observing birds, augurale' (Ὁ. H.); οἰωνευτής = οἰωνιστής (pap.).

    *ETYM Explanation debated. Because of the comparable formation in viwvds (: vid,  υἱός), it is probably best derived from a nominal basis. Therefore it is connected with  the IE word for 'bird' seen in Lat. avis, Skt. vih, etc. (also reflected in Gr. ▶︎ αἰετός).

===Pag_1116: Beekes_Página_1116.tiff=== XXXXXὄκνος 1 1065 The initial 6- has been explained as a case of vowel assimilation since Schmidt KZ 32 (1893): 374, but this is unnecessary: one may assume an o-grade, as does Beekes Sprache 18 (1972): 21, who departs from a nominative h,ou-i-dn that was subsequently thematicized. By others, it has been combined with > oitta, ▶︎ οἶστρος, ▶︎ ὀιστός and connected with the root Heis- 'to put in vehement motion', but this is doubtful. The connection with ᾧόν 'egg' by Schmeja IF 68 (1963): 35f. was defended by Peters 1980a: 292-305.

XXXXXὅκα, ὅκκα --ὅτε.

XXXXXὀκέλλω -οκέλλω.

XXXXXὀκίστια [n.pl.] 'harrow' (SEG 13, 13, 120, Athens).

    *ETYM Cf. Lat. occa and Gr. ▶︎ diva.

XXXXXὅκκαβος [?] 'bracelet', = κρίκος (EM 383, 21), = ψέλια (H.). «ΡΟ»

    *VAR Lat. inser. occabus.

    *ETYM Unknown. With a suffix -B- (Chantraine 1933: 262); Pre-Greek?  ὀκιμβάζω -'σκιμβός.

XXXXXὀκκῦλαι - τὸ ὀκλάσαι καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν πτερ«ν»ῶν καθίζεσθαι 'to prostrate, sit down on one's heels' (H.). σρὀκλάζω.

XXXXXὀκλάζω [v.] 'to prostrate, crouch down, squat', metaph. 'to sink, abate', trans. 'to abate' (N 281, Hld.). <?>

    *VAR Aor. ὀκλάσαι (S.).

    *COMP Also with prefix, e.g. μετ-, ὑπ-.

    *DER ὄκλα σις [6] 'crouching' (Hp., Luc.), -σμα [n.] name of a Persian dance (Ar. Fr. 344b); also ὀκλα-δίας [m.] 'camp stool' (Att. inscr. Ar.), -dia = ὄκλασις (Suid.), -δόν  (A. R., Nonn.), -δις (Hdn. Gr.), -διστί (Babr.) [adv.] 'crouchingly, squattingly,  prostratingly'; ὀκλάξ [adv.] 'id.' (Hp., Pherecr.), after γνύξ, 706, etc.; Ὄκλασος [m.]  PN (sch.), like Δάμασος, ete. ᾿

    *ETYM A noun like *dKAoc, Ἰὀκλή, or *OKAdG, but also ἃ verb "ὀκλάω (cf. δαμάω :  δαμάζω), may have served as a basis of ὀκλάζω. Etymology unknown. Note the  glosses κλωκυδά- τὸ καθῆσθαι ἐπ᾽ ἀμφοτέροις ποσίν 'sitting down on both feet',  ὀκκῦλαι- τὸ ὀκλάσαι καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν πτερ«ν»ῶν καθίζεσθαι 'to prostrate, sit down on  one's heels' (H.).

XXXXXὄκνος 1 [m.] 'hesitation, doubt, shyness' (Il). <?>

    *COMP Also as a second member, e.g. ἄτοκνος [adj.], -ως [adv.] 'without hesitation,  determined' (IA, Hes.), with ἀοκν-ία [f.] 'determination' (Hp.).

    *DER Adjective ὀκν-ηρός 'hesitant, doubtful, arousing doubt' (Pi., IA), whence -npia  [f.] = ὄκνος (LXX, pap. VI?), -πρεύω [v.] 'to inspire doubt' (LXX); in the same mg. also ὀκν-ηλός (Theognost.), -ὦδης (Dionys. Av.), -αλέος (Nonn.). Denominative  oxvéw (-eiw E 255 is metrically conditioned) [v.] 'to hesitate, tarry, scruple, recoil'  (IL), also with ἀπ-, xat-, δι-; thence (ἀπ-)όκνησις [f.] 'doubt, reluctance' (Th., Plu.).

===Pag_1117: Beekes_Página_1117.tiff===

    *ETYM Hackstein 2002: 232 suggests the possibility of dissimilation from *h,onk-no-    (to ὄγκος 'hook'), comparing Lat. cunctari 'to hang, tarry'.

XXXXXὄκνος 2 [m.] name of a big bird, family of the heron, perhaps 'bittern' (Arist., Paus., Ael.). <?>

    *ETYM Identical with ▶︎ ὄκνος 1? The name clearly refers to the motionlessness of the    bird by day.

XXXXXὀκορνός = AKOpVvds.

XXXXXὄκρις [m.] 'top, protruding point, corner' (Hp.).

    *COMP As a first member in ὀκρί-βας, -avtog [m.], properly 'walking on the top',  'elevated place, stage, stand' (Pl). Fur: 217' takes this word as Pre-Greek, but  without sufficient reason.

    *DER ὀκρι-όεις 'sharp-edged, spiky (Hom., A, Hell. poet.); ὀκρίς [f.] 'spiky', epithet  of φάραγξ (A. Pr. 1016); ὀκρι-άομαι [v.] in ὀκριόωντο 'they incited themselves, they  were fierce' (o 33), ὠκριωμένος (Lyc. 545); ὀκρι-άζω [v.] 'to be brusque, be bitter' (S. Fr. 1075).

    *ETYM Identical with Lat. ocris [m.] 'stony mountain', U ukar, gen. ocrer 'arx, mons',  MIr. och(a)ir 'edge, border', Skt. dsri- [f.] 'corner, sharp edge'; an o-grade with  suffixal -ri- from *h,ek- in ▶︎ ἄκρος, etc.

XXXXXὀκρυόεις [adj.] 'morbid, spooky, ghastly' (Z 344, I 64, A. R., AP).

    *ETYM Arose from κρυόεις by false separation in the genitives ἐπιδημίοο κρυόεντος  (I 64) and κακομηχάνοο κρυοέσσης (Z 344); see Leumann 1950: 49f. The  phonetically close ὀκριόεις may have been an influence (Ruijgh 1957: 103).

XXXXXὀκτάδιον [n.] - καλάθιον πρός ὀρνιθάρια 'basket for small birds' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXὄκταλλος -οὀφθαλμός.

XXXXXὀκτώ [num] 'eight' (Hom.). <1E *h,ekteh, 'eight'>

    *VAR  Boeot. Lesb. ὀκτό like δύο, Heracl. hoxtw after ἕξ, ἑπτά, El. ὀπτώ after ἑπτά.

    *COMP As a first element, we usually find oxta- (after énta-, éa-, etc.) in ὀκτα-  κόσιοι 'eighthundred' and in many bahuvrihis like ὀκτά-μηνος 'eight months old,  eight monthly (Hp. X., Arist.). Besides, there is ὀκτω- in ὀκτω καίδεκα, ὀκτω-  δάκτυλος 'with a breadth of eight fingers' (Hp., Ar.), εἴς,

    *DER Further ὀγδοή-κοντα, which (like ἑβδομή-κοντα) may have started from the  basic word, see ▶︎ ὄγδοος. A cross with ὀκτώ gave rise to ὀγδώ-κοντα (B 568 = 652). After ὀγδοήκοντα the late ὀγδοάς [f.] 'group of eight' (Plu.) for ὀκτάς [f.] (Arist.). Further derivatives: ὀκτά-κι(ς), -Ktv 'eight times' (Hdt.), ὀκτα-σσός 'eightfold' (pap. IIIP), after δισσός, etc., -χῶς 'in eight ways' (EM, comm. Arist.).

    *ETYM Gr. ὀκτώ, Lat. octd, Skt. asta(u), Go. ahtau, Lith. atuoni, and other cognate  forms go back to IE *h,ekteh,(u). Arm. ut' was reshaped after the word for 'seven',  like El. ὀπτω. The IE word for 'eight' was clearly an old dual, but further analysis is  quite uncertain.

===Pag_1118: Beekes_Página_1118.tiff=== XXXXXὀλιγηπελέων 1067

XXXXXὀκωχή [f.] 'arrest, custody' (EM). 4GR, IE *seg'- 'hold'>

    *DER ὀκώχοιμος 'answerable, liable' (Cyrene IV'; after ἀγώγιμος), ὀκωχεύειν- ἔχειν,  συνέχειν 'to hold (together) (H., also S. Fr. 327). In literary sources (and perhaps  originally) only with ἀν-, δι-. κατ- etc. (from ἀν-έχω, etc.).

    *ETYM Reduplicated formation from ▶︎ ἔχω; see also ▶︎ ἀνοκωχή and ▶︎ συνοκωχότε.

XXXXXὀλαγμεύειν, ὀλαιμ- -οοὐλαί.

XXXXXὀλαί [f.pl.] 'barley corn used at a sacrifice'. =obdAal.

XXXXXὀλαιτοί [m.pl.] - σπερμολόγοι 'gossip'. Kai ὀλατοί (H.). «ΡΟ»

    *VAR Also ὄλαιτος (Orus apud EM 622, 9).

    *ETYM Clearly a Pre-Greek word on account of the variation at/ a. Fur.: 338 also  connects λειτόν: βλάσφημον 'slanderous' (H.), which is not immediately evident.

XXXXXὀλβάχιον = odbAail.

XXXXXὄλβος [m.] 'prosperity, blessed state, wealth, happiness' (Il.).

    *COMP ὀλβο-δότης, Dor. -δότας [m.], -δότειρα [f] 'giver of wealth' (E. [lyr.], Hell.)  &v-oABog 'without prosperity, unhappy' (Orac. apud Hat. 1, 85, trag.).

    *DER 1. ὄλβιος 'blessed, well-to-do, happy' (II), voc. ὀλβιό-δαιμον (Τ᾽ 182), super]. ὄλβιστος (Hell.); 2. ὀλβήεις '14. (Man.); 3. ὀλβ-ία [f.] = ὄλβος (Phot.); 4. ὀλβίζω [v.]  'to bless (oneselfy (trag.), ἐπ- (Nonn.), with ὀλβιστήρ, -ἦρος 'blesser' (late).

    *ETYM Various older hypotheses are found in Frisk s.v. Fur.: 155 connects 6Ana-  χόνδρου τις ἕψησις. ἔδεσμά τι 'cooking of groats, kind of food'. ἥ ὄλβος (HL); if the  gloss is cognate, it must be Pre-Greek, which is certainly a good possibility.

XXXXXὄλεθρος [m.] 'destruction'. =dAA UL.

XXXXXὀλέκρανον [n.] 'point of the elbow'. -οὠλέκρανον.

XXXXXὀλιβρόν [adj.] - ὀλισθηρόν, λεῖον, ἐπισφαλές 'slippery, smooth, unstable' (H.), beside ὠλίβραξαν: ὥλισθον 'slipperiness' and, without p, ὀλιβάξαι- ὀλισθεῖν 'to slide' (H.). <1E? *h,lib-ro- 'slippery, smooth'>

    *ETYM May be cognate with OE slipor, OHG sleffar 'slippery, smooth' (with MoNw. slipra 'glide'), from *(s)lib-ro-. Thence the primary verb OHG slifan, MLG slipen 'to  slide', etc. Further cognates in Pok. 663 and 960. See also ▶︎ λίμβος and »ὀλισθάνω. The problem of *s- beside prothetic vowel has not been solved; see Beekes 1969: 82-  87. Perhaps Germanic added the s- after the loss of the initial laryngeal.

XXXXXὀλιγηπελέων [adj., ptc.] 'weak, powerless' (O 24 and 245, εξ 457), -€ovoa (τ 356).

    <IE?  *h, pel- 'strength'>



    *DER Metrically enlarged from ὀλιγ-ηπελής (AP, Opp.). Thence ὀλιγηπελ-ίη [f]  'weakness, impotence' (ε 468); likewise εὐηπελ-ίη [f.] 'strength, thriving' (Call.),  εὐηπελής (H.), opposite κακηπελ-ίη, -ἔων (Nic.); also ἀνηπελίη: ἀσθένεια 'weakness'  (H.) and νηπελέω = ἀδυνατέω (Hp.).

    *ETYM The form (ὀλιγ)-ηπελής is derived from a neuter "ἄπελος 'strength' (with  compositional lengthening), and is compared with the Germanic group of ON afl,  OE afol [n.] 'strength'; the EL PN Τευτί-απλος (possibly Ilyr.), Illyr. PN Mag-

===Pag_1119: Beekes_Página_1119.tiff===

aplinus, etc. also belong here. However, since the Germanic words must be connected with Lat. ops, opus, etc. < h,ep-s-, the Gr. ἀ- would be unclear in this comparison. We have to reconstruct h.pel- (νηπελ-έω < *y-h,pel-), and the connection with Lat. ops may have to be abandoned. The denominative ἀν-απελάζω in ἀναπελάσας: ἀναρρωσθείς 'recuperated' (H.) belongs here as well. Cf. also on ▶︎ νήπιος.

XXXXXὄλιγγος [3] akind of locust (Phot. Suid.).

    *VAR ὀλίγιοι- εἶδος ἀκρίδων 'id.', τινές ῥιζίον, ὅμοιον βολβῷ 'a small root, likea bulb'  (H.); thus Latte, but the ms. has (unaccented) ὀλιγιοι. DELG thinks that the correct  form should be ὄλιγγοι. %

    *ETYM Connection with λιγύς does not help (Frisk, DELG). In view of the  prenasalization, the word may be Pre-Greek (not in Fur.). Cf. Gil Fernandez 1959: 95. See ▶︎ ὀλίγος.

XXXXXὀλίγος [adj.] 'small, inferior' (Il.), 'little, few (post-Hom.). <1E? *h,lig- 'little'>

    *COMP Often as a first member, eg. dAty-apy-ia [f.] 'rule of the few, oligarchy' (IA;  after μοναρχία, see ▶︎ μόνος) together with ὀλιγαρχ-έω, -ἰκός (Att.); -ης [m.] (Ὁ. H.)  On > ὀλιγηπελέων, see s.v., on ὀλιγο-δρανέων see ▶︎ Spdw, on ὀλίγ-ωρος see ▶︎ Mpa.

    *DER Grades of comparison: ὀλίγ-ιστος (IL), ὀλίζων (11), ὀλείζων (Att. inscr; after  μείζων), ὀλιγότης, -ητος [f.] 'small number' (PI. Arist.), ὀλιγόομαι, -dw 'to become  small or faint-hearted, to diminish' (LXX); ὀλιγ-άκις 'seldom' (Ion.), -αχόθεν 'from  few places' (Hdt., Arist.), -ayov 'in few places' (Pl., Arist.). Perhaps also ὀλίγιοι: εἶδος  ἀκρίδων. τινές ῥιζίον, ὅμοιον βολβῷ (H.), see ▶︎ GALyyos.

    *ETYM For »ὄλιγγος, connection with λιγύς does not help - perhaps the word is Pre-  Greek? The adjective ὀλίγος may be identical with Arm. atk'at 'poor' < *oliko- <  *h,ligo-. However, Alb. lig 'angry, meager' could rather belong to ▶︎ λοιγός 'ruin',  which should not be connected with ὀλίγος. Less clear are Olr. léach 'miserable,  unhappy' and OPr. licuts 'small' (which fits well semantically), which both derive  from a root in *-k-.

XXXXXὄλινοι [m.] - κριθῆς δεσμοί. καὶ Aivog παρὰ Κυπρίοις 'sheaves of barley, also A. (Cypr.y (H.).

    *ETYM Fur.: 375 gives 'λῖνος (usually λίνον)",    ὀλινύω -Ξἐλινύω.

XXXXXὄλισβος [π|.] 'penis coriaceus', = 'of leather' (com., Herod.),

    *ETYM Obscene word with a suffix -β-. Chantraine (DELG) and others suggested that  it was transformed from ὄλισθος after other familiar and vulgar words. However, as  the suffix shows, the word is rather Pre-Greek.

XXXXXὀλισθάνω [v.] 'to slide, slip, glide' (Att.). «1 h,lid'-, h,slid'- 'glide'>

    *VAR  -aivw (Arist. Hell.), aor. ὀλισθ-εῖν (IL), -ἦσαι (Hp., Hell.), -ῆναι (Nic.), 285. ὦλισθας (epigr. I*-I), fut. ὀλισθήσω (Hell.), perf. ὠλίσθηκα (Hp.).

    *COMP Often with prefix, e.g. ἀπ-, δι-, ἐξ-, kat-, ὑττ-.

===Pag_1120: Beekes_Página_1120.tiff=== XXXXXὄλλυμι, -μαι 1069

    *DER 1. Verbal nouns: ὀλίσθ-ημα [n.] fall, sprain' (Hp., PL), -ησις (also ἀπ-, κατ-,  nept-) [f.] 'slipping, spraining' (medic. Plu.); back-formation ὄλισθος [m.] 'lubricity'  (Hp., Hell.), also the name ofa slippery fish (Opp.). 2. Verbal adjectives: ὀλισθ-ηρός  'slippery (Pi, IA), -ἤεις 'id' (AP), -avwtépa 'id' [nom.sg.f] (Gal.), from  *odtoB8avoc, but which accentuation? Further ὀλισθός 'id' (Hdn. Gr. 1, 147),  probably from ὄλισθος with shift of accent, -ητικός 'making slippery' (Hp.). On its  own stands ὀλισθράζω = ὀλισθάνω (Epich., Hp. apud Gal. 19, 126) as if from  *dALoBpos, cf. ὀλιβ(ρ)άξαι from ▶︎ ὀλιβρός.

    *ETYM All forms derive from the thematic root aorist ὀλισθεῖν. A present in -dvw  (later -aivw) arose from this, which recalls -δαρθεῖν : δαρθάνω, αἰσθέσθαι :  αἰσθάνομαι, and may (like these two) contain an enlarging element IE *-d"-, with Gr. -σθ- coming from *-d*-d*-. An alternative is to assume metathesis *h,slid*- > *h,lisd*-;  see Mayrhofer EWAia: II, 787. This pre-form may be compared with a verb for  'glide, slide' in Germanic and Baltic: e.g. OE slidan (MoE slide), MHG sliten, Lith. slysti, sg.pret. sl ydau (with secondary y beside slidus 'smooth, slippery'). There are  also some isolated nouns in Slavic and Celtic: OCS sléds, Ru. sled [m.] 'trace' < IE  *sloid'-o-, Molr. slaod 'gliding mass'. Skt. srédhati 'to stumble, make a mistake' vel  sim. may also belong here. See also ▶︎ λοῖσθος 1.

XXXXXὀλκή [f.] 'dragging, drawing, towing, inhalation, draught, drink, attraction, drawing down of the scales = weight' (IA).

    *VAR  ὀλκός [m.] 'drawer', 'machine for hauling ships on ]and, strap' (Hdt, Th, S.,  E.), also 'track, furrow, ditch; orbit, coil' (E., Ar., Hell.), also the name of a spider  (Dsc.); adjective ὀλκός 'drawing to oneself, attracting' (Pl, Arist.), 'dragging on,  leaning, tarrying' (Ph, Hld.).

    *DER From ὀλκή; 1. ὀλκάς, -άδος [f.] 'towed ship, trading vessel' (Pi., IA) with  ὀλκαδι-κός (Arist.); 2. ὀλκεῖον (-iov) [n.] 'large bowl or basin, out of which water is  drawn' (com. and inscr. since ΓΝ). after ἀγγεῖον, with ὀλκίδιον (pap. III'); 3. ὀλκεῖς:  ol τὰ ἀμφίβληστρα ἐπισπῶνται 'who draw the fishing nets towards themselves' (H.);  4. ὀλκαῖος 'ptng. to drawing, making a twist' (Nic., Lyc.), -atov [n.] 'stern(posty (A. R.), -aia, -ain [f.] 'tail (Nic. A. R.); 5. ὅλκ-ιμος 'drawable, flexible, viscous' (medic.,  Plu.), 'useful for drawing' (Paul. Aeg.), perhaps after στάσιμος; 6. -ἤεις 'weighty'  (Nic.); 7. τάζω 'to draw' (pap., H.).

    *ETYM Verbal nouns from ἕλκω, built according to regular patterns. Lat. sulcus [m.]  'furrow may be an old formal correspondence to ὁλκός, but it may also be a zero  grade; cf. OE sulh [f.] 'plough, furrow' < IE *slk-. Further details s.v. ▶︎ ἕλκω.

XXXXXGAME, -txos [f.] 'wooden cup for drinking' (Pamph. apud Ath. u1, 494f.). <%>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXὄλλυμι, -μαι [v.] 'to ruin, destroy, lose', intr. med. 'to be ruined, be lost' (Il).

    *VAR Also -bw, -dopat (Archil.), ὀλέκω, -opat (IL); aor. ὀλέσαι, ὀλέσθαι (Il.), pass. ὀλεσθῆναι (LXX), fut. ὀλέσ(σγω (epic), ὀλέω (Ion.), ὀλῶ (Att.), ὀλέομαι, ὀλοῦμαι  () perf. ὀλώλεκα (Att.), intr. ὄλωλα (IL).

===Pag_1121: Beekes_Página_1121.tiff===

    *COMP Very often with prefix, especially ἀγι- (thus exclusively in Att. prose), with  sEan-, ovvan-, προσαπ-, etc. also with dt-, ἐξ-, etc. As a simplex only epic.

    *DER 1. ὄλεθρος [m.] 'destruction, ruin, loss, death' (Il.) with ὀλέθρ-ιτος 'disastrous'  (Il.), τιάω 'to be on the verge of death' (Archig.), after other verbs of disease in -ἰάω;  (ἐξ-)ὀλεθρ-εύω, assimilated (ἐξ-)ὀλοθρ-εύω 'to destroy' (LXX), together with -ευσις,  τευμα, -eia (beside -ia), -ευτής; MoGr. ξολοθρεύω. 2. ἀπόλε-σις [f.] 'loss' (Hippod. apud Stob.); as a first member e.g. in ὀλεσ-ήνωρ 'destroying men' (Thgn. [?],  Nonn.), ὠλεσί-καρπος 'losing its fruit' (Κ 510, etc; W- metri causa). 3. ὀλε-τήρ, -ἦρος  [m.] 'destroyer, murderer' (2 114, etc.), -tetpa [f.] (Batr.), ἀνδρ-ολέτειρα (Hes., A.),  ὀλέ-της [m.] (Epigr. Gr.), avdp-odétng (poet. inscr.), ὄλετις [f.] (AP), παιδ-ολέτωρ,

XXXXXτορος [m., f.] 'child-killer' (A. [lyr.]). On the PN Ὀλετᾶς (Halicarn., etc; Carian?) see O. Masson Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 10 (1975): 1636.

    *ETYM The disyllabic forms ὄλεθρος, ὀλέσαι, etc. at first sight point to a root *h,elh,-  (the commonly accepted reconstruction). The present ὄλλυμι derives from "ὄλνυμι;  for the pattern, compare στορέσαι: στόρνυμι. However, in view of the metathesis  which regularly occurs in this type, we may also consider a root *h,elh,-, and in this  case, the Greek present is certainly recent. If athematic, ὀλέσθαι also reflects the  root-final laryngeal, while ὀλόμην, etc. are thematicized forms. For the enlargement  in ὀλέκω, cf. ἐρύκω, etc. Within Greek, ▶︎ ὀλοός 'pernicious, fatal' is related as well. An obvious cognate of ὄλλυμι is Lat. -oled (LIV? s.v. *h,elh,-) as found in déled and  ab-oleé, which represents an iterative formation *-h,olh,eie/o-. Since Puhvel HED,  hallanna-' 'to trample down, flatten (fields and plants)' is also compared, which may  in principle derive from older *h,,,elH- (Kloekhorst 2008: 271), and would be in  agreement with the reconstruction *h,elh, assumed for Greek and Latin. Hackstein  1995: 248ff. adduces ToB aldssdm 'is exhausted'. See recently Neri 2007 on the thesis  that the root *h,elh,- is also contained in verbs for 'fall', like Lith. palti, 3pres. puola,  and OHG fallan and cognates. We may note that the reconstruction *h,elh,-,  tentatively suggested above for the Greek forms, is possible for Latin (if we assume  that the verbal suffix *-eie/o- was restored), but not for Hittite. See ▶︎ ὀλοός.

XXXXXὅλμος [m.] 'mortar', metaph. of mortar-like, ie. hollowed objects, e.g. 'mouthpiece of a flute, drinking cup, tripod of the Pythia' (A 147).

    *VAR Psilotic ὄλμος.

    *COMP Few compounds, eg. ὁλμο-ποιός [m.] 'manufacturer of mortars' (Arist.), ὑφ-  éAp-tov [n.] 'stand of an ὅλμος᾽ (com., Poll.).

    *DER Diminutive ὁλμίον [n.] (pap.), also ὁλμίσκος [m.] 'socket of a door hinge, of a  tooth' (pap., 5. E, Ruf., Poll); ὁλμειός [m.] = ὅλμος (sch. Ar. V. 238), after  στελεί(ι)ός, etc.

    *ETYM From *uol-mo-, originally 'roll, cylinder', after the cylinder-like form of the  mortar made of a hollowed tree (cf. Palmer Eranos 44 (1946): 54f.). Further related to  > εἰλέω 'to roll, turn'.

XXXXXὁλόκληρος 'entire'. =KAijpoc.

XXXXXὁλοκόττινος [m.] name of a gold coin, Lat. solidus (pap. IV-VI?).

    *VAR  Also -ov [n.]. and ὁλοκότιον (BGU 1082).

===Pag_1122: Beekes_Página_1122.tiff=== XXXXXὀλοός 1071

    *ETYM From ▶︎ ὄλος and Lat. (aurum) coctum = ὁλό-χρυσος 'consisting entirely of  pure gold' (with ct borrowed as tt); see Frisk.

XXXXXὀλολύζω [v.] 'to cry out loudly; to call, shout with joy, moan (to the gods)', especially of women (mostly poet.).

    *VAR  -ύττω (Men.), aor. ὀλολ-ύξαι (Od.), fut. -bEopat (E.), -bEw (LXX).

    *COMP  Also with prefix, especially av-, ἐπ-.

    *DER ὀλολυγ-ή [f.] (Z 301) with -aia [f.] epithet of the νυκτερίς (epitaph), -μός [m.]  (A.), -wa (E.) 'loud outcry', mostly of women invoking a god; -ών, -όνος [f.]  'quacking of a frog, etc' (Arist., Ael., Plu.), also name of an unknown animal (bird),  Lat. acredula (Eub., Theoc., Arat.), see also Thompson 1895 s.vs ὀλολύκ-τρια [f.]  'professional wailing woman' (Pergam. II*), -τόλης [m.] 'crier' (An. Ox.), cf. e.g. σκωπτόλης, bAaktéw. Backformations ὄλολοι [m.pl.] = δεισι-δαίμονες (Theopomp. Com., Men.), ὄλολυς [m.] (acc. to Phot. = ὁ γυναικώδης kal κατάθεος καὶ βάκηλος  'woman-like, superstitious and womanish'; Anaxandr., Men.).

    *ETYM Onomatopoeic reduplicated formation with the same ending as in ἰύζω,  βαὕζω, etc. Similar formations, genetically cognate or of identical structure, are Lat. ululére 'to howl, ulula [f.] 'owl, Skt. ululi- 'crying loudly', tlika- [m.] 'owl', Lith. ulula (bafigos) '(the waves) howl, all with u. Beside these stands ὀλολύζω, with  dissimilation o-v or perhaps ablauting to ▶︎ ἐλελεῦ; cf. Pok. 306 and 1105. See  > ὀλοφύρομαι.

XXXXXὄλονθος ([m.] 'wild fig'. =6AvvB0c.

XXXXXὀλοοίτροχος [m.] 'round piece of rock, boulder, large stone' (N 137, Democr. 162, Orac. apud Hdt. 5, 92 B). «1Ὲ wel- 'turn', dreg- 'run'>

    *VAR  Accent uncertain. Also ὀλοίτροχος (Hdt. 8, 52, Theoc. 22, 49), ὁλοίτροχος (X. AN. 4, 2; 3).

    *ETYM Probably properly 'circle-runner', a technical term for a round stone, which  rolls downhill or is taken forth by a vehement stream. The first element belongs to  ▶︎ εἰλέω 'to roll, turn' and looks like a locative; acc. to Bechtel 1914 s.v., it derives from  a noun *foAofo- 'whirl, rotation', closely connected with ▶︎ εἰλεός; this is rejected by  Shipp 1967: 49f. (who follows the ancients in connecting dAodc 'pernicious',  assuming that -ot- is metri causa).

XXXXXὀλοός [adj.] 'destructive, sinister, ominous' (I1.).

    <IE *h,olh,-uo- 'destructive'>

    *VAR Also ὀλοιός (A 342, Χ 5, h. Ven. 224), ὀλώιος (Hes. Th. 591, Nonn.), οὐλοός (A. R.), vocative ὀλέ (Alcm. 55), ὀλόεις (S. Tr. 521 [lyr.]).

    *COMP As a first member in ὀλοό-φρων 'with destructive intent', of ὕδρος, λέων, σῦς  κάπρος (Il.), also 'crafty', of Ἄτλας, Αἰήτης, Μίνως (Od.); also ὀλο-εργός, -ἐεργής  'having a destructive effect' (Nic., Man.) with loss of o (cf. Schwyzer: 252f.).

    *ETYM Derived from the root of ὀλέσαι, ὄλεθρος, etc. (see ▶︎ ὄλλυμι), and  traditionally explained as *éA0-fdg < *OAe-Fd¢ With vowel assimilation (Schmidt KZ  32 (1893): 332f., 337). All formal variations are secondary: ὀλοιός with ot spelling  lengthened o (Chantraine 1942: 168; cf. on pmoléteac); οὐλοός with metrical  lengthening and/or after οὖλος; ὀλώϊος after ὀλοφώϊος acc. to Frisk, but corrected to

===Pag_1123: Beekes_Página_1123.tiff===

ὀλοίιος by Nauck; ὀλόεις with poetical enlargement (Schwyzer: 528 with 111.} voc. ὀλέ from ddoé (or dde[f]é?) with loss of vowel by hyphaeresis(?); cf. ὦ μέλε. Suggestions on the formation in Ruijgh Minos 20-22 (1987): 537 and Garcia Ramon 2000: 69-71.

XXXXXὀλόπτω [v.] - λεπίζειν, τίλλειν, κολάπτειν 'to peel, pluck, peck' (H.).

    *VAR Aor. ὀλόψαι (Call, Euph., Nic.) 'to strip off, tear off, pluck'.

    *ETYM Can hardly be related to ▶︎ λέπω, »λοπός, etc., but rather a Pre-Greek variant  οὗ» ὀλούφω.

XXXXXὄλος [adj.] 'complete, whole' (p 343 and ὦ 18, Att, Hadt.), οὖλε [voc.] 'salve' (w 402). IE *sol( H)-uo- 'whole'> :

    *VAR  οὖλος (epic Ion.).

    *COMP Often as a first member, almost only Hell. and late (instead of mav-, see  Leumann 1950: 105), e.g. ὁλό-κληρος (see ▶︎ κλῆρος), ὁλο-σχερής (see ▶︎ ἐπισχερώ),  ▶︎ ὀλοκόττινος.

    *DER ὁλό-της, -ητος [f.] 'wholeness' (Arist.), ὁλόομαι [v.] 'to be constituted as a  whole together with ὅλωσις [f.] (Dam.), οὐλέω in οὐλείοιεν: ἐν ὑγείᾳ φυλάσσοιεν  'may they keep watch in health' (H.). Besides ὁλοός = φρόνιμος Kai ἀγαθός 'clever  and able' (Suid., H.) with oAoettat- ὑγιαίνει 'is healthy' (H.). Uncertain Οὔλιος, Ionic  epithet of Apollo, acc. to Str. 14, 635 and Suid. as a healing god; cf. ▶︎ οὖλος 3.

    *ETYMIdentical with Skt. sdrva-, Av. hauruua- 'whole', from IE *sol(H)-uo-. For ὁλό-  τῆς, compare Av. hauruua-tat- and Skt. sarvd-tat(-i)- [f.] 'wholeness, etc.', which are  probably independent innovations. Beside the Indo-Iranian forms, we find Lat. salvus 'sound, safe' (on the a-vocalism, see Schrijver 1991: 294-297 and Nussbaum  1997: 186ff.) and, with disyllabic stem, Osc. oadare 'id., Pael. Salavatur 'Salvator',  which points to an older ablauting u-stem *slh.-eu-. Perhaps the Greek and Indo-  Iranian forms derive from a thematization of a neuter *solh,-u?  Other cognates are ToA salu 'complete', ToB solme 'id.' (with a different suffix), and  Alb. i gjallé 'alive, lively'. A different suffix is found in Olr. sldn 'healthy' < *sth,-no-,  perhaps Lat. sollus < *sol(H)-no- and possibly in Hitt. Salli- / Sallai- 'big, main, chief,  etc.' < *solh,-i- (Kloekhorst 2008 s.v.). On the question whether the Saussure effect  operated in this word (as advocated by Nussbaum 1997), see Pronk 2009.

XXXXXὀλός [m.] name for a bleary liquid, from the juice of squids (Hp., Phryn. PS, Phot.), for blood (AP 15, 25, 1. ὀλὸς λιβρὸς ἱρῶν). < PG?>

    *ETYM Unclear. A cross between θολός and ὀρός, as assumed by Frisk, is improbable. A Pre-Greek word is possible.

XXXXXὁλοσχερής [adj.] 'complete, whole, general' (Hell.).

    *DER ὁλοσχέρεια [f.] (Phd. Rh., Str.). > ἐπισχερώ.

XXXXXὀλουρίδας [?] - εἶδος κόγχης 'kind of mussel' (H.). <?>

    *VAR  ὀλουροισιν: ἄνω τῆς θύρας στρόφιγγες 'pivot above the door' (H.).

    *ETYM Unknown.

===Pag_1124: Beekes_Página_1124.tiff=== XXXXXὌλυμπος 1073

XXXXXὀλούφω [v.] = ὀλόπτω (Phot.), ὀλουφεῖν (ὀλούφειν Schmidt) τίλλειν 'to pluck hair', διολουφεῖν (-getv Schm.)- διατίλλειν ἢ διασιλλαίνειν 'to mock' (H.).

    *ETYM The present etymon is evidently a variant of ▶︎ ὀλόπτω, with variations οἱ ov  and g/ nt that point to a Pre-Greek word. The IE etymology proposed by Gro§elj  Ziva Ant. 4 (1954): 173, which connected it with the IE word for 'bark, etc.' in Lat.

XXXXXliber [m.] 'bark, book' < *luber, Ru. lub 'bark', can therefore be forgotten.

XXXXXὀλοφλυκτίς [f.] 'bladder, pustule with blood and water' (Hp.).

    *VAR Also -φυκτίς (H.); ὀλοφυγδών (Theoc. 9, 30) or -φύγγων (H.).

    *ETYM From ὀλός and φλυκτίς; see ▶︎ φλύκταινα.

XXXXXὀλοφύρομαι [v.] 'to wail, lament, bewail, bemoan' (IL). «IE? *Holb'- 'cry, lament'>

    *VAR  Aeol. -Uppw (Hdn. Gr.), aor. ὀλοφύρασθαι, ptc. pass. ὀλοφυρθείς (Th. 6, 78),  fut. ὀλοφυροῦνται (Lys. 29, 4 codd.).

    *COMP Often (especially in prose) with prefix, e.g. av-, an-, κατ-.

    *DER ὀλοφυρ-μός [m.] (Ar. Th. Pl.), -σις [f.] (Th, J.) 'Iamentation, wail'; -τικός  'prone to wail' (Arist., J.). Further ὀλόφυς: οἶκτος, ἔλεος, θρῆνος 'lamentation' (H.,  Sapph. 21, 3), Aeolic for Ἰὀλοφῦς acc. to Schulze KZ 52 (1924): 311, ὀλοφυδνός  'lamenting, wailing' (Hom., AP).

    *ETYM The ending is also seen in synonymous ὀδύρομαι, μύρομαι, κινύρομαι,  μινύρομαι; ὀλοφύρομαι may have been formed after them, and it is unnecessary to  suppose a prior adjective *OAo@updc. The form ὀλοφυδνός may be an innovation as  well, eg. after ἀλαπαδνός, apepdvac, etc. (cf. Chantraine 1933: 194) and γοεδνός  (Frisk). Likewise, was *OAogutc formed after ὀϊζύςξ  In view of Arm. otb, gen. -oy 'lament', Lith. ulbuoti 'to call, sing', one might asssume  a pre-form *6Agog (= Arm. otb) or ᾿ὀλφύς, which would have received an anaptyctic  -o- from synonymous ▶︎ ὀλολύζω.

XXXXXὀλοφώιος [adj.] mg. uncertain. Hom. only ὀλοφώϊα [n.pl.], substantivized or as an epithet of δήνεα 'plans' (Od.); Hell. in sing. of λύκων ἔρνος (Theoc. 25, 185), and of ἰός 'poison' (Nic. Th. 327). <?>

    *ETYM Formation like μητρώϊος, ἡρώϊος, λεχώϊος (Hell.), etc. so perhaps derived  from a substantive in -ως or -w. By the ancients it was associated with ὄλλυμι and  interpreted as 'pernicious' (H. ὀλοφώϊα: ὀλέθρια, οἷον ὀλοποιά, δεινὰ βουλεύματα);  it was connected with ἐλεφαίρομαι in Hom. in the sense of 'deceitful'.

XXXXXὄλπη [f.] 'oil flask'. κρἔλτος.

XXXXXὌλυμπος [m.] name of several mountain ranges in Greece and the Near East, especially at the borders of Thessaly and Macedonia; seat of Zeus and of the gods (il.). «ρα» ΔΑΒ With metrical lengthening OUA-. Ruijgh 1967a: 173 points to a variant Οὐλυμτι-, Myc. u-ru-p-.

    *DER Ὀλύμπιος 'Olympic' (IL), Ὀλυμπία [f.] region in Elis Pisatis with a famous  temple of Zeus (Pi. A; cf. von Wilamowitz 1931: 224).

    *ETYM Probably originally an appellative 'mountain', and without a doubt Pre-  Greek. Report of the discussion in van Windekens 1952: 66ff. (see also van

===Pag_1125: Beekes_Página_1125.tiff===

Windekens BNF 6 (1955): 117). Cf. also Nilsson 1941(1): 353f. Perhaps Myc. u-ru-pi-ja- (jo-) points to an original PG u-, which is one of the phonemes that could be reflected as Gr. o (though the interpretation of the Myc. word is debated). Was the origina] word Ulump(-) ?

XXXXXὄλυνθος [m.] 'wild, unripe fig' (Hes. Fr. 160, 1, Hdt. 1, 193, Hp., Thphr, LXX).

    *VAR Also ὄλονθος.

    *COMP As a first member in ὀλυνθο-φόρος 'bearing 6A.' (also ὀλονθο-, pap.), with  -éw (Thphr.).

    *DER ὀλύνθ-η [f.] 'wild fig-tree, ἐρινεός᾽ (Paus.); -aCw [v.] 'to caprificate, ἐρινάζω᾽  (Thphr.). ᾿

    *ETYM A technical Pre-Greek word with a suffix -v8-. Note bolunda- ὄλυνθος (Cor p. Gloss Lat. 2,517, 40), which points to original *¢-, and cf. ▶︎ μηλολόνθη, ▶︎ ὁδόλυνθος. As -ov@- is very rare, the second -o- in édAov@occould be due to assimilation from  *-v-. Fur.: 358 further compares Ὅλομπος.

XXXXXὄλυνος [?] - TO ἀπότριμμα Kai ἀποκάθαρμα 'what is rubbed or cleansed off (H.).

    *ETYM Unknown. Is the word Pre-Greek?

XXXXXὄλυραι [f-pl.] kind of grain like ζειαί, usually translated as (corn) of spelt', also as 'durra' (Egypt) (1]., Hdt. D., Thphr.).

    *VAR Rarely sg.

    *COMP Asa first member e.g. in ὀλυρο-κόπτος [m.] '6Avpat-beater, -baker' (pap. II').

    *DER ὀλύρ-ινος 'containing dAvpat, made of dAvpav (pap. ΠΠ᾿ Gal.), -ίτης (ἄρτος)  [m.] 'bread made of ὄλυραι᾽ (LXX).

    *ETYM An isolated cultural term. By-forms like ▶︎ ἔλυμος 2, ▶︎ ὄλυνθος, and ▶︎ οὐλαί  suggest that it is Pre-Greek. Cf. ▶︎ ἄχυρα for the suffix.

XXXXXὅμαδος [m.] 'clamorous crowd, melee, turmoil, clash' (I1.). <?>

    *DER Opadéw, -fjoat [v.] 'to clamor, speak or shout all at once' (Od., A. R.).

    *ETYM For the formation, see perhaps xéAadoc, χρόμαδος, etc. Usually connected  with Skt. samdd- [f.] 'battle' and connected with ὁμός = Skt. samd-, but this is rather  improbable: samdd- should be interpreted differently as sam-ad- (Mayrhofer EW Aia  2: 703f.), and ὅμαδος could belong to ▶︎ ὁμάζω (although DELG rejects this  comparison because of the semantics).

XXXXXὁμάζω [v.] 'to growl, grumble', said of bears and panthers (Zenod.).

    *ETYM Probably onomatopoeic. Here also ▶︎ ὅμαδος. See ▶︎ ὁμιός.

XXXXXὀμαλός [adj.] 'equal, level, smooth' (1 327).

    *VAR Innovation ὁμαλής 'id.' (PL. X., Arist.).

    *COMP  As a second member e.g. in ἀν-ώμαλος 'unequal (IA), with compositional  lengthening.

    *DER ὁμαλ-ότης, -ητος [f.] 'equality, even surface' (Pl, Arist.), -εύς [m.] 'leveller'  (who levels the soil, pap. III*). Denominative verbs: 1. ὁμαλ-ίζω 'to level, make even'

===Pag_1126: Beekes_Página_1126.tiff=== XXXXXὀμείρομαι 1075 (X., Arist.), also with δι-, ἐξ-, etc. Thence ὁμαλοισμός [m.] 'leveling' (LXX, 5. E.), -1Etc (f.] 'leveling' (Delph., Didyma), -ἰστῆρες [m.pl].] 'instruments for leveling' (gloss.), -.otpov (H.); hardly to Aiotpov. 2. ὁμαλ-ύνω [v.] 'to make equal, make even' (Hp., Pl. Arist.), also with δι-, mpo-, ovv-; -vvtikdg 'emollient' (Gal.). 3. *av-opad-dw in ἀνομάλω-σις [f.] 'equalization' (Arist.).

    *ETYM The formation is like that of Lat. similis 'like', Olr. samail < *semh,-l-. The o-  grade of ὁμαλός is often thought to have been imported from ▶︎ ὁμός. Cf. also the ἰ-  stem in Lat. semel 'once' < *s(e)mli-, Go. simle 'one time' = 'once'. Arm. amol  'harnessed pair of cows' is probably unrelated.

XXXXXὀμαρτέω [v.] 'to meet, join' (Hom.). 41E sm- 'together' + h,er- 'join'>

    *DER ὁμαρτῇ 'together', see ▶︎ ἁμαρτή.

    *ETYM The identification of the frozen instrumental ἁμαρτή (ὁμ-) with Skt. (Ved.)  sdm-rtd 'at the meeting, in battle' (e.g. Schwyzer: 433) is wrong, as the latter is the  locative of sém-rti- 'coming together, battle'. The form with ai(a)- must go back to  *sm-h,er- containing the root *h,er- 'to join', while the probably more recent  formation with ὁμ- derives from > ὁμός, ὁμοῦ. See ▶︎ ὅμηρος.

XXXXXὄμβρος [m.] 'rain, shower, thunderstorm', also 'rainwater', metaph. 'water' (I].).

    *COMP As a first member e.g. in ὀμβρο-φόρος 'bringing rain' (A., Ar.); often as a  second member, e.g. in ἔτι-, κάτ-ομβρος 'rainy, wet with rain' (Hp., Arist.)

    *DER Adjectives: ὄμβρ-ιος 'ptng. to rain, like rain' (Pi., Ion.), -ηρός 'wet' (Hes.), -ηλός  'id' (Theognost.), cf. ὑδρηλός; -ὦδης 'abundant in rain' (Thphr.), τ-τκός 'id.' (Vett. Val.), -tpto = 'ptng. to rain, rainy' (Nic. Th. 388, v.l., PMag. Lond.); also ἀνομβρήεις  'abundant in rain' (Nic. Al. 288, of OAuptoc), from ἀν-ομβρέω, cf. below. Substantive ὀμβρία [f.] 'rain' (sch.); cf. ἀντλία, betia. Verbs: 1. ὀμβρέω 'to (make) rain, moisten' (Hes., LXX, A. R.), aor. -ἢσαι, also with  av-, ἐπ-, etc. Thence (ἐπ-)όμβρησις [f] 'raining, etc.' (Suid. sch.), ὄμβρημα [n.]  'rainwater' (LXX); 2. ὀμβρίζω = -éw (Eust.); 3. ὀμβροῦται: imbricitur (gloss.).

    *ETYM Often compared with Lat. imber, -ris (n.) 'rain(shower), with the same  meaning, and with Skt. abhrd- [n.] 'cloud', with slightly deviating meaning (e.g. Pok. 315f.). An old r-stem was assumed for these words, beside which stood the s-stem in  Skt. dmbhas- [n.] 'water, rainwater'. However, the assumption that Gr. -6- could  represent an IE aspirate in the position after nasal is wrong (pace Schwyzer: 333). In an recent and yet unpublished talk, Kroonen started from the old paradigm *neb'-  s-, gen. *nb'-es-s for Lat. imber and Skt. abhrd-, so from the root seen in Gr. ▶︎ νέφος,  ▶︎ νεφέλη, etc. The locative *nb'-es-i gave rise to Lat. imber-i and (with revocalization  and thematicization) to Skt. dmbhas-. In view of the *-b'-, ὄμβρος cannot belong to this group. For the same reason, Arm. amb, amp, gen. -oy 'cloud' must be kept separate from the Greek word. Thus,  ὄμβρος has no good etymology. Szemerényi 1964: 241f., 249 assumes a loanword, so  it is possibly a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXὀμείρομαι [v.] 'to desire' (LXX, NT; inscr. Phrygia JHS 38 (1918) 157). <?>

    *VAR ὀμείρονται: ἐπιθυμοῦσιν 'they desire' (H.).

===Pag_1127: Beekes_Página_1127.tiff===

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXὀμείχω [v.] 'urinate' (Hes. Op. 727; codd. ὁμϊχεῖϊν, see below.).

    *VAR Aor. ὀμεῖξαι (Hippon. 55 A; codd. -1- or -1;-); ἀμῖξαι: οὐρῆσαι 'to urinate' (H.).

    *DER ὁμείχματα = οὐρήματα (A. Fr. 435 = 487 Mette; codd. -i-).

    *ETYM The persistant itacistic notation is probably due to the popular character of  the word. The old thematic root present oueiyw, which was ousted by the more  decent verb οὐρέω (after which ὁμιχέω arose), corresponds exactly to Skt. méhati,  Av. maézaiti and ON miga 'to urinate', while sigmatic ὁμεῖξαι recalls Lat. mixt, perf. of meié 'to urinate' < *h,meig'-ie/o-. Other present formations: Lat. mingé  (innovation?), OLith. minzu, Arm. mizem (a'denominative from méz 'urine', where  a reflex of the initial laryngeal is lacking, but see Martirosyan 2008: 542f.;  alternatively, we are dealing with an Iranian loan), etc. Connection with ▶︎ μοιχός can  be debated; the gloss with ἀμ- is unexplained.

XXXXXὁμηγερής [adj.] 'assembled' (11, Pi v.1. -υρής). < GRP

    *VAR Dor. ὁμᾶγ-.

    *ETYM From ὁμοῦ and ἀγείρειν with formation of the second member after the  adjectives in -ἧς. Thus also ὁμήγυρις [f.] 'meeting' (Y 142, Dor. ὁμάγ-) after the  simplex ἄγυρις (see ▶︎ dyeipw) with contraction or compositional lengthening.

XXXXXὁμῆλιξ (adj.] 'of the same age'. HALE.

XXXXXὁμηρέω [v.] only in ὡμήρησε 'met' (τ 468) and in the ptc. ὁμηρεῦσαι [f.pl.] (= -odoat) 'meeting, agreeing' (Hes. Th. 39).

    *ETYM From ▶︎ ὅμηρος; cf. ὁμήρης 'united, (being) together ' (Nic. Al. 70), after the s-  stems.

XXXXXὄμηρος [m.] 'pledge, hostage, bail, warrant' (IA).

    *VAR Plur. also -a.

    *DER ὁμηρεύω [v.] 'to serve as a hostage, guarantee, take as a pledge, take hostage'  (Att. Rhet., E. Rh. 434, Antiph.), also with ἐξ-, ovv-; thence ὁμηρ-εία [f.] (Pl, Th.,  Plb.), -evpa [n.] (Plu.) 'pledge, hostage', ἐξομήρευσις [f.] 'taking of hostages' (Plu.).

    *ETYM Probably a compound of ὁμοῦ and ἀρ- in dpapeiv, etc: properly 'joined  together, sbd. who is forced to accompany', with a development of meaning similar  to that in Lat. obsés (: obsided) 'hostage, bail'. The original meaning is still found in  »ὁμηρέω and ὁμηρέταις: ὁμοψήφοις, ὁμογνώμοσιν 'who have the same  vote/opinion' (H.); cf. also ▶︎ ὁμαρτέω and ▶︎ ἁμαρτή. The word ὅμηρος = 6 τυφλός  (Lyc., H.) is probably an appellative use of the poet's name. On attempts to connect  the name'Oynpog (Cret.'Opapoc) with the appellative, see the litt. in Frisk.

XXXXXὅμιλος [m.] 'throng, band of warriors, crowd, turmoil of battle' (I].). < PG(s)>

    *VAR  Aeol. ὄμιλλος (EM) could be hyperdialectal

    *COMP  As a second member in ἐξ-όμιλος 'standing beside the crowd, strange,  uncommon' (5. [lyr.]), εἴς.

    *DER Denominative ὁμιλέω (Aeol. pres. ὁμίλλει Alc.) [v.] 'to be together, associate  with (friendly or adversely), keep company, converse' (I].), also with prefixes like

===Pag_1128: Beekes_Página_1128.tiff=== XXXXXὄμμα, -ατος 1077 καθ-, προσ-, ἐξ-; thence ὁμιλ-ία, -in [f.] 'company, intercourse, association, speech, sermon' (IA), formally from ὅμιλος; -ημα [n.] 'association' (Pl. E.), -ητής (ovv-) [m.] 'companion, adherent, student' (X., Luc.), fem. -ἥτρια (Philostr. VA), -ητικός 'sociable, affable, talkative' (Isoc., Plu.). ὁμιλᾶδόν [adv.) 'in bands' (11), -ηδόν Hes. Sc.), 'together with' (A. R., Opp.).

    *ETYM Frisk argues for an analysis du-tAo-c (related to ὁμός, etc.) with the rare suffix  -ἴλο- (as in στρόβιλος, πέδιλον, etc.), taking ὄμιλλος, ὁμίλλει to be hyper-Aeolisms. However, it rather seems that the word is Pre-Greek. Suffixes with VC were frequent  in Pre-Greek; the interchange -1-o-/ -\AA-o- may represent a suffix -iP'-o-. The form  ὅμῖλος recalls ▶︎ ἅμιλλα (which seems to be Pre-Greek, as well).

XXXXXὀμιχέω Ξ'ὀμείχω.

XXXXXὀμίχλη [f.] 'fog' (IL, A, Ar. X.). 4«1ὲ hymig-th,- 'fog'>

    *VAR  Att. ὁ- (secondary aspiration).

    *COMP ἀν-όμιχλος 'without fog' (Arist.).

    *DER ὁμιχλ-ώδης 'hazy' (Hell.), -ἤεις 'id'? (Nonn.). Verbs -όομαι (Hell.), -aivw (Lyd.)  'to vaporize'.

    *ETYM Identical with a Balto-Slavic word for 'fog', e.g. Lith. migla, OCS mogla [f.],  from IE *h,mig'-th,- (suffixed like νεφέλη). Beside this old /-formation, to which  MoDu. (dial.) miggelen 'to mizzle' also belongs, stands a zero grade root noun in Skt. mih- [f.] 'fog' on the one hand, and a full grade o-stem on the other, e.g. Skt. meghd-  [m.} 'cloud' < *h,moig'-o-. It is sometimes assumed that ▶︎ ὀμείχω 'to urinate' and cognates (IE *h,meig'-) are  related, but this would mean that we have to reconstruct an original palatal for the  current entry as well, which was then depalatalized before *! (cf. Lith. klaus yti ~ Ru. sligat' 'to listen' < *klouH-s- < *klouH-s-, the s- in the latter going back on restored  *k). This is a problematic assumption, however, since IIr. *Hmaig'- seems to exclude  a palatal. Also probably related is Arm. még 'mist, fog' < *h,meig'-o/h.-, which acc. to  Martirosyan 2008 shows regular loss of the reflex of initial laryngeal before m (cf. Arm. magil 'claw with secondary m next to Gr. ὄνυξ 'nail'). Armenian dialectal  material points to a verb *mglim 'to cloud', which parallels the formation of Gr. ὁμίχλη. On ▶︎ ἀμιχθαλόεσσα, see s.v. and also Ruijgh 1957: 145.

XXXXXὄμμα, -a tos [n.] 'eye; look, sight, face', metaph. 'sun, light' (II.).

    *COMP As a first member e.g. in ὁμματο-στερής 'depriving sbd. of eyesight' (A. [lyr.]), 'deprived of eyesight, blind' (S., E. [lyr.]); often as a second member, e.g. μελαν-όμματος 'with black eyes' (PI. Arist.).

    *DER Diminutive ὁμμάτιον [n.] (Arist, AP), = MoGr. pat; further ὁμμάτειος  'belonging to the eyes' (5. Fr. 801), ὁμματόω [v.] 'to provide with eyes, enlighten' (A.,  D. 8), ἐξ- 'to deprive someone of his eyes' (E. Fr. 541), 'to open sbd.'s eyes,  illuminate' (A., S., Ph., εἴς), év- 'to provide with eyes' (Ph.).

    *ETYM The usual form is ὄμμα, but there are also the rare forms ὄππατα (Sapph.) and  ὅθματα (Call, Nic. Hymn. Is.), which may, like dupa, have arisen from *6mpa by

===Pag_1129: Beekes_Página_1129.tiff===

, -μαι progressive assimilation and by differentiation (Frisk), respectively. Or is ὄθματα rather an artificial reshaping with -Oua (Chantraine 1933: 175)? {ὄμμα is a verbal noun in -μα from the root ὀπ- 'see' (> ὄπωπα, ὄψομαι), it must originally have meant 'look, glance', but it may also be an enlargement of the root noun seen in the dual ὄσσε < *h,ek'-ih, The form ▶︎ ὀφθαλμός is unrelated. See further ▶︎ ὄσσε.

XXXXXὄμνυμι, -μαι [v.] 'to swear, affirm with an oath, take a vow' (Il.). <1£ *h,emh,- 'insist, urge'>

    *VAR Also -bw, -ὕομαι, aor. ὀμό-σ(σλαι, -σίσλασθαι, fut. ὀμοῦμαι (II), perf. ὀμώμο-  κα, -(σλιαι, aor. pass. ὀμο(σ)θῆναι (Att.). —*

    *COMP Very often with prefix, e.g. ἀπ-, ἐξ-, é7t-, ovv-, ὑπ-.

    *DER ἀνώμοτος ''unsworn', together with -ti [adv.], further συνωμό-της [π|.}  'confederate' together with -cia, etc. (1A); for ὁρκωμότης see ▶︎ ὅρκος.

    *ETYM The aorist ὀμόσαι points to a root *h,emh,- (cf. ἀρόσαι 'to plough' < *h.erh,-);  the future ὀμεῖται was created analogically for older "ὀμοῦται. The present formation  ὄμνυμι is reminiscent of ▶︎ ὄλλυμι, etc., and confirms that the root-final laryngeal was  *h;. The perfect is a clear innovation. Traditionally, ὄμνυμι, ὀμόσαι are connected with the disyllabic athematic root-  present Skt. dmi-ti 'to take hold of, swear'. Currently, Lat. amare 'to love' is  compared as well, and on this basis the root *h,emh,- has been reconstructed (see  LIV? s.v.). A huge problem with this view is that one has to assume vowel  assimilation ὀὁμο- < *dyo- for Greek, which is certainly not regular (see Van Beek  fthc.b). It is therefore best to assume a root PIE *h,mh,- reflected as PIt. *ama- in  front of a vowel; cf. Schrijver 1991: 318. See ▶︎ ὀμοίϊος, ▶︎ ὀμοκλή.

XXXXXὁμόγνιος 'of the same ancestry'. - γίγνομαι.

XXXXXὁμοίϊος [adj.] epithet of πόλεμος, νεῖκος, θάνατος, γῆρας (Hom.), traditionally (e.g. by H.) identified or connected with ὁμοῖος, and explained as 'common to all, equalizing, impartial', which is supported by synonymous ξυνὸς Ἐνυάλιος (2 309). <?>

    *VAR  On -oiioc for -oioc cf. γελοίϊος (s.v. »γελάω).

    *ETYM Acc. to an alternative interpretation by Anon. apud Apollon. Lex., however, it  means κακός, for which an etymological argument has been raised: ὀμοίϊος (with  lenis) < "όμοιξιος from "ὀμοι-[ἃ, or rather for *dj1o-Fiog from *épo-Fa  corresponding to Skt. amiva [f.] 'misery, vexation, suffering', dmiti 'urge, press' (cf. on ▶︎ ὄμνυμι). Uncertain.

XXXXXὅμοιος, ὁμοῖος -"ὁμός.

XXXXXὁμοκλή [f.] 'threatening cry, reprimand, command' (Hom. Hes. Sc. also Emp. [-éwv], Pi. [-aic], A. Fr. 57, 5 = 71, 5 [av]); 'attack, onset' (Hell.), perhaps falsely deduced from Π 147? 41E? h,emh,- 'seize' + kleh,- 'call'>

    *VAR Also 6-? See below.

    *DER Further (probably as a denominative) the more usual ὁμοκλ-άω, -éw (also 6-)  'to cry threateningly, call, urge', in 3sg.ipf. ὀμόκλα (2 156, O 248), 3pl. ὁμόκλ-εον, ipl.

===Pag_1130: Beekes_Página_1130.tiff=== XXXXXὄμπνη 1079 τέομεν (O 658, etc, w 173), aor. ὀμοκλῆσαι (Hom., 5. Εἰ. 712), iterative ipf ὀμοκλήσασκε (B 199). Thence ὁμοκλη-τήρ, -ἦρος [m] 'shouter, warner' (M 273, ¥ 452), fem. -teipa (Lyc. 1337).

    *ETYM Since the elision in ὑπ᾽ ὀμοκλῆς (e.g. Hes. Sc. 341), κέκλετ᾽ ὀμοκλήσας (vl. 0  365) points to original lenis, the connection with ὁμός, etc. was already doubted in  antiquity. A counterpart for duo- could be found in Skt. dma- [m.] 'violence,  pressure, turbulence', Av. ama- [m.] 'attacking power, strength'; thus, ὀμο-κλή  would originally be a determinative compound meaning 'attacking cry'. The second member must belong to ▶︎ καλέω < *klh,-eie/o- and may be a root-noun  *kleh,-, but it can also be explained as an abstract *omo-kla- related to *omo-klo- (cf. on »μεσόδμιη), with loss of laryngeal like in veoyvéc. The former interpretation  seems to be excluded by ὀμοκλάν (A.), but an artificial Dorism cannot be excluded. On the variation -dw : -ἔω in the verb, see Chantraine 1942: 361.

XXXXXὀμόργνυμι, -μαι [v.] 'to wipe (oneself), dry (oneself), med. with ἐξ- also 'to give 504. ἃ beating; to imprint'.

    *VAR Aor. ὀμόρξαι, -ασθαι (IL), fut. ὀμόρξω, -ομαι, pass. aor. ὀμορχθῆναι, perf. ὥμοργμαι (Att. Arist.).

    *COMP In prose only with prefix, especially am-, ἐξ-.

    *DER ἔξόμορξις [f.] 'stamp, imprint, impression' (Pl.), ἀπόμοργμα [n.] 'which is  wiped off (Eust.).

    *ETYM The Greek aor. ὀμόρξαι is probably secondary (with vocalism from the  present ὀμόργνυμι) for ὄμαρξον' ἀπόμαξον 'wiped off (H.), which can be equated  with the zero grade aor. Skt. amrksat. Further connection within Greek with  > ἀμέργω is conceivable (for the semantics, cf. Lat. verrd 'to sweep' next to Hitt. yars-  ''to reap, harvest, wipe'), but the variation in the initial vowel is unexplained (there  is no sufficient reason to assume vowel assimilation). The initial vowel is absent in  the late forms μόρξ-αντο, -άμενοι (Q. S.), probably via reanalysis as ἀπο-μ-.

XXXXXὁμός [adj.] 'common, one and the same, equal, similar, level' (Il.).

    <IE *som-h,-o-  'same, equal'>

    *COMP Very often as a first member, eg. dj16-ppwv 'of similar character, like-  minded' (X 263).

    *DER ὀμ-όσε 'to one and the same place', -οὔ 'at the same place, together' (IL), -όθεν  'from the same place' (ε 477); ὁμῶς 'equally, likewise' (IL), ὄμως 'nevertheless, all the  same' since M 393; ὀμοῖος (1].). ὅμοιος (young Att.) 'like, similar, the same' (IL.), after  ποῖος, τοῖος, etc, with ὁμοι-ότης, -ητος [f.] 'similarity (1A), verb -ωθῆναι (II.),  τ-όομαι (IA), -6w (Th., E.) 'to equalize, unite, make the same'; further ὀμοί-ωμα,  τωσις, etc. See also ▶︎ ὁμαλός and perhaps ▶︎ ὅμϊῖλος.

    *ETYM Old word for 'one and the same, equal', identical with Skt. samd-, OP hama-,  and Gm. words like ON samr, sami, Go. (sa) sama (secondary n-stem), etc., from IE  *somh,-6- with root-final *h., because there is no reflex of Brugmann's Law in Skt. Other cognate formations are ▶︎ εἷς, ▶︎ ἕτερος, ▶︎ ἄμα, and ▶︎ ἁ- 1.

XXXXXὄμπνη [f.] 'food, corn', plur. 'cake of flour and honey, honeycombs' (Call, Nic., H., EM). 4PG(V)>

===Pag_1131: Beekes_Página_1131.tiff===

    *VAR Also ὄμπη.

    *DER ὄμπνί(ελγιος 'ptng. to corn, nutritious, fruitful' (S. Fr. 246, Hell. poet.), fem. Ὄμπνια epithet of Demeter (Call., Nonn,; after πότνια); ὀμπνειόχειρ: τιλουσιόχειρ,  πλούσιος 'with rich hand, rich' (H.); ὀμτινιακός 14. (AP); ὀμπνηρὸν ὕδωρ- τρόφιμον  'nutritious' (H.).

    *ETYM Traditionally connected with Skt. dpnas- [n.] 'produce, property, possession',  ON efni [n.] < PGm. *afniia- 'material, goods' (also ON efna, OE @fnan 'to carry out,  work'), Hitt. happin-ant- 'rich'. The inner nasal in Greek was explained by  anticipation of the suffix, and dunn by dissimilation from this form. These  assumptions are ad hoc and therefore doubtful. Frisk further states that duptvetv- αὔξειν; σεμνύνειν, ἐντιμότερον ποιεῖν 'to  strengthen, respect, honor' (H.) is unclear. However, acc. to Fur. 161, it shows that  we have a by-form ὀμφυν-, and a Pre-Greek word. The word ▶︎ ἄφενος is unrelated.

XXXXXὀμφαλός [m.] 'navel, navel string' (Il.), very often metaph. of navel-shaped elevations: 'knob of the shield or yoke' (IL), 'centre' (a 50).

    <IE *h,enb'., *hymb"., *h,neb*-  'navel'>

    *COMP Compounds like ὀμφαλη-τόμος [f.] 'cutter of the navel string, midwife'  (Hippon., Hp. on -ἢ- see Schwyzer: 438f.), μεστόμφαλος 'in the middle of the  navel', 'in the centre', especially of Delphi and its oracle (trag.), also 'having a navel  (an elevation) in the center' (trag., com.); also with enlargement of the second  member, e.g. ἐπ-ομφάλο-ιος 'situated on the navel (the shield knob) (H 267, Parth.),  also 'equipped with a navel' (AP 6, 22).

    *DER 1. Diminutive ὀμφάλιον [n.] (Arat., Nic.); 2. ὀμφαλίς [f.] 'navel string' (Sor.); 3. ὀμφαλ-όεις 'equipped with an ὁ. (IL), -ωτός 'id' (Pherecr., Plb.), -ώδης '6.-like'  (Arist.), -tog 'belonging to the 6. (AP), -ἰκός 'id.' (Phan. Hist.); 4. ὀμφαλιστήρ, -ῆρος  [m.] 'knife used for cutting the navel string' (Poll., H.; cf. on βραχιονιστήρ).

    *ETYM The old word for 'navel' closely corresponds to Lat. umbilicus (probably from  *umbilus = ὀμφαλός), Olr. imbliu < PCI. *imbilon- < IE *h,mb'-I-. This originally athematic [-stem (perhaps retained in the Epirotic tribal name Ὄμφαλο-ος [gen. sg.],  -e¢ [nom. pl.]; see Schwyzer: 484) alternates with an n-stem in Lat. umbo, -onis [m.]  'boss of a shield', probably also in a WGm. word for 'belly, abdomen': OHG amban  (secondary a-stem), -on [m.], OS ambon [acc.pl.m.], PGm. *amban- < QIE  *Homb'on- (cf. on ▶︎ ὄμφαξλ The variation /: 1 recalls ἀγκάλη : ἀγκών. In the eastern languages, we find forms with a different ablaut grade, like Skt. nabhi-  (f.] 'navel, nave', OPr. nabis 'id.', Latv. naba 'navel', but also Gm. forms like OHG naba [f.] 'nave of a wheel', nabalo [m.] 'navel' (suffix like in ὀμφαλός, etc.), all from  IE *h,neb"-. The Schwebeablaut *Homb'- / Hnob'- is probably due to the  development of the zero grade *h,nb"- in the western languages, so the original root  shape was *h,neb"-, with d,upadoc continuing the zero grade *h,nb'-I- (with  vocalization of the laryngeal according to the so-called Lex Rix).

XXXXXὄμφαι [pl.] barbaric word for the best quality of nard (Gal. 14, 74). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

===Pag_1132: Beekes_Página_1132.tiff=== XXXXXὄμωρος 1081 ὄμφαξ, -ἄκος [f.] 'unripe grape' (1 125), also of olives (Poll.); metaph. of a young girl, an undeveloped nipple, etc. (poet.). < PG(s,V)>

    *VAR Late also [m.].

    *DER 1. ὀμφάκιον [n.] 'juice of unripe grapes or olives' (Hp., pap.); 2. ὀμφακίς, -ίδος  [f.] 'cup of a certain kind of oak' (Paul. Aeg.), because of the astringent taste; 3. ὀμφακ-ίας (οἶνος) [m.] 'wine of sour grapes' (Gal.), metaph. 'sour, unripe' (Ar.,  Luc.); -itn¢ (οἶνος) [m.] 'id', also name of a stone (Gal; codd. -τίτης), -ἴτις [f] of  éhain (Hp.), 'kind of oakapple' (Dsc., Gal.); 4. ὀμφακώδης '3.-like' (Hp. Arist.), -tvoc  'made of 6.' (Hp., pap.), -ηρὰ (ἀγγεῖα) [n.pl.] 'vessels for 8. (medic, pap.); 5.

XXXXXὀμφακίζω [v.] 'to be sour, unripe', also of other fruits (LXX, Dsc.), -ίζομαι 'to pick sour grapes' (Epich.).

    *ETYM By itself, ὄμφαξ could derive from an unattested pre-form *dpqwv (= Lat. umb6, etc; see on ▶︎ ὀμφαλός), but the semantic explanation as a navel-like knob is  hardly convincing. Fur.; 341 connects ἀμφίας 'a bad Sicilian wine' and ἀμφής- οἴνου  ἄνθος 'wine blossom'. οἱ δὲ μέλανα οἶνον 'red wine' (H.). The variation would point  to Pre-Greek origin; note that the suffix -a& is also typically Pre-Greek.

XXXXXὀμφή 1 [f.] 'divine voice or revelation, oracle, emblem' (1].). 'voice, speech' in general (Pi, trag.). 1Ε *seng'"-'sing'>

    *COMP Ὀμφο-κλέξης [m.] a Cyprian in Abydos, εὔτομφα ὀνόματα 'auspicious  names' (H.); enlarged in παν-ομφαῖος 'sending all omens, witness of everything',  epithet of Zeus (© 250, Simon., Orph.), also of Ἠέλιος (Q. 5.) and'Hpa (EM),  transformed into παν-ομφής (ὄνειροι, Orac. apud Porph.).

    *DER ὀμφ-αῖος, -ἤεις 'predicting' (Nonn.), Ὀμφαίη [f.] name of a goddess (Emp.),  ὀμφητήρ, -fipos [m.] 'prognosticator' (Iryph.), after νικη-τήρ : νικάω, etc. Cf. Ruijgh  1957: 134.

    *ETYM An archaic inherited word, which is isolated in Greek and has cognates only  in Germanic. Beside ὀμφή < IE *song'"-eh,- stands eg. Go. saggws [m.] 'song, music,  lecture' < IE *song'"-o-. The basic primary verb is retained only in Germanic, e.g. Go. siggwan 'to sing, lecture' < IE *seng'"-e/o-.

XXXXXὀμφή 2 [f.] - πνοή 'breath' (H.). <?>

    *VAR Also ὀμφά: ὀσμή. Λάκωνες 'scent (Laconian)' (H.).

    *COMP As asecond member in εὔτομφος = εὔοσμος (Arcad. acc. to Timachidas apud  Ath; cadd. -padov).

    *DER Verb τιοτ-όμφει- τιροσόζει 'to smell, stink' (H.).

    *ETYM Unknown. It cannot be related to the group of ▶︎ νέφος, ▶︎ νεφέλη (thus Frisk,  on which see the litt. s.v.), since that word had no initial laryngeal.

XXXXXὄμφορα [n.pl.] - ὅσα ἀπὸ τῶν ἱερῶν ἐκφέρεσθαι ὁ νόμος κωλύει 'what the law forbids to carry away from shrines' (H.).

    *ETYM Latte notes: ἀνάφορα reportanda ad aram; thus it would have dialectal ov- for    ava-.

XXXXXὄμωρος [?] 'a Sicilian bread' (Epich. 52, Sophr. 27). <?>

===Pag_1133: Beekes_Página_1133.tiff===

    *VAR Cf. ὄμουρα: σεμίδαλις ἑφθή, μέλι ἔχουσα καὶ σησάμην 'cooked flour containing  honey and sesame' (Η.); also ὀμορίτας (Redard 1949: 90).

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXὀναλα [f.] = ἀνάλωμα, 'expenditure, cost' (Thess. II*).

    *ETYM Backformation from ἀναλόω, perhaps influenced by δαπάνη : Sanavaw (cf. also δαπαν-ούμενα, -ώσει after ἀναλ-ούμενα, -woet). See Fraenkel 1912: 88.

XXXXXὄναρ [n.] 'dream', especially 'fortune-telling dream, vision' (Il.), as an adverb 'in a dream' (trag., Att.).

    *VAR Only nom. and acc,; further ὄνειρος [m,] 'god of dreams, dream' (I), -ov [n.];  other case forms are ὀνείρ-ατος, -ati, -ata, eté., 'vision, phantom' (Od.); thence the  back-formation ὄνειαρ [n.] (Call, AP). Note Aeol. ὄνοιρος [m.] (Sapph.); Cret. ἄναιρον- ὄνειρον, ἄναρ- ὄναρ (H.). ,

    *COMP Eg. ὀνειρο-πόλος [m.] 'interpreter of dreams' (Il), eb-dveipog 'having good  dreams' (Str., Plu.).

    *DER 1. Diminutive ὀνειρ-άτιον (sch.). 2. Adjectives ὀνείρ-ειος (5 809, Babr.), -ἤἥεις  (Orph.), -ατικός (comm. Arist.) 'concerning dreams, pertaining to dreams', -ώδης  'dream-like' (Philostr.). 3. Verbs: ὀνειρ-ώσσω, -wttw (ἐξ-) 'to dream, have a seminal  discharge while sleeping' (Hp., PL, Arist.), with (2&-)oveip-wétc [f.] (PL, medic.),  -ωγμός [m.] (Arist.), -ωκτικός (Arist., Thphr.); ἐξ-ονειρόω 'id.' (Hp.); "ἐξονειρ-ιάζω  in ἐξονειριασμός [m.] (Diocl. Med.).

    *ETYM ὄναρ < *h,en-r and Lesb. ὄνοιρος, Cret. ἄναιρον < *h,n-y-io- show gradation  with ὄνειρος < *h,n-er-io- (with full grade of the suffix; for the addition of *-io-, see  ▶︎ ἥλιος). The case forms ὀνείρ-ατος, -ati, etc. probably arose by a cross of *6vatoc,  etc. with ὄνειρος; from ὀνείρατ- in turn arose the late and rare form ὄνειαρ for ὄναρ. The neuter gender of ὄνειρον (for ὄνειρος) was influenced by εἴδωλον, ἐνύπνιον. The word is limited to Greek and two neighbouring languages, in both of which it  only occurs with a suffix -jo-: Arm. anurj < *onér-io- (cf. τέκμωρ beside τέκμαρ;  Arm. a- < o- is a regular development in a pretonic open syllable, like in anun to  ὄνομα, etc.), and Alb. ddérré (Gheg), éndérré (Tosk), the details of which are  debated. Note also Cret. Gvatpoc, of which the a- is unexplained (cf. Beekes Sprache  18 (1972): 126). Through the rise of ὄναρ and cognates, the meaning of old ▶︎ ὕπαρ shifted (s.v.).

XXXXXὄνειαρ, -ατος [n.] 'utility, value, help, refreshment'; plur. -ata 'refreshments, foods, valuables, gifts' (I].). <1E *h,neh.- 'help, be useful' >

    *ETYM False writing for dvn(p)ap < *éva-fap, a verbal noun of ▶︎ ὀνίνιμι; perhaps  influenced by ἀλείατα (s.v. ▶︎ ἀλέω), εἶδαρ (s.v. ▶︎ ἔδω), etc. ὄνειδος (n.] 'reproach, rebuke, abuse, disgrace' (Il.).

    <IE *h,neid- 'revile'>



    *DER Thence ὀνειδείη [f.] 'id' (Nic.), cf. on éAeyxein s.v. ▶︎ ἐλέγχω, oveidetos 'baling,  scolding (Hom., AP), ὀνειδείω [v.] 'to blame' (Thebais Fr. 3) < *-es-ie/o-; mostly  ὀνειδίζω 'to make reproaches, abuse, scold', also with prefixes like ἐξ-, προσ-, with  several derivatives: ὀνείδ-ισμα [n.] 'reproach, abuse' (Hdt.), -ἰσμός (ἐξ-) [m.] 'id.' (Ὁ. H., 1.) τιστήρ (E.), also kat- (Man.), -ἰστής (Arist.) 'who reproaches',

===Pag_1134: Beekes_Página_1134.tiff=== XXXXXὀνίνημι 1083 (ἐξ-)ονειδιστικός 'abusive' (Hell.); on itself stands ἐπ-ονείδ-ιστος 'deserving a reproach, worthy of blame' (Att.), probably for *én-ovetdij¢ after other verbal adjectives in -ιστος.

    *ETYM ὄνειδος is an old verbal noun, isolated in Greek. The basic primary verb,  which was replaced by the denominative ὀνειδίζω in Greek, is retained in other  languages: Skt. athem. nid-dnd- 'reproved' [aor.ptc.], beside which stand the passive  formation nidyd-mana- 'id' and the nasal present nindati 'to reproach', Av. ndis-mi  < *ndid-s-mi Ἵ reproach', as well as Baltic forms like Lith. niedéti 'to despise', Latv. nidét, 1sg. nidu 'to squint at, exclude, hate', which derive from a stative *h,neid-eh,-. Germanic has a secondary formation in Go. ga-naitjan 'to revile', etc. Especially  interesting for Greek, because of its prothetic vowel, is Arm. anicanem, aor. anici <  *h,neid-s- (for Arm. a- < o- in pretonic open syllable, cf. on ▶︎ ὄναρ).

XXXXXὄνθος [m.] 'droppings, excrement of animals' ( 775, 777, A. Fr. 275 [= 478 Mette]). <?>

    *VAR Late also fem. after κόπρος.

    *COMP ὀνθο-φόρος 'dungbearer' (pap. ΓΝ).

    *ETYM Unexplained. For older lit., see Frisk s.v.

XXXXXὀνθυλεύω [v.] 'to stuff, pad, fill up with stuffing', of food (com. IV-III*).

    *DER ὀνθυλεύσεις [pl.] 'stuffed foods' (com. IV-III*); further μονθυλεύω (rejected by  Phryn. 334, sch.), μονθυλεύσεις (Poll. 6, 60) 'id'.

    *ETYM Expression of culinary art without etymology. We may start from a noun  Ἰὀνθύλη, -ος like κορδύλη, κανθύλη, κρωβύλος, etc. Frisk suggests that the initial μ-  in μονθυλεύω was perhaps taken from ▶︎ patti (with related meaning) or from  μολγός 'bag' (less probable). Fur.: 246 explains the variation p/zero from initial F-. Probably a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXὄνιγλιν [1] - εἶδος οἴνου 'kind of wine' (H.).

    *VAR OvoyAlv (Alcm. 117 apud Ath. 1, 31d).

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXὀνίνημι [v] 'to be of use, help, avail' (Il). <1E *h,neh,- 'help, be useful'>

    *VAR  Aor. ὀνῆσαι, fut. ὀνήσω (IL), Dor. ὀνασεῖ (Theoc.), med. ὀνίναμαι (Att.), aor. ὀνήσασθαι (late), ὠνήμην, opt. ὀναίμην, epic ἀπ-ονήμην, -όνητω (IL), ὠνάμην, inf. ὄνασθαι (E., Pl.), fut. ὀνήσομαι (I1.).

    *DIAL Myc. o-na-to /onaton/, o-na-te /onatér/.

    *COMP Often with ἀπο- 'to benifit, gain, enjoy, relish'.

    *DER 1. ὄνηαρ (written ▶︎ ὄνειαρ, s.v.); 2. ὄνησις [f.] (P 402), ὄνασις (Dor., etc.)  'benefit, advantage, gain, enjoyment' with ὀνήσιμος 'useful, beneficial' (ἢ. Merc.); 3. Ὀνήτωρ, -ορος [m.] PN (II 604, etc.), Dor. dvatwp (conj. Pi. O. 10, 9) 'helper',  ὀνήτωρ name of a plaster (medic.); 4. Ὀνήτης [m.] PN (Eretria IV*); for the PNs in  Ὀνησι-, etc. see Bechtel 1917b: 348ff; 5. ὀνήμων = ὀνήσιμος (Cat. Cod. Astr.). 6. Primary compar. forms: superl. ὀνήϊσ-τος 'most useful' (Ion., etc.), compar. ntr. ὀνήϊον (Nic.), Dor. dvdiov (Dodona III*); reinterpreted as a positive, details in  Leumann Mus. Helv. 2 (1945): 7ff.

===Pag_1135: Beekes_Página_1135.tiff===

    *ETYM The full-grade medial aorist forms ἀπ-ονήμην, -όνητο, -ονήμενος, etc. are  noteworthy. They may have their vocalism from the s-aorist ὀνῆσαι, as Ktimmel  remarks in LIV. In Euripides, ὠνάτο, ὄνασθαι may have the old vocalism from  *h,nh.-, or have their -d- from the present ὀνίναμαι, with productive short vowel (cf. ἵσταμαι : ἵστημι). The late present ὀνίσκω (Ath. 2, 350) was formed from ὀνήσω after  εὑρήσω : εὑρίσκω, etc. There are no obvious cognates. Skt. nathd- {n.] 'refuge, help' was compared by  Wackernagel 1955(2): 946, and looks like a primary noun from a root *nd-, but is  further isolated (cf. Mayrhofer EWAia 2: 33f.). LIV? s.v. *h,neh.- compares ON

XXXXXunnum [1Ρ].] 'to love, grant' if from *h,g-nh,-mé, but remarks that the -ns- in related forms like Go. ansts favor is difficult to explain with this reconstruction. Moreover, additional assumptions are needed to arrive from the assumed nasal present formation at Greek ὀνίναμαι.

XXXXXὄνιννος [m.] name of a parasite in seaweed, 'kind of centipede' (Thphr. HP 4, 6, 8).

    *ETYM To be analyzed as dv-tvvoc, acc. to Stromberg 1944: 11ἴ., thus a compound  from ▶︎ ὄνος and »ἵννος 2; however, this is most improbable. Probably a Pre-Greek  word (not in Fur.).

XXXXXὌνογλιν

    *ETYM See ▶︎ ὄνιγλιν.

XXXXXὀνόγυρος = avayupoc.

XXXXXὀνοκίνδιος [η1.] 'donkey-driver'. -οκίνδαξ, ὄνομα, -ατος [n.] 'name' (Il), gramm. 'word' (Att.), as a part of speech = nomen (Arist.). <1E h,neh,-mn, hnh,-men- 'name'>

    *VAR  Epic (also Hdt.) οὔνομα (metrical lengthening), Aeol. Dor. ὄνυμα; Dor. also  *Evuzta if found ἰη Ἐνυμα-κρατίδας, Ἐνυμαντιάδας (Lacon.), but the interpretation of  these PNs is doubtful.

    *COMP ὀνομά-κλυτος 'with a famous name' (X 51), »ἐξονομακλήδην; dvopato-now [v.] 'to give a name, name' (Arist.), after other compounds with -novéw  (ὀνοματο-ποιός Ath., Zos. Alch., -ποιία Str.); νώνυμ(ν)ος 'nameless' (epic); more  recentis ἀν-ώνυμος (8 552).

    *DER A. Nouns: 1. Diminutive évoptatiov (Arr. Longin.); 2. Adjectives ὀνοματ-ώδης  'having the nature of a name, concerning the name' (Arist.), τἰκός 'ptng. to the  ὄνομα᾽ (Ὁ. H.). B. Verbs: 1. ὀνομαίνω 'to call, proclaim', almost only aor. ὀνομῆναι, also with ἐξ-  (mostly epic 11.), fut. o(b)vopavéw (Hdt.), pres. (Dor.) ὀνυμαίνω (Gortyn, Ti. Locr.). 2. ὀνομάζω 'to call (by the name), name, enunciate', aor. ὀνομάσαι (Dor. Aeol. ὀνυμάζω, aor. ὀνυμάξαι) often with prefixes like é&-, én-, κατ-, παρ-, μετ-. Thence ὀνομασία [f.] 'name, expression' (Hippias Soph., Pl, Arist.), ὀνομαστής [m.] = Lat. nominator (pap. ITIP), ὀνομ-αστί (-ei) 'by name' (IA), -αστικός 'ptng. to naming'  (P1.), ἡ ὀνομαστικὴ (πτῶσις) 'casus nominativus' (Str., gramm.). 3. ὀνοματίζω [v.] 'to  dispute about names' (Gal.), -ἰισμός {m.] 'list of names' (inscr. Thess.).

===Pag_1136: Beekes_Página_1136.tiff=== XXXXXὄνομαι 1085

    *ETYM Old word for 'name', directly comparable with Arm. anun < *onomn- <  *anomn- (with o > u before m and a > o in pretonic open syllable); Arm. anun may  represent both the zero grade *h,nh;-mn- (originally found in the oblique cases) and  the full grade *h,neh,mn from the nominative, but the Greek word must have the  old zero grade. Further, OPhr. onoman, NPhr. ovouav also have their initial o- from  *h,- (Kortlandt SCauc. 7 (1987): 63). Thee in other languages has a different origin: Alb. emér (Gheg), émén (Tosk) may  be a loan from Latin némen, while in OPr. emmens [gen.sg.m.] < *h,mh,-men-s, the  initial e- is the reflex of a vocalic nasal (cf. also the group of OCS ime). Celtic (eg. Olr. ainm) is derived from *anmen- < *h,nh;-men-), and ToB fiem, ToA fiom points  to *ném-, which perhaps derives from a preform *h,neh,-m- by dissimilation of the  second h,. If the e- found in Laconian Ενυμακρατιδας belongs here at all, it is not  well explained, but it need not be due to (incidental) vowel assimilation; it may also  be due to dissimilation of the first laryngeal against the second (cf. on Tocharian). The Greek u-vocalism in ὄνυμα, νώνυμνος, etc. is due to Cowgill's Law (see Vine  1999b). . All languages have generalized one of the two ablaut grades: Lat. noémen = Skt. nama  < IE *h,neh,mn. In Germanic, Go. namo [n.], etc. < IE *h,nh,mon goes back on a zero  grade, while OFr. némia, MHG be-nuomen, MoDu. noemen have the old full grade  *h,neh,-; see Beekes Sprache 33 (1987): 1ff. (against this, Stiiber Die Sprache 39/1  (1997): 74-88, but unconvincing). The Anatolian evidence is highly complicated (see Kloekhorst 2008): Hitt. laman-  [n.] < *hjneh,-mn- (like Latin), with regular loss of the *h,- and then *n- > ἰ- by  dissimilation; lamniia- [v.] 'name' from *h,nh,-mn-; but HLuw. a-ta,,-ma-za  (interpreted as /?laman=t'a/ in Kloekhorst KZ u7 (2004)) preserves the reflex of  initial *A,-. Kloekhorst 2008 s.v. hanna'- has also made it clear that the root of the word is  *h,neh,, as still preserved in the Hittite verb hannai- 'to sue, judge' and in Greek  > ὄνομαι. A denominative yod-present like ὀνομαίνω is found in other branches, too:  Go. namnjan 'to name', Hitt. lamnija-. The original n-stem is still clearly seen in  γώνυμντ-ος < *y-h;nh,-mn-; ἀνώνυμος is younger.

XXXXXὄνομαι [v.] 'to scold, blame, insult? (Hom., also Hdt.). «IE *h,neh,- 'name'>

    *VAR Aor. ὀνόσί(σλασθαι (vato P 25; cf. below), fut. ὀνόσσομαι, with kata- in κατ-  ώνοντο, -ονοσθῇς (Hdt. 2, 172 and 136).

    *DER Verbal adjective ὀνοτός (Pi., Call., A. R.), ὀνοστός (1 164, Lyc.) with analogical  -o-; dental formation in ὀνοτάζω = Svopat (ἢ. Merc. Hes., A.); ὀνητά: μεμπτά  'reproached' (H.), probably after the oppositum ἀγητά 'admired'; ὄνοσις [f.] 'blame'  (Eust.).

    *ETYM All forms except ὥνατο (which is rather aor. then ipf.), ὄναται: ἀτιμάζεται  'dishonors' (H.), and the debated form οὔνεσθε (Q 241) are based on a root dvo-;  thus, ova- is not an old ablauting variant but a secondary deviation. The comparison  with the Celtic group of MIr. on 'shame', anim 'blemish, fault' remains highly  hypothetical, while that with the unreliable ptc. (hapax) OAv. nadant- 'slandering,  reviling' and with Skt. nindati 'to blame, revile' (as ni-nd-ati; but rather ni-n-d-ati,

===Pag_1137: Beekes_Página_1137.tiff===

for which see ▶︎ ὄνειδος) is based on the wrong assumption that ὀνόσσ-ασθαι, -ομαι, and ὀνοστός go back to "ὀνοδ-, instead of being analogical. Kloekhorst 2008 has recently convincingly argued for connection with Hitt. panna-' 'to sue, judge' (35g. hanndai, 3pl. hannanzi), which he retraces to h,e-h,noh,-ei, h,e- h;nh,-énti by regular sound laws. For the semantics of the Greek word, starting from the meaning 'to call, name', one may compare the English expression 'to call names'.

XXXXXὄνος [m., f.] 'ass, female ass' (A 558), often metaph., eg. 'windlass, winch, the upper millstone' (ὄνος ἀλέτης), as a fishname (after the grey color, or after the large head - as a sign of stupidity?), see Stromberg 1943: 100.

    *VAR Myc. o-no /onos/. Ν᾿

    *COMP Very often as a first member, e.g. in plantnames like ὀνο-θήρα, -κάρδιον,  -πορδον, ὄνοσμα (see Strémberg 1940: 138 and 61); on ▶︎ ὄνιννος, see s.v., on ὄναγρος  = ὄνος ἄγριος 'wild ass' see Risch IF 59 (1949): 286f.; as a second member in ἡμίονος  [f, m.] 'mule' (Il.), cf. Risch Lc. 22f.

    *DER 1. Several diminutives, partly in metaph. mg.: ὀν-ίσκος [m.] (Hp., Ph. Bel.), -tov  (-iov?) [n.] (pap.), -ίδιον (Ar.), -άριον (Diphil. Com.), -apidiov (pap.), -ὕδιν (% pap. IVP). 2. Other substantives: ὀνίς [f.] 'donkey droppings' (IA); ὀνῖτις [f.] 'kind of  marjoram, Origanum heracleoticum' (Nic, Dsc., Gal.); ὀνίας [m.] 'kind of σκάρος᾽  (Ath.); oveiov [n.] 'donkey stable' (Suid.). 3. Adjectives: ὄν-ειος 'of a donkey' (Ar. Arist.), -τκός 'belonging to a donkey (NT, pap., inscr.), -w6n¢ 'donkey-like' (Arist.). 4. ovebw [v.] 'to draw with a windlass, draw up' (Th., Stratt.). On ▶︎ ὄνωνις, see s.v.

    *ETYM Doubtfully explained by Brugmann IF 22 (1907-1908): i97ff. from *osonos  (which via *ohonos > *hoonos would have been reinterpreted as ὁ ὄνος}, which  together with Lat. asinus is supposed to be a loan from a South Pontic language. Arm. ἔξ, gen. i§-oy is rather from *h,ekuo-. Sum. angu 'ass' was also compared (see  Neumann IF 69 (1964): 61). Not related to Lat. onus 'burden' (Grégoire Byzantion 13 (1938): 287ff.), nor to Hebr. "aton 'female ass'. Probably a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXὄνυξ 1, -υχος [m.] 'nail, claw, hoof, often metaph. in several mgs. (11... 41E *h,nog'- 'nail'>

    *DIAL Myc. o-nu-ka /onuka/ or /onuks/, cf. Guilleux RPh. 75 (2001): 149.

    *COMP ὀνυχο-γραφέομαι [v.] 'to be carved by a nail' (Hp.), γαμψ-ὥνυξ and -wvvxoc  'with curved claws' (IL, also Arist.); on »μῶνυξ, see s.v.

    *DER Diminutive ὀνύχιον [n.] (Arist., pap.); ὀνυχιστήρ, -ἦρος [m.] 'hoof (LXX), cf. on βραχιονιστήρ and ὀνυχίζομαι below; ὀνυχ-ιμαῖος 'of the size of nail-parings, tiny'  (Com. Adesp.), -\atog 'as broad as a nail' (Eust.); ὀνυχ-ίζομαι [v.] 'to cut one's nails'  (Cratin., LXX) with -ἰσμός [m.] (Str.), -ἰστήριον [n.] 'nail scissors' (Posidipp. Com.};  -(Cw [v.] 'to test with one's nails' (Artem.); -6w [v.] 'to equip with claws, bend in a  claw-like fashion' (Orib., sch.).

    *ETYM Old name of the nail and the hoof, retained in most branches in various  formations. Disyllabic ὄνυξ (ὀνυχ-) obtained its v-vocalism from *h,nog'- by  Cowgill's Law, which would require a neighboring Proto-Greek labiovelar (see Vine

===Pag_1138: Beekes_Página_1138.tiff=== XXXXXὄξος 1087 1999b). Therefore, we may propose a u-stem h,nog'-u- (for which OCS nogoto 'hoof < Hnogu-ti- has been compared), or reconstruct h,nog-. The Greek form agrees with Arm. efungn 'nail', which is a secondary n-stem like ot-n 'foot' < acc. pod-m (see ▶︎ πούς). Kortlandt assumes that h,nog'- / hyng"- yielded PArm. onog / ong, which were contaminated in onong; this became enong by dissimilation, which gave efungn, on which see Kortlandt 2003: 76. The other languages have a monosyllabic stem: either h,ng- (Lat. unguis, Olr. ingen [f.]) or h,nog'- (OHG παραὶ [m.] 'nail', BSL, eg. Lith. ndgas [m.] 'nail, claw'). Ir. has a voiceless aspirate, e.g. Skt. nakhd- [m., η.] 'id.'.

XXXXXὄνυξ 2, -υχος [m.] name of a precious stone, 'onyx' (Ctes., LXX). <?>

    *COMP σαρδ-όνυξ 'sardonyx' (Philem. Com., J.); cf. σάρδιον.

    *DER ὀνύχιον [n.] 'kind of onyx' (Thphr., LXX), -to¢ [adj.] (Suid.),-ft1¢ [m.], -itic  (λίθος) [f.] 'onyx-like stone' (Str., Dsc.), τινος 'made of onyx, onyx-colored' (Hell.).

    *ETYM Perhaps identical with ὄνυξ 'nail' because of its white glaze, like that of a  fingernail; alternatively, is it just a foreign word reshaped by folk etymology?  Untenable Semitic etymologies in Lewy 1895: 58.

XXXXXὀνυρίζεται [v.] - ὀδύρεται 'laments' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Fur.: 356°° mentions this form after ἰνύρετο' ἐμύρετο (H.).

XXXXXὄνωνις [f.] plantname, 'restharrow, Ononis antiquorum' (Thphr.); cf. Strémberg 1940: 61, 155.

    *VAR Also -ic.

    *DER ὀνωνῖτις [f.] 'id.' (Ps.-Dsc.).

    *ETYM Fur.: 340f. compares ἀνωνίς (Dsc.), with variation αἱ o, thus it is probably a  Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXὀξαλίς = avakvpic.

XXXXXὀξερίας [m.] name of a Sicilian cheese (Com. Adesp. 880 from Poll. 6, 48), acc. to H. = τυρὸς ἀχρεῖος 'useless cheese'. 4?>

    *ETYM Formation like ὀπίας (from ὀπός) 'kind of cheese', ὀβελίας (from ὀβελός)  'kind of bread', and other names of victuals; thus perhaps from "ὀξερός (from ὀξύς)  like γλυκερός (from γλυκύς; Scheller MSS 6 (1955): 87). Acc. to Bolling Lang. 12  (1936): 220, it is incorrect for ὁ ξερίας (from ξερός, ξηρός) vel sim. however, the  article to be assumed creates difficulties.

XXXXXὀξίνα [f] - ἐργαλεῖόν τι γεωργικόν, σιδηροῦς γόμφους ἔχον, ἑλκόμενον ὑπὸ βοῶν 'an agricultural tool having iron teeth, drawn by cows' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Probably connected with the IE word for 'harrow' seen in Lat. occa, W oged,  OHG egida, Lith. akécios (also ek-), from IE *h,ok-et-h,-, although the Latin word is  unclear (see De Vaan 2008 s.v.). The Greek word was perhaps reshaped after ὀξύς  and has an ending like ἀξίνη 'axe', but the latter has a long 1, while here the length is  unknown. Note that Pre-Greek has a suffix -tv-.

XXXXXὄξος [n.] 'wine vinegar' (IA).

===Pag_1139: Beekes_Página_1139.tiff===

, -n

    *COMP ὀξο-πώλης [m.] 'vendor of wine vinegar' (Lib., Poll.), ὀξ-άλμη [f.] 'broth  made of ὄξος and ἅλμη (com.), κάτ-οξος 'drenched with wine vinegar' (Posidipp. Com.).

    *DER 1. Substantives: diminutive ὀξίδιον [n.] (pap.); ὀξίς, -ίδος [6] 'vinegar flask'  (com., pap.); ὀξίνης (οἶνος) [m.] 'sour wine', also metaph. and as an epithet of men:  'sour, ill-tempered' (Hp., Ar., Thphr.), cf. e.g. κεγχρίνης, ἐλαφίνης; ὀξαλίς, -ido¢ [f.]  'sorrel, Rumex' (Nic. Ps.-Dsc.) with ὀξάλ-ειος 'tartish' (Apollod. Car.), to "ὄξαλος;

XXXXXὀξηλίς [f.] plant name (Theognost.). 2. Adjectives: ὀξ-ηρός 'relating to wine vinegar, acetic' (S., Ar., medic.), -ωτός 'in salt' (Ar. Fr. 130), τώδης 'like wine vinegar, sour' (Gal.), -ἴτις [Ε] 'tasting like wine vinegar' (PHolm.). 3. ὀξίζω [v.] 'to taste or smell like wine vinegar' (medic.).

    *ETYM From ▶︎ ὀξύς, like ἦδος to ἡδύς, εὖρος to εὐρύς, etc. ὀξύα, -ἡ [f] 'beech, Fagus silvatica' (Xanth., Thphr.), 'spear shaft (made of beech  wood), spear' (Archil., E.). <?>

    *VAR Secondarily ὀξέα, -eia (but cf. below).

    *DER ὀξυ-όεις 'made of beechwood', of ἕγχος, δόρυ (II.); hardly enlarged from ὀξύς,  as per Bechtel 1914: 55; ὀξύ-ἵνος (-éivoc) 'id' (Thphr., Delos III*).

    *ETYM On the variation ὀξύα, -n, see Schwyzer: 189; late ὀξέα after ἰτέα, μηλέα, etc;  ὀξεῖα after the adjective. Probably identical with the old IE word for 'ash', which got the meaning 'beech' in  Albanian as well (cf. on ▶︎ φηγός). The Albanian, Armenian, and Germanic forms  come closest to Greek: Alb. ah (from *ask- or *osk-), Arm. haci (from *askiio-?), ON  askr, OHG asc (PGm. *aska-, *aski-). The suggestion that ὀξύη was reshaped after  ὀξύς is not strong, and the assumption of an old metathesis like in ξύν, etc. is  untenable (Sanchez Ruipérez Emerita 15 (1947): 67). The other languages have a deviating stem formation: e.g., Lith. uosis, Ru. jdsen' <  PIE *Heh,s- (see Derksen 2008 s.v. *dsenv). Other European forms have a short  initial vowel, e.g. Lat. ornus [f.] 'mountain-ash' (if from *os-Vn-o-), Olr. uinnius [m.]  'ash-tree' < *osno-, and also the Gm., Arm., and Alb. forms mentioned above. This  may be taken to point to ablaut *Heh,-s- / *Hh,-es-. The IE character of these words is far from sure, despite the tradition to compare  them. The forms are unclear. The vocalic variation in Greek, which is not sufficiently  explained by assuming the intervention of an adjective, may in principle also point  to a Pre-Greek word. The word ▶︎ ἀχερωΐς is unrelated. Witczak Linguistica Baltica 1  (1992): 201-211 connects Arm. hac' 'ash' with axtéa, while he connects ▶︎ ὀξύα with  Arm. usi and hosi.

XXXXXὀξύγγιον [n.] 'lard' (Dsc., Orib.). «τὴν Lat.2>

    *VAR Also d€ovyyia = Lat. axungia, ἀξούγγιον, Lat. oxingion (gloss.).

    *ETYM Borrowed from Lat. axungia. Fur.: 341 thinks that it is rather a loan, not a  native Latin word.

XXXXXὀξυρεγμία [f.] 'sour eructation of the stomach',

    *VAR  Also -in.

    *COMP ὀξυρεγμι-ώδης, -dw (medic.), κρομμυ-οξυρεγμία (Ar. Pax 529).

===Pag_1140: Beekes_Página_1140.tiff=== XXXXXὄπεας 1089

    *ETYM A compound of ὀξύς and ἐρυγμός with a suffix -ia-, so from "ὀξυ-ερυγμ-ία  with dissimilatory interchange of the vowels; cf. Stromberg 1944: 99.

XXXXXὀξύς [adj.] 'sharp, stinging'; 'sour, tartish' (of taste), 'shrill, loud' (of the voice), 'fierce, acute, rapid', of emotion and movement (II.). <?> ᾿

    *COMP Very often as a first member, also with prefix, eg. ἄποοξυς 'pointed' (Ηρ.,  Dsc., Gal.), with back-formation from ἀπ-οξύνω.

    *DER ▶︎ ὄξος [n.] 'wine vinegar'; ὀξύτης, -ητος [f.] 'sharpness, sourness, acuteness',  gramm. 'high-tonedness' (IA); ὀξύς, -ύδος [f] 'dock, Rumex' (Plin., Gal.), cf. ἐμύς,  κροκύς. Denominative verbs: 1. ὀξύνω 'to sharpen, whet, sour, heat' (IA), also with prefix  (especially map-), whence d&vvtpa [n.pl.] 'wages for sharpening tools' (Hell. inscr.),

XXXXXὀξύσματα [n.pl.) 'whetting, sharpening' (Delos III*), παροξυσμός [m.] 'irritation, embitterment' (Hp., D.), -ντικός 'enlivening, irritating, embittering' (IA), -vtai [pl.] (Η; ὀξύντης Hdn. 1, 77, 25). 2. ἐξοξέω 'to sharpen' (inscr. Delos), cf. Hellmann 1992: 67.

    *ETYM Without correspondences outside Greek. It has been compared with ▶︎ ὄκρις,  which is an o-grade of the root of ▶︎ ἄκρος, but there are no further examples for u-  stem adjectives with o-vocalism. Alternatively, Narten 1986 reconstructs a root *h,ks-  on the strength of the comparison with Skt. aksnoti 'to mark the ear', but this is  doubtful. See ▶︎ dtiva.

XXXXXὀπάζω [v.] 'to chase, oppress; to make follow, give as a companion, provide with, grant', med. 'to take as a companion' (II.). <?>

    *VAR Aor. Ondo(o)at, -ασθαι, fut. ὀπάσ(σ)ω.

    *COMP Rarely with kata-, 7tept-, ἐπι-.

    *ETYM From ▶︎ ἕπομαι (with epic Ionic psilosis), best taken as an iterative-intensive or  causative with secondary dental inflection (*ondw : ὀπάζω). Derivation from a noun  (*ordc, *On1)) is possible as well; see on ▶︎ ὀπάων, and cf. also ▶︎ ὀπηδός.

XXXXXὀπάλλιος 'opal' = Lat. opalus (late).

    *ETYM See E-M.

XXXXXὄπατρος [adj.] Probably 'of the same paternal descent' (A 257, M 371).

    *ETYM From copulative »d 1 and πάτρηῃ 'paternal descent' (see ▶︎ πατήρ). Wackernagel 1955(1): 491ff., however, thinks it is Aeolic for ὀ-πάτριος (Lyc. 452)  'having the same father', which is certainly possible.

XXXXXὀπάων, -ovoc [m.] fellow, companion' CIL.). GR, IE *sek'- 'follow'>

    *VAR ὀπέων, -wvoc (Hdt.).

    *DIAL Myc. PN 0-qa-wo-ni /*ok'awoni/ (Lejeune 1964: 87, Ruijgh 1967a: 256").

    *ETYM The form *Omd-fwv 'belonging to the retinue' is derived from *éna [f.]  'followers, retinue', a verbal noun from ▶︎ ἕπομαι. The psilosis is also found in  ▶︎ ὀπάζω. Cf. synonymous kolvwv, -dv < -άων. See Ruijgh Minos 9 (1968): 109-155.

XXXXXὄπεας [n.] 'awl' (Poll. 10, 141).

===Pag_1141: Beekes_Página_1141.tiff===

    *VAR Also vil. -eap; dat.sg. ὑπέατι (Hdt. 4, 70); bnéata: ὀπήτια (H., brea: τὰ ὀπίσθια  cod.).

    *DER Diminutives ὀπήτ-ιον [n.] (Hp., LXX; ὑπ- in gloss.), -idtov [n.] (Poll. 7, 83);  unclear Nicoch. 9.

    *ETYM Vine Glotta 72 (1994): 31-40 rejects Schwyzer's interpretation and assumes a  stem in -ur/n-, also from *opa- 'hole'; this gives a substantive *opa-ur / *opa-unt-. The word would properly mean 'hole-making thing' = 'awl', rather than 'provided  with an eye'. The nominative would then yield ὄπεαρ, and was replaced by ὄπεας. The form *Onnat- > Ἰὀπεᾶτ- gives ὀπιητ- by contraction. Vine adds a discussion of  Myc. o-pa-wo-ta, ultimately rejecting the derivation from ὀπή. The form with ὑπ- remains difficult; folk etyniology was assumed, e.g. by Frisk, and  dialectal origin (cf. Aeol. ὑπίσσω = ὀπίσσω) may also be considered.

XXXXXὀπή [f.] 'light opening, hatch, hole, hollow' (Ar., Arist.), 'sight? (Cerc. 4, 23; beside aKovd).

    <IE *h,ek'- 'see'>

    *VAR Dor. -a.

    *COMP As a second member in ote(t)v-w7dc 'with a narrow opening, narrow' (IL.),  moAv-w7d¢ 'having many holes, mesh' (x 386, etc.), w analogical or metrical; also in  > ἐνόπαι, ▶︎ μετόπη, etc; further also in ▶︎ ἀνόπαιαξ

    *DER ὀπαῖος 'having an opening', of a tile (Diph. Com., Poll.), omatov [n.] 'skylight,  chimney-flue' (Att. inscr. Plu.), cf. Bérard REGr.67 (1954): 4; ὀπήεις 'having a hole',  of δίφρος (Ηρ...

    *ETYM If it is a verbal abstract from ὀπ- 'see', ὀπή must originally have meant 'sight'  (thus as an incidental poetic formation in Cerc; see above), whence 'that through  which one sees'. It can, however, also be an extension from a root noun, thus an  agent or instrument noun in origin. See ▶︎ ὄμμα.

XXXXXὀπηδός [m.] 'attendant, companion' (h. Merc. 450, late prose). < GR>

    *VAR Dor. (also trag., etc.) ὀτιᾶδός.

    *DER ὀπηδέω, ὀτιαδέω [v.] 'to attend, accompany' (II.), -ebw (A. R.) with ὀπάδησις  [f.] 'attendance' (Criton apud Stob.), ὀπηδητήρ: σύνοδος, ἀκόλουθος 'fellow,  companion' (H.).

    *ETYM On ὀπάων, ὀπαδός in tragedy, see Bjorck 1950: 109f. Since ὀπηδός can hardly  be separated from synonymous ὀπάων, an analysis ὀπιγ-δός (ὀπ-ηδός) has been  considered. Such a formation is unknown, however, especially for an agent noun  (but several in -ηδών do exist). Meier-Briigger Glotta 69 (1991): 171f. therefore  derives the word from an adverb ᾿ὀπηδόν 'in company'; the substantive would have  been derived from the verb ὀπηδέω. The connection with Hitt. hapati- 'servant, etc' must be abandoned (see Tischler    1983ff.: 163f.).

XXXXXoninedy [v.] 'to look after something, stare or peek at someone' (I].). <1E *opi-h,k'- 'look at'>

    *VAR Aor. ὀπιπεῦσαι; the pres. Omuttebw arose after ὀπτεύω.

    *COMP As a second member παρθεν-οπῖπα [voc.] 'one who stares at maidens' (A  385), after which παιδ-οπῖπαι [pl.] (Ath.), etc.

===Pag_1142: Beekes_Página_1142.tiff=== XXXXXὁπλή 1091

    *DER ὀπιπευτήρ, -ῆρος [m.] 'sbd. who stares' (Man., Nonn.), ὀπιπᾷ:' ἐξαπατᾷ  'deceives' (H.).

    *ETYM Because of the strong productivity of the verbs in -εύω, several nominal stems  can be considered as a basis. A verbal noun *ozimt, like ὀπωπή and ▶︎ évinn, is most  likely; thence the denominative ὀπιπᾷ and the second member -onina in  compounds. The stem consists of a preverb ὀπι- (see ▶︎ ὄπισθεν) and the zero grade  of *h,ek'-, giving *opi-h,k'- > ὀπῖτι-.

XXXXXὄπις [f.] 'revenge, punishment, retribution of the gods' (Hom., Hes.), 'help, assistance from the gods' (Pi. P. 8, 71); 'awe, obedience, solicitude' (Hdt., Pi, Mosch.). 41Ε h ek- 'see'>

    *VAR Acc. -ἰν, -ἰδα; dat. -t.

    *DER OniCopa 'to awe, fear, shy' (Il.). also with ém-, post-Hom. 'to worry about', e.g. ὀπίδδομαι (Lacon. epigram), late aor. ὠπίσατο (Q. S.); ὀπιδνός [adj.] 'awesome' (A. R. 2, 292), rather verbal than nominal, cf. Chantraine 1933: 193 and 195. PN Anji-  οπίτης, Ὀπίτης [m.] (A 420 and 301).

    *ETYM The connection with on- in ὄψομαι, etc. can hardly be rejected. This implies  an older meaning 'sight, look, glance', whence 'animadversion, punishment' on the  one hand, 'consideration, respect, reverence' on the other. The development of  meaning of the noun was partly influenced by ὀπίζομαι. Cf. on ▶︎ ἐνιπή.

XXXXXὄπισθεν [adv., prep.] '(from) behind, at the back, after(wards) (Il.). ΑΚ Also -e (Ion. poet.); ὄπιθε(ν) (11...

    *COMP Many compounds like ὀπισθό-δομος [m.] 'backmost hall of the temple of  Athena' (Att.); on ὀπισθέναρ see ▶︎ θέναρ. As a second member in μετ-όπισθε(ν)  'behind, after' (IL.), etc.

    *DER ὀπίσθ-ιος (IA), -idtog (Sophr. Call, AP) 'situated in the back'; grades of  comparison ὀπίστατος (@ 342, A 178), instead of *onic8-atoc(?), and thence -tepoc  (Arat., Nonn.) beside ὀπισθό-τερος (Arat.). Further onio(o)w (Il), Aeol. ὑπίσσω  (Sapph.) 'backwards, afterwards' with ὀπισώ-τατος (Hell.); ἐξ-οπίσω 'id.' (II.), etc.

    *ETYM The old adverb/preposition ém (Myc. o-pr) is retained in ὄπι-θεν. Later,  ὄπισθεν was formed from this after πρόσ-θεν and ὀπίσ(σγω. The latter stands for  *opi-tio-; cf. on εἴσω s.v. ▶︎ εἰς for the suffix. For connections outside Greek, see on  ▶︎ ἔπι; the o-grade is also found in Lat. ob, etc.

XXXXXὀπιτίων [m.] a plant with a bulb, perhaps 'Bunium ferulaceum' (Thphr.).

    *ETYM Fur.: 240 compares otitov 'an Egyptian truffle'; οὔιτον τὸ ὑτ ἐνίων οἰτόν  (H.) beside itov a Thracian mushroom (Ath. 2, 62a v.l. oitév; iton Plin.), which he  analyses as pointing to (6)fttov. He further connects tévov, οἴδνα. The variations  point to a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXὁπλή [f.] 'the unsplit hoof of a horse' (A 536 = Υ 501), 'the split hoof of oxen, cattle' (h. Merc., Hes., Pi., IA). 42> ;

    *DER ὁπλή-εις 'with hooves' (Poeta apud Ὁ. Chr. 32, 85).

===Pag_1143: Beekes_Página_1143.tiff===

    *ETYM Unexplained. The formally obvious connection with ὅπλον is semantically  hard to explain. Connection with ἀπλή 'simple', with *sy1- > 6-, could be envisaged,  although the conditions of this development would remain unclear.

XXXXXὁπλίας [?] - Λοκροὶ τοὺς τόπους ἐν οἷς συνελαύνοντες ἀριθμοῦσι TA πρόβατα Kai τὰ βοσκήματα 'the Locrians thus call the places where they drive together their catlle and count it' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM The thesaurus suggests that in these places many traces of hoofs were seen;  hardly the correct solution.

XXXXXὅπλον [n.] 'implement, tool, instrument, marine instruments', notably 'tackle, (heavy) weapons' (IL.).

    *VAR  Mostly ὅπλα [pl.].

    *COMP ὁπλο-μάχ-ος 'who fights with heavy weapons', -éw, -ia (Att... ἔν-οπλος  'under arms, armed' (Tyrt., S., E.), enlarged ἐν-όπλιος 'id.', also substantivized (scil. ῥυθμός) as the name ofa military rhythm (Pi.); on ▶︎ ὑπέροπλος, see s.v.

    *DER 1. Diminutive ὁπλάριον (Hell.). 2. Ὅπλη-τες [pl.], gen. Ὁπλήθων name of one  of the four oldest Ionian phylai (Hdt., Milete); -θ- after πλῆθος, or by transfer of  aspiration? 3. ὁπλί- τῆς Dor. -τας [m.] 'heavily armed (warrior) i.e. 'hoplite' (Pi., LA),  fem. -τις (Poll.), together with -τικός, -τεύω, -τεία (Att.). 4. ὁπλ-ικός 'pertaining to  arms' (Vett. Val.). 5. Ὁπλεύς [m.] PN (Hes. Se.). 6. Ὁπλό-σμιος [m.] epithet of Zeus  in Arcadia (Arist. inscr. III*), -optia [f.] epithet of Hera in Elis, etc. (Lyc.), -δμία [f.]  name of a phyle in Mantinea ([V*); formation unclear. 7. ▶︎ ὁπλίας: Λοκροὶ τοὺς  τόπους, ἐν οἷς συνελαύνοντες ἀριθμοῦσι Ta πρόβατα καὶ Ta βοσκήματα (H.) is  unclear. 8. ▶︎ ὁπλότερος. 9. Denominative verbs: a) ὁπλέω = ὁπλίζω only in ὥπλεον ζ  73; Ὁ) ὁπλίζω, -ομαι 'to prepare', of food and drinks, etc. (Hom.), 'to arm, equip  (oneselfy (Il.). aor. ὁπλίσῴ(σ)αι, -ασθαι, -σθῆναι, late perf. ὥπλικα, often with prefix,  eg. &-, ép-, καθ-. Thence ὅπλοισις [f.], -ἰσμός [m.] 'arming, armament, equipment,  equipage' (Att.), -topia [n.] 'arm(sy (E. Pl), ἐξοπλισ-ία [f] 'equipment, position,  muster, (military) review (X., Ain. Tact. etc.), also ἐξοπλασία [f.] 'id? (Arist. inscr.),  probably after δοκιμασία, γυμνασία, etc; ὁπλιοτής, Dor. -τάς [m.] 'armed warrior',  also attributive (Vett. Val, AP). c) ὅπλε-σθαι 'to prepare', of δεῖπνον (T 172, Ψ 159),  formation after the thematic root-presents (Schwyzer: 722f.), if not simply a mistake  of the tradition for ὁπλεῖσθαι, as per Solmsen 1901: 90. On the use of ὅπλον and  derivatives in Hom. see Triimpy 1950: 81ff.

    *ETYM Greek formation with suffix -A- and o-grade (Chantraine 1933: 240), from the  inherited root of ▶︎ ἕπω 'to care for, perpetrate'. ὁπλότερος, -τατος [adj.] 'junior, youngest' always of persons, also applied to women  (Π.λ < GR>

    *ETYM Oppositional formation in -tepoc, like κουρότερος, ἀγρότερος, and  ὀρέστερος. According to a remarkable interpretation from antiquity, it properly  means 'able to wear arms, sturdy', as opposed to the γέροντες. Extensive  argumentation in Bechtel 1914 s.v.; cf. also Barone Boll. fil. class. 13 (1906-1907): 283.

XXXXXὀποκάρπασον -ο'καῤπασον.

===Pag_1144: Beekes_Página_1144.tiff=== XXXXXὀπτίλ(λ)ος 1093

XXXXXὀπός [π|.] 'plant juice', especially 'juice of the fig-tree used to curdle milk, fig curd' (E 902).

    *COMP Some compounds like πολύ-οπος 'juicy', ὀπο-βάλσαμον [n.] 'the juice of a  balm' (Thphr.) for ὀπὸς βαλσάμιος (alternative explanation by Risch IF 59 (1949):  287), likewise ὀπο-κάρπαθον (Plin.), -κάλπασον (Gal.), see Thiselton-Dyer Journal of  Phil. 34 (915): 305ff.

    *DER 1. Smov [n.] 'poppy juice, opium' (Diocl. Fr. 94), with ὀπικός 'made of opium'  (pap. II-IIIP); 2. ὀπίας (τυρός) [m.] 'cheese made of milk, curdled with fig juice' (Ε,,  Ar.); 3. ὀπώδης (Hp. Arist.), ὀπόεις (Nic.) 'juicy'; 4. as a TN Ὁποῦς (< -όεις),  -obvtog [m.] capital of the eastern Locrians (IL, inscr.) with Ono()vtiot [m.pl.],

XXXXXhonovtiwv [gen.] (Th., inscr.); on the phonetics see Schwyzer: 253; also a HN, see Krahe Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 2 (1950-1951): 233; 5. ὀπίζω 'to press out the juice, curdle with ὁπός᾽ (Arist., Thphr.), also with é thence ὀπισμός [m.] 'pressing out of juice' (Thphr., Hell. pap.), ὄπισμα [n.] 'pressed-out juice' (Dsc.).

    *ETYM The form ὀπός, with Ionic psilosis for *6mdc (cf. homovtiwv), matches with a  Balto-Slavic word for 'plant juice, etc.', eg. OCS soke 'juice', Lith. sakai [pl] 'resin' <  IE *sok'o-. A by-form with initial *sy- is Lith. svekas, Latv. svakas, sveki 'resin,  rubber'. Perhaps Alb. gjak 'blood' is also related (Demiraj 1997 s.v.). Lat. sicus,  probably from *souko- or *seuko-, is clearly deviant.

XXXXXὀπτάζομαι, ὀπτάνομαι, ὀπτός -ςὄπωπα, ὄσσε.

XXXXXὀπτάω [v.] 'to fry, roast, bake' (Od.). ΑΚ ὀπτεύμενος (Theoc.), aor. ὀπτῆσαι (IL), ὀπτηθῆναι (Od.), perf. ὕπτηκα, -ημαι (Euphro or Ar.), fut. ὀπτήσομαι (Luc.).

    *COMP Also with prefix, e.g. ἐπ-, ἐξ-, κατ-, παρ-.

    *DER ὄπτησις [f.] 'frying' (Milete V*, Hp., Arist.), with ὀπτήσιμιος 'fit for frying'  (Eub.), ὀπτ-ήτειρα [f.] epithet of κάμινος (Call.), -ητήρια (Η. as an explanation of  ya, alphabetically wrong, so very doubtful); also ὀπτευτήρ [m.] 'smith', of  Hephaistos (Coluth. 54 V-VIP) as if from *ontevu,; cf. καμινευτήρ, etc. As a second  member in γαστρ-όπτης, fem. -όπτις 'sausage fryer' (Delos IV-III*). Backformation  ἔξ-οπτος 'well-done' (Hp.), from ἐξ-οπτάω (IA). Further ὀπτός 'fried, roasted,  baked' (Od.); with ont-aéog 'fried, roasted' (Hom., Ath.), enlarged from ὀπτός after  αὐαλέος, etc; ὀπτανός 'fried, fit for frying' (com., Arist.), formed like ἑψανός with  related mg. From ὀπτανός further omtav-tov 'kitchen' (com., inscr.), τ-τκός 'fit for  frying' (pap. ITIP), -evc¢ [m.] 'kitchen master' (pap.) with -etov Crjiov) 'kitchen' (Plu.,  Luc., Hdn. Gr.); ontavaptoc: assator, coctarius (gloss.). Formally isolated is ὀπτασία  [f.] 'roasting, kiln' vel sim. (PHolm. 9, 39 δὸς εἰς ὀπτασίαν ὀπτᾶσθαι), probably to  ὀπτάω after θερμασία vel sim.

    *ETYM As to its formation, ὀπτάω is a verb in -τάω like dptaw, pottaw, οὐτάω, etc. It  is commonly assumed that the verbal adjective ὀπτός (or rather τά ὀπτά) forms its  basis. Etymology unclear. Fur. 263 compares ὄψον 'any cooked dish' as a variant,  which seems a good possibility; the variation is Pre-Greek.

XXXXXὀπτίλ(λγος -οὀφθαλμός.

===Pag_1145: Beekes_Página_1145.tiff===

XXXXXὀπυίω [v.] 'to marry, take as a wife', late also 'to have sexual intercourse with', pass. 'to get married', of women (IL, also Cret. and late prose). On the mg. see Ruijgh 1957: 107f. (against Leumann 1950: 284). «ΡΟ»

    *VAR Also ὀπύω (Arist., Cerc., Moer.), fut. omtow (Ar. Ach. 255).

    *DER ὀπυστύς [f.] 'marriage' (Cret.), with analogical -o-; from the present stem ὀπυιηταί [pl] 'spouses' (Herod.). ὀπυόλαι: γεγαμηκότες 'married women' (H.); aor. subj. pass. ὀπυασθώμεθα (Lyr. Alex. Adesp. 1, 52) as if from "ὀπυάζομαι.

    *ETYM Hitt. ha pus- 'penis' is not related: it was cited in this form and compared with  ὀπυίω by Watkins 1982, but actually has a quite different form hdpusa(ss)-, and also a  different meaning, viz. 'shaft, shin-bone'; see Kloekhorst 2008 s.v. for details. The old  comparison with Etr. puia 'wife' (Hammarst#6m Glotta 11 (1921): 212) is tempting; if  correct, it is probably a Pre-Greek Mediterranean word.

XXXXXὅπωπα [v.perf.] 'to watch, observe, view, contemplate' (1].).

    *VAR  Innovated ipf. ὀπώπεον (Orph.) and aor. ὀπωπήσασθαι (Euph.). Further fut. ὄψομαι (Il.), which like the following forms often occurs with prefixes like ἀπ-,  én(t)-, κατ-, προ-, ὑπ-, ὑπερ-: aor. pass. ὀφθῆναι (IA) with fut. ὀφθήσομαι, perf. med. ὦμμαι (Att.). As a suppletive present to ὄπωπα, > ὁράω is used.

    *DER ὀπωπ-ή [f.] 'observation, view, eyeball', plur. 'eyes' (Od., A. R.), -ητήρ [m.]  'scout' (h. Merc. 15), -ἰα [n.pl.] (scil. ὀστέα) 'the bones of the eyes' (Hp.). Derivatives:  1. verbal adjective ὀπτός (Luc. Lex. 9, Ath.), earlier and more common as a  derivation from prefixed verbs, eg. ὕτι-, ἄπ-, κάτ-, 11pd-onToc (pobntog); thence  ὑπ- ἀπ-, κατ-οπτ-εύω, ὑποψ-ία, etc; 2. agent and instrument nouns: a) ἐπ-, kat- (h. Merc. 372), dnep-, δι-όπτης, etc., also ét-, Kat-, ὑπερ-, δι-οπτ-εύω (K 451), διοπτήρ  (K 562); thence the simplex ὀπτεύω (Ar. Av. 1061); b) ὀπτήρ [m.] 'scout' (Od.), also  with 61-, ἐπ-, kat-; thence ὀπτήρ-ια [n.pl.] 'gifts upon seeing a person' (E., Call.); c)  δί-, elo-, év-, κάτ-οπτρον [n.] (Alc., Pi, A.) with derivatives; 3, Adjectives: ὀπτ-ικός  'ptng. to sight', -ἰκή [6] 'optics' (Arist.), older (P1.) συν-, ἐπ-, ὑπερ-οπτικός. 4. Action  noun: ὄψ [f], gen. ὀπός 'eye, face, look' (Emp. 88, Antim. 65), more frequent as a  second member, eg. oiv-ow 'wine-colored' (Hom.); ὄψις (ἔπ-, πρόσ-, odv-) [f.]  'sight, vision, view, appearance' (II.); ὄψανον [n.] 'appearance' (A. Ch. 534). 5. For  ontid(A)og [m.], see on ▶︎ ὀφθαλμός. 6. Verbs: ὀπτ-άνομαι (LXX, Hell.), -άζομαι  (LXX) 'to appear, become visible', probably after αἰσθάνομαι and αὐγάζομαι;  ὀπταίνω (Eust.), like παπταίνω, εἰς.

    *ETYM The verbal root is also found in Y AV. aiii-axSaiia- 'to watch over' < *hek''-s-  (other interpretations in LIV? sv. *hjek'-) and in Skt. iksate 'to perceive' < *h,i-h,k'-  s-, which (like the Greek future) are originally desideratives. The root is also  contained in ▶︎ dmc, ▶︎ ὄσσε, ▶︎ ὄμμα, and ▶︎ aw.

XXXXXὀπώρα [f] 'end of the summer, beginning of autumn' (0, 'harvest, fruit' (post- Hom.), cf. on θέρος s.v. ▶︎ θέρομαι.

    <IE *h,opi 'at, on' + *h,os-r/n- 'harvest-time,  summer'>

'ΝΑΚ Ion. -1, Also ὀπώρα; Lac. (Alcm.) ὀπάρα (see below),

    *COMP As a first member eg. in ὀπωρο-φύλαξ [m.] 'fruit watcher, garden watcher'  (Arist.).

===Pag_1146: Beekes_Página_1146.tiff=== XXXXXὀράω 1095

    *DER 1. ὀπωρ-ινός 'belonging to on,' (I].); 2. τὰ ὀπωρ-ιαῖα [n.pl.] 'fruits' (Thphr.); 3. τιμος 'fructiferous' (Anon. apud Suid.), after κάρπιμος; 4. -tpetoc 'of fruit, belonging  to fruit? (PLond.; uncertain); 5. -ixdc 'belonging to ov.', also name of a medicine  against dysentery (Plin., Gp.); 6. Ὀπωρεύς [m.] epithet of Zeus in Akraiphia (inscr.); hontopic [f.] PN (Lacon. or Mess. inscr.), Hopora [f.] PN (Lat. inscr.). 7. ὀπωράριον =  pomarium (gloss.). 8 Denominative verb ὀπωρ-ίζω 'to reap (fruit), harvest in  autumn' (IA) with -ἰσμός [m.] 'vintage' (Aq.). Hypostasis μετ-όπωρον (j1e8-) 'what  comes after ὀπώρα᾽, φθιν-όπωρον 'when the on. ends', '(late) autumn' (IA), a verbal  governing compound with them. enlargement. Thence μετ-, φθιν-οπωρ-ινός (IA),  etc.

    *ETYM The aspiration is not original and must have been taken from a word with  closely related meaning, e.g. dpa. The form is a contraction from *op-ohard, yielding  Lacon. ὀπάρα; it consists of the preposition ὀπι- (see on ▶︎ ἔπι and ▶︎ ὄπισθεν) and a  heteroclitic neuter *ohar < *h,os-r. The Greek word properly means 'the time  following summer'. The oblique form *h,os-n- is continued in Balto-Slavic and  Germanic as an n-stem, e.g. CS jesenv, Ru. dsen' [[1 'autumn', Go. asans [f.] 'harvest,  summer', OHG aran, MoHG Ernte 'harvest'.

XXXXXὀραυγέομαι [v.] 'to inspect closely' (Aesar. apud Stob. 1, 49, 27). *

    *ETYM Verbal dvandva-compound from ὁράω and αὐγέομαι; cf. Wahrmann Glotta  19 (1931): 178. On the topic in general, see Schwyzer: 645.

XXXXXὁράω [v.] 'to look, perceive, contemplate, see' (Il.). IE *uer- 'observe, note'>

    *VAR  Ion. also ὀρέω (Hdt.), also ὅρηαι (ξ 343), ὀρῆτο (A 56 and 198 acc. to  Zenodotus, uncertain accent), ὀρῇς, -ἢ, τῆν (Ηρ., Democr., Herod.), Aeol. ὄρημι  (Sapph.), ὄρη (Theoc.); ipf. ἑώρων (Att.), epic 38g. dpa, Jon. dpa (Hdt.), etc. present  also ὄρονται (ξ 104) with -vto (y 471), Oper φυλάσσει 'guards, watches' (H.);  innovated perf. act. ἑόρακα (Att. also éwp-), Ion. ὀρώρηκα and ὥρηκα (Herod.),  Dor. ptc. wpaxvia (Epid.), med. ἑώραμαι (late Att.), aor. pass. ὁραθῆναι (Arist., Ὁ. S.), plpf. also ὀρώρει ( 112).

*CcOMP Highly frequent with prefix, eg. ἐφ- (én-), καθ- (Kat-), παρ-, προ-, συν-, ὑπερ-.

    *DER Almost all derivatives are Hell. and late, as opposed to the older ones which  derive from primary ὀπ- (see ▶︎ ὄπωπα) and from ▶︎ ἰδεῖν: 1. ὁρᾶτός 'visible' (Hp., Pl.),  προ-ορατός 'which can be foreseen' (X. Cyr. 1, 6, 23) as against πρότ-οπτος  (npobmtoc) 'foreseen, apparent' (IA); 2. ὄραμα [n.] 'sight, spectacle, appearance' (X.,  Arist, LXX), also παρ- (Hell. and late), with ὁραματίζομαι (Aq.) against ▶︎ ὄμμα,  ▶︎ εἶδος; 3. ὅρασις [f.], also with npo-, nap-, ὑπερ-, etc., 'sight, face, look, apparition',  plur. also 'eyes' (Demad., Arist., Men.) as opposed to ὄψις; ὑφόρασις 'suspicion'  (Plb.) for older ὑποψία; 4. ὀρατής [m.] 'viewer' (LXX, Plu.) against ὀπτήρ 'scout';  ὀρατήρ (H. as an explanation of ὀπτήρ); 5. ὀρατικός 'able to see, provided with sight'  (Arist, Ph.), with ég- 'fit for oversight' (X.), as against ἐποπτικός 'belonging to the  ἐπόπτης᾽ (P1.). 6. dpatitw [v.] 'to catch sight of, aim for' (medic. IV'). 7. See ▶︎ οὖρος  [m.] 'watcher' and ▶︎ ἐπίουρος.

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    *ETYM The ipf. ἑώρων « "ἠ-βόρων, with aspiration after ὁρῶ, and the perf. ἑόρακα «  *Fe-fopaka, also éwp- after the ipf., seem to point to an original f-, which has left a  trace neither in Homer nor epigraphically, and is also absent in Myc. o-ro-me-no. It  remains uncertain whether the rough breathing is connected with the older Ε-. The presentic forms, from which all non-presentic forms are derived, including the  verbal nouns, seem to require three different stems: 1. ξορᾶ- in ὁρά-ω, whence  perhaps regularly Ion. dpéw; 2. Fopn- in Aeol. ὄρημι, dpn, epic Sprau, etc. (see  above); 3. Fop- in ὄρονται, -vto, Spet. Original *word-je/o- can be either an iterative-intensive deverbative of the type  ποτάομαι, which fits the meaning well, or be explained as a denominative from a  feminine *word, as found in φρουρά < *npdthopa < *npo-fopd, and in Germanic,  eg. OHG wara [f.] 'attentiveness', wara neman 'observe', ToA war, ToB were  'flavor'. The Germanic and Tocharian words are usually reconstructed as verbal  nouns *uor-eh,-, *uor-o-, respectively, but Hackstein 2002: 123-131 reconstructs the  root as *syerh,-, and connects it with ▶︎ ἔρυμαι. More difficult to judge, however, are Aeolic (F )Oprut and other seemingly athematic  verbal forms. The forms ὀρῇς, -ἥ, τῆν may have been transformed from this by  thematization. One may compare Lat. veréri 'to venerate', though it has an ablauting  stem vowel. The primary thematic formation dépovtat, -vto, to which perhaps also belongs dpet  (HL), is built on the root. It is attested in the formulaic expression ἐπὶ δ᾽ ἀνέρες  ἐσθλοὶ ὄρονται (-vto), and modified in the plpf. ἐπὶ δ᾽ ἀνὴρ ἐσθλὸς ὀρώρει. The o-  vocalism is remarkable, though analogous cases can be found, e.g. ὄθομαι, οἴχομαι. From the primary verb are derived both *npo-fop-& in ▶︎ φρουρά (see above) and  *-ropdc 'guardian', a form which occurs only as a second member in compounds,  eg. θυρ-, Tiu-wpdc, κηπουρός from θυρα-, τιμα-, κηπο-Εορ-ός. Formally, we may  compare Germanic adjectives like OS war 'attentive, cautious, aware', OHG giwar  Further instances of a root *wer- include Latv. veruds, vértiés 'to inspect, observe',  ToA war, ToB war-sk- 'to smell'. See ▶︎ οὖρος 2, ▶︎ ὥρα.

XXXXXὀργάζω [v.] 'to soften, mold, tan'. Ξρἐόργιη.

XXXXXὄργανον [n.] 'implement, tool, instrument, sense organ, organ' (Hp., Ctes., Att, Arist.).

    *COMP Few compounds, e.g. ὀργανο-ποιός [m.} 'instrument maker' (D. S.).

    *DER Diminutive ὀργάν-ιον (AP, M. Ant.), -τἰκός 'instrumental, operative, practical'  (Arist.), -ίτης [m.] 'engineer' (pap. IV"), -ἰστής [m.] 'engineer of waterworks' (pap. ΠΡ), unattested *dpyavitw, but δι-, κατ-οργανίζω (AP, Alchem.); ὀργανάριος =  fistularius (gloss.); Opyav-dopat 'to be organized, be provided with organs' (S. E.,  Iamb.), also with δι-, whence (δι-)ὀργάν-ωσις [f.] 'organisation' (lamb.). Ὀργάνη [Ε]  epithet of Athena (Thasos V*, Athens), οἴ. Ἐργάνη; as an adjective ὀργάνα 'operative,  formative', of yeip (E. Andr. 1014, not quite certain).

===Pag_1148: Beekes_Página_1148.tiff=== XXXXXὄργια 1097

    *ETYM Formation like ξόανον (from ξέω, -ξοος), ὄχανον (from ἔχω, ὄχος, -οχος),  πλόκανον (from πλέκω, πλόκος), ὁρκάνη (from ὅρκος, ἕρκος), εἴς. (Chantraine 1933:  198, Schwyzer: 4896.) similarly, ὄργανον stands beside -οργός, ὄργια, Eopya, ἔργον. It is unclear whether it was derived directly from the verb or from -opydc or Epyov. See ▶︎ ἔργον and ▶︎ ἔρδω.

XXXXXὀργάς, -άδος [f.]=dpyr, ὀργάω.

XXXXXὀργεών, -ὥνος [m.]=dpyta.

XXXXXὀργή [f.] 'psychical drive, propensity, character, (strong) emotion, passion, wrath' (ἢ. Cer. 205, Hes. Op. 304); on the mg. see Marg 1938: 13f., cf. Diller Gnomon 15 (1939): 597.

    *COMP As a second member in dv-, δύσ-, εὔτοργος (Cratin., S.), analogically  enlarged in ἀν-, dvo-, εὐτόργητος (Hp., Gorg., Th., cf. dvoog : ἀνόητος, etc.), with  -noia [f.] (Hp., E.); transformed into an s-stem, e.g. περι-οργής (Th.).

    *DER ὀργ-ίλος 'irascible' (Hp., X. D., Arist.) with -ἰλότης [f.] (Arist., Plu.). The verb ὀργάω 'to bristle, swell with nourishing liquids and juice' (of the earth and  of fruits), 'to bristle with, be full of lust and desire' (of men), 'to desire strongly' (IA),  rarely with ἐξ-, etc. is probably a denominative, and mostly presentic. Thence: 1. back-formation νέτοργος freshened', of γῆ (Thphr.); 2. ἐξόργησις [f-] 'stong desire'  (Herm. in Phdr.); 3. ὀργητύς: ὀργή (H.); 4. ὀργασμός [f.] 'orgasm' (sch. Hp.), after  σπασμός, etc. From ὀργή in the sense 'wrath': 1. ὀργίζομαι [v.] 'to be angry', also -ἰζω 'to make  angry', also with prefix, e.g. ovv-, &t-, ἐξ-, παρ-» περι-, (Att.), with παροργεοισμός [m.],  -topa (n.] 'provocation, wrath' (LXX, Ep. Eph.); 2. opyaivw [v.] 'to make wrathful, be  wrathful' (S., E.). From ὀργάω (if not from ὀργή or an older root-noun, see below) also ὀργάς, -άδος  [f.] 'luxuriously fertile', of earth, marshes (Att.).

    *ETYM ὀργή has a direct correspondence in Skt. irja (f.] 'nourishment, strength', but  the latter is an enlargement of older urj- 'id.', and the formal identity of ὀργή and  tirja is secondary. At first sight, the Skt. form seems to require *urHg-, but the same  problem occurs in Skt. urdhvd- beside ὀρθός, and there is yet no definite solution for  this. Semantically, arj(@) fits much better with dpyaw, which preserved the original  concrete meaning. The transference to the psychological sphere in ὀργή is found in  Olr. ferc [f.] 'rage' < IE *uerg-h,-. For semantic influence of ἔργον on ὀργή (S. Ant. 355) and ὀργάς, etc, see Tovar  Emerita 10 (1942): 228ff.

XXXXXὀργή 2 [f.] a difficult word in Herond. IV 46; perhaps an adjective opposed to βέβηλος. Cf. V. Schmidt 1968: 109-114, who thinks that the underlying substantive is γυνή rather than γῆ; it could mean 'initiated' and belong to ὄργια. <?>

    *ETYM Uncertain.

XXXXXὄργια [n.pl.] 'secret religious customs, sacred secret service' (IA). <?>

    *VAR Rarely -tov [sg.].

===Pag_1149: Beekes_Página_1149.tiff===

    *DER ὀργιάς, -άδος [f.] 'belonging to 6., orgiastic' (Man.), ὀργιάζω 'to celebrate ὄ., to  initiate into the 6. (E. Pl, Ph.), also with ἐξ-, ovv-, etc. with ὀργιασ-μός [m.]  'celebration of the 6.', -τής [m.] 'participant in the 6.' (Str., Plu.); -τικός 'orgiastic,  passionate' (Arist.). ὀργεών, also -(e wv, -Ovoc [m.] 'member of a religious brotherhood' (h. Ap. 389,  Att.), with ὀργεωνικός (inscr.), from ὄργια with suppression of -ta after other nouns  in -ewv (see on this topic Chantraine 1933: 163f., Schwyzer: 521); positing a pre-form  *Opyoc is unnecessary.

    *ETYM Traditionally interpreted as a derivative from the root of ἔργον, ἔρδω, with o-  vocalism like in ▶︎ ὄργανον, etc. Alternatively, is it related to ὀργή and dpydw?  Chantraine 1933: 55 considers foreign origin Because of the meaning. On history and  meaning of dpyta, see van den Burg 1939.

XXXXXὄργνια [f.] fathom' ('Y 327). < PGP

    *VAR Att. inscr. -va, also ὀρόγυια (Pi.), gen. -dc, -ἧς, plur. at (cf. below).

    *COMP As a second member, beside regular and usual -dpyvioc (A 312), also dex-  ώρυγος 'ten fathoms long', etc. (X. Cyn. 2, 5) with compositional lengthening and  remarkable u-vocalism, which can hardly be explained by Cowsgill's Law.

    *DER ὀργυι-αἴος (AP), -όεις (Nic.), 'a fathom long or wide', ὀργυι-όομαι in (δι-,  περι-)γωργυιωμένος 'outstretched (a fathom wide) (Ctes., Hipparch., Lyc.).

    *ETYM Traditionally explained as a substantivized perf. ptc. fem. from dpéyw 'to  stretch (the arms)' without reduplication, reminiscent of ἄγυια, ἄρπνυια, etc; see  Beekes 1969: 27f. This explanation meets with semantic and formal difficulties: why  use a feminine form to express this notion, and why a perfect? The supposed archaic  ablaut ὄργυια: ὀρόγυια is problematic as well; one rather expects that the o was  anaptyctic, as suggested by DELG s.v. Anaptyxis could also explain the variant  *-opvy-, seen in compounded -wpvy-. Most problems have been solved by De Lamberterie Die Sprache 35 (1991-1993): 128-  130, who assumes that the word originally occurred in a syntagm dpyvta χείρ, which  was used in the dual; this presupposes an adjective *épyvc. Further traces of a u-stem  of the root *h,reg- are found in Skt. yju-, Av. arazu-, and especially in Ved. rju-hdsta-  'with outstrechted hands'. See ▶︎ ὀρέγω.

XXXXXὄρδειλον = TdpddAov. 6p5pa [n.] - ἡ τολύπη τῶν ἐρίων 'ball of wool', ὄρδικον: τὸν χιτωνίσκον. Πάριοι 'short frock' (H.). <?%>

    *VAR  Or <i>, <w>?

    *ETYM Isolated in Greek. Taken as a verbal noun of Lat. 6rdior 'to begin a web, start',  eg. by Pok. 60, which seems doubtful. The form ὠρδυλευσάμην-: ἐμόχθησα 'was  weary, etc.' (H.) also belongs here, which is from ὀρδυλεύω, deriving from *6pdvAoc,  τύλη with a formation like in κόνδυλος, KopdvAn, etc; cf. τολυπεύειν, which also  means μοχθεῖν.

XXXXXὀρεᾶνες = ἄνδρες in the language of the Pythia (Plu. Mor. 406e). =ope(tjavec.

===Pag_1150: Beekes_Página_1150.tiff=== XXXXXὀρεσχάς, -άδος 1099 ὀρέγω, -ομαι [v.] 'to reach out (one's hand), hand over, stretch oneself, to stretch out for'.

    *VAR Aor. ὀρέξαι, -ασθαι, fut. ὀρέξω, -ομαι (IL.), perf. and plpf. med. 3pl. ὀρωρέχαται,  -to (Il.), ὥρεγμαι (Hp.), aor. pass. ὀρεχθῆναι (E., Χ. Hp. Ep.). Other presentic forms:  1. ptc. ὀρεγ-νύς (A 351, X 37), -νύμενος (AP, Mosch.); 2. ὀριγ-νάομαι (Hes. Sc. 190,  Herod., Theoc.), together with the innovated aor. ὠριγν-ήθην (Antipho Soph. Isoc.),  fut. τήσομαι (D. C.); for τ 85 a secondary prop vowel, cf. κίρνημι (s.v. > Kepavvultt).

    *COMP Also with prefix, especially é1-.

    *DER 1. ὀρεκτός 'stretched out' (B 543, Str.), see Ammann 1956: 20, 'desired, longed  for' (Arist.) with ὀρεκτεῖν: ἐπιθυμεῖν 'to desire', ὀρεκτιῶν: ἐπιθυμῶν (H.); av-  όρεκτος 'without desire for, undesired' (Arist.), with dvop-extéw, -ekia (late). 2.

XXXXXὄρεγμα [n.] 'stretching (e.g. of the hand, also of the foot), step', also as a measure of length (A., E., Arist.. Tab. Heracl.). 3. ὄρεξις [f.] 'desire, appetite' (Democr., Arist.) with ὀρεκτικός 'inclined to desire, pursuing' (Arist., Arr.), 'arousing appetite' (Dsc.). 4. ὀρέγδην 'by stretching out' (sch., H.). On ▶︎ épyuta, see s.v.

    *ETYM As a thematic root present, ὀρέγω agrees with Lat. rego 'to direct, lead,  govern' and Olr. rigim 'to stretch out'; other Graeco-Latin correspondences are  ὀρέξαι ~ réxt and ὀρεκτός ~ réctus (Lat. long ὃ is due to Lachmann's Law). Gm. words like Go. raihts 'straight, right' and Av. rasta- 'directed, arranged, straight' also  belong here. Independent formations are ὄρεγμα, Av. rasman- [m., n.] 'line of  battle', and Lat. regimen [n.] 'leadership'. It is uncertain whether there is an old  connection between the isolated ptc. dpey-vuc, -νύμενος and the Av. adjective ras-  nu- 'straight'; the present dpryvdoytat, with suffixed nasal, is probably independent  from Skt. rAjati 'stretches itself, runs' with nasal infix.

XXXXXὀρε(ι)ᾶνες [m.pl.] acc. to Plu. 2, 4o6e = ἄνδρες in the language of the oracle of the Pythian Apollo; cf. opeiovec: ἄνδρες (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Formation like Ἀκαρνᾶνες, etc. further unclear. Acc. to Giintert 1921: 122f,, it  belongs to ἄρσην, etc. ὀρεμπότης name or epithet of rivers in the language of the Pythia (Plu. Mor. 406e).

= Ὀρομπάτας.

XXXXXopéovto [v.] 'they stirred, hurried' (B 398, '¥212). <?>

    *ETYM If not poetic licence for 6povto, it is best taken (with Bechtel 1914 s.v.) as an  intensive of peto- ὠρμήθη 'was stirred' and the aor. ἔρσῃ: ὁρμήσῃ 'will move' (H.),  from a root *h,er- 'move'; see on ▶︎ ἐρέθω and ▶︎ ὄρνυμι.

XXXXXὀρεσκῷος [adj.} 'living in the mountains' (A 268, 1155, Hes. Fr. 79, 5).

    *VAR ὀρεσκόος (A., E.).

    *ETYM Compound of ▶︎ ὄρος and ▶︎ κεῖμαι with o-grade (cf. e.g. δορυ-σσόος to σείω);  the irregular length (cf. Skt. -Say-d- 'lying') is probably metrically conditioned, and  the -t- is analogical after κοῖτος, etc. Acc. to Bechtel 1914 s.v., we should write -o- for  -w-. An innovation (after the adjectives in -toc) is ὀρέσκιος epithet of Dionysus (AP);  the same holds for ὀρεσκεύω 'to live in the mountains' (Nic.).

XXXXXὀρεσχάς, -άδος [f.] 'vine with grapes', = ὄσχη, -ος (Harp., H.).

===Pag_1151: Beekes_Página_1151.tiff===

    *ETYM The word is evidently related to ▶︎ ἀρασχάδες, and as variants, both are of Pre-  Greek origin (Fur.: 348).

XXXXXὀρεύς [m., 6] 'mule', replacing original Att. ἡμίονος (IL, Ar. Arist.).

    *VAR Ion. οὐρεύς.

    *COMP As a first member in ὀρεω-κόμος [m.] 'mule driver' (Att.), etc. (perhaps for  opeo- with influence of the gen. dpéwe?).

    *DER ρικός 'belonging to a mule' (Is., Aeschin.).

    *ETYM Derived from ὅρος, Ion. οὖρος 'frontier', which originally means 'furrow'. Thus, ὀρεύς would properly mean 'furrow-drawer'. The lack of aspiration in ὀρεύς  may be explained through secondary association with dpoc; on the psilosis, see  Chantraine 1942: 185.

XXXXXὀρεχθέω [v.] expressive epic poetic verb of unclear mg., in Hom. of βόες σφαζόμενοι (¥ 30, traditionally explained as 'to rattle'), in Theoc. of the sea (θάλασσαν ... ὀρεχθεῖν 11, 43) 'to roar, surge', but in Ar. (Nu. 1368), A. R. (4, 275), Opp. (H. 2, 583) of the heart (καρδία, κέαρ), also of θυμός (A. R. 2, 49); after this in Nic. (Al. 340) of the κύστις and in the tragedian Aristias (6; V*) of πέδον, which is rather obscure. <?>

    *ETYM The acoustic notion, which is undeniable in Theoc. and obvious in Homer,  cannot possibly be assumed for the other attestations. Etymologically unclear. The  ancient connection with ῥοχθέω 'to rustle, roar' is formally difficult, and does not  explain all attestations; that with ὀρέγω (assuming an enlargement -9-; cf. Schwyzer:  703) is gratuitous as long as the meaning is unclear. See DELG s.v. for interpretations  from antiquity.

XXXXXὀρθαγορίσκος [m.] 'sucking-pig' (Ath., H.), also as a fish-name (Plin.), after its grunting sound, acc. to Stromberg 1943: 69.

    *DER Further βορθαγορίσκια: χοίρεα κρέα. καὶ μικροὶ χοῖροι βορθαγορίσκοι (-θάκεοι  cod.). Λάκωνες 'pig meat; also, small pigs are called β. (Laconian)' (H.).

    *ETYM Acc. to several sources in Ath. 4, 140b, it stands for "ὀρθραγορίσκος, 'ἐπεὶ  πρὸς τὸν ὄρθρον πιπράσκονται᾽, 'because they are sold at day-break'. Thus it would  literally mean 'who has its market at day-break', a qualification which Bechtel 1921, 2:  328 rightly finds remarkable. Still, he considers it to be beyond doubt, and the name  would then be a word of pleasantry. Acc. to Pisani Paideia 13 (1958): 143, it was  created by the Lacedaemonians with unfriendly reference to OpOaydpac, the first  tyrant of Sicyon, whence ὀρθρ- by folk etymology. The meaning was much  discussed. (F)op8aia [f.] epithet of Artemis (Lacon. and Arc. inscr. since VI*, X., Plu.). <1?  *uerd"- 'grow'>

    *VAR Also Fwp-, -θεια, -θεα, -θια.

    *DER ξορθασια (Lacon. and Arc. inscr. since V*), ὀρθωσία (Pi, Hdt., Meg. inscr.);  _-déubtful explanation by Kretschmer Glotta 30 (1943): 155f., see Risch Mus. Helv. τι    (1954): 295.

===Pag_1152: Beekes_Página_1152.tiff=== XXXXXὄρθρος 1101

    *ETYM Traditionally connected with ὀρθός, but this is doubtful, since the latter has  no initial F-, and the semantic connection with Artemis is not clear either. Ruijgh  1967a: $1305 has suggested that the epithet denotes Artemis as a goddess of growth  and fertility; he derives (ε)ορθαία from the IE root *uerd"., Skt. vardh- 'to grow'.

XXXXXὀρθός [adj.] 'upright, straight, right, true' (Il.). «1Ὲ *h,rd"uo- 'high, upright'>

    *DIAL Myc. 0-to-wo-, o-tu-wo- and 0-two-wo- point to /ort"wo-/.

    *COMP As a first member in several compounds, e.g. 6p06-kpaipa (see ▶︎ kpaipa),  ὀρθό-μαντις, -πολις (Pi.), ὀρθο-στάτης [m.] 'column standing upright, etc. (Att. inscr., E.); rarely as a second member, eg. ἔξ-ορθος 'upright' (Ath.), a back-  formation from ἐξ-ορθόω (Ρ].).

    *DER 1. 6p0-to¢ (-10- formal enlargement) 'upright, steep, going up, shrill, loud,  arranged in columns' (A 11), on the difference of mg. against ὀρθός, see Chantraine  1933: 37; thence ὀρθ-ίαξ [m.] (-ἰας H.) 'the lower part of the mast' (Epich.), -ιάζω [v.]  'to cry loudly' (A.), -taopata [pl.] 'high pitch' (Ar.), also 'to raise' (API.), -ίασις [f.]  'erection' (medic.); -tdw = -dw (gloss., sch.). 2. ὀρθ-ηλός 'tall, straight' (Hell. inscr.),  after ὑψηλός; also -ηρός 'id.' (pap. 15). 3. ὀρθέσιον' ὄρθιον, μακρόν, ὀξύ, μέγα 'tall,  sharp, large' (H.), cf. θεσπέσιος, 4. Ὀρθάννης (Pl. Com, inscr.), also single -v- (Phot. H.) [m.] name of a Priapus-like demon (-vv- hypocoristic gemination; cf."Epyavn,  etc.). 5. ὀρθότης [f.] ''uprightness, straight position; correctness' (IA); -οσύνη [f.]  'uprightness' (Democr.). 6. Denominative verbs: a) ὀρθόω 'to raise, straighten,  improve, succeed' (II.), aor. -ῶσαι, often with prefix, especially dt-, kat-, av-. Thence  (δι-, κατ-, ἀν-)όρθωσις [f.] 'raising, etc' (Hp. Arist.), δι-, κατ-, ἀπ-όρθωμα [n.]  'Gmplement for) raising, right act, etc.' (Hp., Arist.), δι-, κατ-ορθωτής [m.]  'improver, etc.' (LXX), ὀρθωτήρ [m.] 'raiser, upholder' (Pi.), dt-, κατ-ορθωτικός  'improving, successful' (Arist.); Ὁ) (δι-)ορθεύω = (δι-)ορθόω (E.).

    *ETYM Traditionally, ὀρθός is identified with Skt. ardhvd- 'raised, high' and derived  from *uord'-uo-; for the initial ¢-, the gloss βορσόν: σταυρόν. Ἠλεῖοι 'pole, stake  (Elean)' (H.) is compared. The words are thought to derive from the verbal root  *uerd"., preserved in Skt. vardhati 'to raise, grow (trans.) and in Av. varad- 'id'. However, it is highly awkward to disassociate ὀρθός and urdhva- from the group of  Lat. arduus 'steep, lofty', Olr. ard 'high, great', and especially Av. araduua- 'high', etc. We have to leave the reflex of the initial in Skt. ardhvd- as an inner-Sanskrit  problem. Note that a similar problem occurs in the correspondence between ὀργή  'impulse, drive' and Skt. arj- 'refreshment, strength'. There is no evidence for initial w- in Mycenaean. This has been explained in a  number of different ways, in order to maintain the connection with Skt. vardhati,  eg. the assumption that PGr. *wo- > *o- at an early date. See ▶︎ ὄρθρος and  > (ε)ορθαία.

XXXXXὀρθόκραιρα —Kpaipa.

XXXXXὄρθρος [m.] 'time before daybreak, time of the cock-crow, first dawn', later 'morning' (h. Merc. 98, Hes. Op. 577). <ΙΕ? h,r-iro- 'sunrise'>

    *COMP ὀρθρο-βόας [m.] name of the cock (AP), cf. ▶︎ ἠϊκανός; τὸ περί-ορθρον 'dawn'  (Th. Hdn.).

===Pag_1153: Beekes_Página_1153.tiff===

    *DER 1. Adjectives ὅρθρ-ιος 'belonging to dawn, happening at dawn' (h. Merc. 143),

XXXXXὈρθρία [f.] name of a goddess (Schwenn ΚἼΜ 86 (1937): 298); -νός 'id? (Arat., LXX, AP), cf. ἑωθινός, εἴς: -ίδιος 'id.' (AP), cf. ἀΐδιος, etc; grades of comparison ὀρθριαΐ- τερος, -τατος (Hdn.), adverbial also ὀρθρί-τερον (pap.) after πρωΐ-, dwi-tepov. 2. Verbs: a) ὀρθρ-εύω, -ομαι 'to be sleepless or awake in the early morning' (E., Theoc.), back-formation Ὄρθρος [m.] name of a mythical dog (Hes. Th. 309), see Kretschmer Glotta 13 (1924): 270, with é1- also 'to be out of bed early' (Ὁ. Chr., Luc.); δ) -iGw 'id? (LXX, Ev. Luc.) with (ἐπ-)ορθρισμός [m.] (Aq, Plu.).

    *ETYM The best etymology proposes *h,r-d'ro-, from the root *h,er- 'to rise' also  found in Lat. ortus 'rise of a star', oriens 'sunrise'. Acc. to Frisk, the meaning 'time  before daybreak, first light of the morning' would seem to contradict this etymology,  but it is unclear why. Frisk further adduced ▶︎ ὀρθαγορίσκος as proof for *FopOp-,  but the relevance of this word for the present entry is doubtfyl. At any rate, a direct  comparison between ὄρθρος and OCS ranz 'SpOptoc', Ru. rdno 'early' as *urdd"-no-  is useless, in view of the unmotivated lengthened grade in the reconstruction.

éptyavov [n.] name of a sharp or bitter tasting herb, 'marjoram, organy, origanum' (Epich., Hp., Ar., Arist.). <?>

    *VAR  Also -ος [f.]; also written dpei-; variant épty- (pap. II*).

    *COMP With determining first member: ἀγρι-ὀρίγανον (Dsc.), cf. Risch IF 59 (1949):  257, τραγ-ὀρίγανον (Nic., Dsc.).

    *DER Optyav-ic (εις) [f.] = μᾶρον, a kind of salve (Ps.-Dsc.), -ἰτης (οἶνος) 'wine spiced  with 67 (Dsc.), -όεις 'belonging to 0. (Nic.); -iwv [m.] name of a frog (Batr.), -ifw 'to  be like ὁ: (Dsc.).

    *ETYM Unexplained word of foreign origin. Marjoram originates fram Northern  Africa. Was it folk-etymologically adapted to ὄρος and yavoc? Incorrectly, Carnoy  REGr. 71 (1958): 97f.

XXXXXὀρίνδης (ἄρτος) [m.] 'bread made of rice flour' (S. Fr. 609 from Ath. 3, 110e, Poll. 6, 73).

    *DER ὀρίνδιον σπέρμα (Poll.); dpivda: ἥν οἱ πολλοὶ ὄρυζαν καλοῦσι 'what most  people call rice' (Phryn. PS 93).

    *ETYM Acc. to Ath. and Poll. lc, ὀρίνδης would be Ethiopian, but in fact it is an  Iranian loan; cf. MoP birinj and Arm. brinj (from Iranian), and see the discussion in  Brust 2005: 488ff. See ▶︎ ὄρυζα.

XXXXXὀρΐνω, -ομαι [v.] 'to excite, stir',(II.). <1E *h,r-i- 'set in movement'>

    *VAR Lesb. dpivvw (only-Hdn., -v- Alc; see Hamm 1957: 36 and 131), aor. ὀρῖναι,  -ασθαι, pass. ὀρινθῆναι.

    *COMP Also with ovv-, ἐξ-, ἀν-.

    *DER ὀρίντης [m.] 'exciter' (Theognost.). Uncertain is the appurtenance of the  Corinthian horsename Opipwv (Fraenkel Gnomon 22 (1950): 238).

    *ETYM The present dpivw, whence the other forms derive, may either be from *dpt-v-  tw (a yod-present built on a nasal present, like κλίνω) or from *dpi-vf-w (a  thematicized vu-present).

===Pag_1154: Beekes_Página_1154.tiff=== XXXXXὅρκος 1103 Disyllabic ori- is found also in Arm. ari [ἰρν.] 'stand up', aor. y-are-ay (< -ari-) 'T stood up', as well as in Lat. orior. These derive from an earlier i-present which is found in Anatolian: Hitt. arai-'/ ari- 'to arise, raise' < h,r-oi-, h,r-i- cf. Kloekhorst 2008 s.v. This is an extension of the root *h,er- 'rise' seen in ▶︎ ὅρνυμι. ὁρκάθους - ἐφ᾽ ὧν τὰ σῦκα ψύχουσιν 'on which figs are dried' (H.).

    *ETYM Unknown. Probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXὀρκάνη 'ἕρκος.

XXXXXὅρκος [m.] 'oath' (1].). 'object to swear by', originally of the water of the Styx (Β 755, Hes., h. Cer. 259). 42>

    *COMP ὀρκ-ωμότης [m.] 'who takes an oath' (Arc., Locr. inscr. VI-V*) with  ὀρκωμοτ-έω [v.] 'to take an oath' (trag., etc.), a compound of ὅρκον ὀμόσαι with a  suffix -t1-; εὔτορκος 'faithful to one's oath' (Hes.) with evopx-éw; év-opkoc 'bound  by oath' (Att.) with ἐνορκ-ίζομαι [v.] 'to bind by oath'; but ἔξορκος 'sworn' (Pi.) is a  back-formation from ἐξ-ορκόω, -ορκίζω; on ▶︎ ἐπίορκος, see s.v; πεντορκ-ία [f.]  'taking of five oaths', 'oath by five gods' (Locr. V*), with a suffix -ia-.

    *DER 1. ὅρκια [pl], rarely -tov [n.] 'objects to swear by, oath pledge, animals  sacrificed for an oath, oath, solemn treaty' (Il.), ὅρκιος 'belonging to an oath, sworn  by (Att., Leg. Gort.). 2. ὁρκικός 'belonging to an oath' (Stoic.). 3. ὁρκόω [v.] 'to make  one swear, put under oath' (IA), aor. -@oat, often with ἐξ-, whence ὁρκώματα [pl.]  'oath' (A.), ὀρκωτής [m.] 'who makes swear, who puts one under oatly (Att:),  ἐξόρκω-σις [f.] 'swearing, adjuration' (Hdt., J.). 4. ὀρκίζω [v.] 'to make one swear,  adjure, administer an oath' (Ion., X., D., Hell, also Dor.), aor. -icat, Dor. fut. ὀρκιξεω  (Delph.), also with δι-, é&-. Thence ὀρκίσματα [ρ].] 'adjurations' (Megara I-IIP), (δι-,  ἐξ-)όρκισμός [m.] 'swearing, adjuration' (LXX, Plb.), ἐξορκισ-τής [m.] 'exorcist'  (Act. Ap.). 5. ὀρκίλλομαι [v.] 'to swear in vain' (Phot.), as if from a pejorative  diminutive *dpkiAoc. 6. -opkéw only in derivatives from compounds, with analogical  formations: evopk-éw (with evopk-ia) from εὔ-ορκος (see above), wevdopk-éw from  ψεύδ-ορκος (Risch IF 59 (1949): 258), with ἐμπεδ-, ἀληθ-, δυσ-, παρ-ορκέω, etc, for  ἐπιορκέω see on ▶︎ ἐπίορκος. Isolated, with a different mg., ὁρκάνη [f.] 'enclosure' (A., E.) beside late ἑρκάνη, like  Ὀργάνη : Ἐργάνη (see on ▶︎ Spyavov and ▶︎ ἔργον); cf. also PN Ὅρκατος (Calymna  1.

    *ETYM Formally, ὅρκος seems to be connected with ἕρκος 'fence' (thus already Eust. and EM), in which case it would properly denote the oath as the bounds that one  assumes, a restriction, tie, or obligation. A meaning 'tie, bond' is indeed found in  ὅρκοι: δεσμοὶ σφραγῖδος 'bonds of a seal' (H.), perhaps to be corrected to  *ogpayidec; cf. also ▶︎ ὁρκάνη. Discussion in Luther 1935: 9off. and Luther 1954: 86ff.,  who assumes that ὅρκος is originally a magical power that fences in the swearer. Bollack REGr.71 (1958): iff. and Hiersche REGr. 71 (1958): 35ff. identify ὅρκος with  the Στύξ, by which the gods swear, and take it as the world-embracing fence (μέγας  ὅρκος). Criticism of these views by Benveniste 1969:2: 165ff., who thinks of ὅρκος as a  sacralizing object, and refuses to give an etymology. Similarly, Leumann 1950: oif.

===Pag_1155: Beekes_Página_1155.tiff===

proposed that ὅρκος = Lat. sorcus or surcus in surculus 'twig', in which case it could denote a staff which is raised when swearing; ὄμνυμι 'to swear' would then properly mean 'to grasp', and ὅρκον ὀμόσαι 'to grasp the staff (cf. on ▶︎ ὄμνυμι). See ▶︎ ἔρκος. ὁρκύπτειν : τὸ ὑπερκύπτειν «πρὸς τὸ» ἰδεῖν Tr τὸ ἐκτείνειν ἑαυτὸν καὶ ἐπ' ὀνύχων ἵστασθαι 'to raise one's head in order to see sth; overstretch oneself and to stand on one's toe-nails' (H.). Cf. Opkuatev- ὑπερέκυπτεν ἐπαιρόμενος (Suid.), 1.8. 'to stand on the tips of one's toes, in order to see over the heads of others'.

    *ETYM Contains κύπτω; acc. to DELG, the first part is suggestive of ὄρνυμαι or  ὀρθός, but the spiritus is unexplained.

%, i ὅρκῦς, -ῦνος [m.] 'tuna' (middle com., Arist.).

    *VAR  Later ὅρκῦνος (Dorio and Hikes. [I*] in Ath.).

    *DER Opkvvetov [n.] mg. uncertain (Halicarn. V*). On the stem-formation see  Schwyzer: 458 and 488. Also ὁρκύαλος 'id' (v.l. Xenocr. apud Orib.), like φύσαλος,  etc. (Stromberg 1943: 127f.).

    *ETYM Unexplained loanword; cf. Thompson 1947 s.v. Probably Pre-Greek; note the  suffix and the meaning.

XXXXXὄρμενος [m.] 'shoot, stalk, stick, especially of cabbage and asparagus' (Diph. Siph. and Posidipp. [Π1] in Ath.). «ἢ»

    *VAR  Plur. also -a; also dp-.

    *DER Oppevoets 'having a (long) stalk' (Nic.); ἐξ-ορμενίζω 'ὄρμενα ἐκβάλλειν, to put  forth shoots' (S. Ichn. 275 [uncertain], Nicostr. Com., Phryn., Poll.).

    *ETYM Formally identical with the aor. ptc. of ὄρνυμι, which is semantically quite  plausible. Cf. ▶︎ ἔρνος.

XXXXXὁρμή [f] 'onset, assault, onrush, outset, effort' (Il).

    *COMP As a second member in ἐφορμή 'onset, assault' (x 130, Th.), ἀφορμή 'starting  point, resource, etc.' (IA), but these are back- formations from ég-, ἀφ-ορμάω (cf. Chantraine 1933: 149).

    *DER Denominatives: 1. 6ppaivw [v.]'to (reconsider, ponder' (II.), aor. -ῆναι (rarely  with ἐφ-, ὑπερ-); on the mg. as opposed to μερμηρίζω, etc. see Voigt 1934, later 'to  put in violent motion, be eager' (A., Pi., B.); perhaps ὁρμανόν: ἀνεστηκός, χαλεπόν  'stirred up, troublesome' (H.); analogical oppdoteipa [f.] 'she who urges on' (Orph. ΗΔ like θερμάστρα, etc. beside θερμαίνω. 2. ὁρμάω [v.] 'to incite, excite', intr. (also  midd.) 'to rise quickly, charge, begin' (11), aor. -ῆσαι, often with prefix, especially  ag-, ἐφ-, nap-, ἐξ-, Thence ὁρμήματα [pl.] 'onrush' (Β 356 = 590), (παρ-)όρμημα [n.]  'onset, incitement' (LXX, Epicur.), (nap-, ἐφ-, ἐξ-)όρμησις [f.] 'incitement, onset,  assault, eagerness' (X., Plb.); ὁρμ-ητήριον, Dor. -ἃτήριον [n.] '(operation) base' (Att.,  Cret. II-II*), -ητής [m.] 'he who urges on' (Philostr. Iun.), -ητίας [m.] 'id.' (Eust.),  (ἐφ-, ag-, map-, ἐξ-)ορμητικός 'offensive, desiring, eager, etc.' (Ti. Locr., Arist.);  back-formation ἄφορμος 'setting off, leaving' (S.).

===Pag_1156: Beekes_Página_1156.tiff=== XXXXXὅρμος 2 1105

    *ETYM Traditionally compared with Skt. sdérma- [m.] 'flowing, streaming' (only RV1,  80,5), from a verbal root seen in Skt. si-sar-ti, sdr-ati 'to flow, stream', also 'to hurry,  drive, etc., which is formally excellent and semantically possible. However, within  Greek one might also compare ὄρνυμι 'stir' and propose a pre-form *or-sma- (a  similar formation is perhaps continued in ▶︎ ἅρμα). The form ἑρμή: ἔξοδος 'way out'  (H.), with a variant ἐρίμη 'id', is difficult to assess.

XXXXXὅμικας Ξ'μύμηξ.

XXXXXὄρμῖνον [n.] 'sage, Salvia Horminum' (Thphr.).

    *VAR Also -o¢ [m.]; also -piv-.

    *ETYM Formation like oéXivov, κύμῖνον, καρδαμΐνη, βολβΐνη, etc. (Chantraine 1933:  204, Schwyzer: 491). Frisk mentions three options: a loan (like the first two words), a  derivative from ὅρμος (though the semantics would need further argumentation), or  one from ὁρμή 'assault, onrush' (Stromberg 1940: 93), as the plant was used as an  aphrodisiac. However, the word is no doubt Pre-Greek, just like the other words  with a suffix -ἰν- (not in Fur.).

XXXXXὅρμος 1 [m.] 'chain, necklace, lace' (Σ 401); name of a dance in a ring (Luc.).

    <IE *sor-  mo- 'string'>

    *DER 1. Diminutive ὁρμ-ίσκος [m.] 'small necklace' (Att. inscr., LXX), 'signet-cord'  (LXX, J.) together with -ίσκιον name of a precious stone (Plin.); 2. -τά [f.] 'fishing-  line' (Pl. Com., Antiph., Arist.), ὁρμια-τόνος [m.] 'angler' (E. Hel. 1615); 3. ὁρμ-αθός  [m.] 'string, chain' (w 8, Ar. PI.), on the formation see Chantraine 1933: 367,  although -αθος seems to be Pre-Greek, cf. ▶︎ γνάθος), with -άθιον (Gal.), -αθίζω [v.]  'to string' (H., Suid.). 4. bp-dpjuov [n.] acc. to Ael. Dion. Fr. 417 napa τοῖς παλαιοῖς  χρυσοῦν τι κοσμάριον 'among the ancients, a little golden ornament'.

    *ETYM Old thematic derivative with a suffix -mo-, from the root seen in ▶︎ εἴρω 1  'string. Martirosyan 2010 s.v. connects it with Arm. orm 'wall', which is formally  impeccable.

XXXXXὅρμος 2 [m.] 'anchorage, road(stead), harbour', also metaph. (Il).

    <IE? *sor-mo-  'string'>

    *COMP ὁρμο-φύλαξ 'harbour-master' (pap.); often as a second member, e.g. πάν-  ορμος 'offering anchorage to all (ships) (λιμένες, v 195), often as a PN (Sicily, etc.),  δύσ-ορμος 'with a bad harbour, inhospitable' (A., X.); often with preposition, partly  as back-formations from the relevant verbs: ἔξ-ορμος 'sailing out' (E.), to ἐξ-ορμέω,  ὕφτ-ορμος 'at anchor, fit for anchoring' (Ph. Str.), also [m.] 'anchorage' (Arist., Str.),  to ὑφ-ορμέω, πρόσ-ορμος [m.] 'id' (Str.), to mpdo-oppéw, -ορμίζω.

    *DER Two denominatives: 1. ὁρμέω 'to be at anchor (in the harbour)y (IA), also with  ἐφ- ἐξ-, ὑφ-, etc., with ἐφόρμησις [f.] and (as a back-formation) Epoppog [m.] 'being  at anchor, blockade' (Th.). 2. ὁρμίζω 'to bring to an anchorage or harbour', -opat 'to  anchor, moor' (1].), aor. -ioat, -ἰσασθαι, often with prefix, e.g. év-, mpoo-, καθ-, μεθ-. Thence (προσ-, etc.)dppiotg [f.] 'anchoring' (Th.), (ἐν-)όρμισμα [n.] 'anchorage,  anchoring' (App.), προσορμισμός [m.] 'anchoring' (sch.), προσορμιστήριον (H. as an

===Pag_1157: Beekes_Página_1157.tiff===

explanation of ἐπίνειον [cod. ἐπήνιον]), ὁρμιστηρία [f.] 'rope for anchoring, attaching' (Ph., Ὁ. S.), ὀρμίστρια [f.] 'the anchoress' epithet of Isis (pap. ΠΡ

    *ETYM No certain etymology. Often connected with ▶︎ ὁρμὴ 'impulse', but with  various ways of argumentation for the semantics (details in Frisk). Connection with  > cipw 'to string' is more promising, starting from an original meaning 'attachment'  and identity with ὅρμος 'chain'. Comparison with ▶︎ ἕρμα, in plur. 'supporting  stones', has also been proposed (unclear).

XXXXXὄρνεον [n.] 'bird' (N 64). «1Ὲ *h,er-n- 'bird'>

    *VAR Also Spvic, -ἶθος [m., f.] '(augural) bird' (IL), in later Att. especially 'hen, cock',  accsg. also τιν, plur. also -εἰς, -ἰς (trag., D.),, Dor. -ixos, etc. (Pi, Alcm., B., Theoc.,  Cyrene), dat-pl. -ίχεσσι and -ἰξι, whence nom.sg. -ἰξ, gen.pl. τίκων (Hell. pap.)

    *COMP A few late compounds, e.g. ὀρνεο-θηρευτική [f.] 'the art of bird-catching'  (Ath.). Often as a first member, e.g. ὀρνιθο-θήρας [m.] 'bird-catcher' (Ar., Arist.),  ὀρνιχο-λόχος [m.] 'id? (Pi). Also as a second member, e.g. δύστ-ορνις 'with bad  auspices' (A., E., Plu.), πολυ-όρνιθος 'rich of birds' (E.).

    *DER A: From ὄρνεον: ὀρνε-ώδης 'bird-like' (Plu.), -ώτης [m.] 'bird-catcher' (Poll),  -ακός 'avian' (Tz.), -άζομαι 'to twitter' (Aq.), 'to hold one's head up high' ('watching  the birds', Com. Adesp.). B: From ὄρνις: 1. diminutives ὀρνίθ-ιον (IA), -ἄάριον (com, Arist.), also opv-bgiov  (Thphr, Dsc.), rather from ὄρνεον. Substantives: 2. ὀρνιθ-ᾶς, -ἅ ([m.] 'poulterer'  (pap. II-VIP); 3. -ἰαι [m.pl.] 'bird-winds', which bring migratory birds (Ion., Arist.),  χειμὼν ὀρνιθίας (Ar.); cf. ἐτησίαι, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 95); -ίας [m.] 'bird-fancier'  (Lib.); -wv [m.] PN (Att.); 4. ὀρνιθ-ών, -ῶνος [m.] 'henhouse' (inscr., pap.); 5.

XXXXXὀρνιθία [f.] 'poisoning by bird dung' (Hippiatr.). Adjectives: 6. ὀρνίθ-ειος fof a bird, of achicken' (Att.); 7. τικός 'belonging to birds, hens' (Luc.); 8. τὰ ὀρνιθιακά name of a work on birds by Ὁ. P. (on the formation Schwyzer: 497 with lit.); 9. -w6ng¢ 'bird- like' (Arist.). Verbs: 10. ὀρνιθ-εύω 'to catch birds' (X.), -evopat 'to watch the birds, auspicari' (Ὁ. H.) together with -eia [f.] 'auspicium' (PIb.), -ευτής [m.] 'bird-catcher' (Att.), -ευτική [f] 'the art of bird-catching' (P1.); τι. ὀρνιθ-όομαι 'to be changed into a bird' (Philoch.); 12. ὀρνιθ-ιάζω 'to speak the language of birds' (sch. Ar. Av.). Further ὄρνιος = ὀρνίθ-ειος (AP), ὀρνίζω 'to twitter' (Aq.), uncertain; cf. ὀρνεάζομαι above. On itself stands ὀρναπέτιον [n.] (Boeot., Ar. Ach. 913), hypocoristic and contempting, with unclear a; cf. further κινώπετον, ἑρπετόν, etc., also Bechtel 1921, 1: 308. On the various formations see F. Robert 1944: 67ff.

    *ETYM Both dpv-eov and dpv-i-¢ derive from an n-stem *h,er-n-, which in ὄρνεον  was enlarged with a suffix -e(\jo-, probably marking gender (Chantraine 1933: 62). The more common form dpvic is originally a feminine derivative in *-ih,, to which  the suffixes -0-, Dor. -x- were later added. The n-stem that must be assumed for Greek is also found in the Germanic and  Anatolian words for 'eagle': Go. ara, gen. *arins, ON ari, and orn < *arn-u-, OE earn,  etc, Hitt. paran-. Balto-Slavic has an |-stem, e.g. Lith. erélis from older arélis, OCS  orvle, Ru. orél 'eagle'.

===Pag_1158: Beekes_Página_1158.tiff=== XXXXXὄροβος 1107

XXXXXὄρνυμαι [v.] 'to stir, rise, rush away, hurry' especially 'to excite, incite, revive' (11...

    *VAR Aor. ὠρόμην, -ετο, often older athem. ὦρτο, ptc. ὄρμενος, etc., fut. ὀροῦμαι,  ὀρεῖται, perf. Spwpa; act. ὄρνυμι, also -bw, aor. ὦρσα, redupl. 355. Mpope, fut. dpow,  aor. pass. 3pl. ὦὧρθεν (Corinn.). Further dpovw 'to rise quickly, rush away' (IL), fut. 6povow, in Hom. only aor. ὀροῦσαι, often with prefix (e.g. ἐπ, ἀν-, év-, €&-).

    *COMP Also with prefixes like én-, ὑπ-, av-. As a first member in governing  compounds, e.g. ὀρσο-τρίαινα [m.] 'wielder of the trident' (Pi.), ὀρσί-αλος 'stirring  the sea' (B.), PNs like Ὀρσέ-λαος (Boeot.), Ὀρσί-λοχος (Il.) beside Ὀρτί-λοχος  (Dor.); see Schwyzer: 442, Bechtel 1917b: 353f., Wackernagel 1916: 236. As a second  member in the compound kovi-optdc (see ▶︎ κόνις), in verbal adjectives like 8é-optoc  'sprung from the gods' (Pi. A.), νέτορτος 'newly arisen' (S.).

    *DER Perhaps »Opur. Further only ὄρουσις [f.] 'rise, ὅρμησις, ὁρμή᾽ (Stoic.),  ὁρούματα: ὁρμήματα, πηδήματα 'leaps' (H.); remarkable ὀρσότης, -ητος [f.] = ὁρμή  (Critias), ὀρσίτης [m.] name of a Cretan dance (Ath.).

    *ETYM The pervasive o-vocalism points to a reconstruction *h,er-. Traces of an e-  grade have been supposed in ἔρετο: ὡρμήθη 'was excited' (H.), etc. (see ▶︎ ἐρέθω), as  well as in Λα-έρτης (related to ▶︎ λαός), but such forms can never derive directly  from *h,er-. It is best to derive these forms from the root *her-, or to assume  secondary ablaut in Greek. Kiimmel 20002: 253-266 has found a distinction in Indo-Aryan between the roots  'ar- 'sich in Bewegung setzen' < *h,er-, aor. drta (= @pto), pres. irte, and ar- 'treffen,  stofen auf, wohin gelangen' < *h,r-, pres. rcchati (cf. ▶︎ ἔρχομαι). This gives a solid  foundation to the formal distinction between PIE roots *h,er- and *h,er- on the basis  of the root vocalism. The presents ὄρνυμι, Skt. rudti, and Hitt. arnu-*' 'to deport, etc.' may be old parallel  formations (though Hitt. may rather derive from *h,r-nu- as a productive causative  formation). An original form *ipvuju (1 was assumed to be a schwa secundum like in κίρνημι; see  on ▶︎ κεράννυμι) was formerly found in the epithet Ἐπιρνύτιος: Ζεὺς ἐν Κρήτῃ (H.),  but the connection is arbitrary, and formally impossible in laryngealist terms (*h,r-  always gives Gr. ὀρ-). Under an analysis *h,r-n-eu-, we may compare the aorist  ὀροῦσαι, whence later the rare present 6povw, as an o-colored full grade (cf. κρούω,  κολούω) from an extended root *h,r-u-; compare Lat. ru6 'to rush, collapse'. See  > ὀρίνω, ▶︎ ὄρος, ▶︎ οὖρος 1.

XXXXXὄροβος [m.] 'chickpea, Vicia Ervilia', plur. 'chickpea seeds' (Ηρ., Ὁ., Arist., Thphr.).

    *COMP ὀροβ-άγχη [f.] name of a weed, 'smotherer of the 6poBoc', 'Cuscuta' (Thphr.,  Dsc., Gp.); πεντ- όροβος (also -ώρ- with compositional lengthening) [m.] properly  'with five dp.', name of the γλυκυσίδη, usually metaph. of an architectural ornament  (Hell. inscr., Dsc., Plin.).

    *DER 1. Diminutives: ὀρόβ-ιον [n.], also 'flour made of dp. (Hp. Ph. Dsc.), =  χρυσοκόλλης εἶδος 'kind of dish of linseed and honey' (H.); -άδιον [n.] = ὀρόβαξ

===Pag_1159: Beekes_Página_1159.tiff===

(Ps.-Dsc.). 2. -ἰίας [m.] name of a kind of ἐρέβινθος and a kind of λίβανος (Thphr., Dsc.). 3. τίτης [m.] (λίθος), name of an Spofoc-like stone (Ὁ. S.), -ἴτις [f.] 'prepared χρυσόκολλα᾽ (Plin.). 4. -αξ [f.] = γλυκυσίδη (Ps.-Dsc.), τακχος σίδης [pl.] 'fruit of the pomegranate' (Nic.), -άκχη: βοτάνη τις. οἱ δὲ τῆς ῥοιᾶς τοὺς καρπούς 'a plant; others: the fruit of the pomegranate tree' (H.). 5. τηθρον [n.] plant name = ὑποκισθίς (Ps.-Dsc.), cf. θορύβ-, κόπ-ηθρον, etc., Chantraine 1933: 373f. 6. «voc ἄλευρον 'meal of 5' (Ph., Dsc.). 7. -ιαῖος 'of the size of a dp.' (Dsc.). 8. ὠροβισμένοι- κεχορτασμένοι ἀπὸ τῶν βοῶν (leg. 6pdBwv?) 'fed, fattened, of cows' (H.).

    *ETYM Like ἐρέβινθος, Lat. ervum, etc. an old substrate word, probably from the  eastern Mediterranean area. In any case, ὄροβος need not have undergone  assimilation from *époBoc, as per Schmidt RZ 32 (1893): 325. For further details, see  ▶︎ ἐρέβινθος.

XXXXXὀρόδαμνος [π|.] 'branch, twig' (Thphr., Call., Nic. AP).

    *DER Diminutive opodapvic [f.] (Theoc.).

    *ETYM Probably for Aeol. ξρόδαμνος = ▶︎ ῥάδαμνος, with ὀ- as a graphic indication  for F (cf. ▶︎ ὀρίνδης). The form ὄραμνος 'id' (Nic., AP) is unclear; it is probably not a  cross with dppevoc.

XXXXXὀροθύνω [v.] 'to excite, incite, revive' (1]., also A. Pr. 202). 4GR?>

    *VAR Aor. ὀροθῦναι.

    *COMP Also with ἐξ-, ἀμφ-.

    *ETYM Acc. to Frisk, a secondary formation from ▶︎ ἐρέθω, replacing earlier *opo8éw  (after θαρσύνω, ὁτρύνω, etc.), or directly from a lost noun *épo8oc. Not assimilated  from ᾿ἐροθύνω; see Van Beek fthc.b.

XXXXXὄρομαι [v.]

    *VAR Only ὄρονται, -vto (epic). =dpaw.

XXXXXSpov [?] - σκεῦός τι γεωργικὸν ὡς ᾿Ισαῖος (fr. 5) 'an agricultural tool acc. to I' ... μήποτε μέντοι τὸ ὄρον παρά te Αἰσχύλῳ καὶ παρὰ Μενάνδρῳ σημαίνει @ τὴν πεπατημένην σταφύλην πιέζουσι (Harp. 139) so the piece of wood with which bunches of grapes are crushed; also for olives (Poll. 7, 150); cf. SEG 11, 244. <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXὀρόντιον [n.] 'cuckoo-pint', name of a plant used as a remedy against jaundice (Archig, apud Gal.). «ΡΟ»

    *ETYM Acc. to Stromberg 1944: 51, from the PN Ὀρόντης; naming motive unknown. Pur.: 345 refers to Gams in DKP 1: 602f., who connects it with ἄρον 'Natterwurz', a  kind of shore-weed.

XXXXXὀρός [m.] 'the watery part of curdled milk, whey', also metaph. of other liquids (Od., Hp., PL, Arist.).

    *COMP ὀρο-ποτέω [v.] 'to drink whey', with -in [f.] (Hp.).

    *DER ὁρώδης 'whey-like' (Thphr.); ἐξορ-ίζω [v.] 'to press out the whey' (EM, H.).

    *ETYM An oxytonized agent noun (like τροφός, etc.; see Chantraine 1933: of.) with  Ionian psilosis, beside the action noun in Lat. serum [n.] 'id.', Skt. sard- 'flowing,

===Pag_1160: Beekes_Página_1160.tiff===

liquid', from the verbal root *ser- 'run, flow' retained in Skt. sésarti, sérati, aor. asarat.

XXXXXὅρος [m.] 'border, boundary mark (pole, column, stone), term, limit, mark, appointment, definition' (Att.). <1E? ueru- 'draw', uoru-o->

    *VAR  οὖρος (IL).

    *DIAL Myc. wo-wo /worwos/, Corc. opfoc, Cret., Arg. dpoc, Heracl. ὄρος. Brixhe  REGr. 109 (1996): 640 adds ὄρρος (Heracl. Pont.) < *hdproc, also 3ppoc (Chalcid.,,  Megar.), cf. RPh. 71 (1997) 170.

    *COMP As a first member, e.g. ὁρο-θεσία [f.] 'the fixing of boundaries' (Hell. inscr.,  Act. Ap., pap.), like νομο-θεσία, etc., formally from ὁρο-θέτης (gloss.), a composition  of ὅρον θεῖναι with a suffix -τη-; often as a second member, e.g. Si-wpoc 'with two  boundary stones' (Arc. IV*), ἀμφ-ούριον [n.] 'toll paid by the seller to the owner of  the neighbouring estate as a fixation of the sale' (pap. II", Rhod. inscr. II"),

XXXXXἀμφουριασμός [m.] (ἀμφουρι-άζω); on ▶︎ εὐθυωρία, see s.v.

    *DER 1. Spia [n.pl.] (rarely sg.) 'borderline, border areas, etc' (Hp. Att., Arc.); 2. ὁρία  [f.] 'border' (Att. inscr.); 3. ὅριος 'belonging to the border' (Ζεὺς ὅρ., PL., D.) = Lat. Terminus (D. H., Plu.); 4. ὁρικός 'ptng. to definition' (Arist.); 5. ὁρ-αία τεκτονική =  gruma, -taiog λίθος (gloss.); 6. ὁρίζω (Ion. ovp-) [v.] 'to border, demarcate, separate,  determine, define' (IA), aor. -ioa, often with prefix, e.g. δι- (ἐπι-δι-, etc.), ἀφ-, περι-,  προσ-, with (ag-, περι-, δι-)ὄρισμα (also οὔρ-) 'delimitation, border' (Hdt., E.), (ag-,  περι-, εἰς. )όρισμός 'delimitation, determination, etc.' (Att.), (61-)Sptots (Pl., Arist.),  ὁρισ-τής [m.] 'land surveyor' (Att, Tab. Heracl.), -τικός 'ptng. to delimitation or  determination, limiting, defining' (Arist.). 7. On ▶︎ ὀρεύς, see s.v.

    *ETYM In view of Mycenaean, all Greek forms must go back to Fopfoc. This can be  connected wih Lat. urvadre (amb-) 'to mark out a boundary with a furrow' (Enn. apud Fest., Dig.); the basic noun is urvum 'curved part of a plough' (Varro) <  *u(o)ru-o-, which may in principle continue the same formation as ᾿ξόρρος. Within Greek, further connection wih péptw 'to draw' is probable. See ▶︎ ovpoi,  ▶︎ οὖρον 2.

XXXXXὄρος [n.] 'mountain, height'; also (in Egypt) 'desert' in contrast to the cultivated plain (1... <1E h,er- 'rise', h,er-s->

    *VAR With metrical lengthening οὔρ-εος, -ea, etc. (epic), also ὥρ-εος, -εα (Theoc.).

    *DIAL Myc. o-re-a; /ore*a/.

    *COMP As a first member: 1. with unenlarged stem ia. in ▶︎ ὀρεσκῷος; 2. thematically  enlarged in dpeo-céAtvov [n.] 'mountain-parsley' (Thphr.); 3. often in loc.sg., e.g. ὀρει-δρόμος 'going through the mountains' (Pi., E., Nonn.); thence ia. ὀρεί-χαλκος  [m.] 'mountain ore, brass' (h. Hom. 6, 9, Hes. Sc. 122), borrowed as Lat. orichalcum,  folk-etymological auri-; also ὠρό-χαλκος (Perip!. M. Rubr., PGiss. 47, 6), perhaps w-  = Lat. au-; 4. in loc.pl., e.g. ὀρεσί-τροφος 'grown up in the mountains' (Hom.).

    *DER 1. ὀρέσ-τερος 'living in the mountains, consisting of mountains' (X 93); 2. ὄρειος (epic lyr. οὔρ-) 'mountainous' (h. Merc. 244) < *ores-io-, fem. -ειάς (AP), as a  substantive 'mountain-nymph' (Bion, Nonn.); 3. ὀρεινός < *ores-no- 'id' (IA); 4. Ὀρέσ-της [m.] PN (Il.), with Ὀρεστ-άδης, opéot(e ov [n.] = ἑλένιον (Dsc., Plin.);

===Pag_1161: Beekes_Página_1161.tiff===

Ὀρέσ-ται [π|.Ρ1.] 'highlanders', name of an Epeirotic people (Th.); ὀρεστιάδες νύμφαι (Z 420, ἢ. Hom. 19, 19), metrical for πόρεστ-άδ- (Schwyzer: 508); ὀρεστ-ίας [m.] 'mountain wind' (Call.), like Ὀλυμπίας, εἴς. 5. ὀρώδης 'mountainous' (EM).

    *ETYM The original meaning is 'elevation', a verbal noun *h,er-s- related to the root  of ▶︎ Spvuptat 'to rise, εἴς. A further derivative of this s-stem may be found in Skt. γενά- 'rising up, high', See ▶︎ ὄρρος, ▶︎ ὀρσοθύρῃ.

XXXXXὀρούω = dpvvpat.

XXXXXὀροφή, -φος Ξ'ἐρέφω.

XXXXXὅρπαξ [5] - θρασὺς ἄνεμος 'rough wind' (H.). «Ῥο» Ἔ

    *ETYM Fur.: 327f. compares 'Opa: Ἐρινύς (Η.) and "Οριψα: Ἐρινύς (H.) with    anaptyctic vowel, as well as ▶︎ ἁρπάζω. Probably Pre-Greek. Perhaps Ἅρπυια (Fur.:  327, 347) also belongs here?

XXXXXSpas [Ὁ] - τῆς ἀκρίδος ὁ γόνος, ἔνθεν yapov ποιοῦσι 'offspring of the locust, from which sauce is made' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXὅρπη [f.] - σίδηρος ἐν ᾧ τὸν ἐλέφαντα τύπτουσι 'metal in which ivory is beaten' (H.).

    *ETYM DELG compares ▶︎ ἅρπη 'elephant-goad',

XXXXXὅρπηξ [m.] 'sprig, twig, (shaft of a) spear' (Φ 38, Hes. Op. 468). ΝΑΙ Also 6-; Dor. Aeol. -a&, -κος.

    *COMP εὐ-όρπηξ 'with fair twigs' (Nonn.).

    *ETYM Formation like σκώληξ, κάχληξ, νάρθηξ, etc. without a clear etymology. The  comparison with Lith. vdrpa 'ear' is not very illuminating; derivation from the root  of Lat. sarpé 'to trim the vines', sarmentum 'osiers', ▶︎ ἅρπη 'sickle' is unlikely, as an  o-grade of this root is not attested elsewhere. Frisk connects ἕρπω in the sense of a  slow movement over the ground: 'crawler, sneaker'. It is rather a Pre-Greek word, given the suffix -ax-.

XXXXXὄρρος [m.] 'rump, arse' (Ar.), 'end of the os sacrum' (Gal.).

    <IE *hrs-, *h,ors-  'bottom, arse'>



    *COMP As a first member in dppo-mby-tov, Ion. ὀρσο-, see ▶︎ πυγή. As a second  member in παλίν-ορσος 'moving back' (Γ 33, Emp.); -pp- (Ar. Ach. 1179); not in  ▶︎ ἄψορρος.

    *DER ὀρρώδης 'belonging to the rump' (Hp., Gal.), ὀρροχμόν: ἔσχατον, ἄκρον  utmost, extremity' (H.), perhaps after ▶︎ νεοχμός.

    *ETYM Old inherited expression for 'bottom, ass', avoided by the epic because of its  vulgar status, and identical with the Germanic group of OHG ars, MoE arse, Arm. οἵ, plur. o7-k* (i-stem), and Hitt. arra- 'id', all pointing to IE *Hors-o-, *Hors-i-. Regarding the color of the laryngeal, Olt. err 'tail' seems to point to original *h,ers-  h.- but, alternatively, the Celt. e-vocalism is a secondary development. In the latter  case, the word could be understood as enlargement of an s-stem *h,er-(o)s-  'elevation', and would thus be closely related to ▶︎ ὄρος 'mountain'.

===Pag_1162: Beekes_Página_1162.tiff=== XXXXXὀρσοθύρῃη 1111 The intervocalic sequence -rs- was probably retained in Greek when preceded by the accent (it subsequently became -pp- in Attic), but s dropped with compensatory lengthening if the accent followed (cf. on ▶︎ οὐρά). See ▶︎ ὀρσοθύρη.

XXXXXὀρρωδέω [v.] 'to shudder, fear, dread' (Att.). «ΟΕ»

    *VAR Ion. dppwdéw (Hp., Hdt.).

    *COMP Also with prefix, especially xat-.

    *DER OppwOla, ἀρρωδίη [f.] 'fear, dread' (Hdt., Th., E.).

    *ETYM Not definitively explained. The proposal by Bréal MSL 8 (1894): 309 is  semantically attractive: oppw5éw comes from dppoc 'ass' through *dppwdn¢ 'afraid,  anxious', like in MoFr. couard, Ital. codardo from Lat. coda. However, this would  amount to assuming that the Att. form with -pp- came into Jonic with substitution  of app- for opp- (perhaps after ἀρρωστέω, -ia?), which is hard to believe. Acc. to  Schmidt KZ 25 (1881): 2, Att. dpp- developed from older app- by assimilation to the  folowing w; a better option seems folk-etymological influence of dppog on original  ἀρρ-. Taillardat RPh. 71 (1997): 170 (also DELG Supp.) defends the old interpretation as  tov dppov idpotv 'to shit in the pants' vel sim. The ἀ- would be due to Ionic  dissimilation of 6 - w. Fur.: 342 considers the word to be Pre-Greek, which would make the variation a-/ ὁ-  understandable.

XXXXXὀρσοδάκνη [f] name of an insect which eats the buds of plants (Arist. HA 5528). < GRP

    *ETYM See Gil Fernandez 1959: 140. The word probably contains ▶︎ ὄρρος (-po-) and  > δάκνω.

XXXXXὀρσοθύρη [f.] especially a side-door or side-opening at the back, leading from the men's hall in the Aavpr to the rooms upstairs (χ 126, 132, 333); see Wace JHS 71 (1951): 203ff., Bérard REGr.67 (1954): 18ff.; also sens. obsc. (Semon. 17). 41Ε Hors-o- 'back' + d'uer-'door'>

    *DER With dpoo-, we also find: ὀρσολόπος epithet of Ares, who cuts the enemy into  pieces (Anacr. 70 = 393 P), ὀρσολοπεύω (metrical for -éw) [v.] 'to attack, revile' (h. Merc. 308, Max. 102), -ἕομαι 'to be teased or disquieted' (A. Pers. 10); ὀρσολόπος  'attacker' vel sim., properly = ὁ λέπων τὸν dSppov 'who thrashes the back', scil. τοῦ  φυγόντος πολεμίου 'of the fleeing enemy', cf. Lasso de la Vega Emerita 23 (1955): 114f. Further ▶︎ ὀρσοδάκνη [f.] name of an insect that eats buds (Arist.); naming motive  unknown.

    *ETYM It is clear that the first element should be identified with ὄρρος, ὄρσος 'back,  ass', for which we may compare παλίν-ορσος in Homer (but not Gyoppoc). The  word means 'back door', which is a very natural interpretation. Following sources from antiquity, others explained it as a high door, connecting  either Skt. rsvd- 'high' or vars- in vdrs-man- [n.] 'culmen' cf. also εἰρεθύρη (H.) and  ἔρθυρις (EM). See Risch IF 59 (1944): 20. In the same sphere belongs ὀρρόβηλος:  ὀδός (cod. 66-). Ἰταλιῶται 'threshold' (H.).

===Pag_1163: Beekes_Página_1163.tiff===

However, there is no indication in our texts that the door is located above the ground, and the obscene use in Semon. (though in an unclear context) proves the connection with ὀρρος.

XXXXXὀρσοί [m.] - τῶν ἀρνῶν οἱ ἔσχατοι γενόμενοι (Η.). <?>

    *ETYM The word resembles ▶︎ ἕρσαι, with different vocalism and with different  inflexion.

XXXXXὀρταλίς [f.] 'hen' (Nic. Al. 294). <?> ; 4

    *DER ὀρτάλιχος [m.] 'young bird' (A. Ag. 54, Ar. Ach. 871, AP, Opp.), young animal  (8. Fr. 793), 'chick' (Theoc.), -ἰχεύς [m.] 'jd (Nic. Αἰ. 228: accus. τῆα, metrical  enlargement in verse-final position). Denominative ἀν-ορταλίζω [v.] 'to prance, clap  the wings like a hen (cocky' vel sim. (Ar. Eq. 1344).

    *ETYM Popular formations in -ἰς and -1Xo¢ (cf. andovic, κόψιχος, etcs see Chantraine  1933: 344 and 403), or perhaps rather with -αλίς like in συκ-αλίς, Sopk-aric (to δορκ-  dc), etc. It is assumed to be derived from a noun "όρτος of unknown meaning. The  obvious connection with ὄρνυμαι 'rise, come into movement' (cf. κονι-ορτός, θέ-  ορτος) does not mean much semantically.

XXXXXὄρτυξ [m.] 'quail, Coturnix vulgaris' (Epich., IA); also as a plant-name = στελέφουρος, 'Plantago Lagopus' (Thphr.), cf. Strémberg 1937: 50.

    <IE? *uort- 'quail'; PG?>

    *VAR Fem. in Lyc. 401; γόρτυξ (1.6. ξόρτυξ), -ὔγος (H.), -vKkog (Philem. 245).

    *COMP As a first member in ὀρτυγο-μήτρα [f.] 'quail-mother', 'corncrake, Rallux  crex (Cratin., Arist, LXX), acc. to H. = ὄρτυξ ὑπερμεγέθης; as a second member in  φιλ-όρτυξ 'quail-loving' (Pl. Ly. 212d).

    *DER Diminutive ὀρτύγιον [n.] (com.); Ὀρτυγία, -(n [f.] old name of the island Delos  and other islands (Od., Str.), see Tréheux BCH 70 (1946): 560ff., thence epithet of  Artemis (S.); patronymic Optuyiwv (Euboea).

    *ETYM Formed like the rare bird names ἴβυξ, BaiBuk; cf. also κόκκῦξ, πτέρυξ, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 397, Schwyzer: 498). Except for the ending, ξόρτυξ corresponds to  Skt. (Ved.) vartika [f] 'quail', later attested as vartaka- [m.], with the highly  productive suffixes -ika- and -aka-. Note also MoP vardij- 'id'. The original form of    the word cannot be reconstructed. Fur. 122 points out that both the suffix and the  variation «/y point to a loan. ὀρύα τ: [f.] 'intestine' (Epich.). <PG?(v)>

    *VAR In H. also -ova.

    *ETYM Not certainly explained. The connection with Lat. arvina [f.] 'grease, fat, lard,  especially around the intestines' is doubtful (see Pok. 782 and WH s.v.); E-M points  out that the ending -ina recalls the Etr. ending -éna, -in(n)a. The variation -va/ -ova  might point to a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXopva 2 [f.] name of an instrument used in a quarry (PCair. Zen. 759 [III*]).

    *ETYM See ▶︎ ὀρύττω.

XXXXXὄρυζα [f.] 'rice' (Aristobul. Hist., Megasth., Str.).

    *VAR ὄρυζον [n.] (Thphr.).

===Pag_1164: Beekes_Página_1164.tiff=== XXXXXὀρφανός 1113

    *COMP ὀρυζο-τροφέω [v.] 'to grow rice' (Str.).

    *DER Diminutive ὀρύζ-ιον [n.] (sch.), -ίτης πλακοῦς 'rice-cake' (Chrysipp. Tyan.).

    *ETYM Eastern Iranian loan; cf. Afghan. vrizé [f.pl.] 'rice', as well as Skt. vrihi- [m.]  'id.'; earlier history unknown. See Brust 2005: 494ff., as well as on ▶︎ ὀρίνδης.

XXXXXὀρυμαγδός [m.] 'noise, din' (IL). <?>

    *VAR  ὀρυγμάδες: θόρυβοι 'noise' (H.).

    *ETYM Expressive word with the same ending as κέλαδος, χρόμαδος, ῥοῖβδος, etc.,  and with a comparable meaning. Cf. ▶︎ ὠρύομαι and ὠρυγμός, as well as épvyetv,  ἐρύγμηλος (Kretschmer KZ 38 (1905): 135); further details are unclear.

XXXXXὄρυμος - βωμός. οἱ δέ Spup Bos 'altar; others: 6' (H.). *

    *ETYM Clearly a Pre-Greek word, due to the variations.

XXXXXὀρύσσω [v.] 'to dig (up, in, out), scrape, bury' (Hom.).

    <IE? *h,reu-k- 'dig up, grub'>

    *VAR  Att. -ttw, late -yw (Arat.), ipv. ὄρυγε (Seriphos); aor. ὀρύξαι, fut. ὀρύξω  (Hom.), pass. aor. ὀρυχθῆναι, fut. ὀρυχθήσομαι, perf. ὀρώρυγμαι (IA), prefixed κατ-  ώρυγμαι, act. ὀρώρυχα (Att.), them. aor. ὀρυγεῖν, pass. ὀρυγῆναι (late).

    *COMP Often with prefix, eg. κατ-, δι-, dv-, περι-.

    *DER 1. back-formation ὄρυξ, -vyog [m.] 'pickaxe' (AP), usually name of an Egyptian  and Libyan (also Indian) gazelle or antelope (Arist, LXX), seemingly after the  pointed horns, but rather a folk-etymologically transformed loan; also name of a  large fish (Str.). Prefixed compounds, eg. kat-@pvt, -vxoc 'buried, dug in,  underground' (w by compositional lengthening), as a fem. noun 'grave, crypt' (trag.);  dat.pl. κατωρυχέεσσι (λάεσσι, λίθοισι ζ 267, 1185), probably metrical enlargement; δι-  ὥρυξ, -vxog (late mostly -vyoc) [f.] 'ditch, channel, mine' (Ion., Th., Tab. Heracl.,  pap.). 2. (δι-, ὑπ-)όρυγμα [n.} 'hole, grave' (IA); 3. ὀρυγμός [m.] 14. (Priene). 4. (δι-)γορυχή [f.] (-wp-) 'digging' (D., Delos), also -γή (LXX). 5. (kat-, ἐπ-, ὑπ-)όρυξις  [6] 'id' (Arist.). 6. ὀρυκτή [f.] = ὄρυγμα (Ph.). 7. ὀρυκ-τήρ [m.] 'miner' (Zeno  Stoic.), -της [m.] 'digger, tool for digging' (Aesop., Str.); (δι-ορυκτρίς [f.] epithet of  χελώνη 'mine protection roof (Poliorc.). 8. ὀρυγεύς: fossorium (gloss.).

    *ETYM The basis of all verbal forms and derived nouns seems to be a stem dpvx-; the  voiced stop in ὀρυγ- and the present ὀρύχω are secondary. Thus, we can explain the primary yod-present ὀρύσσω from *h,rug'-ie/o-. However,  cognate forms appear to continue a root *h,ruk-, e.g. the secondary nasal present Lat. runcd, -dre 'to weed out, root up', runcé, -dnis [m.] 'weeding hook', Latv. riikét 'to  dig, scrape', Skt. luficati 'pluck off (with ἰ- for IE *r). Purther cognates include Ir. rucht < *ruk-tu- 'swine', Alb. rrah 'excavation, reclaimed  land' < *rouk-so- (Restelli RILomb. 91 (1957): 475). Therefore, we have to assume that  the aspirated stop, which is seen only in Greek, is analogical. It is possible that the root-final *k is a root extension; a root *h,reu- is perhaps found  in ▶︎ obpoi [m.pl.] 'trench'. Connection with ▶︎ ὅρος 'boundary' is impossible because  of Myc. wo-wo, etc.

XXXXXὀρφανός [m.] 'orphaned, orphan', metaph. 'bereft, abandoned' (υ 68).

    <IE *h,orb'-o-  'orphaned, bereft'>

===Pag_1165: Beekes_Página_1165.tiff===

    *COMP As ἃ first member in ὀρφανο-δικασταί [m.pl.] 'orphan-judge' (Leg. Gort.).

    *DER 1. Adj. ὀρφαν-ικός 'belonging to ὀρφανοί᾽ (IL, Pl, Arist.), -to¢ 'abandoned,  lonely' (AP). 2. Substantive dppav-ia [f.] 'orphanhood, bereavement' (Pi, Att.),  -ότης [f.] 'id' (Cappadocia). 3. Verbs. a) ὀρφαν-ίζω (also ἀπ-) 'to make an orphan,  bereave of (Pi.); thence formally -ἰστής [m.], but in the sense of 'guardian' (S. Ai. 512), also name of an official (Selymbria); b) -ebw 'to bring up orphans', med. 'to be  orphaned' (E.) with -evya [n.] 'orphanhood' (E.), -efa [f.] (if not itacistic for -ia) 'id,'  (pap.); c) -όομαι 'to be bereft' (AP, sch.).

    *ETYM The glosses ὀρφοβόται: ἐπίτροποι ὀρφανῶν 'guards of orphans', ὀρφοβοτία'  émitpom 'guardianship', and apqwoev- ὠρφάνισεν (H.) point to the previous  existence of a noun *dpgoc. From this nouh, ὀρφανός (with the same meaning)  seems to be a purely formal enlargement after other adjectives in -ανός. This pre-form *dp@oc agrees exactly with Arm. orb, -oy 'orphan', and Lat. orbus  'orphaned, bereft' < IE *Horb'o-. A io-derivative is supposed in the Celtic and the  Germanic word (perhaps a Celtic loan?) for 'heritage', e.g. Olr. orb(b)e, or pe [n.], Go. arbi, OHG arbi, erbi [n.]; thence 'heir', e.g. Olr. orb(b)e [m.], Go. arbja, OHG arpeo,

XXXXXerbo [m.]. Melchert fthc., for which see Kloekhorst 2008, argues that Hitt. harp-", harp-' 'to separate oneself and reassociate, change allegiance, join with' (from an original middle h,erb'-to) preserves the original verbal root, with a derivative h,orb'-o- which developed a specialized meaning 'bereft, orphan' in some languages (Gr., Lat.) but a meaning 'inheritance, heir' in other (Celt., Gm.). Compare loanwords into Uralic languages, e.g. Fi. orbo, orvo 'orphan'.

XXXXXὄρφνη [f.] 'dark(ness), murk, night' (Thgn., Pi.). <?>

    *VAR Dor. -ἃ.

    *DER ὀρφν-αῖος 'dark, murky' (II.), -ώδης 'id.' (Hp.) and several expressions for 'dark  color, dark red': ὄρφν-ινος (Pl, X.), -to¢ 'id' (Arist, Plu.), -ἤεις (Ὁ. S., Man.), -6¢  (Nic.); unclear ὀρφν-ίτας [m.] (Dor.), epithet of τάλαρος (AP).

    *ETYM The similarity with ἔρεβος has often been observed. If related to dppvn, we  would have to posit a basis *h,rg'-sno- (with the same suffix as in the opposite  λύχνος < *luk-sno-) > PGr. *erk**no-, from which a feminine org'"nd- was created,  with secondary o-grade (Schwebeablaut with *h,org'-sno- is unattractive). Also compared with a Germanic adjective for dark shades of color, eg. OHG erpf  'fuscus', OE eorp, earp 'dark-colored, blackish', from PGm. *erpa-; to this also belong  names of the partridge (with different ablaut), e.g. OHG repa-huon, and Slavic words  with nasal, e.g. Ru. rjab 'motley', CS jerebp 'partridge'. Comparison with Arm. arjn 'dark brown' < QIE *arg''en-, *org'*en- has been  proposed as well (Scheftelowitz BB 29 (1905): 17). ToB erkent-, ToA arkant- 'black'  are unclear, as are ToB orkamo 'dark', ToA orkdm 'darkness'. All in all, neither  comparison is convincing.

XXXXXὀρφώς name of a large seafish of the genus of the perches, 'Serranus gigas' or 'Polyprion cermum' (com., Arist.). <?>

===Pag_1166: Beekes_Página_1166.tiff===

    *VAR Also -ὥς, -w, -wv; secondary ὀρφός or ὄρφος (Arist.); acc. to Hdn. Gr. 1, 224,  ὄρφος κοινῶς, ὀρφῶς δὲ Ἀττικῶς.

    *DER ὀρφῳ-ίσκος [m.] = κίχλη as a fish name (Pancrat. Ep. apud Ath.), -ακίνης [m.]  'young ὀρφώς᾽ (Dorio apud Ath.), derived from *dpqak (cf. δέλφαξ, etc.) with a  suffix -ἰνη- like in δελφακ-ίνη, ἐλαφ-ίνης, etc; ὀρφ-εύς [m.] = ὀρφώς (Marc. Sid.,  Alex.), with allusion to the PN. Details in Thompson 1947 s.v. and Strémberg 1943:  2if.

    *ETYM Formation like the fish names λαγώς, -dc (originally a compound?), ἀχαρνώς,  etc. Often compared to ὄρφνη, with reference to the color (see Strémberg 1943: 21f.),  but unclear in detail. Connected with ὀρφός in ὀρφο-βόται (see ▶︎ ὀρφανός) by  Bechtel 1917a: 32, but without semantic argumentation; perhaps because of its  solitary way of life (described by Arist. as μονήρης) Borrowed as Lat. orphus,  MoHG Onf.

XXXXXὄρχαμος [m.] only in the Homeric formulae ὄρχαμος ἀνδρῶν, ὄρχαμε λαῶν, later ὄρχαμος στρατοῦ (A. Pers. 129 [lyr.]), etc.

    *ETYM Etymology and meaning debated. Traditionally derived from ἄρχω with a  superlative suffix -μο-, and interpreted as 'leader'. If inherited, the o-vocalism must  be due to ablaut (cf. ὄγμος : dyw). Fur: 342 thinks that a-/ 6- (in ἄρχω ὄρχαμος)  points to a Pre-Greek word. However, Bechtel 1914 sv. and others proposed to  compare dpxatoc 'ordered plantation' and cognates (see on ▶︎ 6pyoc) in the sense  'protecting wall (of the men)', like ἕρκος Ἀχαιῶν; Wright Class. Rev. 29 (1915): 1111. compared ὄρχος 'row of trees'.

XXXXXopxac1 [f.] 'kind of olive' (Nic.). =6pyic.

XXXXXὀρχάς 2- περίβολος, αἱμασιά 'enclosure, wall (H.). «νὰ ὄρχατος. Ξὄρχος.

XXXXXὀρχέομαι [v.] 'to dance', act. 'to make dance' (]., Ion, trag.). «187 *h,erg'- 'mount(?)>

    *VAR  Aor. ὀρχήσασθαι (Od.).

    *COMP Also with prefixes like ὑπ-, κατ-, ἐξ-.

    *DER 1. Action noun ὀρχ-ηθμός [m.] 'dance' (Hom., A. Ap.), -ησμός [m.] 'id? (A.),

XXXXXτηστύς [f.] 'id' (Hom., E. Cyc. 171), like κιθαριστύς; younger -notc [{1 'id' (post- Hom.), -ημα (on-) [n.] 'id' (Simon, 5. Pl.). 2. Agent noun ὀρχ-ηστήρ (Il.), -ηστής, Dor. -ηστάς (IL, Thera, OAtt.) [m.] 'dancer' with fem. -notpic (com., Pl.), -ήστρια (Moer.). 3. the nomen loci ὀρχ-ήστρα [f.] 'dancing-room, orchestra' (PL. Arist.). 4. adjective -ηστικός 'ptng. to dance(r)s, fit for dancing' (Pl. Arist.).

    *ETYM Taken by Frisk as an iterative-intensive formation from primary ▶︎ ἔρχομαι  (but DELG finds this unconvincing, both formally and semantically). Skt. rghayati  'to tremble, scream, rage', which is traditionally compared (see Mayrhofer EWAia 1:  249), is indirectly connected at best. In inscriptions, ὀρχέομαι is often found in the  meaning 'to mount' (Watkins BSL 70 (1975): 11-26, especially 18-19, and LIV' s.v. *h,erg'-; the latter remarks that the semantic developments are unclear in detail). However, in view of the reconstruction given under ▶︎ ὄρχις, Watkins's connection  with the word for 'testicle' is dubious.

===Pag_1167: Beekes_Página_1167.tiff===

XXXXXὀρχίλος [m.] name of a small bird, probably 'wren' (Ar., Arist., Thphr.); details in Thompson 1895 s.v. <?>

    *VAR  On the accent Schwyzer: 485; also -ἰλὸς (mss.).

    *ETYM Formation like κορθ-, tpox-idoc, etc, perhaps from ὀρχέομαι because of the  liveliness of the bird. Unclear.

XXXXXSpxic, -εως [m.] 'testicles' (IA); also the plant name 'orchid' (Thphr., Dsc.), after the shape of the root, and a kind of olive (Colum.), after the shape of the fruit (see Stromberg 1940: 37 and 55). IE *h,(e/o)r¢"-i- 'testicle'>

    *VAR Ion. gen. -ἰος, plur. mostly -etc, -ἰες,

    *COMP ὀρχί-πεδα [n.pl.] 'scrota, testicles' (Ar.), whence ὀρχι-πεδίζω (Ar., H.); ἔν-  ορχις 'provided with testicles, uncastrated' (Hdt., Luc.), also £v-opxoc (Ψ 147, Hp.),  ἐν-όρχης also 'buck' (Ar., Arist. Theoc.), with substantivizing -ς (see Schwyzer:  451), -ἧς (Milete VI*), with shift to an s-stem (see Schwyzer: 513).

    *DER Diminutives ὀρχίδια [pl.n.] (Dsc.) and ὀρχάς, -άδος [f] 'kind of olive' (Nic.,  Verg.).

    *ETYM An old inherited word, retained in several languages. Ignoring enlargements,  ὄρχις agrees with Arm. orjik* [pl.] 'testicles', gen. -woc' < IE *h,(o)rg"i-io-, and with  Alb. herdhé [f.] 'id' < QUE *h,erg"-ih, [du.], MIr. uirgge [f.] 'id'? < *Horg"iia-. Av. arazi [m.du.] 'id.' points to a zero grade IE *Hr¢"-i-h,. Beside the inherited i-stem  in Hitt. arki- [c.] 'testicle' < *h,rg"-i-, Hittite also has a verbal root ark-', drk-' / ark-  'to mount, cover, copulate' < *h,r¢"-, *h,or¢"-, with loss of initial *h, in front of *r and  of *o (see Kloekhorst 2008 s.v.). A derivative in -ἰ- is found in Baltic, e.g. Lith. efZilas, dial. ar3- [m.] 'stallion', where  the vocalism of the former can be explained to be secondary by Rozwadowski's  change (a recent overview of this effect is found in Derksen Baltu Filologija 11 (2002):  5-12). The material shows that we may safely reconstruct initial *h,- for PIE, which is also  what the o-vocalism in most languages points to. In our reconstruction *h,(o)r¢"-i-, it  is unknown what the exact original ablaut pattern looked like: Greek and Hittite may  continue a zero grade, Avestan certainly attests to it, and Armenian may do so as  well, if *h,e- yields Arm. ho- as opposed to *h,o- > ὁ-, as per Kortlandt 2003: 42.

XXXXXὄρχος [m.] 'row of vines or fruit trees' (η 127, w 341, Hes. Sc. 296, B., Ar., X., Thphr.).

    *VAR  ὀρχός [m.] 'border of the eyelid, tapad¢ (Poll. 2, 69); ὀρχάς: περίβολος,  αἱμασιά 'enclosure, wall' (H.), ὀρχάδος στέγης (5. Fr. 812); ὀρχηδόν (Hdt. 7, 144) is  explained by H. as ἡβηδόν 'from youth upwards', but usually as 'in a row, general'.

    *DER ὄρχατος [m.] 'ordered plantation, garden' (1) 112, ὦ 222, AP), plur. 'rows of  garden plants, fruit trees or vines' (Ξ 123, E. Fr. 896, 2, Moschio Trag. 6, 12), metaph. ὀδόντων, κιόνων ὄρχατος (AP, Ach. Tat.). With a suffix -μ-: ὀρχμαί: φραγμοί, καλαμῶνες, φάραγγες, σπῆλυγξ 'fences, reed-  beds, chasms, caves' (H.); ὀρχμούς: λοχμῶδες καὶ ὄρειον χωρίον οὐκ ἐπεργαζόμενον  'bushy and mountaineous area, uncultivated land' (Lex.); in the same mg. ὀρχάμη  (Poll. 7, 147).

===Pag_1168: Beekes_Página_1168.tiff=== XXXXXὅσιος 1117

    *ETYM If the hapax ὀρχηδόν is correctly understood as 'following the row', the  meaning 'row' has to be accepted for ὄρχος, as well. The word ὄρχατος was probably  a collective abstract meaning 'order of rows (of plants)'. Thus, it seems hardly  possible to combine the above words under a notion 'fence, enclosure', which hardly  fits $pxoc. Thus, the traditional connection with IE *uerg"- 'to turn, wind together,  fence in' in Lith. verZix 'to fence in, string', ON virgill 'snare', MoHG er-wiirgen, etc. becomes unlikely for semantic réasons; the same holds for the comparison with Lith. sérgmi 'to preserve, watch over' (Fraenkel KZ 72 (1955): 1936f.). The connection of the TNs Ὀρχομενός (older'Epy-; cf. Schwyzer: 255) and Illyrian  Ὀργομεναί (Krahe ZNF 7 (1931): 254 and Krahe ZNF 11: 81) is commonly accepted. As there is no IE etymology, it seems more probable that the word is Pre-Greek  (note the agricultural meanings, and the name of the town with its variants). See  ▶︎ cipyw, ▶︎ ἔρχατος, and ▶︎ ὄρχαμος.

XXXXXὅς 1 [pron.rel.] 'who, which' (IL).

    *VAR ἥ, 0.

    *DER ὄτερος 'who, which of the two' (Cret.), also ὅσ-τις, ὅ-τε, οἷος, ὅσος, etc.

    *ETYM Inherited and identical with Skt. yds, ya, ydd, Av. y6, γᾶ, yat, OPhr. ios, NPhr. toc, from IE *Hi-o-s, Hi-eh., Hi-o-d. Old too is ὄτερος = Skt. yatard-, Av. yatara- 'id'. The original function was not relative, but rather demonstrative (the pronominal  stem *h,-); see Gonda Lingua 4 (1954-1955): iff., Gonda 1956: 96f., 126, and Monteil  1963: 1-17. Thus, in the framework of the development of initial *i- versus *Hi-, ὅς  testifies to PIE *Hi- > PGr. j-, PIE *i- > Gr. ζ-.

XXXXXὅς 2 [pron.demonstr.]

    *VAR in kai ὅς, etc. +6.

XXXXXὅς 3 [pron.poss.] 'suus'. 2.

XXXXXὅσιος [adj.] 'sanctioned or permitted', by the gods or by nature, 'pleasing to the gods, just (= Lat. fas), devout, ritually pure' (Thgn., [A), cf. ὁσίη below. On the mg. of ὅσιος, -in, see on ▶︎ tepdc and also Terstegen 1941, Jeanmaire REGr. 58 (1945): 66ff., van der Valk REGr. 64 (1951): 417ff. <?>

    *VAR Substantivized τὸ ὅσιον, τὰ ὅσια.

    *COMP As a second member in ἀν-όσιος (IA), probably a bahuvrihi 'who is without  τὸ ὅσιον, ἡ ὁσία᾽ (Frisk 1941: 10f.), ἀφ-όσιος = ἀν-όσιος (Eg. inscr. 15), see Stromberg  1946: 41.

    *DER ὁσία, Ion. -(η [f.] 'divine or natural law, law, holy custom, holy service' (Od.),  probably for ὁσιία (Frisk); ὁσιό-της [f.] 'divine obedience, piety' (PI., X.). Denominative ὁσιό-ομαι, -w 'to purify (oneself), hallow' (IA), especially with ἀφ-,  also with καθ- and ἐξ-. Thence (ἀφ-, καθβ-)οσίωσις [6] 'purification, hallowing' (Ὁ. H., Plu.), ἀφοσιώματα: καθάρματα, καθάρσια 'purifications' (H.), ὀσιωτήρ [m.]  'purificator', name of a sacrificial animal in Delphi (Plu.).

    *ETYM There is no convincing etymology. Often explained as a derivative in -to-  from a participial form *s-o-to- beside alleged *seto- in ἐτά- ἀληθῆ (see ▶︎ Etalw). However, the root for 'to be' is now established as *h,es-, and the type of formation  assumed is untenable. The older connection with Skt. satyd- 'true' < IE *h,s-nt-io-

===Pag_1169: Beekes_Página_1169.tiff===

fails because there is no reflex of the laryngeal, and because of the vocalization n > o, which is not found in this environment in any dialect. The derivation from soto- (from a different root set-, seen in ▶︎ ἐτάζω and ▶︎ étedc) is defended by Pinault 1996: 43f: sotiio- 'conforme a lordre établi, pieux'. Cf. Benveniste 1969:2: 198-202. A recent attempt by Willi JHS (2008): 153-172 is unconvincing (see on ▶︎ νόσος).

XXXXXὀσμή = ὀδμή. ''ὄζω.

XXXXXὅσος [pron.rel.] 'how great' (1].}:

    <IE *h,i-o- 'who'>

    *VAR Epic ὅσσος, -n, -ον.

    *ETYM Derived from the relative ▶︎ ὅς; see s.v. snd on ▶︎ τόσος.

XXXXXὄσπριον [π.]. 'pulse, legumen' (IA). <?>

    *VAR Mostly plur,; late also -eov.

    *COMP ὀσπριο-πώλης [m.] 'pulse trader' (Att. inscr.), ὀσπρ-ηγός < "ὀσπρε-ηγός  (Schulze 1933a: 4302) 'transporter of 6.' (Abydos V-VIP).

    *DER ὀσπρι-ώδης 'like a pulse' (Aq., Orib.), -γίτης [m.] (-γ- spirantic indicator of  hiatus) 'pulse trader, pulse planter' (pap. VI'); ὀσπρ-εύω [v.] 'to sow with 6, (Att. inscr.).

    *ETYM No etymology; probably a loan (Chantraine 1933: 55). IE hypotheses (see Frisk  5.0.) connection with σπεῖρον 'cover' or with oneipw 'to sow', but these are  impossible, since 0- is not a prothetic vowel.

XXXXXὄσσα [f.] (prognostic) voice, rumour' (B 93).

    *VAR Att. ὄττα.

    *DER ὀττεύομαι [v.] 'to wait for omens, interpret, predict' (Ar. Plb., D. H, Plu.),

XXXXXὀττεία [f.] 'prediction' (Ὁ. H.); probably after μαντεύομαι.

    *ETYM Formation like γλῶσσα (to yA@yec), derived with a suffix -1a from ὄπ- 'voice',  as seen in accus. ὄπα, etc. (see ▶︎ "ὄψι 1).

XXXXXὄσσε [n.du.] 'both eyes' (Il.).

    *COMP As a second member in tpt-ott-ic [f.] 'pendant provided with three eyes (eye-  like ornaments)' (cf. τρίγλημα ἕρματα) with the diminutive suffix -ov (Hdn. Gr.,  Eust.); also -ης [m.] (Phot., ΕΜ).

    *ETYM An inherited dual, from PGr. *ok'ie < *h,ek'ih,, identical with OCS o¢i 'both    eyes, Arm. ac'k' [pl.] 'eyes'. See Forssman MSS 25 (1969): 30f. See > ὄμμα, ▶︎ ὄπωπα,  and ▶︎ ὄσσομαι.

XXXXXὄσσομαι [v.] 'to look, forebode, presage' (II.).

    *COMP Also with προτι-, ἐπι-, KaT-.

    *ETYM An old yod-present from PIE *h,k'-ie/o-, from the root *h,ek'- 'see, face'. The  present ὄσσομαι had a semantic development different fram the non-presentic forms    ὄπωπα, ὄψομαι, etc; cf. Treu 1955: 62f. Att. ὀττεύομαι is rather derived from ▶︎ daca. See ▶︎ ὄπωπα, ▶︎ ὄμμα, and ▶︎ ὄσσε.

XXXXXὀστακός -οἀστακός.

===Pag_1170: Beekes_Página_1170.tiff=== XXXXXὄστρακον 1119 ὀσταφίς --ἀσταφίς. ἿΝ

XXXXXὀστέον [n.] 'bone' (Il), also 'stone of a fruit' (pap. III"), see below.

    <IE *h,esth,-i-  'bone'>

    *VAR Att. ὀστοῦν, Aeol. plur. -ta, Dor. (Theoc.) -ia.

    *COMP Few compounds, e.g. ὀστ(ε)ο-κόπος [m.] name of a bone-disease (Ηρ. Thphr. Gal.), 6A-doteov [n.] 'Plantago Bellardi, a substativized bahuvrihi  'consisting only of bones', because of its healing power; cf. ὀστεο-κόλλος [f.] and  Stromberg 1940: 88f. and 32.

    *DER Diminutives: ὀστ-άριον [n.] (medic.), -apidiov [n.] (Pall.); adjectives -€ivoc  (IA), -tvog (Ar. Ach. 863 [Boeot.], Arist.), -όϊνος (Ag.) 'made of bone', -ώδης (X.,  Arist.), τ-εώδης (Plu.) 'bony'; -itn¢ [m.] 'ptng. to the bones' (Ruf.).

    *ETYM The PIE word for 'bone' was originally a neuter root noun, as evidenced by  Av. ast- (eg. gen. ast6, acc. asta < *ast-ca) and by Lat. os < oss < *ost, gen. ossis. It was transformed in various ways in other languages, e.g. Skt. dsth-i [nom.acc.],  asth-n-ds |gen.] with interchange ofi and x, and Hitt. hastdi / hasti- with ablaut "δὶ :  i. The root shape must have been *HestH- (as shown by Skt. -th-). The initial  laryngeal is shown to be *h,- by Lat. os (root nouns generally have e-vocalism), while  Greek ὀστέον shows that root-finally we have *-h,-. The Greek ending -eov < *-ei-o-  is probably a thematization of the full grade of the IE suffix *-i-, which also seems to  be found in Skt. hfd-aya-([n.] 'heart' beside hard-i'id.' (cf. ▶︎ kap6ia). The words ▶︎ ὄστρακον, ▶︎ ἀστράγαλος, »ἀστακός, ▶︎ ὀστρύα, and ▶︎ ὀσφύς are  unrelated.

XXXXXὄστλιγξ, tyyos [f.] 'lock of hair, tendril, vine, curling flames, tentacle of an octopus' (Thphr., Call., A. R., Nic., Hdn. Gr.).

    *VAR Also ἄστλ- (Hdn. Gr. 1,44).

    *ETYM Formation like eidtyE, στρόφιγξ, θῶμιγξ, πύλιγγες, etc., with comparable  meanings (Chantraine 1933: 399f., Schwyzer: 498); otherwise obscure. The word is  Pre-Greek, as is shown by the varying anlaut and the suffix -tyy-. Fur.: 276 also refers  to Ἰὄστρυγξ in ὀστρύγγιον ἡ ἐπιφυλλὶς 'racemus', 'stalk of a bunch of berries' (gloss.;  not in LSJ). H. has ἄστλιγγας: αὐγάς ἤ ἄστριγγας; EM 159, 38 has ἄστριγας.

XXXXXὄστρακον [n.] 'hard shell of snails, mussels, turtles, etc.' (h. Merc, A, Hp. Arist.), 'earthen potsherd (for writing on, e.g. at a vote), earthen vessel' (Hp., Att.).

    *COMP Few, eg. ὀστρακό-δερμος 'having a shell for skin, with a hard skin' (Batr.,  Arist.), μαλακ-όστρακος 'with a soft shell' (Arist.).

    *DER A. Substantives: 1. Diminutive dotpak-tov [n.] (Arist., Str.); 2. -ic, -ίδος [f.]  'pine-cone' (Mnesith. apud Ath.); 3. -εὖς [m.] 'potter' (APL). 4. -ἂς [m.] 'id' (inser. Corycos, Hdn. Gr.); 5. τἰτης [m.] name of a stone (Dsc.,, Plin.), of a kitchen (Ath.),  fem. -itt¢ 'calamine' (Dsc., Plin.); 6. -ἰας [m.] name of a stone (Plin.). B. Adjectives: 7. τίνος, 8. -e(t)oc, 9. -όεις (AP), -οὖς (Gal.) 'earthen'; 10. -ώδης 'shell-  or sherd-like, full of sherds' (Arist., LXX, pap.). 11. -ηρά [n.pl.] 'crustaceans' (Arist.). C. Adverb: 12. -ivda 'played with potsherds' (Ar.), see Taillardat REA 58 (1956): 189  D. Verbs: 13. -iGw 'to write sbd.'s name on a potsherd and thus vote for his exile; to  exile' (At, Arist.) with -ἰσμός [m.] 'ostracism' (Arist.); 14. -dopat 'to crack into

===Pag_1171: Beekes_Página_1171.tiff===

, -εον pieces' (A.), 'to become covered with a shell' (Lyc., Gal.), -6w 'to turn into a shell, harden' (Arist.), 'to cover with sherds' (Att. inscr. [V*).

    *ETYM Traditionally (Schwyzer: 497, Chantraine 1933: 384), it was assumed to be a  formation in -axo- derived from an r-stem dot-p-, seen also in ▶︎ ὄστρεον. This r-  stem was assumed to interchange with the i/n-stem in Skt. dsthi, gen. asthnds (see  ▶︎ dotéov). However, there is no alternation between *r/n and *i in IE, nor a suffix  *-nko- (as per DELG) leading to Gr. -ako-. Therefore, the word must be Pre-Greek  (not in Fur.). The suffix -axo- is also seen in ▶︎ ἀστακός 'smooth lobster; hollow of the ear', which  may be related as a Pre-Greek word, displaying typical variations. The same holds  for »ἀστράγαλος.

XXXXXὄστρειον, -ξον [n.] 'oyster, mussel, sea-snail; purple dye' (A., Epich., Att.).

    *COMP ὀστρειο-γραφής 'painted with purple' (Eleg. apud Plu.), λιμν-όστρεα [pl.]  'pond oysters' (Arist.).

    *DER ὀστρ-έϊνος 'mussel-like, provided with a shell(?)' (Pl.), -ivoc 'purple' (POxy. 109, 5; III--IV°), probably from Lat. ostrinus 'id' (since Varro), cf. below; -ε()ώδης  'oyster-like' (Arist., Str.), -ειακός 'belonging to oysters' (Zonar.), -ity¢ [m.] kind of  stone (Orph. L.).

    *ETYM The old etymology, which analyzes ὄστρε(ι)ον as a suffix -ε(ι)ο- added to a  stem dotp- 'bone', which is also assumed for ὄστρακον, is wrong, as there is no  evidence for an Indo-European pre-form *ostr- meaning 'bone' (see on ▶︎ ὄστρακον). Therefore, the word must be Pre-Greek. I assume that -e(1)- continues a Pre-Greek  suffix -ay- (Pre-Greek: Suffixes s.v. -at-/-e(.)-). For a word with this meaning,  substrate origin is most likely in any case. It was borrowed as Lat. ostreum [n.], ostre- [f.] (from ὄστρεα [n.pl.]), together with  ostr-inus (whence Gr. ὀστρῖνος; see above), -edtus, -edrius, etc; thence MoHG  Auster, etc.

XXXXXὄστριμον [n.] 'stable, fold' (Antim., H.), Ὄστριμα [pl.] name of a mountain (Lyc.).

    *ETYM Improbable hypothesis by Bezzenberger BB 27 (1902): 174, who reconstructs  *h,od"-tro-, comparing the Germanic group of OS edor 'fence' < *h,ed'ro- and the  Slavic group of OCS odre 'bed' < *h,od"ro-: both the Greek suffixation and the  formation in *-tro- remain unexplained. Acc. to Frisk, ὄστριμον belongs to  ▶︎ ὄστρακον, ▶︎ ὄστρεον, assuming a prior meaning *'protecting roof, for which he  gives a parallel in Lat. lestiido 'tortoise', also 'protecting roof'. Since there is no IE etymology, the word may be Pre-Greek, although there appears  no further indication for this. ὀστρύα, -vy [f.] name of a tree with hard, white wood, 'hop hornbeam, Ostrya  carpinifolia' (Thphr., Plin.). <PG>

    *VAR Also ὀστρύς, -ὕος (or -υς, -voc?), and ὀστρυΐς, -id0c,

    *ETYM Frisk compares »dotpeov, but the semantics are weak. The assumption of  syllable dissimilation from *éotpo-dpuc¢ is extremely doubtful. Heubeck 1961: 37 and

===Pag_1172: Beekes_Página_1172.tiff=== XXXXXὀσφῦς, -bog 1121 Neumann Glotta 37 (1958): 106-112 consider ὄστρυς to be Pre-Greek. Indeed, the enlargements -Uc, -va, -vic are typical for an adapted foreign word. Not in Fur.

XXXXXὀσφραίνομαι [v.] 'to catch scent of, smell' (IA).

    <IE *h,ed- 'smell' + *g'"reh,->

    *VAR Aor. ὀσφρ-έσθαι (Att.); ὥσφραντο (Hdt. 1, 80), fut. ὀσφρ-ήσομαι (Att.), also  ὀσφραν-θῆναι (Hp., Arist.), -θήσομαι (LXX), younger present ὀσφρ-ᾶται (Paus.,  Luc.), aor. ὠσφρ-ήσαντο, -ἤθη (Arat. Ael.). Rare and late causative ὀσφραίνω 'to  give to smell, make smell' (Gal., Gp.), also with ἀπ-, ovv-, map-, etc.

    *COMP Rarely with mept-, ὑπ-, κατ-. Compound καπν-οσφράντης [m.] 'who smells  smoke' (Com. Adesp., Alciphr.).

    *DER 1. ὄσφρ-ησις [f.] 'olfactory sense or organ' (Ρ]., Arist.), 2. -ασία [f.] 'smell,  smelling' (LXX, Arr.), 3. -avotc [f.] 'olfactory sense' (Clearch.). 4. back-formation

XXXXXὄσφραι [f.pl.] 'flavours, smell' (Ach. Tat.) with ὀσφράδιον [n.] 'bunch of flowers' (Eust.). 5. ὀσφρ-αντήριος 'smelling, sniffing' (Ar.), 6. -αντικός 'smelling, able to smell (Arist.), -ητικός 'id' (Gal. Ὁ. L.); 7. ταντός (Arist.), -ητός (S. E., Gal.) 'smellable'.

    *ETYM The triad ὀσφρέσθαι : ὀσφρήσομαι : ὀσφρητός corresponds to αἰσθέσθαι :  αἰσθήσομαι : αἰσθητός, which is semantically related and much more frequent;  ὀσφραίνομαι may have been built after this on the basis of examples like ἀλιτέσθαι :  ἀλιταίνομαι, βήσομαι : βαίνω, πεφήσεται : φαίνω, etc; ὀσφρανθῆναι possibly after  εὐφρανθῆναι, and ὥσφραντο (Hdt.) probably after ἠνείκαντο, etc. It is widely agreed that the initial syllable contains a zero grade s-stem from the root  *h,ed- seen in ▶︎ du, ▶︎ ὀδμή, ▶︎ ὀσμή. This s-stem also occurs in the suffix -ώδιης (s.v. ▶︎ ὄζωλ Against further identification of ὀσ-φραίνομιαι with ἀ-, eb-gpatvw (which  belong to ▶︎ φρήν) speak the non-presentic forms ὀσ-φρέσθαι, -φρήσασθαι, for which  no parallels exist in a-, εὐ-φραίνω. Brugmann's old connection (e.g. Brugmann IF 6 (1896): 100ff.) with Skt. jighrati,  ghrdti 'to smell', ghrana- [n.] 'scent, nose' is now followed by LIV? s.v. *g*"reh,-. The  verbal compound in Gr. 60-gpn- < *h,eds-g""reh,- was compared with *mens-d'eh,-  in IIr. *manz-d'a- by Schindler 1975: 266. Thus, all Greek forms derive from the  future. Seebold 1980: 482 also connected OE bréd 'smell, breath', etc.

XXXXXὀσφῦς, -ὕος [f.] 'hips, loin(s)' (IA).

    *VAR Accented thus in Hdn. (τ. the codd. often have -ὕς.

    *COMP Asa first element e.g. in ὀσφυ-αλγής (A. Fr. 361 = 111 M., Hp.) 'suffering from  a hip-disease (lumbago), with -éw, -ia (Hp.).

    *DER Diminutive ὀσφύδιον [n.] (Theognost.).

    *ETYM For the formation, cf. ἰξύς, νηδύς, etc. Often connected (but without serious  argumentation) with dot-gov, assuming different second members, e.g. φῦ- as in  ἔφυν, or ogu- as in σφυδῶν: ἰσχυρός ... 'strong' (H.). Furs 375 adduces φύς = ὀσφύς  (AB 1096), with Doric loss of initial σ- before @, pointing to a Pre-Greek prothetic  vowel. He also accepts (op.cit. 393) the connection with ψύαι 'loin-muscles' and  ▶︎ ψόαι, which was suggested already by Prellwitz and is too obvious to be discarded. Thus the word is clearly Pre-Greek.

===Pag_1173: Beekes_Página_1173.tiff===

ὄσχη 1 [f.] 'scrotum' (Hp.).

    *VAR  In the same mg. also dox-éa [f.], -εος [m.] (Arist.), -eov [n.] (Poll. H.). Also  ὄσχεα: βαλλάντια, μαρσύππια ἤ τὸ τῶν διδύμων ἀγγεῖον 'bags, purses or a sack of  twins (sens. obsc.)' (H.).

    *COMPάν-οσχήν: ἄνανδρος 'unmanly' (H.).

    *ETYM Explained by Frisk as a metaphorical use of ▶︎ ὄσχῃ 2. DELG considers this  possible, but uncertain. Improbable is derivation from a prefix 6- (see ▶︎ 6- 2) and  σχεῖν (suggestion by DELG). The word may well be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXὄσχη 2 [f] in doxat- κλήματα βοτρύων γέμοντα 'branches full of bunches of grapes' (H., similar Harp.; unclear Nic. Al. 109). PG@Y)

    *VAR Also ὥσχη: κληματίς 'vine-branch' (EM, Suid, H.); msc. plur. ὠσχοί: τὰ νέα  κλήματα σὺν αὐτοῖς τοῖς βότρυσι 'young branches, with the bunches themselves'  (H.); likewise, among others, EM 619, 32 with oi-, perhaps after οἶνος; sg. in  Aristodem. apud Ath. τ, 4osf.

    *COMP Frequently in ὠσχο-φόρια [n.pl.] name of an Athenian festive day, together  with -φόροι [m.pl.], -φορικός (since IV*); on the mg. see Rutgers van der Loeff  Mnem. 43 (1915): 404ff.; codd. also 6- (cf. ὄσχος Ar. Ach. 997 as a conjecture). Hypostasis ἐπ-όσχιον [n.] 'offshoot of'a vine' (Gal.).

    *ETYM Scheftelowitz IF 33 (1913/1914): 141, 144f. hypothetically compares MP azg  'branch', MoP azay 'twig, bud', but this word is further isolated. Previously  connected with σχεῖν 'to hold' with prefixed w-, d- (see Frisk for lit.), but this prefix  does not exist in Greek (see ▶︎ 6- 2). The variation of the initial vowel rather shows  that the word is Pre-Greek (not in Fur.).

XXXXXὅτε [conj.] 'when, as', mostly temporal (IA, Arc., Cypr.).

    *DIAL Myc. o-te, Aeol. ὅτα, Dor. ὅκα.

    *ETYM Usually explained from the relative ὅ- < IE *h,i-o- and the particle -te, -ta,  -κα (cf. on ▶︎ εἶτα, ▶︎ ἡνίκα and Schwyzer: 629).

XXXXXὄτλος [m.] 'burden, load, suffering' (A. Th. 18, 5. Tr. 7 sch.).

    *DER OtA-éw (Call, A. R., Lyc.), -ebw (A. R., Babr.) [v.] 'to bear, undergo', -ημα [n.]  'distress' (H., Theognost.).

    *ETYM Taken as a verbal noun to τλῆναι 'to bear, suffer', under the dubious  assumption that the prothetic vowel 6- was rhythmically conditioned, or a prefix. However, this is no explanation, and moreover *tlh,-o- would give Gr. *taAo-, so the  etymology is wrong. The word is probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXὄτοβος [m.] 'noise, sharp sound' (Hes., A, 8. Antim.).

    *DER ὀτοβ-έω 'to produce noise' (A.).

    *ETYM Onomatopoeic with a suffix -Bo- like in θόρυβος, κόναβος, etc. Besides, there  is the reduplicated interjection ὀτοτοῖ 'ah!, woe? (trag.), with ὀτοτύζω 'to cry ὀτοτοῖ,  lament' (A., Ar.); see Schwyzer: 716.

XXXXXὀτόστυλλον [n.] name of an unknown plant (Epich. 161 cited in Ath. 7of). <?%

    *ETYM Unknown.

===Pag_1174: Beekes_Página_1174.tiff=== XXXXXοὐγγία, οὐγκία 1123

XXXXXὀτραλέως [adv.] 'swift, quick' (Γ 260, Τ 317, τ 100, Hes. Sc. 410, Sapph. 44, 11, A. ΚE. 1, 1210). 42>

    *VAR  Also -λέος [adj.] 'id.' (Opp., Q. S.). Cf. ὀτρηρός 'id' (Hom., Ar.).

    *DER ὀτρύνω [v.] 'to encourage, urge, incite, stir up' (I1.), aor. ὀτρῦναι, fut. ὀτρυνῶ,  also with prefix (always in prose), especially ém-. Hence ὀτρυν-τύς, -bv [f.]  'incitement' (T 234f. Antim. 91), -τικός 'inciting' (Eust.), -τεύς [m.] name of a  Lydian, together with -τείδης (Y 383f., 389); ἐργότρυς: κατάσκοπος ἔργων 'labour  inspector' (H.), a back-formation.

    *ETYM Like κλίνω < *kAi-v-1w, ὀτρύνω < *OTPL-v-1w is an older nasal formation to  which a presential yod-suffix was added. ὀτρηρός is undoubtedly a recent formation  in -ηρός (on which, see Chantraine 1933: 231ff.); perhaps ὀτραλέος was formed to  ὀτρύνω after the model θαρσαλέος : θαρσύνω. The variation in étpbvw : ὀτραλέως recalls that in τρύφάλεια : τράπεζα < *(k')tur-. The form ὀτρύνω has therefore been analyzed as *6-tpv-v-tw, consisting of a prefix  ὁ- and a zero grade IE *tuy- which metathesized to tpv- (cf. on ▶︎ tpvpdAeia). In this  way, connection with Skt. tvérate 'to hurry' and with the Germanic group of OHG  dweran 'to turn round quickly' < IE *tuer- became possible. This analysis seems  quite uncertain, however, since a prefix 6- probably did not exist in Greek; cf. ▶︎ 6- 2. See ▶︎ τορύνη 1.

2 ' ὀτρύγη; -φάγος =Tpbyn).

XXXXXὀτρύνω --ὀτραλέως.

XXXXXὀττεύομαι --'ὄσσα.

XXXXXοὐ [pcl.] 'not' (11... <1£? *h,eiu- 'lifetime, long period'>

    *VAR  Antevocalically οὐκ, οὐχ (IL), οὐκί (epic), οὐχί (trag., also Hom. and Att. prose).

    *DIAL Myc. o-u-ge 'and not'.

    *ETYM Pre-Greek origin has been considered for a long time, until Cowgill Lang. 36  (1960): 347ff. connected the element with ▶︎ αἰών and cognates, assuming a basic  expression πε h,oiu k'id, where *ne is the sentence negative; it lost its meaning to  the second element, a development which occurs more often. The syntagm would  also explain Arm. οἷ' and Alb. as (cf. Kortlandt 2003: index). The other Greek forms are easily explained in this way: Hom. οὐ-κί contains the IE  indefinite pronoun *k'id and is the oldest form; thence οὐκ by elision and οὐχ with  aspiration, if the latter was not elided from οὐ-χι, containing the stressing particle IE  *g'i (Pok. 417f.), like ναί-χι, ἧ-χι, etc. = Skt. hi (in na-hi 'since not', etc.), Av. Zi. From οὐδὲ εἷς arose οὐδείς, younger Att. and Koine οὐθείς 'nobody'; in the same  way, οὐδ-αμοῦ, -αμοῖ, -αμῶς, -αμός, and -άμινος arose from ▶︎ "ἁμο-, ἅμα.

XXXXXοὐαί [excl.] 'alas!' (LXX). «τὴν Sem.>

    *ETYM A loan from Semitic; see Lowe Hermathena 105 (1967): 34-9.

XXXXXovyyia, οὐγκία [f.] = Lat. uncia. '

    *VAR Also ὀγκία (Epich. 203).

===Pag_1175: Beekes_Página_1175.tiff===

, -εος

    *ETYM A loan from Latin by the Greeks of Sicily.

XXXXXοὖδας, -εος [n.] 'ground, soil' (IL).

    *VAR Dat. -et. On the inflexion see Chantraine 1942: 210f.

    *DER obdaiog 'on or under the ground' (Lyc., Orph., AP) and several hypostases:  κατ-ουδαῖος 'subterranean' (Hes. Fr. 60, h. Merc., Call.), ὑπ-ουδαῖος 'id.' (Plu. Opp.), ἐπουδαῖοι- ἐπιχθόνιοι 'who dwell on the earth' (H.); mpoo-ov6d-itw, -icat [v.]  'to throw on the ground' (Hdt., Plu, D. C.), ἐποτούδιξε: κατέβαλεν ἐπὶ γῆν 'threw to  the ground' (H.), containing the prefix mot-.

    *ETYM There is no good etymology. Semantically attractive but phonetically difficult  is the connection with Arm. getin 'bottom of,the earth' < *ueden-o-, Hitt. utné 'land'  < *ud-n-i-, but then οὐ- remains unexplained: see ▶︎ οὐδός 'threshold' for details. See  Peters 1980a: 57f. for a discussion of all possible reconstructions. One also compared  ▶︎ ἔδαφος 'ground, bottom'.

XXXXXοὐδός [m.] 'threshold' (IL). ον ΑΚ ὀδός (Att.), ὠδός (Cyrene, H.).

    *ETYM Unexplained. A basis "ὀδρεός enables connection with οὖδας, but only if one  accepts that this is a generalized Ionic form (Att. "ὄδας would be expected). The  further connection of Arm. getin and Hitt. utne with οὖδας and οὐδός used to be  justified by the assumption of a form *6-Fo0d- besides ὀδός from *Fod-dc, but a  prothetic vowel cannot be assumed anymore in an inherited word. In any case,  *h,uC- did not give odC- (as per Peters 1980a: 72f.), In principle, οὐδός and οὖδας  could be variants of the same Pre-Greek word. See ▶︎ οὖδας.

XXXXXοὐδών, -ὥνος [m.] 'kind of felt-shoe made of goat hair' (Poll. 10, 50).

    *DER Diminutive -ώνιον (Edict. Diocl. [Asine]), -ωνάριον (Charis., gloss.).

    *ETYM Borrowed as Lat. dé, -dnis [m.], also οὐδ. Acc. to Martialis 14, 140, the word  is Cilician, thus a foreign word from Asia Minor; cf. WH s.v. and Neumann 1961: 33.

XXXXXοὖθαρ, -ατος [n.] 'udder', also metaph. (II.).

    *DER οὐθάτιος (AP), -όεις (Nic., Opp., Orph.) 'belonging to udders, fertile'.

    *ETYM Old inherited word for 'udder', preserved in several languages. The original  r/n-stem is also seen in Skt. idhar, gen. iidhnas. In Lat. aber, -eris [n.] (secondarily  with adjectival mg. 'rich, fertile'), the r-stem was generalized, like in Germanic, e.g. MHG iter, ON jugr < *judr with deviating initial, and in Lith. aidr-dti, 18g. -d ju 'to be  pregnant', pa-idréti 'to get an ever larger udder', of pregnant swines and dogs. If the  Germanic forms with initial *e- are not secondary, the root starts with *h- and  shows ablaut e / 0 / zero. Slavic rebuilt the word after the neuters in -men, eg. SCr. vime, Ru. vymija [n.]. The variations in anlaut seem to point to an old ablaut *HeuHd'-, HouHd'., HuHd'-. Acc. to Schindler BSL 70 (1975): 7f., this reflects a PIE static heteroclitic formation. To explain the Greek form, the Saussure Effect is assumed: loss of the laryngeal after  a root with o-grade and a resonant or semivowel. However, if the length in Skt. could

===Pag_1176: Beekes_Página_1176.tiff=== XXXXXοὐλή 1125 be explained in a different way, there is no need to reconstruct the internal laryngeal at all, since in Balto-Slavic, initial HuC- merges with uHC- (see Pronk fthe.c).

XXXXXobAai [f-pl.] 'Canground) barley corns, roasted and sprinkled between the horns of the sacrificial animal' (Jon. since y 441); Lat. mola salsa.

    *VAR OAai (Att), dAoai (Arc. II*). Cf. ὄλπα- χόνδρου τις ἕψησις. ἔδεσμά τι 'cooking  of groats, a dish'. ἤ ὄλβος 'wealth, blessed state' (H.).

    *COMP As a first member in οὐλο-χύτας [ace.pl.f] 'id' (Hom.); οὐλόχυτα-: τὰ  κατάργματα 'first offerings' (H.); compounds of οὐλαί and ▶︎ xéw with a suffix -to-  (cf. eg. ἀκμό-θετον); οὐλο-χύτας took the gender of ovAa (but acc. to Schwyzer:  439, it stands for "οὐλὰς χυτάς); thence οὐλοχυτ-έομαι [v.] 'to besprinkle with ov.'  (Thphr. apud Porph.). Also οὐλο-χόΐϊον (-xogiov?): ἀγγεῖον, εἰς ὅ ai ὀλαὶ  ἐμβάλλονται πρὸς ἀπαρχὰς τῶν θυσιῶν 'vessel in which the ὁ. are thrown at the  beginning of sacrifices' (H.); as if from *ovAo0-xdo¢, -χοέω.

    *DER Also (with oAB- = OAf-) ὀλβ-άχνιον [n.] 'basket for the dAal? (EM 257, 53  [Syracuse]), ὀλβάχιον: κανοῦν. Δεινόλοχος (H.); ὀλβακήϊα 'id.' (Dor., acc. to H. s.v. εὔπλουτον κανοῦν); ὀλαγμεύειν: ὀλὰς βάλλειν 'to throw 6.' (Phot.) with ὀλαιμεύς: 6  (cod. τὸ) τὰς ὀλὰς βάλλων 'he who throws the 6. (H.).

    *ETYM The second ο in Arc. dAoai may stand for Ε (cf. dodv = δράν, see ▶︎ δήν), from  which we obtain a basic form OAfai. The comparison with ὄλυραι and ▶︎ ἔλυμος  'barley' is hypothetical. In view of the gloss ὄλπα (H.), which Fur. 155 and 240    connects with ▶︎ ὄλβος under an original meaning 'Nahrung, Getreide', it is probably  Pre-Greek.

XXXXXοὐλαμός [m.] 'throng, crowd' (Il: οὐλαμός ἀνδρῶν); metaph. of bees (Nic.); technical usage 'troop of cavalry' (Plb., Plu.). «1εῦ *uel- 'press together'>

    *COMP As a first member in οὐλαμη-φόρος, οὐλαμ-ώνυμος (Lyc.); details in Trimpy  1950: 159.

    *ETYM From γόλαμος (Ξρόλ-): διωγμός 'pursuit' (H.), a pre-form (ε)ολαμός with  metrical lengthening is deduced (cf. Chantraine 1942: 124f.). This is derived from    ▶︎ εἰλέω 1 'to press together', with an o-grade root and suffixal -ap-, like ποταμός,  πλόκαμος.

XXXXXοὔλαφος [m.] - νεκρός 'corpse' (H.). < PG(S)>

    *DER Also in οὐλαφη-φόρος 'bearer of corpses' (Call. Iamb. 1, 234).

    *ETYM Often connected with ▶︎ οὖλος 3 as containing a suffix -@o- (cf. Chantraine  1933: 263). However, it rather seems to be an independent Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXοὖλε 'salve' (w 402). 'ὅλος.

XXXXXοὐλή [f.] 'scarred wound, scar' (Od.). < IE *uel- 'draw, tear'>

    *COMP οὐλο-πρόσωπος 'with scarred countenance' (Cat. Cod. Astr.).

    *DER οὐλόομαι, -dw [v.] 'to scar, cause scars' (Arist.), with -woic (Gal.), -wya (Suid.)  'scarring'.

    *ETYM From a pre-form *wolnd-, but without a direct counterpart outside Greek. Closest is Lat. volnus [n.] 'wound' < Plt. *welanos- < QIE *uelh,-nos-. Celtic words

===Pag_1177: Beekes_Página_1177.tiff===

like MW gweli [m.] 'wound', also 'blood' < ueliso- (vel sim.), Olr. fuil [f.] 'blood' < uolH-i- are root-related. As a common basis for these nouns, the root uelh,- 'to strike' must be assumed, as represented by Hitt. yalh- 'to hit', Lat. vell6 'to pull out' and, within Greek (with change of meaning), ▶︎ ἁλίσκομαι 'to be caught'. The loss of laryngeal in *uolH-vieh.- > PGr. wolnd- can be attributed to the Saussure Effect; for an alternative, see Van Beek 2009.

XXXXXοὔλιος 'baneful'. =obAoc 3.

XXXXXοὖλον [n.] 'gums' (Hp., A. Pl, Arist.) <?>

    *VAR Mostly plur. -a. δὲ

    *ETYM The basic form is uncertain: *(p)édoov, *(F)OAvov, or even (if an Ion. loan  into Att.) *(F)OAfov? It is etymologically uncertain as well: both the connection with  εἰλέω, εἴλομαι 'press together' (referring to the compact, massive structure of the  gums) and that with eiAéw 'to turn, wind', εἰλύω 'to envelop' (properly *'tumor,  envelopment'; Pok. 1141, WH s.v. gingiva) seem conceivable.

XXXXXοὖλος 1 'whole, entire'. =dA0c.

XXXXXοὖλος 2 [adj.] A. 'frizzy, shaggy, woolly, crinkly', of κόμη, λάχνη, χλαῖνα, τάπητες, etc. (IL.), as a first member in οὐλό-θριξ, -κάρηνος, -κομος, etc. (Od., Hdt, Alex., Arist); also of plants like ἕλιξ, σέλινον (Simon., Hdt.); B. Later, of ξύλον, δένδρον, etc. (Thphr.), also of the voice (Plu., AP), of movements (Call.) 'compact, dense, thick, πυκνός, συνεστραμμένος᾽. < IE? *uol(H)-no- 'wool'>

    *VAR  Myc. wo-ro-ne-ja was interpreted as /wloneja/ with metathesis for /wolneja/ by  Ventris and Chadwick 1973: 322; uncertain.

    *DER From A. οὐλάς [f.], of χαίτη (Nic.); from B. οὔλιος [adj.], of χλαμύς; οὐλάς also  as a substantive = πήρα, θύλακος (Call., AP, H.).

    *ETYM In the meaning 'frizzy', obAoc can be connected with ▶︎ εἰλέω 2 'to roll, turn,  wind' (Bechtel 1914). The later-attested meaning 'compact, thick, etc.' agrees better  with ▶︎ εἰλέω 1 'to press together', but we may also be dealing with a semantic shift  'twisted' > 'compact' (cf. ▶︎ ovotpégetv), and it is often difficult to separate the two  verbs. However, the morphology is difficult: a base form like *péAvog fits better with a  substantive. A reduplicated *f6-FA-o¢ is improbable. If Myc. wo-ro-ne-ja stands for  /wolneja/, we may reconstruct *uol(H)-no- 'wool', either from *uel- 'to twist' or  *uelH- 'to pluck' (Lat. velld). See »ἴουλος.

XXXXXοὖλος 3 [adj.] 'baneful', epithet of Ares and Achilles, also of Oveipog (I].); of Eros (A. R.), also of χεῖμα (Bion), of στόμιον (Nic.); probably also in οὖλον κεκλήγοντες (P 756, 759; acc. to the sch. and McKenzie Class. Quart. 21 (1927): 206 'thick, loud, violent', to ▶︎ οὖλος 2).

    <IE *h3lh,-u- 'destructive'>

    *DER With a suffix -to- and in the same mg. οὕλιος, said of ἀστήρ (A 62), of Ares,  etc. (Hes. Se., Pi. S.); also of Apollo and Artemis (Delos, Milete), probably originally  as bringers of pest and death ( = λοίμιος), later connected with Apollo as a healing

===Pag_1178: Beekes_Página_1178.tiff=== XXXXXοὐρά 1127 god and connected with ὅλος (whence Ἀπ. Ὄλιος in Lindos; cf. on ὅλος). On ▶︎ οὔλαφος, See 5.0.

    *ETYM Derived from the root *h,elh,- of ▶︎ ὄλλυμι, but the details of the derivation are  disputed. It seems best to assume an original u-stem *h,elh,-u-, *h,lh,-eu-, which is  probably continued in ὀλοός, as well. As an epithet of Ὄνειρος, οὖλος was interpreted by Bechtel 1914: 259f. as 'deceiving'  and connected with Lith. vilti 'to deceive', which Frisk calls 'verlockend aber  iiberfliissig'.

XXXXXοὖλος 4 [m.] 'sheaf of corn', secondarily 'song to worship Demeter' (Ath. 14, 618d); οὗλοι: δράγματα 'sheaves' (H.). <?>

    *DER Οὐλώ [f.] epithet of Demeter (Semus 19). Egetmeyer Kadmos 32 (1993): 35f. compares the Cyprian epithet of a goddess wo-lo-we-a-i /wolweai/ [dat.sg.f].

    *ETYM Unknown. Hardly the same word as "ἴουλος, as assumed eg. by Frisk.

XXXXXοὖν [adv.pcl.] 'well, so', also (originally?) affirmative: 'in fact, indeed, certainly' (Hom., Att.). <>

    *VAR  Post-Hom. Ion. ὧν (also attested as οὖν), Lesb. Boeot. Dor. ὦν, Thess. οὖν (<  ave),

    *ETYM The relation between οὖν and ὧν is unclear. Unconvincing explanations in  Brugmann-Thumb 1913: 633 and in Schwyzer 1950: 586f. On οὖν in Homer, cf. Reynen Glotta 36 (1957): 1ff. and Reynen Glotta 37 (1958): 67ff.

XXXXXοὕνεκα, -Kev [rel. adv., conj.] 'wherefore, because of which, for the reason that' (II.), as a preposition 'because of = ἕνεκα (mostly Att. poetry, Herod.).

    *ETYM As a relative, compounded from οὗ ἕνεκα; as a preposition, arisen from  ἐκείνου ἕνεκα > ἐκεινούνεκα (vel sim.) by false division.

XXXXXobvov

    *VAR οὔνει.

    *ETYM Acc. to Mayer Acme 14 (1961): 233ff, it was borrowed from Eg. wny (cf. Copt. ov(e)ivt) 'to run'. See ▶︎ ἐριούνιης.

XXXXXοὐρά [{1] 'tail' (I1.), later often metaph. 'rear (guard) (X., Plb.).

    <IE *h,ers- 'tail', PG?>

    *VAR Ion. τή.

    *COMP οὐρ-ἄγός [m.] 'leader of the rear guard', with -éw, -ia (X., Plb., LXX); on κόλ-  ουρος see ▶︎ κόλος; See also ▶︎ κόθουρος, ▶︎ πάγουρος.

    *DER 1. Diminutive οὐράδιον (Gp.); 2. Adjectives οὐρ-αἷος 'belonging to the tail' (¥  520, Hp.) with -aia [f.] (like κεραία, etc.) 'tail' (Aret.), -aiov [n.] 'id' (E.). 3. οὐρ-αχός  [m.] 'foetal organ, point, outer end', eg. of the heart, of the eyebrows, of a stalk  (medic., Ael.), τίαχος [m.] 'lower end of a spear' (Il, A. R, AP; metrically  conditioned?); cf. κύμβ-αχος, στόμ-αχος, etc. 4. οὐρώδηηςς 'belonging to the tail' (Hp. v.l.). See also ▶︎ οὖραξ.

    *ETYM The alternation between οὐρά and ὄρρος, -ορσος mirrors that between kovpa  and xéppn, képon. The cause for this alternation may have been the accent: *dpoa  gave οὐρά, while -ρσ- remained when the accent preceded: ὄρσος (> Att. dppoc). Note Olr. err [{1 'tail < IE *h,ers-h.-.

===Pag_1179: Beekes_Página_1179.tiff===

The form οὐραχός is remarkable, with a suffix that is probably Pre-Greek; here again there are the parallels with -ax-, -tx-, -vx- (cf. Chantraine 1933: 403). Even stranger is the form οὐρίαχος, which has been considered to be a metrical licence (there is no other word in -1axoc). One might suppose, therefore, that the preceding consonant was palatalized, ie. -rs'-; cf. Beekes 2008. This might lead to the conclusion that the word for 'tail' is Pre-Greek (unless one concludes that ovp()axdc is not cognate with the tail-word). See ▶︎ ὄρρος.

XXXXXοὐρανός [m.] 'heaven, sky' (I1.), also personified (Hes.).

    *VAR Dor. Boeot. ὠρανός, Aeol. ὥρανος, dpavoc (both probably for dpp-, see below).

    *COMP Often as a first member, e.g. οὐρανοςμήκης 'sky-high' (ε 239); in hypostases  like ἐπ-ουράνιος 'in the sky' (II.).

    *DER 1. Diminutive οὐρανίσκος [m.] 'tent-roof, palate' (Hell.), also name of a  constellation (sch.); 2. obpdv-toc 'heavenly' (Pi. IA), -ἰς [f.] (AP); -fa [f.] name of one  of the Muses (Hes.); 3. Οὐραν-ίωνες (θεοί) [m.pl.] 'the heavenly (gods)' (Hom.,  Hes.), also 'the Titans' (E 898; from Οὐρανός) -ίδης, Dor. -ἰδᾶς 'son of Ouranos',  plur. 'the Titans', also 'the heavenly' (Hes., Pi.); 4.0vpav-tac [f.] 'game to worship  Ourania' (Sparta); 5. οὐραν-ίζω or -ίζομαι 'to go up high' (A. Fr. 766 M.), -ιἰάζω 'to  toss up high' (H. s.v. οὐρανίαν), -οὔσθαι 'to become deified' with -ωσις (Eust.).

    *ETYM As the Aecolic variation wp-, ὀρ- probably stands for geminated dpp-, the basis  is likely to have been *(f)opoavac, accented like ὀρφανός and perhaps an  enlargement of a noun *uorsdé- = Skt. varsd- [n., m.] 'rain'. Alternatively, like e.g. dyavov : ἔχω, ξόανον : ξέω, it has been supposed that οὐρανός,  as an agent noun, derives from a verbal root *uers- as seen in Skt. vdrsati 'to rain';  alternatively, that it derives from the iterative ▶︎ obpéw, in the way that Indo-Iranian  nouns in -ana- are connected with verbs in -ayati (= Gr. -éw); it would then mean  'rainmaker' or 'moistener, impregnator'. However, the identity of the suffixes Gr. -avo- and IIr. -ana- can only be accepted under the doubtful assumption of PIE ἴα. Specht KZ 66 (1939): 199ff,, Fraenkel 1955 s.v. virsus and others interpreted it as 'der  zur Hohe in Beziehung stehende', from the root of Skt. varsman- [m., n.] 'height',  Lith. virus 'upper, highest seat', to which Ἔρρος: ὁ Ζεύς (H.) has also been  connected, so from IE *uers-; however, this is not to be preferred, neither  semantically nor formally. The old identification with the theonym Skt. Vdruna- is certainly wrong; see  Mayrhofer EWAia s.v. It has also been suggested that the word is of foreign, i.e. Pre-Greek, origin (DELG);  note that -av- is difficult to account for if the word represents an old IE formation.

XXXXXοὖραξ, -ayos [f.] Att. name of the bird tétpi— (Arist.). < PG>

    *ETYM The suffix occurs in Pre-Greek, and it has parallels with three Pre-Greek  vowels: -vy- -iy- (with long vowel, as appears often in Pre-Greek); see Chantraine  1933: 397, and cf. »Adtat. This means that the word is Pre-Greek and probably has  nothing to do with the word for 'tail'. Cf. »οὐρά.

XXXXXοὐρέω [v.] 'to urinate' (Hes., IA).

    <IE *uers- 'urinate'>

    *VAR Ipf. ἐούρουν, aor. οὐρῆσαι, fut. -ἦσω, -ἥσομαι, perf. ἐούρηκα.

===Pag_1180: Beekes_Página_1180.tiff=== XXXXXοὖρος 2 1129

    *COMP Also with prefixes like év-, ἐξ-, προσ-, κατ-.

    *DER (ἐξ-, ἀπ-)οὔρησις [f.] 'micturition', -ητήρ [m.], τἦθρα, Ion. - 'urethra', -ημα  {n.] 'urine', -ητικός 'urinating frequently, promoting urine' (Hp., Arist.); also as  back-formation οὖρον [n.] 'urine' (Hdt., Hp., Thphr.), together with δυσουρέω [v.]  'to have difficulties with micturition', -ia [f.] 'difficult micturition' (medic.) as if  from *5vo0-ovpoc. From οὖρον or obpéw: οὐράνη [f.] 'chamber-pot' (A. Fr. S. Fr.) =  οὐρητήρ (Poll.).

    *ETYM Iterative formation *uors-eie/o- from the primary root present seen in Skt. varsati 'to rain' < IE *uérs-e/o- and YAv. aiBi.varasta- 'rained upon'. It is a  euphemistic expression for ▶︎ ὀμείχω; cf. ▶︎ οὐρανός and ▶︎ épon. The cluster -rs- lost  its s with compensatory lengthening when followed by the accent. Lat. arina goes back to *uh,-r- (Skt. var- [n.] 'water', ON ur [n.] 'drizzle'), and  therefore cannot be connected. See CEG 1 (RPh. 70, 1996): 117f.

XXXXXοὐρία [f.] name of a duck-like waterbird (Alex. Mynd. apud Ath. 9, 3956). <?>

    *ETYM Unclear. It cannot be combined with the word for 'water' in Lat. urina, etc;  see on ▶︎ οὐρέω.

XXXXXodpoi [m.pl.] 'trench or keel-furrow, through which ships are pulled into the sea' (only B 153). 41Ε uoru-o- 'drawer', uerH-u- 'draw'>

    *ETYM Formerly, words mentioned s.v. ▶︎ ὅρος 'frontier, etc.' were connected, but  also ▶︎ ὀρύσσω 'to dig'. Recently, however, Garcia Ramén 2004 (see also DELG  Supp.) has analyzed ovpoi as an agent noun ἤμογμ-ό- built on the same root as épbw  'to drag', illustrating the etymology with examples from Homeric phraseology.

XXXXXοὖρον 1 [n.] 'urine'. Ξοοὐρέω.

XXXXXοὖρον 2 [n.] in οὖρον (-a) ἡμιόνοιϊν (-vwv) (8 124, K 351) and δίσκου οὖρα (Ψ 431, δίσκουρα Ψ 523) as a measure of length. <?>

    *VAR  Later only οὖρα (A. R. 2, 795).

    *ETYM Because the concrete meaning is unknown, the word has no certain  explanation. Wackernagel 1955(2): 1082 supposed that otpa was originally a  collective plural of οὖρος 'frontier, furrow' (or to obpot?, Frisk adds), from which the  singular οὖρον was an innovation. Details in Bechtel 1914: 261.

XXXXXοὖρος 1 [m.] 'fair wind' (I].). <1E *h,er- 'arise'>

    *DER οὔριος 'with a fair wind, favourable', also as an epithet of Zeus, ἡ ovpia (sc. πνοή) = οὖρος (IA); οὐρίζω 'to carry with a fair wind' (trag.), obpiow 'id.' (AP); often  in hypostases like ἐπουρ-ίζω 'id.', also intrans. 'to blow fairly, etc. (Att.); cf. ἔπ-ουρος  'blowing fairly' (S.).

    *ETYM May be derived from the root *h,er-, extended *h,er-u-, in ▶︎ ὄρνυμαι, ▶︎ dpovw  starting from a pre-form *orwo-. Att. οὔριος must then be a Homerism or Ionism.

XXXXXοὖρος 2 [m.] 'watcher, guard(iany (I1.); in Hom. almost only in οὖρος Ἀχαιῶν, epithet of Nestor.

    <IE *uer- 'observe'>

    *VAR Myc. wo-wo /worwos/.

===Pag_1181: Beekes_Página_1181.tiff===

    *COMP Cret. οὐρεύω [v.] 'to watch, guard' with ovpeta [n.pl.] 'fortress' (III*), ὠρεῖα  (Ὁ dpevetv- φυλάσσειν 'id.' (H.).

    *ETYM Can hardly be separated from ▶︎ ὁράω, and probably derives from *Fépfos,  which is attested in Mycenaean wo-wo. On the Cretan forms, see Bechtel 1921, 2: 691  and 791, as well as Thumb-Kieckers 1932: 153. See ▶︎ ἐπίουρος.

XXXXXXοὖρος 3 [m.] 'border'. dpac.

XXXXXοὖρος 4 [n.] 'mountain'. >dpoc.

XXXXXοὖς [n.] 'ear', metaph. 'handle' (i1., IA). «ΑΚ ὧς (Theoc., Hell.); gen. ὠτός (IA, with,nom. acc. plur. ὦτα, etc.), also οὔατος, -ata, etc. (Simon., with nom. acc. sing. obac); also the gloss ata (cod. ἄταν ὦτα. Ταραντῖνοι (H.); probably also sing. atc (Paul. Fest. 100, 4; see Wackernagel 1955(2): 1252ff.).

    *DIAL Myc. a-no-wo-to /an-Gwotos/ 'without handles'; also a-no-we /andwes-/ like  ἀμφ-ώης 'with two ears or handles' (Theoc.), beside ἄμφ-ωτος (Od.).

    *COMP wt-akovotéw [v.] 'to eavesdrop, listen, pay attention' (Hdt., X., D., Plb.), a  compound built on wti ἀκουστόν (opposite ἀν-ηκουστέω : οὐκ ἀκουστόν), with ὠτακουστής [m.] 'eavesdropper, listener' (Arist.); ἀν-ούατος 'without ears, without  handles' (Theoc.), &-wtog 'id.' (Philet., Plu.); pvdc-wtov (μύ-ωτον) [n.], μυοσωτίς  [f.] 'mouse-ear', ie. the plant 'madwort, Asperugo', from μυὸς ὦτα 'id' (Dsc.), see  Stromberg 1940: 42. On ▶︎ λαγώς, see s.v.

    *DER wt-iov [n.] 'handle, ear' (Theopomp. Com., LXX, NT), -άριον [n.] 'id' (com. IV*); obat-detc 'with ears, handles' (Simon., Call.), which can also be reconstructed  in Hom. and Hes. for wtweic, acc. to Wackernagel 1916: 168f.; ὠτ-ικός 'belonging to  the ear' (Gal., Dsc.). Also ὠτίς, -ίδος [f.] 'bustard' (X., Arist.), perhaps after the  cheek-plumes or the tuft, Thompson 1895 8.ν.; besides ὦτος [m.] 'eared owl' (Arist.),  after the ear-plumes. See also on ▶︎ ἐνῴδιον, ▶︎ ἐνώτιον.

    *ETYM The nominatives οὖς, ὧς (cf. βοῦς, Bac) can be derived from IE *Hous. The  color of the initial laryngeal is determined by Lat. auris, aus-cult6, etc., which must  continue an e-grade *h,eus-. This e-grade may also be found in the gloss ata, if from  *ato-ata; see perhaps also on ▶︎ ἀάνθα; it is certainly found in ▶︎ παρειαί 'cheeks' <  *par-aus-(i)ai. It has been supposed that the o-vocalism in οὖς was taken from the  word for 'eye'. OAtt. ΟΣ is noteworthy; it cannot contain an inherited diphthong *ou- and thus  seems to point to a contraction from *dwo-. An s-stem *h,ous-os was reconstructed  on this basis, for which support was found in OCS ucho [n.] 'ear', gen. usese < *h,eus-  os, gen. *h,eus-es-es. However, it is also possible to interpret the OAtt. form as ac,  analogical after ὠτός, etc. This would eliminate the problem that Homeric οὖς at Y  473 (there are also problems with A 109) contains a contraction which cannot be  resolved. Cf. Fischer MSS 56 (1996): 42 and the discussion in Haug 2002: 85}. The other case forms can be derived from pre-forms *h,ous-nt- (see Kiparsky Lang. 43 (1967): 619-635), so it is no longer necessary to assume a lengthened root grade  *h,dus-nt-, as per Frisk. This gives Hom. (Aeol.) οὔατος, with a geminate as a reflex  of the cluster *-Rh-, and [A *Gwatos with compensatory lengthening, contracting to

===Pag_1182: Beekes_Página_1182.tiff=== XXXXXοὐτάω 1131 ὠτός. The n-stem continued by these forms is also found in Arm. un-kn (with -kn after akn 'eye'; cf. on the Greek vocalism above) and in Gm., e.g. Go. auso, ausins. However, n-stems were highly productive in Germanic, which excludes them as evidence for the original flexion. To summarize, the Homeric instances may show a trace of an original root noun h,dus (represented in Lith. gen.pl. aus), while the rest of the Greek forms (including OAtt. OZ) may have been built on the n-stem h,ous-n-, which need not be inherited (though note the Armenian parallel). Other notable forms are the old duals Av. usi < IE h,us-ih, with zero grade, OCS us-i «ΤῈ h,eus-ih,. On the reconstruction of the initial laryngeal, see Beekes Sprache 18 (1972): 123f, extensive treatment of οὖς and derivative compounds in Szemerényi SMEA 3 (1967): 47-88. Perhaps related are ▶︎ ἀκούω, ▶︎ ἀκροάομαι.

XXXXXoboia [f.] 'property, homestead; being, presence, existence, reality, substance' (Att.). «1Ὲ *h,s-ont- 'being'>

    *VAR Ion. -in, Dor. woia.

    *COMP Often with prefix (from ἄπ-ειμι, etc.), eg. ἀπ-, ἐξ-, μετ-, παρ-, ovv-ovoia, -in  (mostly Att.). Compounds ἐξ-ούσιος 'bereft of property' (Ph.), ὑπερ-ούσιος 'above  being', μετ-ούσιος 'below being' (Them. comm. Arist, etc.).

    *DER οὐσ-ἴδιον [n.] 'small property', -ἰότης [f.] 'nature'; -ιἰώδης 'substantial, real'  (Epicur.), -ἰακός 'belonging to property'; verbs συν-ουσιάζω [v.] 'to be together', ἐξ-  ουσιάζω 'to have power' (since IV*; οὐσιάζω only PMag. Lond.), whence συνουσι-αστής [m.] (Pl. X.), -αστικός (Ar.) etc; οὐσι-όω, -όομαι 'to provide (be provided)  with substance', ovv- 'to be connected to something' with (auv-)oboiwots (late).

    *ETYM Abstract formation in -ia from the ptc. ὦν, οὖσα, dv (cf. the pair γερουσία :  γέρων). On this was modeled Dor. ὠσία, but also ἐσσία on Dor. Aeol. ἔσσα [f.], vtec  [pl.] (Pl Cra. 4o1c); see also éotw s.v. ▶︎ εἰμί. Suppositions on the formation in  Collinge Glotta 49 (1971).

XXXXXοὖσον [n.] 'ship's tackle, ropes' (Lyc. 20, Antim. 57 Wyss, H.), mostly plur. <?>

    *ETYM von Wilamowitz Herm. 59 (1924): 273 compares σοῦσον (7).

XXXXXοὐτάω [v.] 'to harm, wound' (IL, also trag.). < PG?>

    *VAR Present only ipv. obtae (x 356); 35g. οὐτᾷ (A. Ch. 640 [lyr.] conj. Hermann);  more frequent is the present οὐτάζω; aor. οὐτ-άσαι, -foat, -ηθῆναι, fut. -άσω, -ἧσω,  pret. 356. obta, inf. obt-duev(at), ptc. -άμενος, perf. pass. οὔτασται.

    *DER ἄ-ουτος, ἀν-ούτατος 'unwounded', νε-ούτατος 'newly wounded' (11. later also  -1t0¢ (Nic., Nonn.). ἀν-ουτητί [adv.] 'without wounding, without wounds' (X 371,

    *ETYM Athematic obt-a, -άμεν(αι), -άμενος, which certainly function as aorists,  should probably be considered to be the common basis of the above forms. Thence  ovtae and (if correctly restored) οὐτᾷ, together with οὐτ-ῆσαι, -ηθῆναι, -ἤσω on the  one hand, and the s-aorist οὐτ-άσαι, whence in turn -dow, -ἄζω, -ασται. See  Chantraine 1942: 356, 380, 410f.; on the use in Hom., see Triimpy 1950: o2ff. Morphologically and etymologically unclear. Often connected with ▶︎ ὠτειλή    =    (οὐταμένην ὠτειλήν Ξ 518, P 86) and with ▶︎ daw. Already Meister 1921: 229 had

===Pag_1183: Beekes_Página_1183.tiff===

thought of Pre-Greek origin, which seems to be the best solution, by the interpretation of ὠτειλή as a variant. A root of the shape *h,u(a)th.- (e.g. Peters 1980a: 6off.) is impossible for PIE.

XXXXXοὐτιδανός [adj.] 'worthless, insignificant' (Il. also A. Th. 361).

    *ETYM Derivation from οὔτι like ἠπεδανός, πευκεδανός, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 362),  although the 6 could also belong to original "οὔ-τιδ < *h,oiu k'id; see on ▶︎ οὐ. See  > ἀλλοδαπός, ▶︎ ἡμεδαπός.

XXXXXοὗτος [pron.dem.] 'this, this one, that one, iste' (I].). 418 so- + h,u-to- 'that one'>

    *VAR  αὕτη [f.], τοῦτο [n.].

    *ETYM The form οὗτος < *so/to- + h,u-to- (Beekes 1995: 202), a univerbation of the  *so/to- pronoun with the stem that also figures in ▶︎ αὐτός. For the element *h,u  'away, again' (Skt. ava 'away', Gr. ab) used in proniminal stems, cf. OCS ove ... ove  'the one ... the other'. This element is also found in Skt. sé « *sdé u < *so hau, and  perhaps also πάνυ (see on ▶︎ πᾶς)

XXXXXὀφείλω [v.] 'to owe, be obliged, be due' (IA, also 11.). «1Ὲ *h,b'el- 'owe, be obliged'>

    *VAR ὀφέλλω (Aeol., Arc. also Hom.), ὀφήλω (Cret., Arc. Arg.), sigm. aor. ὀφειλ-  fjoat, pass. -ηθῆναι, fut. -ἦσω (Hell. also -éow), perf. ὠφείληκα (Att.), them. aor. ὥφελον, ὄφελον (IL, Att.). Further ὀφλισκάνω 'to be guilty, incur punishment, be sentenced', fut. ὀφλ-ήσω, s-  aor. -ῆσαι, perf. ὥφληκα (Att.), pte. FopANKdot [dat.p].], 3p]. [Fo]pAgaot (Arc.), them. aor. ὀφλεῖν (IA), also with én-, mpoo-.

    *DIALMyc. o-pe-ro 'deficit', etc.

    *COMP Also with prefix, e.g. mpo-, mpoo-.

    *DER A. From the present ὀφείλω: ὀφειλ-ἕέτης [m.], -έτις [f.] 'debtor' (S., Pl.) with  -έσιον [n.] 'small debt (Eust.), -ημα [n.] (Th. Pl, Arist.); ὀφήλωμα (Cret.) after  ἀνάλωμα; ὀφείλ-ησις [f.] (pap. III*) 'debt, indebted sum'; -ἡ [f.] 'debt, leasing' (pap.,  NT). B. From the aorist ὀφλεῖν: ὄφλ-ημα [n.] (D., Arist., pap.), -ησις [f.] (LXX) 'penalty,  fine'; -ητής [m.] 'debtor' (gloss.), ὀφλοί: ὀφειλέται, ὀφειλαί (H.).

    *ETYM The system ὀφλεῖν : ὀφλισκάνω : ὀφλήσω : ὥφληκα neatly corresponds to  εὑρεῖν : εὑρίσκω, εὑρήσω, εὕρικα, except for the presentic enlargement -dvw (see  Schwyzer: 700). The aorist ὀφλῆσαι (Lys. and late) was built on the future. Arc. [Fo]pAé-act also has the same enlarged zero grade without secondary -k-. This  system was built on the zero grade thematic aorist; beside it stands another system,  based on the full grade aorist ὥφελον, whence the nasal present *O@éA vw was  derived (like ἔτεμον : τέμνω), giving the various dialectal forms ὀφείλω, ὀφέλλω,  ὀφήλω. As the formation of the present ὀφείλω became opaque by its phonetic  development, it was able to become the basis of another system. The form ὀφείλω ~  ὄφελον was also separated from ὀφλεῖν semantically. An old problem is Εο-, which only appears in an Arcadian inscription. It cannot be a  prefix, but it may be that fo- is a notation of (earlier) 6-. On the forms, see Hamp  Glotta 60 (1982): 227f. For references to attempts to connect ὀφείλω with ▶︎ ὀφέλλω 2 'to augment', see s.v.

===Pag_1184: Beekes_Página_1184.tiff=== XXXXXὀφθαλμός 1133 ὀφέλλω 1 'to OWe'. ποὀὐφείλω.

XXXXXὀφέλλω 2 [v.] 'to increase, enlarge, augment, advance' (epic, Pi. A., Theoc.). 41Ε *h,bel- 'increase, augment'>

    *VAR Aor. opt. ὀφέλλειεν (II 651, β 334), beside which the ambivalent forms  ὀφέλλωσιν (A 510), ὄφελλε(ν) (B 420, Theoc. 25, 120), ὥφελλε (π 174).

    *DIAL Myc. no-pe-re-a, /ndptele*a/ 'useless' [nom.pl.n.] < *g-h,b*el-es-h..

    *COMP Also with ἐξ- (0 18).

    *DER ὄφελ-μα [n.] (δ. Fr. 1079), -μός [m.] (inser. Lydia) 'increase, advantage', -σιμος  'advantageous, useful' (Call., Orph., Opp.), after χρή-, ὀνή-σιμος; also ὀφέλλιμος 'id.'  (Max.) with direct connection to ὀφέλλω.

XXXXXὄφελος [n.] 'promotion, use, advantage, gain' (Il.); as a second member in e.g. av- ὠφελής 'useless' (IA), replacing vwedrc seen in Myc. (see above); secondary simplex ὀφελής (pap. ΠΡ); Ὀφελέσ-της [m.] PN (Il.); Ὀφέλ-ανδρος [m.] (VI) perhaps after Ἀλέξ-ανδρος (Sommer 1948: 198). Denominative (with ὦ- from the compounds) w@edéw [v.] 'to be of use, help, support' (IA), whence -in, -ia, secondary -eta [f.] 'use, help' (IA), -ηἡμα [n.] (trag.), -ησις [f.] (S.) 'benefit, use', -ήσιμος [adj.] 'useful' (S., Ar.); much more common is ὠφέλιμος 'id' (Att.), probably from ὠφελέω, -ia. More details in Leumann 1950: 120ff. with an attempt to explain the lengthening of the initial vowel. Hamp Glotta 60 (1982): 220f. thinks that wpeAéw was extracted from the negative compound Myc. no-pe-re-a, /nopelea/.

    *ETYM The old verbal noun ὄφελος is widespread in Greek. Beside it stands a yod-  present ὀφέλλω < *OpeA-iw, and an s-aorist ὀφέλλειεν with Aeolic development of  Ἰόφελ-σ-. The form ὄφελος can be directly identified with Arm. *awel in awel-i 'more' and the  denominative y-awel-um 'to add to', in a?-awel 'more' and a?-awel-um 'to increase':  all are from an IE root *h,b'el-. It is mostly agreed that ▶︎ ὀφέλλω 3 contains the same  root as the present lemma, since Armenian also has this meaning; various scholars  also believe that ▶︎ ὀφείλω derives from the same root as well (see e.g. De Lamberterie  1992, of which a summary is found in DELG Supp.). However, opinions differ on the  semantic scenario to be proposed for Greek (is 'increase' or 'sweep' primary?); see  the discussion in Clackson 1994: 156-158.

XXXXXὀφέλλω 3 [v.] 'to sweep, broom' (Hippon. 51). <1E *h,b'el- 'sweep'>

    *DER ὄφελμα [n.] 'broom' (ibid., Eust.), ὀφέλμασι: σαρώμασιν 'sweepings' (H.),  ὄφελτρον- κάλλυντρον 'broom' (H.), whence ὀφελτρεύω (Lyc. 1165).

    *ETYM Identical with Arm. awelum 'to sweep', awel 'broom', except for the  formations. Doubts on the identity of the Greek and Armenian etyma were  expressed by Jahukyan and Arutjunjan (see Clackson 1994: 158 with fn. 232), who  assume borrowings from Near Eastern words. See ▶︎ ὀφέλλω 2.

XXXXXὀφθαλμός [m.] 'eye' (IL). «Ρα(ν)»

    *VAR  Boeot. ὄκταλλος, Epid. Lacon. ὀπτίλ(λγος.

===Pag_1185: Beekes_Página_1185.tiff===

    *COMP Often as a second member, 6.5. μον-όφθαλμος (μουν-} 'with a single eye, one-  eyed' (Hdt.,, Plb., Str.), ἑτερ-όφθαλμος 'bereft of one eye' (D., Arist.); also as a first  member, e.g. ὀφθαλμ-ωρύχος 'digging out the eyes' (A.).

    *DER 1. Diminutive ὀφθαλμ-ίδιον [n.] (Ar.); 2. -ia, Ion. -in [f.] 'eye-disease' together  with -tdw 'to suffer from an eye-disease' (IA), whence -iaotc [f.] (Plu, H.); 3. -iac  [m.] name of a kind of eagle (Lyc.), also of a fish (Plaut.); because of the fixing  glance, Stromberg 1943: 42; 4. -uxdc 'ptng. to the eyes', msc. 'eye-doctor' (Gal., Dsc.);  5. -ηδόν 'like eyes' (gloss.). 6. Verbs ὀφθαλμίζομαι 'to be inoculated' (Thphr.), 'to suffer from ὀφθαλμία᾽ (Plu.);  with preposition ἐν-ὀφθαλμ-ίζω 'to inoculate' (Thphr.), -iGopat pass. (Delos) with  -ἰσμός (Thphr.); also -ἰάζομαι (Plu.); ἐξ-οφθαλμιάζω 'to disregard, disparage' (pap. IVP); ἐπ-οφθαλμ-ίζω (Pherecyd., Plu.), -taw (Plu., pap. ITIP), -éw (pap. IVP) 'to ogle,  peep at'.

    *ETYM Understandably, attempts have been made to derive the word from the root  on- 'to see'. However, there are variants in Boeot. ὄκταλλος, Epid. Lacon. ὀπτίλ(λ)ος. This interchange kt : nt : Φθ was interpreted by Frisk as follows: -κτ- is  old, mt is analogical and φθ is expressive. This kt / mt was then compared with group  ks in Skt. dksi 'eye', and a correspondence between the suppletive n-stem in Skt. gen. aksnds and a putative I-stem in ὀφθ-αλ-μός was assumed by Specht. However, since an IE labiovelar became a labial before a consonant, the explanation  that takes -κτ- as a regular reflex is just plain wrong. Also, expressive aspiration is a  meaningless explanation for -φθ-. Moreover, the repeated attempts to explain  ὀφθαλμός as a compound are all wrong (e.g., from θάλαμος 'bedroom' and θάλλω  'to flower'; for literature see Frisk s.v. ὀφθαλμός). Finally, not only the variation cannot be explained from Indo-European; the rise of a  suffix -ad(A)}- would be incomprehensible as well. In Beekes 2008, it is shown that  ὄκταλλος has a Pre-Greek suffix (thus already Beekes 1969: 193); it continues a  palatalized ἪΡ, which was represented as a geminate. This leads to a PGr. reconstruction *ok't-aP-(m)-. Here the labiovelar could become a labial, but the  labial element could also be ignored, which yielded oxt-. Aspiration was not  phonemic in Pre-Greek, hence the variant ὀφθ- is unproblematic on this account. In  ontii(A)og¢, ἴα apparently became i by influence of the following palatalized  consonant. The fact that PGr. *ok't- strongly resembles IE *h,ek'- is a mere  coincidence, and such accidents may be expected to occur every now and then. By way of contrast, the gloss ὄκκον: ὀφθαλμόν (H.) may well be of IE origin (related  to. Arm. akn?). For words derived from the inherited root ὀπ- 'see', see ▶︎ ὄμμα,  > ὄσσε, ▶︎ ὄπωπα.

XXXXXὄφις [m.] 'snake' (Μ 208). 4 IE *h,eg'"i- 'snake'>

    *VAR Gen. -ἰος, -εος, -EWs.

    *COMP As a first member in the constellation name ὀφι-οὔχος [m.] 'snake-holder',  Lat. Angui-tenens (Eudox., Arat.), see Scherer 1953: 184f.

    *DER Diminutive ὀφ-ίδιον (ι and 7) [n.] (Att. inscr., Arist.); τίασις [f] (to *oqidw)  'snake-disease', name of a disease of the skin (Gal.); -ιφδης 'rich of snakes, snaky'  (Pi., Arist.); -τἰόεις 'rich of snakes' (Antim.), HN Ὀφιοῦς [m.], Ὀφιοῦσσα [f.] name of

===Pag_1186: Beekes_Página_1186.tiff=== XXXXXὀφρῦς, -ύος 1135 several islands (Antim, Arist.), of a plant (Plin.); -ιακός 'belonging to snakes', τὰ ὀφιακά title of a work (sch. Nic.); -ἰόνεος 'snaky' (Opp.), perhaps from *-t-iveoc (Schwyzer: 491°); -ἰτης (λίθος) [m.], -titi¢ πέτρη [f.] 'serpentine' (Orph. L.), after the color, Redard 1949: 59, 'erysipelas' (Gal.); Redard 1949: 104.

    *ETYM Probably identical with Skt. dhi-, Av. azi- [m.] 'snake' from IE *h,ég'"i- (the  absence of reflexes of Brugmann's Law points to IE e-vocalism). The traditional  connection with Arm. ἰΖ, instr. -iw 'id' is problematic, since it presupposes a pre-  form *Hég'"i- (with unexplainable lengthened grade). The appurtenance of the first  member of the Germanic word for 'lizard' (OHG egi-dehsa, etc.) is unclear, since one  expects *h,eg'"i- to yield PGm. *awi-. The lengthening of the 6- in M 208 (after  which Hippon. 49, 6, etc.) is metrically conditioned; see O. Masson 1962: lic. See on  ▶︎ ἔχις and (unrelated) ▶︎ ἔγχελυς.

XXXXXὀφλισκάνω -οὀφείλω.

XXXXXὀφνίς [7] - ὕννις, ἄροτρον 'ploughshare, plough' (H.).

    <IE *wog**-n-i- (?) 'coulter,  ploughshare'>

    *ETYM Can be identified with OPr. wagnis 'coulter' < IE *uog'*ni-. Beside this stands  Lat. vdmis (-er), -eris [m.] 'ploughshare', from an unclear base form; see De Vaan  2008 s.v. It is probablye that ὄφατα- δεσμοὶ ἀρότρων 'ties of the plough'. Ἀκαρνᾶνες  (H.) also belongs here; see Bechtel 1921, 2: 76. See ▶︎ bvtc.

XXXXXὄφρα [adv., conj.] 'so long as, until; in order that'; in correlation τόφρα 'so long as, meanwhile' (I1.); on the use in Hom. see Bolling Lang. 25 (1949): 379ff. «1Ὲ *-b'r->

    *ETYM From relative 6- and demonstrative to-, perhaps comparable to Arm. erb  'when? (IE *h,e-b'r-), ToA ku-pre 'when', td-prem 'so much', etc. Ehrenfellner KZ  107 (1994): 101-104 explains the second member as the zero grade of *b'er- 'to bear'  as 'auf welches hinzielend'.

XXXXXὀφρῦς, -ὕος [f.] 'eyebrow', mostly plur.; metaph. 'elevated edge, brow ofa hill' (I1.).

    <IE  *h,b'reuH- 'eyebrow'>

    *VAR Details on the inflexion in Schwyzer: 571.

    *COMP Asa second member in ovv-ogpuc 'with meeting eyebrows' (Arist.).

    *DER Diminutive ὀφρύ-διον [n.] (H. s.v. ἐπισκύνιον, Theognost.), MoGr. (ὀγφρύδι;  ὀφρύη, -a 'elevation' (Hdt., Argos) like ἰχθύ-η, -a, etc; -όεις 'situated on an edge,  terraced' (X 411), -ὦδης 'protrusive' (Gal.). Denominative verbs: 1. ὀφρυ-όομαι [v.] 'to be haughty' (Timo, Luc.) with -wotg [f.]  'elevation, edge' (Paul. Aeg.), older ovv-ogpudopat [v.] 'to knit one's brows' (S., E.);  with kat- in κατωφρυωμένος 'to be provided with brows' (Philestr. VA, Luc.); 2. ὀφρυ-άζω 'to beckon with the eyebrows', also as an expression of pride (Amips. Com. V-IV*); 3. -dw 'to be hilly' (Str.); 4. ὀφρυγνᾷ: ὁμοίως (Le. = -άζειλ Βοιωτοί  (H.); unclear, perhaps after ὀριγνάομαι.

    *ETYM ὀφρῦς continues an old root noun *h,b'ruH-, identical with Skt. bhri- [f],  acc. bhrivam, and with forms from Celtic and Gm: Olr. for-bru [acc.pl.], OS bri. The root noun is also visible in Balto-Slavic: OCS brov-p, Lith. briive, dial. -is. The IE  paradigm was nom. *h,b"réuH-s, gen. *h,b*ruH-os, which explains the Gm. forms

===Pag_1187: Beekes_Página_1187.tiff===

OHG brawa [f.] 'eyebrow', wint-prawa 'eyelash', which belong with OS braha 'id' to OE brew [m.] 'eyebrow', ON bra [1] 'eyelash'. The root noun was extended as an n-stem in ON brun, while ToB parwane [du.] may contain the regular dual ending in this language. An extension with dental is found in Av. bruuat-biigm [dat.pLf.], Mr. bruad [gen.du.], and in ἀβροῦτες: ὀφρῦς, Μακεδόνες (H.). 6xa [adv.] 'by far', before ἄριστος (Hom.).

    *ETYM Backformation from ἔξοχα 'id.' (ἔξοχος, ἐξέχω); see Leumann 1950: 133ff.

XXXXXὀχάνη

    *VAR ὄχανον, ὀχή, etc. ἔχω. ᾿

XXXXXὀχεή [f.] 'cave, grotto' (Arat., ΝΊς., Orph.). «ΟΕ»

    *ETYM Hellenistic for ▶︎ yeu} after ▶︎ ὀκρυόεις for κρυόεις; perhaps through cross with  sematically related ὀχετός.

XXXXXὀχετός Ξοὀχέω.

XXXXXὀχεύω [v.] 'to cover, mount', med. 'to copulate' (14).

    *VAR Aor, -εῦὔσαι.

    *COMP P Also with ἐπ-, kat-, map-, etc.

    *DER ὀχ-εῖος 'serving as a cover' (Din.), -eiov [n.] 'covering place, stallion' (Lycurg. Arist.); -eia [f.] (X. Arist, pap.) ὀχή [f] (Arat.), -evorg [f.] VJ.) 'covering,  impregnation', -evpia [π.] 'product of the body' (Arist.); -ευτής [m.] 'stallion' (pap. III), -evttkdg 'ruttish' (Arist, Thphr.); -εὐτριαν (H. sv. ψόαν). Also ὀχῶν'  ὀχευτικῶς ἔχων (H.), ὀχέωνται (Arat. 1070 verse-final) = ὀχεύωνται.

    *ETYM Etymology debated. Acc. to older interpretations, it is related to ὀχέομαι 'to  drive, ride', in which case the ending -etw and the active diathesis would be  remarkable in ὀχεύω. Others connected »#xw in the sense 'to overpower'. More  attractive is the hypothesis by BoShardt 1942: 30, who takes ὀχεύω as a denominative  from ὀχεύς 'door-bolt, etc' (which also derives from éxw): this was originally a  wooden pin which was fitted in a hole in the wall to block the door. The hapaxes  ὀχῶν, OXEWVTAL are secondary innovations.

XXXXXὀχέω, -Eoptat [v.] 'to carry, bear, endure, sustain', 'to let mount or ride', 'to anchor' (Od., E. Hel. 277); more frequent in med. 'to drive, ride, swim, be at anchor' (II.). < GRP

    *VAR  Aor. and fut. (not in Att. prose) act. ὀχῆ-σαι (Call.), -ow (A., E.), med. -σασθαι,  -σομαι (Hom.), pass. -θῆναι (Hp.).

    *COMP Also with prefix, especially ἐπ-οχέομαι.

    *DER 1. ὀχ-ετός [m.] (from dyxo¢?) 'canal, furrow' (Pi., IA) together with -ετεύω 'to  conduct by a canal', whence -ετεία, -έτευμα, etc; ὀχετ-ηγός 'drawing a canal' (Φ  257); 2. OxetAa: ὀχήματα (H.); 3. ὄχ-ημα [n.] 'vehicle', also metaph. (Pi., 14) with  τ-ηματικός; 4. -ησις [f] 'driving, riding' (Ηρ. Pl.).

    *ETYM The middle is an iterative of ▶︎ ἔχω 2 'to carry, offer' (Schwyzer: 717); the  meaning 'to drive, ride, transport' is old; cf. especially Lat. veh, etc. The rarer active  forms can also be understood from this meaning, but in some instances, the

===Pag_1188: Beekes_Página_1188.tiff=== XXXXXὄχλος 1137 meaning of the active has shifted by influence of ▶︎ ἔχω 1 'to hold, possess, etc.': note ὀχέοντας ὀϊζύν (1 211) beside πόνον τ᾽ ἐχέμεν καὶ ὀϊζύν (N 2, θ 529). See ▶︎ ὄχος, ▶︎ ὄχλος.

XXXXXὀχθέω [v.] 'to cherish resentment, get angry or wrathful'.

    *VAR  Only aor. ptc. ὀχθήσας and 3pl. ὥχθησαν (Hom.), fut. ὀχθήσω (Q. S.), ὀχθεῖ:  στένει, στενάζει 'to wail, sigh, groan' (H.); cf. ὀχθᾶσθαι: ἀπὸ τοῦ ὄχθη. οἱ γὰρ. στένοντες ἑαυτοὺς μετεωρίζουσιν 'from ὄχθη; for the wailing elevated themselves'  (H.); enlarged ὀχθ-ίζω (Opp. H.), προσ-οχθ-ίζω, -ίσαι, -ιῶ, -ώχθικα (LXX).

    *DER ὄχθησις: θόρυβος, τάραχος 'noise, agitation' (H.), προσόχθισ-μα [n.]  'displeasement, object of indignation' (LXX), προσοχθισμός: πρόσκρουσις,  δεινοπάθεια 'offence, exaggerated complaint' (H.), etc.

    *ETYM Probably a causative or iterative-intensive of ἔχθομαι, ἔχθω (see ▶︎ ἔχθος), like  φοβέω : φέβομαι, σοβέω : σέβομαι, θροέω : θρέομαι; ποτάομαι : πέτομαι, etc. Connection with ▶︎ ἄχθος, -ομαι is phonetically less convincing.

XXXXXὄχθη [f.] 'high and rocky edge by the water, bank, shore' (Il.).

    *VAR Usually plur. -at.

    *DER ὄχθος [m.] 'height, hil? (Ion. since h. Ap. 17), 'hunch, outgrowth, tubercle'  (medic.) with ὀχθ-ηρός 'hilly' (Hell.), -ώδης 'full of outgrowth, tuberculous' (Ὁ. H.,  medic.).

    *ETYM Seems to display a suffix like in μόχθος, βρόχθος, etc., but the connection  with ἔχω 'to hold' is semantically unconvincing. Cf. further ▶︎ εὔοχθος, -éw. Fur.: 110,  etc. compare ἀκτή 'promontory, edge', which would point to a Pre-Greek word with  obvious variations.

XXXXXὄχθοιβος [m.] 'purple stripe or edge of a chiton' (Ar., Pherecr.); 'tuft neckband' (Att. inscr.); cf. Kretschmer Glotta 16 (1928): 169.

    *ETYM Technical word with a suffix -B- like in »κόσυμβος, ▶︎ κόλλαβος, etc. Connection with ὄχθη 'high edge' seems possible. Cf. also οἶβος (Luc. Lex. 3)? acc. to  Poll. τοῦ τραχήλου τοῦ βοὸς τὸ κάλλιστον 'the best part of the neck of a bovine'. No  doubt a Pre-Greek word; cf. Fur.: 321.

XXXXXὀχλεύς

    *VAR -éw, -ίζω. -'ὄχλος.

XXXXXὄχλος [m.] 1. '(orderless) crowd, multitude, throng', plur. 'crowd, people'; 2. 'disturbance, perturbation, annoyance' (Pi, IA).

    <IE *uog"-(s)lo-, *ueg"- 'drive, ride,  transport'>

    *COMP ὀχλο-κρατία [f.] 'mob-rule' (Plb., Plu.), ἄτοχλος 'without disturbances, not  disturbing' (Hp.).

    *DER Adjectives 1. ὀχλ-ηρός 'bothersome, annoying' (IA) with -npia [f.] (LXX); 2. τἰκός 'belonging to the crowd, mobbish' (Hell.); 3. -ώδης 'annoying' (IA), 'popular,  common' (Plu.). Substantives 4. ὀχλεύς: μοχλός, στρόφιγξ, δεσμός 'bolt, pivot, tie'... (H.); ἐποχλεύς  [m.] 'brake shoe on a cart' (Ath.), probably for "ἐποχεύς; ἐποχλίζομαι 'to be bolted'  (Apollon. Lex.).

===Pag_1189: Beekes_Página_1189.tiff===

Denominative verbs 5. ὀχλέω 'to put in (rolling) motion, roll away' (Φ 261), 'to disturb, perturb, bother' (Ion., Hell.; with prefix, especially év-, also Att.); ἀν-οχλέω = ἀν-οχλίζω (S. E.). Thence ὄχλ-ησις (év-) [f.] 'bothering, interference, perturbation' (Democr., Hell.), (ἐν-)ὄχλ-ημα 'id'? (Epicur., medic.), ὀχλητι-κός = ὀχλικός (Procl.); 6. ὀχλεύονται = ὀχλεῦνται: κυλινδοῦνται 'roll' (H.); 7. ὀχλ-ίζω 'to pull up or out of place' (I1.), also with μετ-, av-, etc; 8. ὀχλ-άζω 'to be disturbed or confused' (LXX).

    *ETYM The original meaning of the verbal noun ὄχλος, which was concretized in the  sense 'crowd', cannot be established with certainty; in the sense of 'perturbation,  etc.', it may have been influenced by ὀχλέω. Starting from *uog"-(s)lo- (on the lack of ἃ Ε- in Homer, see Chantraine 1942: 125),  ὄχλος corresponds with the well-known verb 'drive, carry' seen in féyw (see ▶︎ ἔχω  2), ὀχέομαι, Lat. vehd, etc. Several possibilities exist for the semantic development:  eg. an agent noun 'driving, carrying, moving', or an instrument noun *'driver,  carrier, mover. ON vag! [m.] 'tiebeam, roost' (properly ''bearing-bar, carrier') is  formally identical. The primary nouns Lat. vectis and ON vog < IE *uog"-h,- 'lever'  agree semantically with the denominatives ὀχλ-ίζω 'to raise', ὀχλ-έω 'to roll away'  (both by using a lever), and with ὀχλ-εύς 'bolt, etc... An original meaning 'drive'  could easily develop into both 'stirred mass, mob' and 'spiritual excitement, unrest';  the same holds for the denominative oyAéw (cf. Lat. turba, -dre).

XXXXXὄχμα

    *VAR ὀχμάζω, ὄχμος. -Exw 1.

XXXXXὄχος [m.] 'cart, carriage, vehicle'. «IE uog'-o-, ueg'- 'carry, drive'>

    *VAR Gender: msc. (Pi. O. 6, 24 [ὄκχος, see below], Hdt., A., etc.), often plur. -οι  (since h. Cer.); also ntr. plur. ὄχεα, -eogt (Hom., Pi.).

    *ETYM Old verbal noun from Féyw 'to carry' (see ▶︎ yw 2), ὀχέομαι 'to drive', thus  from *Féxo¢ (on the loss of the F- in Hom., see Chantraine 1942: 125), and identical  with Slav. words like OCS voze [m.] 'wagon', IE *ud¢"o-. The e-vocalism expected in  an s-stem is preserved in ἔχεσφι' ἅρμασιν 'with carts' (H.); ὄχεα is modeled on dyoc,  ὀχέομαι. The forms Ἰρξόχος and [μ]όχεα correspond to Skt. vahas- [n.] 'vessel' (metaph. for the  song of praise), vdhd- [m.] 'draught animal', as well as 'vessel', Av. vaza- [m.]  'draught animal' (would be Gr. éyoc). A derivation in -n- with the same meaning  was formed in the Western languages: Olr. fén 'kind of wagon' < IE *ueg'-no-, OHG  wagan 'wagon' < IE *uog"-no-; a suffix *-tlo- is used in Lat. vehiculum [n.] 'vessel',  Skt. vahi-tra- [n.] 'ship', and appears also in éyetAa- ὀχήματα (H.). The geminate in  ὄκχος, ὀκχέω (Pi.) is unexplained. Cf. ▶︎ ὀχέω, ▶︎ ὄχλος, and ▶︎ γαιάοχος.

XXXXXὄχνη -οὄγχνι.

XXXXXὀχυρός --'ἐχυρός.

XXXXXἘὄψ 1 [f.] 'voice, sound, word' (IL).

    *VAR Only in ὄπα, -ός, -i.

    *COMP On > εὐρύοπα, see s.v.

    *DER On ▶︎ ὄσσα [f.], see s.v.

===Pag_1190: Beekes_Página_1190.tiff=== XXXXXὄψον 1130

    *ETYM A root noun from IE *uok'-s. Lat. véx has a long vowel, which must stem  from the nom.sg. Skt. has vak, acc. vacam pointing to a paradigm *udk's, *uok"-m. Besides these, there is an s-stem in ▶︎ ἔπος. Cf. ▶︎ ἐνοπή. by 2, ὀπός [f.] 'eye, face'. -᾿ ὄπωπα.

XXXXXὀψέ [adv.] 'afterwards, after a long time, late (in the evening), too late' (IL).

    <IE  *h,e/op- 'on'>

    *VAR ὄψι (Aeol., Lyr. Adesp. 57).

    *COMP Often ὀψι- as a first member (after ἀγχι-, ἠρι-, etc.), eg. dyi-yovoc 'late  arrival, younger' (IL, Hdt, Arist.); also ow-, eg. ὀψ-αρό-της [m.] 'who ploughs late'  (Hes. Op. 490). As a second member in ἀπ-οψέ (A. D.), kat-owé (Alex. Trall.) 'late  (at night)', cf. κατ-όπιν, ἀπο-πρό, εἰς.

    *DER 1. ὀψι-αίτερος, -αίτατος (Att.), after παλαίτερος, etc. 2. ὄψ-ιος 'late' (Pi, Arist.)  with ὀψιό-της [61 (Thphr.), like πρώϊ-ος; -tpoo 'id' (X, Hell.), like πρώϊ-μος  (perhaps by reinterpretation of ὄψιμος 'visible' Β 325); -νός 'id. (imperial period),  after ἐωθι-νός, etc. 3. ὀψίχα: ὀψέ. Βυζάντιοι (H.), diminutive like ὁσσ-ίχος, etc. 4. ὀψ-ia [f.] 'evening' (IA). 5. dw-ilw 'to be late, be overdue' (Lys., X.) with -ἰσμός [m.]  'delay' (Ὁ. H.).

    *ETYM The final accented -é in ὀψέ is unexplained. The form ὄψι recalls ὕψι 'in a  high place', but it must in fact have spread from compounds with *oyt-. We can  therefore assume a basic form *dw, which recalls ▶︎ dy and is identical with Lat. ops-  'towards' (beside op, ob), e.g. in o(b)s-tendo.

XXXXXὀψιανός [m.] of λίθος, a black stone (Peripl. M. Rubr. 5, Plin. HN 36, 196 ntr.pl. obsiana).

    *ETYM Acc. to Pliny, it is named after a person called Obsius, who discovered it.

XXXXXὀψείοντες [m.pl.] 'wishing to see' (Ξ 37), desiderative ptc. to ὄπωπα, etc.

    <IE?>

    *ETYM Hypothesis by Wackernagel KZ 28 (1887): 141 ff: from ὄψει ἰόντες, whence the  Hom. ind. ὀψείω and the other post-Hom. desideratives in -ceiw; hardly probable,  acc. to DELG. See Schwyzer: 789 and Chantraine 1942: 453; see also Lindeman BSL    60 (1965): 46f.

XXXXXὄψις

    *VAR ὄψομαι. Ξ-᾽ὄπωπα.

XXXXXὄψον [n.] 'side-dish, especially meat'; in Athens and other places especially 'fish' (I].). GR, IE *h,op-s>

    *COMP ὀψο-ποιός [m.] 'cook' (IA), εὔτοψος 'rich of side-food, especially fish'  (middle com.). ὀψ-αρτυ-τής [m.] 'cook' with -τικός, -cia (com.), back-formation  ὀψαρτύω (Hell.).

    *DER Diminutive ὀψάριον [n.] (com., pap.), MoGr. ψάρι 'fish'; ὀψ-ών-ης [m.] 'buyer  or trader of side-dishes' (Ar. Fr. 503) together with -ia, -éw (Critias, Ar.), -tov [n.]  'meant for buying ὄψον", 'cash salary, wages' (Hell.) together with -ἰάζω, etc;  borrowed as Lat. opsénium [m.] 'side-food', opsdndre (to dwwvéw) together with  -dtor, re-borrowed as ὀψωνάτωρ, cf. WH s.v.

===Pag_1191: Beekes_Página_1191.tiff===

    *ETYM Convincing analysis by Taillardat in DELG Supp.: thematicized from the  adverb "ὄψ, reconstructed for ὀψέ 'late' and ὄψι, and seen in Lat. obs-. The ὄψον was  a supplementary dish, which was always eaten on top of eg. grain or bread. This  suggests the comparison with Myc. o-pi. Taillardat adduces other parallels from  Greek for the use of a prefix ἐπι- with verbs for eating, expressing the same sense of a  supplementary meal.

===Pag_1192: Beekes_Página_1192.tiff===

II nayaoa (f.] - θύρα. kai παγασαί 'door' (H.). 4 PG>

    *ETYM Fur.: 157' identifies the word with the town [ayacat in Thessaly. Other place    names in -aoa, such as Ilepyaca, are mentioned by Fur.: 64%*. The word is Pre-  Greek.

XXXXXπάγη [f.] 'snare, trap' (IA). 41ὲ *peh.g- 'make fast, stiff>

    *COMP éninayog [m.] 'hardened frozen crust' (Plu., medic; back-formation to  ἐπιπήγνυμι, -μαι).

    *DER παγίς, -ίδος [f.] 'id' (Ar. Fr. 666, Hell.), derivatives -ἰδεύω, -ίδευμα (LXX).

XXXXXπάγος [m.] 1. 'pinnacle, cliff, hill (epic Ionic since € 405, 411); 2. 'ice, hoarfrost, frost' (A, S, PL Arist.), late also ntr. after ῥῖγος, κρύος. Thence (or from παγῆναι, πήγνυμι) 1. παγετός [m.] = πάγος (Pi, IA), παγετώδης 'ice-like, icecold' (Hp. S., Arist.); 2. παγερός 'freezing, icecold' (Ὁ. Chr., Arist; after κρυερός); 3. παγώδης = παγετώδης (Thphr.).

    *ETYM Verbal nouns in *ph.g-h,/o/i- of ▶︎ πήγνυμι 'to fasten, attach'. See ▶︎ πάξ,  ▶︎ πάσσαλος, and ▶︎ πάχνη.

XXXXXπάγουρος [m.] ((6410]6) crab, Cancer pagurus' (Ar., Arist.).

    *ETYM Usually interpreted as 'whose tail (obpd) consists of πάγος", due to the hard  short back of the body (as opposed to the softer tail of other species). However, this  traditional etymology is unconvincing; see σκίουρος for a similar case. More  probably, πάγουρος is a Pre-Greek word. Fur.: 165 and 331 connects φάγρος,  φάγωρος 'kind of fish' (H.); with secondary r, we find paypwpioc. The word was  borrowed into Latin as pagurus, whence Middle French, MoFr. pag(r)ure 'Cancer  pagurus.

XXXXXπάγχυ [adv.] 'altogether' (Il, Sappho, Hdt.).

    *ETYM Derived from *navt- 'al? (ntr. πᾶν), but -χὺ is unclear. Most often considered  to be a transformation of ἐπάγ-χι (like ἦ-χι) et al. on the model of πάνυ 'altogether'. Others have suggested haplology from ἐπὰν ἀγχύ (related to Skt. amhut- 'narrow'; see  ▶︎ ἄγχω and ▶︎ ἄγχι), or a dissimilation from ἡπάγχνυ after πρόχνυ (see Frisk s.v.). Meier-Briigger KZ 107 (1994): 87f. assumes a compound 'completely poured', with a  second member *-k"u-t- from yéw 'to pour',    πάθνη (f.] 'crib'. +=patvn.

===Pag_1193: Beekes_Página_1193.tiff===

XXXXXπάθος [n.] 'incident, experience, misfortune; emotion, passion; state, condition'. -»-πάσχω.

XXXXXπαιάν, -ἄνος [m.] 'choral song, hymn', especially for Apollo, 'paean'; also personified as 'divine physician' (Hom.); epithet of Apollo, 'physician, savior'; also name of a foot (Arist, Heph.).

    *VAR παιήων, -ovos (IL), παιών, -@voc (IA), πάων, -ovac (Aeol.); παιάν, -ἄνος (Dor.,  trag., Hell.).

    *DIAL Myc. pa-ja-wo-ne /Paiawonei/ [dat.].

    *DER 1. παιών-ιος 'belonging to a paean, healing, saving' (A, S., Ar.), fem. -td¢ (AP),  -ἰς (S. ΕΟ) also -ia [f.] epithet of Athena (Paus), as a plant name 'peony' (Thphr,, Ps.-  Dsc.); παιανίδες [Ρ].] epithet of ἀοιδαί (Pi.); Παιηόνιος = Παιώνιος (APL); παιανίας  [m.] 'paean-singer' (Sparta). 2. παιωνικός = παιώνιος (Plu., Gal.), παιανικός 'paean-  like' (Ath.). 3. παιηοσύνη- ἰατρεία 'medical treatment' (H.). 4. παιωνίζω (1A), -ανίζω  (Dor.) 'to strike up a paean, to worship with a paean', παιωνισμός [m.] (Th., Str. Ὁ. H.), -totat (m.pl.] 'guild of the paean-singers' (Rome, Piraeus, II-III).

    *ETYM Probably taken from the exclamation ἰὴ παιήων, ἰὼ παιάν (as the begining of a  song). The basis is *natd-(F)wv like Id(p)ovec, κοινά(ξ)ων (see ▶︎ Ἴωνες and  »κοινός), but is otherwise unclear. Perhaps 'who heals illnesses through magic  (Apollo)', from "παῖρα, *naria 'blow', related to ▶︎ naiw 'beat'; otherwise, related to  mtatw? In origin, the word may well be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXπαιπάλῃ [f.] 1. 'fine flour, flour dust' (Ar. Nu. 262, Apollon. Med.), 2. 'shrewd person, crafty person' (Ar. Nu. 260). <?>

    *COMP 1. δυσ-παίπαλος, epithet of a valley (Archil.), the waves (B.), Mount Othrus  (Nic.), etc; 2. δυσ-οδο-παίπαλα [n.pl.] 'difficult and rugged' (A. Eu. 387, reading  uncertain); 3. πολυ-παίπαλος, of the Phoenicians (0 419), of the air (Call. Fr. anon. 225). me Several formally close, but semantically doubtful fomations: 1. παιπαλ-όεις  [adj.] 'rugged', of islands, mountains, roads (IL, epic); 2. -ἰμος [adj.] 'artful, shrewd'  (Theognost., sch.); 3. τώδης 'id. (EM, Suid.); 4. -εος (meaning unknown) of mmo  'woodpecker' (Antim.). Verbs: 1. παιπαλᾶν' περισκοπεῖν, ἐρευνᾶν 'to look around,  inquire' (H.), παιπάλημα [n.] (Ar., Aeschin.) = παιπάλη, probably enlargement; 2. παιπάλλειν- σείειν 'to shake' (H.); 3. παιπαλώσσω: τὸ παίζω Kai τὸ παροινῶ 'to dance  and act like a drunk' (Theognost.). παίπαλά te κρημνούς te (Call. Dian. 194) is  probably a back-formation.

    *ETYM The adjective παιπαλόεις, used by the epic poets as an epitheton ornans, is  most often interpreted as 'raw, steep' or 'twisted'; hence δυσ-παίπαλος 'rough and  steep'. In view of the glosses παιπάλλειν: σείειν 'to shake' (H.) and παιπαλώσσω  (Theognost.), παι-παλ- could be an intensive reduplication of the root "παλ- of  ▶︎ πάλλω 'to swing, rock', thus 'be agitated' vel sim. Acc. to Tichy 1983: 306ff.,  meaning 1. is a ghost word.

XXXXXπαῖς, παιδός [m., f.] 'child, boy, son, slave, servant', more rarely 'girl, daughter' (IL). IE *peh.-u- 'few, little'>

    *VAR  Also πάϊς (epic Lesb., Boeot.).

===Pag_1194: Beekes_Página_1194.tiff=== XXXXXπαιφάσσω 1143

    *COMP παιδ-αγωγός [m.] 'children's attendant, schoolteacher', ἄ-παις 'childless'  (IA), ete.

    *DER A. Nouns. Several hypocoristic diminutives, partly replacing παῖς: 1. παιδ-ίον  [n.] (IA), -ιότης [f.] 'childhood' (Aq.), -τιώδης 'childish' (Ὁ. H.). 2. diminutive παιδ-ίσκος [m.], more usually -ioxn [f.] (Att.), -ἰσκι-ωρός [m.] (Sparta) 'guard of girls'?,  -ἰσκάριον (Hell.), -ἰσκεῖος (IV*), -ἰσκεῖον 'brothel' (Ath.). 3. παιδ-άριον (Att) 'little  boy', -αρίσκος (Hld.), -αρίδιον (gloss.), -αριήματα' παιδάρια 'little boys' (H.), -apiwv  (H.), -αριώδης 'childish' (Pl. Arist.), -αρικός 'belonging to slaves' (pap. VIP),  -αριεύομαι [v.] 'to behave childishly' (Aristox.). 4. πάϊλλος 'male child' (Tanagra). 5. παιδ-ία 'childhood' (Hp.), «a 'child's play, pleasantry, pastime' (Att.); -ιώδης  'playful' (Ion Hist., Arist.). 6. παίγνιον [adj.] 'playful', -in [f.] 'play'. B. Adjectives: 1. παιδ-νός 'in infancy, childish' (Od., epic). 2. παίδ-ειος, -εἴος, -ἤϊος  'childlike' (Pi. trag, Pl); τά -ἠΐα name of a festival (Delph. V--IV*). 3. παιδ-ικός  'concerning the child, childlike'; ta παιδικά 'dear' (B., Att.). 4. παιδοῦς, -οὔσσα  'having many children, pregnant' (Call., Hp.). C. Verbs: 1. παίζω [v.] 'to behave like a child, play' (Od.), also with év-, e.g. ἐμπαίκ-  τῆς, -y-HOc, -γιμονή (LXX, NT), kata-, ovv-, etc, aor. παῖσαι, analogically also  παῖξαι (Crates Com., Ctes., Hell.), παῖγ-μα 'play' (E.), φιλο-παίγμων 'fond of playing'  (y 134), -μοσύναι [pl.} 'id.' (Stesich.); maty-vin 'play' (Hdt.), -ννήμων 'playful' (Hdt.),  τ-νιον (Att.), -x-viov (Erinna, Theoc. in pap. Antin., Call.) 'play, jest'. Probably, παιγ-  v- for ἔπαιδν- because of an early connection with παίζω. (συμ-)παίκ-της 'player,  team-mate' (AP), -tpia [f.] (Ant. Lib.), (συμ-)παίσ-της [m.] (Pl. Min., pap.), -τικός  'jocular' (Clearch.), -tpn [f] 'playground' (Herod.); συμπαίκ-τωρ, -παίσ-τωρ (X. AP), 2. παιδ-εύω [v.] 'to raise, breed, educate' (also with ἐκ-, συν-, etc.) (1A), with  παιδ-εία [f.] 'upbringing, education, breeding' (A., Democr., Att.), also 'childhood,  youth'; -evotc [f] 'upbringing, education' (Pi. trag, Pl.), -evpa 'subject, outcome of  the upbringing, pupil' (Att.), -ευτής 'instructor, teacher' (PI.), -ευτικός 'belonging to  the upbringing' (PI., etc.), -ευτήριον 'school' (D. S., Str.). 3. *natd-dw in παίδ-ωσις  [f.] 'adoption' (Elis).

    *ETYM Disyllabic πάϊς points to original *naf-t-6-. The unenlarged stem is still seen  in Att. παῦς (vase inscr.) and in the Cypr. gen. Φιλό-παρ-ος; uncertain is Cypr. διπας, = δί-παιςῦ A parallel enlargement occurs in ▶︎ παῦρος < *peh.u-ro-, cf. Lat. parvus 'small'. Other cognates are Lat. paucus 'few' < *peh.u-ko-, pau-per, if from  *peh,u-(o-) p(o)rh,-o- 'providing little' (see de Vaan 2008 s.v.), and Go. fawai [pl.]  'few'. The appurtenance of Lat. puer < *ph.u-ero- 'smaller' is not certain.

XXXXXπαισά [n.pl.]? - πλακούντια παρὰ Κώοις {Π1) cakes (Cos) (Iatrocl. apud Ath. 646f.). <>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXπαιφάσσω [v.] mg. uncertain: 'to twitch, sway, move vehemently?'; πυκνά an' ἄλλου ἐπ᾽ ἄλλον ὁρμᾶν, ἐνθουσιαστικῶς ἔχειν, σπεύδειν, θορυβεῖν, πηδᾶν 'to move often ta another and from another, be inspired, hasten, make noise, leap' (H.), 'to flash, flicker? (B 450, E 803, A. R., Q. S., Opp.); cf. παραιφάσσει: τινάσσει, πηδᾷ, παρακινεῖ

===Pag_1195: Beekes_Página_1195.tiff===

'shakes, leaps, stirs up', διαφάσσειν: διαφαίνειν 'to show through', παιπάσσουσα: παντὶ φαινομένη (B 450) 'completely clear' (H.). <?>

    *VAR Only present stem.

    *COMP Rarely with éx-, περι-.

    *ETYM Probably a reduplicated intensive present, but the uncertain meaning does  not allow us to establish an etymology. See Tichy 1983: 300ff. for further suggestions.

XXXXXπαίω [v.] 'to strike, hew, thrust, hit, bump' (IA, Cret; relatively rare in Attic prose). «1Ε *ph,u-ie/o->

    *VAR  Boeot. mw (Hdn.), aor. παῖσαι, pass. παισθῆναι, fut. παίσω, -σω, perf. πέπαικα, -σμαι. ὃ

    *COMP Often with prefix, eg. παρα-, ἀντι-, Ev-, συν-, ὕπερ-.

    *DER παῖμα [π.] 'impression' (Crete), παραπαίσματα [pl.] 'attacks of madness'  (Oenom.), παραίπαιμα: παρακοπή 'frenzy' (H.); ἀνάπαι-στος 'struck back', [m.]  'anapest' (com., Arist.); ἔμπαι-στος 'embossed, coined', -σμα [n.] 'embossment'  (Delos 115). -στικὴ τέχνη 'the art of embossing' (Ath.); back-formations ἔμπαι-ος,  πρόσπαι-ος (to ἐμ-, npoo-naiw) 'bursting in, suddenly' (A.).

    *ETYM All Greek forms are based on the present παίω. Cognate forms: Lat. ραν, -ire  'to thump, pound, strike' (< *ph.u-ie/o-), Lith. pjduti 'to cut' (3s. pjduna), Latv. plait  'to mow, harvest' < *peh,u- (or *pieh,-u-). LIV? follows Hackstein 1992: 161 and  reconstructs a pres. *pi(e)h,-u-ie/o-, which would have lost the first *i due to  dissimilation(LIV') or simple phonetic loss (Hackstein). The development may have  been *pih,u-i- > *ph,u-i-, the absence of laryngeal metathesis being due to the  following *i instead of a stop. Perhaps connected with the group of ToB pyakar [3pl.]  'they struck down', Gr. ▶︎ πταίω 'to hit', ToAB putk- 'to divide', Lat. putdare 'to prune  (trees)'.

XXXXXπαλάθη [f.] 'cake made of preserved fruits' (Hdt. 4, 23, Thphr., LXX).

    *DER Diminutive παλαθ-ίς [f.] (Ph. Bel., Str.), -tov [n.] (Polem. Hist.), παλάσ-ιον (Ar. Pax 574; v.l. -θιον); adj. -ώδης (Dsc.).

    *ETYM Has often been connected with ▶︎ πλάσσω 'to knead' < ἔπλαθ-, but the latter  requires a preform in *pld"-, whereas παλά-θη would have to reflect word-initial  *plh,-e-. If this line is followed, it can be compared with παλά-μη, παλα-στή, 'flat of  the hand, etc.' the word πέλα-νος dough, pulp' could show the full grade of the root  in *pelh,-n-, and the PIE root would be *plh,- 'to hit', whence the roots *plh.g/k- in  LIV? may derive. However, the semantics of this etymology are not compelling, of  course. Alternatively, παλάθη could reflect a loanword. Fur.: 259 cites παλάσια - Ta  συγκεκομμένα σῦκα. καὶ διά τοῦ θ παλάθια 'harvested figs, also παλάθια with -6-'  (H.); the variation 8/ σ could point to ἃ Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXπάλαι [adv.] 'of old, formerly, long ago, bygone, earlier' (I].). <1E *plh.- °?'>

    *DIALMyc. pa-ra-jo /palaios/.

    *COMP παλαι-γενής 'born long ago, of high age' (Il.), ἔκ-παλαι 'long since, long ago'  (Hell.).

    *DER παλαιός 'old, ancient, former' (Il.), παλαι-ότης 'age, antiquity' (Att.), -όομαι,  -6w [v.] 'to grow old, make old, declare archaic' (Hp., Pl., Arist.); hence παλαί-ὡσις

===Pag_1196: Beekes_Página_1196.tiff=== XXXXXπαλάσσω 1145 [f.] 'aging' (Hp., LXX, Str.), -@pata [pl.] 'antiquity' (LXX). Compar. παλαί-τερος, -τατος (Pi.), also παλαιό-τερος (Y 788), -τατος (PI.).

    *ETYM Formation like χαμαί, mapai, except for the accent. A frozen case-form,  perhaps originally a dative. The Mycenaean form precludes a labio-velar, and points  to *plh,-ei; see Chadwick Glotta 54 (1976): 68-70. Thus, the earlier connection with  ▶︎ τῆλε 'far away, far' < *k'- must be abandoned.

XXXXXπαλαίω [v.] 'to wrestle, survive a wrestling match' (Il.). <?>

    *VAR Aeol. -aytt, Boeot. -jw (Hdn. Gr.); aor. -αἴσαι, -αισθῆναι, fut. -aiow.

    *COMP Also προσ-, κατα-, συν-.

    *DER 1. Παλαίμων, -ονος [m.] 'wrestler', only as the name of a sea-god and an epithet  of Heracles (E, Call, Lyc. inscr.); from 'wrestler' were derived παλαιμον-ἕω [v.]  'wrestle' (Pi) and παλαι(σ)μο-σύνη 'art of wrestling' (Hom, Simon.). 2. πάλαι-σμα  'wrestling, bout in wrestling, trick' (IA), 3. -σις [f.] 'prize fight' (Ptol.); 4. -στής  'wrestler', fighter' (6 246), -στικός 'belonging to wrestling, to the wrestler' (Arist.); 5. -otpa [f.] 'wrestling school, gymnasium, arena' (IA) with -otpidiov, -στρίτης,  -στρικός, -στριαῖος. The noun πάλη [f.] 'wrestling, wrestling match' (IL) is a back-  formation, hence ἀντί-παλος [m.] 'rival, opponent' (Pi., IA), δυσ-παλής 'hard to  beat' (Pi; with transition to the s-stems) et al. Similarly, διαπάλ-η [f.] (Pln.) from  δια-παλαίω (Ar. Ph.).

    *ETYM One could derive 'wrestle' from 'rock, sway', and connect παλαίω with  ▶︎ πάλλω, for which a root *plh,- has been suggested. Gr. παλαίω may be a recent  enlargement of a stem ἔπαλα- (cf. kepaiw : κερά-σαι), but there is no way to arrive at  a sequence παλα- from a preform *plh,. Alternatively, one could connect πίλναμαι  'to approach' < *plh,- (semantics: 'to make close contact' > 'wrestle'), and posit a  zero-grade verbal formation *plh,-e- > παλα-. However, since no synchronic traces  of such a verbal stem remain, this remains hypothetical.

XXXXXπαλάμη (f.] (flat) hand, device, means, function' (Il.). <1E *plh,-(e)m- 'hand'>

    *COMP δυσ-πάλαμος 'mischievous, helpless' (A. [lyr.]).

    *DER πάλαμις (cod. -ic¢)- τεχνίτης παρὰ τοῖς Σαλαμινίοις 'craftsman (Salam.y (H.),

XXXXXπαλαμίς [f.] 'mole' (Alex. Trall.). Denominative παλαμ-άομαι, -σασθαι 'to handle, perform, plan' (Alc, E., Ar, X.) also παλαμήσας: τεχνάσας, ἐργάσας 'having wrought, produced' (H.), -npta [n.] 'performance, plan' (Com. Adesp., Ael.). Furthermore ἀπάλαμνος (also ἀ-πάλαμος) 'without hand', 'unadept, helpless, indeliberate, inconsiderate' (E 597); παλαμναῖος 'who does sth. with his own hand', euphemistically 'murderous, murderer' (trag.); both from ἐπάλαμα [n.].

    *ETYM Related to Lat. palma [[1 'flat hand', OHG folma, Olr. lam 'hand', all with an  old zero grade m-derivation (* plh,-m-) of a lost verb for 'spread out'. Greek requires  *plh,-em-; cf. Beekes 1975: 10ff. Other derivations of the same verb have been  suspected in ▶︎ παλαστή and ▶︎ πέλαγος; see also' > πέλανος, ▶︎ πλάσσω, and ▶︎ πλανάω,    as well as ▶︎ ἐπιπολῆς.

XXXXXπαλάσσομαι [v.] 'to draw lots'. --πάλλω.

XXXXXπαλάσσω [v.] 'to besprinkle, stain, taint' (11. <?>

===Pag_1197: Beekes_Página_1197.tiff===

    *VAR Fut. inf. παλαξέμεν, perf. ptc. πεπαλαγμένος, plpf. πεπάλακτο.

    *COMP ἐμ-παλάσσομαι 'to be tampered, be entangled' (Hdt, Th.), ἐμπαλάξαι:  ἐμπλέξαι 'to entwine' (H.), with ἐμπαλάγματα [pl.] 'entanglements, embracements'  (A. Supp. 296).

    *DER πάλαξις [f.] 'sprinkling' = 'priming' (Epid. III).

    *ETYM Possibly connected with ▶︎ πάλλω 'to swing', though this verb itself has no  certain etymology. One would have to posit a Proto-Greek root *pal- with the suffix  -άσσω, also found e.g. in ▶︎ σταλάσσω, αἱμάσσω, et al.

XXXXXπαλαστή [f.] 'surface of the hand, breadth of four fingers' (IA).

    *VAR  -άστα (Aeol.), -αιστή (Hp., Arist, pap.:perhaps secondary after nadaiw?), also  -αιστής [m.] (LXX, Hero); after μετρητής, etc.

    *COMP τρι-πάλαζ(ι)στος 'measuring three handbreadths' (IA, Hell.).

    *DER παλαζ(υ)στ-ιαῖος 'measuring ἃ handbreadth' (IA, Hell.).

    *ETYM Frisk derives this noun from the same verb for 'spread out' as ▶︎ παλάμη, with  a suffix -st-. However, the word rather seems Pre-Greek, as is confirmed by the  variation o/ to (which probably points to a palatal *s'); cf. Fur: 296.

XXXXXπαλεύω [v.] 'to act as a decoy, lure into, tempt' (Ar. Av., Ph., Plu.).

    *DER παλευταί: oi τὰ λίνα ἱστῶντες, οἷς τὰ θηρία παλεύεται 'those setting up the nets  by which animals are trapped' (H.), -ευτικόν (cod. mat-) θηρευτικόν 'related to  hunting' (HL), -ευτά' τὰ λίνα οἷς τὰ θηρία ἁλίσκεται 'nets by which wild animals are  caught' (Phot.), -εύτρια [f.] 'decoy bird' (Eub., Arist.), -evtpic [f.] (Phot.), τευμα 'bait,  lure' (anon. apud Greg. Cor., p. 1017 Schaefer).

    *ETYM A technical word, probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXπαλέω [v.]

    *VAR Only in the aor.opt. παλήσειε, said of a fleet which cannot fight (Hdt. 8,21), ind. ἐπάλησεν: ἐφθάρη 'to destroy' and perf. πεπαληκέναι: ἐκπεσεῖν 'to fall out',  πεπαλημέναι: βεβλαμμέναι 'who are disabled or hindered' (H.); furthermore (as if  from πάλλω) πεπαλμένος: βεβλαμμένος, ἔξαρθρος γεγονώς 'disabled; who has got  dislocated joints' (H.), πεπαλκέναι λέγεται τὸ ἐκπίπτειν τὰ πλοῖα 'suffer shipwreck'  (Phot.).

    *DER ἐκπαλής 'dislocated' (Hp., H.), ἐκπαλέω [v.] 'to dislocate, disjoint' (Hp.),  ἐκπάλησις, -eia [f.] 'dislocation' (medic.).

    *ETYM If Frisk's proposal is correct -- viz. that the rare simplex could be a  backformation from ἐκπαλέω, a denominative of ἐκπαλής 'jumped out', which in  turn was from from ἐκ-πάλλομαι 'to jut out' (see ▶︎ πάλλω 'to sway, rock') -- then this  entire lemma is secondary. Only the forms πεπαλμένος and πεπαλκέναι must be  older. Fur.: 149 connects these words with glosses in BaA-, and with the root βλαβ-,  which could showthat the word is Pre-Greek.

XXXXXπάλη 1 [f.] 'wrestling match'. -παλαίω.

XXXXXπάλη 2 [f.] 'fine flour, fine dust' (Hp., medic., Pherecr.). <?>

    *DER πάλημα [n.] 'id.' (Nic.), -ημάτιον (Ar.Fr. 682). Reduplicated ▶︎ παιπάλη; perhaps  to παλάσσω and παλύνω.

===Pag_1198: Beekes_Página_1198.tiff=== XXXXXπαλλιχίαρ 1147

    *ETYM Has been derived from πάλλω 'to swing, rock' = 'to sieve flour', which is  conceivable but not compelling. Alternatively, one could connect πάλη with Lat. pollen 'flour, powder' < *pol(H)-, Gr. ▶︎ πόλτος, Lat. puls, -ltis 'kind of porridge' <  *    polt-.

XXXXXπάλιν [adv.] 'backwards, reverse; again; anew' (Il.). <1 *k'IH-i- 'turn'>

    *VAR Also πάλι (Hell. poet.).

    *COMP As a second member in originally prepositional expressions like &-nadtv  'reversely, on the contrary', ἀνά-παλιν 'backwards, aback' with ἀναπαλεύω [v.] 'to  take back, cancel' (pap.). Very often as a first member, e.g. παλίν-ορσος (see  > Sppoc), παλίωξις [f.] 'pursuit, counterattack' (IL, App.) < *naAt-riwktc, where παλι-  was formed after other first members in -t.

    *ETYM Frozen accus. of a noun *ndXic 'turning, turn' (from ▶︎ πέλομαι; see also  ▶︎ πάλαι), which may first have been used as an accus. of content in cases like πάλιν  ἰέναι, βαίνειν, διδόναι. See Dihle Glotta 83 (1985): 7-14 on the mg. of παλίωξις: it may  be a technical term used in chariot fighting during the second millennium, from  πάλιν FIDKELV.

XXXXXmaXiovpos [m.] plant name, 'Christ's thorn, Paliurus australis' (Thphr., Theocr.). «ρα»

    *ETYM A connection with οὐρά 'tail' makes little sense, nor it is to be taken with  ovpov 'urine' (thus DELG). The word is most probably Pre-Greek (cf. Dihle Glotta  51 (1973): 270f.); see ▶︎ πάγουρος.

XXXXXπαλλακή [f.] 'concubine' (IA, Hell.).

    *VAR  παλλακίς (Hom., X., Hell.).

    *DER παλλακ -διον (Plu.), -ivoc [m.] 'son of a concubine' (Sophr.), -ἰα (also -εία to  -ebw) 'concubinage' (Is., Str.); τεύομαι, -edw [v.] 'to take as a concubine, be a  concubine' (Hdt, Str, Plu.). A probable back-formation is πάλλαξ [f.], also [m.]  'youth' (gramm.), -άκιον = μειράκιον 'boy' (Pl. Com., Ael. Dion.), παλλακός:  ἐρώμενος (ἐρρωμένος cod.) 'eromenos' (H.), Phot; πάλληξ [m.] (Samos Π1--115, Ar. Byz.), παλληκάριον (pap. written. --), MoGr. παλληκάρι. A different suffix is found  in πάλλᾶς, -avtoc [m.] 'youth' (Philistid; after γίγας). Athena's epithet Παλλάς,  -άδος [Ε] (IL) is isolated; among the Greeks in Thebes (Egypt), it functions as a  sacral term for 'girl'; -άδιον 'statue of Pallas', originally 'doll, female ido? (Hdt, Ar.,  inscr.).

    *ETYM The word may well be Pre-Greek, with a suffix -ax-. Similarly, Levin General  Linguistics 23 (1983): 191-197 regards Latin paelex 'mistress' as a loanword from a  Mediterranean language, maybe a Semitic one, in view of Hebr. plgs /pi(y)leyes/  'concubine'. The remaining connections that have been proposed, particularly those  with Ir. airech, gen. airige [f.] 'concubine', Avestan pairika [f.] 'witch', MP parik,  MoP pari < Plr. *parika, should all be dismissed for formal or semantic reasons.

XXXXXπαλλάντιον [n.] kind of grass (Hippiatr. 66). <?>

    *ETYM Fur.: 344 compares ἀπολάντιον 'id.', but the analysis of the latter is unknown.

XXXXXπαλλιχίαρ [π.] - πεμμάτιόν τι παρὰ Λάκωσι 'small cake (Lacon.) (H.).

===Pag_1199: Beekes_Página_1199.tiff===

    *ETYM DELG suggests a compound of πᾶν and λείχω (after Bourguet 1927: 148), but  it may rather be a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXπαλλύτας [?] ὄργανον βασανιστήριον 'instrument of torture' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM From πᾶν and ▶︎ Atw?

XXXXXπάλλω [v.] 'to sway, rock, draw lots', med. 'to vault', also 'to jump, hop'. <?>

    *VAR  Aor. πῆλαι (IL), med. πήλασθαι (Call.), πάλτο (av-, kat-émaAto), reduplicated  ἀμ-πεπαλών (Hom; see below on πεπάλ-εσθε, -ἔσθαι, if for -ασθε, -άσθαι or -αχθε,  -άχθαν), aor. pass. ἀνα-παλείς (Str.), perf. med. πέπαλμαι (A.).

    *COMP Also dva- (du-). As a second member i in éyyéo-, σακέσ-παλος 'swaying the  spear, shield' (1].).

    *DER 1. πάλος [m.] '(shaken) lot' (Sapph., Hat, trag.), ἄμπαλος [m.] 'fresh casting'  (of the lot, Pi.); ἀναπάλῃ [f.] name of a dance (Ath.); 2. παλτόν [n.] 'javelin' (A, X.),  ἐπάλταξα 'threw the javelin' (H.), παλτός [adj.] (S.); 3. παλμός [m.] 'vibration,  pulsation' (Hp., Arist., Epicur.), -ώδης 'full of vibrations' (Hp.); παλματίας σεισμός  'heavy earthquake' (Arist.); 4. πάλσις (ἀνά-, ἀπό-) [f.] 'pulsation, etc' (Arist.,  Epicur.). Intensive verb παι-πάλλειν 'to shake' (H.). A velar enlargement seems to be  present in *noddooopiat, πεπάλαχθε, -άχθαι (H 171, τ 331); these difficult perfects  must perhaps be read as reduplicated aor. -εσθε, -έσθαι.

    *ETYM The forms πάλτο and back-formed πάλλομαι arose through metanalysis of  the compounds kat-en-adto, dv-en-adto, which belong to ἄλλομαι 'to jump', as  containing augmented ἔ-παλτο. The remaining forms show a common basis παλ-  (pres., reduplicated aor. etc.). In LIV', Gr. παλ- 'to swing' is connected with Slavic  material such as Sln. plati, isg. pdljem 'to surge, let seethe', as well as Gr. ▶︎ πελεμίζω  and ▶︎ πόλεμος. The root would be PIE *pelh,-, whence a nasal present *pl-n-h,-e/o- >  Gr. πάλλ-ε!ο- (with similar phonetics as in βάλλω), and a reduplicated aorist *pe-  plh,-e/o- > menad-e/o-. This analysis is possible in theory, but note that there is no  independent evidence for πάλλω continuing a nasal present. Thus, everything  remains uncertain. Alternatively, we could be dealing with a different, Proto-Greek  stem *pal-, to which παλύνω and παλάσσω could belong as well. The appurtenance  of πόλεμος is semantically uncompelling. The noun πάλος is probably deverbal, as  the meaning suggests. See > παλαίω.

XXXXXπάλμυς, -υδος, -vv [m.] 'king' (Hippon., A. Fr. 437 = 623 M., Lyc., AP 15, 25), also PN of a Trojan (N 792).

    *ETYM Originally a Lydian word (Lyd. qgaAmAus).

XXXXXπάλος [m.] 'lot'. Ξ-πάλλω.

XXXXXπᾶλος [m.] 'gladiator'. <Lw Lat»

    *ETYM From Lat. palus 'stake', a gladiator's rank.

XXXXXπαλύνω [v.] 'to sprinkle flour; to besprinkle with flour, dust, snow, etc.' (11...

    *VAR  Aor. παλῦναι.

    *COMP Rarely with ἀμφι-, dta-, ὑπερ-.

===Pag_1200: Beekes_Página_1200.tiff=== XXXXXπάνθηρ, -ηρος 1149

    *ETYM Either a direct derivative of ▶︎ πάλη 2 'fine flour' or from an unattested u-stem  *pal-u- 'flour'.

XXXXXπαμπήδην [adv.] 'wholly, throughout', = πάμπαν (Thgn,, A., S.).

    *VAR -ηδόν, -ηδονίς (Theognost.).

    *ETYM Transformation of πάμπαν after the adverbs in -ἤδην, -ηδόν. See ▶︎ ἔμπης.

XXXXXπαμφαίνω [v.] 'to shine brightly, radiate' (1]., epic).

    *VAR Only present; iterative παμφαίνεσκε (Eratosth.).

    *DER παμφανόων, -dwoa, -dwvta [ptc.], as if from *napipavaw.

    *ETYM Reduplicated intensive of ▶︎ paivw.

XXXXXπαμφαλάω [v.] 'to gaze around in astonishment' (Hippon., Anacr., Herod.), ἐπαμφάλησεν- ἐθαύμασε, περιεβλέψατο 'wondered, gazed around' (H.).

    *ETYM Reduplicated intensive in -dw. Frisk assumes that it represents a dissimilation  of *paA-pad-dw, probably fram φαλός 'white' (H.; see ▶︎ φαλακρός), with the same  semantic development as assumed for λευκός 'white' > λεύσσω 'to look'. Fur. 161  equates παμφαλάω with παπταλάομαι 'to look around' (Lyc.), assuming Pre-Greek  origin.

XXXXXπάμφι [adv.] παντάπασι 'altogether' (H.).

    *ETYM An instrumental in -qu, derived from πᾶν [n.] 'all'?

XXXXXΠάν [m.) pastoral god from Arcadia (h. Hom., Pi., Hdt.). <1£? *peh.us->

    *VAR Case forms Πα-νός, -vi; Πάονι (Are. VI?) plur. avec (Ar.).

    *DER 1. Diminutive Πανίσκος (Cic.); 2. Πάνιος 'belonging to Pan' (A. Fr. 98 = 143  M.), -tov [n.] 'sanctuary of Pan' (Epid. IIT), -evov [n.] 'id.' (Str.), ta Πάνεια 'festival  of Pan' (Delos 115), fem. Πανιάς (Nonn.); 3. Πανικός 'id.' (Hell.); 4. Πανιασταί  [m.pl.] 'worshippers of Pan' (Rhod., Perg,; like Ἀπολλωνιασταί etc; Πανισταί con}. in Men. Dysc. 230); 5. πανεύω 'to treat in the manner of Pan' (Heracl. Paradox.).

    *ETYM Often identified with Skt. Pisdn- [m.] 'god who protects and augments the  herds', assuming an JE ablauting paradigm *peh.us- (> PGr. *pauh-on- > Ilav) /  *phaus- (> Skt. Piis-dn-), derived from PIE root *peh,- 'to protect'. Doubts by  Mayrhofer EWAia 2 s.v.

XXXXXnavdovpa, -δοῦρα [f.] three-stringed lute (Euph. apud Ath. 183f., Poll.).

    *VAR  πάνδουρος (Euph. l.c., inscr. Seleucia ad Calycadnum), φάνδουρος (Nicon. Harm. 4).

    *DER -δούριον, -Soupic (H.), -δουρίζω, -δουριστής.

    *ETYM Probably a Pre-Greek word. Hiibschmann 1897: 395 compares Arm. p'andir,  Oss. fendur, and Georg. panturi.

XXXXXnavOnp, -ηρος [m.] 'panther' (Hdt., X., Arist.). «LW Orient»

    *COMP λυκο-πάνθηρος [m.] 'wolf-panther' (Hdn. Epim.).

    *DER Diminutive -ηρίσκος (Hero).

    *ETYM Foreign word of Oriental origin. Compare Skt. (lex.) pundaritka- [m.] 'tiger'; if  connected with ▶︎ πάρδαλις, one might consider original *nap@np, which was

===Pag_1201: Beekes_Página_1201.tiff===

changed to πάνθηρ by folk-etymological association with πᾶν 'all' and θηράω 'to hunt'. See Fur.: 1903.

XXXXXπᾶνός [m.] 'torch' (A. Ag. 284 [codd. gav-], S. Fr. 184, E. Jon 195 and 1294 [codd. ntav-], Men.).

    *ETYM Unexplained. Fur. 318 thinks the word may be Pre-Greek because of the  variant with πτ-. navowsi (-ei) [adv.) 'rushing in collectively or jointly, with the entire army' (Th. Pherecr., X.). 4GR>

    *VAR  Also πασσ-. |

    *DER -in (IL. A. R.), -δίᾳ (E. X.) 'id', also 'in a great hurry', -δίην (EM, H.); -δόν  'together' (Nonn.); denominative nao<o>véidtw [v.] 'to assemble' (Cyme; imperial  period).

    *ETYM Compound of πάν and ▶︎ σεύομαι (aor.3sg. σύτολ, with the adverbial suffix -δί,  etc.

XXXXXπάνυ -"πᾶς.

XXXXXπάξ [adv.) 'enough, well' (Men., Diph., Herod.).

    *ETYM Probably from ▶︎ πήγνυμι, παγῆναι, with adverbial -s like in ▶︎ ἅπαξ.

XXXXXπαξαμᾶς [m.] 'biscuit'. <?>

    *DER παξαμίτης, παξαμίδιον (Gal.).

    *ETYM Allegedly from the name of a baker, Πάξαμος (Gal., Suid.).

XXXXXπαπαῖ [adv.] exclamation of pain and astonishment (IA).

    *VAR On the accent see Hdn. Gr. 2, 933.

    *DER manmade (Ar, E, Luc.); redupl. nanananai (Ar. Th. 1191).

    *ETYM Nursery word.

XXXXXnanna [m.voc.] 'papa!' (ζ 57, etc.) <ONOMP

    *VAR Accus. -ἄν.

    *COMP πρό-παππος 'great-grandfather, proavus' (Att.), ἐπί-παππος 'great-  grandfather, abavus, forebear in general' (Jul., Lib., Poll.).

    *DER πάππος 'grandfather, ancestor' (IA), 'down (on seeds, on the chin)', name of an  unknown bird; nann-@oc 'ancestral' (Ar.), -κός 'id. (pap. ΠΡ), -wdn¢ 'fluffy'  (Thphr.). Denominatives παππ-άζω (E 408, Ο. S.); -ίζω (Ar.) [v.] 'to say papa, call  papa', -ασμός [m.] 'calling out 'papa' (Suid.); hypocoristic nann-ta, -idtov (Ar.). Fully inflected: πάπας, -av, -ᾳ (Hell.).

    *ETYM Reduplicated nursery word    nanpat, -axog [m., f] name of a fish in the Thracian lake Prasias (Hdt. 5, 16).

    *ETYM Has been connected with πέρκη 'perch', περκνός 'spotted', or explained as    onomatopoeic after the supposed sound of the fish; cf. βαβράζειν 'to chirp'. The  word may be Pre-Greek (suffix -ak-).

XXXXXπαπταίνω [v.] 'to look around, glance at sth.' (IIl.).

===Pag_1202: Beekes_Página_1202.tiff=== XXXXXπάραυτα, -τά 1151

    *VAR Aor. παπτῆναι, also -ἄναι (Pi.), fut. -avéw.

    *COMP Rarely with ἀπο-, δια-, περι-.

    *DER πεπτήνας: περιβλεψάμενος 'looking around' (H.); παπταλώμενος (Lyc.).

    *ETYM Intensive reduplicated formation πα-πτ-αίνω. Could be connected with  métopat 'to fly', assuming the image of a restless gaze, but this is hardly compelling. No good IE etymology. Other forms which have been connected: some Cypriot  glosses from H., such as ἰμπάταον: ἔμβλεψον. Πάφιοι 'looked at (Paph.)',  ivkamdataov: ἐγκατάβλεψον 'id', etc. (see Frisk s.v.).

XXXXXπάπῦρος [m., f.] 'papyrus shrub, linen, paper' (Thphr., Dsc., pap.). «τὰν»

    *DER Diminutive παπύρ-ιον [n.] (Dsc.), -(ε)γών [m.] 'bed of papyrus' (Aq., inscr.);  «νος [adj.] 'made of papyrus' (Delos II*, Plu., pap.), τικός 'id.' (pap.), -ὦδης (Gal. sch.).

    *ETYM Loanword of unknown origin. Note that Pre-Greek has a suffix -ῦρ-.

XXXXXπάρα [adv., prep.) 'besides, by; from, next to, alongside, against' (Il.). «1Ὲ prh,-, preh,- 'beside, Ὁ»

    *VAR With gen, dat, acc. Also παρά, epic also παραί (Παραι-βάτᾶς in dial. inscr.),  non-IA mostly πάρ.

    *DIAL Myc. pa-ro.

    *ETYM Discussion by Garcia Ramon 1997: 47-62. For Indo-European, he  distinguishes *prh,- 'at the front, beside', with a loc. *preh,-i, also *pr- 'id.' and *pres-  in πρέσβυς. Beside these, there is also a gen.-abl. *prh.-es > πάρος, and finally, *pro  and *pro-h, 'to the front'. The words napai, map, and παρά are synonymous; παραί may derive from *preh,-i  with analogical *pr-. The word παρά lost the meaning 'forward' to πρό. See ▶︎ πάρος,  > πέρα, ▶︎ πέρι, ▶︎ πρίν, ▶︎ πρό, and ▶︎ πρός.

XXXXXπαραγαύδης [m.] 'garment with purple border' (Lyd. Mag. 1, 17; 2, 4).

    *VAR  παραγώδας (cod. mapaywyac) 'a Parthian garment' (H.).

    *DER παραγαύδιον (POxy. 1026, 12; V?; Ed. Diocl.).

    *ETYM A loanword from Old Persian; see R. Schmitt Glotta 49 (1971): 107-110.

XXXXXπαράδεισος [m.] 'enclosed park with animals' (X.), 'garden' (LXX, Hell. pap., inscr.), 'garden of Eden' (LXX), 'abode of the blessed, paradise' (NT). «LW Pers>

    *ETYM Loanword from Av. pairi-daéza- [m.] 'enclosure', MIran. *pardéz, MoP paléz  'garden'. Iranian *daiza- is cognate with Gr. ▶︎ τεῖχος, from the IE root *d*eig*.

XXXXXπαρακλαυσίθυρον 'lover's complaint sung at his mistresses's door, serenade' (Plu.). «ΒΕ»

    *ETYM Univerbation of παρα-, κλαῦσις, and θύρα (Leroy 1969: 223-237).

XXXXXπαρασάγγης [m.] Persian length measure (Hdt., X.).

    *ETYM From OP; cf. MP frasang, MoP farsang. The view that παρασάγγῃης was used  in the meaning ᾿ἄγγελος᾽ is probably due to a misunderstanding (Pearson on S. fr. 520).

XXXXXπάραυτα, -τά [adv.] 'immediately' (Aesch., D).

===Pag_1203: Beekes_Página_1203.tiff===

    *ETYM From παρ᾽ αὐτὰ τὰ πράγματα.

XXXXXπαραψιδάζω [v.] 'to spatter' (Hippon. 92 M.).

    *ETYM Masson cites Coppola, who adduced widec: ψιάδες, ψακάδες 'drops, drops of  rain' (H.). See ▶︎ ψίζομαι.

XXXXXπαρδακός [adj.] 'wet, damp' (Archil.,, Semon, Ar. Pax 1148); πάρταξον (-Cov cod.)- Bypavov. Λάκωνες 'wetting' (?) (H.). 4PG(v)>

    *VAR VIL. πορ-, -δοκός.

    *ETYM The variations a/o and 8/t show that the word is Pre-Greek. Fur. 241 further  adduces ἄρδω 'to irrigate' < *d-fapdw (Kretschmer Glotta 3 (1910-1912): 2of,  Neumann 1961: 91); he also compares Basque forms.

XXXXXπάρδαλις, -ἰος, -ews [f.] 'panther, leopard' (1].); also name of a fish of prey (Ael., Opp.), of a bird, perhaps 'red-backed shrike, Lanius' (Arist. [-λος]), H.).

    *VAR Also πόρδ-.

    *COMP παρδαλή-φορος 'borne by a panther' (S. Fr. 11), καμηλο-πάρδαλις [f.] 'giraffe'  (Agatharch., LXX).

    *DER παρδαλ-έη, -éa, -ἢ [f.] 'pelt of a panther' (Il.), -ἰα [n.pl.) 'panthers' (Arist.),  -ἰδεύς 'young panther' (Eust.), -ε(ι)ος 'belonging to the panther, panther-like'  (Arist.), -ώδης (Ath.), -ωτός 'spotted like a panther' (Luc.); πάρδος [m.] 'panther'  (Ael. NA 1,31 [v.]. πάρδαλος]); as a second member in ▶︎ λεόπαρδος.

    *ETYM Loanword from an unknown Oriental source; compare several Iranian words  for 'panther, leopard', eg. δορά. pwrdnk, Pashto prdng, MoP palang, and Skt. pfddku- 'panther'. Gr. πάρδος might be a back-formation from Lat. pardus (Lucan). H.'s statement that πόρδαλις is male, πάρδαλις female probably represents a  secondary distinction. For the suffix, compare δάμαλις and, more remotely,  κνώδαλον, ἔταλον, ἴξαλος, et al. See ▶︎ πάνθηρ.

XXXXXnapetai [f.pl.] 'cheeks' (II.). < IE *h,eus- 'ear'>

    *VAR Rarely sing. -14 (trag.), for -14 (cf. ἀγυιαί to sing. -1a)? Aeol. παραῦαι [pl.]  (Theoc. 30, 4 [cod. -αύλαις)], Hdn.). Furthermore παρήϊον [n.] (also plur. -a)  'cheek(s), bridle' (Hom.; Ceos V*?).

    *DIALMyc. pa-ra-wa-jo [du.] 'bridle'?

    *COMP καλλι-πάρῃος (-ηος, -ειος) 'having fair cheeks' (1].), μαλο-πάραυος (Aeol.) =  λευκο-πάρειος (Theoc., H; literally 'having apple-colored cheeks'), εὐ-πάραος = eb-  πάρειος (Pi.).

    *DER 1. παρηΐς, -i50¢ (-ἧς, -ἥδος) [f.] 'cheek' (trag., AP); 2. παρειάς (-nidc), -άδος [f.]  'cheek, cheek band' (Hell. epic, medic.); 3. παρείας (ὄφις) [m.] 'kind of snake' (after  the light spots on both sides of the neck; Att.); also παρούας (Apollod. apud Ael.;  after οὖς).

    *ETYM From PGr. *par-aws-d, *par-aws-ijo- 'that which is next to the ears', a  compound of παρά and the (original) e-grade of οὖς, either with or without a suffix  -10-. The Greek words present some phonetic problems; cf. the discussion in DELG,  Forssman 1966: 153, Ruijgh 1967a: §32, and especially Peters 1980a: 295ff. on the  question whether a separate form *par-aws-iid should be assumed.

===Pag_1204: Beekes_Página_1204.tiff=== XXXXXπάρνοψ 1153

XXXXXπαρήορος [m.] '(horse) in the same harness' (1].), metaph. 'walking beside the track, irrational', also 'outstretched, sprawling' (through false interpretation of Π 4712).

    *VAR  Also -άορος (A. Pr. 363; vl. -ἡ-), τᾶρος (Theoc. 15, 8), -@poc (Tryph., AP).

    *DER A rhythmic byform is παρηόριος 'driven out of course', of a ship (A. R.),  'irrational (AP). Thence παρηορίαι [f.pl.] 'side-traces' (Il.), metaphorically 'outlying  reaches ofa river' (Arat. 600); mapnpia (for -nopia?)- μωρία 'folly' (H.).

    *ETYM Verbal noun of παρ-αείρω; see ▶︎ ἀείρω 2.

XXXXXπαρθένος [f.] 'virgin, girl, young woman' (IL.). IE? *psteno- 'breast'>

    *VAR  Also παρσένος (Ar.).

    *COMP παρθεν-οπῖπα (A 385), see ▶︎ ὀπιπεύω; καλλι-πάρθενος 'having fair virgins, of  a beautiful virgin' (E.).

    *DER A. Nominal: 1. Diminutive παρθεν-ίσκη, -ἰσκάριον (Hdn. Gr., gloss.); 2. παρθένιος (analogical -ειος, -ἠΐος) 'vestal' (I1.); 3. τική [] 'maiden' (II.), -tkdg 'vestal'  (LXX, Ὁ. S.); 4. τιον, -ἰκόν, -i¢ names of several plants, 'artemisia' et al. (Hp., Dsc.); 5. -ώδης 'vestal (St. Byz.); 6. -ιανός 'born under the sign of Virgo' (Astr.); 7. -iag [m.]  'son of a maiden' (Arist., Str.); 8. -wv (-ewv AP, etc.), -@voc [m.] 'bower', usually the  name of the temple of Athene παρθένος (Att.). 9. παρθενία (-eia), -in 'virginity'  (Sapph., Pi.). B. Verbs: 1. παρθενεύομαι, -w (also with ano-, δια-, &x-) [v.] 'to be a maiden, treat as  a maiden' (Ion., A., E.), -evpa [n.] 'maiden's work, son of a maiden' (E.), -ευσις [f.] =  -la (Luc.), -eia 'id' (E.). 2. ἀπο-παρθενόω [v.] 'to deflower' (LXX).

    *ETYM Klingenschmitt 1974 proposed a reconstruction *pr-steno- 'having protruding  breasts', with a development of *-rst- to -ρθ-. The -o- in Ar. is the Laconian  development of 8. Though one might expect *pro- or *pra-, the development to PGr. *parsteno- is considered acceptable. For *steno-, cf. Skt. stdna-, Arm. stin; however,  note that the original form was probably *psteno-, as proven by YAv. fstdna- 'breast',  araduua-fsni- 'having firm breasts' < *-pstn-ih.-.

XXXXXΠαρνᾶσζ(σ)ός [m.] mountain chain in Phocis (Pi, Od., Hdt.). < PG(S,v >

    *VAR Epic Ion. -ησ(σ)ός.

    *ETYM Acc. to ancient sources (St. Byz., EM. sch. A. R.), the older name of the  mountain was Aapvacodc. It clearly contains a Pre-Greek suffix; note the  interchange oo/o. Beekes JIES 37 (2009): 191-197 explains the phoneme oo/tt from  Pre-Greek Ἢ.

XXXXXπάρνοψ' [m.] 'grasshopper' (Ar.). 4 PG(V)>

    *VAR Aecol. Boeot. (Str. 13, 1, 64) πόρνοψ, also κόρνοψ (Str. L.c.), gen. -οπος. We also  find the variants npavw- ἀκρίδος εἶδος 'kind of grasshopper', and κάρνος: μεγάλη  ἀκρίς 'big grasshopper' (both H., see Fur.: 344, 388).

    *DER Παρνόπιος (-πίων) Ἀπόλλων (Paus., Str.), who protects against grasshoppers;  Κορνοπίων, gen. -wvoc, epithet of Heracles in Oitaia (Str.); thence the Aeolic month  name Ilopvomtog, -πίων (Cyme, Str:). Also κορνώπιδες: κώνωπες 'gnats, mosquitos'    (H.).

===Pag_1205: Beekes_Página_1205.tiff===

    *ETYM The formation is reminiscent of δρύοψ, σκάλοψ, and other animal names;  -on- is a Pre-Greek suffix. Given the vacillation in the form of the word, it is unlikely  that m- and κ- are due to a simple dissimilation. Probably the word had an initial  labiovelar stop in Pre-Greek, the labial element of which could have been lost before  o. The o itself may reflect a after a labiovelar.

XXXXXπαροιμία [f.] 'proverb, saying' (Att., etc.), also 'incidental remark' (Herod. 2, 61), 'comparison' (Ev. Jo.).

    *DER παροιμιώδης 'proverbial' (Plu.), -τιακός 'id', also name of a meter (Plu., Heph.);  -ιάζομαι, -w [v.] 'to speak in proverbs' (Pl. Arist.).

    *ETYM An abstract from πάρ-οιμος 'by the.soad, neighbor' or nap' οἶμον, οἴμην;  semantically unclear. Traditionally derived from οἶμος 'course, way', eg. by H.:  'proverb which is spoken along the road' (cf. πάροιμος 'neighbor', παροιμώσαντες  'turned aside from the road'). Alternatively, one could derive it from ▶︎ οἴμη 'song,  tale'; see Frisk s.v.

XXXXXπάρος [adv., prep.] 'before, sooner, previously'; prep. (+ gen.) 'before' (Il.). <1E *prhz os 'before, earlier'>

    *DER πάροι-θε(ν) 'in front of, beforehand' (IIl.), -tepoc 'former, earlier' (Il.), -tatoc

    *ETYM An adverb that can be traced back to PIE, probably deriving from an earlier  gen.sg. in *-os. Cognates: Skt. purds 'in front of, before' (beside pura 'earlier'), Av. paré 'in front, earlier'. The forms in mapot- have a locatival origin. See ▶︎ πάρα, ▶︎ πέρι,  > πρό, ▶︎ πρός, etc.

XXXXXπαρῶαι [f.pl.) 'sorrel' (Phot., Arist.). «GR?, τ

    *VAR  παρόαν, παρούαν, παραύαν [acc.sg.].

    *COMP μαλο-παρούαν [adj.] 'white and sorrel-colored'.

    *DER παρωαῖος [adj.] (Call. Artemis 91, if correct).

    *ETYM It is assumed that the word is an Aeolism, and was derived from the snake  name παρείας (sv. ▶︎ παρειαί); see Hoffmann & Debrunner 1954(2): $76. However,  the variation of the vowels remains unexplained.

XXXXXπάρων, -wvoc [m.] 'light ship' (Plb.). <?>

    *VAR -wv LSJ.

    *ETYM No etymology.

XXXXXπᾶς [adj.] 'whole, all, every' (II.). «1Ὲ *ph.-ent- 'all>

    *VAR  fem. πᾶσα (Cret. Thess. Arc. πάνσα, Aeol. naica), ntr. nav (Dor. Aeol. πᾶν),  beside πᾶν-, ἅ-πᾶν, etc.

    *DIAL Myc. pa-te /pantes/ [nom.pl.], pa-to /pantos/ [gen.sg.], pa-sa /pansa/  (nom.sg.f.], pa-si /pansi/ (dat.pl.); ku-su-pa /ksumpans/, to-so- pa /tosospans/.

    *COMP Very often as a first member πᾶν-, eg. παν-ἦμαρ 'all day' (v 31); more rarely  παντο-, e.g. παντο-μισής 'all-hateful' (A.), παντο-κράτωρ, -opoc [m.] 'the Almighty'  (LXX; older παγ-κρατής, see on ▶︎ κράτος).

    *DER παντ-οῖος [adj.} 'various, manifold' (Il.), -οδαπός 'id' (since h. Cer.); -oge 'in all  directions' (Il.), -ote 'always' (Arist., Hell.), -αχῇ, -αχοῦ, -αχόθεν, -aydoe, etc.

===Pag_1206: Beekes_Página_1206.tiff===

(from) everywhere, every way' (IA). ▶︎ πάγχυ, πάν-υ 'altogether, very' (Att. also Ton.).

    *ETYM Gr. πᾶς < *navt-c, with analogical nav << πᾶν (< *ndvt). Furthermore, we  find ἅ-πᾶς 'the whole' < *sm-pant-. The Myc. forms prove initial *p- (rather than  *k'-), and enable connection with ToA puk, pont-, ToB po, pont- 'all' (Adams 1999:  402). The -v in ▶︎ πάγχυ and πάνυ is unexplained.

XXXXXπάσασθαι [v.aor.] 'to acquire'.

    *VAR πάσομαι [fut.). -᾽πέπαμαι.

XXXXXπασπάληῃ [f.] 'fine flour, etc.' = παιπάλιη, πάλη (Ar. V. 91 [metaphor for a very small measure], H., Phot., Suid.). <?>

    *COMP πασπαλη-φάγος 'eating πασπάλη᾽ (Hippon.).

    *DER πάσπαλος 'millet', πασπαλέτης 'grinding millet' (Gal.); PN Πασπαλᾶς.

    *ETYM Formation and origin unknown. It seems obvious to connect παιπάλη, but the  relation is unclear.

XXXXXπάσσαλος [m.] 'plug, pin, peg' (II.).

    *VAR Att. πάτταλος.

    *DER Diminutive πασσαλ-ίσκος (Hp.) and -ov (H.); -etw (often with mpoo-, also  with δια-, xata-) [v.] 'to pin, hang up' (Hdt., Att.); instrument noun -εἴον (Plb.,  EM), -όομαι [v.] 'to be provided with a peg' (sch.), προσ-πασσαλόω [v.] 'to pin'  (Thphr.). Gr. πάσσᾶξ, -ἄκος [m.] πάσσαλος' (Megar., Ar. Ach. 763), with derivatives  -άκιον, -ακίζω (H.); πασσάριος' σταυρός 'stake, pole' (H.).

    *ETYM This word is usually derived from PIE *ph,k- 'stiff, hard', but this is  improbable: a pin has not become stiff (like a peg of ice); it has been fastened or fixed  to a wall or a pillar. The suffix -αλ- is Pre-Greek and cannot be IE; the same goes for  the suffix -ax-; cf. πόρπᾶξ, κνώδαξ, etc. Hence, πάσσαλος is probably Pre-Greek    (*pak'-al-).

XXXXXπάσσω [v.] 'to strew, sprinkle' (Il.), also 'to weave' images 'into' a piece of cloth. <?>

    *VAR  Att. πάττω (Ar.), aor. πάσ-αι, -ασθαι, πασθῆναι (Att.), perf. med. πέπασμαι  (LXX, A. R.).

    *COMP Frequently with prefix, e.g. kata-, é7- (Mpo-enl-, παρ-επι-, Mpod-ertl-), ἐν-  (συν-εν-, παρ-εν-, προσ-εν-).

    *DER πασ-τός [adj.] 'strewn, sprinkled' (Hp.), χρυσό-παστος 'gold-stitched' (A.),  κατά-παστος 'bestrewn, decorated (with figures) (Ar.); παστός [m.] 'knitted curtain,  blanket, bridal bed', also 'bridal chamber' (Hell.); παστόω 'to build a bridal chamber'  (Aq); (katd-, éni-, διά-, obp-)ndopa [n.] '(medicinal) powder' (Thphr., medic.);

XXXXXπάστρια [f.] ''embroiderer' (sch.).

    *ETYM With a similar form and meaning, we find πῆ- in πῆ καὶ πῆν ἐπὶ τοῦ  κατάπασσε Kai καταπάσσειν (H.); note especially ἐπιπῆν φάρμακον (inscr. Epid.)  beside ἐπὶ... φάρμακα πάσσεν (E 900). Under a reconstruction *k'h,t- (ignoring the "δ to which the Epidauric form points),  it would be possible to connect Lat. quatié 'to shake' and PCI. *k'ati- 'chaff, husks',  which is almost identical with the glosses πήτεα' πίτυρα 'husks of corn', mtitat-

===Pag_1207: Beekes_Página_1207.tiff===

, -άδος πιτύρινοι ἄρτοι. Λάκωνες 'bran-like breads (Lacon.) (H.). Perhaps related is Lat. qualus 'wicker basket, if from 'sieve'. Semantically good, but phonetically very uncertain is the comparison with ToAB kat'- 'to strew' (which points to a root KeT- and is usually connected with ▶︎ σκίδνημι).

XXXXXπαστάς, -άδος [f.], often [pl.] 'annex, porch, atrium', also 'inner room, bridal chamber' (through association with ▶︎ παστός 'bridal chamber'; Ion., Delph.).

    *ETYM From *nap-otdc = παρα-στάς, pl. -άδες [f.] 'door-post, pillar, atrium, etc.',  from napa + *sth,- 'stand'. With a different dissimilation, we find παρτάδες (-άδαι  cod.): ἄμπελοι 'grape-vine' (H.). A parallel,development is shown by Lat. postis  '(door)-post' < *pr-sth,-i- 'standing forth' or *po-sth,-i- 'standing upright'.

XXXXXπαστός --πάσσω.

XXXXXπάσχω [v.] 'to experience, undergo, suffer' (Il.) 41 bend". 'bind'>

    *VAR fut. πείσομαι, aor. παθεῖν, perf. πέπονθα (πέποσχα Stesich., Epich., pap. III*).

    *COMP Also with ἀντι-, συν-, προ-, etc.

    *DER 1. πένθος [n.] 'sorrow, grief (Il.), whence πενθέω [v.] 'to grieve, sorrow' (1].),  πένθ-ημα, -ήμων, -ητήρ, fem. -ήτρια, etc; πένθ-ιμος [adj.] 'belonging to grief (poet.;  perhaps after θανάσιμος), -κός 'id.' (X., LXX), -ηρός 'id.' (Anaxil.); PN Πενθεύς,  reshaping of TevOevc. 2. πάθος [n.] 'experience, passion, suffering' (IA); 140-1 [f],

XXXXXτημα [n.] 'id', -notc, -ητικός, -1Kdc, etc; ἀντι-, συμ-παθής 'feeling repulsion' or 'sympathy', with derivatives -eva [f.], -éw [v.] (Ar. Hell), to the verb ἀντι-, ovp- παθεῖν. Denominative παθ-αίνομαι, -aivw 'to be filled with πάθος; to arouse πάθος᾽ (Hell.). 3. πασχ-ητιάω 'to feel an (unnatural) lust', -ητιασμός (Luc.).

    *ETYM On the semantic development of παθεῖν, see Dorrie 1956, and Boreham Glotta  49 (1971): 231-244. Old ablaut: zero grade in πάσχω (< "πάθ-σκ-ω) and παθεῖν < PGr. *pnt"., e-grade in πείσομαι < ἐπένθ-σ-ομαι) and πένθος, o-grade in πέ-πονθ-α. The  further etymology is uncertain. LIV? supports the old connection with Lith. kenciu  'to suffer, endure', Olr. céss(a)im 'id', but a root *k'end"- would violate the PIE root  structure contraints. Alternatively, the Greek forms could belong to the root *b*end"-  'bind' (see ▶︎ πενθερός), with a semantic shift in intransitive usage from 'be bound' to  'suffer'; thus Janda 2000: 128f. after E. Leumann ZII 6 (1928): 10 and Pedersen REIE 1  (1938): 192 ff. See ▶︎ πῆμα.

XXXXXπάταγος [m.] 'clatter, crash, rattle' (I].).

    *DER 1. natay-éw (also avtt-, b7t0-, etc.) [v.] 'to make noise, splash, roar' (Alc. [πατάγεσκε]), -ἡ [f.] (Ὁ. P., Longos), -ημα [n.] (Men.) = πάταγος. 2. πατάσσω (aor. πατάξαι, also éx-, ovv-, etc.) [v.] 'to knock, beat, hurt' (Il; Att. mostly as an aor. and  futact. to the present τύπτω). 3. πατάξ [interj.) (Ar. Av. 1258). 4. Kanata:  κατακόψεις. Πάφιοι 'you break down (Paph.)' (H.).

    *ETYM Possibly an onomatopoeic verb. On the derivation of natay-éw, compare  Tucker i990: 106. The suffix in -y- is found in semantically close forms, such as  λαλαγή, σμαραγέω (Σμάραγος), οἰμωγή, etc. Fur: 279 compares σπαταγγίζειν'  ταράσσειν 'to agitate, disturb' (H.); the word may be Pre-Greek.

===Pag_1208: Beekes_Página_1208.tiff=== XXXXXπατήρ 1157

XXXXXπατάνη [{1 '(ΠαὉ dish' (Sophr. 13, Poll.). ἍΝ ΑΚ Dor. -4, ntr. -ov 'id.' (Poll. ν.1., H.).

    *COMP  As a first member in natdav-eytc, name of a (boiled) eel (Epich. 211).

    *DER Diminutive -tov [n.], -iwv [m.], name of a cock (com. ΓΝ.

    *ETYM Probably a Pre-Greek word, as per Fur.: 149, who connects nétayvow/mat-  'broad flat cup'; also compare the suffix of λεκάνη 'dish, pot', οὐράνη 'chamber-pot',  etc.

XXXXXπάτελλα [f.] 'large cup' (Poll). <Lw Lat»

    *VAR βάτελλα.

    *ETYM A loanword from Lat. patella (see E-M s.v. patera).

XXXXXπατέομαι [v.] 'to dine, enjoy, eat and drink' (Hdt.). «1Ὲ *ph,t- 'graze, feed'>

    *VAR Aor. πάσ(σγασθαι and perf. med. πέπασ-μαι (1].), fut. πάσομαι (A.).

    *DER ἄ-πασ-τος 'uneaten, sober' (I1.). Backformation πάτος = τροφή (sch.).

    *ETYM Present stem with enlargement *-t- from the PIE root *peh,- 'to protect,  graze'. In Germanic, we find Go. fodjan 'to feed' < *peh,-t-, a short vowel only in  OHG ka-vat-ot 'pastus'. See ▶︎ ποιμήν and ▶︎ πῶμα 1 for further derivatives of the root    *peh,-.

XXXXXπατέω [v.] 'to step, tread, enter, tread underfoot', 'to despise' (poet. since Pi.), 'to tread grapes, grain' = 'to press, thresh' (LXX, pap.). <?>

    *VAR Aor. πατῆσαι, etc.

    *COMP With prefix, especially mept-, kata-, ἀπο-.

    *DER From the verb: πατ-ησμός [m.] 'treading' (A.), 'threshing' (pap.); -ησις [f.]  'treading (of grapes) (Corn.); -ἡμα 'refuse, sweepings, waste' (LXX); -τής [m.]  'grape-treader' (pap.), -ητήριον 'treading place' (Mylasa); πατηνόν: πεπατημένον,  κοινόν 'trodden, common' (H.). From περι-πατέω: περιπάτησις 'walk-around' (late),  -ητικός name of a school of philosophers (Hell.). From xata-natéw: καταπάτησις  'treading' (LXX), 'tour, inspection' (pap.), -ἡμα 'that which is trodden underfoot'  (LXX). From ἀπο-πατέω 'to retire' = 'to do one's needs' (IA): ἀποπάτημα, -ησις  (com., Gal.), also -ος [m.] 'excrement, dung' (Hp., Ar.). From πηλοπατέω [v.] 'to  tread in the mud' (pap., sch.): πηλοπατ-ίδες [f.pl.] 'mud-treaders' = kind of shoes  (Hp.). πάτος [m.] 1. 'road, path' (Hom., A. R.), ἐκπάτιος 'astray, extraordinary' (A.);  2. 'treading, place where one treads, floor'; 'trampling, trampled matter, threshing,  dust, dirt' (Hell.); περίπατος [m.] 'walk-around, place for walking, discussion', name  of a philosophers' school (Att. etc.).

    *ETYM The meaning 2. of πάτος shows that it is a back-formation from natéw. In the  meaning 'way, path', however, Frisk regards πάτος as a possible old variant of  πόντος; πατέω could then be its denominative. Yet it is not evident that 'way, path'  would yield 'to tread', an action which focuses on the individual movement of the  legs. DELG doubts the connection with ▶︎ πόντος. If the latter is rejected, natéw has  no etymology.

XXXXXπατήρ [m.] 'father' (110.

    *VAR  Gen. πατρός, acc. πατέρα (IL).

===Pag_1209: Beekes_Página_1209.tiff===

    *DIAL Myc. pa-te.

    *COMP Many compounds, eg. πατρο-φόνος 'parricidal, parricide' (trag., Pl.), acc. -τῆα (Od.); -φόντης (m., [1] 'id', ἀ-πάτωρ 'fatherless' (trag., Pl.).

    *DER 1. Diminutive natp-idtov (com.), also πατέρ-ιον (Luc.), -iwv [m.] (late; from  voc. πάτερ). 2. πάτρα, Ion. -ἡ [f.] 'paternal ancestry, tribe; native city, country,  homeland' (Il.). 3. πατριά, Ion. -ἰή [f.] 'paternal ancestry, lineage, family' (Hdt., El.,  Delph., LXX, NT), -ἰώτης, Dor. -wtac, [f] -ἰῶτις 'from the same lineage, native,  fellow-countryman' (Att, Troezen, Delphi V*), -ἰωτικός 'belonging to fellow-  countrymen, homeland' (Delphi ΓΝ", Arist.). 4. πάτριος 'paternal, hereditary,  customary' (Pi, IA), fem. πατρ-ίς 'paternal, homeland' (1].); younger matp-1Kdc¢  'paternal' (Democr., Att., Hell.). 5. πατρόθεν 'from one's father' (11... 6. εὐ-πατρίδης,  Dor. -iSac, fem. -t¢ 'of a noble father, noble', usually as a name of the Old Attic  aristocrats (trag, Att.), antonym κακο-πατρ-ίδας, fem. -ἰς (Alc. Thgn.). 7. πάτρως,  gen. -woc and -w [m.] 'male relative; father's brother, uncle' (Pi., Cret., IA); hence  πατρώ-ἴος, πατρῷος 'belonging to the paternal clan, paternal' = πάτρως, πατρικός  (Il.). 8 πατρωός 'stepfather' (Hell; formation unclear), also πατρυιός. 9. Verbs:  natepitw (Ar. V. 652) 'to call father' (from the voc.), -ebw 'to hold the office of πατὴρ  πόλεως (natep-ia) (Milete VIP); πατρῴζω 'to take after one's father' (Philostr.,  Alciphr.), -πάζω 'id.' (Poll.).

    *ETYM Inherited word for 'father' (as the head of the family), preserved in most IE  languages, e.g. Skt. pitdr-, Lat. pater, Go. fadar. Skt. pitriya and Lat. patrius agree  with πάτριος. Possible cognates of πάτρως, with formation like ▶︎ μήτρως, include  Lat. patruus and Skt. pitrvya- 'id'.

XXXXXπάτος 1 [m.] 'road, path'. =natéw.

XXXXXπάτος 2 'nourishment, tpogr'. -natéoptat.

XXXXXπάτος 3 [n.] ἔνδυμα τῆς Ἥρας 'garment of Hera' (Call. Fr. 495, H.). <1E? *(s)pen- 'spin'>

    *ETYM Has been connected with PIE *(s)pen- 'to spin' (see on "» πένομαι), or  explained as a back-formation of πατέω as 'what is tread' = 'long garment reaching  to the feet, train'. Neither is convincing.

XXXXXπαῦνι [3] mg. uncertain (Hipp. 79 M.). <?>

    *VAR παῦνι: μικρόν: οἱ δὲ μέγα: ἤ ἀγαθόν 'small', others say 'big' or 'good'; παῦνις:  ἀποχρέως 'sufficient; παῦνον- μέγα (all H.).

    *ETYM If the explanation as 'small is correct, one might connect it with παῦρος.

XXXXXπαῦρος [adj.] 'small, little', plur. 'few' (I1.). <1£? *peh.u-ro->

    *VAR Fem. παυράς (Nic.).

    *DER Adv. παυράκις: ὀλιγάκις 'seldom' (H.); παυρακίς: τὴν πέμπτην Σαμοθρᾷκες  καλοῦσιν 'the pinky finger (Samothr.)' (H.); diminutive παυρίδιος (Hes. Op. 133).

    *ETYM Cognate with Lat. parvus 'small'. With different suffixes, Lat. pau-cus 'few',  paul(Dus 'small, few' (basic form unclear). Without a suffix, we find Att. παῦ-ς =  ▶︎ παῖς.

===Pag_1210: Beekes_Página_1210.tiff=== XXXXXπαχύς 1159 παύω, -ομαι [v.] 'to withhold, hold back, arrest, stop (trans.)', med. 'to cease, stop, run out' (11... <?>

    *VAR  Aor. παῦσαι, -ασθαι, εἰς.

    *COMP Often with prefix, especially.ava-, κατα-.

    *DER 1. ἀνά-, κατά-, διά-παυμα [n.] 'rest, ease, placation' (1]., Hes.), ἀνάπαυμα also  'fallow land', adj. -ματικός (pap.). 2. ἀνά-, κατά-, διά-παυσις [f.] 'rest, ease,  relaxation' (Pi, IA), rare παῦσις (Hp., LXX). 3. παυσ-ὡλή (eta-) [f.] 'id' (B 386, T  201), probably derived from the aor. παῦσαι. 4. παῦλα (ava-) [{ 'id' (Hp. Att.). 5. παυστήρ, -ipos (S.), παύστωρ, -opos (Isyll.) 'stopper, terminator', adj. παυστήριος  'ending' (S.), with ava- 'fit for resting' (Hdt., X.). 6. dva-, κατα-παυστικός 'giving  rest, relaxing' (Phld., Ptol.). 7. mavoi- in governing compounds, e.g. παυσί-πονος  'ending pain' (E., Ar.), παυσ-άνεμος 'calming the wind' (A.).

    *ETYM Unexplained. The form would allow for a PIE reconstruction *peh,-u-, as per  LIV? s.v., but there are no certain cognates outside Greek.

XXXXXπαφλάζω [v.] 'to bubble, boil' (N 798).

    *VAR Aeol. -άσδω (Alc.).

    *COMP Rarely with éx-, ἐπι-, etc.

    *DER παφλάσματα [n.pl.] 'bubbles, bombastic words' (Ar.), ἐκπαφλασμός [m.]  'boiling over' (Arist.).

    *ETYM Onomatopoeic reduplicated formation like καχλάζω, βαβράζω, etc. With  reduplication, we find the aor. φλαδεῖν 'to crush, tear up (intr.)' (A. CA. 28 [lyr.]);  with e-vocalism, φλεδών, -όνος [f.] 'babble' (Plu.), φλέδων, -ονος ''babbler' (A.,  Timo); with long vowel, gAnda@vta- Anpodvta 'talking nonsense' (H.). A similar  onomatopoeia is Lat. blatid, -ire 'to babble, prate'. See ▶︎ phew and > φλύω.

XXXXXπάχνη [f.] 'hoar-frost, rime', also metaphorically, e.g. of clotted blood (ξ 476). <1E * peh,k/é- 'make compact, congeal'>

    *DER παχν-ήεις (Nonn.), -ώδης (Gp., Hymn. Is.) 'frosty'; τόομαι (also with mept-) [v.]  'to become covered with rime', τόω 'to cover, (make) clot' (P 112).

    *ETYM From earlier *ndk-ov-G or *ndy-ov-G, related to the root of ▶︎ πήγνυμι. A  similar semantic development is shown by πάγος 'hill; ice, hoar-frost' (see ▶︎ πάγη). Compare νύξ ... πηγυλίς 'icy-cold' beside πάχνη (ξ 475f.).

XXXXXπαχύς [adj.] 'thick, fat, well-fed, dense, stout' (Il.). <1 b"9 -u- 'dense, thick'>

    *COMP παχυ-μερής 'consisting of thick parts, gross, massive' (Ti. Locr., Arist.); ὑπέρ-  Taxus 'too fat' (Ηρ...

    *DER 1. Compar. πάσσων, only acc. -ova (Od.), superl. πάχ-ιστος (IL, Call.), -iwv  (Arat.), -ὕτερος, -ύτατος (IA). 2. πάχετος (rather -ετός [mss.]) = παχύς (0 187, ψ 191,  Hp.); also as a ntr. noun (Nic., Opp.); 3. πάχητες: πλούσιοι, παχεῖς 'wealthy, thick'  (H., after πένητες) PN Πάχης, -ητος [m.] (Th.). 4. παχυλῶς 'in large draughts'  (Arist.). 5. πάχος [n.] 'thickness, strength, force' (since t 324). 6. παχύτης (-υτής)  'thickness'. 7. Denominative παχύνω (sporadicaly with ém-, éx-, ovv-, ὑπερ-) [v.] 'to  fatten, batten' (1A), πάχυνσις [f.] 'thickening', -τικός 'fattening' (medic.), -υσμός [m.]  (Hp.), -υσμα [n.] (Aét.). 8. παχῶσαι [aor.] 'to fatten' (medic., Herm. 33, 343).

===Pag_1211: Beekes_Página_1211.tiff===

    *ETYM An old u-stem adjective, cognate with Skt. bahu- 'many, much, numerous',  OAv. bazuuaité [dat.sg.m.] 'dense', Arm. bazum [adj.] 'much', Hitt. panku- [adj.]  'total',    néap [n.] - Γλαυκίας λιπαρόν 'radiant' (H.). <GR>

    *ETYM A contamination of πῖαρ and στέαρ 'fat', or the result of a phonetic  development ia > ea in some dialect.

XXXXXπεδά [prev.] 'after, with, amidst', = μετά (Aeol, Dor., Arc.).

    *COMP Πεδα-γείτνιος [m.],a month name (Rhodes, etc.) = Att. Μεταγειτνιών.

    *ETYM Probably from *ped- 'foot, trace', as attested in πούς, ▶︎ πέδον; thus literally 'on  the floor, in the tracks, vel sim.'. Compare Atm. y-et, z-het 'after' from het 'trace' (=  πέδον). The rare form πετά is probably a contamination with μετά. For the ending  -a, compare μετά, ava, διά, etc.

XXXXXπέδη [f.] 'shackle, fetter' (Il.). «1Ὲ *ped- 'foot'>

    *VAR Dor. -a, mostly plur. -αι.

    *COMP Often as a second member, especially in poetry and in late prose, e.g. ἱστο-  πέδη (see on ▶︎ ἱστός).

    *DER Diminutive πεδίσκη [f.] (Thebes III"), -ιον (ΕΜ); πεδήτης [m.] 'fettered,  prisoner' (com. Herod., LXX), πέδων, -wvoc [π|.} 'id? (Ar. Fr. 837); denominative  neddw (rarely with kata-, ἀμφι-, ovv-) [v.] 'to fetter, bind, shackle' (especially poet. since Il.), to which πεδα-τάς [m.] (Dor.) 'fetterer' (AP).

    *ETYM Derivative of PIE *ped- 'foot'; cf. ▶︎ πέδον and ▶︎ πέζα, The same semantics are  found in Lat. ped-ica 'shackle', im-ped-ié 'to hinder', ON fioturr [m.] 'shackle' (<  PGm. *fetura-).

XXXXXnédiAov [n.) 'sole under the foot, sandal', secondarily also of other footwear (IL; also Hdt. and Plu.). «Ἰεῦ *ped- 'foot'>

    *VAR  Mostly plur. -a.

    *DIAL Myc. pe-di-ro.

    *COMP Often as a second member, e.g. χρυσο-πέδιλος 'with golden sandals' (Od.).

    *ETYM Derived from *ped- 'foot' with a suffix -Iho-. The suffix might be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXπέδον [n.] 'soil, earth, ground' (IL). «IE *ped-o- [n.] 'trace, footstep'>

    *VAR  πέδον-δε (N 796).

    *COMP As a second member in δά-πεδον, κράσ-πεδον, etc; ἔμτ-πεδος 'standing on  the ground, firm' (epic poet., late prose), whence ἐμπεδόω [v.] 'to confirm, consider  inviolable' (Att, etc.); ἄπεδος 'flat' (Hdt., Th., X.) (< *sm-pedo- 'having one surface');  as a first member e.g. in πεδο-βάμων 'earth-walking' (A.). Adverbs πεδ-όσε, -όθεν,  -ot (epic poet.).

    *DER πεδίον [n.] 'surface, plain, field' (Il.); Cypr. nedija 'plain', fem. after χώρα, yr?  Thence: 1. πεδιάς, -άδος [f.] 'flat, level, on the plain' (Pi. IA); 2. medtetvdc (also  πεδεινός, -tvdc) 'flat, level' (IA); 3. πεδιακός 'belonging to the plain', plur. 'inhabitants of the plain of Attica' (Lys. Fr. 238 S., Arist., pap.); 4. πεδιεῖς [m.pl.} 'id,'  (Plu., Ὁ. L.); 5. πεδιάσιος 'on the plain' (Str., Dsc.); 6. πεδιασιμαῖος = campester  (gloss.); 7. πεδιώδης 'flat' (sch.); 8. Πεδιώ [f.] 'goddess of the plain' (Hera; Sicily). Ὁ

===Pag_1212: Beekes_Página_1212.tiff=== XXXXXπείθομαι 1161

    *ETYM Derived from *ped- 'foot'. Cognate forms from PIE *pedo-: Hitt. peda- [n.]  'place', Skt. padd- [n.] 'footstep, piece of ground', OAv. pada-, YAv. pada- [n.]  'footstep', Lat. oppidum 'fort', U peéum 'ground, place', Arm. het 'footprint, OPr. pedan 'ploughshare', Lith. péda, (dial.) pédas 'footprint', Latv. péda 'foot-sole,  footstep' < *ped-o-; ON fet 'step'.

XXXXXπέζα [f.] 'instep', usually metaphorically 'foot-end, lower edge, border of a garment, coast, net, mountain range, etc.' (Ω 272, medic., Hell.). «1Ὲ *ped- 'foot'>

    *DER Independently of the simplex: ἀργυρό-πεζα [adj.f.] 'with silver feet', said of  Thetis, etc. (Il.). msc. -πεζος (AP). πεζίς, -id0¢ [f.] 'seam' (Ar., Att. inscr.).

    *ETYM Derived from *ped- 'foot' with a suffix -1a. A comparable form is found in  PGm. *fet-i [f.] > ON fit, gen. fit-jar 'web', and perhaps also in OHG fizza, MoHG  Fitze 'winding, thread'. See ▶︎ τράπεζα.

XXXXXπέζις [m.] 'puffball, lycoperdacea' (Thphr. HP 1, 6, 5). <1E *pesd- 'break wind'>

    *ETYM From *pesd-, the root of Lat. pédo, Gr. Bdéw; see Forssman MSS 29 (1971): 47-  70.

XXXXXπεζός [adj.] 'going on foot, living on the land', said of men and animals, 'walker, footsoldier', as a collective 'infantry, land-force' (Il); metaphorically 'common, prosaic (Hell. and late). <1 *ped- 'foot'>

    *COMP Frequently, e.g. πεζο-μάχας, -ος 'fighting as a footsoldier' (Pi., TA).

    *DER πεζικός 'of a mel dq' (Att., etc.), -ίτης [m.] = πεζός (Suid. ὁπλίτης), -ότης, -τος  [f.] 'being πεζός᾽ (comm. Arist.); πεζεύω [v.] 'to go on foot, be a pedestrian' (Att. Arist.), -ευτικός 'going on foot' (Arist.).

    *ETYM Except for the accent, the word is formally identical to Skt. pdd-ya- 'regarding  the foot' < PIE *ped-io-. See ▶︎ πούς.

XXXXXπεῖ [n.) name of the letter. «LW Sem>

    *VAR Later πῖ.

    *ETYM Indeclinable; equal to Semitic pé.

XXXXXπείθομαι [v.] 'to trust, rely, obey, be persuaded' (I1.). «18 bid*- 'convince, trust'>

    *VAR fut. πείσομαι, aor. πιθέσθαι, πεπιθέσθαι, perf. πέποιθα (all Il), aor. pass. πεισθῆναι, fut. -θήσομαι, perf. πέπεισ-μαι (Att.), med. πείσασθαι (Hell.), aor. pte. πιθήσας (Il.), fut. πιθήσω (φ 369); act. πείθω, πείσω, πεπιθεῖν with fut. πεπιθήσω,  πεῖσαι (all 11.), πιθεῖν (Pi., A.), πέπεικα (young Att.) 'to convince, persuade'.

    *COMP Also with prefix, eg. dva-, ém-, mapa-, ovv-. As a first member in governing  compounds, e.g. πείθαρχος 'obedient to the authorities' (A.), PN Πεισίστρατος; as a  second member in a-, εὐ-π(ελθής (Thgn., A., Att), aor. ἀπίθησε (IL), fut. ἀπιθήσω  (K 129, © 300); thence πιθήσας and πιθήσω.

    *DER A. From the root aorist: 1. πιστός 'faithful, reliable, credible' (Il.), πιστό-της  'faith' (IA), πιστεύω (dta-, Kata-, etc.) [v.] 'to rely, trust, believe, confide' (1A),  whence -evpa, -ευσις, -ευτικός; πιστόομαι (κατα-, συν-, Mpo-), -dw [v.] 'to trust  entirely, warrant, assure; to make reliable' (Il.), whence -ωμα, -wolc, -ωτής, -ωτικός. 2. πίστις [f.] 'faith, trust, authentication, assurance' (IA), whence πιστικός 'faithful'  (Plu, Vett. Val; if not for πειστικός; see below). 3. πιθανός 'trustworthy, reliable,

===Pag_1213: Beekes_Página_1213.tiff===

believable, obedient' (IA), πιθαν-ότης, -dw (PL, Arist.). 4. πίσυνος 'relying on somebody or something' (mostly epic poet. Il.), probably after θάρσυνος. B. From the present: 1. ITe.Ow [f.] '(goddess of) persuasion, conviction, obedience' (Hes.), thence Boeot. aor. ἐπίθωσε, -cav (III*)?; 2. πειθός 'pesuading (easily), persuasive' (Ep. Cor.). 3. πειθήμων 'obedient, persuasive' (late epic). C. From the present or s-aor. (more recently): 1. πεῖσα [f.] 'obedience', 2. -πειστος as a second member in εὔ-, Svoava-, ἀμετά-πειστος etc. (Att.), as opposed to older ἄπιστος. 3. κειστικός 'fit for persuasion, convincing' (PL, Arist.), -ήριος 'id'? (E.). 4.

XXXXXπεῖσμα [n.] 'conviction, confidence' (Plu., Arr. 5. E.), -μονή [f.] 'id' (Ep. Gal., pap.). 5, πεῖσις (παρά-, κατά-) [f.] 'conviction, etc.' (Plot., Hdn., sch.). 6. πτειστήρ 'who obeys' (Suid.) 7. Πειστίχη epithet of Aphrodité (Delos). Ὁ. From the perfect: πεποίθ-ησις [f.] 'trust' (LXX, Phld.), -iav 'hope, expectation'.

    *ETYM Present πείθομαι < PIE pres. or aor. subj. *b'eid'-e/o-, aor. πιθ- < PIE aor. *bheid'- /*b*id'-. Cognate with Lat. fido, -ere < ΤῈ *b*eid*-e/o-, fidus 'faithful, reliable',  fidés, -éi 'trust, guarantee', foedus, -eris [n.] 'treaty, agreement'; Alb. bé {f] 'oath', besé  [f.] 'faith', bindem 'to be convinced, believe'; OCS béda 'distress, necessity' < *b'oid'-  eh,, béditi 'to force, persuade', isg. bézdo < *b'oid"-eie-. Probably also related to Go. beidan 'to wait', baidjan 'to force', OE bédan, OHG beitten 'to demand'.

XXXXXπείνη [f.] 'hunger, famine' (0 407, Pl.). <?>

    *VAR  More recent πεῖνα (PI. Resp. 437d, Arist.).

    *COMP yew-rteiviig 'hungry for land, without land' (Hadt.); with transition to the o-  stems, ὀξύ-)τεινος 'very hungry' (Arist.), πρόσ-πεινος 'hungry' (medic., Act. Ap. 10,  10.

    *DER πειν-αλέος 'hungry' (com., Plu., AP; after διψαλέος et al.), -ὦδης '4. (Gal.). Verbal forms: ptc. πεινᾶων (1}.), inf. πεινήμεναι (v 137), πειν-ἣν, -ς, -ἢ (Ar. PL), fut. -σω, aor. -ῆσαι, perf. γτε-πείνηκα (Hdt., Att.) [v.] 'to hunger, be hungry'; later  πεινᾶν, -&, -ἄσω, -doat (LXX); rarely with δια-, b10-, ὕπερ-, ἀνα-. Gr. πείνη could be  a back-formation to πεινῆν, like δίψα to διψῆν.

    *ETYM Fur.: 339, 378 compares ἡ-παν-ᾷ, -ei 'flows off, which is rather doubtful. According to De Lamberterie RPh. 74 (2000): 280, πεῖνα may be the older form; in  that case, short -a may be the Pre-Greek ending.

XXXXXπεῖρα [f.] 'test, research, experience' (Alcm., Thgn., Pi, IA).

    *COMP ἔμ-πειρος 'experienced'; imno-meipry¢ [m.] 'horse specialist' (Anacr. 75, 6);  μονο-πεῖραι (λύκοι) 'hunting alone' (Arist, Men.); ἀπείρων 'unexperienced' (S.). Backformations such as ava-, ἀπό-, διά-πειρα (Pi. IA) from ἀνα-τιειράομαι, etc;  ταλαπείριος 'whe has suffered much'.

    *DER Three denominatives: 1. πειράομαι (more rarely -dw, often with prefix like ἀνα-,  dta-, ἀπο-, éx-) [v.] 'to tempt, put to the test, try' (Il.). Thence πειρᾶτής [m.] 'pirate'  (Hell.}, -τικός 'belonging to pirates' (Str., Ph.), -tevw [v.] 'to act like a pirate' (LXX);  πειρατήριον (Ion. -ητ-) [n.] 'Guridical) tria? (Hp. E.). 'gang of pirates, pirates' nest'  (LXX, Str.), πειρητήριος 'exploring, trying' (Hp.); πείρασις [f.] 'temptation, assault'  (Th., Ὁ. Ος; may also belong to 2.). 2. πειράζω, aor. -άσαι, -ασθῆναι (also with kata-,  ἐκ-, ἀπο-, etc.) [v.] 'to tempt, put to the test, assault' (Od., Arist. Hell.), fut. πειράξω

===Pag_1214: Beekes_Página_1214.tiff=== XXXXXπείρω 1163 (Cret.), κατα-πειράσω (Lys.). Thence πειρ-ασμός [m.] 'temptation' (LXX, NT), -αστής [m.] 'tempter' (Ammon. Gramm.), -αστικός 'belonging to, fit for tempting, trying' (Arist.), ἀπείραστος 'unexperienced, untempted' (Hell.). 3. πειρητίζω (only present) [v.] 'to tempt, explore, assault' (11...

    *ETYM From PGr. *per-ia (Aeol. méppa acc. to Choerob. An. Ox. 2, 252), from the  root *per- 'to cross, pass'. See further ▶︎ πείρω and ▶︎ περάω.

XXXXXmeipap, -atog [n.] 'end, boundary, outcome, goal, decision' (Il.); epic also 'rope, cable'. <1E per-ur / per-u(e)n- 'ford, crossing'>

    *VAR  mostly plur. -ata (περ(ρ)άτων Alc.), younger πεῖρας (Pi.), πέρας (Att).

    *COMP As a second member in ἀ-πείρων (I].), remade into an o-stem ἄ-πειρος (Pi. Ion., trag., Pl. Arist.) 'endless, unlimited', also d-1e(i)patog 'id.' (Pi, Ph.); here also  ἀπειρέσιος, ἀπείριτος; ἀπέρονα: πέρας μὴ ἔχοντα 'without boundary' (H.); πολυ-  πείρων 'with many (wide) boundaries' (ἢ. Cer. 296, Orph.).

    *DER 1. πειραίνω (Hom.), περαίνω (Att.), aor. πειρῆναι, περᾶναι (also with δια-, συν-,  etc.) {[v.] 'to bring to an end, finish, conclude', ἀ-πέραντος (-ei-) 'unlimited' (Pi,  Att.), περαντικός 'conclusive' (Ar. Arist.), συμπέρασμα [n.] 'end, conclusion'  (Arist.), -ματικός (Arist.). 2. περατόομαι, -dw (also with ἀπο-, ovv-) [v.] 'to end,  bring to an end, limit' (Arist.), ἀποπεράτ-ωσις (medic.). 3. ἀπο-περατίζω 'to end'  (sch.). 4. περατεύει: ὁρίζει 'delimits' (H.). Also mepatn [f.] 'extremity of the heavens'  (y 243, Arat, Call), after the superlatives; mepat-nQev 'from the boundary, from  beyond' (A. R.).

    *ETYM From a basic form *néppap with PIE r/n-inflexion, from the root *per- 'to  cross, pass through'. From the m-stem, Greek derived ἀ-πείρων; πεῖρας, ▶︎ πέρας are  remakes as well. Compare Skt. pdrur [nom.acc.sg.n.], pérvayas [gen.abl.] 'knot, joint,    section'. The mg, 'rope, cable' may derive from the use of ropes for measuring or  delimiting a space. See further ▶︎ πείρω and ▶︎ népa.

XXXXXπείρινθα [acc.sg.f.] 'basket on ἃ cart' (0 131, 1 190). 4 PG(S)>

    *VAR  Gen.sg. -1vOoc (A. R. 3, 873), nom.sg. πείρινς (gramm.).

    *ETYM Like many words in -νθ-, this word is probably Pre-Greek. Several TNs have  been connected with it: Πειρήνη, Πειραιεύς, etc.

XXXXXmeipw [v.] 'to perforate, pierce, pervade' (Il.); as a simplex epic poet., with prefix also in (late) prose. <1E *per- 'cross, pass'> ΑΒ Aor. πεῖραι, perf. midd. πέπαρμαι, aor. pass. παρῆναι (Hdt.).

    *COMP Often with prefix, e.g. δια-, ava-, κατα-, περι-.

    *DER A. With e-grade: 1. διαμπερ-ἕς [adv.] 'right through, continuously' (I1.). 2. mep-όνη [f.] 'brooch, buckle' (Il.), also -ovic, -dviov, -ovidtov, -ονάω, -όνημα, -ονητήρ,  -ovytpic. B. With o-grade: 1a. πόρος [m.] 'passage, ford, narrowing, journey, road, way; means,  way out', plur. 'earnings' (Il), whence πορ-εύς, -ἰμος; Ὁ. πορεύομαι, -ebw [v.] 'to  carry, provide' (IA), whence -eia, -eiov, -eupa, -ευσις, -ευτικός; c. πορίζω, -ίζομαι 'to  bring about, provide oneself (IA), whence -topdc, -ἰσμα, -ιστής, -ἰστικός. As a  second member in ἄ-πορος 'without escape, impassable, destitute' (Pi, IA), whence

===Pag_1215: Beekes_Página_1215.tiff===

ἀπορέω, -ία. 2. πορθμός [π|.] 'ferry, strait, sound, εἴς (1A), whence -θμίς, -θμιος, -θμικός, -θμεύς, -θμεύω, -θμεία, -θμεῖον, -θμευμα et al.

    *ETYM Gr. πείρω « *per-ie/o-, πόρος « *por-o-, πορ-θμός « *por-d'mo-. The old  meaning 'to carry over, ferry over' is still found in Greek in πόρος, πορθμός. Cognates are Skt. piparti [3sg.act.pres.], aor. pdérs- 'to bring across', Av. (fra)fra  [isg.subj.aor.act.] 'to cross', YAv. paraiia- 'to bring, lead'; Go. faran 'to wander',  farjan 'to ferry over'; Lat. portdre 'to carry, transport' (denominative). See also  > πορεῖν and ▶︎ πέρνημι.

XXXXXπεῖσμα [n.) 'rope, cable' (I1.). «1Ὲ bend"- 'bind'>

    *DER πεισμάτ-ιον 'navel-string' (sch.), -10¢ 'eoncerning cables' (Orph.); also -ικός  'cable-like' = 'persistent, unaccommodating' (pap., Eust.)?

    *ETYM From "πένθο-σμα, derived from the PIE verb 'to bind', which Greek may have  retained in ▶︎ πάσχω, albeit in a totally different meaning. An isolated derivative is  > πενθερός; ▶︎ φάτνη is unrelated. The zero grade *b'nd'-sm- might be preserved in  πάσμα: ᾧ συνήρτηται πρὸς τὸ φυτὸν τὸ φύλλον 'by which the leaf is joined to the  plant' (H.); a mixed form is néopa- ἢ πεῖσμα, ἢ μίσχος 'stalk, husk, shell'. ἔστι δὲ ἐξ  οὗ τὸ φύλλον ἤρτηται 'by means of which the leaf is attached' (H.).

XXXXXπέκω [v.]. 'to comb (oneself), card, shear' (II.). «1Ὲ *pek- 'pluck, card'>

    *VAR πείκετε (σ 316) and πείκειν (Hes. Op. 775) are metri causa; aor. πέξαι, -ασθαι.

    *DIAL Myc. po-ka /poka/ 'shorn wool'.

    *COMP Also with ἀπο-. Furthermore πόκτ-υφος [m.] 'wool weaver' (pap. II"); eipo-  πόκος 'wool-fleeced', εὔτποκος 'with fair wool' (A.); νεόποκος 'newly shorn'  (μαλλός, S.).

    *DER 1. πόκος [m.] 'sheep's wool, fleece' (M 451, Hell.), ποκ-άριον (Sammelb. 11--  IVP), -άδες [f-pl.] 'lock or tuft of wool or hair' (Ar.), Πόκιος [m.] 'shearing month',  Locr. month name (inscr.); verbs: ποκίζομαι 'to shear wool' (Theoc.), whence -topdc,  -toti (pap.); -άζω 'id' (sch., Suid.); -όομαι 'to be covered, as if with a fleece' (AP). 2.

XXXXXπόκτος [m.] = πόκος (Lyr. Adesp. 73, Hdn.). 3. πέκος [n.] 'id. (An. Ox. 3, 358), πεῖκος: ἔριον, ξάμμα (carded) wool' (H.). 4. πεκτήρ (Suid.), ποκτήρ (pap. ΠΡ; after πόκος) [m.] 'shearer'. Enlarged verb mex-téw 'to shear wool' (Ar.).

    *ETYM Gr. πέκω < PIE *pek-e/o-; cf. Lith. ρεξὰ, pésti 'to pluck, pull out'; for next-éw <  *pek-t-, cf. Lat. pectd 'to comb, card', OHG fehtan 'to battle' (if originally 'to pluck  each other'). Gr. πέκος phonetically agrees with Lat. pecus [n.] '(small) cattle, sheep'  < PIE *pek-e/os- [π.]; πόκος is probably an innovation. Latin has a present * pekte/o-  and a noun pecten, with unknown quantity of the final vowel in the nom.sg. (Sommer in De Vaan 2008). Traditionally, a present with a suffix *-t-e/o- is  reconstructed on the basis of Lat. pecté and Gr. πεκτέω, but this formation is very  rare in IE. The alternative reconstruction proposed by Pinault MSS 62 (2006) is  therefore quite attractive: reduplicated *pe-pk- with dissimilation to *petk-, whence  the n-stem 'petk-n-, *ptk-én- 'comb'. A reduplicated present fits the repetitive  meaning of 'to comb, pluck' very well. See also ▶︎ κτείς,

XXXXXπέλαγος [n.] 'high seas, sea' (Il.). «ΡΟ»

===Pag_1216: Beekes_Página_1216.tiff=== XXXXXπέλας 1165

    *COMP Late: πελαγο-δρόμος 'sailing on, flying over the sea' (Orph., PMag. Par.), εὐ-  πελαγής lying by a fair sea' (Orph.).

    *DER πελάγ-ιος 'belonging to the sea' (trag., Th., X., Arist; after GA-10¢, θαλάσσ-ιος),  εἰκός 'id' (Plu.), -ἴτις [f.] 'id' (AP); -αἴος epithet of Poseidon (Paus.). Verbs:  πελαγίζω (also with év-) [v.] 'to form a sea, be flooded, be out in the open sea, sail  the sea' (Hdt., X., Str.), τισμοί [pl.] 'experiences at sea' vel sim. (Alciphr.); -dopat 'to  form a sea, overflow' (Ach. Tat.).

    *ETYM Frisk connects πέλαγος with ▶︎ πλάξ, -ακός [f.] 'plain, plain of the sea, etc.'  πλάγοιος 'athwart, transverse, sloping, curved', and ▶︎ πέλανος. However, nothing  confirms a connection of πέλαγος with the root *pelh,- 'to spread out', and the  connection with mAay/k- is phonetically impossible. Thus, the word rather seems to  be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXπέλανος [m.] 'liquid flour dough, flour pulp, honey and oil', often presented as a sacrifice, 'sacificial cake' (A., E., Pl., Att. inscr., Herod.); name of a weight or coin (Delph., Arg. V--III*), = ὀβολός (Nic. Al. 488).

    *VAR Also -ός (Hdn. Gr. 1, 178).

    *DER Cf. πέλανορ: τὸ τετράχαλκον 'a coin', πέλαινα: πόπανα, μειλίγματα 'round  cakes, propitiations' (H.). On πελάχνιν: τρύβλιον ἐκπέταλον 'outspread cup or bowl'  (H.) see πέταχνον (8.ν. ▶︎ πετάννυμι).

    *ETYM The original meaning and etymology are uncertain. If the original mg. was  'flat cake, flat dough', which the coin name πέλανος in particular seems to evidence,  πέλανος could be derived from PIE *pelh,- 'to be flat, level' as *pelh,-no-. Fur.: 338  compares méAatva, and concludes that it is a Pre-Greek word. The argument is  uncertain, but the conclusion may well be correct.

XXXXXπελᾶργός [m.] 'stork (Ar. Pl. Alc. 1, 135d, Arist.); also = ἄγγος τι κεράμεον 'kind of earthen vessel' (H.), after the form? 4»

    *VAR The length of the a is mentioned by Phrynichos 88.

    *DER πελαργ-οιδεύς [m.] 'young stork' (Ar., Plu.), -τἰκός 'ofa stork' (H., Suid.), -ώδης  'stork-like' (Str.), -ἴτις [f.] 'kind of ἀναγαλλίς 'pimpernel' and yepavov 'crane' (Ps.-  Dsc.). Denominative ἀντι-πελαργ-έω 'to show love in return (like storks do)'  (Aristaenet, Iamb.); ἀντιπελάργ-ωσις, -ησις, -ἰα (Com. Adesp. 939, 1570). On  Πελαργικόν (τεῖχος), see ▶︎ Πελασγοί.

    *ETYM Uncertain. EM 659, 7 already connected the name with the black and white  feathers of a stork; Kretschmer Glotta 3 (1910-1912): 294f. therefore analyses the word  as *nedap-apyéc, from ἀργός 'white' and *nedaféc 'blackish' (connected to Lith. palvas 'sallow', πελιός, etc.). This seems improbable.

XXXXXπέλας [adv.] 'near, nearby' (Od.).

    <IE *pelh,- 'approach'>

'ΝΑΙ 6 πέλας 'next, nearest, neighbour' (IA).

    *DER 1. πελά-της, Dor. -τας [m.] 'one who comes near, serf, jobber' (trag., Pl.), [f.]  -τις (Plu.), with -τικός (Ὁ. H.); ἐμπελάτειρα [f.] = πελάτις (Call, Euph.); 2. πέλασις  [f.] (ἐμ-, mpoo-) 'approach' (S. E., Procl.); 3. ἄςπλητος (epic), ἄ-πλᾶτος (Dor., trag.)  'anapproachable, appalling'; 4. πλᾶτις, -ίδος [f.] 'wife (Ar., Lyc.); 5. τειχεσι-πλῆτα  [voc.] epithet of Ares (E 31, 455); 6. πλήτης: πλησιαστής 'neighbour' (H.).

===Pag_1217: Beekes_Página_1217.tiff===

Adverb πλησίον (Il), Aeol. πλᾶ-σιον, Dor. πλᾶτίον 'near', adjective πλησίος 'standing nearby, neighbouring' (IL, epic Ion.); mAnov-ywpoc 'neighbouring' (1A), πλησι-ότης [f.] 'neighbourhood' (A. D.); πλησι-άζω (Dor. πλᾶτι-) 'to approach, accompany, associate with' (Att.), whence -ασμός, -aopa, -ασις (Arist.).

    *ETYM Clearly related to the verbs meaning 'to approach' (see below), but the  morphological analysis is unclear. Gr. πέλας has been explained as an old nom.sg. 'who is near'; the forms in mAn-, πλᾶ- reflect the zero grade *plh,-. See ▶︎ δασπλῆτις,  ▶︎ πίλναμαι, ▶︎ πλᾶθω, ▶︎ πλήν, and ▶︎ πλήσσω.

XXXXXπέλεθος [m.] 'ordure'. Ξσπέλεθος.

XXXXXπέλεθρον [η.Ξ» πλέθρον.

XXXXXπέλεια [f.] 'wild pigeon' (1].λ.

    *VAR πελειάς, gen. -άδος, mostly plur. -ddec [f.]

    *COMP  As a first member in πελειο-θρέμμων 'feeding pigeons' (A.); also  metaphorically as a name of the priestesses of the sanctuary at Dodona (Hdt, S.,  Paus.).

    *DER πελείους: Κῶοι kai oi Ἠπειρῶται τοὺς γέροντας kai τὰς πρεσβύτιδας 'old men  and women in Cos and Epirus' (H.).

    *ETYM The msc. πελείους is a secondary innovation. The bird was clearly named  after its color, like eg. Lat. palumbés 'dove', palleé 'to be pale'. It could reflect a u-  stem ἔπελύς 'grey', cognate with πελιός, πολιός, πελιτνός, The priestesses in Dodona  (like the aged people in Cos and Epirus) were called 'doves' because of the color of  their hair. Cf. ▶︎ πελιδνός.

XXXXXπελεκάν, -ἄνος [m.] 'pelican' (Anaxandr. Com. Arist.).

    *VAR Cf. πελεκανός 'fulica' (gloss.).

    *DER πελεκᾶς, -ἄντος [m.] 'green woodpecker' (Ar. Av.); πελεκῖνος [m.] 'pelican'  (Ar. Av, Dionys. Av.); more usually as the name of several plants, 'axeweed',  especially 'Securigera Coronilla' (Hp. Thphr. Dsc.), and in the architectural  technical expression 'dovetail' (Ph. Bel., Hero Bel.).

    *ETYM Derived from πέλεκυς 'axe' because of the functional and/or formal similarity  with an axe. For πελεκάν, compare especially the ethnonyms in -άν (Ἀκαρνάν, εἰς.). Fur. 320 compares σπέλεκτος: πελεκάν (H.).

XXXXXπέλεκυς [m.] 'axe, double axe, hatchet' (Il.).

    *VAR Gen. -ews, Ion. -εος; also βέλεκκος, see below.

    *DIAL Myc. pe-re-ku-wa-na-ka (?, Puhvel KZ 73, 221f.).

    *COMP  ἑἐξα-πέλεκυς = Lat. sexfascalis (Plb.), σφυρο-πέλεκυς 'hammer-axe' (Att. inscr.); ἡμι-πέλεκκον [π.] 'half-axe', 'axe with one edge' ('Y 851) (< adj. "ἡμι-πέλεκε-  o¢ 'consisting of half an axe').

    *DER Diminutive meAéx-tov (Att. inscr.), πέλεκκον (-0¢) 'axe-handle' (N 612, Poll.,  H.; from -Kf-ov), πελεκυ-νάριον 'id' (Theo Sm.); πελεκᾶς, -ἄτος 'axe-smith' (Ostr. I*). Denominatives: 1. πελεκ-άω (-exkdw ε 244 < *-exf-du; rarely with dva-, ἀπο-,  ék-, KaTa-) 'to cut with an axe' (ε 244), whence -ἡμα, -ησις, -Ἰητής, -ἥτωρ, -17TpIs,  -ητός (Hell.); 2. πελεκίζω (ἀπο- AB) 'to chop off with an axe', especially 'to behead'

===Pag_1218: Beekes_Página_1218.tiff===

(Plb., Str.), whence -ισμός (D. S.). The gloss πέλεκρα- ἀξίνη 'axe' is obscure and may be late. Gr. πέλυξ 'id? (LXX, pap.) on the model of instrument names in -v£, whence πελύκοιον (Peripl. M. Rubr., pap.).

    *ETYM Compare Skt. parasu- [m.] 'axe, battle-axe', Oss. feercet 'axe' (from Iranian  into Tocharian: ToA porat, ToB peret 'axe') < QPIE *peleku-. These words have long  been identified with Akk. pilakku, which however never means 'axe', but rather  'spindle'. Thus, this comparison must be given up. Fur.: 150f. points to βέλεκκος:  ὄσπριόν τι ἐμφερὲς λαθύρῳ μέγεθος ἐρεβίνθου ἔχον 'pulse resembling a λ. with the  size of a chick-pea' (H.). Further, compare his notes 39 and 40. He also assumes that  the -kk- represents Pre-Greek gemination. πέλεκρα, too, may be a Pre-Greek  formation, like πέλυξ.

XXXXXπελεμίζω [v.] 'to vibrate, shake', pass. 'to tremble' (II.). < PG?>

    *VAR Aor. -ίξαι, -ἰχθῆναι.

    *ETYM Denominative formation in -i€w, from an unknown noun, *mé\epta vel sim. Possible cognates are identified in Germanic, e.g. in the compounds Go. us-film-a  frightened, appalled' (usfilmei 'fright, horror'), ON felms-fullr 'full of frightening',  which would presuppose a noun PGm. *felma- 'fright'. If the suffix was *-mo-, one  could connect it to πάλλω 'to sway, rock'. Another cognate may be ▶︎ πόλεμος. Fur:  151 calls πελεμ- 'entschieden ungriechisch'; the suffix -ἐμ- would be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXπελιδνός [adj.] 'blue, dark color, pale, bloodshot' (Hp., Arist. Nic; also Th. and com.?) «1Εὖ *peli- 'pale, grey'>

    *VAR  πελιτνός (Att. according to gramm.; perhaps to be restored in Th. 2, 49, Alex. 110, 17 et al.).

    *DER πελιδν-ἤήεις (Marc. Sid.), -atog (Nonn.), whence -ότης [f.] 'blue stain' (Aret.,  Gal.), -όομαι [v.] 'to turn blue, etc.' (Hp. Arist.), whence -wya, -ωσις (medic.). Also  πελιός 'blue, dark' (Hp., D., Thphr., Nic., etc.), πελι-ώδης (sch.), -ότης [f.] (medic.),  τόομαι (Hellanic., Hp., LXX), whence -wotc, -wpia (medic., sch.), -aivopa: (Hp.);  πελλός (πέλλος3) 'dark-colored' (5. Fr.?, Arist., Theoc.), -d¢ [m.] 'old person, very  old man' (Hdn., H.). With y-enlargement: πελιγόνες [m.pl.] = γέροντες (Lac. Massal.), = οἱ ἐν τιμαῖς (Macedonian acc. to Str. 7 Fr. 2); πελιγᾶνες: oi ἔνδοξοι. παρὰ  δὲ Σύροις oi βουλευταί 'esteemed ones, in Syrian councillors' (H.).

    *ETYM Traditionally explained as an enlargement of meAtdc, or a transformation of  older πελι-τν-ός, which would have the same combination of suffixes as Skt. pdlikni  [f.] < *pali-t-n-i 'grey' beside msc. pali-t-d- (would be Gr. *meditéc¢; thence perhaps  πελιτ-νός after the fem.?). An i-stem has been assumed as the basic form, which may  be retained in πελιός (probably for *meAt-F6-c), and perhaps also in πελλός (if from  Ἐπελιός). See on ▶︎ πέλεια for a different formation. ▶︎ See also ▶︎ πολιός.

XXXXXπέλλα 1 [f.] 'milk pail', also 'drinking bowl, goblet' (II 642, Hippon., Theoc., Nic.).

    *VAR Also -1 acc. to Arc. 108, 1.

    *DER πελλίς, -ίδος [6] 'id' (Hippon., Hell. poetry); πέλιξ, -ἰκος [f.] = κύλιξ or  προχοΐδιον (Cratin.); -ikn, Aeol. -ika [f.] = χοῦς, λεκάνη 'a liquid measure = 12  κοτύλαι; dish, pot or pan' (Poll.); πελλίχνη [f.] = πέλλα (Alcm., Hell. poetry; after

===Pag_1219: Beekes_Página_1219.tiff=== XXXXXκύλ-ιξ, -ίχνη; cf. further ἐλίκ-η from ἔλιξ), πελλητήρ, -ἦρος [m.] 'milk pail, drinking bowl (Hell. authors in Ath. τι, 4956), meAAavtijpa- ἀμολγέα 'milk pail' (FL) (to Ἰπελλαίνω).

    *ETYM The comparison with Lat. péluis [f.] 'bowl, dish' or Skt. ράϊανϊ [f.] 'kind of  barrel, vessel', pari [f.] 'milk-pail' is unconvincing, and does not lead to a PIE  reconstruction. Fur.: 134 posits a Pre-Greek word because of the vacillation -1K-, -vk-    (and -λ-, -AA-).

XXXXXπέλλα 2 [f.] - λίθος 'stone' (H.).

    *VAR Cf. φελλεύς below.

    *ETYM Assuming PGr. "πελσᾶ, it has been connected with OHG felis 'rock', MIr. all  'crag' (< PCI. *palso-), Skt. pasand- [m.] 'stone, rock', Psht. parga 'id. (< Ilr. *pars-,  IE *pels-); however, the variation *pelso- / peliso- does not seem IE (cf. Fur. 16277). The noun could be identical to the Macedonian town Πέλλα. Fur. 161f. further  compares φελλεύς 'stony ground', which shows a different anlauting consonant, and  therefore points to Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXπελλοράφος [comp.) an artisan who sews together hides (gloss.). «Lw Lat.»

    *ETYM Hybrid form containing Lat. pellis 'hide'and pantw.

XXXXXπέλλῦτρα [n.pl.] 'foot-wrapper, foot bandage' (A. Fr. 259 = 435 M., 5. Fr. 1080; H., who also gives the suspicious forms πελλασταί, πελλύτα and πελλύτεμα).

    <IE? *ped-  'foot'>

    *ETYM Analyzed as *ne6-FAb-tpa, a compound of πεδ- 'foot (see ▶︎ πούς) and the root  εἰλύω 'to wrap', with a suffix -tpo-. Nevertheless, monosyllabic FAv- and its length  are surprising.

XXXXXnéAua [n.] 'sole of the foot or shoe' (Hippon., Hp., LXX, Hell.).

    *COMP As a second member in βαθύ-, δί-, μονό-πελμος (AP, Edict. Diocl.).

    *DER κατα-πελματόομαι 'to be soled' (LXX), πελματίζω 'to sole' (pap. VI"), 'to sleek  the soles' (Anon. on EM 659, 43).

    *ETYM For the formation PIE *pel-mn 'skin, hide', compare OS filmen, OFris. filmene, OS eger-felma 'pellicle of an egg'. With n-suffix: Lat. pellis < *pel-n-i- 'skin,  hide', Lith. pléné 'membrane', OPr. pleynis 'cerebral membrane', Ru. plend  'membrane' < *pl-én-(i)a@-; OCS pelena 'band for swathing children', Ru. pelend  'shroud, (dial.) nappy', Sln. pléna 'bandage' < *pel-en-h,-, OHG fel, -lles, OE fell, ON

XXXXXfiall [n.] 'hide' < PGm. *fel-n-. Perhaps ▶︎ ἐρυσίπελας [n.] name of a skin-disease belongs here as well. There is no corresponding primary verb. See also ▶︎ πέλτη, ▶︎ ἐπίπλοον, and ▶︎ σπολάς.

XXXXXπέλομαι [v.] 'to stir' (in compounds), 'to become, take place, be' (IL).

    *VAR  More rarely πέλω, aor.med. 2sg. ἔπλεο, 38g. -TO, act. ἔπλε (M 13; vl. fev).

    *COMP Also with prefix (especially in aor.ptc. mept-, ἐπι-πλόμενος).

    *DER 1. πόλος [m.] 'axis, world axis, pole, vault of heaven, disc of the sundial, etc'  (IA); denominative ptc. 6 πολεύων (Cod. Astr., PMag. et al.). 2. -πόλος in  compounds like αἰ-πόλος, »δδικασπόλος, ἱπποπόλος 'horse-breeding' (1].),

===Pag_1220: Beekes_Página_1220.tiff=== XXXXXνυκτιτόλος 'travelling by night' (E. [lyr.]); τρίπολος 'ploughed thrice' (Hom., Hes.); from the prefixed verbs are derived ἀμφίπολος (see s.v.), περίπολος, etc. 3. deverbatives: a. πολέω, -€opat (often with prefix, e.g. ἀμφι-, dva-, περι-, προσ-) [v.] 'to go about, wander around, take care of, etc.' (Pi, Att., etc.); also with nominal first member, e.g. πυρ-πολέω 'to watch a fire' (Od., X.), 'to ravage with fire, destroy' (IA); here belong, partly as back-formations: mepi-, πρόσ-πολος, πυρ-πόλος, πύρ-πολος, etc.; trans. 'to turn (said of the earth), root up, plough' (Hes. Op. 462, Nik. Al. 245). Ὁ. πολεύω (x 223, trans. 5. [lyr.]) 'id', from ἀμφι-πολεύω (epic Od., Hdt.), metri causa for -€w; c. πωλέομαι (also with ém-) [v.] 'to come or go frequently' (11) ἐπιπώλησις [f.] 'muster, review of the army (name of Il. 4, 25off. in gramm., Str., Plu.).

    *ETYM Greek has a thematic present πέλομαι, -w < PIE *k'elh,-e/o-, like Lat. cold, -ere  (< *kel-e/o-) 'to build upon, inhabit, attend, honor', Skt. cdrati 'to move around,  wander, drive (on the meadow), graze', Alb. siell 'to turn around, turn, bring'. The  zero grade them. aor. ἔ-πλ-ετο has no counterpart. Because of i- before ε, πέλομαι  must be an Aeolic form; the expected t- of Ionic-Attic is seen in »téAopau,  ▶︎ τέλλομαι, τελέθω, ▶︎ τέλος. The PIE connotation of cattle-breeding and agriculture  is preserved in compounds such as ▶︎ αἰπόλος, ▶︎ βουκόλος, τρί-πολος. The formal  similarity of πωλέομαι and the Skt. causative cardyati is secondary. Whereas πόλος  may be a productive o-derivative from the verb, ▶︎ ἀμφίπολος (= Lat. anculus) and  several words for 'car, wagon' (see ▶︎ κύκλος) may be inherited nominals. Note also  περίπολος 'patrolling guardian' (Epich., Att.) = Skt. (Ved.) paricard- [m.] 'servant'. See ▶︎ πάλιν, ▶︎ τῆλε, ▶︎ ἐμπολή, and ▶︎ ἔπιπλα.

XXXXXπέλτη [f.] 'small light shield without an edge, mostly made of wattle-work, with a cover of leather' (Hdt., Tab. Heracl., Att.).

    *DIAL Dor. -a.

    *COMP As a first member in πελτο-φόρος (X., Plb.), Boeot. -pdpac, also -a-pdpac =  πελταστής.

    *DER Diminutive πελτ-ίον (Men.), -ίδιον (sch.), -άριον (Callix., Luc.). Denominative πελτάζω [v.] 'to bear a shield (X., App.), πελτ-αστής 'shield-bearer, peltast, lightly-  armed man' (Att.), -αστικός 'of a peltast' (Att.). A probable back-formation is kata-  πελτάζω 'to overpower with peltasts' (Ar. Ach. 160).

    *ETYM Acc. to Hdt. 7, 75 and other sources, the πέλτῃ was carried by the Thracians;  thus perhaps it is a loanword. Usually connected with ▶︎ πέλμα, Lat. pellis, etc. as a    derivation in -t-. Semantically, this is quite possible, but there are no good cognates  with a t-suffix.

XXXXXπέλτης [m.] 'the pickled Nile fish kopaxivog (Diph. Siph apud Ath. 1210, H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. See Strémberg 1943: 131 and Thompson 1947 s.v.

XXXXXπέλτον [n.] 'base of an altar, tomb' (inscr. Lycaonia).

    *ETYM LW from Asia Minor, belonging to Hitt. palzahha- 'pedestal, base' (Haas  Jahrbuch fir kleinasiatische Forschung 3 (1953): 132); accepted by Neumann 1961: gof.

XXXXXπέλυξ --πέλεκυς and πέλλα 1.

XXXXXπέλωρ [n.] 'monster, monstrosity' (Hom., Hes., h. Ap., Nonn.). <?

===Pag_1221: Beekes_Página_1221.tiff===

    *VAR Plur. πέλωρα beside sing. πέλωρον [π.].

    *DER Adj. πέλωρ-ος (certainly first in Hes.), older and more usual -ἰος (Il.),  'monstrous, enormous'. Diminutive πελωρ-ίς (Xenocr. Med.), -άς (Hell. and late  poetry) [f.] 'kind of shell'.

    *ETYM Old formation in -wp (to which perhaps the PN πελάρης [Styra] belongs). Hesychius gives the variants téAwp- πελώριον, μακρόν, μέγα 'long, big' and  τελώριος: μέγας, πελώριος 'big, monstrous' (H., also grave inscr. Memphis I*). This  suggests an original *k'-, and Aeolic origin for πέλωρ. Frisk compares τέρας 'marvel,  monster' and suggests that πέλωρ arose from dissimilation of *k'erdr; however, the  latter would not easily explain τέρας (from *k'erh,-s?), so this word is better left  aside. Thus, πέλωρ remains without etymology.

XXXXXπέμπελος [adj.] 'old, old man' (Lyc. 682, 826). Glossed by Gal. 6, 380 as mapa τὸ ἐκπέμπεσθαι εἰς Ἅιδου πομπήν 'after the sending of a procession to Hades', 'id.' in Suid.; H. gives στωμύλον, λάλον, oi δὲ λίαν ynpadgov 'wordy, loquacious; very old'. <?>

    *ETYM Galen's explanation is a folk etymology based on the similarity with πέμπω,  Blanc RPh. 72 (1998): 134 proposes reduplicated *meA-1eA- > πέμπελος, from the root  for 'grey' seen in πελιδνός, πελιός (see also Blanc KZ 110 (1997): 233f.).

XXXXXπέμπω [v.] 'to send, dispatch, guide, accompany', med. (mostly with prefix) also 'to send for someone, fetch'. <?>

    *VAR  Aor. πέμψαι, fut. πέμιψω (Hom.), aor. pass. πεμφθῆναι (Pi.), perf. πέπομφα  (IA), med. πέπεμμαι (Att.).

    *COMP Very often with different prefixes, e.g. amo-, ἐκ-, ἐπι-, μετα-, προ-.

    *DER 1. πομπή (ava-, ἀπο-, ἐκ-, προ-, etc.) [f.] 'conduct, escort, procession, pompa'  CI.). 2. πομπός [m.], also [f.] 'escort, messenger' (Il.), also adj. 'guiding, bringing a  message' (A., Ael.); prefixed compounds, e.g. προπομπ-ός 'escort, escortess, guide  (m./f.), guiding, escorting' (A., X.); as a second member in compounds, eg. ψυχο-  πομπ-ός 'guide of souls' (E.). From 1. or 2. (not always discernable): a. πομτι-αῖος  'guiding, leading' (Pi. trag.), ἀπο- (LXX, Ph.); Ὁ. -iptoc 'id' (Pi, trag.), 'sent off (S.),  also ava-, δια-, etc. (Ὁ. S., Luc.); c. τικός 'belonging to the procession' (X., Hell. and  late); d. -ἰος 'led' (Plot.); e. -iAoc [m.] name of a fish that accompanies ships,  'Naucrates ductor' (Erinna, A. R.); Ε πομπεύω (προ-, συμ-, ἐπι-, Sta-) [v.] 'to escort,  guide, partake in a procession' (Il.); thence πόμπευ-σις, -τής, -τήριος, -τικός; -εἴα  [pl.], -eia [f]; probably also, as back-formation, πομπεύς 'escort, partaker of a  procession' (Od., Att.). 3. πέμψις (mostly with ἀπό-, ἔκ-, ém-, μετά-, etc.) [f.]  'sending' (IA). 4. πεμπτήρ 'escort' (δ. Fr. 142 I 10 [lyr.]); προπεμπτήρ-ιος 'escorting'  (Philostr. VA), ἀπο-, προ-πεμπ-τικός (Men. ἈΠ.) 5. ▶︎ εὐπέμπελος.

    *ETYM All forms belong to productive derivational patterns. The verb has no IE  etymology, nor does it show characteristics of loanwords or Pre-Greek vocabulary.

XXXXXπεμφηρίς [f.] a small fish mentioned by Numen. apud Ath. 300f. <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. Cf. Thompson s.v.

===Pag_1222: Beekes_Página_1222.tiff=== XXXXXπενθερός 1171 Ἐπέμφιξ, -ἴγος [f.] poetic word of unstable mg., partly due to the artificialities of Hell. poets: 'bubble of air or water' (secondarily of the soul), 'blister on the skin, drop (of water or blood), drizzle, spraying spark, also said of the sunlight' (Ibyc., trag., Hell. poetry).

    *DER πεμφιγώδης 'full of vesications' (Hp.). πεμφίς, only attested in the gen.pl. -iSwv  (Lyc. 686; v.l. -lywv). With o-grade: πομφός [m.] 'blister on the skin' (Hp.); more  often with A-suffix in πομφρολύζω (-doow?), only aor. 3pl. πομφόλυξαν 'sprang up'  (of tears; Pi.), and πομφόλυξ, -ὕγος [f.], also [m.], 'bubble' (Ηρ., Pl, Arist., Thphr.),  metaphorically of a female hair ornament (Ar., Att. inscr.), of an architectural  ornament (Att. inscr.), of shield-knobs (H.), of a zinc oxyde (medic.). As a first  member in πομφολυγο-παφλάσματα [pl] jocular formation (Ar. Ra. 249). Thence  πομφολυγ-ωτός 'provided with bosses' (Ph. Bel.), -ώδης 'like bubbles', -ηρόν [n.]  'plaster with zinc oxyde' (medic.), -6w [v.] 'to make bubbles' (Arist.), -Gopot, -ίζω 'to  bubble' (medic.).

    *ETYM Possibly Pre-Greek words. They might be onomatopoeic in origin; compare  similar expressions for 'swelling, etc. in Baltic: Lith. paripti 'to swell', pem puis 'fat-  bodied', pumpulis 'roundish, thick-bellied thing', also buribalas 'knob, bladder'. Cf.> βέμβιξ and ▶︎ βόμβος.

XXXXXπεμφρηδών, -όνος [f.] 'kind of wasp, tree wasp' (Nic.). «ΡΟ»

    *ETYM The suffix is the same as in the synonyms ▶︎ τενθρηδών, ▶︎ ἀνθρηδών. The base  was probably onomatopoeic, and possibly Pre-Greek: compare words for 'humming,  buzzing', such as SCr. biimbar 'bumble-bee', Skt. (lex.) bambhara- [m.]) 'bee', Arm. bor, -oy 'bumble-bee, hornet'; also, Skt. bhramard- 'bee', OHG breman 'to hum',  Latin frem6 'to roar' < *b'rm-, etc. Cf. Kuiper 1956: 222 and Fur.: 222.

XXXXXmevéotat [m.pl.] name of the serf population of Thessalia; as an appellative 'slaves, servants, poor farm laborers' (Att., Arist.). |

    *VAR Rarely sing.

    *DER πενεστ-ικός 'belonging to the penesta? (Pl.), -ela [f.] 'the class of penestai'  (Arist.).

    *ETYM Possibly identical with the Illyrian PN Penestae (cf. also the Apenestae in  Apulia). The ancients connected πενέσται with πένης 'poor', πένομαι 'to toil', which  in itself is possible (from *pen-e/os- [n.]).

XXXXXπένης, -ητος [adj.] 'poor'; asa msc. subst. 'poor man'.

    *DER πενία 'poverty'. = πένομαι.

XXXXXπενθερός [m.] 'father-in-law = father of the wife' (cf. ἑκυρός), also 'brother-in-law, son-in-law' (1].). «1Ὲὲ bend". 'bind'>

    *DER πενθερά, Ion. -ἡ [f.] 'mother-in-law' (D., Call.), -ἰδεύς 'son-in-law' (inscr. Asia  Minor, imper. time.), -ἰδης 'id' (pap. VIP; Schwyzer 510); -to¢ (Arat.), -κός (Man.)  'belonging to the πενθερός᾽.

    *ETYM Inherited kinship term *b'end"-er-o-, formally almost completely agreeing  with Lith. befidras 'participant, sharer'; compare Skt. bandh-u- [m.} 'relative'.

===Pag_1223: Beekes_Página_1223.tiff===

Derived from 'to bind', hence literally 'ally'. The oxytone accentuation of πενθερός is after ▶︎ Exvpdc. See ▶︎ πεῖσμα.

XXXXXπένθος [n.] 'sorrow'. =1d0xw.

XXXXXπένομαι [v.] 'to exert oneself, toil, work, prepare, provide' (Il.), 'to exert onself, (have to) do hard labor, be poor, lack sth.' (Sol., trag., Pl.). <1E *(s)penh,-»

    *VAR Only pres. and ipf.

    *COMP Often with ἀμφι-, also ovv-.

    *DER 1. πενία, Ion. -in [f.] 'poverty, lack' (E 157); 2. πενιχρ-ός 'poor, devoid of sth' (y  348; cf. μελιχρός s.v. ▶︎ μέλι), -ότης [fF] (S. Ε), -αλέος 'id' (AP). 3. πένης, -ητος [π|.]  (fem. πένησσα: πτωχή 'beggary' [H.]) 'who has to live from the labor of his hands,  needy, poor', πενέσ-τερος, -τατος (X., D.); thence πενητ-εύω 'to be poor' (Emp.),  -viidag [m.] 'son of poverty' (Cerc.), which presupposes ἃ hypocoristic *ITevrt-  ὕλος. 4. πόνος [m.] '(hard) labor, effort, struggle, sorrow, pain' (IL); also as a second  member, e.g. παυσί-πονος 'ending pain' (E., Ar. [lyr.]); but ματαιο-πόνος et al. to  πονέομαι. Thence πον-ηρός 'toilsome, useless, bad, evil' (IA), whence -npia,  -πηρεύομαι, -ἠἡρευμα; πονόεις 'id' (Man.). 5. Iterative deverbative πονέομαι (also with  ἀμφι-, Sia-, etc.) [v.] 'to exert oneself, provide, suffer' (Il, mostly in the older  language), and active πονέω (also with dia-, éx-, kata-, etc.) also trans. 'to cause  pain' (post-Hom.). As a second member in patato-novéw [v.] 'to labor in vain'  (Democr.), whence -movia (Str.), -πόνημα (lamb.), -πόνος (Plu. Gal.). Deverbal  πόν-ημα (δια-) [n.] 'labor, work' (PL, E.), -ησις (dta-, kata-) 'labor, effort' (Plu. Ὁ. L.); as a back-formation e.g. διάπον-ος 'working hard, weary' (Plu.) from δια-πονέω. 6. Tovaw only in ἐπονάθη (Pi.) and ἐπόνασαν (Theoc.).

    *ETYM A primary formation is the present πένομαι; iterative πονέομαι, -éw and the  noun πόνος may be productive derivatives. The only viable cognates are words for  'to stretch, twist, weave' in PIE *(s)penh,-, e.g. Lith. pinti 'twist', OCS peti 'stretch',  Arm. hanum and henum 'weave', Go. spinnan, etc. Greek would then have  undergone a semantic shift from 'to stretch' > 'tense, strain' > 'exert oneself'.

XXXXXπέντε [(num.] 'five' (IL). <1E *penk'e 'five'>

    *VAR Aeol. πέμπε, Pamph. mé(v) de.

    *COMP As a first member, beside mevte- and πεμπε-, we mostly find nevta- (II.), after  énta-, Seka-, τετρα-, etc.

    *DER Ordinal méuntas 'fifth', Arc. πέμποτος (after δέκοτος), Gortyn névtoc, whence  πεμπταῖος 'belonging to the fifth (day), happening on the fifth (day) (ξ 257);

XXXXXπεντάκις [adv.] (Pi.) beside πενπάκι (Sparta), πεμπτάκις (Ὁ. 5.) 'five times'; collective πεμπάς [f.] 'quintet' (Pl, X.) besides πεμπτάς (Pl. Phd. 104a), πεντάς (Arist.)., whence πεντάδ-ιον [n.] 'quintet' (pap. II-III'), πεμπαδ-ικός 'fivefold' (Dam.). Adverb mévta-xa (M 87), -χοῦ, -χῇ, -χῶς; adjective πενταξός 'fivefold' (Arist.); noun πεντάχα: ἡ χείρ 'the hand' (H.), cf. MoGr. Lac. πεντόχτη 'hand' (Κουκουλές Ἀρχ. 27, 61 ff.). A denominative verb, probably from πεμπάς, is πεμπάζομαι, -w [v.] 'to count (by the five, with the five fingersy (6 412, A.), with ava- 'to estimate, calculate, think over' (Pl., Plu.) with πεμπαστάς [m.] (Dor.) 'the counting one' (A. [lyr.]). From πεντήκοντα 'fifty': πεντηκοσ-τύς [f.] 'body of fifty', part of a Spartan λόχος (Th, X.),

===Pag_1224: Beekes_Página_1224.tiff=== XXXXXπέπερι 1173 πεντηκοστήρ, sec. -κοντήρ [m.] 'commander of ἃ πεντηκοστύς᾽ (Cos, Th., X., Att. inscr.).

    *ETYM Non-Aeolic πέντε, whence Pamph. πέ(ν)δε, Aeol. πέμπε and the other IE  words for 'five', e.g. Skt. pdfica, Lat. quinque, Lith. penki, Go. fimf, all go back to IE  *pénk'e. Similarly, Gr. πέμπτος < *penk'-to-, like Lat. quintus, Lith. pefiktas, Go. fimfta. The lengthening in πεντή-κοντα (PGr. *é) not only appears in Skt. parica-sat-  [f.], but also in Arm. yi-sun (i < *é); the lengthening was caused by the glottal feature  which resulted from the loss of *d in *dkomt- (see ▶︎ éxatov; Kortlandt MSS 42  (1983): 97-104). A parallel development is found in Lat. quinqud-gintd 'fifty (after  quadra-gintd 'forty'?).

XXXXXπέος [n.) 'penis' (Ar. Ach.). <1E *pes-os- n. 'penis'>

    *DER neoidng 'with a swollen member' (Com. Adesp.), also πεώδης 'id. (Luc. Lex.).

    *ETYM Identical with Skt. pdsas- [n.] 'id', cognate with Hitt. *pesan- / pesn- / pisen-  'man, male' [c.) < * pés-6n, * pes-(e)n-, Lat. pénis 'tail, penis' < * pes-n-is. See ▶︎ πόσθη.

XXXXXπέπᾶμαι [v.] 'to possess, acquire' (Argos V*).

    <IE *kueh,- (?)>

    *VAR  Aor. πᾶσασθαι, fut. πᾶσομαι (Dor., Arc. poet. since Pi. Sol.); pres. ἐμ-  πιπάσκομαι 'to acquire'.

    *DER 1. πᾶμα [n.] (Arc, Arg. Cret.), ἔππαμα (< ἐμ-π-: Boeot.) 'possession'. Derivations: πολυ-πάμων 'wealthy (A 433), ἐχέ-πᾶμον (γένος) 'having possessions,  inheritor' (Locr.), ἔκσπαμον: ἀκλήρωτον 'without lot' (H.); with transition to the o-  stems: ἐμ-πάμῳ (cod. ἐμπαγμῶ): πατρώχῳ 'heiress'; émt-<ma>pat-ida- τὴν ἐπίκληρον  'heiress' (H.); παμῶχος: 6 κύριος 'lord' (H.), whence παμωχέω 'to possess' (Tab. Heracl.). 2. ἔμπᾶσις (Corc., Meg.), ἵνπᾶσις (Arc.), ἔππᾶσις (Boeot.) [f.] 'acquisition',  πᾶσις: κτῆσις 'possession' (H.). 3. παμ-πησία [f.] 'full possession' (A., E., Ar.). 4. πάτορες: κτήτορες 'possessors' (Phot.), πᾶτήρ 'possessor' (Critias). 5. With  analogical -o-: πάστας [m.] 'possessor, lord' (Gort.); also PN Εὔ-παστος (Argiv.),  Γυνο-, Θιό-ππαστος (Boeot.), probably also πέπασται (Thgn. 663).

    *ETYM The forms τἀ ππάματα (Boeot.), Γυνό-ππαστος, etc., with geminate m7, show  a trace of the original cluster *ky (cf. ἵππος). Thus, πέ-πιᾶ-μαι, πᾶ-σασθαι, πᾶ-σομαι  continue a monosyllabic full grade. A connection with PIE 'to swell' *kyeh,- is  impossible because of the different laryngeal. There is no exact correspondence  outside Greek. The zero grade *kuh,-, which correponds with IE *kyeh,-, is found in  ἄ-κῦ-ρ-ος, ▶︎ κύριος 'lord, possessor'.

XXXXXnenapeiv [v.aor.inf.] 'to demonstrate, show', acc. to H. = ἐνδεῖξαι, σημῆναι (Pi. P. 2, 573 vl. πεπορεῖν). <1 *prh,- 'give, provide'>

    *VAR πεπαρεύσιμον: εὔφραστον, σαφές 'easy to make intelligible, wise' (H.).

    *ETYM Floyd AmJPh. 92 (1971): 676-9 demonstrated that the word contains the root  *prh,- of πορεῖν, with -παρ- < *-prh,-V-; for the development, we may compare  ἁλίσκομαι with fad- < *ulh,V- (see Beekes, in: Bammesberger 1988: 75). Cf. ▶︎ πορεῖν.

XXXXXπέπερι [n.] 'pepper' (Eub., Antiph, Arist.). «τὴν Orient»

    *VAR  Gen. -10¢, -εως; also -1¢, -ίδος [m.]. Rarely πί-.

===Pag_1225: Beekes_Página_1225.tiff===

    *COMP πιπερό-γαρον [n.] 'peppered fish broth', μακρο-πέπερι [n.] 'long pepper'  (medic.).

    *DER -tc, -ίδος [f.] 'pepper tree' (Philostr. VA). Thence πιπερῖτις [f] plant name  'siliquastrum' (Plin., etc.); πεπερίζω [v.] 'to taste like pepper' (Dsc.).

    *ETYM Oriental LW, first from MInd. pippari (Skt. [epic cl.] -!7), further of unknown  origin.

XXXXXπέπλος [m.] 'woven cloth, blanket? (Hom, trag.), usually 'female or male garment, women's skirt' (I].).

    *COMP e.g. εὔ-πεπλος (ἐΐ- epic) 'having a beautiful garment' (11...

    *DER πέπλωμα [n.] 'robe, garment' (trag.). ὃ

    *ETYM In theory, it could be a reduplicated 'formation πέ-πλ- τος of the root PIE  *pl(H)- 'to fold', found eg. in Gr. ἀ-πλ-ός, ▶︎ ἀπλόος 'single, simple', διπλόος,  διπλοῦς 'double, twofold', Olr. diabul 'double'. Alternatively, the root might be * pi-  'skin, hide'; see ▶︎ πέλμα. Neither solution is compelling.

XXXXXπέπνῦμαι [v.perf.] 'to be prudent, clever, clear-minded', very often in ptc. πετινῦμένος 'to be prudent, clever, clear-minded' (Il, also late prose); also aor. pass. opt. 2sg. πνῦθείης (Nic.). «Ἰεῦ * pneuH->

    *COMP ἄμ-πνῦτο 'regained consciousness'.

    *ETYM The verb is generally derived from the root *pneu- of ▶︎ mvéw 'to blow', but  LIV? posits a separate root *pneuH- to explain the length of πνυ-. The appurtenance  of Hitt. punuszi, punussanzi 'to ask' < *pnuH-s-, however, is difficult for reasons of  both phonetics and semantics (see Kloekhorst 2008 s.v.).

XXXXXπέπρωται 'it is destined by fate'. >mopetv.

XXXXXπεπρίλος -»πέρδομαι.

XXXXXπεπρωίων [gen.pl.] perhaps the name of a phratry or deme (Erythrae, IV*). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXπέπων, -ονος [adj.] 'ripe', metaphorically 'soft, mild' (IA).

    *VAR Hom. only voc. πέπον. πέπων is used for msc. and fem., but fem. also πέπειρα  (Anacr., Hp., S., Ar.), new msc. πέπειρος (Hp., Thphr., LXX); compar. nenai-tepoc,  superl. -τατος (after nenaivw?), also πετειρό-τερος, -τατος.

    *DER πεπαίνω (aor. πεπᾶν-αι, -θῆναι with -θήσομαι, perf. inf. πεπάνθαι (Arist.), also  with ἐκ-, kata-, brtep-) [v.] 'to make ripe, ripen', metaphorically 'to mollify, mellow,  soothe' (IA), whence πέπαν-σις [f.] 'ripening' (Arist.), -tuxd¢ 'making ripe' (Hp.,  Dsc.); back-formation πέπαν-ος (-ός) 'ripe' (Paus., Artem.); πέπανας: πλακούντια  'flat cakes' (H.) (= πόπανα, see ▶︎ πέσσωλ

    *ETYM A derivative PIE *pek*-on- from the root *pek'- 'to cook, ripen'. The verb  πεπαίνω < *pe-pan-ie/o- continues *pek'-n-ie/o- with the zero grade of the suffix.

XXXXXπερ [pcl.] enclitic pcl. of emphasis (II).

    *ETYM Identical in form and function with Lat. -per in nu-per, parum-per, etc; see  ▶︎ πέρι.

===Pag_1226: Beekes_Página_1226.tiff=== XXXXXπέρδομαι 1175 7 mépa [adv.], also [prep.] + gen. 'beyond, further, longer, more, past' (Att.).

    <IE *per  'beyond, across'>

    *COMP compar. περαι-τέρω (Att.), -tepov; adj. -τερος (Pi.).

    *DER πέρᾶν, Ion. -ην [adv., prep.] + gen. 'over, across, beyond, opposite to' (IL). adj. περαῖος 'ulterior', especially ἡ mepaia (χώρα, γῆ) 'the country on the other side', also  PN (Hadt, A. R, Plb., Str.). Thence 1. Περαΐτης {m.] 'inhabitant of the Ilepaia' (J.); 2. περαιόθεν 'from the other side' (A. R., Arat.); 3. περαιόομαι, -dw (also with δια-, etc.)  'to cross over, bring over' (since w 437), 'to accomplish' (Gort.), 'to end' (medic.),

XXXXXπεραίωσις [f.] 'crossing' (Str. Plu.). Denominative verb περάω (aor. -doat, Ion. τῆσαι, also with prefix, especially dia- and ék-) [v.] 'to pass through, go beyond, reach the end' (I1.), (δια-πέρ-αμα [n.] 'crossing' (Str.), ἐκπέραμα 'coming out' (A.), πέρ-ασις [f.] 'stepping through' (S.), -άσιμος 'crossable, passable' (E., Str.); -ατός, Ton. -ητός 'id' (Pi, Hdt.); -ατής 'ferryman' (Suid., Procl.), also 'stranger, emigrant' (LXX; probably from πέρα); περᾶ-τικός 'foreign', and -τός 'id.' (pap. 15). Often with intensifying dvti-: ἀντιπέραια [n.pl.] 'the stretches of coast on the opposite side' (B 635), -ata [f.sg.] (A. R, Nonn.); ἀντιπέρας 'opposite' (Th, X.), -mépav, -nv (Hell.), -népa (Εν. Luc.) 'id.'; -πέρηθε(») 'from the opposite coast' (A. E. AP).

    *ETYM Gr. népa and mépav are petrified case forms of a noun 'other side': the latter  continues the acc.sg. of a noun *per-h,- [f.], while the former allows for several  interpretations (instr.sg.fem. or nom.pl.ntr.?). See ▶︎ πέρι and ▶︎ πάρος.

XXXXXπέρας, -ατος [n.] 'end, boundary'. -'πεῖραρ.

XXXXXπέργουλος -"σποργίλος.

XXXXXπέρδιξ, -ἶκος [π|., 1] 'partridge' (Archil, Epich, S, Ar, X.). 4PG>

    *VAR Cret. πήριξ (H.), with -np- < -ερδ-.

    *COMP e.g. περδικο-θήρας [π|.] 'partridge-hunter', kind of hawk, συρο-πέρδιξ =  Σύρος πέρδιξ (Ael.).

    *DER Diminutive περδίκ-ιον (com.), -ἰδεύς [m.] 'young partridge' (Eust.), adjective  -ειος 'of the partridge' (Poll.), -ιἰάς, -ιἰάδος [f.] (Gal.), -ίτης [m.] name of a stone  (Alex. Trall.).

    *ETYM Frisk explains the word as a derivative in -ix- from ▶︎ πέρδομαι 'to fart', due to  the droning sound when partridges take the air.

XXXXXπέρδομαι [v.] 'to fart' (Ar.). <15 *perd- 'fart'>

    *VAR Perf. πέπορδα (with resultative mg.), aor. -παρδεῖν, fut. -παρδήσομαι.

    *COMP Also with ἀπο-, kaTa-, προσ-, ὑπο-.

    *DER 1. πορδή [f.] fart (Ar.), whence πόρδων, -wvoc [m.] nickname of the cynics  (Arr.); 2. πράδιησις [f.] 'farting (Hp.); 3. πραδίλη [f] 'id' (Theognost.); reduplicated πεπραδῖλαι [pl.] 'id'; also name of a fish (H., Phot.), equally πεπρίλος: ἰχθῦς ποιός  'kind of fish' (H., after the sound it produces). 4. with additional suffix πήραξον:  ἀφόδευσον 'they shitted (H.), Cret. for *népdakov as if from "περδ-άζομαι;  furthermore ἀποπαρδακᾷ (-ka?)- τοῦτο εἴρηται παρὰ τὸ ἀποπαρδεῖν (H.).

===Pag_1227: Beekes_Página_1227.tiff===

    *ETYM A thematic present *perd-e/o- from the root *perd- 'to fart' of Skt. pardate,  OHG ferzan, Lith. pérsti, sg. pérdZiu, Ru. perdét', Alb. pjerdh. See ▶︎ σιληπορδέω and  ▶︎ πέρδιξ.

XXXXXπέρθω [v.) 'to destroy, devastate' (Il.). <1E? *b'erd'->

    *VAR Aor. πέρσαι, πραθεῖν, fut. πέρσω (Il.). Inf. pass. πέρθαι (Π 708; aor. ἔπερθ-σ-,  or with haplology from *mép8eo8at); unclear is πέρθετο (M 15, etc.), semantically  aoristic.

    *COMP Also with dta-, ἐκ-, συν-. As a first member in governing compounds περσέ-  m(T)oAtg 'destroying cities' (A. [lyr.]); second member in πτολί-πορθος 'id.' (1].), also  -t0g (t 504), -ης (A. [lyr.]). πέρσις [4] 'destruction', title of several poems (Arist.,  Paus.).

    *DER Deverbative πορθέω (aor. πορθῆσαι, also δια-, ék-, etc.) [v.] 'to destroy,  devastate, pillage' (Il.), whence (ἐκ-)-πόρθησις (D.), -ημα (PL), (ἐκ-) τωρ (A, E.),  -ητής (E.), "-πητήριος (Tz.), -ητικός (H.).

    *ETYM Without a convincing etymology. Janda 2000: 240-242 and LIV? propose a  PIE root *b'erd"- < *b'er- + *d*h, 'Beute machen' = 'capture'.

XXXXXπέρι [adv.] 'around, round; excessively, quite; by, at, concerning' (Il.). <1E *per- 'cross, pass' >

    *VAR Prep. περί (dial. also πέρ), + gen., dat., acc.

    *DIAL Myc. pe-ri-, as a first element in compounds.

    *DER Adv. πέριξ (suffix -k-), also prep. 'around, round' (mostly Ion. poet.), + *-10- in  περι-σσός, -ττός 'excessive, extraordinary, superfluous', whence -σσεύω, -ττεύω, etc. (Hes.).

    *ETYM From a PIE loc.sg. *per-i 'in crossing, in passing' > Skt. péri, Av. pairi 'around,  about, among, etc.'; Lat. per 'through, across', per- 'very', -per 'through, during', Ven. per 'for' < *peri, Lith. pe? [prep.] 'over, around, through', OCS pré-, Ru. pére- 'over,  through, very, exceedingly' < *per; OCS prédo 'in front', Ru. péred(o) 'before, in front of [prep.] < *per-d'h,-om; Go. fairra 'far'. See ▶︎ περ.

XXXXXπεριάγνυται [v.] Meaning uncertain. Used of dy 'voice' (II 78), thence of ἠχώ 'echo' (Hes. Sc. 279).

    *ETYM The allegedly late occurrence in Π 78 is about a voice which is broken. Thus is  it derived from ἄγνυμι 'to break' as 'is broken on all sides'? Or is it cognate with Skt. vagnu- [m.] 'sound, call, invocation', Lat. vagid 'to lament'?

XXXXXπεριβᾶρίδες [f-pl.) 'kind of women's shoes' (com.). <?>

    *VAR Also περίβαρα [n.pl.) 'id' (Poll., H., Phot.).

    *ETYM Formation like περισκελίδες 'foot-clasps, -rings', but further unclear. Jocular  derivation of Baptc, Egyptian name of a ship?

XXXXXπεριημεκτέω [v.] 'to be very reluctant, be upset' (Hdt.). <?>

    *VAR Thence ἠμεκτεῖ: δυσφορεῖ 'is angry' (H.).

    *ETYM The formation is reminiscent of synonymous ▶︎ ἀγανακτέω and of ὑλακτέω,  but the origin is unclear. Frisk hesitatingly suggests *mepi-enéw 'to vomit', with  compositional lengthening as in εὐ-ημέτης.

===Pag_1228: Beekes_Página_1228.tiff=== XXXXXπεριώσιον, -ἰα 1177 περίναιος (-εος) [m.] 'perinaeum, the space between the anus and the scrotum' (medic., Arist.), plur. 'male genitals' (Arist.). <?>

    *VAR  Also -ov [n.]. Doubtful by-forms are: mepiv@ mepivéw Gal.; mepiva (for  πηρῖναϑ)- περίναιον. τὸ αἰδοῖον 'pudenda' and nepivoc: τὸ αἰδοῖον ... ἢ τὸ τῶν  διδύμων δέρμα, ἤγουν ὁ ταῦρος 'pudenda; the skin of the testicles or male pudenda'

    *ETYM Body part derived from περί and ἰνάω, -éw 'to empty', with a suffix -to- (-eo-),  thus literally 'empty region'. See ▶︎ πήρα.

XXXXXmepivews, -w [adj.] 'exceeding the ship (the equipment of the ship, its crew)', so 'surplus'; as a msc. subst. 'fellow passenger, passenger' (Att. inscr., Th.).

    *ETYM A hypostasis from περὶ "νᾶρός, with περί 'over, in excess'.

XXXXXπεριρρηδής [adj.] Uncertain. Usually explained as 'falling over, tumbling away' (x 84, A. R. 1, 431), 'bent, misplaced' (Hp. Art. 16, Mul. 2, 158). <?>

    *DER περιρρήδην (A. R. 4, 1581).

    *ETYM Formation like περι-καλλής 'very beautiful', thus probably from a noun  *pidoc. The root etymology is unknown. It has been connected with ▶︎ ῥαδινός  'flexible', ▶︎ ῥάδαμνος 'branch'; hence, *yreh,d- has been proposed.

XXXXXπερισκελής 1 [adj.] 'very rough, very hard, inflexible' (S., Hp., Thphr.).

    *DER meptoxéd-eta, -ia [f.] 'harshness, roughness' (Arist., Porph.), -aoia 'id.' (Orib.);  same extension as in θερμασία, φλεγμασία, etc.

    *ETYM Probably literally 'completely dried' (cf. ▶︎ σκληρός; from *oxéAoc  'parrenness') > 'dry all around'. The same is also supposed for ▶︎ ἀσκελής, See  > σκέλλω.

XXXXXπερισκελής 2 [adj.] 1. 'going around the legs', in τὰ περισκελῆ 'trousers', sing. τὸ -é¢ (LXX). 2. 'with the legs around', i.e. 'with the legs put apart' (sch.).

    *DER From 1. is derived περισκελίς [f.] 'leg-band, -ring' (Hell.), with -idtov (Delos  TI*).

    *ETYM From > σκέλος 'leg'.

XXXXXπερισσός, -ττός —TEpL.

XXXXXπεριστερά [f.] 'pigeon' (IA). <?>

    *VAR Secondary -é¢ [m.] 'cock pigeon' (com.).

    *COMP περιστερο-πώλης 'pigeon-vendor' (Hell. pap.).

    *DER Diminutive περιστερ-ίς [f.] and -tov [n.] (also used as decoration of women),  -ίδιον (com., pap.), -ἰδεύς (Hell. pap.); -(ε)ών [m.] 'pigeonry' (PL, pap.). Gr. περιστερ-ιον, -ewv also occur as a plant-name for 'Verbena officinalis, supina' (Dsc,  Ps,-Dsc.), which are visited by pigeons.

    *ETYM Not certainly explained. Perhaps from πελιός 'dark, blue', πέλεια 'wild  pigeon', by a wrong restitution of earlier "πελιστερά (cf. MoGr. πελιστέρι).

XXXXXπεριώσιον, -ta [adv.] 'excessive, immoderate', also + gen. (Il, Pi.).

    *DER Adj. -toc 'id.', also 'extraordinary' (Sol. and Emp.); nepwotov: μέγα 'big' (H.).

===Pag_1229: Beekes_Página_1229.tiff===

    *ETYM From πέρι, with the same suffix as ἐτώσιος 'fruitless', perhaps created after the  latter. An intermediate form ἤπερι-ο- can hardly be justified. Hence ὑπερώσιος 'id'  (EM 665, 29).

XXXXXπερκνός [adj.] 'spotted, having dark spots', also the name of a kind of eagle (Q 316, Hp., Arist.). 415 *perk- 'variegated, motley'>

    *DER ἐπί-περκνος 'somewhat spotted' (X.). πέρκος [m.] 'kind of eagle' (Arist.), πέρκη  [f.] 'redfin perch, Perca fluviatilis' (Emp., com., Arist.), -ic, -iov, -iétov (com., pap.,  Dsc.); περκάς [44]. f.], attribute of κίχλη, probably as a fish name (Eratosth.). Denominatives: a. περκάζω, -ομαι (also with ὑπο-, ἐπι-, év-) [v.] 'to get dark spots,  start ripening', act. also 'to darken' (n 126, Thphr., LXX); b. περκαίνω, -opat (ἐμ-) [v.]  'id' (E., H.); c. ἀπο-περκόομαι [v.] 'to become dark', of ripening grapes (S. Fr. 255, 6). Here περκώματα' τὰ ἐπὶ τοῦ προσώτιου ποικίλματα 'spots on the face' (H.). Furthermore: 1. with zero grade: ripaxvov: μέλανα 'black' (H.); 2. with different full  grade, probably secondary: mtpexvov: ποικιλόχροον ἔλαφον 'deer with various colors'  (ἢ... to which belongs 3. with o-ablaut ▶︎ πρόξ, -κός [f.] and προκάς [f.] 'deer- or roe-  like animal, Πρόκνη PN 'Nightingale' or Swallow'; 4. with lengthened grade ▶︎ πρώξ,  -κός [f.] 'dewdrop'.

    *ETYM An adj. *7tepKdc lies at the basis of the nouns πέρκος, περκάς, the adj. περκ-  voc, and the verbs περκ-άζω, -aivw, -όομαι. Compare MIr. erc ΟΝ erch) 'spotted,  dark-red', 'salmon, trout', also 'cow, lizard'. The form mpaxvov is from a zero grade  *prk-n-; cf. Skt. pfsni- 'spotted, variegated', OHG forhana 'trout', OE forn(e) [f.];  further cognate forms are MoSw. farna fish name < *perk-n-; OHG faro, farawa  'variegated' < IE *pork-ud-. Perhaps Lat. pulc(h)er 'beautiful' < *pelk-ro- for *perk-ro-  belongs here too?    népva, -ης [f.] 'ham' (Str, pap. ΠΡ, Ath.). <Lw Late

    *VAR  By epic influence, or as an error of transmission, also πτέρνα (Batr., Poll. 2,  193).

    *ETYM Loanword from Lat. perna 'id.'. See also ▶︎ πτέρνη.

XXXXXnépvak = Opidak.

XXXXXπέρνημι [v.] 'to sell' (IL). 41Ε *perh.- 'sell'>

    *VAR πέρναμαι (IL), aor. περασίσλαι (Il, also Aeol. and Ion. inscr.), fut. inf. mepdav  (Φ 454), pass. πραθῆναι, Ion. πρηθ-, with fut. -ἤήσομαι, perf. med. πέπρᾶμαι, -ημαι  (IA), fut. πεπράσομαι (Ar, X.); recent Att. innovations are act. πέπρᾶκα and pres. πιπράσκομαι, later -w (Thphr. [7], Luc. Plu.), τήσκω (Call.). Further forms: ἔπρησα  (Samos VI"; to ἐπρήθην), πέρνησον: πώλησον 'sell? (H., from the present);  πεπερημένος (Φ 58; for πεπρημένος after trepaoat).

    *COMP Also with ἀπο-, mapa-, ovv-, etc.

    *DER 1. τιρᾶσις, Ion. πρῆσις (διά-, ἀπό, etc.) 'sale' (IA), πράσιμος 'for sale' (PI., X.). 2.

XXXXXἀπόπραμα [n.] 'subletting' (Hell. pap.). 3. τιρατήρ, Ion. τίρη- 'salesman' (1A), -ἤριον [n.] 'selling point, market' (Hdt.; Hell.); also πράτωρ, -opog 'salesman' (Hell. inscr. and pap, also with mpo-, Din. and Is. in Poll.), πρατορεύω [v.] 'to act as a salesman' (Tenos 115} 4. τιράτης, -ov 'salesman' (also συμ-, προ-: Att. orators in Poll. pap.); in

===Pag_1230: Beekes_Página_1230.tiff=== XXXXXΠερσεφόνη 1179 late papyri, often in compounds like ἐλαιο-, οἰνο-τιρά-της. 5. adj. πρατικός in -1 'sales tax', -6v 'sale on commission' (pap.).

    *ETYM The system περᾶσαι, πέπρᾶμαι, τιραθῆναι points to a root *prh,-, with a root  aorist and a nasal present *pr-n(e)-h.- (cf. LIV'). The forms πέρνημι, περναμαι must  have analogical e for the original zero grade, which is preserved in πορνάμεν: πωλεῖν  'to sell', πορνάμεναι: ττωλούμεναι 'selling' (H.), which are probably Aeolic. There are  no certain cognates of *perh,- outside Greek, since Olr. renaid, -ren 'to sell' may  belong to a root *h,reiH- 'to count' (Schumacher 2004; 551f.). See ▶︎ πόρνη.

XXXXXπερόνη —Teipw.

XXXXXπέρπερος [m.] 'dandy, boaster'; as an adj. 'vain, boastful' (Plb., Arr., S. E.). «τὴν 141.

    *DER περπερ-ότης [f.] 'boasting' (Chrysost.), -εύομαι [v.] 'to be a windbag, boast' (a  Ep. Cor. 13, 4, M. Ant.); also ἐμ- (Arr.); -eia [f.] (Clem. Al.); ῥωπο-περπερ-ήθρα [f.]  'empty boasting' (Com. Adesp.).

    *ETYM A loanword from Lat. perperus 'perverse, wrong-headed', attested since  Hellenistic times.

XXXXXπερσέα (-aia, -ia, -eit) [f.] name of an Egyptian tree, 'Cordia myxa', which originated from Persia (Hp., Hell.).

    *DER περσέϊνος 'belonging to the persea tree' (pap.), πέρσζελον [n.] 'its fruit'  (Thphr.); diminutive -idtov (pap.).

    *ETYM Named after its Persian origin; suffix like in μηλέα, etc.

XXXXXπερσεύς [m.] name of an unknown fish from the Red Sea (Ael. NA 3, 28). <?>

    *VAR Also πέρσος 'id. (H.).

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXΠερσεφόνη [f.] spouse of Hades (Pluto), queen of the underworld; as a daughter of Demeter, identified as Κόρη (Ion. since ἢ. Cer. and Hes.) <1E *perso-g'"n-t-ih, 'threshing>

    *VAR  Also Περσε-φόνεια (11, Od.). Several by-forms are found: Φερσε-φόνα  (Simon., Pi., Thess.), -poveta (H.), Πηριφόνα (Locr.), Πηρεφόνεια (Lac. acc. to H.);  with a different ending: Περσέ-φασσα (A.), Φερσέ-φασσα (S., E.), Deppé-qatta (Pl,  Ar, Att. inscr.) etc., mepod-patta (Att. inscr.), name of the sanctuary Dep(p)epatttov [n.] (D., AB).

    *DER Plant name Περσεφόνιον, Dep- (Ps.-Dsc.), see Strémberg 1940: 100.

    *ETYM It was long thought that the original form of the first member was Mepoe-,  whence the various other forms would have arisen by dissimilation of aspiration,  compositional lengthening, etc. The name was always considered obscure until  Wachter Kratylos 51 (2006): 139-144: the original form is nepodgatta, as found in  eight attestations, seven of which are on 5" c. BC Attic vases (by seven different  painters). Note that the form mepodgatta was not even mentioned by Frisk. It  should be analyzed as containing a first member *perso-, cognate with Skt. parsd-  [m.] 'sheaf of corn' (following a suggestion by Weiss, Wachter I.c. also mentions the  possibility that Lat. porrum 'leek' and πράσον 'id.' are related, perhaps implying a  meaning 'ear of corn' for Ilepoo- and Skt. parsd-). The second member is derived

===Pag_1231: Beekes_Página_1231.tiff===

1180 mépvot(v) from -g"n-t-ih, (to g'"en- 'to hit, strike'). Thus, the name refers to a female thresher of corn. The forms in -φόνεια beside -φόνη (cf. Πηνελόπεια beside -ἡ) may be folk- etymological; Ilepoe-, etc. too, after πέρθω.

XXXXXπέρυσι(ν) [adv.] 'last year' (IA). 4 IE per, uet- 'year'>

    *VAR Dor. népvti(c).

    *DIAL Myc. pe-ru-si-nu-wo.

    *DER περυσινός 'from last year' (Att.).

    *ETYM PIE adverb of time *per-ut-i, literally 'on the other side of a year', a loc.sg. ofa  compound of *per and *uet- 'year'. Cognate forms: Arm. heru, ON i fjord, MHG vert  'id', Olr. énn-urid 'ab anno priore' < *peruti. Without final *-i in Skt. pardt 'last  year'. See ▶︎ ἔτος.

XXXXXπέσκος [n.) 'skin, rind' (Nic. Th. 549); πεσκέων: δερμάτων 'hides' (H.); ἀ-πεσκής 'without a cover' (of τόξα; S. Fr. 626; not quite certain). <?>

    *ETYM The word rhymes with ▶︎ μέσκος 'skin, fleece'. Perhaps from *néx-ox-o-, from  * pek- 'to comb' (cf. πόκος 'fleece')? Rejected by Frisk.

XXXXXπεσσός [m.) 'the oval stone in board games', mostly plur. 'gaming piece, board game, checkers', often metaphorically in several mgs. (a 107).

    *VAR Att. πεττός. -comP As a first member in πεσσο-νομέω 'to arrange the gaming pieces', also  metaphorically (A., com.).

    *DER πεσσάριον [n.) 'pessary' (medic.); πεσσ-ικός, -ττ- 'belonging to board games'  (Apion); -ebw (rarely with δια-, peta-) [v.] 'to play on a board with pieces' (JA),  whence -eia, -ευτής, -ευτικός, -ευτήριον (Pl, pap.).

    *ETYM Loanword of unknown origin. A Semitic etymology (belonging to Aramaic  pis(s)a 'stone, small table') has been proposed. Fur. 270 cites Hitt. pisSu [n.) 'rock,  block of stone' (without conclusion). The word may well be Pre-Greek (perhaps    * pek'-).

XXXXXπέσσω [v.) 'to ripen, bake, cook, digest' (Il.).

    *VAR Att. πέττω, aor. πέψαι (1].), fut. πέψω (Ar.), pass. perf. πέπεμ-μαι, aor. πεφθῆναι  with πεφθήσομαι (Hp., Att.). The pres. πέπτω (Arist.) is an innovation.

    *COMP Also with kata-, περι-, ovv-. Nominal: ἀρτο-κόπος (Hdt.), Myc. a-to- po-qgo  /artopok'os/ 'baker', δρυ-πεπ-ής 'ripening on the tree' (com., AP).

    *DER 1. πέμμα [n.] 'pastry, cake' (IA), whence -άτιον (Ath.); 2. πέψις [f.] 'digestion,  cooking, ripening' (Hp., Arist.). 3. πεπτός (E. Fr. 467, 4, pap., Plu.), more usually in  compounds, e.g. d-, δύσ-πεπτος 'indigested, hard to digest' (Hp., Arist.), whence ἀ-,  δυσ-πεψ-ία [f.] (Arist. Hell.); 4. πεπτ-ικός 'fit for digestion' (Arist.), -τήριος 'id.'  (Aret.). 5. πέπτρια [f.] 'bakeress' (H.). With o-grade: 6. πόπανον [n.] 'pastry' (Att.,  Hell.), whence -ὥδης 'like pastry' (H.), -evpa [n.] 'id. -elov- panificium (gloss.). 7. ποπάς, -άδος [f.] 'id.' (AP).

    *ETYM Gr. πέσσω is from PIE * pek'-io/e-, like Skt. pacyate [3sg.med.} 'ripens'.. Other  cognate forms: thematic root present *pek'-o/e- > Skt. pdcati, Lat. coqud, W pob-,

===Pag_1232: Beekes_Página_1232.tiff=== XXXXXπέτομαι 1181 OCS peko, Lith. Κερὰ (with metathesis), Alb. pjek 'to cook, bake'. Nominal formations: πέμμα < pek'-mn, ἀρτο-κόπος < -pok'-o- with metathesis; πέπτρια presupposes a msc. *pek'-tr- 'baker'. See ▶︎ πέπων.

XXXXXπετάννυμι, -Vw [v.] 'to spread out, unfold, open' (Att.). <IE *peth,- 'spread οἱ»

    *VAR πίτνημι, -άω (IL; ἔπιτνον Hes. Sc. 291), πετ-άζω (LXX), -dw (Luc.), aor. πετά-  σίσλαι. Pass. -σθῆναι, perf. med. πέπταμαι (all 11.), πεπέτασμαι (Orac. apud Hdt, Ὁ. S.), act. πεπέτακα (D. S.), fut. πετ-άσω CE. [lyr.]), -άσσω (Nonn.), -@ (Men.).

    *COMP Often with prefix, especially ἐκ-, ἀνα-, κατα-.

    *DER 1. πέταλον [n.] 'leaf' (IL), 'metal or gold plating' (Att. inscr.); also -nAa [pl.]  (Hes. Sc. metri causa); πετάλο-ιον, -ta, -ίς, -ειον, -ἴτις, -ώδης, -dw, -ωσις, -ίζω, -ἰσμός;  hypostasis ἐμπεταλ-ίς: ἔδεσμα διὰ τυροῦ σκευαζόμενον 'a dish prepared from cheese'  (H.). 2. πέτασος [m., f.] ''broad-brimmed hat', also metaphorically (Hell.), whence  πετάσ-ιον, -ὦδης, -wv, -ἴτις. 3. πέτασμα (also with kata-, mapa-, ὑπο-, etc.) [n.]  'blanket, curtain, etc.' (IA). 4. ἐκπέτασις [f.] 'spreading out' (Plu.). 5. πετασμός [m.]  'id? (LXX). 6. πέταχνον [n.] 'drinking bowl' (Alex.), -akvov (H.). 7. πέτηλος (-Adc)  'grown onto' (μόσχος, βοῦς; Ath., H.), 'avanentapéva ta κέρατα éxwv', 'having the  horns spread out'. 8, ἀναπετ-ής 'spread out', whence -eta [f.] 'spreading out'  (medic.). 9. ἐκπέτα-λος 'open, flat' (Mosch., ἀγγεῖον), With unclear semantics:  πετήλας: τοὺς μικροὺς καὶ θαμνώδεις φοίνικας 'small and shrubby date-palms'  πετηλίς: ἀκρίς 'top, peak' (H.); πετηλίας καρκίνος (Ael.).

    *ETYM The forms πετά-σαι, πίτ-νη-μι, πέ-πτᾶ-μαι point to a root *p(e)th.-; the  present πετά-ννυμι was formed analogically after the aor. metd-cat, etc. The ald  nasal present πίτνημι has a secondary -t- introduced in earlier zero grade *pt-neh,-. Cognate verbal forms are found in Lat. patére 'to be apen' < *pt-é-, with patulus  'spread out broadly', and the nasal present Lat. pando 'spread out', Osc. patensins  [3pLipfsubj.] 'to open' < *patn- < *pt-n-h,-. With an l-suffix like πέταλον, we find  OHG fedel-gold [n.] 'leaf-gold'.

XXXXXmétevpov [n.] 'hen-roost, acrobat's bar or framework, high platform, public noticeboard' (Ar. Fr. 839, inscr. IV', Hell.).

    *VAR Also -aupov, névtevpov, see below

    *DER πετεύρ-ιον [n.] 'small noticeboard' (Erythrae IV*), -iCopat [v.] 'to act as an  acrobat' (Phld.), whence -topds, -ἰστής, -ἰστήρ (Plu., Man.).

    *ETYM Technical expression with vacillation between ev and av, and between πετ-  and mevt-. No good JE etymology is available. Thus, it is probably a Pre-Greek word;  cf. Fur.: 291, 353.

XXXXXπέτομαι [v.] 'to fly' (Il.). «1ὲ *pet- 'fall'>

    *VAR Aor. πτάσθαι, πτέσθαι (all 1].), with pres. métapat (poet. since Sapph., Arist.),  aor. πετασθῆναι (Arist, LXX), ἵπταμαι (late; s.v.); aor. act. πτῆναι, ptc. πτάς, etc. (poet. Hes., also Hell. prose); fut. πτήσομαι (IA), πετήσομαι (Ar.), perf. κατ-έπτηκα  (Men.).

    *COMP Very often with prefix, eg. ἀνα-, dmo-, dia-, elo-, ἐκ-, κατα-, ὑπερ-. Compounds: a. -πέτης, Dor. -πέτας [m.], eg. ὑψι-πέτης, -ας 'flying high' (Hom., Pi.),  enlarged -ἤεις (Hom.); b. -πετής, e.g. ὑπερπετής 'flying over' (Hell.); c. ἐκπετ-ήσιμος

===Pag_1233: Beekes_Página_1233.tiff===

, -ἡ 'ready to fly' (Ar.); d. ἀερσι-πότης and -πότη-τος 'flying high' (Hes., AP, Norm.), from ποτάομαι.

    *DER 1. ποτή [f.] 'flying, flight' (e 337, h. Merc. 544 [v.l. πτερύγεσσι]); 2. πτῆσις [f.] 'id?  (A, Arist.), whence πτήσιμος (Jul.); πτῆμα [n.] 'id? (Suid.). 3. Adj. in -πο-: a. πτηνός,  Dor. πτᾶνός 'winged' (Pi., trag. Ρ].); Ὁ. πετεινός, -ηνός 'id? (Thgn; Πετήνη Att. ship's name [inscr.]; from πέτομαι); c. πετε-ηνός, -etvdc 'id. (11.}. with diectasis; d. ποτᾶνός 'id' (Pi, Epich., γὰρ. [lyr.]; -ηνός epic poetry in Pl. Phdr. 252b), probably  modelled on ποτάομαι. 4. Deverbative: ποτάομαι, -έομαι (also with ἀμφι-, περι-, ἐκ-,  etc.) 'to fly, flap' (1].); πωτάομαι (also with ἐκ-, ἐπι-, ὑπερ-) 'id. (Μ 287, h. Ap. 442,  etc.); thence πωτήεις 'flapping' (Nonn.), also πωτήματα [pl.] 'flight' (A. Eu. 250;  usually corrected to not-). ;

    *ETYM The Greek root aorist πτά-σθαι, ἔ-πτα-το, πτά-μενος, with full grade in πτῆ-  ναι, ἔ-πτάᾶ-ν, πτή-σομαι, seems to require a root *peth,-, whereas most of the  cognates in the other IE languages (Lat. peté 'to make for, reach', MW ehedec 'to fly'  < PCI. *-fet-e/o-, Olr. én, W edn 'bird' < *fetno- [m.]; Hitt. pattai'- / patti- 'to run, fly,  flee', 'patteiant- 'fugitive', Skt. pdtati 'to fly, fall', Av. auuapasti- falling', pata- 'to  fly', hgm.pata- 'to fall down', OP ud-pata- 'to fall down, become unfaithful') can or  should be explained on the basis of * pet-. Hackstein 2002b: 140-143 argues that the  root was originally *pet- in Greek as well. The pres. πέτα-μαι may be analogical to  πτά-σθαι, after πτέσθαι next to πέτομαι. Gr. ποτέομαι and Skt. patdyati 'fly, hurry'  agree in their formation, but πωτάομαι is independent. See ▶︎ πτερόν and ▶︎ πτέρυξ.

XXXXXπέτρα, -n [f.] 'rock, rocky mountain range, cliff, ridge; rock cavern, cave' (Il.), 'boulder, stone' (Hell.). < PG>

    *COMP πετρ-ηρεφής 'covered with rocks' (A, E.), πετρο-βόλος 'throwing rocks',  whence -ia (X., Plb.); ὑπό-τιετρος 'rocky' (Hdt, Thphr.).

    *DER πέτρος [m., f.] 'boulder, stone' (Il.). Several adjectives in the meaning 'rocky,  stony': me tp-aiog (poet. since μ 231), also as an epithet of Poseidon (Pi.), -ἤεις CL),  τινος (Ion. poet.), -ώδης (IA), -ἥρης (S.), -weig (Marc. Sid.). Diminutive -idtov  (Arist); adverb -nddv (Luc.). πετρών, -ὥνος [m.] 'rocky place' (Priene II*). Denominative πετρόομαι, -dw (also with xata-, ὑπο-) [v.] 'to be stoned to death,  turn / be turned into stone' (E., X., Lyc.), πέτρωμα [n.] 'stoning' (E.), also 'heap of  stones' (Paus.). Several plant names: netp-ivn, -aia, -alov, -ώνιον, -ίς, ἐπί-πετρον,  etc.

    *ETYM We find πέτρος 'stone' and its collective, πέτρα. There is no etymology. The  suggestion by Meier-Briigger KZ 94 (1980): 122ff. that métpoc derives from *per-tro-  'Instrument zum Hindurchkommen' is improbable. The word is probably Pre-  Greek; see Fur.: 272 etc. πεύθομαι --πυνθάνομαι.

XXXXXπεύκη [f.] 'pine', especially 'Pinus Laricio' (1].), metaphorically 'torch' (trag.).

    <IE  * peuk- 'sting'>

    *DER πευκτ-ήεις, Dor. -άεις 'made of pine, belonging to the torch, stinging, sharp'  (trag. [lyr.], D. P., Opp.); -tvoc 'made of pine' (S, E. Plb.); -@v, -ὥνος [m.] 'pine  forest? (Hdn. Gr.); -ia [f.] 'taste of pitch' (Tz.). πευκάλιμος, epithet of φρένες IL),

===Pag_1234: Beekes_Página_1234.tiff=== XXXXXπηγή 1183 also of πραπίδες, μήδεα (Orac. apud Ὁ. L., inscr.); πευκεδανός, epithet of πόλεμος (K 8), of βέλεμνα, ἀσπίς (Orph.), of θάλασσα (Opp.); with oppositional accent, we find πευκέδανον, the name of a bitter umbelliferous plant, 'sulphur weed' (Thphr.).

    *ETYM Similar names of pine and fir-trees are found in Baltic, Germanic, and Celtic:  OPr. peuse [f.] (< PIE * peuk-), Lith. pusis (< *puk-), OHG fiuhta, MIr. ochtach [f.] (<  *peuk-t-, *puk-t-). A by-form is found in ▶︎ πυγμή. If πεύκη has the same origin as the  second member of ἐχε-πευκής, περι-πευκής 'stinging, sharp', it can be derived from  an adj. *stevxdc 'sharp, stinging'. Gr. ἐχε-πευκής may contain an s-stem "πεῦκος [n.]  'stinging, point'. From the same basis, we find the adjectives πευκάλιμος and  nevxedavoc, for which a meaning 'sharp, intrusive, stinging, bitter' must be posited. The A-suffix also occurs in πευκαλέον- ξηρόν 'dry', πευκαλεῖται- ξηραίνεται 'dries up'  (H.). For Indo-Iranian cognates, see Morgenstierne NTS 13 (4942): 229 and Turner  1966 No. 8407 *posi.

XXXXXπεφνεῖν = Oeivw.

XXXXXπήγανον [n.] 'rue, Ruta graveolens' (Diocl. Gr., com., Thphr.).

    *VAR φαίκανον: πήγανον 'id.' (H.).

    *COMP ἀγριο-πήγανον 'Syrian rue' (H., Aét.), πηγαν-ἕλαιον 'rue oil' (medic.).

    *DER πηγάν-ιον [n.] 'rue' (Thphr., Nic.); adj. τινος, -elog (Gal.), -όεις (Nic.)  'belonging to the rue', -ώδης 'rue-like' (Thphr.); -ίτης οἶνος (Gp.), -ἴτις χολή  (Sopat.); -ηρά [f.], -ηρόν [n.] 'rue plaster' (medic.); -iCw [v.] 'to be like a rue' (Dsc.,  Gal.).

    *ETYM Probably a Pre-Greek word; note the formal variation in φαίκανον (Fur.: 162). The suffix recalls other plant names, such as λάχανον, βάκανον, πλάτανος, and  ῥάφανος.

XXXXXΠήγασος [m.] name of the mythical horse, that Poseidon conceived with Medusa (Hes.). «τὴν Anat.>

    *VAR Dor. Πάγ-.

    *DER Πηγάσ-ειος, fem. -ic 'belonging to Pegasus' (Ar., Mosch., AP).

    *ETYM It is now agreed upon that Pegasus derives from the first element of  adjective pihasSassi- is to be regarded as a Luwian genitival adjective of a stem  *pihass-, which is attested in HLuw. pihas-. Acc. to Kloekhorst 2008 s.v. piha-, the  meaning of this onomastic element in Anatolian is 'strong' vel sim, and not  'lightning'. Based on the latter translation, which has been current for some time,  scholars have proposed a formation *b'éh,-o- to *b'eh, 'shine', but Kloekhorst  argues that this unappealing reconstruction (unmotivated lengthened grade) should  be abandoned.

XXXXXπηγή [f.] 'well, hot spring', also plur. 'waters, stream' (Il.).

    *VAR Dor. παγά.

    *DER Diminutive πηγ-ίον (pap. 115), -idtov (Suid.); adj. -aiog 'belonging to a well'  (IA), -utaiog 4. (Hdn. Epim.); -άζω (also with ava-, kata-) [v.] 'to spring up' (Ph.,  AP), παγάσασθαι [aor.inf.] 'to bathe in a well' (Dodona,; late.).

===Pag_1235: Beekes_Página_1235.tiff===

    *ETYM Since 'wells' are often denominated as being 'cold' (eg. OCS studenveo :  studenp, Lith. Saltinis : Sdltas, Gr. νίβα [= vipa]: χιόνα, καλεῖται δὲ οὕτως Kai κρήνη  ἐν Θράκῃ 'snow, also the word for 'source' in Thracia' [Phot.]), a derivation from  the root of πήγνυμαι 'to get stiff has been proposed; cf. πηγυλίς 'ice-cold',  παγετώδης 'ice-cold', παγετός 'ice'. While theoretically possible, we have no further  evidence for this suggestion. Alternatively, we could be dealing with a Pre-Greek  word.

XXXXXπήγνυμι [v.] 'to fix, stick, join, congeal or coagulate' (I1.). «IE *peh.g- 'coagulate, fix'>

    *VAR Dor. Aeol. nay-, also -ύω (X., Arist.), πήσσω, -ttw (Hell.), aor. πῆξαι (ἔπηκτο A  378), pass. παγῆναι, πηχθῆ-ναι, fut. πήξω, perf, act. intr. πέπηγα (all IL), trans. plpf. ἐπεπήχεσαν (D. C.), med. πέπηγμαι (Ὁ. H., Arr.).

    *COMP Often with prefix, e.g. év-, ovv-, KaTa-, παρα-.- Compounds: πιγεσί-μαλλος  'having dense wool' ( 197); -πηξ, eg. in ἀντί-πηξ, -γος [f.] 'kind of chest' (E.); vav-  πηγ-ός [m.] 'shipbuilder' (Att., εἰς); -πηγ-ής and -παγτ-ής, eg. εὐπηγής, εὐπαγής  'well built' (@ 334, Ρ].), περιπηγής 'frozen around' (Νίς.); συμπαγής 'put together'  (PL).

    *DER A. From the full grade: 1. πηγός 'solid, dense, strong', originally 'attaching'; in  late poetry 'white', also 'black'. 2. πηγάς, -άδος [f.] 'hoar-frost, rime' (Hes.); 3.

XXXXXπηγυλίς [f.] frosty, icecold' (ξ 476, A. R.), 'hoar-frost, rime' (AP et al.). 3. πῆγμα (διά-, παρά-, σύμ-, πρόσ-, etc.) [n.] 'joint together, stage, scaffold, etc. (Hp., Hell. conjecture apud A. Ag. 1198), -μάτιον (Ph. Procl.); 4. πῆξις (σύμ-, Ex-, ἔμ-, etc.) 'fixing, fastening, coagulation' (Hp. Arist.); πήγνυσις 'id.' (Ps.-Thales). 5. πηκτός, Dor. nax- (κατά-, σύμ-, εὔ-, etc.) 'solid, etc' (in Att.); πηκτή [f] 'net, framework' (Ar, Arist.), πακτά [f.] fresh cheese' (Theoc.); ἐμπήκτης [m.] 'who posts up' (Arist.); πηκτίς (Dor. Aeol. nax-), -ίδος [f.] name of a Lydian harp (IA); πηκτικός (ék-) 'coagulating' (Thphr., Dsc.). 6. πηγετός [m.] = παγ- (Ὁ. P.). B. From the zero grade: πάγος, -ετός, -epdc, ▶︎ πάγη, ▶︎ MAE, ▶︎ πάχνη; also πάγιος 'stout, solid' (Pl, Arist.), παγεύς [m.] 'pedestal' (Hero). Further also πᾶκ-τός in καταπακ-τός, (Hdt.) and πακτό-ω (ém-, ἐμ-) 'to fix' (IA; πακτός for traditional πηκτός in Hom.?).

    *ETYM From PIE *peh,g- 'to coagulate, become fixed' > πηγ-. zero grade *ph,g- >  παγ-. Cognate verbal forms in other JE languages: Lat. pangé, -ere 'to insert firmly,  fix' < *ph,-n-g-, Skt. pajrd- 'solid, firm' with loss of the laryngeal by Lubotsky's Law  (Lubotsky MSS 40 (1981): 133-138), pajas- [n.] 'side, surface?', Khot. paysa- 'surface',  Lat. compagés 'joint' (etc.), pagus 'district', pagina 'column'.

XXXXXπηδάω [v.] 'to leap, jump; to beat' (of the heart or pulse) (Il.). <1E *ped- 'foot'>

    *VAR Hyperdoric παδ-; aor. πηδῆσαι.

    *COMP Very often with prefix, e.g. dva-, kata-, ἐκ-, ἀπο-.

    *DER (dva-, ἐκ-)πήδ-ημα [n.] 'leap' (trag.), -ησις (ava-, éx-, ἀπο-, etc.) 'jumping,  leaping' (IA), -ηθμός [m.] 'pulse beat' (Hp.), -ητής (ἐπ-εισ-) [m.] 'leaper' (Ptol.,  gloss.), -ητικός (éx-) 'fit for jumping' (Arist.). Backformation τρί-πηδος or -ov    '» ©    'three-jump', 'trot' (Hippiatr.).

===Pag_1236: Beekes_Página_1236.tiff=== XXXXXπηλίκος 1185

    *ETYM Deverbative or denominative formation on the basis of a form *péd-, which  could be the lengthened grade of the root *ped- 'to tread, fall, whence *ped- 'foot'  and several verbal forms derive, such as Skt. pdd-ya-te falls, treads', OE fetan 'to fall'. The Greek verbal stem suggests a denominal formation, thus from a noun *péd-o-;  see ▶︎ πηδόν 'blade of an oar'.

XXXXXπηδόν [n.] 'blade of an oar' (Od, Hell. epic). <1E * ped- 'foot'

    *DER πηδάλιον [n.] 'rudder, fin-rudder' (Od.), mdaht-wdng 'like a fin-rudder', -ωτός  'equipped with arudder' (Arist.), -όομαι [v.] 'to be equipped with a rudder' (Simp.).

    *ETYM From a preform *péd-o- 'sole' or 'footstep'. Often compared with Lith. péda,  dial. also pédas, 'sole of the foot', but these have acute long é from *e before *d,  according to Winter's Law. Thus, the long vowel in Greek was taken from the root  noun *ped-, *péd-. Semantically, the use of 'foot' for 'rudder' can be explained by the  flat form and low position of a ship's rudder. The verb πιηδάω must have been  formed before *péd-o- 'sole' or 'footstep' acquired its nautical meaning.

XXXXXπηδός [m.] name of an unknown tree (Thphr. HPs, 7, 6, EM 669, 40). <?>

    *VAR  Also πῆδος.

    *DER πήδινος, old vl. for φήγινος (E 838, acc. to Eust., EM, H.); perhaps also  πηδήεσσα (v.L A 183 for πῖδ-); πάδος tree name (Thphr. HP 4, 1, 3).

    *ETYM Etymology unknown. Pliny HN 3, 16 mentions padus as a Gaulish word for  'pine'.

XXXXXπηΐσκος [m.] 'offspring, son' (Crete V*). <?>

    *ETYM Unexplained.

XXXXXTEAK TIC = TIYVULLL.

XXXXXπηλαμύς, -ύδος [f.] 'Cyoung) tuna' (S. Fr. 503, Phryn. Com., Arist.).

    *VAR  Also παλαμίς (Cyran.).

    *DER -υδεία [f.] 'catching tuna', -υδεῖον [n.] 'site for catching tuna' (Str.).

    *ETYM Strémberg 1943: 7off. (also 128ff.) extensively argues for derivation from  πηλός 'mud', after the habitat of the fish. Nevertheless, this is improbable; the word  is no doubt Pre-Greek.

XXXXXTHANE, -ηκος [f.] 'helmet' (IL). «PG(s)>

    *ETYM Like so many other expressions for weapons and armor, it is probably a  loanword or a Pre-Greek word; note the suffix -ξ < -ἀξ, which often occurs in Pre-  Greek words.

XXXXXπηλίκος [pron.adj.] Show big?, how old? (IA).

    <IE *k'o- 'how'>

    *ETYM An interrogative adjective *k'eh,-I-, derived from the interrogative pronoun  *k'o- 'which'. Compare demonstrative ▶︎ τηλίκος (Dor. Ta)-) 'this big, this old', and  relative ▶︎ ἡλίκος 'how great, how old'. An identical formation (without a suffix *-ko-)  is found in Lat. qualis 'what kind of, tdlis 'such' and, with short initial vowel, OCS  kolik» 'how much'. The element *k'eh,- 'to what extent' may continue the PIE  nom.acc.pLntr. of the pronoun. See ▶︎ πόθεν.

===Pag_1237: Beekes_Página_1237.tiff===

XXXXXπηλός [m.] 'loam, clay, mud, dung, bog' (IA). «Ραΐ»

    *VAR Dor. πᾶλός (Sophr,, inscr.).

    *COMP e.g. πηλο-φορέω [v.] 'to carry clay' (Ar.), ἀκρό-πηλος 'with mud on top'  Plb.).

    *DER κήλινος 'made of clay' (D., Arist.), -aiog 'made of clay; living in mud' (Man.,  Paus.), -@6n¢ 'loamy, muddy' (IA), -ώεις 'id.' (Opp.}; -dopat, -dw (rarely with περι-,  etc.) [v.] 'to be covered with loam, burden with clay' (late), -ωσις [f.] 'besmearing',

XXXXXτῶμα [n.] 'mud' (Charis.). Denominative προ-πηλακίζω [v.], literally 'to tread in the mud in front of oneself' = 'to taunt, insult' (Att.), probably formed directly from πηλός after other verbs in -ακ-ίζω; thence -1o410¢ [m.] 'dishonor, reproach' (LA), -ἰσις ΕΑ [f.] 'insulting' (Po.). :

    *ETYM Without a convincing etymology. Pre-Greek?

XXXXXπῆλυξ [1] - ῥαγάς 'fissure in the soil, crevice' (H.).

    *ETYM See ▶︎ σπήλαιον.

XXXXXπῆμα (n.] 'disaster, sorrow, distress' (Il.). <1E? *peh,>

    *COMP Often as a second member, e.g. ἀ-πήμων 'without disaster, undamaged' (I1.);  thence πήμων 'baleful' (Orph.). Denominative πημαίνω [v.] 'to do harm, damage'  dil.).

    *DER πημον-ή [f.] 'id' (trag., treaty in Th. 5, 18), πημο-σύνη [f.] 'id' (A. E., Orph.),  ἀπημο-σύνη [f.] 'freedom from worries' (Thgn.) = ἀπημον-ίη [(] (Call.).

    *ETYM Primary verbal noun in *pé-, as suggested by the vocalism of πῆμα in Pi. and  S. [lyr.]. Within Greek, it could be related to ▶︎ ταλαίπωρος 'enduring hardship'; see  s.v. In Indo-Iranian, Av. paman- [n.] name of a skin disease, Skt. pamdn- [m.] 'kind  of skin disease, scratch' could reflect *peh,-mn-. Formally, these forms could be  connected with the root *peh,-i- 'to taunt', as reconstructed by LIV? for Skt. piyati 'to  taunt, scold'.

XXXXXπῆ, πῆν 'to sprinkle'. -nacow.

XXXXXπηνέλοψ, -οπος [m.] 'duck or wild goose with colored neck' (Alc., Ibyc., Ar., Arist.).

    *VAR Aeol, Dor. πᾶν-.

    *ETYM Formation like other animal names in -oy, such as dpvoy, κέρκοψ, πάρνοψ et  al. The bird may have served as the base for the PN ▶︎ Πηνελόπεια, The stem is also  found in Πηνέλ-εως [m.], name of a Boeotian leader (II.). Because of its suffix, the  word may be Pre-Greek in origin.

XXXXXπήνη [f] 'the thread of the woof, wound around the bobbin; woof' (E., AP). <?>

    *VAR πῆνος: ὕφασμα 'woven robe, web' (H.).

    *DER πηνίον, Dor. πᾶν- [n.] 'spool with thread' (Ψ 762, Thphr., AP), also  metaphorically of a kind of puppet (Ar. Fr. 377, Arist.); Πηνῖτις (Πᾶν-), -(t150¢ [f.]  'weaveress', epithet of Athena (Ael., AP), Πανίτης [m.], PN of a Messenian (Hdt.). πηνίζομαι (Dor. πανί-σδομαι (Theoc.); also with ἀνα-, ano-, ἐκ-) [v.] 'to reel (offy  (com., Arist., Thphr.), whence πήνισμα [n.] 'reeled wool' (Ar. Ra. 1315 [parody of A.],  AP).

===Pag_1238: Beekes_Página_1238.tiff=== XXXXXπηρός 1187

    *ETYM Has been connected with the verb ▶︎ πένομαι 'to spin', but this is impossible  because of Doric -a-. Lat. pannus 'piece of cloth, rag', Go. fana [m.] 'cloth, towel',  OHG fano 'cloth', MoHG Fahne, OE fana 'banner' < *fan-6n have a different  meaning and short *-a- (and no PIE etymology).

XXXXXπηνήκη [f.] 'false hair, wig' (Luc. Dial. Mer. 5, 3, etc, Phot., Poll.).

    *DER πηνηκίζειν: ἀπατᾶν 'deceive' (H., Cratin. 319), also with δια- (Cratin. 282);  πηνηκισμάτων: φενακισμάτων 'cheatings' (H.).

    *ETYM As a wig may seem a bobbin of threads, the word has probably been derived  from πήνη on the model of φενάκη 'wig'.

XXXXXπηνίκα [adv.] 'when? (Att.).

    *ETYM Formed from the interrogative pronoun, on the model of ἡνίκα 'when'.

XXXXXπηός [m.] 'kinsman by alliance' (IL). <?>

    *VAR Dor. Aeol. πᾶός.

    *DER παῶται: συγγενεῖς, οἰκεῖοι. Λάκωνες 'kinsmen, relatives (Lac.) (H.), perhaps  after πατριῶται. Also in the patronym Πολυ-παΐδης (Thgn.). Denominative παόομαι  [v.] 'to become a kinsman' in παώθεις (Alc.). Abstract πηοσύνη [f.] (A. R.).

    *ETYM Kinship term without certain connection. As PGr. *pdso- it has often been  connected with Lat. par, paris 'equal, matching' (perhaps from *parVs, *pds-i-), but  this is formally not compelling; also, the etymology of the Latin word is disputed. Unrelated to ▶︎ πηΐσκος 'son, offspring'.

XXXXXπήρα [f.] 'leather bag, knapsack' (Od., Ar.).

    *VAR Ion. -1.

    *COMP πηρό-δετος (ἱμάς) 'binding a knapsack' or 'bound around the knapsack' (AP).

    *DER Diminutive πηρίδιον [n.] (Ar., Men.); mnp-is or -iv, gen. -ivoc [f.] 'scrotum'  (Nic.); enlarged -iva [f.] (Gal.) = περί-ναιον.

    *ETYM Unexplained; cf. on »θύλακος and ▶︎ σάκκος. Fur: 152 compares βηρίδες:  ὑποδήματα, ἃ ἡμεῖς ἐμβάδες λέγομεν 'sandals, which we call ἐμβάδες᾽ (H.) and περι-  βᾶρίδες 'womens shoes'; he further mentions Lat. peré 'soldiers shoes' and pre-  Romance *barr- 'small vase'.

XXXXXπηρία [f.] - Ἀ«σ»πένδιοι τὴν χώραν τοῦ ἀγροῦ 'region of the field (Aspendos)' (H.). «'Ὁ

    *ETYM The connection with Go. fera, OHG fiara [f.] 'side, region' is very doubtful. It  is unknown whether the Thess. PN Πηρείη (B 766) belongs here.

XXXXXπηρός [adj.] 'infirm, invalid', of the eyes 'blind', of the limbs 'ame', etc. (B 599, Semon., Hp., Luc.). 4?

    *VAR Att. πῆρος acc. to Hdn. Gr. 1, 190.

    *COMP πηρο-μελής 'crippled' (AP), G-mpoc 'unmaimed' (Hdt.), ἔμ- πηρος 'maimed,  crippled' (Hdt., Hp.), ἔμπαρος: ἔμπληκτος 'stunned' (H.); s-stem ἀπηρής (A. R.),  anapéc: ὑγιές, ἀπήρωτον 'healthy, unimpaired' (H.).

    *DER πηρώδης (H. s.v. γυιός), beside νοσώδης. Denominative πηρόομαι, -6w (Dor. map-) [v.] 'to be maimed, maim' (IA, Gortyn), whence πήρ-ωσις [f.] 'maiming' (IA),

===Pag_1239: Beekes_Página_1239.tiff===

XXXXXτωμα [n.] 'id', also 'maimed animal' (Arist, Gal.). Backformation πᾶρος [n.] 'infirmity' (Alc; uncertain).

    *ETYM Isolated. Cannot be connected with πῆμα 'sorrow' because of the *4, as shown  by Doric map-.

XXXXXπῆχυς [m.] 'forearm, arm', as a measure 'cubit', and other metaphorical mgs. (Il.). 41Ε bheh.g-u- 'lower arm, elbow'>

    *VAR Dor. Aeol. πᾶχυς, gen. -eac, -εως.

    *COMP δί-πηχυς 'two cubits long' (TA).

    *DER 1. diminutive πηχίσκος [m.] (Anon. apud Suid.); 2. adjectives πηχυ-αῖος (1A,  παχυ- Epich.), -ἰος (Mimn., A. R.) 'one cubitlon g'; 3. verbs: πηχίζω [v.] 'to measure  by the cubit' (LXX), whence πηχ-ισμός [m.] 'tneasuring by the cubit' (LXX, pap.),

XXXXXτισμα [n.] 'cubit-measure' (Sm.); πηχύνω (nepi-) [v.] 'to embrace' (Hell. and late epic).

    *ETYM PIE word for 'arm'. Cognates: Skt. bahu-, Av. bdzu- [m.] 'lower arm, arm,  foreleg of an animal', ON bogr, OHG buog [m.] 'the upper part of the foreleg, bow',  ToA poke, ToB pokai [obl.) 'arm'.

XXXXXπῖαρ [n.] 'fat, tallow (epic Ion. Il).

    *DIAL Myc. PN pi-we-ri-di, -si (?)

    *DER Adjective πίων [m.], πῖον [n.], πίειρα [f.] 'fat, fertile, rich' (Il), whence πιερός,  πιαρός 'id' (Hp., Arist.); grades of comparison πιό-τατος, -tepoc (Hom.), new  positive miog (Epich., Nic.); πιότης [f.] 'fatness' (Hp., Arist.). Poetic πιήεις 'id.' (AP). Denominative verb maivw (aor. πιᾶναι, also with Sta-, Kata-, etc.) 'to make fat,  fatten, enrich' (Pi, IA), πία-σμα [n.] 'fattening food' (A.), ποτι-πίαμμα [n.]  'remaining fat (on the altar)' (Cyrene), -σμός [m.] 'fattening' (Ael.); -ντήριος (Hp.),  -ντικός (Apoll. Lex.) 'making fat, fattening'. With A-suffix: πιαλέος 'fat' (Ion. poet.),  rarely πίαλος 'id.' (probably reshaped after σίαλος [Hp.]). Isolated: πιμελ-ή [f.] 'fat, lard' (IA), whence -wé1 'fatty' (Hp., Arist.), -ἧς 'id.' (Aq.,  Luc.).

    *ETYM Gr. πῖαρ derives from PIE *piH-ur [n.] 'fat'; the adjective πίων, πίειρα  presupposes *nipwv, *nipep-a from PIE *piH-udn, fem. -uer-ih, 'fat', which  corresponds precisely to Skt. pivan-, fem. pivari- 'fat, swelling'. Further cognate  forms: Skt. pivas-, Av. piuuah- [n.] 'fat'. Gr. πιμελή presupposes an earlier m(o)-stem  *piH-m(o)- fat'; a cognate formation may be Av. paéman- 'mother's milk' [n.] <  *pe/oiH-mn-.

XXXXXπίγγαλος [adj.] - σαῦρος ὁ καλούμενος χαλκίς 'horse-mackerel' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Has been compared with Skt. pirtgala- 'reddish, brown-yellow', with a variant  pinjara-. Also in the gloss πιγγανεόσσιον. Ἀμερίας γλαυκόν (which one corrects into  πίγγαν: vedootov)? Uncompelling.

XXXXXnidak, -ἄκος [m.] 'eruption, geyser' (epic Ion. poet. I] 825).

    *COMP πολυ-πῖδαξ 'having many springs' (II.).

    *DER πιδακ-ῖτις [f.] 'belonging to a spring' (Hp. Ep.), -deic 'rich in springs' (E.),  -ώδης 'id' (Plu.). Also πιδήεσσα [f.] 'id' (of Ἴδη, A 183); πιδυλίς (cod. πηδ-): πέτρα,

===Pag_1240: Beekes_Página_1240.tiff=== XXXXXπίθος 1189, ἐξ ἧς ὕδωρ ῥέει 'a rock from which water flows' (H.). Verbs: πιδάω (also with é1a-) [v.] 'to spring, spout up' (Arist.); πιδύω (also with ava-, ἀπο-, δια-) 4. (Ηρ., Arist., Thphr.); πίδυσις [f.] 'trickling through' (Hp.).

    *ETYM For πῖδαξ, πιδάω, and -ἥεσσσα, one might assume a noun *7i5-4-, but md-bw  and -υλίς point to an v-stem "πῖδυς. No certain cognates outside Greek. The word  could well be Pre-Greek (Fur.: 259). See ▶︎ πίσεα and ▶︎ πίτυς.

XXXXXπιέζω [v.] 'to press, push, beset' (11... «ἡ

    *VAR  -éw (vl. in Hom. Hp., Herod., Plb.), aor. πιέσαι (1A), pass. πιεσθῆναι (8 336),  also πι-ἕξαι, -εχθῆναι (Hp., Epidaur.); fut. méow, perf. med. πεπίεσμαι (Arist. -ίεγμαι  Hp.), act. πεπίεκα; also πιάζω (Alcm,, Alc. Hell.), πιάσαι (-άξαι Theoc.), πιασθῆναι,  πεπίασμαι (Hell.).

    *COMP Often with ovv-, ἐκ-, ἀπο-, etc.

    *DER 1. πίε-σις (συν-, ἀπο-: also (-)πία-) [f.] 'pressing, pressure' (Pl. Arist.); 2. -oudc  (ék-, ovv-, etc.) [m.] 'id' (Hp., Arist.); 3. -σμα (ἀπο-, éx-, etc.) [n.] 'pressure,  compressed mass' (Hp., Eub.); 4. -στήρ [m.] 'presser, press' (Att. inscr., medic.),  whence -στήριος 'pressing', ntr. 'press' (Dsc.); 5. -otpov [n.] 'id' (Hp., Gal.).

    *ETYM The variant πιάζω is an innovation after the verbs in -ἄζω, or by phonetic  development from mé(w. The etymology is uncertain. Skt. piddyati 'to squeeze,  press, hurt' < *pisd- is very similar both in phonetics and semantics. If from *pisd-,  πιέζω might be connected with Gr. πτίσσω 'to bruise, to husk', Latin pinsé 'to crush',  Skt. pindsti 'id' < PIE *pis-. However, *pis-d- would be a unique kind of enlargement  in PIE. Also, the passage of alleged "πίζω to méCw would remain unexplained. Katz  Glotta 72 (1994): 151-168 assumes a compound *h,pi-sd- with loss of the laryngeal in  composition, which is an improbable rule.

XXXXXπίθηκος [m.] 'monkey' (IA since Archil.).

    *VAR  Dor. -Gxoc (Ar. Ach., Eg. inscr.).

    *COMP πιθηκο-φαγέω [v.] 'to eat monkey(-meaty (Hdt.), χοιρο-πίθηκος [m.] 'pig-  monkey', 'monkey with a pig's nose' (Arist.).

    *DER 1. Diminutives: πιθήκ-ιον [n.] (Plaut.), also as a plant name (Ps.-Apul.), and as a  designation of a weight hung between two warships (Ath. Mech.); -ἰδεύς [m.] (Ael.). 2. Adjectives: -ὦδης 'monkey-like' (Arist, Ael.), -e1og 'belonging to monkeys,  monkey- (Gal.); -deic, fem. -deooa in Πιθηκοῦσσαι νῆσοι [fpl.] 'the Monkey  Islands', off the coast of Campania (Arist, Str.). 3. Verb -i€w (also with ὑπο-, dta-) 'to  play the ape', whence -ισμός [m.] 'monkey-trick' (Ar.). Metaphorically πιθήκη [f.] =  ψύλλα, 'flea' (Ael.); consonant stem πίθηξ, -ηκος (Aesop.). Isolated is πίθων, -ωνος  [m.] 'small monkey' (Pi., Babr.), probably a hypocoristic.

    *ETYM The same suffix can be found eg. in ἱέρᾶξ, μύρμηξ, thematicized also in  ψιττακός. A loanword from an unknown language.

XXXXXπίθος [m.] 'large, mostly earthen vessel for storing wine, which is open at the top' (Il.).

    *DIAL Myc. ge-to.

    *COMP πιθ-οίγ-ια [n.] 'ceremony for the opening of vessels' (Plu.).

===Pag_1241: Beekes_Página_1241.tiff===

    *DER πιθάκνη (Thasos V*), also in Att. mss., beside φιδάκνη (A. D., Thphr., Moer.),  Dor. πισάκνα [f.] (H.); πιθάκνιον [n.] (Eub., Hyp., Luc.), -vic [f], φιδ- (Poll). Other  derivations: 1. diminutives πιθ-ίσκος [m.] (Plu. Cam. 20), -άριον [n.] (H., EM); 2. πιθ-(ε)ών, -ὥνος [m.] 'cellar' (com., inscr. IV--III*); 3. -iac [m.] 'jar-shaped comet'  (Seneca); 4. -ἴτις, τἰδος [f.] 'kind of poppy' (Dsc.); 5. -ώδης 'like a jar' (Arist.).

    *ETYM The word displays vowel variation ε : i (see the Myc. form), and consonant  variation in πιθ- vs. φιδ-. Thus, probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXπικέριον [n.] = βούτυρον 'butter' (Hp.). 42>

    *ETYM Phrygian, according to Erotian. 73,13.

XXXXXπικρός [adj.] 'sharp, pointed, piercing, bitter, painful' (Il.), on the meaning see Treu 1955: 78 and 273. 41Ε * pik-ro- 'motley, painted'>

    *COMP πικρό-χολος 'full of bitter gall' (Hp.), γλυκύ-πικρος 'bittersweet' (Sapph.), see  Risch IF 59 (1949): 32.

    *DER 1. Abstract: πικρ-ότης [f.] 'sharpness, bitterness, etc.' (IA), -ia [f.] 14. (D.,  Arist., Hell.). 2. plant name: πικρ-άς, -ic, -ἰδιον (Arist, Thphr., Ps.-Dsc.), see  Stromberg 1940: 63; -άς [f.] also of the soil 'acid' (pap. III*); -ἰδιος as an adjective  'somewhat bitter' (Ath.). 3. Verbs: πικρ-αίνομαι 'to become bitter, embitter', -aivw  'to make bitter' (IA), also with ἐκ-, év-, mapa-, etc thence -ασμός (παρα-) [m.]  'embitterment' (LXX, Ep. Hebr.), -αντικῶς [adv.] 'in an embittering way' (S. E.);  πικρ-όομαι 'id.' (Hp., Arist. Thphr.), almost only with éx-, with -wotg [f.] (Gal.);  back-formation ἔκπικρος 'very bitter' (Arist.), see Strémberg 1946: 73; cf. πικρ-  άζομαι, -άζω 'id' (S. E.), also with ἐκ-. 4. Substantivization πίκρα [f.] name of an  antidote (Alex. Trall.). 5. PN Πρίκων [m.] (Eretria, Tanagra) with metathesis as in  MoGr. πρικός (Kretschmer Glotta 6 (1915): 304).

    *ETYM Formally identical to a Slavic word for 'motley', e.g. CS postre < IE *pikro-,  derived from a verb 'to sting, cut, embroider, paint'; cf. Skt. pinssdti 'to carve, cut to  measure, ornament', OCS posati 'to write'; further cognates under ▶︎ ποικίλος. The  adjective πικρός has also been compared to Skt. silpd- 'motley' (if metathesized from  * pisla-).

XXXXXπίλα [f.] 'mortar' (POxy. 1890, 12).

    *DER πιλάριον (medic.) 'eye-salve'.

    *ETYM Loanword from Lat. pila. πίλναμαι -»πέλας.

XXXXXπίλος [m.] - κοχλιός 'screw' (HL). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXπῖλος [m.] 'felt, felt hat', also 'felt shoe, felt blanket, etc' (K 265); as a plant name 'touchwood, Polyporus igniarius', also 'lotus bud' (Thphr.). <2

    *COMP κραταί-πιλος 'with hard felt' (A. Fr. 430 = 624 M.).

    *DER 1. Diminutives: mA-iov (Arist. Hell.), -iétov (Att.), -άριον (medic.), -ίσκος  (Dsc.). 2. Adj. τινος 'made of felt? (Andania I', Poll.) -ωτός 'id' (Str.), -ώδης 'felt-like,  pressed together' (Ptol.). 3. Verbs: πιλέω 'to felt, press together, make dense, knead'

===Pag_1242: Beekes_Página_1242.tiff===

(Att., Hell.), also with prefix, especially συν-: thence πίλ-ησις [f.] 'felting, densening, concentration by cold' (PL, Thphr.), -ημα [n.] 'felting, felted fabric' (Arist.), -ητικός, -ή (τέχνη) 'belonging to felting, the art of felting' (Pl, Arist.); mA-doptat 'to concentrate, contract (oneself) (Thphr.), trans. -6w, also with συν-, npoo-; thence -wotc (v.l. of -ησις, Thphr.).

    *ETYM Formally similar words for 'felt' are found in Latin, Germanic and Slavic: Lat. pilleus, -eum feltcap', OHG filz [m.], OE felt [m., n.], ORu. polste [f.] 'feltcover', Ru. polst' [f.] 'cover, carpet, felt'. The Germanic words go back to a PGm. s-stem 'filtiz-,  *feltaz-, ostensibly from IE *peld-os- / *pildos- [n.]. If, however, the Germanic words  were derived from OHG and MoHG falzen [v.] 'to connect, put on, in' (etc.), they  can be dismissed. The Slavic words are ambiguous because the -ti- suffix may have  been preceded by either d or s. Lat. pilleus, too, is ambiguous: it can be linked with  Gr. πῖλος on the one hand, or with Lat. pilus 'hair' on the other. Schmidt KZ 32  (1893): 387f. reconstructed *pil-s-, which could be a zero grade of the IE s-stem *pilos-  [n.] beside *pilo- [m.] 'hair. This solution seems no longer convincing. More  probably, we here have an old culture word of unknown origin (cf. Ernout BSL 30  (1930): 115). On the phonetic developments, see Forbes Glotta 36 (1958): 243.

XXXXXπιμελή --πῖαρ.

XXXXXπίμπλημι, -αμαι [v.] 'to fill, make full', intr. 'to fill oneself, become or be full' (Il.). 1Ε *pleh, ΠΡ

    *VAR  -άνεται [3sg.] (I 679), rare -dw, -ἔω (Hp.), also πλήθω (intr. late also tr. Il. epic poet.). Aor. πλῆτ-σαι, -σασθαι, -σθῆναι, (11), intr. πλῆ-το, -vto (epic), ἐν-έπλητο,  etc. (Att.), fut. πλή-σω, -σομαι (Od.), -σθήσομαι (Att.), perf. med. πέπλησμαι (IA),  act. πέπληκα (Att.), intr. πέπληθα (poet.). «comp Often with prefix, eg. ἀνα- (ovv-ava-, προσ-ανα-, etc.), ἐν- (ἀντ-εν-, παρ-  ev-, etc.). As a first member in some governing compounds, e.g. πλησίστιος 'filling  the sail' (Od., E.), 'with full sails' (Ph., Plu.).

    *DER 1. πλέως, Ion. πλέος, epic πλεῖος (for "πλῆος), ntr. πλέον 'full (IL), also with  év-, dva-, ἐκ-, etc. from the compounded verbs. For the comparison of ▶︎ πλείων with  the superl. πλεῖστος. 2. πλή-μη [f.] 'high tide, flood' (Plb., Str.), -σμη [f] 'id.' (Hes. Fr. 217), πλῆμα: πλήρωμα 'complement' (H.), -σμα [n.] 'fertilization' (Arist.); -σμιος  'saturating, causing tedium' (Epicur., medic.); -σμονή [f.] 'fullness, congestion,  (over)saturation' (IA), see Chantraine 1933: 207, with -σμονώδης (Hp., Gal.),  -σμονικός (Pythag. Ep.) '(over)saturating'. On ▶︎ πλήμνη, see s.v. 3. πλή-ρης 'full  (1A); as a first member in e.g. πληρο-φορέω [v.] 'to fulfil? (Ctes., LXX, NT, pap.);  πληρό-της [f.] 'fullness' (Plu.), πληρ-όω 'to make full, (fulfill, finish, pay entirely'  (1A), often with prefix, e.g. dva-, ἐκ-, ἀπο-, ovv-; thence -ωμα (ava-, ovv-, etc.) [n.]  'filling, filling piece, full number, full payment, (full) crew' (IA), also -ωσις (ava-, ἐκ-  etc.) [f.] 'accomplishment, complement, satisfaction' (IA), -ωτής (éx-, ἀπο-) [m.]  'finisher, executor, collector' (Att.), -ωτικός (dva-, ovv-, etc.) 'fulfilling, completing'  (Epicur., medic. et al.). 4. πλῆ-θος [n.] 'fullness, mass (of people), herd' (IL, Dor.,  Arc.); often as a second member, e.g. παμ-πληθής 'consisting of a whole mass, very  numerous (Att.); -θὰ [f.] 'id' (Locr., Boeot.); -Bic, -θύος [fF] 'id' (Ion., Cret., Locr.,

===Pag_1243: Beekes_Página_1243.tiff===

Hell.); see Ruijgh 1957: 110; thence πλη-θύω [v.] 'to be full, become full, increase', -θύνομαι, -θύνω 'to belong to the mass, agree with it, augment oneself; to make full, augment' (A, Arist, LXX, NT); hence -θυσμός [m.] 'increase' (Procl, Simp.), -Ovvtikdc 'plural' (gramm.); 5. πληθ-ώρα, Ion. -n [f.] 'fullness', medic. 'plethora, full- blooded' (Ion. Hell.); on the secondary barytonesis see Wackernagel and Debrunner Phil. 95 (1942): 181f. Thence πληθ-ωριάω [v.] 'to suffer from π.᾽, -ωρικός 'plethoric' (Gal.), -wpéw 'to be full' (Suid.).

    *ETYM The conjugation has parallels in e.g. Indo-Iranian, viz. 3sg. aor. ἔ-πλησ-ε =  Skt. d-pras < *é-pleh,-s-t; 3sg.pres. πίμ-πλη-σι = Av. ham-pa-frai-ti 'fills up' < *pe/i-  pleh,ti, but the zero grade ipl.pres. πίμ-πλα-μεν cannot regularly be from IE *pi-plh,-  mé, because this should have become **ripnd&rpev (the ablaut was restored). Some  nominal suffixations can be dated back to the parent language: e.g. πλήτρης, Arm. ΠΥ  'fullness', Lat. plérus 'for the greater part', pléri-que 'most' < *pleh,-r-; πλῆμα < *pleh,-  mn is echoed by the Lat. gloss plémindbantur- replébantur. The theta as a suffix  occurs in a number of presumably young formations, viz. πλῆ-θος, πλή-θ-ω, πέ-πλη-  θα (cf. βρῖ-θος : βρί-θω : Bé-Bpt-8a), but πληθῦς is comparable with Lat. plébés <  *pleh,-d'uh, (on the original inflection, see Pok. 7o9f, Schrijver 1991: 38of.,  Kortlandt 1997b: 160, and De Vaan 2008: 471). See ▶︎ πολύς,

XXXXXπίμπρημι [v.] 'to blow (up), fan, kindle, burn up' (Il.). 'ΝΑΙ Inf. -άναι (IA), also -άω (X., Plb.), ipf. év-EnpnBov Ci 589), fut. πρήσω, aor. πρῆσαι (Il), pass. aor. πρησθῆναι, perf. πέπρησμαι, -ημαι (1A, also Epid.), perf. act. πέπρηκα (Ηρ...

    *COMP Often with prefix, especially év-.

    *DER 1. πρηστήρ, -ἦρος [m.] 'heavy gale, hurricane accompanied by a stroke of  lightning' (Hes.), also 'bellows, jugular' and name of a snake that causes  inflammation (Arist., Ds.), with πρηστηριάζω [v.] 'to ignite as if by lightning' (Hdn. Epim.); ἐμπρηστής [m.] 'incendiary' (Aq., Ptol.). 2. πρῆσοις (mostly éu-) [f] 'blowing  up, ignition, inflammation' (IA, Aret.); 3. ἐμπρησμός [m.] 'ignition, inflammation'  (Hell.); 4. πρῆσμα [n.], -μονή [f] 'id' (Gal. Hippiatr.); παραπρή(σ)ματα [n.pl.]  'inflammations on the legs of horses' (pap.). 5. πρηστικός 'blowing up' (Hp. apud  Gal.). Also 6. πρηδών, -όνος [f.] 'inflammatory swelling' (Nic. Aret.) and, with a  suffix -μ-, πρημαίνω [v.] 'to blow intensively' (Ar. Nu. 336 [lyr.], Herod.), mpnpovaw  'to snore, roar' vel sim. (Herod.), as if from *npfipa, *mpnuovi. As a second member  in βού-πρηστις, gen. -ίδος or -ews [f.] 'inflammatress of cows', name of a poisonous  insect (Hp.); for the formation cf. on Bov-Bpwortic.

    *ETYM The verb πίμπρημι, πιμπράναι, πρήσω, πρῆσαι, πρησθῆναι, also πρήθω forms  a sub-class with ▶︎ πίμπλημι, πιμπλάναι, εἴς. It seems to have been heavily influenced  by it. Directly related is Hitt. parai-' 'to blow, inflate, ignite' < *prh,-(o)i- (Kloekhorst  2008: 631), but it is hardly related to Skt. préthati 'to cough, sneeze', prusnoti 'to  sprinkle', ON friisa, frysa, etc. (see Pok. 809).

XXXXXπίναξ, -ακος [m.] 'wooden plank, dish, writing table, public statement, chart, painting' (IL).

===Pag_1244: Beekes_Página_1244.tiff=== XXXXXπινυτός 1193

    *COMP Some compounds, e.g. πινακο-θήκη [f.] 'collection of paintings' (Str.), λειχο-πίναξ [m.] 'dish-licker' as a jocular name (Batr.).

    *DER Diminutives: πινάκ-ιον (Att.), -ἰς (com.), -ἰδιον (Hp. Arist.), -ioxog (com.),  -ίσκιον (Antiph.). Other derivatives: πινακ-ι-κός 'belonging to the board' (Vett. Val.), -ιαῖος 'as thick (large) as a πίναξ᾽ (Hippiatr.), -wots [f.] 'timber-, tablework'  (Plu.); -ἰδ-ἂς [m.] 'salesman: of πινακίδες᾽ (Hdn. Gr.); -ηδόν 'like planks' (Ar.).

    *ETYM The word belongs in technical contexts; like other formations with the  productive -ακ- suffix; cf. κάμαξ, κλῖμαξ, στύραξ, πύνδαξ (Chantraine 1933: 377f.). It  may perhaps be akin to the Slavic group of CS pone, Ru. pen' [m.] 'tree-stump,  bobbin, stem' (but doubts in Derksen 2008: 427). The parallel suffixation of Skt. pinaka- [n.] 'staff, stick' is coincidental in any case. The word is probably Pre-Greek,  in view of the suffix.

XXXXXπίνη [f.] 'pen shell', late also 'pearl shell, pearl' (com., Arist. pap.).

    *VAR  Younger πῖνα (codd. predominantly have -vv- instead of -v- in pap. and inscr.). «comp Few compounds, e.g. πινο-τήρης [m.] 'pen shell guard', name of a kind of  crayfish (S., Ar., Arist.), ἀληθινό-πινος 'consisting of real pearls' (pap. ΠΡ),

    *DER πιν-άριον 'pearl shell, pearl' (pap.), -ἰκόν 'pearl' with -ixtoc 'of pearls' (Peripl. M. Rubr.), τινος 'belonging to the πίνη᾽ with λίθος = 'pearlshell' (LXX), -@tiov  'earring made of pearls' (pap. III'); probably haplological for *mv-[ev]@tiov.

    *ETYM Perhaps from Hebr. pénin 'coral' (Lewy KZ 95 (1928): 28), but in view of the  variation v/vv, it is more probably Pre-Greek (not in Fur.). ;

XXXXXπῖνον [n.] 'beer' (Arist.). < PG?>

    *ETYM Probably a foreign word, perhaps adapted to πίνω (cf. Schwyzer: 693°).

XXXXXπίνος [m.] 'dirt', on clothes, on the body, in the hair, 'grease in wool' (trag., Paul. Aeg.), 'coating, patina on bronze or metals', metaph. of archaic style (D. H., Plu.).

    <IE? *k"in- 'dirt', PG?>

    *COMP As a second member (with transition to the s-stems) in ἀ-πινής 'without dirt,  clean' (Ath.), δυσ-, κακο-πινής 'badly begrimed' (S., Ar.); opposite εὐ-πινής 'neat,  beautiful, plain' (Cratin., E., Cic.).

    *DER πιναρός 'dirty' (com. E., inscr. Delos), πιναρ-ότης [f.] (Eust.), -dopat in  πεπιναρωμένα (Suid.); πιν-ηρός (Hp. apud Erot.), -όεις (Hp., A. R., AP), -@5n¢ CHp.,  E., Lyc.) with -ὡδία- ἀκαθαρσία 'uncleanness' (H.). Denominative: πιν-όομαι in  πεπινω-μένος 'dirty, etc' (Hell. poet, D. H, Οἷς, Plu), ἀςπορ»πινοῦται:  ἀπορυποῦται 'is cleaned' (H.); -dw in πινῶν (Ar. Lys. 279), after ῥυπῶν.

    *ETYM The connection with Lat. caenum 'mud' is phonetically impossible (De Vaan  2008: 81), but the linkage with Lat. inquindre 'to soil' and Latv. svinit 'id' < *k'ein-  (?) seems tenable. Further, hardly related to MoSw. dial. hven [f.] 'swamp' <  *hwaino- (cf. Nw. dial. kvein 'blade of grass').

XXXXXπινύσκω, πινυτη --πινυτός.

XXXXXπινυτός [adj.] 'intelligent, sensible, reasonable, prudent, rational' (Od.).

===Pag_1245: Beekes_Página_1245.tiff===

    *VAR Variant forms are πνυτός: ἔμφρων, σώφρων 'sensible, reasonable' (H.),  frequent in Cypr. PN, e.g. Πνυτ-αγόρας (O. Masson Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 7 (1956):  238ff.).

    *DER πιν-ύσσω (late epic) from *pinut-y-, aor. ind. ἐπίνυσσεν (& 249), ptc. pass. πινυσθείς (Pythag.) 'to make deliberate, warn to be clear-minded' with πινυ-τή [f1]  'prudence' (H 289, v 71 and 228, Hp. Ep.), -τότης [f.] (Eust.); further -τάς, -τᾶτος [f.]  (Dor., AP), after ταχυ-τής etc. (Schwyzer: 529"); πίνυσις: σύνεσις 'comprehension',  πινυμένην: συνετήν 'wise' (H.). Also ἀπινύσσω 'to be thoughtless, rash' (Ὁ 10, € 342 =  ζ 258), = ἀπινυτέω (Apollon. Lex.), from ᾿ἀ-πίνυτος; adverb ἀπινύτως (Η.), see  ▶︎ ἀπινύσσων. Also pres. πινύσκω, -ομαι (Simon., A., Call, Orph.); probably from  *TLVUT-OK-. Ἕ

    *ETYM The relation between the relevant forms has not been satisfactorily explained  thus far. Older explanations take mvutdc to have somehow developed out of a full  grade form *penu- with ε raised to τ (Schulze 1892: 323°, Frisk Eranos 43 (1945): 215ff.,  Nehring Class. Phil. 42 (1947): 108ff.), so as to connect the word with Lat. putdre 'to  prune, estimate, consider', OCS pytati 'to examine, scrutinize' < *p(e)ut-. These  attempts must be rejected for a number of reasons. First, a form penu- is not attested. Secondly, the change ε to tis not systematic. Third, the alternation πινυτός ~ πνυτός  is unexpected. The last variation is, however, known from Pre-Greek, and must  reflect the varying rendering of a palatalized cluster, viz. *p'nut- (cf. Beekes 2008: 51). The etymon has nothing to do with nvéw.

XXXXXπίνω [v.] 'to drink' (Il.).

    *VAR  Pres. Aeol. and Dor. (Call. Cer. 95) πώνω, fut. πίομαι, aor. ἔπιον, πιεῖν (all  Hom; later πεῖν), ipv. πῖθι (com. et al), Aeol. πῶθι, pass. ἐπόθην with fut. ποθήσομαι, perf. act. πέπωκα (all Att.), med. πέπομαι (Od.); also causat. πιπίσκω, fut. πίσω, aor. πῖσαι, πισθῆναι, also with mpo-, év-, συν- et al. 'to give to drink, water' (Pi.,  Hp., Nic.).

    *COMP Very often with prefix, e.g. kata-, ἐκ-, mpo-, ὕπο-, Ev-.

    *DER A. From the zero grade no-, mostly with suffix -t-: 1. ποτόν [n.] 'beverage' (II.),  ποτός 'drinkable' (trag., Th.), ἔμποτος 'id.' (Aret.), πότος [m.] 'drinking, beverage'  (Att, Theoc.); from this πότ-ιμος 'drinkable, fresh, pleasant' (1A), -τκός 'inclined  towards drinking, etc' (Alc. com., Plu.), most with συμ- 'belonging to the  bacchanalia, pot companion' (Att.), see on ▶︎ συμπότης, -σιον; τιοτ-ίζω, Dor. τίσδω 'to  make drink, drench' (IA, Theoc.), also with mpo- et al., with -toudc, -icua, -ιστές,  -ἰστήριον, -ἰστρίς, -iotpa. 2. ποτή [f.] 'drink, draught' (pap.), gen. and acc. -ῆτος, -ῆτα (Hom.), metrically  enlarged, originally at verse end (Schwyzer: 529), not haplological from ἔποτο-τη-  τος, ττη-τα (as per Fraenkel Gnomon 21 (1949): 40 et al.); πότ-ημα [n.] '(medical)  drink' (medic.), on the enlargement see Chantraine 1933: 178. 3. πόσις [f.] (also with  προ-, kata- etc. in different senses) 'drinking, drink, bacchanalia' (Il.), πόσιμος  'drinkable' (pap. IV?, Ps.-Callisth.), cf. πότιμος above; on ▶︎ πόμα see s.v. 4. ποτήρ  [m.] 'drinking cup' (E.), -ἥριον [n.] 'id. (Aeol., IA); πότης [m.] 'drinker' (only in  πότης λύχνος Ar. Nu. 57), fem. πότις (com.); did both arise by decomposition from  frequent compounds like συμπότης (Pi.), οἰνοπότης, -τις (Anacr., etc.), as supposed

===Pag_1246: Beekes_Página_1246.tiff===

by Leumann Mus. Helv. 2 (1945): 12? Superl. ποτίστατος (Ar. et al.); to this derivatives like συμπόσ-ιον 'bacchanalia' (Pi. Alc.), katandt-tov 'pill' (medic.), καταπότης 'throat' (H., Suid.); οἰνοποτ-άζω 'to drink wine' (Hom.). 5. καταπό-θρα [f.] '(region of the) throat' (Paul. Aeg.). B. From the full grade: πῶμα [n.] 'draught, drink, beverage' (Att.), ἔκπω-μα [n.] 'drinking ware' (IA), beside πόμα (also πρό-, κατά-, ἔκ-) [n.] 'id.' (Pi, Ion. Hell.); ἔκπωτις = ἄμπωτις (Cat. Cod. Astr.); εὔπωνος ὄμβρος: εὔποτος 'easy to drink' (H.), γακου-πώνης: ἡδυπότης 'fond of drinking' (H.). C. From the zero grade πὶ-: 1. πίστρα [f.], πῖστρα [n.pl.] 'drinks' (E. Cyc., Str.), also πισμός, πιστήρ, πιστήριον (H.); the -σ- is analogical, like in 2. πιστός 'drinkable, fluid' (A.), after χριστός acc. to Leumann Mus. Helv.14 (1957): 79, and in πιστικός 'id' (Ev. Marc. Ev. Io.); 3. Boeot. πιτεύω [v.] 'to drench, give water' with ἀ-πίτευτος 'unwatered' (Thespiae III), from a noun ntr(o)-; cf. below. Cf. Benveniste BSL 51 (1955): 29f. with litt.

    *ETYM The n-presents πίνω and mwvw have no counterparts in other IE languages,  and therefore seem to be innovations within Greek. An archaic formation is the  reduplicated present *pi-ph,-eti; cf. Skt. pibati, Lat. bibé, Olr. ibid (with the change of  initial *b- to * p- or medial *-ph,- to *-b-), but it is absent from Greek. The root also  had an aorist; cf. Skt. sg. d-pd-m < *h,e-peh,-m, and especially the imperative πῶ-θι  (beside πῖ-θι; see below) = Skt. pa-hi < *peh;-d'i. This aorist may have served as a  basis for the n-present mwvw. The perf. act. mé-mw-ka corresponds to Skt. pa-pdu <  *pe-poh,-, but may also have been created within Greek on the basis of πώνω (if not  the other way around). In addition, the widespread variation between * p(e)h,- and *p(e)h,i- presupposes the  existence of an old i-present *ph,-(e)i-; cf. OCS piti < *ph,-i-, Skt. pitd- 'drunk' <  *ph,i-to-, and further the Skt. causative pdydyati < *poh,i-éie/o-. In Greek, this  secondary root gave rise to the n-present πίνω (< *ph,i-n-()e/o-), the factitive ἔ-πι-  oa 'I gave to drink' (modeled after ἔ-στη-ν : ἔσστη-σα, ἔ-φῦν : ἔ-φῦ-σα, etc.) and the  reduplicated present m-ni-oxw, while the primary *p(e)h,- is still found in πώνω and  in nominal formations such as ποτός 'drinkable', πῶμα 'drink', etc. (cf. Skt. pd-tdr  'drinker' < *peh,-ter-, pa-na- [n.] 'drink' < *peh,-no-, Lat. péculum 'cup' < *peh,-tlo-,  etc.). It is mostly assumed that Hitt. pdas-' / pas- 'to swallow' derives from * poh,-s-ei  [3sg.]; see Kloekhorst 2008 s.v. See ▶︎ ἄμπωτις and ▶︎ πῖνον.

XXXXXπιπαλίς [f.] - ἡ παρά τισι χαλκίς, nap' ἐνίοις δὲ σαῦρα 'a migratory fish, horse- mackerel' (H.). <?> '

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXπιπ(τζω [v.] 'to beep' (Ar. Av. 306). <ONOMP

    *ETYM An onomatopoeia, like MoE beep. See ▶︎ πιπώ.

XXXXXπιπράσκομαι, -ὦ -'πέρνῃημι.

XXXXXπΐπτω [v.] 'to fall (off), drop down, fall out' (IL.). «1 *petH- 'fly, fall'>

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1196 TIM, -οῦς ΑΒE. πεσέομαι (epic Ion.), -οὔμαι (Att.), aor. πετεῖν, ἔπετον (Dor. Aeol.), πεσεῖν, ἔπεσον (IA), perf. ptc. acc. πεπτ-εῶτ᾽, -ewtac (epic), nom. -Ἰγώς (Ion.), which may also be from πτήσσω, nent-We (trag.); ind. πέπτωκα, ptc. -ωκώς (Att.).

    *COMP Very often with prefix, e.g. εἰσ-, €x-, ἐμ-, ἐπι-, KATA-, μετα-, περι-, προ-, συμ-,  ὑπο-.

    *DER 1. πότ-μος [m.] 'fate, destiny, (fate of) death' (Il. epic poet.). 2. πτῶ-μα [n.],  often prefixed (σύμ-, etc.) in different senses, 'fall, which has fallen, corpse' (Att. A.,  Hell.), whence diminutive -μάτιον (inscr. Asia Minor), -ματίς [f.] 'tumbling cup'  (Mosch. apud Ath.), -ματικός 'inclined towards falling, etc.' (Hell.), -ματίζω 'to bring  down' (Hell.) with -ματισμός [m.] 'falling sickness' (Ptol.). 3. πτῶ-σις (σύμ-, etc.) [f.]  'fall' (Hp., Att.), ia. 'throw of the die', whence as a grammatical term '(in)flectional  form, case form' (Arist.), with -σιμος 'brought down' (A.), perhaps after ἁλώσιμος;  -τικός (μετα-, etc.) 'inflectable' (gramm.). 4. πέσ-ος [n.] 'corpse' CE. [lyr.]), -ημα [n.]  'fall, which has fallen down, corpse' (trag.), see Chantraine 1933: 184; -wpa [n.]  'plunge' (vase inscr.), after πτῶμα. 5. -πετής ia. in περι-πετής 'falling down,  blundering into something', προ-πετής 'ready, rash', with nepi-, προ-πέτ-εια [f.]  (1A); also in compounds like εὐ-πετής 'turning out well, convenient, fortunate', with  -eta [f.] (IA); ▶︎ διι-πετής s.v. 6. -πτώς in ἀ-πτώς, -ὥτος 'not falling' (Pi. Pl.); also  -πτης in ἀπτης (inscr. Olympia)? On ▶︎ ποταμός, see s.v.

    *ETYM The derivational history of the different formations poses many problems. The formation πίπτω represents PIE *pi-pt-e/o- or *pi-pth,-e/o- (latter form in LIV?  s.v. *peth,-), but the origin of the vowel length (noted by Hdn. Gr. 2, 377) is unclear. Influence from pintw is usually assumed. The Schwebeablaut of πετ- with the roots  πτω-, πτῇ- in πέ-πτω-κα, πτῶ-μα, -σις, πε-πτητ-ώς (*peth, : *pte/oh,-?) is  problematic, but does not have to be old; it may be a secondary innovation within  Greek. The same is probably true for the n-present mit-vw (also -vw), which has an  anaptyctic 1 like other n-presents (e.g. ▶︎ πίτνημι). The -σ- in the JA aorist and future  is unexpected, and its origin is unclear. The whole system seems to be a specific Greek development of the old IE verb also  found in métopat 'to fly', Skt. pdtati 'to fly, fall'. Further details s.v. ▶︎ πέτομαι; cf. also  > πτήσσω and ▶︎ πίτυλος (the latter hardly belongs here).

XXXXXninw, -οῦς [f.] 'woodpecker, Picus maior and minor' (Arist. [v.ll. πίπος, ninpa, etc.], Lyc.).

    *ETYM Formation like andw, tutw, etc. (Chantraine 1933: u5f.), probably  onomatopoeic like ▶︎ πιππίζω, Skt. pippaka [f.] name of a bird. A similar bird name  πίππος or πῖπος is supposed by Ath. 9, 368f. for ἵππους. The name may well be Pre-  Greek; cf. ▶︎ πίφιγξ.

XXXXXπισάκιον [n.] - περιστόμιον 'mouth of a vessel' (H.). 42>

    *ETYM See Schmidt's edition of Hesychius.

XXXXXπισγίς, -ίδος [f.] ~ = πύξις 'box, of box-wood' (IG 11(2), 287: Β 50; 54 [Delos ITI*]). <2

    *ETYM The word is phonetically incompatible with πύξις within the Indo-European  framework. The variation of *pisg- with *puks- (*pugs-?) could point to a Pre-Greek  substrate word.

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XXXXXπίσεα [η.Ρ}.] 'humid prairies' (I1.). <?>

    *DER πισεύς 'inhabitant of low terrains' (Theocr. 25, 201).

    *ETYM Has been compared with Steph. Byz. Πῖσα' πόλις kal κρήνη τῆς Ὀλυμπίας. Chadwick Minos 9 (1968): 64 reconstructs *ITiofa on the basis of Mycenaean facts.

XXXXXπίσος [m.] 'pea, Pisum arvense' (com., Thphr.).

    *VAR Also -ov [n.].

    *DER πίσινος 'made out of peas' (Ar.).

    *ETYM LW from an unknown source. Lat. pisum is identical, probably as a loan from  Greek (cf. WH s.v.).

XXXXXπῖσος [n.] 'meadows, pastures' (Y 9 = ζ 124, Call. Fr. anon. 57, A. R. 1, 1266).

    *VAR  Only plur. ▶︎ πίσεα.

    *ETYM No certain etymology. Traditionally analyzed as *ni5-coc, related to ▶︎ πῖδαξ,  > πιδύω, etc; this is rejected by Fur: 260% and 254'', who takes the alternation 5/o to  point to Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXπίσσα [f.] 'pitch' (I1.).

    *VAR Att. πίττα.

    *COMP E.g. πισσο-, πιττο-κοπέω 'to besmear, depilate with pitch' (Att. inscr., com.,  Thphr.), κηρό-πισσος [f.] 'mix of wax and pitch' (Hp.).

    *DER 1. Diminutive πισσάριον [n.] (medic.); 2. Several adj. (Att. forms are not  separately indicated): πισσ-ηρός (Hp.), -ἤρης (A.), -tvog (Att.), -ἤἥεις (Nic.) 'pitchy';  -wdn¢ 'pitch-like' (Arist, Thphr.); -ίτης (οἶνος) 'tasting like pitch' (Str.); 3. Verbs  πισσ-όω, πιττ-όω, -dopat 'to besmear, depilate (oneself) with pitch' (since IV*),  whence -wotc, -ωτής, -ωτός (Hell.); also -ίζω [v.] 'to taste like pitch' (sch.); *-4w in πίσσᾶσις [f.] 'a pitching over' (Epid. IV*).

    *ETYM Old designation of pitch and resin, an inherited word also retained in Lat. and  in Slav. The oldest form is Lat. pix, pic-is [f.] < IE *pik-; thence, Greek derived πίσσα  with a suffix ta, like in νῆσσα, μυῖα, etc. Slavic shows a suffix -l-, eg. CS pokols, OCS

XXXXXpocels [m.]. As a loan, the word has spread further: from Lat. pix to Germanic, e.g. OHG peh, from Gm. to Lith. pikis, Ru. pek, etc. (Pok. 794). Another option is to connect ▶︎ πίτυς.

XXXXXπιστάκη [f.] 'pistachio tree' (Alciphr.). <LW Iran.

    *DER Motaxtov (also βιστ-, ψιττ-, pitt-) [n.] 'pistachio' (Nic., Posidon., Dsc.).

    *ETYM Foreign word of Oriental origin; cf. MoP pista 'pistachio (nut). On the suffix  -(a)k-, see Chantraine 1933: 376.

XXXXXπίστις, πιστός --'πειθομαι.

XXXXXπῖσυγγος [m.] 'shoemaker' (Sapph., Alex. Aet., Herod., com. apud Poll.). «ΡΟ(5)»

    *VAR  Also -co-. See below on meco-/TT-.

    *DER -ὕγγιον [n.] 'shoemaking' (com. apud Poll., Hdn. Gr.). Besides πέσσυμπτον'  oxvteiov 'shoemaker's workshop' and πεσσύπτη: oxvted<t>pta 'female shoemaker  (HL). Cf. πεττύκια [n. pl.] 'small pieces of leather' (Moer.).

    *ETYM A Pre-Greek word (Fur.: 357), as revealed by the suffix -vyy-.

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πίσυνος --'πείθομαι.

XXXXXπίσυρες '-'τέσσαρες.

XXXXXπιτεύω 'to drench, give water'. -' πίνω.

XXXXXπιττάκιον [n.] 'writing table, leaflet, note, letter, label, etc.', also 'list of members, society' (Dinol., Plb., Hell., pap. and inscr.). «τῶν Thrac.?>

    *COMP πιττακι-άρχης [m.] 'chairman of the society'.

    *DER Diminutive -ἰδιον [n.] and -ίζω 'to label' (pap.).

    *ETYM Origin unknown; Friedmann 1937: siff. assumes that the word came from  Thracia via Lesbos (cf. Ilittaxoc). Both πίσσα (Bq) and πεττύκια (s.v. ) are  unrelated. Borrowed as Lat. pittacium.

XXXXXπίτυλος [m.] 'stroke of an oar', metaph. 'rhythmical, heavy beat, attack, etc.' (trag.). <?>

    *DER πιτυλεύω [v.] 'to make a stroke with an oar', also metaph. (Ar. V. 678, Com. Adesp. 3 D.), -ίζω 'id? (Gal.).

    *ETYM No etymology. The connection with πίπτω, πέτομαι (favored by DELG) does  not convince. Cf. on ▶︎ πίτῦρα.

XXXXXπίτῦρα [n.pl.] 'husks of corn, bran', also metaph. = 'bran-like rash, sediment' (Hp., D., Thphr.).

    *VAR Rarely -ov [sg.].

    *DER πιτῦρ-ίς (also -t¢) [f.] 'bran-colored olive' (Call.), -ἰας [m.] 'bread baked of bran'  (Gal., Poll.), -itng (ἄρτος) 'id.' (Philem. gloss. apud Ath., Gal.), -ὦδης 'bran-like'  (Ηρ. Thphr.), -όομαι [v.] 'to suffer from pituriasis' (Hp.), -ίζω [v.] 'to have bran on  oneself (pap.), with -topia [n.] 'scab' (Hdn. Gr.); -iactc [f.] 'bran, scab' (medic.), from  "πάω, cf. ψωρίασις etc. On the PN Πιτυρεύς see BoShardt 1942: 119.

    *ETYM Formation like λέπῦρον, but without a certain explanation. Dissimilation  from "πύτῦρον has been assumed (cf. Schwyzer: 258, Specht KZ 61 (1934): 277 ff),  with a root etymology connecting Lat. putus 'clean', putdre 'to purify, etc.', Skt. pavate 'to purify', of grain and other things, pdvana- [n.] 'winnow, sieve'; this is  highly unlikely. In favor of connection with τάτυλος, Thumb KZ 36 (1900): 180  adduced semantic parallels. Note the synonymous glosses πήτεα: πίτυρα, πητῖται-  πιτύρι«ν»οι ἄρτοι (H.), which are connected with πῆν, ▶︎ πάσσω. Because of its -ἰ-,  πίτυρα cannot be combined with these, unless we assume substrate origin. The same  is suggested by the suffix -ῦρ- (Fur.: 262). Cf. ▶︎ πτύον.

XXXXXπίτυς, -υος [f.] 'pine, fir, spruce' (Hom., Hdt., Thphr.). «ΡΟ»

    *VAR Epic dat.pl. -vootv.

    *COMP Some compounds, e.g. πιτυο-κάμπη [f.] 'pine caterpillar' (Dsc.), χαμαί-πιτυς  [f.] plant name (Nic., Dsc.), see Strémberg 1940: 61f., 109.

    *DER Diminutive πιτύ-διον [n.] (Plin, Theognost.), πιτυ-ίς, -idog [f.] 'pine seed'  (Dsc.), -tvoc 'made of pinewood' (Hp. Thphr.), -ώδης 'rich in pines' (Alcm,, Str.);  -ovoa (v.l. -οὔσσαλ [f.] 'kind of milkweed, Euphorbia' (Dsc.), on the formation see  Strémberg 1940: 43; -οῦσσαι [f.pl.] name of a group of islands on the Spanish coast;

===Pag_1250: Beekes_Página_1250.tiff=== XXXXXπλαγγών 1199 -00¢, -odvtog [m.] name of a town on the Black Sea (Str.), -eva [f.] town in Mysia (B 829), -ασσος [f.] town in Pisidia (Str.); cf. von Blumenthal ZONF 13 (1937): 155 and 158.

    *ETYM πίτυς resembles Lat. pinus [f.] 'fir, pine' and Alb. pishé 'fir, pine', both with an  unclear basis and, on the other hand, Skt. pituddru-, pitvdru- [m.] tree name  (extensive treatment in Mayrhofer EWAia 2: 137f.). Benveniste BSL 51 (1955): 2off. argued against the procedure of collecting all kinds of phonetically similar forms that  should be kept separate semantically (e.g. ▶︎ πίων, »ttivw, ▶︎ πίτυς, etc.). Fur.: 260  compares the toponyms Πισύη = Πιτύη (St. Byz.) and concludes that the word is  Pre-Greek; not very certain.

XXXXXπιφαύσκω —pPaos.

XXXXXπίφιγξ [?] name of an unknown bird (Arist. Ant. Lib., EM), acc. to H. = κορυδαλλός 'lark'; also πιφαλλίς (after kopu-Sal dic?) (H.).

    *VAR Also -φιξ, -φηξ.

    *ETYM Probably an onomatopoeia, and as such comparable to ▶︎ πιπ(τθίζω, ▶︎ πιπώ;  the suffixation is reminiscent of instances such as σάλπιγξ, πέρδιξ, etc., and the  morphological variation between ~§ and -ty& strongly points to Pre-Greek origin. For further details, cf. Chantraine 1933: 397ff., 382 and Thompson 1895 sv. ▶︎ πιφαλλίς.

XXXXXπίφρημι [v.] 'to let in, bring in, out, or through', intr. 'to intrude, come in, etc.' (com., E., also Th., D., Arist., Plb.).

    *VAR  Only inf. ἐσ-πιφράναι (Arist.), beside -ppéw in εἰσ-έφρουν (D.), -εφρούμην  (E.). Otherwise only future and aorist forms, always with prefix, especially eio- (ἐπ-  εἰσ-, etc.) and éx-, but also dia- and ἀπο-: εἰσ-, éx-, δια-φρήσω; ἀπο-, εἰσ-, ἐξ-  Epproa, ἐκ-φρησθῆναι; also (ἐτι-)εισ-, ἐξτέφρηκα with subj. ἐπ-εσ-φρῶ, ptc. ért-e10-  φρείς, inf. εἰσ-φρῆναι (for -ppeivai? H.), ipv. ἔκ-φρες (Ar. V. 162 with Buttmann;  codd. éx@epe); to this ipf. ἐξ-εφρίομεν (Ar. V. 125), for -eppieuev?

    *ETYM The verb primarily occurs in the future and aorist, presentic formations being  scant and secondary. Thus, εἰστέφρουν, -εφρούμην is modeled after the type  ἐφίλουν, the hapax ἐσ-πιφράναι after ἱστάναι, πι(μ)πλάναι, etc. This infinitive, then,  can hardly be based on a conjectured ipl. *mi-ppa-uev corresponding to Skt. bibhymds (pace e.g. Pok. 128). Most probably, the verb is to be analyzed as from  *mpo-inpu, the aspiration being taken on by the initial τί after the loss of ὁ (cf. on  > φροῦρος). This process probably took place in the aorist forms: -φρήσω, -ἔ-φρηκα  continuing -πρ(ο)-ἤσω, -πρ(ο)-ἧκα. Hence, the reduplicated present developed.

XXXXXπίων

    *VAR Fem. πίειρα. = πῖαρ.

XXXXXπλάγγος [m.] name ofa kind of eagle (Arist; vl. πλάνος), plancus (Plin.).

    *ETYM Frisk assumes derivation from πλάζομαι 'to wander about', which is not  evident. The word may well be Pre-Greek (Fur.: 122).

XXXXXπλαγγών [f.] 'wax figure, wax doll' (Call. Cer. 91). 43»

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    *DER πλαγγόνιον [n.] 'kind of ointment' (Polem. Hist. apud Ath. 15, 690e, Sosib.,  Poll.).

    *ETYM Etymology unknown. According to Polem., wAayyovov was named after the  discoverer Πλαγγών; Frisk wonders whether the noun πλαγγών has the same origin,  but on the whole, the semantic gap between 'wax figure' and 'salve' is hardly big  enough to justify etymological separation of the two words.

XXXXXπλάγιος [adj.] 'oblique, athwart, sloping; crooked', τὰ πλάγια 'the sides, flanks' (Pi., 1A). The sense 'horizontal', misleadingly given as the first mg. by Frisk, must derive from 'transverse'.

    *COMP E.g. πιλαγιό-καυλος 'with side stalks', (Thphr.), see Stromberg 1937: 108f.,  παρα-πλάγιος 'sideways, oblique' (Thphr.).

    *DER πλαγι-άζω [v.] 'to turn amiss, sideward; to lead astray' (LXX, Ph., Plu.) with  -ασμός [m.] 'lateral direction, aberrance' (Epicur.); -6w 'id.' (X.), with -wotc (H.) as  an explanation of λόξωσις; further also πλάγος [n.] 'side' (Tab. Heracl.).

    *ETYM Ostensibly from QIE '*plg-iHo-, but the non-laryngeal root of this  reconstruction is incompatible with supposed cognates like ▶︎ πέλαγος 'sea' < *pelh.g-  o- (should this word be related). In view of Gm. correspondences such as OHG flah  'flat', OS flaka [f.] 'sole of the foot' (further cf. ON fldki [m)]., OE fic [n.] 'flounder'),  presupposing *plog- or *plag-, it may be proposed to reconstruct πλάγιος as *plag-. Since PIE did not have a phoneme *a, the word may be from a European substrate. The variant ▶︎ πλάξ, -ακός [f.], too, can be understood from this perspective. However, unlike for ▶︎ πλάξ, the semantic side of this connection is not evident. As Van Beek suggests (p.c.), a semantically better connection would be that with  > πλάζω 'to lead astray' and perhaps > ἀμπλακίσκω 'id.', in which case the group may  be from Pre-Greek *(a)"pla"k-. Cf. on ▶︎ πλήσσω and ▶︎ πλάζω.

XXXXXπλαδαρός [adj.] 'damp, watery, spongy, soft, flaccid, tasteless' (Hp, A. R., Dsc.).

    *DER πλαδαρ-ότης [f.] 'flaccidity' (Epicur.), -dopat [v.] 'to become soft' (Aq.), -ωσις  [f.] (medic.), -wpa [n.] (Suid.). Further πλαδάω [v.] 'to be watery, soft' (Hp., Arist.,  Ph.) with -notc [f.] (Sor; also -ωσις [f.] (Aét.), as if from *-dw; πλάδος [m.]  'dampness, sponginess' with -ώδης (Hp.), -όεις (sch.); πλάδη [f.] 'id' (Emp.),  perhaps a back-formation from πλαδάω.

    *ETYM Unclear word, found especially in medical literature; an apparent derivational  pattern emerges from πλαδ-αρός : -dw : -ος and the semantically close rhyming  words κλαδ-αρός : -dw : -ος, μαδ-αρός : -άω : -ος; also ῥυπ-αρός : -άω : -ος (see  Chantraine 1933: 227). Clearly, several words that were originally more dissimilar  influenced each other formally, semantically, or both. As a result, it is risky to  reconstruct the original form of πλαδ-αρός. Lith. peldéti 'to swim' (cf. Fraenkel 1955:  565) < IE *peld- comkes into consideration, but hardly Lith. pilti 'to pour' < *plh,-,  ▶︎ πλέω, or even ▶︎ πολύς. Alternatively, we may consider ἃ Pre-Greek origin for the  word.

XXXXXπλαδδιάω [v.] 'to babble' vel sim. (Lacon.); cf. πλαδεδριῇ: ματαΐζει, σοβαρεύεται 'to speak folly, act pompous' (H.). «?»

===Pag_1252: Beekes_Página_1252.tiff=== XXXXXπλανάομαι, -ἄω 1201

    *VAR Only inf. πλαδδιῆν and ipv. τιλαδδίη (Ar. Lys. 171 and 990).

    *ETYM Perhaps modeled after verbs in -ἰάω designating diseases (Schwyzer: 732), but  at any rate onomatopoeic; cf. MLG pladderen 'to babble'.

XXXXXπλάζω, -ομαι [v.] 'to make devious, repel, dissuade from the right path, bewilder', med.pass. 'to become devious, go astray, wander about' (Il.). < PG?>

    *VAR Aor. πλάγξαι, pass. πλαγχθῆναι, fut. πλάγξομαι.

    *COMP Also with napa-, ἀπο-, etc.

    *DER τίλαγκτός 'devious, mad, bewildered' (φ 363, epic poet.), Πλαγκταί [{Ρ].] (scil. πέτραι) (μ 61, etc.), meaning not quite clear; πλαγκτο-σύνιη [f.] 'wandering about' (0  343, Nonn.); πλαγκ-τύς, -ύος [f.] 'id' (Call.); -τήρ [m.] epithet of Dionysus (AP),  'confuser' or 'wanderer', -telpa ἀτραπιτός 'zodiac' (Hymn. Is.). Appurtenance of  ▶︎ πλάγγος is uncertain.

    *ETYM Usually connected as *plang-ie/o- with Lat. plangé 'to hit', Go. faiflokun  'ἐκόπτοντο᾽ (cf. Pok. 832-833) < IE *pleh.g-. The shortness of the a is unexpected,  however, as *plh.g- should have given **1Any-; in principle, it is conceivable that it  spread from forms with a nasal infix by Osthoff's law, ie. *tAG@yy- > *mAdyy-. Frisk  points at the formal agreement between πλάγξαι, πλαγκτός, and Lat. planxi,  planctus. However, the semantics of the Latin verb are different, 'to beat (the breast)' > 'to  bewail', and it is probably rather related to πλήσσω. It is not evident at all that the  meaning 'to drive off course' derives from 'to beat'; rather, πλήσσω and πλάζω  influenced each other both semantically and formally. Van Beek (p.c.) suggests that  πλάζω is related to ἀμπλακίσκω as a Pre-Greek word *(a)"pla"k-, to which πλάγιος  may perhaps also be connected.

XXXXXπλάθανον [n.] 'cake mold or form' (Theoc., Nic.). 4 PG>

    *COMP Synthetic compounds like κορο-πλάθος [m.] 'one who forms feminine  figures, doll modeller' (Pl, Isoc.).

    *DER τιλαθανίτας ἄμυλος 'cake baked in a mold' (Philox. 3, 17; not quite certain);

XXXXXπλαθά [f.] 'image, εἰκών᾽ (Dor. in Plu.).

    *ETYM See ▶︎ πλάσσω.

XXXXXπλᾶθω 'to approach' (Dor.).

    *ETYM See & πέλας.

XXXXXπλαίσιον [n.] 'long quadrangle, rectangle, rectangular frame' (Att.). «τὰν Lyd.>

    *DER πλαισιόομαι [v.] 'to be put into a πλαίσιον᾽ (Delos).

    *ETYM No relation with the synonymous πλιν-θίον (pace Frisk), but a direct loan  from Lyd. bAaso /pl'as'o/ 'socle'. This word is related to Hitt. palzah(h)a-, palzasha-  'pedestal, a flat base for statues', which Kloekhorst 2008: 623 reconstructs as *pith,-  sh,o- (cf. Gr. πλατύς). Fur: 260 also appropriately adduces πλάτας 'basis of a tomb'  (inscr. Patara), which is very likely to be of Anatolian origin.

XXXXXπλανάομαι, -dw [v.] 'to go astray, wander, go about, sway'; 'to lead astray, lead around, deceive' ('¥ 321). <?>

    *VAR Fut. πλανήσομαι, -ηθήσομαι, aor. -ηθῆναι, perf. πεπλάνημαι.

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    *COMP Also with περι-, ἀπο-, etc.

    *DER 1. πλάν-ημα [n.] 'straying, going astray' (A. S.), -ησις [f.] 'leading astray,  suggesting' (Th.), ἀπο- 'wandering' (Pl., LXX); a very common back-formation is 2.

XXXXXπλάνη [f.] 'extravagating, (pointless) wandering about, odyssey, mistake' (IA); 3. πλάνης, -ητος [m.] 'who wanders around, wanderer', also 'wandering star, planet' (Scherer 1953: 4of.), medic. 'unstable temperature', [adj.] 'wandering' (IA); thence enlarged πλαν-ήτης, Dor. -άτας [m.] 'id' (γὰρ. etc.), -ῆτις [{1 (Lyc.) with -ητικός 'infiltrating, misleading' (Str., sch.), -ητεύω [v.] 'to wanderabout' (AB). From πλανάῳ probably also the back-formation 4. πλάνος [m.] = πλάνη, also 'tramp, vagabond, deceiver', as an adjective 'errant, misleading' (trag., Pl), with πλαν-ὦδης 'inconstant, irregular, sliding away' (medic.), -ἰος 'wandering about' (AP); also ἀπόπλαν-ος, -ίας; περιπλάν-ιος, -in (AP et al.). 5. Opaque formation πλα-νύττω 'to wander about' (Ar. Av. 3); 6. As a second member very often -πλανής and -πλανος, -πλάνος, e.g. ἀ-πλανής (ἀστήρ) 'fixed star' (PL, Arist.), ἁλί-πλανος 'wandering the sea' (Opp.), λαο-πλάνος 'leading the people astray' (J.).

    *ETYM Uncertain etymology. Perhaps a thematization of a nasal present *pi-néh,-ti,  *pl-nh,-énti > **nAavac. **nAavavat, corresponding to the IE root *pleh,- 'broad,  flat' (cf. Lat. planus), but the semantics are highly problematic. Borrowed as Lat.

XXXXXplanus [m.] 'tramp', planétae [f.pl.] 'planets, εἰς, impland, -dre 'to seduce' (= πλανάω). The meaning strongly recalls ▶︎ πλάζω, but it is hard to think of a formal connection. ' NAGE, -ακός [f.] 'plane, plain, surface of a sea, a mountain' (Pi, trag.), 'flat stone, board, table' (Hell.). <?>

    *COMP As a second member probably in ▶︎ δίπλαξ (see s.v. and Fraenkel 1910: 37°),  and τρί-πλαξ.

    *DER 1. Diminutive πλακ-ίον [n.] (Troezen IV*), -ἰς: κλινίδιον 'small couch' (H.). 2. -ἀς [f.] 'floor of a wine cellar' (pap. II?). 3. -itag ἄρτος 'flat cake' (Sophr.), -ἴτις [f.]  'kind of calamine or alum' (Gal.). 4. Adjective -epdc 'flat' (Theoc.), -όεις 'id.' (Ὁ. P.),  τινος 'made of marble slabs' (inscr.), -ὥδης 'overdrawn with panes, a crust' (Arist.). 5. πλακ-οῦς, -οὔντος (from -όεις) [m.] '(flat) cake' (com., etc.), with -obvt-tov, -ἰκός. -tvoc, -ἄς, etc. 6. MAaK-6w [v.] 'to cover with slabs of marble' (Syria), with -ωσις [f.]  (Asia Minor), -ωτή [f.] 'kind of calamine' (Dsc.). 7. TN: Πλάκος [m.] part of Mount  Ida (Il.), with ὑποπλάκοιος (Z 397), -ος (Str.); Πλακίη [f.] name of a Pelasgian colony  on the Propontis (Hdt.), with πλακιανόν [n.] a kind of eyesalve (Aét.).

    *ETYM Apparently from a root noun '*plk-s; cf. (with different vocalism) Latv. plakt  'to become flat', plaka [f.] 'low lying place, plain', ON flaga [f.] 'thin layer, flatness' <  * plok-eh,-; possibly directly related to a Germanic root noun with lengthened grade:  ON fd, pl. fleer [f.] 'layer, stratum'< *plok-s, *plok-es; perhaps also OHG fluoh,  MoHG Filiiche, Swi. Fluh [f.] 'rockwall'. From πλακοῦς, -obvtos came Lat. placenta 'a  kind of flat cake' (phonetic details unclear). Beside *plk-, we also find *plg- in  ▶︎ πλάγιος, *pld'- in ▶︎ πλάσσω, and *plh,- in ▶︎ παλάμη. It is uncertain whether any of  these is related. The connection with ▶︎ πέλαγος is doubtful.

===Pag_1254: Beekes_Página_1254.tiff=== XXXXXπλάστιγξ, -ἰγγος 1203 -πλάσιος «ΝΑᾺ in δι-, τρι-, πολλα-πλάσιος etc., late Att. Hell. -πλασίων. -"διπλάσιος.

XXXXXπλάσσω [v.] 'to knead, form, mold, shape (a soft mass); to think up, imagine, pretend' (Hes.). < PG2>

    *VAR Att. -ttw, fut. πλάσω, aor. tAdo(o)at (Hes.), pass. πλασθῆναι, perf. πέπλασμαι  (1A), act. πέπλακα (Hell.).

    *COMP Very often with prefix in different senses, eg. κατα-πλάσσῳ 'to spread,  besmear', ἐμ-πλάσσω 'to smear, stop up' (cf. below).

    *DER Action nouns: 1. πλάσμα [n.] 'forming, formation, fiction' (IA) with -patiag  [m.] 'fictional', -ματώδης 'id' (Arist.), -ματικός 'id' (5. E); gu, ἐπί-, κατά-πλασμα  [n.] 'plaster' (medic.). 2. πλάσις (ἀνά-, κατά-, etc.) [f.] 'forming, formation,  figuration (Hp., Arist.). 3. ἀνα-πλασμός [m.] 'figuration' (Plu.), μετα-πλασ-μός [m.]  'transformation' (gramm.), etc. 4. κατα-πλαστύς [f.] 'besmearing' (Hdt. 4, 175). Agent and instrument nouns: 5. πλάστης [m.] 'former, molder, maker' (Pl.), often in  synthetic compounds, eg. κηρο-πλάστης [m.] 'modeller in wax (PI.), with -éw  (Hp.), etc; πλάσ-τις (Ael.), -τειρα (Orph., API), -tpia (Theol.Ar.). 6. πλάστρον [n.]  'earring' (Att. inscr., etc.), ἔμπλασ-τρον [n.], -tpoc [f.] 'ointment' or 'plaster' (Dsc.,  Gal., pap.). Adjectives: 7. πλαστός 'formed, shaped, thought up' (Hes.), gunAao-tov [n.], -tog [f.]  'ointment, plaster' (Hp.); πλαστή [f.] 'clay wall' (pap.) with περι-, συμ-πλαστεύω [v.]  'to surround, construct with 1', πλαστευτής [m.] 'builder of a 1. (pap.). 8. πλαστικός (προσ-, Ev-, dva-) 'suitable for forming, plastic' (Ρ]... Directly from the verbal root 9. πλάθ-ανον [n.] 'cake mold or form' (Theoc., Nic.),  πλάθανίτας ἄμυλος 'cake baked in a mold' (Philox. 3, 17; not quite certain); πλαθά  [f.] 'image, εἰκών᾽ (Dor. in Plu.); synthetic compounds like κορο-πλάθος [m.] 'one  who forms feminine figures, doll modeller' (Pl, Isoc.).

    *ETYM From ἔπλαθ-ίω < QIE *pld'-ie/o-. The stem *pld'- cannot be Indo-European,  however, because roots with both plain stops and voiced aspirates were not allowed. It has been considered an inner-Greek innovation, comparable to formations such as  πλή-θω, Bpi-8w, etc. (Schwyzer: 703). However, since the verb shows no traces of a  laryngeal, it cannot be (directly) related to the group of *pelh,- 'broad', e.g. παλάμη,  OHG folma 'palm of the hand' < *pélh,-m, *plh,-m-6s, *plh,-ém-m, Lat. planus 'flat <  *plh,-no-, etc. (pace e.g. Pok. 805ff.). Perhaps, however, this root became conflated  with that of Gr. πλατύς, Skt. prthi- 'flat < *plth,-u-. From ἔμπλαστρον was  borrowed Lat. emplastrum, whence MoFr. emplatre, etc.; also, MLat. plastrum  'plaster', MoFr. pldtre, OHG pflastar, etc. The word may well be Pre-Greek, both due to the lack of etymology and in view of  the anomalous root structure.

XXXXXπλάστιγξ, -tyyos [f.] 'scales' (Att), also 'disk of the kottabos-standard' (Critias, Hermipp.), metaph. 'oyster shell' (Opp.}, 'horse-collar', which hangs from the wood of the yoke, like the scales from the weigh-bridge (E. Rh. 303), also (plur.) 'surgical splints' (Hippiatr.). .

    *VAR  πλήστιγγες [pl.] 'id' (Ηρ. apud Gal. 19, 131).

===Pag_1255: Beekes_Página_1255.tiff===

, -ῆσαι

    *ETYM From ἃ stem πλαστ- (the hapax πλήστιγ-γες points to a root variant "πλᾶστ-  with a long vowel, but the evidentiality of this form is limited) plus the suffix -tyy-  (Chantraine 1933: 398ff., Schwyzer: 498). The etymological base of the word is not  clear. Formally there is no reason to disconnect the word from ▶︎ πλάσσω 'to knead,  mold' < *pld"-ie/o-, but this linkage is not evident on the semantic side. The same  holds true for the connection with IE *plth,- as in πλατύς 'flat'. In view of the suffix  -tyy-, it therefore seems better to assume a Pre-Greek origin (not in Furnée).

XXXXXπλαταγέω, -ῆσαι [v.] 'to rattle, crash, clap (one's hands) (¥ 102 συμπλατάγησεν ἰν.. -πατ-], Hell. poet.).

    *COMP Also with ovv-, ὑπο-, etc. %,

    *DER πλατάγ-ημα [n.] 'bang' (Theoc.). Also πλαταγεή [f.] 'rattle, steed' (Hellanic.,  Pherecyd., Arist, A. R.), τών 'id? (sch. Theoc.), -aviov [n.] 'broad petal of the poppy  or anemone' (Theoc.), -wvioac: ἀποληκυθίσας καὶ ψοφήσας 'having declaimed in a  hollow voice, made a noise' (H.). Cf. πλατάσσω = -ayéw (Suid.).

    *ETYM It has been suggested that the verb (onomatopoeia?) is a conflation of  > natayéw and πλήσσω (Giintert 1914: 120f.), but this is questionable. The word may  well be Pre-Greek (not in Fur.). See ▶︎ πλατυγίζω.

XXXXXπλάτανος [f.] 'plane tree' (Ar., Pl, Thphr.). «ΡΟ»

    *VAR Lat. platanista [m.] name of a great dolphin in the Ganges (Plin.); cf. Thompson 1947 s.v. πλατανιστής.

    *DER πλαταν-ών, -@voc [m.] 'plane grove' (Dsc.), -tov [n.] 'kind of apple, like the  plane's fruit' (Diph. Siph.). Also early πλατάνιστος [f.] 'id' (B 307 and 310, Hdt.,  Theoc.) with -ἰστοῦς, -οὔντος [m.] 'plane grove' (Thgn.), Lacon. -ιστάς (-ἰστᾶς),  dat. -tota 'id' (Paus.), -iotivoc attribute of an apple (Gal.).

    *ETYM The word has been derived from ▶︎ πλατύς (etc.), under the assumption that  the tree was named after its broad leaves or flat patches of bark (Stromberg 1940: 39,  Chantraine 1933: 199f.). This etymology must be rejected in view of the opaque  derivation of the oldest attested form πλατάνιστος. Instead, we may assume that the  name of this Asiatic and South-East European tree was borrowed from Pre-Greek,  and only secondarily became associated with ▶︎ πλατύς.

XXXXXπλάταξ, -ακος [m.] Alexandrian name of the fish κορακῖνος, 'Sciaena nigra, brown meagre' (Ath. 7, 309a). < PGP

    *DER πλατάκιον [n.] 'id, (pap. II-III).

    *ETYM Frisk refers to Athenaeus's comment that the fish was named after its  considerable size, i.e. 'ἀπὸ tod περιέχοντος", and therefore connects it to ▶︎ πλατύς. Since, however, -ax- is one of the most common Pre-Greek suffixes, the word is  probably Pre-Greek as well. Furthermore, there is mAatiotaxoc (-κός) [m.],  according to Dorio apud Ath. 3, 118c the greatest kind of the fish called μύλλος;  however, according to Parmeno ibd. 7: 308f., it is synonymous with σαπέρδης and  κορακῖνος; metaph. = τὸ γυναικεῖον αἰδοῖον (H., Phot.).

XXXXXπλᾶτις, -t50¢ [f.] 'wife' (Ar., Lyc.). τ πέλας, πελάζω.

===Pag_1256: Beekes_Página_1256.tiff=== XXXXXπλέθρον 1205

XXXXXπλατυγίζω [v.] 'to slosh the water with one's wings; to splash', also metaphorically of idle noise (A., Eub.).

    *ETYM Distortion of πλαταγέω (*-yitw) under the influence of πλατύς or otherwise  πτερυγίζω.

XXXXXπλατύς 1 [adj.] 'wide, broad, flat, level' (Il.). «IE *pleth.- 'broad'>

    *COMP Often as a first member, e.g. mAaTb-@vAAog 'broad-leaved' (Arist., Thphr.).

    *DER πλατύτης [f.] 'width, breadth' (Hp., X.); πλατύνω [v.] 'to widen, make broad'  (X,, Arist.), also with Sia-, év- etc, with mAdt-vopa (-vpua) [n.] 'dish, brick, etc?  (Herod., Hero, pap.), τυσμός [m.] 'broadening' (Arist., LXX). Also πλατεῖον [n.]  'board, table' (Plb.), after the instrument nouns in -eiov; from πλατεῖα (χείρ, φωνή  etc.): πλατειάζω [v.] 'to blow with the flat of the hand' (Pherecr.), 'to pronounce  broadly' (Theoc.). Several additional formations: πλάτος [n.] 'width, breadth, size' (Simon., Emp., Hdt.,  Ar.) with ἀ-πλατής 'without breadth' (Arist.); πλατ-ικός (v1. -ὐκός) 'concerning the  width, breadth, exhaustive, extensive' (Vett. Val, comm. Arist.); cf. γεν-ικός to  γένος. πλαταμών, -ὥνος [m.] 'flat stone, ledge of rock, flat beach, εἴς. (h. Merc. 128, Hell.),  with -αμώδης 'flat? (Arist.). πλάτη [f] 'blade of an oar, oar', metonymic 'ship', also  'shoulder blade' (trag., Arist.), usually ὠμο-πλάτη (Hp.); πλάτης, Dor. -ἂς [m.]  'pedestal of a gravestone' (inscr. Asia Minor, cf. γύης, πόρκης); πλάτιγξ- τῆς κώπης  τὸ ἄκρον 'the end of a handle' (H.). TN Πλάταια (B 504 et al.), usually plur. -ai [f.]  (1A) town in Boeotia, with -αιίς, -αιεῖς, etc. change of accent like in ▶︎ ἄγυια : -ai.

    *ETYM Identical to Skt. prthu-, Av. paraOu- 'wide, broad' < PIE *plth,-u- (for πλάτος,  cf. βάρος vs. ▶︎ βαρύς); πλαταμών corresponds to Skt. prathi-man- {m.] 'extension,  breadth' < *pl(e)th,-mon-; notably, the TN Πλάταια matches Skt. prthivi- [f.] 'earth',  W Llydau 'Brittany' < *plth,u-ih,, Other relevant formations outside Greek are Arm. lain, Olr. lethan, MW Ilydan 'broad' < *plth.-no-, and the verb Skt. prathati 'to  extend' < *pléth,-eti.

XXXXXπλατύς 2 [adj.] 'salty' (Hdt. 2, 108 [πόματα], Arist. Mete. 358f. [bSwp, bSata]).

    *ETYM No doubt due to erroneous interpretation of πχατὺς Ἑλλήσποντος (Hom: cf. A. Pers. 875) the 'broad Hellespont' as the 'salty Hellespont', because the epithet  'broad' was perceived as inapproprate. In Hdt. 7, 35, the Hellespont is characterized  as θολερός te καὶ ἁλμυρὸς ποταμός 'muddy and salty river' (Heubeck Glotta 37  (1958): 258ff.).

XXXXXπλέθρον [n.] measure of length of 100 feet, square measure of 10000 square feet (1A); later (Plu.) = Lat. iugerum; also 'race-track' (Syrac.).

    *VAR πέλεθρον (Hom., also Delph. and Corc.).

    *COMP As a second member in e.g. ἀ-πέλεθρος 'immeasurable' (Hom., Nonn.), δί-  πλεθρος 'measuring two πλ.᾽, τον [n.] 'length or area of a mA, (Hell.). -ia [f.] 'id'  (Corc.).

    *DER πλεθρ-ιαῖος 'measuring one mA.' (X, Pl.). -ἰον (n.] designation of part of the  Gymnasia in Olympia (Paus., Luc.), τίζω [v.] 'to measure, spread oneself over sth'  vel sim. (Thphr. Char. 23, 2), also éx- (Gal.), with -iopa = δρόμημα (H., Phot.).

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    *ETYM Etymology unclear, in spite of attempts to derive the word from πίμπλημι 'to  fill or πέλομαι 'to turn'. On the variation πέλεθρον : πλέθρον, cf. Schwyzer: 259 and  Szemerényi 1964: 214f, who takes πλέθρον as a Greek syncope of πέλεθρον. Fur.: 152  adduces βλέθρον (inscr. Thespiae, LSJ 1414), a form that further complicates the  issue. In all likelihood, a foreign word (Hermann IF 34: 340).

XXXXXπλείων [adj.] compar. 'more, longer, larger' (Hom.). <1E *pleh,- 'full'>

    *VAR Also πλέων, ntr. πλεῖον, πλέον (IL), epic. Aeol. plur. also mAéec, Cret. πλίες, etc. (additional forms in Seiler 1950: 113, Schwyzer: 5375; cf. also below); superl. πλεῖστος  (11) 'most, the longest, the greatest'. ;

    *COMP As a first member in e.g. the compounds mAcov-et-ia [f.] 'greed, benefit',  πλεον-εκτέω, with -έκτημα, -ἕέκτης, -εκτικός (IA), from πλέον ἔχειν, cf. εὐεξία εἴς. Ο ἔχω 1); πλειστό-μβροτος 'very rich in people' (Pi.).

    *DER From mAe(f)wv, πλέον: πλειότης [f.] 'plurality' (Theol. Ar.), πλειονότης [f.] 'the  superior length of the chord' (Nicom. Harm.); πλεον-άκις 'more often' (IA), -αχός,  -ax@¢ 'multiple, in multiple ways' (Arist.), -αχῇ 'in more respects' (PI.); -άζω [v.] 'to  have an abundance, be excessive, grow in number, increase' (IA), with -ασμός,  -acua, -ασις (Arist., Hell.). From πλεῖστος: πλειστ-άκις 'most often, very often' (IA), -αχόθεν 'from the most  (or: very many) places' (Ar.), -ἦρης 'the most (χρόνος), the longest' (A. Eu. 763),  -ηρίζομαι [v.] 'to appoint someone as the highest authority', vel sim. (A. Ch. 1029),  -ηριάζω [v.] 'to bid the highest price (in auctions), outbid' (Lys., Pl. Com., Them.),  with -πηριασμός: ὑπερθεματισμός 'overbidding' (H.).

    *ETYM The comparative πλέων and superlative πλεῖστος are to be reconstructed as  PGr. *pleihon, *pleisto- from PIE *pleh,-is-on-, * pleh,-is-to-; cf. ON fleiri 'more', fleistr  'most', Av. fraéstam 'mostly' (also Skt. prayah, Av. fratiah- 'more, much, many' <  *pleh,-io-); πλείων is analogical to πλεῖστος (cf. also μείων). The seemingly archaic forms πλέες, πλίες (see Schwyzer: 537°) are best taken as  innovations from πλέον, plur. πλέα (see Leumann Mus. Helv. 2 (1945): 1f.). Att. πλεῖν  = πλέον and Arc. πλος (πλως) 'more' is unclear; see Schwyzer: 537 and Leumann L.c. The sporadic attestations with ἡ, e.g. πλῆον (Milete, etc.), Πλήστ-αρχος (Tegea) can  hardly be interpreted as testimonies of an older situation (see Seiler 1950: 113). From the same root as ▶︎ πολύς <* polh,-u- and ▶︎ πίμπλημι < *pi-pleh,-mi.

XXXXXπλειών, -ὥνος [m.] used by hellenistic poets in the sense of 'year (cf. H.: πλειών: ὁ ἐνιαυτός. ἀπὸ τοῦ πάντας τοὺς καρποὺς τῆς γῆς συμκληροῦσθαι 'year, from its getting full with all the fruits of the earth'); the meaning in Hes. is unclear, cf. Troxler 1964: 186f (Hes. Op. 617, Call. Jov. 89, Lyc. 201, AP 6, 93, IG 9(1), 880: 16 verse inscr.).

    *ETYM Most probably with an original meaning 'full period', thence to be connected  with πλέως, epic πλεῖος 'full'. The suffix -wv- is reminiscent of the formation αἰών  (cf. Schwyzer: 488).

XXXXXπλέκω [v.] 'to braid, knit, wind, twine' (IL). 41Ε * plek- 'twine' >

    *VAR  pres.ptc. πλεγνύμενος (Opp.), aor. πλέξαι (IL), pass. πλεχθῆναι (Od.),  πλακῆναι (IA), innovation πλεκῆναι (Tim. Pers.), fut. πλέξω, pass. πλεχθήσομαι,

===Pag_1258: Beekes_Página_1258.tiff=== XXXXXπλεύμων, -ονος 1207 πλακήσομαι, perf. πέπλοχα (Ηρ., Att.), also πέπλεχα (Hp.), -exa (Call.), med.-pass. πέπλεγμαι (1A).

    *COMP P Often with prefix, especially mepi-, év(.)-, ovv-.

    *DER A. With e-grade: 1. πλεκτός (obp-, εὔ-, etc.) 'braided, knit' (Il.). 2, πλεκτή [f.]  'winding, knitwear, rope, fish trap' (A., E., Pl). 3. πλεκτάνη [f.] 'wattling, sling,  winding' (IA); enlargement of πλεκτή after δρεπάνη, etc, like βοτάνη to βοτόν  (Schwyzer: 490), with -dviov (Eub.), denominative verbs -ανάομαι (A.), -ανόομαι  (Hp.) 'to be twined around'. 4. πλέγμα (ἔμ-, σύμ-, etc.) [π.] 'plait, wattling, etc.' (IA)  with -patiov (Arist.), -ματεύεσθαι: ἐμπλέκεσθαι (H.). 5. πλέκος [n.] 'wattling,  basketwork (Ar.). 6. πλέξις (τερί-, ἔμ-, σύμ-) [f.] 'braiding, twining around, etc' (Pl,  Arist.) with -etdiov (Suid.), (περι-, συμ-)πλεκτικός 'belonging to braiding, etc. (P1). 7. πλέκτρα [n.pl.] 'wattling' (Samos IV*). 8. πλέκωμα = δράγμα (sch.). 9. ἐμπλέκ-της,  [f.] -tpia 'braider [m./f.] of hair' (gloss., EM). 10. (nepi-, ἐμ-)πλέγδην 'entwined,  interwoven' (Hell.). 1. ἀμφι-, περι-, συμ-πλεκ-ής 'id.' (Nonn., Orph.), a verbal adj,  after the s-stems, with περιπλέκ-εια [f.} (Jamb.). 12. Desiderative πλεξείω (Hdn. B. With o-grade: 1. πλόκος [m.] 'twine, lock, wreath, collar (Pi. trag.); adjectives  διά-, σύμ- (AP, Nonn.) from δια-, συμ-πλέκω; πλόκιον [n.) 'necklace' (Hell. inscr. et  al.), ἐμ- 'hair-slide, etc? (Hell), also plur. = ἑορτὴ παρὰ Ἀθηναίοις 'festival  (Athenian) (H.); πλόκο-ιμος 'suited for braiding' (Thphr.), see Stroémberg 1937: 171,  διαπλόκ-ινος 'braided' (Str.), περιπλοκ-άδην 'in a close embrace' (AP); mAok-{Copat  [v.] 'to let one's hair be braided' (Hp.). 2. πλοκή [f.] (Epich., Arist.) 'plait, fabric,  intertwining, complication, etc:, very frequently from prefixed compounds (περι-,  ἐμ- κατα-, συμ- etc.) in different senses (IA). From mAoK or πλόκος : πλοκάς [f.]  'hair plait, lock' (Pherecr.), after γενειάς, etc.; πλοκεύς [m.] 'hair braider' (Epich.,  Hp.). 3. πλόκαμος [m.] 'lock of hair' (epic poet. since £176) with -ic, -ido¢ [f.] 'id'  (Hell.), perhaps by decomposition from ἐυπλοκάμιδες Ἀχαιαί (Od.) after ἐυκνήμιδες  Ἀχαιοί beside κνημίς (leumann 1950: 122f.); πλόκαμα: τὰ περιόστεα νεῦρα 'the  sinews around the bones' (H.), -ὠδεα- τὸν οὖλον βόστρυχον 'the curling lock of hair  (H.). 4. πλόκανον [n.] 'braiding, knitwear, etc' (Pl. X.); after ξόανον, ὄργανον, etc. 5. πλοχμός, mostly plur. -oi [m.] 'locks of hair (P 52, A. R, AP), with a suffix -sto-  (Schwyzer: 493).

    *ETYM The thematic root present πλέκω < *plek-e/o- has no parallels in other IE  languages, where we usually find the extended root *plek-t cf. Lat. plect6 = OHG  flehtan 'to braid', OCS plesti 'ovppantetv', Ru. plesti 'to twine'. The original root is  still found in isolated formations, e.g. Skt. prasna- [m.] 'turban, headband' < *plok-  no-, OHG flahs, OE fleax [n.] 'flax' < *plok-so- (parallelism with the rare s-stem  πλέκος is probably coincidental).

XXXXXπλεονεκτέω, πλεονεξία, etc. Ξ' πλείων.

XXXXXπλεύμων, -ovos [m.] 'ung(sy (IL), metaph. 'jellyfish' (PL, Arist.). «1ὲ *pleu-mon- 'lung'> . ;

    *VAR  Mostly plur. Secondarily πνεύμων after πνέω, πνεῦμα.

===Pag_1259: Beekes_Página_1259.tiff===

    *COMP Isolated compounds, e.g. πλευμο-ρρωγής 'with a rupture in the lung' (Hp.),  ἁλι-πλεύμων [m.] 'jellyfish' (Marcell. Sid.).

    *DER πλευμον-ώδης (also mv-) 'lung-like' (Arist.), -{a [f.] 'inflammation of the lungs,  pneumonia' (Com. Adesp., medic.), much more common is the hypostasis περι-  πλευμον-ία, -in 'id. (LA), πλευμον-ἰς [f.] 'id' CHp.). Professional short-form πλεῦμος  [m.] 'lung-sickness', with πλευμ-άω, v.l. -dw 'to suffer from lung-sickness' (Hp.,  Gal.).

    *ETYM Gr. πλεύμων is closely related to Skt. klomdn- [m., n.] 'the right lung', [p].]  'the lungs' < *kleu-mon-, Lat. pulmé 'lung' < *pul-mon- (with metathesis), but the  correspondences all contain minor irregularities. The root *pleu- must be the  starting point, as it reappears in OCS pljugta, Lith. plaiciai [pl.] 'lungs' < *pleu-t-ieh.,  and seems to be old. Perhaps related to ▶︎ πλέω.

XXXXXπλευρά [f.] 'rib(s), side of the body', metaph. 'side of an area, of a geometrical figure, flank of an army' (IL.). «?»

    *VAR Usually plur. -ai; also -όν [n.], usually plur. -4.

    *COMP Very often as a second member, e.g. περί-πλευρος 'going around the ribs,  covering the sides' (E. [lyr.]).

    *DER Diminutive πλευρ-ία [pl.] (Hp., Delph. inscr.), -ἰάς [f.] 'side of an area' (Tab. Heracl.), after πεδι-άς, etc. cf. Chantraine 1933: 354; -ἰαῖος 'situated at the sides'  (Boeot. inscr.), -κός 'belonging to the ribs' (sch.); -ίτης [m.] 'connected to the ribs',  designation of a bone of the spine (Poll.), -ἴτις (νόσος) [f.] 'pleurisy' (Hp. Ar.), also  as a plant name = σκόρδιον (Ps.-Dsc.), because of its effects, cf. Redard 1949: 75;  -wpiata [n.pl.] = πλευρά (A.), a poetic enlargement, see Chantraine 1933: 186; -ἰσμός  [m.] meaning unclear, 'dam'? (pap.); πλευρ-ὦν, -ὥνος [m.] Aetol. TN (B 639, etc.),  see Krahe ZNF 8 (1932): 159. Hypostasis παρα-πλευρ-ίδια [n.pl.] 'side armors' (X.,  Arr.).

    *ETYM No clear etymology. Hardly related to πλάξ < *plk- (pace Benveniste 1935:  n2f.) or παλάμη « *plh,-em-eh,- via ᾿πλῆτ-Εαρ (pace Frisk 2, 559).

XXXXXπλέω [v.] 'to travel by sea, sail, navigate', with prefix also 'to swim, flow' (Il.).

    <IE  *pleu- 'sail, flow'>

    *VAR Aor. πλεῦσαι (Att.), fut. πλεύ-σομαι (IL), -σοῦμαι (Att.), -ow (Hell.), perf. πέπλευκα (S.), pass. πέπλευσμαι (later Att.), πλευ-σθῆναι, -σθήσομαι (Arr.).

    *COMP Very often with prefix, e.g. ava-, kata-, ἐπι-.

    *DER πλόος, contracted πλοῦς (ava-, éni-, περί-, etc.) [m.] 'navigation, seafaring',  also 'traveling time, traveling wind' (IA); compounds, e.g. εὔ-πλοος 'good for sailing,  having a fair voyage' (Erinn, Theoc.) with -in, ~a [f.] (iL, epic poet.), περί-πλους  [adj.] 'possible to sail around' (Th.), 'sailing around' (AP), also 'encasing' (Ηρ: cf. ἐπίπλοον). From πλόος: 1. the old inherited jo-derivative πλοῖον [n.] 'craft, ship' (IA), with πλοι-  άριον (Ar., X.), -apidiov (pap.); 2. πλόϊμος 'navigable' (Att.), often written πλώϊμος  after πλώω, etc. (cf. Arbenz 48f.); 3. πλοώδης 'swimming, flowing', i.e. 'not fixed,  mobile (Hp.), see Strémberg 1944: 25. 4. πλοϊκός 'id' (Suid.); but 5. πλοΐζω [v.] 'to  commit navigation' (Hell.) rather for older deverbative πλωΐζω (see ▶︎ TAWW).

===Pag_1260: Beekes_Página_1260.tiff=== XXXXXπλήρης 1209 From πλέω stems the rare form πλεῦσις (simplex only in H. s.v. νεῦσις), ia. in ἐπίπλευσις [f.] 'attack at sea' (Th. 7, 36 beside ἀνάκρουσις; otherwise ἐπίπλους), On> ▶︎ πλοῦτος 5.ν.

    *ETYM The primary thematic root present πλέ(ε)ω is a PIE formation; cf. Skt. pldvate  'to swim, flow', OCS pluti 'to flow, sail', Lat. pluit 'it rains', etc. < *pleu-e/o-. The  future πλεύσομαι also has parallels outside Greek, such as Skt. plosyati and Olr. luid,  -hi 'to drink' < *pleu-s-; further, πλοῖον (< "πλόριον) matches ON fley [n.] 'ship' <  *flauja- < *plou-io-, and πλόος, πλοῦς corresponds to Ru. plov 'ship, barge', ToB

XXXXXplewe [m.] 'ship' < *plouo-. See also ▶︎ πλύνω.

XXXXXπλέων 'more'. -' πλείων.

XXXXXπλέως 'full.

    *VAR πλῆθος 'multitude'. Ξτοπίμπλημι.

XXXXXπληγή '-πλήσσω.

XXXXXπλημμελής [adj.] 'out of tune, faulty' (Democr., Att.). <GRE

    *DER πλημμελ-ἕέω [v.] 'to fail, commit an offense', -eva [f.] 'fault, offense, mistake'  (Att.).

    *ETYM Compound of πλήν 'without and μέλος 'tune', the opposite of ἐμμελής. Cf. ▶︎ πλήν and ▶︎ μέλος.

XXXXXπλήμνη [f.] 'nave, drum' (Il., Hes. Sc., Hp., A. R.). «σῇ»

    *COMP πλημνό-δετον [n.] 'hoop with which the spokes are attached to the nave'  (Poll.).

    *ETYM Traditionally associated with nipmAnu (cf. H. 'and τοῦ πληροῦσθαι ὑπὸ τοῦ  ἄξονος), but this is popular etymology. Preferably derived from *k"lh,-mneh, 'part  that turns about the axle' (Waanders 1992: 594), i.e. from the root of ▶︎ πέλομαι.

XXXXXπλημῦρίς, -ίδος [f.] 'rise of the sea, flood' (1 486, Ion. poet., Hell.). «Pc? (S, V)>

    *VAR Acc. also -ἰν (cf. below); -μμ- (mss.).

    *DER πλημύρ-ω [v.] 'to overflow, make flow' (Archil., B., Call.) with πλήμῦρα [f.] =  πλημυρίς (Hell.); byform mAnpip-éw 'id' (Hp., Plu.), like κύρτ-ω beside -ἕω, etc. (Schwyzer: 721); thence -in, -ia [f.] (Aret., sch.).

    *ETYM Πλημ-ὕρίς may have been derived from πλήμη 'flood-tide', like GAp-tpic from  ἅλμη, whence the yod-present πλημύρω with additional derivatives; the vowel length  of this verb could have spread back to the primary noun πλημῦρίς. Note, however,  that the forms with double -y- are problematic. This, in combination with  occurrence of the suffix -vp-, may point to Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXπλήν (prep.] with gen. 'except', adv. and conj. 'except, aside from, save that, however' (8 207).

    *VAR  Dor. Aeol. πλάν.

    *ETYM Like the antonym ▶︎ dry, the frozen accus, from a root noun *mAr¢ < *plh.-s,  *plh,-m, related to ▶︎ πέλας and cognates. Probably originally 'close, near', then 'aside,  except' (see Schwyzer 1950: 542f.). ~    πλήρης 'full. =riprAru.

===Pag_1261: Beekes_Página_1261.tiff===

πλησίον 'near'. -'πέλας.

XXXXXπλήσσω [v.] 'to strike, slap, thrust, hit', pass. 'to be beaten, thrust, hit, struck' (ἐκ- 'to startle', émi- usually 'to criticize, scold', παρα- in pass. 'to become crazy', etc.).

    *VAR In the older language, the pres. is always prefixed. Att. -ττω (ἐκ-πλήγνυμαι  Th.), aor. πλῆξαι (AL), Dor. πλᾶξαι, redupl. (ἐ-)πέπληγον (Hom.), pass. πληγῆναι  (IL), Dor. Aeol. πλᾶγῆναι, with prefix -πλᾶγῆναι (IA), πληχθῆναι (E., late), fut. πλήξω (IL), pass. πληγήσομαι, -πλᾶγήσομαι (Att.), perf. πέπληγα (IL: πεπληγώς),  πέπληχα (Hell.), pass. πέπληγμαι (1A).

    *COMP Often prefixed in various senses, e.g.*with ék-, ἐπι-, kata-, Mapa-. As a first  member in governing compounds, e.g. πλήξ-ιππος 'flogging horses' (IL, epic poet.).

    *DER Action nouns: 1. πληγή, Dor. πλαγά [f.] 'hit, wound, etc. (IL). 2. πλήγανον:  βακτηρία 'staff, πληγάς: δρέπανον 'curved sword' (H.). 3. πλῆγ-μα [n.] = πληγή (S.,  E., Arist.), -μός [m.] 'id' (medic.), κατά- (LXX). 4. ἀπό-, ék-, ἔμ-, ἐπί-, κατά-πληξις  [f.] 'apoplexy, concussion, etc. (IA); πλῆξις, Dor. πλᾶξις [f.] 'striking' (Ti. Locr.). Agent and instrument nouns: 5. πλῆκτρον, Dor. πλᾶκτρον [n.] 'instrument for  striking, mallet' (h. Hom., Pi.). 6. πληκτήρ [m.] 'id' (Adn. Gr.); πλακτήρ': τὸ τοῦ  ἀλεκτρυόνος πλῆκτρον 'cock's spur' (H.); πλάκτωρ [m.] (Dor.) 'striker' (AP),

XXXXXπλήκτης [m.] 'id? (Hp. Arist.), ἐπι- ''blamer, castigator' (gloss.), -πλήκτειρα [f.] 'id' (AP). Adjectives, mostly as a second member: 7. -πληξ, eg. παραπλήξ, -γος 'stricken sideways' (ε 418), 'crazy' (1A), 'paralyzed' (Hp.) with -nyla, -ηγικός (Hp.), oiotpo- πλήξ 'stung by a gadfly' (trag.); πλήξ as a simplex only as a designation of a bandage (Sor.); 8. -πληκτος, e.g. ἀπόπληκτος 'stirred by strikes' with -ηξίη, -ia (IA); 9. ἐκ-, κατα-πλαγής 'startled' (Plb., Luc.). 10. πληκτικός 'striking, hitting' (Ρ].), ἐκπληκτι- κός (Th.), etc. Verb: τι. πληκτίζομαι 'to fight' (® 499 et al.), mostly 'to dally' (Ar., Herod.), with τισμός [m.] (AP), probably an enlargement of the primary verb (cf. λακτίζω and Schwyzer: 706) rather than from a nominal t-derivative.

    *ETYM The verb πλήσσω ostensibly continues *pldk-ie/o-, but the kappa probably  arose secondarily in the verb; cf. πληγή. Therefore rather PIE *plh,g-ie/o- than  *plh,k-ie/o-, although both variants have correspondences in other Indo-European  languages; cf. *pleh,k-ie/o- in OCS place 'to lament' (if from 'to beat one's chest'),  with which agrees Lith. plokis [m.] 'blow, stroke', as opposed to *pleh.g- in Lat. plangé 'to beat, bewail' < *pl(e)h.ng- with a nasal infix, and the Gm. group of Go. fai-  flokun 'éxéntovto', OE flécan 'to slap'. Lith. plakti 'to beat, chastise' (would be IE  * plok-) can only be indirectly related, via secondary ablaut. As Van Beek suggests (p.c.), it is doubtful that ▶︎ πλάζω is related. Semantically, it  may have influenced πλήσσω, but the formal connection is problematic, and πλάζω  seems to be semantically closer to ▶︎ ἀμπλακίσκω, etc.

XXXXXπλίκιον [n.] 'kind of tart, pie' (Chrysipp. Tyan. apud Ath. 647e).

    *ETYM No etymology; maybe Pre-Greek.

===Pag_1262: Beekes_Página_1262.tiff=== XXXXXπλοῦτος 1211

XXXXXπλίνθος [f.] 'brick, air-brick', metaph. 'square building-stone, metal ingot, abacus' (IA). «ρα»

    *COMP E.g. πλινθο-φόρος 'bearing bricks, brick-bearer' (Ar.), ἡμι-πλίνθ-ιον [n.]  'ingot in the shape of a half-brick' (Hdt., Att. inscr.).

    *DER 1. Diminutive: πλινθ-ίον (Att.), -ἰς [f.] (Hell.), both predominantly in metaph. use; -dptov (LXX), -idtov (Iamb.). 2. Adjectives: πλίνθ-ινος 'made of bricks, of brick'  (IA), -τκός 'id' (pap.), -ἰακός 'busy with bricks' (Ὁ. L.), after βιβλι-ακός, θηρι-ακός,  etc; -wtd¢ 'brick-shaped' (Paul. Aeg.). 3. Substantive: mAtvO-itic [f.] 'kind of  στυπτηρία᾽ (Gal.). 4. Adverb: -ηδόν 'shaped like a roofing tile' (Hdt.). 5. Verbs:  πλινθ-εύω [v.] 'to cut out bricks, make bricks' (1A) with -ela, -elov, -ευσις, -ευμα,  -ευτής (Hell.); -όομαι 'to cover with bricks' (AP).

    *ETYM The semantic field (architecture), as well as the presence of the notoriously  foreign element -ἰνθ-, suggest that the word is a loan from Pre-Greek; see Chantraine  1933: 371.

XXXXXπλίσσομαι [v.] 'to cross the legs' (¢ 318). <?>

    *VAR  Aor. ἀπεπλίξατο 'trotted off (Ar), πλίξαντα: διαναβάντα (H.), perf. δια-  mend ypévog 'with legs spread out' (Archil.), περι- 'with legs laid around' (Stratt.),  περιπεπλίχθαι- διηλλαχέναι τὰ σκέλη ἀσχημόνως 'interchange the legs indecorously'  (H.), act. δια-πεπλιχός (στόμα) 'standing open' (Hp.), fut. pass. καταπλιγήσει (Ar. Fr. 198, 3), according to H. = κατακρατηθήσῃ.

    *COMP ἐκ-πλίσσομαι 'to gape', of a wound, etc. (Hp.), ἀμφι-πλίσσω (Poll.),  διαπλίσσοντες (ν.1. Ψ 120).

    *DER πλίξ = βῆμα (schs Dor.), πλιχ- ἄς, -άδος [[] 'perineum, inside of the thighs'  (medic.), πλίγμα [n.] 'sprawling, perineum' (Hp., H., EM); ἀμφι-πλίξ [adv.] 'with  sprawled legs' (5. Fr. 596), περι-πλίξ: περιειληφώς 'holding embraced' (H.),  περιπλίγδην' περιβάδην 'astride' (H.).

    *ETYM Uncertain etymology. Perhaps related to Olr. sliassait [f.] 'shank' < *splei g'-s-  ont-ih,- or (without s) Skt. plehate 'to go' < *pleig'-e/o- (Pok. 1000). Not related to  OCS plesati, Ru. pljasdt' 'to dance' < (?)*plenk-e/o- (pace Pisani 1938: 181}.

XXXXXπλοῖον, πλόος, πλοῦς --πλέω.

XXXXXπλόκαμος --πλέκω.

XXXXXπλοῦτος [m.] 'riches, wealth' (IL), also personified (Hes.), cf. Πλούτων below. 41Ε *pleu- 'run, flow, swim'>

    *VAR Late also [n.], see Schwyzer 512.

    *DIAL Myc. po-ro-u-te-u /Plouteus/.

    *COMP E.g. πλουτο-δότης [m.] 'who spends riches' (Hes.), καλλίπλουτος 'with  beautiful riches' (Pi.).

    *DER 1. πλούσ-ιος, Lac. πλούτιος (EM) 'rich' (Hes., h. M erc.), with -ἰακός 'belonging  to the rich' (Alex. Com.), aw = πλουτέω (Alex. Aphr.). 2. πλουτ-ηρός 'bringing  riches' (X.); -ἄξ, -ἄκος [m.] 'a rich fool' (com.). 3. πλουτ-ίνδην [adv.] 'acc. to  property' (Arist.). 4. mAovt-éw [v.] 'to be rich' (Hes.); -(w 'to make rich, enrich'  (trag. Xs with kata- Hdt.), with -ἰστής, -ἰστήριος, ισμός (late). 5. Πλούτων, -wvoc

===Pag_1263: Beekes_Página_1263.tiff===

[m.] god of riches, ie. of the corn provisions buried in the earth (trag.); on the motive of designation see Nilsson 1941(1): 471ff.; according to H. εὔπλουτον κανοῦν' πλοῦτον yap ἔλεγον τὴν ἐκ τῶν κριθῶν Kai τῶν πυρῶν περιουσίαν, 'TA. was called the surplus of barley and wheat'. 6. Πλουτεύς 'id' (Mosch., AP).

    *ETYM Derivative from πλέω, i.e. *plou-to- 'flow, multitude', with the suffix -to- as in  6.8. βίοτος, νόστος, etc.

XXXXXπλύνω [v.] 'to wash, clean' (cf. ▶︎ λούω, ▶︎ νίζωλ, «1Ὲ *pleu- 'flow, swim'>

    *VAR  Iter. πλύνεσκον (Χ 155), aor. πλῦναι (Od.), fut. πλῦν-ἕω (epic Ion.), -ὦ (Att.),  pass. perf. πέπλυμαι (1A), aor. πλυθῆναι (Hell.), fut. -θήσομαι (Com. Adesp.).

    *COMP Also with ano-, ἐκ-, κατα-, etc. ΕἾ

    *DER Adjectives: 1. νεό-, ἔκ-πλυ-τος 'newly washed, washed out' (ζ 64, A, Ρ].),  πλυτός 'washed' (Hp.); 2. ἐῦ-πλυν-ἤς 'washed well' (Od.); 3. πλυν-τικός 'belonging to  washing' (PL, Arist.), πλυ-τικός 'id.' (Alex. Aphr.). Substantives: 4. πλυνοί [m. pl.] 'washing pits, troughs or sites' (Hom., Hell.), with the  diminutive πλύνιον [n.] (inscr. Sicily); with barytonesis 5. πλύνος [m.] 'laundry'  (pap., ostr.), see Mayser 1906-1938, I: 3, 3; unclear in Ar. Pl. 1061; with πλυνεύς [m.]  'washer' (Att. inscr., Poll.). Action nouns: 6. πλύσις {περί-, κατά-, ἀπό-) [f.] 'washing' (1A), late ἀπόπλυν-σις  (Sophon.); πλύσιμος 'belonging to laundry' (pap. III*); 7. πλύμα (ἀπό-, mepi-; also  πλύσμα Phot. also mss.) [n.] 'washing water, swilling water, swill (Hp. Pl. Com.,  Arist. pap.); 8. πλυσμός: πλυτήρ '(washing) trough' (H.). Agent and instrument nouns: 9. πλύν-τρια [f.] 'washer' (Att. inscr., Poll.), -tpic [f.]  'id' (Ar.), also 'fuller's earth' (botanics in Thphr., see Capelle RAM 104 (1961): 58),  msc. πλύν-της (Poll.), πλύ-της (EM, Choerob.); also πλυτήρ (H.; see above) and  ἔπλυν-τήρ in Πλυν-τήρ-ια [n.pl.] name of a purification festival (Att. inscr., X.) with  4A®v, -τιῶνος [m.] month name (Thasos), if not rather analogical after other nouns in  -τήρια, -τήριον (see Chantraine 1933: 63f.); likewise κατα-πλυντηρ-ίζω 'to shower  with abusive words', properly perhaps 'to immerse in swilling water, to drench with  swilling water' 10. πλύν-τρον [n.] = πλύμα (Arist.) [Ρ].] 'payment for washing' (pap. III', Poll.).

    *ETYM The vowel length of πλύνω points to a thematicized nasal present *AU-v-1w  (cf. κρίνω from *Kpi-v-w). The formation must be an inner-Greek creation from the  IE root *plu- (which gave πλέω < *pleu-e/o-), but a nasal present with the same  meaning is also found in Armenian, viz. lua-na-m 'to wash, bathe'. See ▶︎ πλέω and  > πλώω.

XXXXXπλώσσειν [v.] - φθειρεσθαι 'to be destroyed' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM DELG suggests a connection with 71Aww, but the gloss may be corrupt.

XXXXXπλώω [v.] 'to swim' (IL, epic Jon.), aor. also 'to sail, go by sea', beside πλέω as a pres.; on πλώω beside πλέω see Bechtel 1921(3): 196ff., 208. <1E pleu- or pleh,->

    *VAR AOrF. πλῶ-ναι (ἐπ-ἔπλων, etc., Hom., Hes.), πλῶσαι (I 47 pte. ἐπι-πλώσας; Hdt.,  Arr.), fut. πλώσ-ομαι (Hdt.), -w (Lyc.), perf. πέπλωκα (Hdt., Lyc.; also E. Hel. 532 and  Ar. Th. 878 [parody]).

    *COMP Also with prefix, eg. ἔπι-, éx-, KaTa-, Tapa-.

===Pag_1264: Beekes_Página_1264.tiff=== XXXXXπνέω 1213

    *DER Probably, all derivatives are Ionic (cf. Fraenkel 1912: 3f.). Adjectives: 1. πλω-τός (πρόσ-, ἔκ-) 'swimming, navigable' (k 3, Hp., Hdt., Arist.)  with -tic [f] 'raft' vel sim. (Demetr. Astrol.), -τεύομαι [v.] 'to be navigated, cruised'  (Plb.); 2. πλω-τικός 'seafaring' (Hell.); 3. -σιμος 'navigable, seaworthy' (S.,  Diogenian.), rather from πλῶσαι than from *sA@onc; likewise πλώϊμος alongside  πλόϊμος. Substantives: 4. κατάπλωσις [f.] 'home-coming by sea' (Herod.); 5. πλωτήρ [m.]  'sailor' (rare in E, Ar, Pl, often in Arist., etc.), 'swimmer' (Opp., Nonn.); 6. πλω-  adec, -ἰάδες (Thphr.), -ideg (A. R.) [fipl.] 'swimming, flowing'; also 7. πλώς, pl. πλῶτες name of a fish, = κεστρεύς (but cf. Thompson 1947 s.v. πλῶταΣ; but  δακρυπλώειν (τ 122) is not a denominative from *Saxpu-mAwc, but modeled after  δάκρυ χέων, χέουσα and built as a univerbation; cf. Leumann 1950: 36. Verb: 8. πλω-ἴζω (-ῴζω) 'to go by sea' (Hes., Th.), with -ἴσις [f.] 'seafaring' (Just.).

    *ETYM Within Greek, the derivation of πλώω, with its -w-, is not clear, but  etymological separation from πλέω < *pleu-e/o- seems unattractive. The formation  has a close parallel in Germanic, e.g. ON flda, OE flowan 'to flow' < PGm. *fldan- <  PIE *pléu- (with *-6u- > *-d- like in Go. sauil [sdil] 'sun' < *seh,u-el-), whence Go. flodus [m.] 'river' (etc.). The apparent lengthened grade is also found in Slavic, e.g. OCS plavati, Ru. plévat' 'to swim (toand fro)'. See ▶︎ πλέω and ▶︎ πλύνω.

XXXXXπνεύμων 'lung'. -'᾿πλεύμων.

XXXXXπνέω [v.] 'to blow, breathe, respire, smell' (I].).

    *VAR  Epic veiw, aor. mvedoat (Il.), ipv. ἄμπνυε, med. -ῦτο, -ὕζν)λθη (Hom.), fut. πνεύ-σομαι (1A), -σοῦμαι (Ar, Arist.), -ow (Hell), perf. πέπνευκα (Att.), pass. πνευσ-θῆναι (Thphr.), -θήσομαι (Aret.).

    *COMP Very often with prefix, e.g. dva-, ano-, εἰσ-, ἐκ-, ἐν-, ἐπι-, προσ-.

    *DER 1. πνοή, Dor. πνο(ιλά, epic πνοιή [f.] 'wind, breeze, breath' (I1.), also ava-, δια-,  éx-~, etc., etc. Epic -ot- metrically conditioned after πνείω, see Wyatt 1969: 166-168. Very often as a second member, e.g. ἡδύ- (ἀδύ-)τινοος, -1tvouc 'with a pleasant wind,  breath' (Pi, S., E.), ἐπί-πνοος, -itvovg 'inspired' with ἐπίσινοια [f.] 'inspiration' (A.,  Pl.); -mvoia also beside -πνοή in dva-, ἀπό-, διά- etc; also ἀναπνόΐκος 'concerning  breathing' (Ptol.). 2. πνεῦμα (ἄμ-, πρόσ-) [n.] 'wind, breeze, breath, ghost' (Pi., IA) with πνευμά-τιον  (Hell), -τικός 'concerning the wind, etc.' (Arist.), -ttog 'bringing wind' (Arat.),  -τώδης 'like wind or breath, windy' (Hp., Arist.), -τίας [m.] 'asthmatic' (Hp.) with  -τιάω [v.] 'to gasp' (sch.); πνευμα-τόω, -τόομαι [v.] 'to blow up, (cause to) vaporize'  (Anaxipp., Arist.) with -twotc, -τωτικός; πνευμα-τίζω (ἀπο-) [v.] 'to fan by blowing'  (Antig., H.) with -τισμός. 3. πνεῦσις [f.] 'blowing', more usual in compounds, e.g. ἀνάπνευ-σις 'inhalation,  respite' (Il.). 4. With secondary -o-, and a suffix -t- like in ἄ-πνευσ-τος, -ti, -tia:  πνευσ-τικός 'belonging to breathing' (Gal.), more generally ava- (Arist.) etc; -τιάω  'to gasp' (Hp., Arist.). 5. εἴσπν-ηλος, -ἦλας 'loving, lover' (Call, Theoc., EM), from  eio-7tvéw 'to inspire (love)', with analogical -ηλος; cf. Chantraine 1933: 242.

===Pag_1265: Beekes_Página_1265.tiff===

    *ETYM The verb and its derivatives appear to have been regularized to a large extent. The only isolated forms are epic ἄμπνυε, etc. 'take breath' = 'recover from'. The  appurtenance of the perfect πέπνυμαι, -μένος 'to be mentally active, animated, be  sedate' is doubtful, and ▶︎ πινυτός and cognates are certainly unrelated. Schulze 1892:  322ff. also separated ἄμπνυε and πέτνυμαι from πνέω. From other languages, only some Germanic formations can be compared: ON fnysa  'to sniff, OE fnéosan 'to sneeze', which may go back on IE *-eu-; however, beside  them stand several variants, e.g. ON fnasa, OHG fnehan, and the whole group may  be onomatopoeic in origin. Cf. also ▶︎ ποιπνύω and ▶︎ πνΐγω. .

%,

XXXXXnviyw [v.] 'to limit one's breath, asphyxiate by squeezing, water or vapor, to choke, drown, be drowned', also 'to muffle, smother' (Epich., Sophr., IA); on the meaning 'to drown, be drowned' see Schulze Berl. Ak.Sb. 1918: 320ff. «ΡΟ»

    *VAR Aor. πνῖξαι, intr. and pass. nvly-fjvat with fut. -ἤσομαι, late πνιχθῆναι, perf. med. πέπνιγμαι.

    *COMP Also with prefix, especially amo- and kata-.

    *DER Action nouns: 1. πνῖγος [n.] 'stifling heat' (1A), opposite ῥῖγος; 2. πνῖγ-μα [n.]  'suffocating' (Hp.), -μός [m.] 'id' (Hp., X., Arist.) with -μώδης 'suffocating' (Ap.),  -μονή [f.] 'id'? (Hdn. Epim.), cf. φλεγμονή, πημονή; 3. πνῖξις (κατά-) [f.] 'choking,  asphyxiation' (Arist., Thphr.), 'drowning' (PMag.Par.); 4. πνίξ, -γός [f.] 'choking,  asphyxiation' (Hp., Dsc.), like ppi& (Chantraine 1933: 2f.); 5. πνιγετός [m.] = πνῖγος  (Ptol.; H. s.v. ἀγχόνη), like πυρετός, παγετός; 6. περιπνιγή [f.] 'suffocation' (Vett. MN]. Agent nouns: 6. πνϊγεύς [m.] 'suffocator', 'cover for extinguishing coals' (Ar.,  Arist.), 'air chamber' (Hero, Ph. Bel.), 'muzzle' (com.), probably by analogy of πνίγω,  mviyfivat with τρίβω, τρὶβ-ῆναι, -ή, -εύς, etc. (BoShardt 1942: 48); 7. πνικτήρ [m.]  'choker, choking' (Nonn.). 8. πνιγ-ῖτις (scil. γῆ) 'kind of clay' (Dsc., Plin.); 9. -αλίων, τωνος [m.] 'nightmare, incubus' (medic.), like αἰθαλ-ίων beside αἰθ-άλη, αἴθω; 10. πνῖ-γηρός 'choking', especially 'stifling hot' (Hp., Att., from πνῖγος or πνίγω; 11. πνϊγόεις 'id. (Nic. AP), i metrically conditioned; 12. mept-, συμ-πνῖγ-ἤς 'suffocated'  (Nic. J, D. S, after πνϊγ-ῆναι); 13. πνικτός 'steamed, smothered' (com.), 'airtight'  (Hero), 'suffocated, choked' (Act. Ap.); 14. enlarged πνιγ-ίζω [v.] 'to choke, strangle'  (AP), influenced by πυγ-ίζω.

    *ETYM No clear etymology. Earlier attempts to analyze the formation as a conflation  of several different verbs are unconvincing. Rather onomatopoeic or, given its onset  in 1v-, sound-symbolic. A Pre-Greek origin cannot be excluded.

XXXXXπόα [f.] 'grass, herb, grass plot', late also '(time of the) hay harvest, summer' (IL, Att.). IE * poiH-ueh, 'grass, meadow'>

    *VAR Epic Ion. ποίη (1].), Dor. (Pi.) ποία.

    *COMP Some compounds, eg. ποιο-νόμος 'feeding on grass', ποιότνομος 'having  grassy pastures' (A. [lyr.]), λεχε-ποίης (see ▶︎ λέχος).

    *DER 1. Diminutive πο-άριον (stot-) [n.] (Thphr.); 2. ποι-ἤεις, Dor. -ἄεις 'rich in grass'  (Hom., Pi, 5. [lyr.]); -npdg 'id' (E. [lyr.]); 3. ποι-άζω [v.] 'to be rich in grass, bear

===Pag_1266: Beekes_Página_1266.tiff=== XXXXXποθέω 1215 grass' (Str.); 4. -ασμός [m.] 'weeding, clearing of weeds' (Thphr.), -ἄστρια if J 'weeder (fem.) (Archipp.), -4otpiov [n.] 'weeding tool' (Poll.), from ποάζω = 'to weed, clear of weeds' (only as a conj. in Philem. Com. 116, 4). On supposed Boeot. *nbac 'meadow', see Finley Glotta 33 (1954): 311.

    *ETYM PGr. * poiwa- is formally identical to Lith. pieva [f.] 'meadow' < *poiH-ueh,- or  *poHi-ueh,-. Connection with the root of ποιμήν cannot be shown. The deviating  ποινά- ποία. Λάκωνες (H.) may be due to conflation with κοινά- χόρτος (H.).

XXXXXποδαπός [adj.] 'native of where?, whence?' (Hdt., Att.); also 'of what sort? (D.); in this meaning Hell. notands (with τ from πότερος, πότε, etc.). <IE *k'o- ΠΟΥ»

    *ETYM Formation like ▶︎ ἀλλοδαπός, etc. The first member is from IE *k'od = Lat. quod (see on ▶︎ πόθεν and ▶︎ tic), if not analogical after ἡμεδ-απός, etc. (Schwyzer:  604"). The form (6)nodandg in Hdt. as opposed to (ὁ)κότερος is unclear; cf. Wackernagel 1916: 35'.

XXXXXποδάρκης [adj.] epithet of Achilles, in ποδάρκης δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς (Il.), also of Hermes (B.), of 5pdpot and ἡμέρα (Pi.); also epithet of a remedy against gout (Gal). < GRP

    *ETYM A compound from πούς and ἀρκέω 'to keep off, aid, suffice' cf. ποδώκης  'quick-footed', also 'helping the feet' (Gal.). On ποδάρκης beside ποδώκης and πόδας    ὠκύς, see Trev 1955: 6.

XXXXXποδηνεκής 'stretching to the feet' (IL, epic, Hdt.).

    *ETYM Compound from πούς and ἐνεγκεῖν; see ▶︎ διηνεκής and ▶︎ ἐνεγκεῖν with  references.

XXXXXποδοκάκκη [f.] 'foot block'. Ξοκάκαλα.

XXXXXπόθεν [interr.adv.] 'whence, from where?' (I1.).

    *DER Indefinite ποθέν 'from somewhere' (Il.), Ion. κόθεν CHdt.). Also πόθι, ποθί  'where?', 'somewhere' (IL, epic); ποῦ, που (Att.), Ion. κοῦ, κου 'id'; ποῖ, ποι  'whither?', 'to somewhere' (Att.), πόσε 'whither? (Hom.).

    *ETYM Formations from the pronominal stem πο-, Ion. xo-, from IE *k'o- with  representatives in most IE languages, eg. Skt. kds 'who?', Go. Was 'id', Lat. quod  'what?'. Cf. ▶︎ ποῖος, ▶︎ πόσος, ▶︎ πότε, and ▶︎ πότερος; see also ▶︎ τίς. On the adverbial  endings -θεν, -θι, -σε, see Schwyzer: 628f; on the petrified case forms ποῦ (gen.) and  ποῖ (loc.), op.cit. 62:f.

XXXXXποθέω [v.] 'to desire, long for, miss' (Il.). «IE *g'"ed"- 'long for, desire, pray'>

    *VAR Inf. -ήμεναι (Od.), ind. -ἤω (Sapph.), aor. ποθ-έσαι (IL), -ῆσαι (1A), fut. -ἐσομαι  (Att), -ήσω (IA), perf. πεπόθ-ηκα, -ημαι (late).

    *COMP Rarely with prefix, especially ém-.

    *DER (ἐπι-)πόθ-ησις, -ημα (Aq., Ep. Cor., et al.), ἐπιποθ-ία (Ep. Rom.) 'longing'; also  ποβ-ητύς [f.] 'id' (Opp.), - twp [m.] 'desirous person' (Man.). Furthermore πόθος [m.} 'desire, longing, love' (IL), also a plant name (Thphr.., cf. Strémberg 1940: 107, ποθή [f.] Δ. (Hom., late prose), ποθεινός 'longed for' (Lyr.,  trag., also Att. prose), after ἀλγεινός etc.; ποθινός 'id.' (AP).

===Pag_1267: Beekes_Página_1267.tiff===

    *ETYM Formally, ποθέω directly corresponds to Olr. guidid 'to ργαγξξ PIE *g'"od"-  éie-, which is an iterative formation. Additionally, Balto-Slavic has a nasal present in  Lith. pa-si-gendit, -gésti 'to long for, miss', OCS Zedati 'to desire, long for' < *g**end*.. The related aorist ▶︎ θέσσασθαι can be compared to the Olr. s-subj. ipl. -gessam <  *gted'-s-. In Indo-Iranian, the root is found in YAv. jaidiiemi 'to ask for'. The  development *g''- > b-, needed to account for the Gm. group of Go. bidjan 'to pray',  is controversial. On the concept of πόθος, see now Weiss HSPh. 98 (1998): 31-61.

XXXXXποι [prep.]

    *DIAL Arg., Phoc., Locr.

    *ETYM See > moti. ὃς

XXXXXποιέω [v.] 'to do, make, produce (also of poetry), act', med. also 'to choose, deem, appraise' (IL). «1ὲ k"i-eu-, k'ei-u- 'gather, deem'>

    *VAR Aor. ποιῆσαι, fut. ποιήσω, perf. med. πεποίημαι (all IL.), act. πεποίηκα, aor. pass. ποιηθῆναι (LA), fut. ποιηθήσομαι (D.), πεποιήσομαι (Hp.).

    *COMP Often prefixed in different senses, e.g. with ἀντι-, ἐκ-, év-, περι-, Mpoo-. As a  second member -ποιός in productive compounds, e.g. λογοποιός [m.] 'historian,  fabulist, newsmonger' (IA) with λογοποι-έω, -ia, -τκός, -ημα.

    *DER 1. ποίημα (προσ-, περι-) [n.] 'production, work, poem' (IA) with -ημάτιον  (Plu.), -ηματικός 'poetic' (Plu.); 2. ποίησις (mpoo-, mept-, éx- etc.) [f.] 'creation,  production, poetry' (LA); on the meaning of moi-npa, -σις see Ardizzoni Riv. fil. class. 90 (1962): 225ff., Chantraine 1933: 287. 3. ποιητός (προσ-, éx-, etc.) 'made,  produced' (Il.), also 'made artificially, not by nature' = 'adopted' (PL. Arist.). 4.

XXXXXποιητής [m.] (1A), fem. -ἤτρια (Hell.) 'creator, producer, poet', especially of Homer, with -τικός 'creating, poetic', ἡ -ητική (τέχνη) 'the art of poetry' (PL, Arist.), -ητικεύομαι 'to speak poetically, etc.' (Eust., sch.). 5. desiderative ποιησείω 'to wish to do' (Hdn.).

    *ETYM The verbal root must have contained a Ff; cf. Arg. ποιρέσανς, énoiféhe,  ἐποιρξθξ, Boeot. ἐποιρέσε, pres. opt. El. [πο]ιρέοι (beside repeated ποιέοι), which  derive from *nowfejw. Usually derived from a stem *k'ei-u-, akin to Skt. cinoti 'to  pile, arrange, erect', Av. cinuuaiti 'to select' < *k'i-n(e)u-ti (Pok. 637-638), but the  exact derivation is unclear. It has often been argued that the verb is derived from a  noun ἤποιρος (Schwyzer: 450, 726'), but this only occurs in compounds from the V®  c. onwards. The alternative view that it continues a root *k'eiu-, abstracted from the  nu-present *k'ineuti > Skt. cinoti (Frisk, DELG), is rejected by LIV. On the meaning  of ποιέω and other verba faciendi, see Braun Stud. ital. fil. class.N. S. 15 (1938): 243ff.;  also, Valesio Quaderni del? Istituto di Glottologia (Bologna) 5 (1960): 97ff.

XXXXXποικίλος [adj.] 'varicolored, wrought in many colors (stitched, knitted, woven), manifold, versatile, cunning' (11...

    *DIAL Myc. po-ki-ro-nu-ka /poikil-Gnuk*a/ [n.pl.].

    *COMP E.g. ποικιλότθρονος (see θρόνα and Bolling AmJPh. 79 (1958): 275ff.), πολυ-  ποίκιλος 'much variegated' (E.).

    *DER 1. ποικιλ-ία [f.] 'variegation, diversity, embroidering' (1A); 2. τίας [m.] fish name  (Paus.), see Strémberg 1943: 25, Thompson 1947 s.v., -ἰς [f.] name of a bird that eats

===Pag_1268: Beekes_Página_1268.tiff=== XXXXXποινή 1217 the lark's eggs (Arist.), Thompson 1895 s.v.; 3. -εύς [m.] 'embroiderer, stitcher' (Alex. Com.). 4. Denominative verb moix-iAAw 'to make varicolored, work artfully, etc.', also with δια-, kata- etc., whence -tAya [n.] 'varicolored work, stitching, etc. (II.), τιλμός [m.] 'elaboration, decoration' (Epicur., Plu.), -ἰὰσις [f.] 'id' (PL); -ἰλτής [m.] 'embroiderer, stitcher' (Aeschin,, Arist.), fem. -iAtpia (Str.), -\AtiKdg 'belonging to stitching' (LXX, etc.); ποικ-ιλόω [v.] 'to stitch' (A. Fr. 304 = 609 Mette); -ιλεύομαι [v.] 'to be artful, versatile' (Vett. Val.).

    *ETYM The suffixation -ίλος (cf. κόϊλος, ναυτίλος, ὀργίλος, etc.) implies a root  ἔποικ-, which is directly comparable to Skt. pésa- [m.] 'ornament', Av. paésa- [m.]  'leprosy', Lith. paigas [m.] 'smut, dust-spot' < PIE * poik-o-; the same formation (also  as an adjective) occurs in Skt. puru-pésa-, Av. paésa- 'leprous',, Go. filu-faihs  'πολυποίκιλος᾽. These derive from the verbal root *pik-, seen in OCS posati 'to write', n-present Skt. pimsati 'to carve, cut, ornament', Lat. pingé 'to stitch with a needle, paint' (through  nasalized coda *pi"g"- from *pik-n-). Cf. ▶︎ πικρός 'cutting in, stitching'. The forms  πεικόν- πικρόν, πευκεδανόν (H.) and ▶︎ πίγγαλος are uncertain.

XXXXXποιμήν, -ἕένος [m.] 'herdsman, shepherd', metaph. 'guardian, leader, master' (II.).

    *DIAL Myc. po-me /poimén/.

    *COMP Some compounds, e.g. ποιμτάνωρ = ποιμὴν ἀνδρῶν with ποιμανόρ-ιον [n.]  'herd, troop of men' (A. Pers. 241 and 74); φιτυ-ποίμην 'guardian of plants' (A. Eu. 911).

    *DER ποιμέν-ιος (AP, API.), earlier and more often attested is -πκός (Pl. Hell. poet.)  'belonging to herdsmen'; -tooa [f.] 'shepherdess' (pap. III*); ποίμν-η [6] 'herd, flock  of sheep' (1 122) with -.ov [n.] 'id' (IA); -ἕνιον (Opp.), -ἰος 'belonging to herds' (E.),  -ῆήϊος (B 470, Hes.), -ικός (pap. 1ΠΡ), -ίτης (E., Poll.), -ιώτης (sch.) 'id'; -ηθεν [adv.]  'of the herd' (A. R.). Denominative verb ποιμαίνω 'to be a herdsman, to herd, pasture', med. 'to graze', of  the herd (IL), rarely with dta-, ovv-; thence ποιμαν-τήρ = ποιμήν (S.), -τικός =  ποιμενικός (Gal. H.), ποιμασία [f] 'the grazing' (Ph.). Also mv, -eoc [n.] 'flock of  sheep' (epic, II.).

    *ETYM Formally, ποιμήν has an exact correspondence with Lith. piemud, gen. piemens 'herdsman' = PIE *poh,i-mon, *poh,i-mén-s; the neuter n@v < *poh,i-u,  *poh,i-eu-(o)s is formally close to Skt. payti-, Av. pdiiu- [m.] 'herdsman, protector' <  nom. *poh,i-u-s, gen. *poh.i-u-os; all are from the primary verb *peh,-ti > Skt. pati 'to  keep, protect', whence also go-pa- [m.] 'cowherd'. The frequent i-extension seems to  imply the pre-existence of an i-present, 3sg. *ph,-éi-ti, 3pl. *ph.-i-énti; from this verb  probably derives Skt. ny-pay-(i)ya- 'protecting men', nf-pi-ti- [f.] 'protection of men'. Cf. > πῶμα 1.

XXXXXποινή [[] 'ransom, fine, penalty, vengeance' (Il, epic poet.). «18 k'oi-neh, 'punishment, vengeance'>

===Pag_1269: Beekes_Página_1269.tiff===

    *COMP E.g. ποιν-ηλατέω 'to pursue with vengeance' (see ▶︎ λαύνω), νή-ποινος  'unpunished, unavenged' (Od.); on ▶︎ dmotva s.v.

    *DER 1. ποι[ν]ίον [n.] = ποινή (Delph. IV'), like πεδ-ίον, χωρ-ίον, etc; 2. adjectives  ποίνε-ιμος 'avenging' (S.), -aioc 'punishing, avenging' (late); 3. verbs mo1v-dopa 'to  avenge oneself (E.) with -atwp (A., E.), -ἥτωρ (Nonn.), -ητήρ (Opp.) 'avenger'; fem. τ-ῆτις 'avengeress' (AP); -ίζομαι in aor. -ίξασθαι 'to exact a penalty' (Arc. VI"). 4. ποινώματα: τιμωρήματα 'vengeances' (H.), after μίσθωμα, κεφάλωμα, μηχάνωμα, etc. (cf. Chantraine 1933: 187).

    *ETYM Identical with Av. kaénd- [f.] 'punishment, vengeance', Lith. kdina [f.] 'price,  utility', OCS céna [f.] 'tw, Ru. cend [f] 'price, value' < *k'oi-neh,-, from the verbal  root *kei- seen in Skt. cdyate 'to avenge, purtish' (cf. ἀπότισις, τίσις beside dpa-citi-  [f.] 'revenge'), Av. kaii- 'to atone, make pay'. Within Greek, this root is continued in  ▶︎ tivw, etc. Borrowed as Lat. poena >> MoE pain.

XXXXXποῖος [interrog. pron.] 'of what kind? (II.).

    *VAR  Ion. Kotoc.

    *ETYM From interrogative *k'o- 'who?' (see ▶︎ πόθεν) with suffixal -otoc; see ▶︎ τοῖος.

XXXXXποιπνύω [v.] 'to snort, pant, bustle about panting, be bustling' (epic since Il.).

    *VAR Thence aor. ποιπνῦσαι.

    *DER Dat.pl. [n]outvutp[o]iot (Antim. in PMilan. 17, 43 in unknown meaning, cf. ed. ad loc.); explained by H. as σπουδαίοις 'earnest'. In ποιπνυός: θεράπων 'attendant'  (H.), the ending is corrupt.

    *ETYM Reduplicated intensive formation ποι-πνύω (Schwyzer: 647) from ▶︎ πνέω,  ▶︎ πέπνυμαι. Cf. ▶︎ ποιφύσσω.

XXXXXποιφύσσω [v.] 'to snort, hiss, puff, blow' (Hell. poet. title in Sophr.), ποιφύξαι: ἐκφοβῆσαι 'to alarm' (H.).

    *VAR Dor. fut. -τφυξω.

    *DER ποίφυγμα [n.] 'the blowing' (A. Th. 280), ποιφύγδην [adv.] 'hissing' (Nic.); the  sch. on Nic. has a pres. ποιφύζειν.

    *ETYM Reduplicated intensive formation of onomatopoeic character; see on ▶︎ φῦσα.

XXXXXπόκος Ξ:πέκω.

XXXXXπόλεμος [m.] 'battle, war' (II.).

    *VAR Epic also πτόλεμος.

    *DIAL Myc. e-u-ru-po-to-re-mo-jo /Euru-ptolemoio/.

    *COMP E.g. πολέμ-αρχος [m.] 'warlord', name of an official (IA, Dor.), φιλο-  π(τ)όλεμος 'friend of battles, warlike' (II.).

    *DER A. Adjectives: 1. πολέμ-ιος 'militant, hostile', as a substantive 'enemy' (Pi., IA);  2. -ἤϊος 'belonging to battle, war' (Il. epic); metrically conditioned, probably after  Ἀρήϊος (Triimpy 1950: 134); 3. -txdc 'belonging to war, militant, hostile' (Hdt. 3, 4 asa  vil, Att); 4. -ώδης 'id' (Olymp. in Grg.). B. Verbs: 1. πολεμ-έω 'to battle, fight a war' (IA), often with prefix, e.g. δια-, κατα-,  éx-; thence -ἥτωρ (Antioch. Astr.), -ητής (Gytheion III?) [m.] 'warrior', -ητήριον [n.]  'military base, operation base, headquarters' (Plb.); διαπολέμησις [f.] 'ending of the

===Pag_1270: Beekes_Página_1270.tiff=== XXXXXπόλις 1219 war (Th.). 2. πολεμίζω (also πτολ-) 'to fight' (IL, epic), metrical for -éw, see Chantraine 1942: 95; thence -ἰστής [m.] 'fighter, warrior' (Il. epic), fem. -iotpia (Heraclit. Ep.), -totpic (Tz.), -ἰιστήριος 'belonging to warriors' (IA). 3. πολεμ-όομαι 'to become enemies' (Hdt., Th., X.), also with éx-, etc., whence ἐκπολέμ-ωσις [f.] 'becoming of enemies' (Plu.). 4. Desiderative πολεμησείω 'to wish for war' (Th, Ὁ. PNs, e.g. Πολέμων, whence the plantname πολεμώνιον (Dsc.), see Stromberg 1940: 135; Πτολεμαῖος.

    *ETYM The alternation between initial πτ- and π- (see Schwyzer: 325 with literature,  as well as Triimpy 1950: 131 ff., Ruijgh 1957: 75f., and Merlingen 1956: 55[.), although  echoed by ▶︎ πόλις < PIE *tpoth,-i-, must have been adopted from Pre-Greek (Fur.:  317). Formally, the word has been linked with πελεμίζω 'to shake, tremble', and more  distantly to πάλλω, but this is semantically unattractive.

XXXXXπολιός [adj.] 'whitish-grey', especially of hair, also of foaming seas (Il. epic, also Hell.). <1E? *pol-io- 'grey'>

    *COMP Eg. πολιο-κρόταφος 'with grey temples' (© 518 et al.), ὑπο-, ἐπι-πόλιος  'grizzled, mixed with grey' (Anacr., D.), probably back-formations (cf. ἐπιπολιόομαι  below), see Strémberg 1946: 101ff.; on μεσαι-πόλιος see ▶︎ μέσος.

    *DER 1. Fem. πολιάς (Luc. Lex.); 2. πόλιον [n.] ''Teucrium polium or creticum'  (Thphr., Nic., Dsc.), named after the color of the flower (Dsc. 3, 1 10); 3. πολιότης [f.]  'greyness' (Arist.), moAld (from moAt-ta) [f.] 'id', also as a disease (Arist.); 4. denominative πολι-αίνομαι 'to become whitish', of the sea (A. Pers. 109 [lyr.]);  -dopat 'to become grey', -dw 'to make grey' (Arist.), also with ém-, mpo-, whence  -wotc [f.] 'becoming grey' (Arist.), τωμα [n.] 'greyness' (Eust.); -άζω 'to become grey'  (sch.).

    *ETYM The formation πολιός has been reconstructed as from *moAtfo- on the basis of  Myc. po-ri-wa and the link with Skt. palitd- 'grey', but the appurtenance of the Myc. word is quite uncertain, and the Sanskrit word may contain a suffix -ita-. Since,  furthermore, the reconstruction *pol-i-uo- with its double suffixation is a@ priori  improbable, the original form must rather be set to *pol-io-; cf. Arm. αἰ κ' [pl.]  'wave's crests, white tuft, beard' < *pl-io-es. With the suffix -uo- for color  designations, we find the related formations Lith. palvas 'light yellow, straw- N-colored',  OCS plave 'white', ON folr 'pale' < *pol-uo-. Cf. ▶︎ πελιός. "

XXXXXπόλις [{ 'citadel, fort, city, city community, state' (Il.), on the meaning in Hom. Hoffmann 1956: 153ff. <1 *tpelH- 'fortification' from * pelH- ρου» eva Ion. -ἰος, -ηος, also πτόλις, -ews (epic, Cypr., Thess., Arc.).

    *DIAL Myc. po-to-ri-jo has been interpreted as "Πτολίων.

*CcOMP As a first member e.g. in πτολί-πορθος (-πόρθιος, -πόρθης) 'sacking cities, destroyer of cities' (Il, epic); enlarged in IA πολιοῦχος (from -10-ovx.); Dor. πολι-ἂ- οχος, -ἰᾶχος, epic πολι-ἤ-οχος 'ruling a city, city protector'; unexplained is πολισσο- in πολισσοῦχος, πολισσο-νομέω (A.). Very frequent as a second member, e.g. ἀκρο- πολις = πόλις ἄκρη 'upper town, citadel' (Od.); on this and related compounds, see Risch IF 59 (1949): 261ff.

===Pag_1271: Beekes_Página_1271.tiff===

    *DER 1. With a secondary suffix πτολί-εθρον [n.] (epic 1].); cf. μέλαθρον, θέμεθλα,  ἔδεθλον (Schwyzer: 533). 2. Diminutive πολίχνη [f.], often as a TN (1A), with -ixviov  (Att.); πολίδιον (Ὁ [n.] (Str.). 3. Πολιεύς (-1¢) [m.] 'city guardian' (Thera before V*,  Arist., Hell.); fem. Πολιάς (IA, Arg.). 4. πολίτης (epic, Sapph., Att.) 'citizen,  townsman', πολι-ἅ-τας, -ἡ-της [m.] (Dor. Aeol., B 806, Ion.), after οἰκιά-τας, -τή-της,  etc, fem. -ἴτις (S, E, Pl); hence πολιτ-ικός 'civic, political' (Hdt. 7, 103, Att.)  -evouat, -ebw [v.] 'to be a citizen, take part in state affairs' (Att. etc.), πολιατεύω  (Gortyn), whence -eia, Ion. -1in, -evua (Hdt, Att.); also πολιτισμός 'administration'  (D. L.), see Chantraine 1933: 143. 5. Denominative πολίζω 'to found (a city), cultivate  a place by founding a city' (epic Ion., X.), aor. -io(o)at, also prefixed (rare and late)  with év-, ovv-, etc. Thence πόλ-ισμα 'fouridation (of a city)' (Ion. poet., Th.),  -ἰσμάτιον (Hell.), -ἰσμός 'foundation of a city' (Ὁ. H., Lyd.), -ἰστής 'founder of a city'  (rejected in Poll. 9, 6).

    *ETYM Together with the variant πτόλις (= Arc. Πτόλις, name of the castle in  Mantinea; Thess. oi ττολίαρχοι with assimilation) from PIE *tpolH-, to which  correspond the zero-grades Skt. pir, gen. purah [f.], Lith. pilis [f.] < *plH-. The two  forms suggest that PIE had an ablauting root noun (cf. Pok. 798-801). Original  meaning 'hill top'; cf. the s-stem *pélH-s, *plH-és-os supported by Olr. all [n.] 'cliff,  ON fjall [n.] 'mountain'.

XXXXXπόλος [m.]>néAOUAL.

XXXXXπόλτος [m.] 'flour porridge' (Alcm., Epich., Plu.). <?>

    *COMP πολτο-ποιέω 'to make into π᾿' (Orib.).

    *DER Diminutive πολτάριον [n.] (Dsc.), adjective πολτώδης 'porridge-like' (Erot.).

    *ETYM The form *pol-to- is reminiscent of ▶︎ πάλη 'fine flour' < *plH-eh,- and  ▶︎ πέλανος 'liquid substance (of flour) < *pelh,-no-. Outside Greek, it has been  compared with Lat. puls, -tis [f.], which is reconstructed as *pol(H)-t- with the  Saussure Effect, and sometimes with pollen [n.] 'flour, powder' < *polH-n- (cf. De  Vaan 2008: 474). The Saussure Effect would need to be invoked in order to connect  the Greek as *pol(h,)-to-. The situation is obscured, however, because the nominal  formations may have been derived relatively recently from the verb ▶︎ παλλω. A final  alternative would be that πόλτος is a substrate word, related to e.g. παλάθη 'cake of  conserved fruits' and πλάθανον 'cake mold' (suggested by Van Beek 2009).

XXXXXπολύς [adj.] 'much, many, often' (I].).

    *VAR πολλή, πολύ, Ion. poet. alo πολλός, πολλόν.

    *COMP Highly productive as a first member, e.g. πολύ-τροπος 'much-wandering,  much-turned, wily', of Odysseus, Hermes and others (Od., h. Merc.), 'many-shaped'  (Th.). On the Homeric compounds in πολυ- see Stanford Class, Phil. 45 (1950): 108ff. Beside this, we rarely find moAAa-, e.g. πολλα-πλάσιος, -πλήσιος 'manifold' (IA), like  δεκα-πλάσιος, πολλά-κις etc; see also δι-πλάσιος. Compar. and superl. ▶︎ πλείων,  πλέων, πλεῖστος (from *pleh,-is-to-), sv; innovation πόλιστος (Tab. Heracl.), see  Seiler 1950: 61.

===Pag_1272: Beekes_Página_1272.tiff=== XXXXXποπύζω 1221

    *DER πολλότης [f.] 'plurality' (Damasc.), πολλ-οστός 'the manieth', 'one of many,  small' (Att.), after εἰκοστός etc.; -άκις 'often' (1].), epic and lyr. also -κι; after δεκά-κις  etc.; explanation uncertain.

    *ETYM The o-grade in πολύς, -ύ < *polh,-u- is flanked by a zero grade in Skt. purti-  'many' < JE *plh,-u- and an e-grade in eg. Olr. il, Go. filu 'many' < *pelh,-u-. The  geminated stem πολλο- is not certainly explained; it is mostly assumed that it    contains the same suffix as in μεγαλ-. The adjective is an old derivative of the verbal  root 'to fill as in ▶︎ πίμπλημι.

XXXXXπολφοί [m.pl.] farinaceous food, 'wire noodles' (com.). <?>

    *VAR Also sg. -ός.

    *COMP πολφο-φάκῃ [f.] 'dish of wire noodles and lentils' (Poll. 6, 61).

    *ETYM Of unknown origin. Perhaps somehow connected with πλεφίς: σησαμίς (H.).

XXXXXπομπή -᾽πέμπω.

XXXXXπομφόλυξ, πομφός -"πέμφιξ.

XXXXXπονέομαι, πόνος -'πένομαι.

XXXXXπόντος [m.] 'sea' (Il, epic), often in names, e.g. 6 Εὔξεινος πόντος 'the Black Sea', for which also (6) Πόντος (IA), also as a name of the southern coast of the Black Sea and a state in that area (App. et al.). 41Ε pont-eh,, put-h,- 'path'>

    *COMP Eg. ποντο-πόρος 'crossing the sea' (1]., epic), with ποντοπορ-έω, -εύω [v.] 'to  cross the sea' (Od.), on the formation see Chantraine 1942: 62, 95 and 368); on  »Ἑλλήσποντος see s.v.

    *DER 1. πόντιιος 'belonging to the sea' (h. Hom., Pi.), fem. -ιάς (Pi.); 2. -1K6g 'from  Pontos' (IA); 3. -iAog [m.] name of a mollusc (Arist.), cf. vavt-ihog; 4. -εύς [m.] name  of a Phaeacian (@ 113); 5. ποντ-ίζω [v.] (A. S.), elsewhere with kata- (Att, NT) 'to  sink into the sea', whence ποντίσματα [n.pl.] 'oblations sunk into the sea' (E.),  καταποντ-ισμός [m.] 'the drowning' (Isoc., LXX), -ἰστής [m.] 'one who throws into  the sea, who lets drown' (Att.); 6. kata-novt-6w 'id.' (IA); ποντ-όομαι 'to form a sea'  (Ὁ. S.), τόω = -ίζω (Nic. Dam.), with -wotc [f.] (12...

    *ETYM Together with ▶︎ πάτος, πόντος represents an old IE *h,-stem with ablaut of  the root, viz. *pont-éh,s, gen. *pnt-h,-ds; cf. Skt. panthah, gen. pathah, Av. panta,  gen. ραθ, Lat. pons, gen. pontis [m.] 'bridge, passage', Arm. hun 'ford', OCS pote  [m.] 'road', OPr. pintis 'id', etc. In Germanic, the root is mainly verbal; cf. Go. finpan 'to find', etc. < *pent-e/o-. See ▶︎ πατέω. ᾿    πόπανον —TEGOW.

XXXXXπόποι interjection of surprise, disagreement, etc. (Il, epic). «ΝΑΙ Epic ὦ πόποι. Also πόπαξ (A. Eu. 143).

    *ETYM Creation like >nanai, ▶︎ βαβαί, -4—. On the reinterpretation of ὦ πόποι (also  @) as 'oh gods!' in Lycophr. and Euph., see Leumann 1950: 33 and Ruijgh 1957: 101.

XXXXXποπύζω [v.] 'to click with the tongue', as a calling signal, etc. (com, Thphr., Theoc.). < PGP

===Pag_1273: Beekes_Página_1273.tiff===

    *VAR Dor. -bodw.

    *DER Tortit-vopdc [m.] (X., Plu.), τυσμα [n.], (Dexipp. in Cat., Juv.) 'the clicking';  enlarged in ποππυ-λιάσδω 4. (Theoc.), cf. βομβυλιάζω (see βόμβος).

    *ETYM Onomatopoeia with reduplication.

XXXXXπορεῖν [aor.] 'to provide, donate, offer, grant' (IL, epic). 41E *perh, 'give'>

    *VAR  πέπρωται [perf.] 'it is given or decided (by fatey, ptc. πεπρωμένος (Il. epic);  ptc. πρωτός (Hdn. Gr.).

    *ETYM Morphologically similar to e.g. μολεῖν : μέμβλωκα < *melh,. The verb is  derived from the root *perh,-, which is also found in Skt. pir-dhi [ipv.] 'give! <  *prh,-d"i. Because of the color of the laryngeal, the verb cannot be related to περάω,  πείρω 'to penetrate' < *perh.-(1)e/o-, nor to πέρνημι 'to sell' < *pr-neh,-mi.

XXXXXπορθέω -'πέρθω.

XXXXXπορθμός -'πείρω.

XXXXXπόρις, -ἰος [f.] 'calf, heifer', metaph. 'young girl (epic since κ 410); also πόρταξ [f.] 'id' (P 4) modeled after δέλφαξ, σκύλαξ, etc. <?>

    *VAR More common is πόρτις, -ἰος (epic since E 162).

    *DIAL Myc. po-ti-pi /portip*i/ [instr.pl.].

    *DER πορτι-τρόφος 'feeding calves' (h. Ap. B.); glosses moptaxivov (or -tov?)-  μοσχίον 'young calf, πορτάζει (or -akitet?): δαμαλίζεται 'is subdued' (H.).

    *ETYM Presupposes IE *por-i-, an i-stem beside e.g. ON farri, OHG far(ro) 'bull <  *por-s6(n)- / *por-nd(n)-, MHG verse, MoHG Férse [f.] 'young cow' < *por-s-ih,-. Perhaps from a verb *prH-e/o- as in Lat. parié 'to mate' (Lith. peréti 'to brood, sit on  eggs', however, has no laryngeal in the root, and therefore cannot be related).

XXXXXπόρκης [m.] 'ring around the shaft of a spear, holding the metal spearhead' (Z 320 = © 495). <?>

    *DER πορκώδης 'like a m.' (Eust.).

    *ETYM Suffixation like in ying, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 30, Schwyzer: 461), but no  further etymology. Cf. ▶︎ πόρκος and ▶︎ πόρπη.

XXXXXπόρκος [m.] 'kind of fishing-net' (Pl, com.) <?>

    *DER πορκεύς [m.] 'net-fisher' (Lyc.).

    *ETYM Etymology uncertain: if connected with Arm. ors 'hunting, hunting-booty', it  derives from PIE * pork-o- (Patrubany KZ 37 (1904): 428). Doubts on the meaning of  the Arm. word in Clackson 1994: 164. Cf. ▶︎ πόρκης.

XXXXXπόρνη [f.] 'prostitute, whore' (IA).

    *COMP E.g. πορνο-βοσκός [m.] 'procurer', with -éw, -ia, -eiov (Herod., Att.); πορνο-λύτας [m.] (inscr. Tarentum), see Parlangéli Glotta 40 (1962): 50.

    *DER 1. Diminutive mopv-idiov [n.] (com.); 2. -τκός 'belonging to harlots' (Aesch.,  LXX); 3. -eiov [n.] 'brothel' (Ar., Antipho), 4. -oobvn [f.] 'prostitution' (Man.); 5. -εύομαι, -εύω [v.] 'to live like a harlot; to prostitute', also metaph. 'to practise  idolatry' (NT), with -eia, -evotc, -ευμα, -edtpia (IA). From πόρνη also πόρνος [m.]  'lover-boy, lover' (Att., LKX, NT). .

===Pag_1274: Beekes_Página_1274.tiff=== XXXXXπορφύρα 1223

    *ETYM Linked to ▶︎ πέρνημι 'to sell', and hence derived from *porh,-neh,-. The loss of  laryngeal is mostly ascribed to Saussure's Law (loss of laryngeal after o-grade); for a  different interpretation (loss between liquid and nasal), see Van Beek 2009.

XXXXXπόρος [m.]=7Eipw.

XXXXXπόρπη [f.] 'clasp' (IL).

    *DER πορτπίον, -άω, -ημα, -όομαι, -ωμα; with a suffix -dx-: πόρπᾶξ, -ἄκος [m.] 'ring  or loop on the inner (bulging) side of a shield' (Β,, S., E. Ar.), 'part of the headgear of  a horse' (E. Rh. 385) with -ἄκιζομαι (Ar.); originally a Doric expression, see  Chantraine 1933: 381, Bjérck 1950: 296f.

    *ETYM Neither a reduplicated formation from πείρω, nor a creation * pork-ueh,- from  πόρκης makes sense (pace e.g. WP 2, 39). Fur.: 163 connects πορφίτῳ- περόνῃ  'buckle' (H.), and concludes that the word is Pre-Greek on account of the variation  πίφ.

XXXXXπόρσω [adv.] 'forward, beyond, far away from something, away' (Pi. trag. [lyr.]). 41Ε * per, or *preti, proti forward'>

    *VAR πόρρω (Att.). Compar. and superl. πόρσ-ιον, -tota (Pi.), see Seiler 1950: 106f,  πορρω-τέρω, -τάτω (Att.). Adverb πόρσω-θεν (Archyt.), πόρρω-θεν (Att) 'from far'.

    *DER Denominatives 1. nopo-bvw [v.] 'to accomplish, provide' (epic Ion., also X.),  also with ém-, ovv-, originally 'to bring forth' (cf. Lat. producere, MoHG  hervorbringen); 2. mopoaivw 'id' (Hom. v.1., h. Cer. Pi.), rejected by Forbes Glotta 36  (1958): 261.

    *ETYM May be identical to Lat. porré, Praen. porod 'forward' if < *p(o)rs6(d), with an  ending like in ἄνω, κάτω, etc. DELG, however, prefers to derive πόρσω from πρόσω  (< ἔπροτι + -w) with metathesis (comparing ▶︎ πρότι beside πόρτι), because both  words share the same sense. See ▶︎ πρόσω.

XXXXXπορφύρα [f.] 'purple dye, purple snail, purple clothes' (Sapph., Hdt., A.).

    *VAR Ion. -p1).

    *COMP E.g. πορφυρό-ζωνος 'with a purple girdle' (B.), παμ-πόρφυρος 'consisting  only of purple, all-purple' (Pi.), ἐπι-, ὑπο-πόρφυρος 'something purple' (Thphr.,  Arist.), see Strémberg 1946: 104f., 138; also ἁλι-πόρφυρος 'of sea purple, dyed with  real purple, purple-red' (Od.); different Marzullo Maia 3 (1950): 132ff., Marzullo  1970: 255.

    *DER 1. πορφύρ-εος (Att. -otc, Aeol. -ἰος) 'purple, purple dye', of cloth(e)s, also of  blood, etc. (IL), cf. on »πορφύρω. 2. πορφυρ-εύς [m.] 'purple snail fisher' (Hdt,  Arist.), with -ευτικός 'belonging to the πορφυρεύς (-evtiic?) (E., Poll.), probably  after ἁλιευ-τικός, cf. Fraenkel 1912: 63', Chantraine 1956a: 119; πορφυρ-εύω [v.] 'to  fish for purple snails' (Philostr.), -ευτής [m.] = -εύς (Poll.). 3. πορφυρ-ίς [f.] 'purple  garment' (X.), also name of a bird (Ibyc.), see Thompson 1895 s.v. 4. diminutive  πορφύρ-ιον [n.] (Arist.), also 'purpur cloth' (pap.). 5. -eiov [n.] 'purple dye house'  (Str.). 6. -ίτης (λίθος), fem. -itic 'like porphyry, containing porphyry' (Plin., inscr.,  ostr.), -ἰτικός 'containing porphyry' (pap.). 7. moppup-iwv [m.] 'purple coot, Fulica  porphyrion' (Ar., Arist.), see Thompson 1895 s.v., Chantraine 1933: 165. 8. -τκή [f.]

===Pag_1275: Beekes_Página_1275.tiff===

'purple taxes (pap. II*). 9. πορφυρώματα' τῶν ταῖς θεαῖς τυθέντων χοίρων τὰ κρέα 'the meat of pigs offered to the gods' (H.). το. πορφυρ-ίζω 'to make purple' (Arist., Thphr.), also with ém-, ὑπο-. 11. TNs like Πορφυρ- fc, -ewv.

    *ETYM There are no Indo-European connections; probably a loanword from a  Mediterranean language. On πορφύρα, -ὕρεος, -ύρω, see Vieillefond REGr. 51 (1938):  403ff; further, Castrignano Maia 5 (1952): 18ff., Gipper Glotta 42 (1964): 390ff., and  Tichy 1983: 280ff. Borrowed as Lat. purpura, whence MoE purple, etc.

XXXXXπορφύρω [v.] 1. 'to surge, boil', of the sea (Ξ 16, Arat., A. R.), metaph. of the heart (Od., A. R, Q. 5.); 2. 'to dye purple, redden' (Hell.), 'to paint red' (Nonn.). 4%

    *VAR Only pres. and ipf. %

    *COMP With mept- (Man.). ᾿

    *DER πορφύρεος (Aeol. -ἰος) 'boiling, whirly', of the sea (Hom., Alc.); to be kept  apart from πορφύρεος 'purple'.

    *ETYM Reduplicated formation like ▶︎ μορμύρω (s.v. with lit; for πορφύρεος, cf. μαρμάρεος from »μαρμαίρω. Traditionally compared to Skt. jar-bhuriti 'to have  convulsions, sprawl from the primary verb bhurati 'id' (see further on ▶︎ φύρω). In  the sense 'to dye purple', πορφύρω was adapted to πορφύρα. Discussion in Tichy  1983: 28off.

XXXXXπός [prep.] = ▶︎ moti, ▶︎ πρός.

    <IE *pos 'near, after', *poti>

    *VAR  Before vowel also mo- (Arc. Cypr., Phr., Pisid.).

    *ETYM Traditionally thought to be identical in origin with Lith. pds 'by, near', OCS  po 'behind, after' < *pos, which would also be present in Lat. post < *posti, Alb. pas  'behind, after', etc. However, DELG is quite explicit in its rejection of this  comparison, arguing that all Greek variants πότ-, πός, πο- must be expained from  *poti > Myc. po-si.

1600p [f.] 'penis' (Ar. Nu. 1014), also 'foreskin' (medic.).

    *VAR Cf. ἀκροβυστία below.

    *DER Diminutive πόσθιον [n.] (Hp., Ar.); -ia [f.] 'foreskin' (Ph.), metaph. 'stye on the  eyelid' (medic.); perhaps shortened from axpo-noo8-ia (Scheller 1951: 437} -wv,

XXXXXτωνος [m.] 'provided with a 1.', vulgar designation of a boy (Ar. Pax 1300; meaning unclear in Luc. Lex. 12); also PNs like -iwv, -ὕλος; perhaps also Βόσθων (Halicarn.), O. Masson Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 10 (1975): 162. Furthermore ποσθ-αλίων (Dor. inscr. around 200°), with a familiar enlargement -A-; see Taillardat RPh. 87 (1961): 249f5 -αλίσκος = -wv (Ar. Th. 291; conj. Dindortf, accepted by Taillardat l.c.). Compound ἀκρο-ποσθ-ία [f.] (Hp., Arist.) -tov [n.] (Poll., Ruf.) 'foreskin'; for this ἀκροβυστία [f] 'id', coll. 'the uncircumcized people' = 'heathendom' (LXX, NT), formerly assumed to contain a folk-etymological euphemism after Bbw (EM 53, 47, Blass & Debrunner 1959 $120, 4).

    *ETYM Traditionally connected with ▶︎ πέος < *peso-, but the required derivation  *pos-d'h,-o- is rather articifial. If ἀκρο-βυστία is not analogical, the word must be  Pre-Greek in view of the variation. This explanation is increasingly attractive in view  of the semantic field. Note that the derivation from *g'"osd"-eh,- (Szemerényi Archiv.

===Pag_1276: Beekes_Página_1276.tiff=== XXXXXποταμός 1225 Linguist. 5 (1953): 13ff.) is wrong, because root was g'osd-; cf. OSw. kvaster [m.] 'twig, brush', Olr. bot [m.] 'tail, penis' < g'osd-o-.

XXXXXπόσις 1, -ἰος [m.] 'husband, spouse, consort' (Il. epic poet.), cf. Chantraine REGr. 59- 60 (1946-1947): 219ff.).

    *ETYM Old and widespread designation of the lord of the house and the husband:  Skt. pati-, Av. paiti- 'lord, ruler, husband', Lith. pats 'husband' (for older patis), ToA  pats, ToB petso [obl.] 'husband', Lat. potis 'capable, powerful', all from IE * poti-. The  word is often used as a second member of a compound or with a gen, eg. ▶︎ δεσπότης, Skt. vis-pati- 'lord of the house', Lith. vies-pats 'Lord-(god)' (cf. on  moikoc), Lat. hos-pes 'guest, host', Ru. gos-péd' 'Lord, god', Go. brup-faps  'bridegroom'. The meaning 'lord, husband' is usually explained (see Benveniste Word 10 (1954):  256, following Pedersen) from an older meaning 'self' in Lith. pdts (andin Av. *x'aé-  paiti-) and in the particle Lith. pat 'self, even', Hitt. =pat 'the same, also, even, etc.';  however, the Hittite particle probably derives from *-b"od (see Kloekhorst 2008 s.v.). This interpretation is extensively criticized and rejected by Szemerényi 1964: 337ff. See ▶︎ πότνια and ▶︎ Ποσειδῶν.

XXXXXπόσις 2 'drink, beverage'. το πίνω.

XXXXXπόσος [interr. pron.] 'how great?, how much?, how many?' (Att.).

    <IE *k'oti- 'how  much'>

    *VAR Ion. (Hdt.) κόσος.

    *COMP Epic ποσσ-ῆμαρ 'in how many days?' (2. 657).

    *DER ποσότ-της [f.] 'quantity' (Arist.), moo-wdn¢ 'quantitative' (comm. Arist.), -ivda  [adv.] (X.), see Schwyzer: 627, -ἀκι(ς) 'how often? (PI. Call.), -6w [v.] 'to calculate  the quantity, to count up' (Thphr.); also πόστος 'the how-manieth?' (w 288, Att.),  dissimilated from *noo(c)o-otdc, and accented after πόσος; hence noot-atoc 'on  what day?' (X.), after devtep-atoc, etc. Indefinite ποσός (Att., Hell.), ποστός (late).

    *ETYM From *nott-oc, an adjective formed from IE *k'6éti, found in Skt. kati, Lat. quot 'how many?'. See further on ▶︎ πόθεν and ▶︎ τόσος.

XXXXXποταίνιος [adj.] 'new, fresh, unexpected, unheard of (Pi, B., trag., also Hp.), acc. to Eust. and Phot., Doric for πρόσφατος.

    *VAR ποταινί = προσφάτως (Zonar.).

    *ETYM Can hardly be separated from προταίνιον: πρὸ μικοῦ, παλαιόν (H.) and  > προταινί 'in front' (E. Rh. 523), Boeot. προτηνί 'earlier'. As this stands for πρὸ tatvi  (scil. ἡμέραι), ποταινί, -viog must go back to an adverbial "ποτὶ ταινι with haplology.

XXXXXποταμός [m.] 'river' (II.). <?>

    *COMP E.g. ποταμο-φύλαξ [m.] 'river-guard' (pap.), καλλι-πόταμος 'with fair rivers'  CE. [lyr.]).

    *DER 1. Diminutives notét-iov [n.] (com. Str.), -ίσκος [m.] (Str.). Further  substantives: 2. ποταμ-εύς [m.] designation of the east wind in Tripolis (Arist.), 3. «της [m.] 'river-worker' (pap.). Adjectives: 4. -toc 'belonging to the river' (Pi., Hdt.,  trag., etc.), -taiog 'id' (Arist. [v.l. toc], Ruf.); -ἠΐος (Nonn.), fem. -nic (A. R., Nic.)

===Pag_1277: Beekes_Página_1277.tiff===

, ποτάομαι, ποτέομαι 'id', both metrically conditioned. 5 -ώδης 'river-like' (Eun.); 6. -ηνή [f.] epithet of Μήτηρ, the river goddess (inscr. Pisidia), cf. Schwyzer: 490. 7. Adverb -ηδόν 'like a river, in streams' (Luc, Aret.); 8. Verb -dopat 'to form a river' (Aq.). 9. nickname ΠΠοτάμιλλα [m.] (Sophr.), see Schwyzer: 561.

    *ETYM Formation like obAapdc, πλόκαμος, etc. Combined with πίπτω, ἔπετον 'to fall'  in previous centuries, thus originally 'waterfall' vel sim., referring to a river  sweeping away things in a mountainous area. Etymological comparison with the  epithet διιπετής (Π 174, 5 477) is difficult. The analysis faces the problem that the  root-final laryngeal was *h,, and thus cannot explain the suffix vocalism -ap-. Others have connected ποταμός to πετάννυμι in the sense of 'extension', and  supposed identity with the Germanic group df OS fathmos, OE fedm 'extension (of  the arms), embrace, fathom' (OE flédes fedm). A final option, formally more  attractive and semantically possible, is a relation with *peth,- 'to fly', as evidenced by  Gr. ἔπτατο. Connection with Lith. tekd 'run', assuming metathesis from *tonapdc  (Pisani RILomb. 73 (1939-40): 502f.), should be rejected. In sum, the etymology remains uncertain. In principle, the word could be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXποτανός, ποτάομαι, ποτέομαι TE TOPAL.

XXXXXπότε [interr. adv.] 'when ?, indefinite ποτε, ποτέ 'at some time' (IL, Att, Arc., Cypr.). <1E *k'o- 'which?'>

    *VAR Ion. κότε, Aeol. πότα, Dor. πόκα.

    *ETYM From the pronominal] stem πο- with various particles added; see ▶︎ πόθεν and  ▶︎ ὅτε. Formerly, ▶︎ τίπτε was also assumed to contain πότε, but this is now unlikely.

XXXXXπότερος [pron. adj.] 'who or which of either?' (IL).

    <IE *k'o- 'which?'>

    *VAR Ion. κότερος.

    *ETYM Old pronoun, identical with Skt. katard-, Go. hvapar, Lith. katrds, etc., IE  *k'o-tero- (cf. on ▶︎ πόθεν); on the varying accentuation, see Schwyzer: 381.

XXXXXnoti [prev., prep.] 'towards, by' (IIL. epic poet., Dor.).

    <IE *poti 'against'>

    *VAR ποτ᾽ before vowel.

    *DIAL Myc. po-si-.

    *ETYM Identical with Av. paiti, OP patiy 'against, by'. Beside it stand ▶︎ πρότι, ▶︎ πρός,  and ▶︎ πός.

XXXXXπότμος -'πίπτω.

XXXXXπότνια [f.] Ἰδάγ, mistress', especially of goddesses (1]., epic poet.).

    *VAR  On disyllabic πότνα for older πότνια (Od. et al.), originally only in the voc. πότνα θεά, which may have been an Aeolic syntagm, see Peters 1980a: 213ff.

    *DIAL Myc. po-ti-ni-ja. On the Myc. adjective po-ti-ni-ja-we-jo see Lejeune Par. del  pass. 17 (1962): 401

    *DER ποτνιάδες [pl.] 'id' (E.), after μαινάδες etc., see Chantraine 1933: 355 and 357;  ποτνι-άομαι [v.] 'to beseech (a goddess); to wail, lament', especially of women (late  prose), on the mg. see Mras Glotta 12 (1923): 67f. Thence -ασμοί [pl.] (Str.), -ασις [f.]

===Pag_1278: Beekes_Página_1278.tiff=== XXXXXπούς, ποδός 1227 (Poll.) 'wail', -αστής [m.] 'lamenter' (Phld.); also -άζομαι in ποτνιάζου: εὔχου, παρακάλει 'pray, call' (H.). TN Ποτνιαί [f.pl.] Boeotian town name (Paus.), called after the Πότνιαι (Demeter and Kore); hence the adjective ΠΠοτν-ιάς (A. et al.) and the PN -εὖς (Paus.).

    *ETYM Identical with Skt. pdtni [f.] 'mistress, goddess', Av. paSni- [f.] 'mistress',  OLith. vies-patni [f.] 'lady, mistress': IE *pdtnih,. This is the old feminine of IE * péti-  'lord, husband' in πόσις 'husband'; πότνια 'mistress, goddess' became isolated from  it. ποῦ -"πόθεν.

XXXXXπουκρίς [£] 'river perch, Perca fluviatilis' Cinscr. Acraiphia before 224-210 BC).

    <IE  *perk- 'motley'>

    *ETYM Acc. to Taillardat (see DELG Supp.), the same word as nepxic [f.] 'small perch'  (Dsc.). The word would be a metathesized form of *npux-t6- < *prk-, with pv from y,    written novxpt6- in Boeotian. It would then be cognate with πρακνόν, πρεκνός, etc;  see on ▶︎ πρόξ and ▶︎ περκνός.

XXXXXποῦπος [m.] 'hoopoe' (Cyran. 20).

    *ETYM The word is onomatopoeic; cf. ▶︎ ἔποψ 'id.'.

XXXXXπούριον [n.] 'kind of tart' (Chrysipp. Tyan. apud Ath. 14, 647d). 42>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXποῦρος -»πῶρος.

XXXXXπούς, ποδός [m.] 'foot', also metaph. in several mgs. (Il.). «IE *pod- 'foot'>

    *VAR Dor. πώς, πός; see below.

    *DIAL Myc. po-da-ko /podargos/ [n.] name of an ox (Chantraine RPh. 89 (1963): 13),  ti-ri-po /tripod-/, etc.

    *COMP Very frequent in compounds, e.g. 1165-apyos [m.] name of a horse (II.), also  as an appellative 'swift- or white-footed' (Lyc.), cf. ἀργί-πους s.v. ▶︎ ἀργός; τρί-πους  (πος) 'three-footed', msc. 'tripod' (Il.), cf. Myc. ti-ri-po. Extensive discussion on  ποδ- as a second member in Sommer 1948: 28ff. Hypostases with a suffix -10-, e.g. ἐμ-  πόδ-ιος 'at one's feet, in the way, obstuctive' (IA), ὑπο-πόδε-ιον [n.] 'footstool' (LXX,  Hell. inscr. and pap.).

    *DER 1. Diminutives 166-tov [n.] (Epich. Hp.), -άριον [n.] (com.}, -ίσκος [m.]  (Herod.), cf. Myc. ti-ri-po-di-ko. Further substantives: 2. ποδ-εῖα [n.pl.) designation of a foot covering, 'leggings' vel  sim. (Critias, com.); 3. -εών, -εῶνος [m.] 'foot-end of an animal skin, strip or sheet'  (Jon., Theoc.); 4. -ia [f.] 'sail sheet' (gloss., Serv. ad Verg.); 5. -iSec [f-pl.] designation  of a foot covering (Poll.); 6. -ότης [f.] 'the property of being provided with feet'  (Arist.); 7. τ-ωμα [n.] 'floor, base' (pap.). Adjectives: 8. ποδ-ταῖος 'measuring one foot' (JA); -ἰκός 'concerning a metrical foot'  (Aristid. Quint.). . Verbs 9. ποδ-ίζομαι 'to be bound by the feet' (S., X.), also (metrical) 'to divide in feet,  scan' (Eust.), with -ἰσμός [m.] 'measuring by feet' (late), -iotpa [f.] 'foot-trap' (AP);

===Pag_1279: Beekes_Página_1279.tiff===

also with prefix, e.g. ἐμ-ποδ-ίζω 'to bind the feet' (Ηάϊ,, A.), but usually 'to hinder, obstruct' (Att.), from ▶︎ ἐμποδών, ἐμπόδιος (see above); ἀνα-ποδ-είζω 'to make to step back, to call back, go back' (1A); 10. ποδ-όω, -dopat 'to tighten the sail sheet, be provided with feet' (Lyc. et al.), whence -wt6c.

    *ETYM The old word for 'foot' was a consonant stem *pod-. In most languages, it was  either preserved as such, or enlarged: e.g. Arm. ot-k' [pl.] = πόδες, otn [nom.acc.sg.]  = acc. πόδα < IE* pdéd-n. The o-grade appears also in Hitt. pat- / pat-, CLuw. pata/i-  'foot'. A lengthened grade is found in Gm., e.g. ON fotr, OE fét [p|.] < PGm. *fot-iz <  IE *péd-es. An innovation after the u-stems is Go. fotus, acc. fotu < IE *péd-m. An e-  grade is attested in Lat. pés, ped-is, while the, original color of Skt. pat, acc. pad-am,  gen. pad-ds cannot be deduced. ToA pe, ToB paiyye 'foot' contain an enlargement, but are difficult to analyze  precisely (see Adams 1999 sv. paiyye). The appurtenance of Lith. padas 'sole of the  foot, threshing-floor, etc.', Ru. pod 'bottom, ground, plank-bed' is hardly possible in  view of Winter's Law (see Derksen 2008 s.v. pod»). All this seems to point to old static ablaut IE *ped- : pod-. In Greek, the e-grade is  retained in a series of derivations: ▶︎ πέδη, ▶︎ πέζα, ▶︎ πεζός, ▶︎ πέδον, ▶︎ πέδιλον, ▶︎ πεδά;  further, an old zero grade is found in ▶︎ ἔπιβδα. The originally lengthened grade of the nom.sg. is found in Greek only in πώς (Dor. apud H.). It was replaced by Dor. πός, Hom. τρί-πος after the oblique forms; Att. πούς recalls δούς, etc. but has no certain explanation.

XXXXXmpayopitns [m.] 'kind of wine' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXπράμος [adj.] = πρόμος (Ar. Th. 50). 42>

    *ETYM If the tradition is correct, it could contain a zero grade form of ▶︎ πρόμος, but a  form *pr- beside προ is improbable. The form is most often corrected to πρόμος.

XXXXXπράμνειος [adj.} 'qualification of wine' (Hom.). <?>

    *VAR -ἰος (Hp.).

    *ETYM Cf. the note of J. André ad Plin. 14, §54. H. has moduvty δίκελλα ἄμπελος; also,  Poll. 7, 150 πράμνημα = vine branch of Pramnos.

XXXXXπρανής --'πρηνής.

XXXXXπρανώ [?] - ἀκρίδος εἶδος 'kind of locust' (H.).

    *ETYM Gil Fernandez 1959 adduces napvoy. This means that the word is Pre-Greek;  see Fur.: 344, 392.

XXXXXπρᾶος, -ov [adj.] 'soft, gentle, mild' (Pi., Att.). <?>

    *VAR  πραῦς, πρηῦς (epic Ion., lyr., Hell.). Grades of comp. mpad-tepog (also πραῦ-,  πρηῦ-), πραό-τατος (mpadotoc Phrygia); adverb πράως, rarely -ἕως; also πρα-όνως  (Ar. Lys.), acc. to Frisk after εὐδαιμόνως, but acc. to DELG adverb to a compar. πρᾷων.

XXXXXὍΌὈΙΑΙ, Ατί, fem. -εἴα, plur. -éwv, -ἔσι.

===Pag_1280: Beekes_Página_1280.tiff=== XXXXXπρᾶσσω 1229

    *COMP Also as a first member (mostly late), eg. πραὔτ-μητις 'mild-tempered' (Pi.); on  ▶︎ πρευμενής See S.V.

    *DER Tpa-6trj¢ (Att.), -ύτης (LXX) [f.] 'mild temper'; πραὔνω, Ion. πρηὔνω 'to make  mild, soothe' (Hes., h. Merc. 417), also with kata- (rarely ἀπο-, dta-, etc.); thence  πρά-υνσις [f.] (πρή-, πρα-υσμός [m.] 'the soothing', -υντικός 'soothing' (Arist.,  medic.), -υντής [m.] (EM).

    *ETYM The o-stem πρᾶος may have developed from the older v-stem πραῦς, probably  through the adv. πράως, which was contracted from πραέως, belonging to mpaiic;  extensive treatment in Egli 1954: 100ff. The subscript t in πρᾷος is secondary,  probably from ῥάων. The form πραῦς is regularly derived form *pr(e)h,-i-u- by  Hamp MSS 43 (1984): 52f5 see Pok. 844.

XXXXXπραπίδες [f.pl.] 'midriff, mostly as a seat of intelligence and of emotions, 'sense, mind' l., epic poet.). <ΙΕ? prep- 'appear', k"rp- 'body, shape'>

    *VAR Rarely sg. -ic.

    *COMP No compounds or derivatives.

    *ETYM Formation in -ἰς (like naprjic, oavic, ἐλπίς, φροντίς), probably from the root  *k*rp- which may also be seen in ▶︎ πρέπω 'to be conspicuous' (but see the comments  there). From this root derive words for 'body, shape', like OHG (h)réf, OE hrif 'body,  abdomen, belly', Lat. corpus, Skt. krp-d [instr.] 'shape, beauty'. In the OE compound  mid-hrif 'midriff, the meaning (which agrees with mpanidec) may depend on the  first member mid-.

XXXXXπράσον [n.] 'leek, Allium porrum', also of a kind of seaweed, like leek (com., Thphr.).

    *COMP  E.g. πρασο-ειδής 'leek-like', from the color (Hp., Arist.), θαλασσό-πρασον  [n.] of a seaweed (Ath. Mech.).

    *DER 1. πράσ-ιος (Pl.), -tvog (Arist, LXX), -ιανός (M. Ant.), -ώδης (Thphr.) 'leek-  color, blue-green'; 2. -ittc [f.] name of a stone, after the color (Thphr.); 3. τιον [n.]  plant name 'horehound, Marrubium, etc.' (Hp., Arist., Thphr.); 4. πρασιά, Ion. -ιή  [f.] 'garden-bed' (Od., Hell.), mostly plur. -tai, also Att. deme name and a town in  Laconia (Th.). Thence πρασ-ιάζομαι, -ἰόομαι 'to be divided into beds' (Aq.); see  Scheller 1951: 67; 5. πρασίζω [v.] 'to be leek-colored' (Dsc.); 6. Πρασσαῖος [m.]  nickname of a frog (Batr.).

    *ETYM The traditional identification with Lat. porrum leads to a reconstruction IE  *prso-. The maintenance of -σ- between resonant and vowel recalls ▶︎ δασύς beside  Lat. densus < *dns-u-. It could be argued that the meaning points to substrate origin  for this word. If the word is Pre-Greek, this would explain the -o-.

XXXXXmpacow [v.] 'to pass through, travel' (only epic), 'to finish, accomplish, do, exact', intr. 'to come to an end, sticceed, act' (JA, etc.). «1Ε *per(h.)- 'go through, cross'>

    *VAR Att. -ττω, Cret. -ὅδω; epic Ion. πρήσσω, fut. πράξω, Ion. -ήξω, aor. πρᾶξαι,  -ῆξαι (all since IL), pass. πραχθῆναι (S., Th.), perf. πέπρᾶγα, -ηγα (Pi., Hdt.), -aya,  -nxa (Att., Hdt.), pass. πέπραγμαι (A:).

    *COMP Often with prefix, eg. dia-, eio-, κατα-, συν-. Compounds: eg. eb-apay-ia [f.]  'prosperity, success', kako-mpay-ia 'accident, misfortune' (Pi. Att.), whence εὖ-,

===Pag_1281: Beekes_Página_1281.tiff===

κακο-πρᾶγ-ἕέω (Att.); analogical δυσ-, κακο-πρᾶγής (Vett. Val, Η.), not from πρᾶγος; also εὐ-πραξ-ία, Ion. -πρηξ-ίη [f], after πρᾶξις, πρᾶξαι. EB Action nouns: 1. πρᾶξις, πρῆξις (also with δια-, κατα-, etc.) [f.] 'realization, accomplishment, advancement, act, exaction' (I1.), with πραξ-είδιον [n.] diminutive (EM), -ἰμος 'realizable' (Cyprus II-III'), 'recoverable' (Delos I-II'), also πράκτιμος (from Dor. npaktic or after πρακτι-κόςξ) 'liable to a monetary penalty' (Delphi II). Further compounds προ-πραξ-ία [f.] 'precedence in negotiation' (Acarnan. inscr. V- [V*), ὑπερ-πράξ-ιον [n.] 'over-exaction, blackmailing' (Mylasa V°), cf. also 10. below. 2. πρᾶγμα (post-Hom.), Ion. πρῆχμα (< -κσμ-; inscr.), πρῆγμα (Hdt.) [n.] 'performed act, fact, business', plur. 'facts, affairs of state, etc.'; as a second member in 4-, πολυ- πράγμων, etc; hence πραγμά-τιον, -τικός, -tidis, -τᾶς, -τώδης, -τεύομαι, with -τευμα, -τεία, -τειώδης, -τευτής, -τευ-τικός. 3. πρᾶγος [n.] poetic replacement for the worn-out word πρᾶγμα (Pi. trag.). 4. πρακτύς (Dor.) = πρᾶξις (EM). Agent nouns: 5. πρακτήρ, πρηκτήρ, -ἦρος [m.] 'executor, tradesman' (Hom.), 'exactor' (Hell.) with -τήριος 'effective, decisive' (A.). 6. πράκτωρ, -ορος [m.] 'executor, avenger' (A., S., Antiph.), 'exactor, tax official' (Att., pap.) with -τορ-ικός, τειος, -εὔω with -elov, -eia (-fa?). 7. εἰσ-, ἐκ-πράκτης [m.] 'collector, tax official' (Aq.). 8. πρηξών = ἀγοραῖος, i.e. 'notary' (Sicil; Theognost.); probably from πρῆξις (Schwyzer: 517). 9. Adjective πρακτικός 'concerning action, skilled, practical' (Att.).

    *ETYM All forms go back to a common stem πρᾶκ- or πρᾶγ-, which is a k-  enlargement of a zero grade πρᾶ- (DELG compares épt-k-w). Frisk connected this  with the root *perh, 'to sell' in πέπρᾶμαι, πιπρᾶσκομαι (see ▶︎ πέρνημι), but  semantically, connection with ▶︎ πέρα, ▶︎ πείρω (root *per-) is much more likely, given  the oldest meaning 'to travel, fare', etc. Further details are obscure. For the function of the velar, πλήσσω : πληγή, τμήγω : τέμνω, etc. have been  adduced. It is designated as terminative by Schwyzer: 702°.

XXXXXπρατήνιον [n.] designation of goats of a certain age (Ar. Byz., H., Phot.). «ἡ

    *VAR  Also npo-, and πρητήν, ἐπιπρητήν -ῆνος [m.].

    *ETYM Unknown. Anatolian, acc. to Solmsen 1909: 140f.

XXXXXπρέμνον [n.] 'tree-stump, trunk, stub', also 'bole', metaph. of a column, etc. (h. Merc.). On the mg. see Strémberg 1937: 98f.

    *VAR Also -ος [m.].

    *COMP As a second member ia. in αὐτό-πρεμνος 'together with the trunk, root and  branch, entirely' (A., S.).

    *DER πρέμνια: τὰ πάχος ἔχοντα ξύλα 'wood having thickness' (H.); πρεμν-ώδης  'stump-like' (Thphr.), -ίζω [v.] 'to pull up, remove the stump' (Test. apud D. εἴ al.),  ἐκ- (Ὁ. εἴ al.), -tagar ἐκριζῶσαι 'to root out' (H.).

    *ETYM Unexplained. Fur.: 65 assumes that it is a variant of ▶︎ πρυμνός, and considers  the words to be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXπρέπω [v.] 'to draw attention, be comspicuous, distinguish oneself, excel', also (mostly impersonal πρέπει) 'it is fitting, appropriate' (Il+).

===Pag_1282: Beekes_Página_1282.tiff=== XXXXXπρέσβυς 1231

    *VAR Rare fut. andaor. πρέψ-ω, -αἱ (A., Pl.).

    *COMP Often with prefix, e.g. dta-, μετα-, ἐν-, ἐπι-.

    *DER πρεπ-ώδης (Att.), -όντως (Pi, Att.) 'fitting, appropriate', πρεπ-τός (also ev-)  'drawing attention' (A. et al.); often from the prefixed compounds, e.g. peta-, δια-,  ἐκ-πρεπ-ής, also ev-, ἀρι-πρεπ-ής 'striking, excelling, pre-eminent, etc.' (IL.), whence  εὐπρέπ-εια (Att), -έω, -ίζω (Aq.), etc. Further πρέπων, -ovtog [m.] name of a fish  (Opp., Ael.), properly 'fit (for eating (Strémberg 1943: 33)? On ▶︎ θεοπρόπος, see  5.0.

    *ETYM Identical with Arm. erewim 'become visible, appear', traditionally  reconstructed as *prep-. An old independent formation is Arm. eres, plur. eres-k'  'face, appearance' < IE *prep-s-. Celtic too seems to have maintained a derivation  from this verb in Olr. richt 'form, shape', W rhith 'species' < IE *prp-tu-. The  connection of OHG furben 'to purify, clean' is quite uncertain. For Armenian erewim etc. a reconstruction *k'rep- is just as possible as *prep-  (Clackson 1994: 165f.), and it has been argued that there was in fact one root *k'rep-,  not two roots *krp- and *prep- (cf. Schindler BSL 67 (1972): 67, DELG Supp.). This  would mean that the group of Skt. Arpa [ins.] 'beauty', Lat. corpus 'body', etc. is  related to Gr. πρέπω.

XXXXXπρέσβυς [m.] 'old man, elder' (poet. Pi. trag.), 'president' (Sparta); plur. πρέσβεις mostly 'ambassador, messenger' (Att., Dor. inscr.); further πρεσβ-ῆες (Hes. Sc. 245), -εῦσιν (Lyc.), dual -ἢ (Att.); cf. below on πρεσβεύω.

    <IE *pres-g'eu-, *preis-g'eu-  'who goes in front'>

    *VAR Gen. (rare) -εως, -£06, ACC. -UV, VOC. -v.

    *DIAL Myc. pe-re-ku-ta (PY An 172.2) /presgu-/ or /prei(s)gu-/, pe-re-ku-wa-na-ka  (PY Va 15.2) /preigu-wanaks/ (cf. Hackstein 2002: 109).

    *COMP As a first member in πρεσβυ-γενής 'first-born' (IL), etc.

    *DER 1. Grades of comparison: πρεσβύ-τερος 'old, venerable', -tatog 'the oldest, most  venerable' (Il), also -téptov 'council of elders' (NT); also πρέσβιστος 'most  venerable' (ἢ. Hom., A., S., etc.) after κράτιστος, κύδιστος, with a cross πρεσβίστ-  atoc (Nic.). 2. Feminines: πρέσβα (θεά) 'the venerable', of Hera and others (IL, epic),  reminding of πότνα (θεά); πρέσβεα μήτηρ (poetic inscr. Caria II-I*), metrically  conditioned; πρέσβειρα, of θεῶν, etc. (ἢ. Ven., etc.), after πίειρα, -άνειρα, etc. πρεσβηΐς, of τιμή (h. Hom.), after βασιληΐς, etc., cf. πρεσβῆες above. 3. πρεσβ-ήϊον [n.] 'gift of honor' (© 289), -eiov 'privilege (of agey (Att., Hell.). 4. -eia  [f.] 'right, privilege (of ageY (A., PL), usually 'embassy' (Att.), to πρεσβεύω. 5.

XXXXXπρεσβύτης [m.] 'the old, aged one' (IA), enlargement of πρέσβυς after πολίτης, etc., with fem. -ῦτις, -υτικός [adj.] 'senile' (Att., etc.). 6. πρεσβύτης, -ητος [f.], Dor. -tac. -tatog '(higher) age' (inscr. Messene I', etc.), after νεότης. 7. πρέσβις [f.] 'age, rank', only in kata πρέσβιν (ἢ. Mexc., Pl, etc.); after kata τάξιν, etc. 8. πρέσβος [n.] '(object of) veneration', after κῦδος, κράτος, etc. 9. πρεσβ-εύω [v.] 'to be the eldest, have precedence, be ambassador', trans. 'to attend, venerate like a npéoBuc', med. 'to send ambassadors', also with napa-, ovv-, ἀπο-, etc. Thence -εὐυτής [m.] 'ambassador, messenger' (Att.), singulative to πρέσβεις. Also πρεσβ-ευτικός, -εύτειρα, -ευτεύω, -ευμα, -ευσις; partly also πρεσβεία (see 4. above) and, as a back-

===Pag_1283: Beekes_Página_1283.tiff===

formation, πρεσβεῦσιν [dat.pl.) (Lyc.). 10. Shortened names like Πρέσβων (to πρέσβειρα, perhaps after πέπειρα : nénwv), Πρέσβος, etc., see Bechtel 1917b: 385. On the different spellings and formations see Lejeune 1955-1996: 239ff.

    *ETYM Beside the above forms, Doric (especially Cretan) and NWGr. have several  by-forms with y instead of ® and with a different initial syllable: Cret. mpetyuc,  πρείγιστος with compar. πρείγων, also mpevy-ebw, whence -evtdc, -ἤϊα, -εία; also,  Locr. πρείγα [f.] 'council of elders'; πρεσγευτάς, mpeyy-; later πρήγιστος with  -ἰστεύω (Cos); mpecyéa = πρεσβεία (Argos); πρισγείι)ες (Boeot.) is perhaps itacistic  for πρεισ-; also σπέργυς: πρέσβυς and népyouv: πρέσβεις (H.). See Garcia Ramon  Emerita 53 (1985): 51-80 for a discussion of all dialectal forms. The common basis is probably πρεσγ- (with ¥oiced o; cf. Delph. πρεζβευτάςν; thence  the other forms arose, but the phonetic developments are uncertain in detail. The  interchange βὶ : y may point to an original IE labiovelar *g'. The preceding syllable,  which should probably be taken as the first member of a compound, is generally  assumed to contain a frozen adverb mpéc 'in front' (see ▶︎ πρός). The origin of the  final syllable is debated. It has been compared with Skt. puro-gavd- 'leader', of which  the second member is derived from a root *g'eu- 'go' (a variant of *g'em-), so it  originally means 'who goes in front'. Some recognize this root variant in Lith. Zmogus 'man' < 'going on the earth' (Fraenkel). The connection with the Arm. u-  stem eréc', gen. eric'-u 'elder, priest' is tempting. It may derive from *preisg'u-, and is  usually connected with Lat. priscus 'ancient, of old'. It may also be assumed that  mpeto- is an old element, identical in origin with Lat. *pris, in primus < *pris-mo- and  in pris-tinus. De Lamberterie 1990: 909ff. comments extensively on the formation, meaning, and  use of the Greek term. Clackson 1994: 165 is critical about the formal side of the  Greco-Armenian comparison (claiming that *-sg'- would have to give Arm. -c-  instead of -ο΄-). See »μεσ(σγηγύ(ς).

XXXXXπρευμενής [adj.] 'gentle, merciful, pleasing, welcome' (A., E.).

    *DER πρευμένεια [f.] 'gentleness' (A, E.).

    *ETYM Probably from *npri-pevijc, with diphthongization and shortening of the  long diphthong. Thus, it would be an Jonism in the language of the tragedians. On  this ground, DELG criticizes the etymology, and instead posits *npo-evupevic this  poses other formal problems, however. The form προευμενής (SEG 18, 592, Soloi  [Cyprus]) may support the latter view, but may also be a reinterpretation of the  opaque word πρευμενής, acc. to Brixhe and Hodot 1988: 147f.

XXXXXπρηγορεών, -ὥνος [m.] 'crop of a bird' (Ar, H., Poll.).

    *ETYM Originally means 'body part where the food is collected', ἔνθα προαθροίζεται  ἡ τροφή (Poll.), is a formation in -ewv like ἀνθερεών, kevewv, and other designations  of places and parts of the body (Chantraine 1933: 1641., Schwyzer: 488): thus from  ἔπρο-άγορος (on the compositional vowel, see Schwyzer: 398 and 402), or directly  from mpo-ayeipetv.

XXXXXπρηδών

    *VAR πρήθω (ἐν-έπρηθον), πρηστήρ etc. Ξ'πίμιπρημι.

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XXXXXπρῆθμα [n.] - πολύποδος κεφαλὴ ἔνιοι πλεκτάνῃη 'tentacled head of an octopus' (H.).

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXπρημαδίη [f.] name of a kind of olive (Nic. Al. 87). <?>

    *ETYM Formation in -άδιος, as if from *npryde (cf. ἐρινάς, κοτινάς, ἰσχάς, etc.). For  further connection with *npfpta, πρημαίνω, πίμπρημι, there is no indication. Cf. also  > πρημάς.

XXXXXπρημάς, πρημνάς [f.] name of a (young) tunny-fish (Pl. Com., Nicoch., Opp.).

    *VAR Also πριμάδες, -άδιαι (Arist.), πρῆμναι (H.) [pl.].

    *ETYM Strémberg 1943: 126ff. discusses the many names for 'tunny'; see also  Thompson 1947 s.v. Fur: 245 considers the variation v/zero to be a Pre-Greek    phenomenon.

XXXXXπρηνής [adj.] 'leaning forward, headlong, inclined, steep' (Il., epic Ion. poet., Arist.). IE? *h,en-os- 'face'>

    *VAR πρᾶνής (X. et al.).

    *COMP Also kata-, mpo-, ἐπι- (cf. Leumann 1950: 77ff.).

    *DER πρην-ίζω 'to throw head over heels, throw down, destroy' (Hell.), aor. -ίξαι, also  with ano-, kata-; rarely mprnv-dw 'id' (AP, H.), also with xata-; to this belongs  (back-formation?) πρανόν: τὸ κατωφερές, πρανές 'leaning down, face-down or  head-first' (H.).

    *ETYM Cannot be seprated from ἀπ-, προσ-ηνής, so it may contain a substantive  *énos- or *anos- [n.] 'face'; see ▶︎ ἀπηνής for the etymology, which is rather doubtful.

XXXXXπρητήν --πρατήνιον.

XXXXXπρηών Ξ-πρών.

XXXXXπρίασθαι [v.] 'to buy' (Od.). «1Ὲ *k'reih,- 'buy'>

    *VAR Ptc. πριάμενος, finite forms ἐπριάμην, πρίωμαι, πριαίμην, ipv. πρίασο (-iw, -ia).

    *COMP Rarely with prefix, e.g. ék-, συν-.

    *DER Negative verbal adj. ἀ-πρία-τος in ἀπριάτην [acc.sg.f.] 'unbought, without  ransom' (A 99, ἢ. Cer.132), as an adv. 'gratuitous' (€ 317, Agath. 4, 22), plur. ἀπριάτας  (Pi. Fr. 169, 8); PN Ἀπριάτη; cf. Leumann 1950: 167f.

    *ETYM An old aorist, exclusively attested in Greek. A comparable formation is Olr. ni-cria [subj.] 'emat' < PIE *k'rieh,-t. Greek does not have the nasal present that is  found in Sanskrit, Celtic, and Slavic, viz. Skt. krindti (for older *krinati), Olr. ni  [subj.], ORu. kronuti 'to buy'. It is possible that the expected Greek reflex ἐπρίνημι  had become awkward because of its resemblance to the antonym πέρνημι, Acol. πορνάμεν 'to sell (Meillet BSL 26 (1925): a4): 'The verbal adj. ἀ-πρίατος is close to  Skt. kritd- 'bought < *krih,-to-, but Greek may also continue *-k"rih,-eto-. Numerous post-Indo-European formations are found in the various branches, e.g. Skt. krayd- [m.] 'purchase (pricey < *k*roih,-o-, Olr. crith 'payment, purchase',  OLith. krienas 'price', ToB karyor, ToA kuryar 'purchase, trade'.

XXXXXπρίν [adv., conj.] 'before, previously' (I].). <1£ *prei 'earlier, before'>

===Pag_1285: Beekes_Página_1285.tiff===

    *VAR Rarely as a prep. with gen. Hom. also πρῖν, Gort. mpetv (once beside frequent  πριν), Locr. φριν.

    *ETYM With final -ν like in νῦν, νῦν, πάλιν, etc. Clearly related to ▶︎ πρό « *pr-o-, with  tas in Lat. prior, priscus, etc. The base form may have been the old locative *pr-i. The    e-vocalism in Cret. mpetv and perhaps in Hom. npiv (if itacistic) could be mirrored  by Lith. prié < *prei.

XXXXXπρῖνος [f., m.] 'holm-oak, kermes oak, Quercus ilex, coccifera' (Hes.). 4 EUR?>

    *VAR πρίνη [{ 'id' (Eup.).

    *DER Diminutive mpiv-idtov [n.] (Ar, Ael.), -εὖς [m.] 'oak grove' (Erythrae IV*),  voc 'made of 1, hard, tough' (Hes.), -ώδῃς 'n-like, hard' (Ar.); Πρινόεσσα [Ε]  name of an island (Epirus).

    *ETYM No Indo-European etymology. The Carian TN Πρινασσός points to an  Anatolian origin (Carnoy Beitr. z. Namenforsch. N.F. 10 (1975): 222). Machek Ling. Posn. 2 (1950): 155 compares Slav. brine 'larch', assuming a loan from a common  source. Fur: 165 assumes a Pre-Roman(ce) *brin 'Pinus mugus' (Machek), which  would make the Greek dendronym a European loanword.

XXXXXnptw [v.] 'to saw', medic. 'to trephine', ὀδόντας πρίειν 'to gnash one's teeth', (ὀδὰξ) πρίειν 'to bite (with one's teeth), grasp', pass. metaph. 'to experience a biting pain' (IA). <?>

    *VAR Rare and late -iCw, aor. apical, pass. πρισθῆναι, perf med. πέπρισμαι (all TA),  act. πέπρικα (Ὁ. S.).

    *DIAL Perhaps Myc. pi-ri-(je-)te-(re), see Aura Jorro 2, 124.

    *COMP Also with δια-, ἐν-, ἀπο-, etc.

    *DER 1. πρίων, -ονος [m.] 'saw' (IA) with mpidv-tov [n.] (Ph. Bel.), -ἴτις [f] plant  name (Aret. et al.), Redard 1949: 76; -ωτός (Ar. Arist.), -ὠδης (Thphr.) 'saw-shaped,  jagged'. 2. πρῖσμα (ταρά-, éx-) [n.] 'anything sawn, sawdust' (Hp., Thphr.), 'trilateral  column, prism' (Euc.), with -μάτιον (Procl.); πρισμοῖς: ταῖς βιαίοις κατοχαῖς 'in  forced detention' (H.). 3. πρῖσις (ἀνά-, ἔκ-, ἀπό-) [f.] 'the sawing' (Hp., Arist.). 4.

XXXXXπρίστης [m.] 'sawer, saw' (Att. and Hell. inscr. and pap., Poll.), with fem. πρῖστις 'sawfish' (Epich., Arist.), see Strémberg 1943: 44; also an instrument (Att. and Epid. inscr.), etc. 5. πριστήρ [m.] 'saw, sawer' (LXX). 6. πριστός 'sawn' (Od.), Ammann 1956: 16; εὔ-, δύσ-πριστος (Thphr.). 7. πριστικός 'belonging to sawing' (Hero). Some forms were enlarged with w: πε-πριω-μένος, ἀ-, δια-πρίω-τος (Hp.), (δια-)πρίω-σις [f.] (Delph. Epid.), πριώμασι: πρίσμασι 'sawdust' (H.), with fut. πριωσεῖ and subj. pres. πριῷ (Tab. Heracl.).

    *ETYM πρίω seems to point to a stem *pris-, perhaps older *pri-. It may correlate with  πείρω 'to pierce' < *per-ie/o-, for which Frisk compared *tri- in Lat. trivi, tritum, and  perhaps τρίβω 'to rub (downy < *trh,i- beside Lat. teré and teipw 'to rub (open)' <  *terh,-ie/o-, as well as *ski- in Lat. scivi, scitum 'to decide' beside secé 'to cut'. The  value of this comparison is yet unclear. Further etymological comparison has proven fruitless; the link with Alb. prish 'to  spoil, break, destroy' (Meyer 1891: 353) is uncertain. WP 2, 89 assumes that mpiw is

===Pag_1286: Beekes_Página_1286.tiff=== XXXXXπρόβατα 1235 onomatopoeic. The w-forms are probably due to contamination, perhaps by τετρωμένος, ἄτρωτος, τρώω, τρῶμα.

XXXXXπρό [adv., prefix, prep.] 'forth, forward, before, for' (Il.).

    *VAR  With gen.

    *DIAL Myc. po-ro-.

    *ETYM Allative formation in *-o, with ending like ἀπό, ὑπό. A common IE adverb; cf. Hitt. para forward', Skt. prd, Av. and OP fra-, Lat. pro-, Olr. ro-, Go. fra-, Lith. pra-,  OCS pro-, Ru. pro, from IE *pro. A lengthened grade *pré is found in πρωΐ, etc. Cf. also ▶︎ πρόκα, ▶︎ πρόμος, and ▶︎ πρότερος. Other old case forms of the same element  *pr are found in πρίν and πρός < *proti. More remotely related are ▶︎ πάρα, ▶︎ πάρος,  ▶︎ πέρᾶ(ν), ▶︎ πέρι, etc. On Gr. πρό beside παρά and related forms in Latin, see Garcia  Ramon 1997.

XXXXXπροαλής [adj.] of a terrain (χῶρος), over which the water flows down quickly, 'sloping, sudden' vel sim. (® 262), of water (ὕδωρ) itself, 'breaking forth, streaming down' vel sim. (A. R. 3, 73); metaph. 'rash, heedless' (LXX, Str, A. D.); προαλεστάτην: προπετεστάτην, προχειροτάτην 'most hasty, most ready or accessible' (H.). 4 GR>

    *ETYM From προ-άλλομαι, with a formation like προ-πετής.

XXXXXπρόαρον [n.] 'large wooden mixing bowl' (Pamphil. apud Ath. 11, 4958). <?>

    *ETYM Usually explained as a compound of πρό and dpvetv 'to draw water'. This is  not especially illuminating for a vessel from which wine was poured into the  drinking cups. See > ἀρύω.

XXXXXπρόβατα [n. pl.] 'cattle, herd, flock' (IL), 'small cattle'; -ov [sg.] mostly 'sheep' (Att., Gort., etc.); also name of an unknown fish (Opp. Ael.), because of the similarity of the head, acc. to Strémberg 1943: 102. IE *pro-g'eh,- 'go'>

    *COMP προβατο-γνώμων [m.] 'knower of herds' (A.), πολυ-πρόβατος 'rich of cattle,  sheep' (Hdt., X.).

    *DER 1. Diminutive npoBdt-tov [n.] (Att.). 2. Adj. προβάτ-ειος (Arist.), -πκός (LXX,  N.T.) 'belonging to sheep (small cattle)', -ώδης 'sheep-like' (late). 3. -ὧν (-eav Hdn.),  -@voc [m.] 'sheepfold' (Hell. inscr. and pap.). 4. -ἡματα: πρόβατα 'cattle' (H.) (after  κτήματα, βοσκή-ματα, etc.; Chantraine 1933: 178). 5. -εύς [m.] 'shepherd' (title of a  com. of Antiph.). 6. -ebw [v.] 'to keep, tend cattle or sheep' (Ὁ. H., App.) with  -ευτικός, -εύσιμος, -ευτής, -ela. 7. Plant names: -etov, -eloc, -aia (Ps.-Dsc.), cf. Strémberg 1940: 137. On πρόβειος, a rhythmical shortening of προβάτειος (An. Ox.,  et al.) see Palmer Class. Quart. 33 (1939): 31ff.

    *ETYM The verbal abstract πρόβασις is found once in the same Sense as πρόβατα, in B  75 κειμήλιά te πρόβασίν te, where it designates movable cattle as opposed to  immovable property. For the semantic development, cf. ON ganganda fé 'g going  cattle' = 'living stock' beside liggjanda fé ἱκειμήλια᾽, or Hitt. ijant- 'the going',  'sheep' ptc. of iia- 'to go'. It is plausible, therefore, that πρόβατα was derived from  προβαίνειν. Cf. Benveniste BSL 45 (1949): 91 ff with extensive treatment and

===Pag_1287: Beekes_Página_1287.tiff===

, -ίδος criticism of diverging views. In the secondary sense of 'sheep', πρόβατον has replaced older dtc. In view of the dat.pl. πρόβασι (Hdn.) instead of προβατοις (Hes.), the plural πρόβατα is considered to be old (Risch 1937: 196, Benveniste BSL 45 (1949): ouff., Egli 1954: 41ff.); Georgacas Glotta 6 (1958): 178ff. opposes this idea, and remarks that participles in -to- do not necessarily have a passive sense in Greek (στατός, πλωτός). Note, however, that the attestation of πρόβασι is very weak. προβοσκίς, -ίδος [f.] 'elephant's trunk' (Arist., Hell.), also metaph. of the proboscis of an insect and of the two tentacles of the ten-armed squid (Arist.).

    *ETYM Formation like ἀγκαλίς, ἐπιγουνίς, κοπίς, and other names of body parts and  instruments, probably directly from βόσκω rather than from the rare form βοσκός  (cf. Chantraine 1933: 338). For the use of the prefix, compare πρό-δομος 'front room',  etc. With a different accentuation, there is also προβοσκός (-o¢) [m.] 'assistant  herdsman' (Hdt. 1, 113); cf. πρόδουλος. Borrowed as Lat. proboscis, promuscis.

XXXXXπρόδανις [adv.] - πρότερον 'before' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXπροηρόσιος [adj.] name of a festival before ploughing (Att.).

    *VAR In Προηροσία (scil. ἑορτή, θυσία) [f.], -ta (ἱερά) [n.pl.].

    *DIAL Epid. Πραράτιος (inscr.), also -τριος.

    *DER Mporpdatot θεοί, -ia Δημήτηρ (Plu.).

    *ETYM Hypostatic formation from πρὸ ἀρότου (with compositional lengthening). With crasis and dissimilation: nAnpooia [f.] (Att. inscr.); see Schwyzer: 258 and 402,  Lejeune 1972: 323°.

XXXXXπροΐκτης Ξ'προίξ.

XXXXXπροίξ, προικός [f.] 'gift, present' (v 15, p 413, both gen., on which see below), 'dowry' (Att), see Sommer 1948: 94; also late pap. as an archaizing term in juridical jargon. «1Ε *seiHk- 'stretch forth the hand'>

    *VAR  Used adverbially: acc. προῖκα 'gratuitous, for free' (Att.), probably also gen. προικός (Vv 15).

    *COMP ἄ-προικος 'without dowry' (Att.); see Sommer Lc.

    *DER Diminutive προικ-ίδιον [n.] (Plu.); adj. -idtog 'forming a gift' (Ph.), -᾿μαῖος 'id.'  (pap. VIP), 'gratuitous' (D. C.), τος 'gratuitous' (AP); verb -ίζω 'to provide with a  dowry' (Ὁ. S., Ph. et al.). Also mpo-txtng [m.] 'beggar' (p 352 and 449), -ἴσσομαι 'to  ask, beg for a gift' (Archil 130). Cf. also the fut. κατα-προΐξομαι in ob καταπροΐξεται  'he will not get away unpunished', etc. (IA com.).

    *ETYM An archaic word that became extinct, but was later revived. Formation like  πρόσ-φυξ, so πρό-Ἰξ (πρόϊκα with dieresis is Ion., acc. to EM 495, 33), from a prefixed  verb which is also the basis of προΐκτης. The yod-present προ-ἴσσομαι can be either  primary or denominative from προίξ. Original mg.: 'reaching out (of the hand), presentation', related to Lith. siekti, sg. siekiu 'to reach out, etc.'; προΐκ-της originally means 'who reaches out his hand'; cf.

===Pag_1288: Beekes_Página_1288.tiff=== XXXXXπρόμος 1237 προτείνω χεῖρα καὶ προΐσσομαι (Archil. 130). See further ▶︎ ἵκω and LIV' s.v. *seik- for further cognates from Baltic, Tocharian, and Umbrian.

XXXXXπρόκα [adv.] 'instantly, suddenly' (Hp. A. R.).

    <IE *pro-k- 'in front'>

    *VAR πρότε (Hdt., Call.).

    *ETYM Temporal formation like αὐτίκα, τηνίκα, τόκα; clearly derived from ▶︎ πρό  '(be)fore, forward'. The velar suffix has correspondences in OCS proko 'remaining',  Lat. reci-procus 'returning on the same road' from 'directed backward and  forward'), proc-erés 'chiefs, nobles', procul 'far away'. The final -a is ambiguous:  perhaps after ἅμα, τάχα, etc. or the ntr.pl. ending? The suffixation with -te is  parallelled by ἐπείτε, αὖτε, etc.

XXXXXπροκώνια [n.pl.] with or without ἄλφιτα, flour of barley (Hp., Att. inscr.); see the TLG. <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXπρομάλαγγες [m. pl.] a group of flatterers and spies on Cyprus (Clearch. fr. 19 Wehrli). «ἦν

    *ETYM Indigenous term without etymology. The association with μαλάσσω points to  folk etymology (DELG).

XXXXXπρομηθής [adj.] 'forethinking, cautious' (IA).

    <IE? *men(s)-d*h, 'direct the mind to'>

    *DER 1. προμήθ-εια (Att), also ia (trag.), Ion. -in, Dor. -μάθεια [f.] 'caution,  foresight'; 2. Προμηθ-εύς, Dor. -μᾶθ-, [m.] 'the forethinking one', 'Prometheus'  (Hes., Pi.), secondary appellative (A.); to this as an opposite' Ἐπιμηθεύς (cf. Bofshardt  1942: 95f.); with -ειος 'belonging to Pr' (Nic., AP), τὰ Προμήθ-εια 'festival of Pr. (Att.), -ικῶς 'in a way worthy of Pr.' (Ar.), at the same time connected with  προμηθής; 3. προμηθ-έομαι 'to be forethinking, cautious' (IA), also -εύομαι 'id.'  (Alex. Aphr.) with -evtixdg = προμηθής (Eust.); on προμήθεσαι (ipv. aor.?, Archil.?)  see Maas KZ 60 (1932): 286.

    *ETYM From πρό and ᾿μῆθος, ἔμᾶθος, which may be semantically associated with  μαθεῖν. Since the latter is compared with μενθήρη and Go. mundon sis, etc. analogical ablaut must be assumed for προμηθής, perhaps after μήδομαι or μῆτις. This remains a bit doubtful.

XXXXXπρομνηστῖνοι [adj.] 'one by one, one after another' (@ 230), -at (A 233). .

    *ETYM Formation like ἀγχιστ-ῖνος (from ἄγχιστα), Evdiva (from ἔνδον); see Meid: IF  62 (1956): 274%. From a noun like ἐπρόμνηστις 'wooing' (from προ-μνάομαι 'woo for  sbd.'), thus the original meaning is 'belonging to wooing', after the ancient custom to  present several women one after another. See Hoffmann RhkM 56 (1901): 474f. The  hypothesis of Forssman KZ 79 (1965): 26ff. is to be rejected (cf. on ▶︎ πρυμνός).

XXXXXπρόμος [m.] 'protagonist' (Hom.), 'leader, commander' (trag.). <1E *promo- 'first'>

    *ETYM Usually connected with U promom 'primum', Go. and ON fram 'forward',  and identified as an old superlative of IE *pro in πρό, etc. The hapax ▶︎ πράμος, if not  corrupt, has been compared to Go. fruma 'first'. Since the word only means  'champion' in Hom., we have to consider the possibility that πρόμος was shortened

===Pag_1289: Beekes_Página_1289.tiff===

from πρόμαχος (already suggested by Aristarchus); the meaning 'leader' would be due to a misunderstanding of the epic word. The hapax ayoi πρόμνοι (A. Supp. 904 [lyr.]) presents metrical difficulties, but may be due to an error in the tradition; differently, Forssman KZ 79 (1965): u1ff. (see on ▶︎ πρυμνός).

XXXXXπρονωπής [adj.] 'inclined, stooping, downcast, weak' (A., E.), on the mg. Muller Mnem. 55 (1927): το! <?>

    *DER προνώπιος 'outside, in front of the house', τὰ προνώπια, τὸ προνώπιον 'front,  facade of a house' (E.), ἥρωες προνώπιοι 'Lares compitales' (D. H.); see on  > νωπέομαι with νενώππηται.

    *ETYM Formally, νωπέομαι is comparable to deverbatives such as πωλέομαι, ὠθέω. It  may have given rise to προνωπής, προνώπιος, but προνώπια is also reminiscent of  the synonym ἐνώπια; therefore, it has been suggested (Eust., Bechtel 1914 s.v. νάπι)  that προνώπια is from *npo-evama. At any rate, προνωπής and νωπέομαι cannot be  connected with νάπη 'woodland, glen' (Bechtel L.c.) with ablaut as in κώπη : KANT,  as suggested by Frisk.

XXXXXπρόξ, προκός [f.] 'roe- or deer-like animal' (p 295, Archil, Arist. et al.).

    *VAR Also προκάς, -άδος [f.] (h. Ven. 71), like δορκάς, κεμάς.

    *ETYM Animal names of the same type as γλαῦξ, yoy, αἴξ, etc; see ▶︎ περκνός.

XXXXXπροοίμιον -'-οἴμη.

XXXXXπροπηλακίζω Ξ-: πηλός.

XXXXXπρός [adv., prep.] 'furthermore, thereto; from, by, at, to, towards, in face of (epic IA, Aeol.). 41Ε *proti 'against'> 'ΝΑΙ With gen. (abl.), dat. (loc.), acc. Epic also πρότι, προτί, with metathesis nop ti (Cret.), with e-vocalism mept' (Pamph.), mpéc (Aeol. acc. to gramm.), see also on ▶︎ πρέσβυς.

    *ETYM The form πρότι is identical to Skt. ρῥγάῃ 'to, against', except for the missing  effect of Brugmann's Law. This points to *preti, which is perhaps found in Pamph. περτ᾽. See also Lat. pretium 'price, worth' < *préti-o-, 'the opposite equivalent', OCS  protive 'against' < IE *proti-. The usual forms πρός (and mpéc) have arisen by assibilation of *-ti in antevocalic  position; note that final -ος is also found in πάρος and πός, An older form pres is  found in Messap. prespolis (Pisani Sprache 7 (1961): 103; meaning unknown; acc. to  Pisani 'lord of the house, (house) priest'). Beside mpoti/ πρός, Greek has ▶︎ roti,  ▶︎ πός. Further connection with πρό is conceivable; cf. on ▶︎ πρόσω.

XXXXXπροσάντης [adj.] 'ascending steeply, inclined, craggy, rough, adverse, hostile' (Pi., IA).

    *ETYM Adjectival hypostasis of the adverb πρόσ-αντα (Dicaearch.) 'upwards, up the  mountain'; like ἔν-αντα from a noun 'front', which is also seen in the frozen case  forms ▶︎ ἄντα, ▶︎ ἀντί, ▶︎ ἄντην. Likewise in Gv-avta 'up a mountain', with ἀνάντης  'uphill', and katavta 'downwards, downhill', with κατάντης 'going down'.

===Pag_1290: Beekes_Página_1290.tiff=== XXXXXπρόσω 1230

XXXXXπροσηνής [46].] 'favorable, gentile, sweet' (Emp., Anacr.). 41Ε *h,en-os- 'face'>

    *DIAL Dor. προσᾶνής.

    *DER προσήνεια (Hp.), προσηνεύομαι = σαίνω 'to flatter' (H.).

    *ETYM Like ▶︎ ἀπηνής and ▶︎ πρηνής, derived from a word for 'face', which itself is of  uncertain etymology.

XXXXXπρόσθείν) [adv., prep.] 'ahead, before, formerly, yore; in front of (IL, IA) 41Ε, GR>

    *VAR With gen; also πρόσθα (Dor. Aeol.), which gave πρόθθα (Cret.); πρόστα  (Delph.).

    *COMP Also combined with other adverbs or prepositions, e.g. ἔμ-προσθε(ν) 'in front  (of), before' (IA), -θα (Dor., Aeol.), with ἐμπρόσθειος 'in the front', especially of  body parts (Hdt., Att., Arist.), -idtog 'id' (A. D., pap.), ἐπί-προσθεν 'close before,  near' Att., Hell.) with ἐπιπροσθ-έω [v.] 'to be in the way, in front of it, to hinder, to  cover' (Hp., Hell.), ὑπό-προσθε 'just before' (Hp.) with ὑπαπροσθ-ίδιος 'older  inhabitant' (Locr.).

    *DER πρόσθειος 'in the front', especially of body parts (Hdt. v.l, trag., Arist; cf. ἐμπρόσθιος above), -ίδιος 'id' (Nonn.), προστ-ίζιος = προσθ-ίδιος 'earlier, the  former' (El.).

    *ETYM Formation in -8e(v), -θα, which in view of the meaning and spread can hardly  be derived from πρός (Kretschmer Glotta 1 (1909): 55), but rather from πρό with  analogical -o- (πρό-θεν, however, only in Greg. Cor.). The example cannot have  been ὄπισθεν, as this stands for earlier ὄπιθεν itself, and probably took -o- from  πρόσθεν. Therefore, more probably after ἔκτοσ-θε(ν), évtoc-Be(v), or from  πρόσ(σγωξ Extensive discussion in Lejeune 1939: 333ff.

XXXXXπροσκηδής —Kijdoc.

XXXXXπρόσφατος [adj.] 'undecomposed', of a corpse ( 757 ἐρσήεις καὶ π., Hdt.), 'fresh', of plants, victuals, water etc. (Hp., Arist., Hell.), metaph. 'fresh' = 'which happened lately, recently; following immediately', of actions, emotions, etc. (A. [lyr.], Lys., Ὁ. Arist.).

    *ETYM Acc. to Phot, it means νεωστὶ ἀνῃρημένος 'recently deceased', an  interpretation which seems to give the best solution: the second member belongs to  πεφνεῖν, φόνος, ▶︎ θείνω 'to hit, kill', with the same second member as in Ἀριηΐ-, apei-  gatos, μυλή-φατος, ὀδυνή-φατος. DELG observes that it may have been a hunting  or fishing term, as it is used for flesh in Hp. Acut. 49 and in Men. 397. The  development of meaning to 'recent' became possible after the second member had  become opaque (cf. ἀρείφατος, which also means 'martial' in trag.). The first element  cannot be a verbal prefix (as if from "προσ-θείνω), and has not received a good  explanation yet (Frisk's suggestion 'close to' does not really make sense).

XXXXXπρόσω [adv.] 'forward, onward, further', etc (Il). «IE *pro-ti-o- 'against'>

    *VAR Epic also πρόσσω. Compar. προσω-τέρω, -τάτω, adv. πρόσω-θεν 'from far  away (Ion. poet.), πρόσσοθεν (Ψ 533), after other adverbs in -o8ev (epic Ion. poet.).

    *ETYM Contains the same formation as ὀπίσί(σγω, derived from *pro with a suffix  *-tj0-, or perhaps a thematic entension of *proti > πρότι. See also ▶︎ πόρσω, ▶︎ πόρρω.

===Pag_1291: Beekes_Página_1291.tiff===

XXXXXπρόσωπον [n.] 'face, countenance, mask, role, person' (IL).

    *VAR  Epic pl. also -mata, dat. -aot, which can easily be explained as an enlargement  favoured by the metre (Schwyzer: 515).

    *COMP  Rarely as a first member, e.g. προσωπο-λήπτης [m.] 'who respects persons,  who is partial' with -ληπτέω, -ληψία (NT). Very often as a second member, mostly  late., e.g. μικρο-πρόσωπος 'small-faced' (Arist.).

    *DER Diminutives mpoown-idiov (Ar.), -elov (-tov) [n.] 'mask' (Thphr., LXX), the  plant name -tov, -ic, -ιάς, -ἴτις (Dsc. et al; probably after the form of the flower;  Strémberg 1940: 47), -οὔττα [f.] 'face-shaped vessel', 'face-urn' (Polem. Hist., Poll.).

    *ETYM Similar to ▶︎ μέτωπον 'forehead', πρόσωπον is also a hypostatic form, ie. from  ἔπροτι-ωπ-ον 'what is opposite to the eyes (of the other), the sight (of the other)'. By connection with epic προτι-όσσομιαι, προσ-όψομαι 'to look at', ὄπωπα, etc.,  πρόσωπον may have been (re)interpreted as verbal noun (cf. G Angesicht). Formally, πρόσωπον neatly corresponds with ToA pratsak, ToB pratsako 'breast'  (containing ToA ak, B ek 'eye') and with Skt. pratika- [π.] 'face, appearance' from  prati = πρότι and a zero grade *-h,k'-, so *proti-hk'- (cf. ▶︎ Oninebw < *opi-h,k'-). The Greek form may continue this old compound, assuming that *Cih,C developed  to PGr. *CidC (which is doubtful), or it may have been recreated within Greek from  πρότι and Oy. On the IE expressions for 'face', see Malten 1961: 1ff.

XXXXXπροταινί [adv.} 'ahead, in front of (E. Rh. 523).

    *VAR Boeot. inscr. προτηνί 'earlier'; mpotaiwov- πρὸ μικροῦ and παλαιόν 'for a small  [time]; old' (H.; text uncertain)

    *ETYM Acc. to Bechtel 1921, 1: 309f., it derives from πρὸ tat-vi (locatival; scil. ἡμέραι),  with a suffix -νι added to the pronoun; cf. also motaiviov (Schwyzer: 612). See  ▶︎ ποταίνιος.

XXXXXπρότερος [pron. adj.) 'front, former', usually of time 'earlier' (Il.).

    *VAR Adv. πρότερον 'earlier' (post-Hom.), προτέρω 'further (forward), sooner' (epic  since 11.), -woe 'forward' (h. Hom., A. R.), τωθε(ν) 'from before, from earlier on'  (Theognost., EM); προτερη-γενής 'born earlier, elder' (Antim.), after ἀρχη-γενής,  etc.

    *DER ἡ προτερ-αία (scil. ἡμέρα) 'the preceding day' (IA), cf. botepaia, etc. also -eia  [Π] 'id' (Tab. Heracl.), -1x6v [n.] 'priority' (pap.}; mpotep-éw 'to be ahead, have the  advantage, prevent' (IA), also with kata-, ovv-. Thence -ημα [n.] (Hell.), -ησις [f.]  (Hid.) 'advantage, lead'.

    *ETYM Opposite of ὕστερος, from ▶︎ πρό, identical with Av. and OP fratara- 'the one  more in front, earlier', Skt. pratard- 'further, farther, future'.

XXXXXπρότι, προτί > 1pdc.

===Pag_1292: Beekes_Página_1292.tiff=== XXXXXπρόχειρος 1241

XXXXXπρότμησις [f.] '(region of the) navel' (A 424, Ο. S., Sinope III", Η., Poll.); in H. also προτμῆτις: ὁ περὶ τὸν ὀμφαλὸν κατά τὸν λαγόνα τόπος 'area surrounding the navel, waist' and προτμητόν- τὸν ὀμφαλόν. <GRP

    *ETYM Verbal noun from προτέμνω 'to cut offin front', originally of the severing of  the umbilical cord, then of the navel itself and the area surrounding it (Porzig 1942:  337). Often analyzed as 'incision of the body', whence 'waist' (e.g. LSJ, Benveniste  1948: 78), which should be rejected. The form προτμῆτις in H. (also v.l. sch. A 424;  accent uncertain) must be explained, if the accent in H. is reliable, as a fem. of  *npotpuys (like προβλήςΣ); cf. e.g. δασπλῆτις and προβλῆτις, ἀδμῆτις (but these forms  are rare and late). A proparoxytone πρότμητις would be strange, and can hardly be  an archaism (Wackernagel 1916: 236).

XXXXXπρούμνῃ [f.] 'plum tree, Prunus' (Thphr.).

    *DER προῦμνον [n.] 'plum' (Gal. et al.).

    *ETYM Probably of Anatolian origin, like the tree itself: cf. the Phryg. TN  Πρυμνησσός and Schrader-Nehring 1917(2): 181. Borrowed as Lat. prinus, -um,  perhaps from an intermediate *npov(f)vov (Fur. 243)?    προύνεικος (-ικος) [m.] 'one who bears cargo out of the market, hired porter' (Com. Adesp., Hdn. Gr., Ael. Dion, H., Eust.), also a designation of a loafer or a person  from the lower classes (Herod., H.); also adj, (AP 12, 209)? 4GR?>  'ῬΕΚπρουνικία (H.), see on »σκίταλοι.

    *ETYM A colloquial word without a certain etymology. Hardly derived from προ-  ἐνεῖκαι, as suggested already by Eust. and others, nor related to νεῖκος (AB, EM); cf. also θορυβώδεις kai mpovveikouc in D. L. 4, 6.

XXXXXπρουσελέω [v.] 'to ridicule, outrage, maltreat' (A. Pr. 438, Ar. Ra. 730). <?>

    *ETYM Without etymology. One doubtful hypothesis derives it from ἔπρο-εσ-ελέω  (from ἔλος) 'to dump in the swamp' (Schwyzer: 724), for the semantics of which  προπηλακίζειν (H., Suid.) 'id.' has been compared.

XXXXXπρόφρων [adj.} 'kind, willing' (epic poet. since IL).

    *VAR  Fem. πρόφρασσα (IL, Od.).

    *ETYM Bahuvrihi compound, literally meaning 'forward-minded' (cf. Sommer 1948:  1105). The form npdgpacoa is after synonymous éxagoa (Wackernagel Gott. Nachr.

1914: 41f.); cf. on ▶︎ ἑκών and ▶︎ φρήν.

XXXXXπροχάνη [{.1 'pretext' (Call. Cer. 73, fr. 26). 4GRE

    *VAR  Dor. -ἃ,

    *ETYM Archaic or dialectal formation with unclear history. Acc. to Eust. 1109, 39,  derived from a verb προχαίνω, which is further unattested and translated as  προφασίζομαι 'to give a pretext'; unconvincing. More probably, it is derived from  προ-έχομαι 'to pretend', thus from "προ-οχάνη with elision.

XXXXXπρόχειρος [adj.] 'at hand, ready, easy, usual' (IA).

===Pag_1293: Beekes_Página_1293.tiff===

    *DER προχείρ-ιον (-ov) [n.] 'handbag' (pap.), -ότης [f] 'readiness' (Hell.), προχειρ-  ίζομαι, -ίζω [v.] 'to provide (oneself) with, put at disposal, choose' (Att. Hell.),  whence -ἰσις [f.] 'provision, accomplishment', -topdg [m.] 'provision, choice' (Hell.).

    *ETYM Hypostasis from πρὸ χειρῶν, possibly also a bahuvrihi 'with a forward hand'  (Sommer 1948: 108, 112, 141, Schwyzer 1950: 508).

XXXXXπρόχνυ [adv.] 'kneeling, on the knees' (I 570, with καθεζομένη); 'fully, thoroughly, entirely' vel sim. (@ 460, € 69 with (ἀπ-)ολέσθαι; A. R. 1, 1118; 2, 249), mg. uncertain (Antim. Col. 2 P.). 418 *gon-u 'knee'>

    *ETYM In the meaning 'kneeling', πρόχνυ clearly contains the zero grade of γόνυ, as  in »γνύξ, The proper meaning is therefore, 'with the knees forward', a frozen  ntracc. which stands for *npé-yvu = Skt. (gramm.) pra-jfu-, of which the meaning  is not quite certain (Wackernagel 1916: 74). The origin of the aspiration is uncertain  (cf. Schwyzer: 328). The meaning 'fully', if at all from 'kneeling', probably came  about by reinterpretation of an epic expression. For a different etymology, cf. Brugmann-Thumb 1913: 127', who derived πρόχνυ 'fully' from χναύω 'to plane, gnaw  off; the originally independent ἐπρό-γνυ 'kneeling' would then have coalesced with  it (an idea accepted by Wackernagel 1916: 74).

XXXXXπροχῶναι [f.pl.] 'buttocks, coccyx' (Archipp. 41).

    *ETYM Perhaps a nonce form or comic contamination of κοχώνη and πρωκτός  (Giintert 1914: 122); otherwise, with πρό.

XXXXXπρυλέες, -éwv [m.pl.] 'heavily armed foot-soldiers' (Il, Hes. Sc. 193, Gortyn), metaph. of birds (Opp.); προυλέσι: πεζοῖς ὁπλίταις 'hoplites on foot' (H.).

    *DER Also πρύλις [f.] (Cretan) weapon-dance' (Call. acc. to Arist. fr. 519 Cypr. or  Cret.); πρυλεύσεις: ἐπὶ τῆς ἐκφορᾶς τῶν τελευτησάντων παρὰ τῷ ἱερεῖ (Η.). From  πρύλις comes *npvAevw 'to perform ἃ π᾿, whence πρυλεύσεις [[Ρ].] CH.).

    *ETYM It is not entirely clear how πρυλέες (sg. -λής [Hdn.] or -λύς [Schwyzer: 572])  and πρύλις are related. According to Leumann 1950: 286f., Cret. πρύλις would have  arisen through false interpretation of epic πρυλέες; Ruijgh 1957: 96f. opposes this. In view of the formal variant προυλέσι, the word is probably of Pre-Greek origin. Unrelated to πρύτανις (Misteli KZ 17 (1868): 174; cf. Bechtel 1914 s.v. διαπρύσιος).

XXXXXπρνμνός [adj.] 'utmost, hindmost, undermost', of the body part that is closest to the torso, vel sim. also of the undermost part of a tree, a rock, etc. (epic poet. Il.).

    *VAR With shift of accent πρύμνῃ secondarily -va [f.] 'hindmost part of a ship, stern'  (IA, Il.), in Hom. mostly attributive πρύμνη νιηῦς.

    *COMP As a first member in e.g. mpvjtv-wpeta [f.] 'lower part, foot of a mountain (Ξ  307), from ᾿πρυμν-ώρης (Solmsen 1909: 249, Risch Mus. Helv. 2 (1945): 18). From  πρύμνη e.g. πρυμν-οὔχος 'holding the stern' (E., AP), ὑψί-πρυμνος 'with high stern'  (Str.).

    *DER 1. πρυμν-όθεν 'from the lower end, from the bottom' (A.), also (Hell. poet.) =  πρύμν-ηθεν, Dor. -a8ev 'from the stern' (IL); 2. -ἥτης [m.] 'steersman', as an adj. 'standing on the stern' (A., E.) with -ητικός (Callix. pap.), τἥσιος (E.) 'id', ta -ἤσια

===Pag_1294: Beekes_Página_1294.tiff=== XXXXXπρώην 1243 [n. pl.] 'stern cables' (Hom., AP); probably analogically built to πρύμνη (Chantraine 1933: 42, Schwyzer: 466); 3. -aiog 'id.' (A. R.); 4. -eb¢ [m.] PN (θ 112, Nonn.).

    *ETYM Often connected with πρό, assuming v for o by Cowgill's Law (e.g. Forssman  KZ79 (1965): uff.), but this is semantically unconvincing, because πρυμνός indicates  not the most foward, but the hindmost part. For the suffix -μν-, one compares Skt. ni-mnd- [n.] 'depression, depth', adj. 'lying deep'. The connection with OCS kroma 'back part of a ship' is wrong; cf. Vasmer 1953 s.v. kormda. Cf. also πρόμνος and ▶︎ προμνηστῖνοι, connected with πρυμνός by Forssman  KZ 79 (1965): uff.; see ▶︎ πρόμος. The most promising etymology consists of the connection with πρέμνον, the non-  Indo-European interchange e/v pointing to a Pre-Greek origin (cf. Fur. 65''°).

XXXXXπρύτανις, -ews [m.] title of a leading official, in Athens member of the governing committee of the council, 'foreman, chief of affairs, prytan' (Dor. IA); also name of a Lycian (E 678).

    *VAR  Aeol. mpé-.

    *COMP Some compounds, e.g. ναυ-πρύτανις = ναύαρχος (Pi.).

    *DER 1. Adjecitves πρυταν-ικός (IA inscr.), -εἰος (Aristid.) 'belonging to the 1'; 2. substantives -etov, Ion. -ἤϊον [n.] 'residence of the π., city hall (1A), in Athens also  name of a court of law; τὰ mputaveta 'legal costs' (Att.); here Πρυταν-ἴτις (Herm. Hist.), -eia (Syros) [f.] epithet of Ἑστία as a protectress of the Prytaneion; 3. verb  πρυταν-εύω 'to be π. lead something' (h. Ap. 68) with -eia, Ion. -ηἴη [f.] '(term of  the) office of a m.' (IA, Rhodes, etc.), τευμα = Lat. principatus (epigr. 15). -ebc [m.] =  πρύτανις (Rhodos), back-formation acc. to BoShardt 1942: 77.

    *ETYM In view of the close resemblance to Etruscan purQne, epr9ni 'title of an  official', πρύτανις probably belongs to the Anatolian-Aegaean stratum of social  designations (cf. βασιλεύς, ἄναξ, τύραννος, and Schwyzer: 62 and 462). The  variation of Aeol. πρότανις (Att. inscr. incidentally have mpotav-evw, -eia) and  Phoc. and Cret. Bpvtavebw, -elov is suggestive of borrowing from a Pre-Greek  source; cf. Heubeck 1961: 67f.3 Linderski Glotta 40 (1962): 157ff. also connects Hatt. puri 'lord'. The association with πρό 'in front' is secondary and folk-etymological;  πρυ- is not an old by-form of προ, as has been claimed on the basis of διαπρύσιος,  πρυμνός, πρυλέες.

XXXXXπρώην [adv.] 'lately, the day before yesterday' (1].). 41Ε *proH 'early, in the morning'>

    *VAR  πρῴην (IL), πρῶν (Call. fr. Herod.), Dor. πρώαν, πρόαν, πρᾶν (Theoc.); on the  phonetics Schwyzer: 250.

    *COMP As a first member in πρῳηρότης [m.] 'early plougher' (Hes.), like ὀψ-αρότης  (see ▶︎ owe); often in Thphr, eg. mpwi-xapnog 'with early fruit', compar. πρωϊκαρπότερος (see Strémberg 1937: 162f.).

    *DER Also πρωΐ (11... Att. πρῴ (πρῷ, πρῶ 'early, in the morning'. Compar. forms:  πρωΐ- (πρῴ-)τερος, -τατος, usually -αίτερος, -αἰτατος (IA), after παλαίτερος etc. Other derivatives: πρώϊος, πρῷος 'at an early time' (O 470), πρωΐα [f.] 'early time,  morning' (Aristeas, NT), after ὀψία; in Attic replaced by πρώ-ἵμος (X., Arist., pap. and inscr.), to ὄψιμος (Arbenz 1933: 76); also πρό-ἵμος after πρό; Hell. -ἵνός

===Pag_1295: Beekes_Página_1295.tiff===

(Chantraine 1933: 200f.); πρωϊζά [adv.] 'the day before yesterday' (Β 303), to πρώην after χθιζά, 'very early' (Theoc. 18, 9), to πρωΐ; πρωΐθεν 'from early in the morning' (LXX).

    *ETYM Both πρώην and πρωΐ presuppose an adverb "πρώ, which is confirmed by  OHG fruo 'early', Lat. pr6 'for, before', Av. fra 'forward, in front', and less directly by  Skt. pratar 'early, in the morning' beside Av. fra = "»πρό. It is perhaps an old  instrumental *pro-h,. The form πρώην, -av may have been influenced by petrified accusatives, like δήν,  Sav, πλήν, TAY, ἀκμήν. Similarly, πρω-ἴ seems to have been modelled after locatives  like ἦρι, πέρυσι, ἀντί. This πρωΐ served as the basis for the adjective npwi-oc (= OHG  fruoji early'), which, interpreted as πρώ-ἴος, gave rise to πρώ-ἵμος, -tvdc (see above).

XXXXXπρωκτός [m.] 'rump, anus' (Hippon., Ar.).

    *DER πρωκτίζω 'paedico' (Ar.).

    *ETYM Closely related to Arm. erastan-k* [pl.] 'buttock', an action noun in -an-, from  IE *preh,kt-. This means that Greek derives from *proh,kt- (Beekes in Kortlandt  2003: 191). The earlier reconstruction as *p(e)rh,kt- (see the discussion in Clackson  1994: 166f.) does not abide by the rules for IE root structure. Skt. prsthd- 'back' and  related forms are more easily derived from *pr-sth,-o-, and are therefore unrelated.

XXXXXπρών [m.] 'protruding rocks, mountain top' (IL). <?>

    *VAR  πρῶνος or πρωνός, plur. πρῶνες, also mpwovec (epic poet. since II.), also πρηών  (Hes. Sc. 437, Hell.), πρεών (AP), -@vac, -dvoc.

    *ETYM Starting from the later attestation πρηών (whence πρεών, npwv), the plur. πρώονες, -ας could be explained as a diectasis of np@vec; this would point to original  *npnfov or *nparwy (Schwyzer: 377). On the other hand, if we assume a pre-form  *Tp@pwv, πρώονες becomes regular, but mpywv must then either be due to false  analysis, or an old ablaut variant of πρών. A reconstruction *npwfwv is strongly  supported by »πρῷρα 'prow, bow of a ship', which can hardly be dealt with  separately. This goes back to *prh,-ur-ih,, beside *prh,-uon- giving npwv; the  adjective is probably derived from the forebear of Skt. pirva- 'frontmost, earlier'. Fur.: 331 wonders whether προύνος- βουνούς is a variant, or a contamination of  πρῶν and βουνός.

XXXXXπρώξ, πρωκός [f.] 'dewdrop' (Theoc., Call.). «1Ὲ *prok- 'drop, sprinkle'>

    *VAR Only plur. πρῶκες.

    *ETYM Formation like κλώψ, ῥῶπες, tpwk, etc. (see Chantraine 1933: 2, Schwyzer:  424); thus, originally an agent noun 'dripper, sprinkler' from a lost verb for  'sprinkle', which left traces in several derived adjectives, e.g. ▶︎ περκνός. For a parallel  of 'sprinkle' beside 'drop', cf. especially Skt. prsan- 'spotted, speckled', prsatd- [m.]  'spotted gazelle' (Ved.), 'drop of water' (epic class.).

XXXXXπρῷρα [f.] 'forepart of a ship, prow, bow' (μ 230: gen. πρῴρης, attributive to νηός). 41Ε *prh,-u(e)r-ih, 'forepart of a ship'>

    *VAR Ion. πρῴρη, secondary after πρύμνη.

===Pag_1296: Beekes_Página_1296.tiff===

    *COMP Often as a second member, eg. κυανό-πρῳρος 'dark-bowed' (Hom., B.),  -πρῴρειος (γ 299, verse-final enlargement), -πρώϊρα [f.] (Simon. 241), explanation  uncertain.

    *DER npwp-aBe(v), -ηθε(ν) 'from the bow, at the bow' (Pi., Th.); -εύς [m.] 'officer in  command at the bow' (X, D., Arist.), also PN (8 113); -άτης [m.] 'id' (S., X.), to  πρυμνήτης, κυβερνήτης (Fraenkel 1912: 206) with -ατικός 'concerning the prow'  (pap., Poll.), -ατεύω [v.] 'to be in command at the bow' (Att., Hell.); -ἥσια [n.pl.]  'uppermost points on starboard' (EM: πρυμνήσια); ptc. aor. πρῳράσαντες:  κροτήσαντες. ἡ δὲ μεταφορὰ and τῶν νεῶν καὶ τῆς εἰρεσίας 'making rattle, striking;  a metaphor from [the terminology of] ships and rowers' (H.), cf. Men. Sicyon. 421  Kassel.

    *ETYM Apparently contracted from *npwpap-1a or *npwrep-1a. The expected msc. *npwrwv (cf. πίων : πίειρα) is attested as ▶︎ πρών. Discussion in Peters 1980a: 190f.,  who argues that a suffix -eipa is expected on the basis of πίειρα, πέπειρα, and that it  would yield the main attestation np@pa. Actually, *npwfep-1a would have to result  in πρῶρα instead (which is also attested, but only as a weaker variant in the mss. and  pap.). However, in this case, πρῷρα can hardly be explained, as there is no basis for a  pre-form in *-apia. Therefore, Peters argues that -w- was introduced, like in the  presents in -ἥσκω, -ῴσκω. It is improbable that kvavo-npwipav (Simon. 241) preserves an old uncontracted  form *npweipav (Hdn. 2, 410); see Peters l.c. Apart from the suffix -n-, related *1pw-fwv is formally comparable to Skt. purva-  'foremost, earlier', ToB parwe 'first', OCS prove 'first' < *prh,-uo-. Borrowed as Lat. préra, proreta (from Ion. *npwprjtn¢); see WH sv.

XXXXXπρῶτος [adj.] 'foremost, first' (Il.).

    <IE *prh,-to- (?) 'first'>

    *VAR Dor., Boeot. πρᾶτος. ἜΝ Very productive in compounding, e.g. πρωτό-γονος 'first-born' (epic poet.

    *DER 1. Superlative πρώτ-ιστα [adv] 'first of all', -totoc (epic poet. Il.), Dor. (Thera)  πράτιστος 'the very first' (Seiler 1950: 105). 2. πρωτ-εῖον [n.] 'first prize, first rank'  (Att.); -elog 'of the first rank'. 3. -edw 'to be first' (Att.) with the back-formation  πρωτεύς epithet to λαός (Tim. Pers. 248). Several short names, eg. Πρωτ-εύς [m.]  Seagod (Od., etc.), -τέας, -tiwv, IIpat-ivac, -ύλος, etc. (Bechtel 1917b: 387). On  Πρωτεσί-λαος, -λεως (IL, etc.), see Risch 1937: §71a.

    *ETYM Related to Skt. piir-va-, Av. paur-uua- < *prh,-uo-, and Lith. pir-mas < *prh,-  mo-, but with a suffix -fo- as in τρίτος, τέταρτος, etc. Dor. πρᾶτος is problematic,  because it seems to continue *prh,-to- with a different laryngeal; in spite of DELG,  the two forms cannot be unified under *prH-. The postulated reconstruction *npé-  ατος, which similarly could explain πρῶτος, but not πρᾶτος, cannot have developed  out of *prH- in a regular way. Cf. Beekes 1969: 214f.

XXXXXπταίω [v.] 'to nudge, crash into, stumble, err, have bad luck' (IA); rarely trans. 'to knock over' (Pi. fr. 205, LXX).

===Pag_1297: Beekes_Página_1297.tiff===

    *VAR Aor. πταῖσαι, fut. πταίσω, also perf. (later Att., Hell.) ἔπταικα, pass. (late)  πταισθῆναι, ἔπταισμαι.

    *COMP Also with prefix, especially προσ-.

    *DER πταῖσμα (πρόσ-) [n.] 'push, fault, misfortune, defeat' (IA, Thgn.), πρόσπταισις  [f.] 'push, stumble, collision' (D. H.).

    *ETYM Rhyming formations like naiw, paiw, and also -kvaiw may have influenced  πταίω (and vice versa); for the onset, cf. ▶︎ πτίσσω, ▶︎ πτήσσω, The word may well be  Pre-Greek. Alternatively, Hackstein Glotta 70 (1992): 154-167 (see also on ▶︎ πτήσσω)  reconstructs a present *pi(e)h,-u-ie/o- on the basis of πταίω, Lith. pjduti 'to cut', and  Lat. pavié 'to pound, strike'.

XXXXXπτάκα [acc.sg.f] 'hare' (A. Ag. 137 [lyr.]).

    *VAR The nom. is unattested.

    *DER πτάκοις, -ίδος [f.] 4. (Com. Adesp. 1127), -ισμός {m.] 'shyness' (ibd. 1128:  Ἰπτακίζω), -άδις [adv.] 'shy' (Theognost.); πτακωρεῖν: πτήσσειν, δεδοικέναι 'be  scared, fear' (H.), after ὀλιγωρεῖν, τιμωρεῖν etc.

    *ETYM Considered to be a root noun of the aorist πτἄκεῖν (see > πτήσσω), from a  paradigm nom. ▶︎ πτώξ < *pioh,k-s, analogical gen. πτακ-ός, It seems, however, that  the whole complex of πτώξ, πτάκα, and πτωχός is Pre-Greek in view of the  alternating root-final stops κί x. πτακάνα 'boat mat' used in boats called kavva (Poll. 10, 166). <PG?>

    *DIAL LSJ gives πτακάλα or πτανάκα.

    *ETYM No etymology; possibly Pre-Greek.

XXXXXπτάρνυμαι [v.] 'to sneeze' (Hp., X.).

    *VAR Rare and late πτάρνεται, πταίρω, πτείρω, πτέρομαι; them. aor. mtapeiv (since p  541), ptc. also πταρείς (Hp. Arist.), πτάραντες (Arist; uncertain).

    *DER πταρ-μός [m.] 'the sneezing' (IA) with -μικός 'causing to sneeze', -μική [f.]  'sneezewort' (Dsc., Gal.), see Stromberg 1940: 85, πτόρος 'id.' (Hdn. Gr. 1, 191).

    *ETYM Onomatopoeic word, probably related to Lat. sternud 'id', Olr. sreod  'sneezing'; however, the reconstruction of a root *pster- remains hypothetical. Arm. pYngam, p7ncem 'to sneeze' is probably onomatopoeic; see Clackson 1994: 99. An  aspirate is found in the gloss ἀποφθαράξασθαι: τὸ τοῖς μυκτῆρσιν εἰς TO ἔξω ἦχον  προέσθαι, ἀποφλάσαι, ῥογχάσαι. Κρῆτες καὶ Σάμιοι (Η.), with the same meaning as  Lat. stert6o 'to snore'. Strunk MSS 46 (1986): 221-242 assumes an ablauting n-present with the full grade    shifting between the root (Lat. sternud) and the ending (hence πτάρνυμαι with a  zero-grade root).

XXXXXπτέλας [m.] 'wild boar' (Lyc. 833, verse-final).

    *VAR Also πτελέα' σῦς ὑπὸ Λακώνων 'boar (Lac. (H.).

    *ETYM The ending is the same as in ἐλέφας, A possible cognate would be ▶︎ πτελέη  'elm', but this leaves much unexplained. The connection with Lith. kiawlé 'swine',  kuilys 'breeding-swine', and with Skt. kiri- [m.] 'boar', suggested by Merlingen 1956:  58, should also be rejected. Holthausen's connection with πελιτνός, πελιός, etc.

===Pag_1298: Beekes_Página_1298.tiff=== XXXXXπτέρνη 1247 (Holthausen IF 62 (1956): 152) is arbitrary. The word may well be Pre-Greek (note initial mt-).

XXXXXπτελέα [f.] 'elm tree' (1l.).

    *VAR Ion. -én, Epid. meAéa.

    *DIAL Myc. pte-re-wa.

    *DER πτελέ-ινος 'of an elm' (Att. and Del. inscr., Thphr.), τών, -@voc [m.] 'elm grove'  (gloss.). Πτελεός [m.] town in Thessaly, etc. (B 697 et al.).

    *ETYM The suffix -€a is frequent in tree-names (cf. μηλέα, itéa). The word πτέλας  'boar' is formally close, but the semantics are far off (Stromberg 1940: 140 adduces  MoHG Eberesche to prove that boars may live in elm-woods). Lat. populus 'poplar'  cannot be related, since it deviates strongly in form and meaning; phonetically closer  is Lat. tilia 'lime-tree'. For the variation mt-: π-, cf. πόλεμος and πόλις. Arm. feti  'elm' may have been borrowed from πτελέα (Solta Sprache 3 (1956): 227" argued for  old etymological relationship), or both may have been borrowed from a common  source, like Lat. tilia (which was borrowed into Greek in τιλίαι' αἴγειροι 'black  poplars' [H.]); see Clackson 1994: 169. Fur.: 226 assumes that it is a variant of μελίη  'ash'; he concludes that the word is Pre-Greek.

XXXXXπτέρις, -εως [f.] 'fern, bracken' (Hell.).

    *VAR Also -ic, -idoc.

    *COMP As a second member in δρυ(ο)-πτερίς [f.] 'oak fern' (Dsc., H.), θηλυ-πτερίς  [f.] 'female fern' (Thphr., Dsc.). With the same meaning πτέριον (also with OnAv-)  [n.] (Ps.-Dsc., Alex. Trall.); see Strémberg 1940: 4of.

    *ETYM The original meaning must have been 'feather plant', as it is related to  ▶︎ πτερόν; it was named after the form of the leaves (cf. MoHG Federkraut 'water  milfoil'). Likewise, MoHG Farn (OHG far(a)n, etc.) 'fern' can be equated with Skt. parnda-, Av. parana- [n.] 'wing, feather, leaf. Alb. fier 'fern' may be related as well,  possibly as a loanword, acc. to Mann Lang. 28 (1952): 40.

XXXXXπτέρνη [f.] 'heel', also metaphorically of the lower part of several objects, etc. (epic Ion. poet., Arist., Hell.). <1E *tpersneh, 'heel'>

    *VAR Secondarily -νὰ (LXX).

    *COMP Some compounds, e.g. mtepvo-Konic [f.] 'heel-pusher', nickname (middle and  new com, see Wackernagel 1916: 196); *bm6-mtepvog 'under the heel' in bxomtepy-ic,  -ido¢ [f.] 'base, underlay' (Ph., Hero Bel.).

    *DER πτερν-ίς, -ίδος [f.] 'foot of a bowl (middle com.), -iw [v.] 'to hit with the heel,  trip one up, supplant someone out of his position, provide a shoe with a new heel'  (LXX, Com. Adesp.), to which -ἰστής [m.] (Ph.), -ἰσμός [m.] (LXX). Isolated and  semantically unclear is πτέρνιξ, -ἴκος [m.] 'main stalk of a cactus' (Arist.); next to it  we find ▶︎ tépvaka: τῆς κάκτου τοῦ φυτοῦ καυλόν 'stalk of the cactus' (H.), s.v.

    *ETYM Old designation of the heel: Lat. perna 'calf of the leg', Gm. (eg. Go. fairzna  'heel'), possibly Hitt. parsina- 'buttock (?) (= parsna-; with parSndi- 'to squat  down'), from IE *tpersneh,. Beside these, we find Indo-Iranian forms with secondary  vowel length: Skt. parsni- [f.], Av. paSna- [n.] 'heel'. The initial πτ- must reflect an

===Pag_1299: Beekes_Página_1299.tiff===

original cluster, probably tp-, ie. tpersn- (see Lubotsky 2006). On late πτέρνα 'ham', see ▶︎ πέρνα.

XXXXXπτερόν [π.] 'feather, wing, pinion', also metaphorically of feather- and wing-like objects (IL). 41E *pet- 'fly'>

    *COMP πτερο-φόρος 'feathered, winged' (A., E.), ὑπό-πτερος '(swift-)winged' (Pi.,  IA); on ▶︎ ὑποπετρίδιος s.v.

    *DER 1. πτερό-εις 'provided with feathers or wings' (epic poet. Il.); antonym ἄ-πτερος  (Od.), of μῦθος (as an opposite of ἔπεα πτερόεντα); 2. πτερω-τός 'id. (1A), -τικός  'belonging to plumage' (ΝΡ); 3. -ya [n.] 'plumage' (A. fr. Pl. Phdr., etc.), rather  enlarged from πτερόν than from πτερόομάι;; 4. πτερό-της [f.] 'winged condition'  (Arist.); 5. πτέρ-ων [m., n.] of an unknown bird (Com. Adesp.), -νις [m., n.] of a kind  of hawk (Arist.); 6. mtep-dopat (also with éx-ovv-) [v.] 'to get wings, become  fledged', -6w 'to feather, wing' (IA), whence -wotc [f.] 'feathering, plumage' (Ar.,  Arist.). Next to it πτέρυξ, -ὕγος [f.] 'wing' (IL), often metaphorically like πτερόν. Often as a second member, eg. τανύ-πτερυξ (Il), also -πτέρυγ-ος (Simon.)  'spreading the wings'. From πτέρυξ are derived: 1. diminutive πτερύγοιον [n.],  designation of several wing-like objects (Hp., Arist.); 2. -ώδης 'wing-like' (Hp.,  Thphr.); 3. τωτός 'provided with wings' (Arist.); 4. -wpa [n.] 'poultry, etc.' (late); 5. ntepvy-iCw (also with ἀνα-, etc.) [v.} 'to move the wings' (Ar.); also -dopat, -όω  meaning unclear (Lesb. lyr., medic.), with dito- 'to lose the wings' (Vett. Val.); ntep-  boow (also with δια-, etc.) [v.] 'to flap with the wings' (Archil.[?], Hell.), perhaps  from πτερόν.

    *ETYM The word for 'feather' or 'wing' is derived from the verb for 'fly', represented  in Greek by ▶︎ πέτομαι, πτέσθαι. A good formal correspondence to πτερ-όν < *pt-er-  is not found in the other languages: Skt. pdétr-a- [n.] 'wing, feather', Lat. acci-piter,  -tris 'hawk', OHG fedara, ON βρὄν [f] 'feather', etc. all go back to IE *petr- (which in  Greek is represented in ὑποπετριδίων ὀνείρων 'winged dreams', Alcm. 23, 49). Some  connect Arm. ter 'side' as if from *pter- (comparing fir flight' < *ptér- and t'¥-cim  [v.] 'to fly', aor. t'7-eay), but this is semantically dubious. A heteroclitic stem is found  in Hitt. pattar (also pittar) [n.], gen.pl. -an-as. An n-stem is seen in Lat. penna [{.}  'feather, wing' < *pet-n-h, et al. As for πτέρυξ, no convincing parallel for the suffix -vy- can be found in Greek  (ὄρτυξ and other bird names are too far off); connection with various words in other  IE languages has been suggested (see Frisk), but these are al] unconvincing. The old  connection between πτερόν and Ru. peré [n.] 'feather', etc. cannot be substantiated;  the Slavic words have cognates in Skt. parnd- [n.] 'wing, feather, leaf, etc, Lith.

XXXXXspafnas [m] 'wing, paddle(?), leaf, ToB paruwa [pl.] 'feathers', and others, from a root *(s) per-.

XXXXXπτῆμα

    *VAR πτηνός, πτῆσις. -'πέτομαι.

XXXXXπτήσσω [v.] 'to duck (for fright)' (IA); sigm. aor. rarely trans. 'to frighten, drive away' (© 40, Thgn.).

    *VAR  Also πτώσσω (IL, epic poet.), Aeol. (Alc?) πτάζω, fut. πτήξω (Att.), aor. πτῆξαι  (IL), Dor. πτᾶξαι (Pi.), also them. aor. ptc. κατα-πτἄκών (A. Eu. 252), perf. ἔπτηχα

===Pag_1300: Beekes_Página_1300.tiff=== XXXXXπτίσσω 1249 (Att.), ἔπτηκα (LXX with v.l. -χα, late); also epic forms pte. perf. πεπτηώς (Β 312, ξ 354, etc.), 3du.aor. κατα-πτήτην (@ 136).

    *COMP Also with prefix, especially kata- and ὑπο-.

    *DER πτῆξις [f.] 'fright' (LXX), enlargement πτωσκάζω 'to duck, have fear' (A 372)  after similar ἀλυσκάζω (to ἀλύσκω, ἀλύσσω), ἠλασκάζω; perhaps from ἐπτώσκω; the  vl. πτωκάζω must be after πτώξ. Cf. Schwyzer: 708, Chantraine RPh. 57 (1931): 125,  Chantraine 1942: 338.

    *ETYM The epic forms πεπτηώς, καταπτήτην show that there was a root variant  without velar. A further cognate is ▶︎ πτοέω. The comparison with Arm. f'ak'-cim,  aor. t'ak'-eay 'to hide oneself' (Pedersen KZ 39 (1906): 342f.) is discussed by Clackson  1994: 169f. Photius gives πτεκάς- πτάξ. The root is extensively discussed by Hackstein Glotta 70 (1992): 136-165. According  to him, ToB pydk-tsi 'to strike dow' is related, which requires a reconstruction of  the root as *pieh,(k)- (he thus rejects a root *pteh,-k-). Greek has both *pta- and  *ptak- in πεπτηώς and πτῆξαι, respectively (from the latter, πτήσσω was derived;  another present is πτώσσωλ Also cognate are πτοᾶν < *pioh,-eje/o- and πταίω 'to hit'  < *pieh,-u- and, from other IE languages, Lith. piduti 'to cut, mow, harvest, torment'  and perhaps Lat. pavio from *pieh.-u- (with loss of *i after initial p- or by  dissimilation against the second -i-). There are two problems with this reconstruction: first, the semantic connection  between Tocharian 'to strike down' and Greek 'to frighten' is not evident, and  second, it neglects the evidence of πτωχός 'beggar', which is clearly related and  shows a substrate alternation.

XXXXXπτίλον [n.] 'fluff, down, insect wing', metaphorically 'leaf, εἴς. (IA).

    *COMP Some compounds, e.g. nttAd-vwtos 'with a fluffy back' (AP), τετρά-πτιλος  'with four fluffy feathers' (Ar.).

    *DER 1. πτιλ-ωτός 'provided with πτίλα᾽ (Arist., Att. inscr.); 2. τόομαι, -dw [v.] 'to be  equipped with mt; to equip with mt.' (late), whence -wotc [f.] 'emergence of fluff  (Ael.), also of a disease of the eyelid and eyelashes (Gal.); πτίλος 'disease of the  eyelids' (LXX, Gal.) is a back-formation on these words, whereas πτίλλος = lippus  (gloss.) has expressive gemination; 3. -ώσσω [v.] 'to have a disease of the eyelids  (lashes) (Archyt.).

    *ETYM The word πτίλον was connected with πτέσθαι by Frisk, with a 'hypocoristic'  suffix -ἰλο- (Chantraine 1933: 248f.). On Dor. ψίλον (Paus. 3, 19, 6), see Bechtel 1921,  2: 319f. Fur.: 263 takes the alternation πτίλον / wikov as evidence for a Pre-Greek  word, and he further compares Lat. pilus. In support of this, one may note that an IE  pre-form *pth,-ilo- does not look convincing.

XXXXXπτίσσω [v.] 'to shell, grind grains by stamping' (IA). 41E *(f)pis- 'stamp, smash'>

    *VAR Att. also ntittw; aor. πτίσαι, pass. πτισθῆναι, perf. mid. ἔπτισμαι.

    *COMP Rarely with prefix, like mepi- and kata-.

    *DER πτισ-άνη [f.] (-avov [n.] Nic.) 'peeled barley, barley groats' (Hp., com., pap.);  -μός [m.] 'winnowing' (com.), -μα [n.] 'peeled barley' (Str; περιπ[τ]ίσματα [pl.] sch;  Jacobsohn KZ 42 (1909): 276), -ἰς [f.] 'skin' (Gal.), -τικός 'fit for shelling' (com.).

===Pag_1301: Beekes_Página_1301.tiff===

    *ETYM The word τιτίσσω is an old agricultural term, retained in several languages,  though exact matches of the Greek forms in mt- are not found. Note the  correspondences ἄ-πτισ-τος 'unstamped' (Hp.) with Skt. pis-ta-, Lat. pis-tus  'smashed'. All other nominal and verbal forms are based on πτισ- as well, except for  the present πτίσσω, which was formed analogically after πλάσσω, πάσσω, etc. Nasal  presents are found in Skt. pi-nd-sti 'to crush' (perf. pipésa, pipise), Lat. pi-n-sd 'to  pound' (with secondary perf. pins(u)i, next to pis-tor 'pounder, miller', etc.); Balt. and Slav. have secondary formations, eg. Lith. paisau, -yti 'chop off ears of corn'  (beside primary pisi, -ti 'to copulate'), Ru. pixadt' 'to thrust, stamp' (next to primary  pSeno 'millet' from *posens [ptc.] 'stamped'). On Greek πτ- against p- elsewhere, cf. on ▶︎ πτέρνη. Ἂ

XXXXXπτοέω [v.] 'to frighten, scare', pass. 'to become shy, scared, passionately excited' (Thgn.). 4?

    *VAR epic πτοιέω (πτοιῶμαι Thgn. 1018), fut. πτοιήσω (AP), aor. πτο(ι)ῆσαι (σ 340);  ἐπτόαισ᾽ (Sapph. 22, 14), ἐπτόασεν (31, 6 codd., cf. Hamm 1957: $49b3), mostly pass. πτο(ι)ηθῆναι (x 298); ἐπτοάθης (E. JA 586 [lyr.]}, perf. ἐπτο(ύ)ημαι (Hes. Op. 447).

    *COMP Also with prefix, e.g. dta-, ék-.

    *DER 1. πτο(ί)η-σις [f.] 'excitement, passion' (Pl., Ph. NT); 2. πτοία (epic -n, rarely  πτόη, -a) [f.] 'fright, passion' (Hell.), πτοι-ώδης (Hp.), -αλέος (Opp.) 'scared,  frightened'.

    *ETYM The verb ntoéw is a secondary formation, probably an iterative-intensive of  the primary verb retained in καταπτήτην, πεπτηώς (see on πτήσσω). It goes back to  older *ntw-éw (cf. πτώξ); πτοιέω and other forms are derived from it by metrical  lengthening (cf. e.g. ὀλοιός and πνοιή). Next to πτοέω, we find the rare πτοάω (see above), like for example novaw next to  πονέω (see πένομαι). The old combination with Lat. paved 'to tremble' (Froehde KZ  22 (1874): 259ff.) is accepted by Merlingen 1956: 56, starting from IE *tpouw-. However, see Hackstein Glotta 70 (1992): 154-167, who reconstructs *ptoh,-eie/o-; see  also on ▶︎ πτήσσω.

XXXXXπτολίεθρον

    *ETYM See ▶︎ πόλις, and further Ruijgh 1957: 771.

XXXXXπτόρθος [m.] 'sprout, shoot, young twig, branch' (ζ 128).

    *VAR Also πόρθος: πτόρθος (H.).

    *COMP Rare and late as a second element, e.g. φιλό-πτορθος 'loving offshoots'  (Nonn.). The assumption that πτόρθος would have an older abstract meaning  'sprouting' in Hes. Op. 421 (e.g. Porzig 1942: 50) is unnecessary.

    *DER πτορθ-εῖον [n.] 'id.' (Nic.), -ἰος [m.] epithet of Poseidon (as promotor of  vegetation, = φυτάλμιος, Chalkis V*).

    *ETYM There is a variant πόρθος, and Arm. ort' 'vine' may somehow be related, as  well. Fur.: 317 attributes these matches rather to independent borrowing from a  common origin.

XXXXXπτύον [n.] 'winnowing shovel' (N 588, A., 5. in Fr. Theoc.).

===Pag_1302: Beekes_Página_1302.tiff=== XXXXXπτύσσω, -ομαι 1251

    *VAR Att. πτέον, acc. to Ael. Dion. εἴ al.

    *DER Diminutive πτυάριον [n.] (Hdn., EM) and δίπτυον: Κύπριοι μέτρον, οἱ δὲ τὸ  ἡμιμέδιμνον 'measure (Cypr.), halfa μέδιμνος᾽ (H.).

    *ETYM Traditionally (e.g. Curtius 1858: 498) compared with Skt. pdvate, punati 'to  purify', eg. of corn, and also with OHG fowen < PGm. *fawjan- 'to sieve, purify  corn' (Pok. 827), which supposes a secondary nt-. If an old full grade is accepted for  mtéov (only mentioned by grammarians, who label it Attic), πτύον could be  secondary after πτύω. However, the variation v/e seems rather to point to Pre-Greek  origin (Fur. 314).

XXXXXπτύρομαι [v.] 'to get scared, become shy' (Hp., Ὁ. S., Ep. Phil., Plu.); ἀπο-πτύρω 'to scare' (gloss.}. <?>

    *VAR Aor. πτυρῆναι (late).

    *COMP Also with kata-.

    *DER πτυρτικός 'fearful, scared' (Arist. Str.), πτυρμός as an explanation of πτοία (H.,  Phot.).

    *ETYM Unexplained. The initial agrees with πτήσσω, πτοηθῆναι, which is also close  in meaning (this connection is mentioned in Persson 1912(1): 429' and Merlingen  1956: 56), while the ending recalls the semantic group ὀδύρομαι, μύρομαι, etc. However, ntvpopat can hardly be a contamination of the two, contrary to what Frisk  proposed.

XXXXXπτύσσω, -ομαι [v.] 'to plead, fold (up)', med. 'to fold around oneself (Il.).

    *VAR  Fut. πτύξω, -ομαι, aor. πτύξαι, -ασθαι, pass. πτυχθῆναι, πτυγῆναι, perf. πέπτυγμαι, ἔπτυγμαι.

    *COMP Often with prefix, e.g. ἀνα-  περι-, προσ-.

    *DER 1. πτυκτός 'folded' (Ζ 169 etc.), πυκτή [f.] (Cod. Inst.), πυκτ-ίς [f.] (AP, Gal.),

XXXXXτίον [n.] (sch. Suid.) 'tablet' (dissimilated from mt-, see Schwyzer: 260); 2. πτύγμα (πρόσ-, περί-, etc.) [n.] 'fold, loop of a garment, compress' (E 315, E., Arist. medic.), with (προσ-)πτυγμάτ-ιον [π.] 'compress' (medic.); 3. πτύξις (also ava-, διά-, etc.) [f.] 'folding, fold' (Hp., Arist.). Further πτύχ-ες [pl.], acc. -ac, datsg. -( (Hom.), acc. -a (E. [lyr.]) [6]; with enlargement πτυχ-ή, mostly plur. -at [f.] (post-Hom. poet.) 'fold, ply, layer', metaph. 'gorge, valley'; it also functions as verbal noun to πτύσσω, especially to the prefixed compounds (eg. ἀναπτυχή to ἀνα-πτύσσω); as a second member in δί-, τρί-, πολύ- πτυχος (Il.), see Sommer 1948: 65f.), with transfer to the s-stems in περι-πτυχής 'folding around' (S.), δι-πτυχής (Arist), etc. From πτυχή are derived: 1. ntuy-ic, -ἰίδος (ὑπο-) [f] 'layer, joint' (Plu.); 2. ov [n.] 'folded table, etc.' (Hdn. Gr., pap.), -tog = πτυκτός (EM); 3. -ὥδης 'fold-like, ply-like' (Arist.); 4. Πτυχ-ία [f.] name of an island near Corcyra (Th.).

    *ETYM Beside πτύσσω, there are also relatively rare forms with -tt- (δια-πτύττω Pl. Lg. 858e, 11p00-ava- Arist.). Therefore, the -σσ- is perhaps rather a Ionism than a  strategy to avoid the co-occurrence of τ and tt in πτύττω (Schwyzer: 319'; cf. 755'). As an old yod-present, πτύσσω goes back to *ntby-tw. It can be considered a  denominative from ntby-ec.

===Pag_1303: Beekes_Página_1303.tiff===

The etymology is unclear: the connection with Skt. pyuksna- (only in the compound pyuksna-vestita-), which stems from Brugmann-Delbriick 1897-1916 1: 277, is highly questionable (see Mayrhofer EWAia 2: 173). Fur.: 318 considers the word Pre-Greek, which may well be correct, although his connection with πυκνός, etc. is not convincing.

XXXXXπτῦω [v.] 'to spew, spit' (Hom.).

    <IE *tspi(e)uH- 'spew, spit'>

    *VAR  Aor. πτύ-σαι (Hom.), pass. πτυ-σθῆναι, -ῆναι (Hp.), fut. πτύσ-ω, -ομαι (IA),  perf. ἔπτυκα (late).

    *COMP Often with prefix, e.g. ἀπο-, &k-, év-.

    *DER 1. ἀπό-, κατά-πτυστος 'worth spitting upon, abominable' (Anacr,, trag., also  Att. prose); 2. πτύσις (also ἔκ-, ἔμ-, ava-) [f.] 'spewing' (Hp. Arist.); 3. πτυσμός [m.]  'id? (Hp.); 4. πτύσμα (ἔμ-, ἀπό-, kata-) [n.] 'spittle' (Hp., Plb., LXX); 5. ἀπο-πτυστήρ  [m.] 'spitter' (Opp.); 6. πτυάς, -άδος [f.] designation of a venomous snake (Gal. et  al.); 7. πτύ-αλον, -eAov [n.] (-ος [m.]) 'spittle' (Hp., Arist.); from there -αλώδης  'spittle-like', -αλίζω, -ελίζω 'to secrete spittle' with -αλισμός (-eA-) [m.] (Hp.).

    *ETYM Beside the present ntv-w with long vowel (Schwyzer: 686, Chantraine 1942:  373), we find the aorist πτῦσαι with short vowel, just as in ἐρύσαι, ἀρύσαι etc. This  stem is further found in πτῦσις and, with analogical σ, in πτύσ-μα, -μός, etc. Since the onset has several variants in Indo-European cognates, it was often  concluded that no preform can be reconstructed, which was attributed to the  onomatopoeic origin of the word (eg. E-M s.v. spud). The sequence sp- is found in  Lat. spud, Germanic (eg. Go. speiwan), Lith. spiduti, 1sg. spiduju (from *spieuH-?),  and perhaps in Skt. (nih-)sthivati, if t v is dissimilated from p v. No s- is shown by CS  plovati, 1sg. pljujo, Arm. t'uk' 'spittle' with t'k''-anem 'to spew, spit'; a different order  of sounds is attested in Alb. pshtyn (Mann Lang. 26 (1950): 387). Greek πτ- could agree with Arm. ¢'; if for older m-, OCS pljujo and Lith. spiduti can  be compared. Others prefer to derive the deviating forms from one preform. It seems  that a heavy cluster such as *tsp- accounts best for the forms attested. Even within Greek, several variants are attested: ano-, ἐκ-πῦ-τίζω (Hp. com., Arist,  the simplex πυτίζω is found only in EM), probably extended expressively, and  subsequently dissimilated (borrowed into Lat. as pytissdre; cf. Leumann 1959: 159°);  Dor. ἐπι-φθύσδω = ἐπιπτύω (Theoc.); ψύττει: πτύει and σίαι: πτύσαι, Πάφιοι (H.),  with ▶︎ σίαλον.

XXXXXπτῶμα

    *VAR πτῶσις. Ξ'πίπτω.

XXXXXπτώξ, -κός [m.] 'hare' (Ρ 676, Thphr., Theoc.), attributive to λαγωός (X 310, Babr.), of Orestes seeking refuge (A. Eu. 326), of a coward (Lyc. 944).

    *COMP Asa second member in πολυ-πτώξ 'with many hares', d-ntw 'without hares'  (Call., Hdn. Gr.).

    *DER πτωκάς, -άδος [f.] epithet of αἴθυιαι (Hom. Epigr.), of κύπειρος (Simm.), as a  substantive referring to birds (S. Ph. 1093).

    *ETYM The original meaning must have been 'who ducks away, the shy one', an  agent noun beside πτώσσω, πτήσσω; this meaning still filters through in πτωκάς and

===Pag_1304: Beekes_Página_1304.tiff=== XXXXXπῦγή 1253 is also possible for πτώξ in certain attestations (e.g. Χ 310). A broader use of πτώξ is also suggested by the various explanations in H: nt@xeq: δειλοί, λαγωοί, δορκάδες, ἔλαφοι, νεβροί. The alternation k/ x evidenced by »πτωχός 'beggar' points to substrate origin; cf. also on »πτάκα and »πτήσσω (where an alternative is mentioned).

XXXXXπτώσσω -'πτήσσω.

XXXXXπτωχός [π|., [] 'beggar', also [adj.] 'begging, poor' (Od.).

    *cOMP Some compounds, eg. πτωχο-ποιός 'drawing beggarly characters' (Ar.),  'making beggars' (Plu.), ὑπέρ-πτωχος 'very poor' (Arist.), see Sommer 1948: 170°.

    *DER πτωχ-ικός 'beggarly' (Att.), -elov [n.] 'almshouse' (Cod. Iust.), -ebdw [v.] 'to beg'  (Od.) with -eia, Ion. -nin [f.] 'beggary' (IA), -ίζω 'to make a beggar' (LXX).

    *ETYM πιτωχός is a formation in a velar like ▶︎ πτώξ, »πτώσσω (see s.v. and on  ▶︎ πτοέω). It seems that its aspiration cannot be explained in an IE framework (there  is no direct connection with the much later perfect Emtnya). Since it is highly  probable that ntwé, πτωκός 'hare' is related, we are dealing with a typical Pre-Greek  alternation k/ y.

XXXXXπύανος -'κύαμος.

XXXXXπύαρ -''τυός.

XXXXXπύυγή [{.} 'behind, rump' (Archil.).

    *COMP Several compounds, e.g. πυγο-στόλος 'decorating the rump' (Hes.), see  Martinazzoli Par. del pass. 15 (1960): 209ff., κατά-πυγος (H., Phot.) with -πυγότερος,  -πυγότατος (Sophr., Epigr. Gr.), and -πύύγων, -ωνος [m.] 'voluptuous, lewd' (Arist.);  [f.] kata-nbyatva (Att. amphora), see Fraenkel Glotta 34 (1955): 42ff. with literature);  on the insect name πυγο-λαμπίς (Arist.), see Strémberg 1944: 136.

    *DER 1. Diminutives mvy-iov [n.] (Tab. Defix.), -idtov [n.] (Ar.); 2. substantive πυγ-aiov [n.] 'buttocks' (Hp., Arist.), -ewv, -ῶνος [m.] 'buttocks, arse' (Hippon. 92), after  kevewv, cf. Masson ad loc.; 3. adverb -ηδόν 'with the tail foremost, rump to rump'  (Arist.), -toti τ᾿ (Hippon. 92), cf. Masson ad loc. 4. -ίζω [v.] 'to inculate, sodomize'  (Ar.) with -topa (Theoc.). Hypostasis ἐμ-πύγ-ια [n.pl.] 'buttocks, region of the  buttocks' (pap. I').

    *ETYM A slang word, completely avoided in epic poetry and higher literature  (Wackernagel 1916: 225f.). It has no convincing etymology. Connection with Skt. puga- 'multitude, mass', etc. is phonetically fine, but the semantics are not  compelling (see Mayrhofer EWAia s.v. and below on mbvvoc). Holthausen IF 20  (1906-1907): 329 connects πύξ, »πυγμή, like MoHG Steif 'rump' beside stofen 'to  bump', which in turn is formally difficult because of the long vowel of nvyn. Differently, Bezzenberger BB 27 (1902): 176f. (to ▶︎ πύματος, etc; s.v.). Connections  with Germanic by Holthausen KZ 74 (1956): 244 are to be rejected. The word πυγή  could well be Pre-Greek , due to the-variation ὃ / }, but it is not mentioned by Fur.

===Pag_1305: Beekes_Página_1305.tiff===

XXXXXπυγμή [f-] 'fist, fist-fight' (I1.); as measure of length, 'the distance from the elbow to the knuckles', equivalent to 18 δάκτυλοι (Thphr., Poll.). «16? *puk-, pug- 'sting'>

    *DER πυγμαῖος 'as large as a π., dwarf-like' (Hdt., Arist.), nom.pl. 'the fistlings',  name of legendary people of dwarves (I 6, Hecat., εἴς.) πυγμ-ικός 'belonging to a  fist-fight' (An. Ox.); name Πυγμᾶς [m.] (Chantraine 1956a: 18). On Πυγμαλίων,  probably a popular adaptation of a foreign word, see Ruijgh 1957: 136.

XXXXXπυγών, -dvoc [m.] measure of length, 'the distance from the elbow to the first finger- joint', equivalent to 20 δάκτυλοι (Hdt., X.); from this πυγούσιος 'one π. long' (Κ 517 = λ 25, Arat.), probably analogical (Risch 1937: 125), since ἔπυγοντ- (cf. Schwyzer: 526) is not probable; regular mvyov-tatog 'id.' (Hp., Thphr.); πύκτης [m.] 'fist-fighter' (Xenoph,, Pi, Att.) with πυκτοικός 'belonging'to fist-fight(ers), brave in fist-fighting' (Att.), -οσύνη [f.] 'skillfulness in fist-fighting' (Xenoph.), see Wyss 1954: 31; -εύω [v.] 'to be a fist-fighter, have a fist-fight' (Att., Boeot.) with -evatc, -ευτής (gloss.), -eiov (Suid.); also with analogical A-extension -αλεύω [v.] (Sophr.), -αλίζω (Anacr.) 'id.'

XXXXXπύξ [adv.] 'with the fist, in a fist-fight' (especially epic poetry, 11.); derived from it πυγ-μάχος [m.] 'fist-fighter', -μαχέω, -payia, -in (Hom., epic poet.), a univerbation from πὺξ μάχεσθαι; cf. Georgacas Glotta 6 (1958): 180.

    *ETYM The above words are all built on a root πυγ-, which was probably both verbal  and nominal. As parallels for πυγ-μή, primary formations like ▶︎ παλάμη, στιγμή, and  δραχμή could be adduced. The form πυγ-ών recalls ἀγκών and Aaywv, the first  perhaps being verbal, the last probably nominal (see on ▶︎ Aayaiw). The form πύκ-  τῆς, too, can be either primary or secondary, whereas for Τῦξ a nominal origin seems  most probable (see Schwyzer: 620); cf. still πύξ' πυγμή (H.). A corresponding /-derivative is seen in Lat. pug-il [m.] 'fist-fighter', an n-formation  in pug-nus [m.] 'fist' (pugndre, pugna are secondary derivations). Thus we arrive at  an isogloss pug- 'fist' between Latin and Greek. This etymon has been further  connected with Lat. pungé, pupugi 'to sting' (see WH sv. pugil), for which we would  have to assume a specialisation 'to sting' > 'to sting with clenched fist and knuckles  stretched out forward', ie. 'to box'. The word pug- 'fist? could be a suffixless agent  noun, originally * 'the stinger, the boxer'. The meaning 'to sting' can still be seen in  Lat. pitgid 'dagger'. The same meaning is found in ▶︎ πεύκη, but this word is probably  not related, since it has a voiceless stop k.

XXXXXπυδαρίζω [v.] 'to fling with the foot, hoof (App. Prov.), acc. to EM = λακτίζειν, acc. to H. = τὸ μὴ ἀνέχεσθαί τινος, ἀλλ᾽ ἀποπηδᾶν, χαλεπαίνειν 'to leap off, be angry'; with ἀπο- (Ar. Eq. 697), δια- (Com. Adesp.), both with ὃ (metrically conditioned?). <?>

    *VAR -αλίζω (Suid.).

    *DER πυδαρισμός = Svoxépeta (Zon.).

    *ETYM A popular expressive formation in -apitw (-aditw), further isolated. GroSelj  Ziva Ant. 3 (1953): 205 compared Lat. pudet (if from 'strikes down, is struck down'),  Gr. ▶︎ σπεύδω, and Lith. spdudZiu, spdusti 'to press'. Cf. WH under tripudium, with  further literature.

===Pag_1306: Beekes_Página_1306.tiff=== XXXXXπύθομαι 1255

XXXXXπύελος [f.] 'water-trough' (with soaked corn? See τ 553, where grain is washed), 'bath- tub' (Hp., com., pap.), 'coffin' (Hell.), cf. Schulze 1892: 515 and Schulze 1933a: 380°. «ΡΟ»

    *VAR Hell. and late πύαλος.

    *DER πυέλ-ιον [n.] 'coffin' (Crete, Diogenian.), -i¢ (-aAic), -ίδος [f.] 'id.'; also 'setting  of a jewel, eye-socket, etc.' (Att. Hell.); -ὦδης 'trough-like, hollow' (Arist.).

    *ETYM Sometimes thought to be related to ▶︎ πλύνω through dissimilation from *mAv-  ehog (cf. Kretschmer Glotta 6 (1915): 308; Renehan Class. Rev. N.S. 18 (1968): 133). However, although the suffixal variation -ehoc/ -αλος could perhaps be explained,    the etymology with mAbvw is almost certainly wrong: it is very likely that πύελος is a  Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXπυετία Ξ'πυός.

XXXXXπυθμήν, -ένος [m.] 'bottom of a vessel, the sea, etc.', 'ground, base, underlay, foot (e.g. of a cup), plant, ie. root-end, stick, stem' (epic since 1]., also Hell. and late prose), 'the lowest number (base) of an arithmetic series' (Pl. etc.).

    <IE *b'ud"-m(e)n-  'bottom'>

    *COMP Infrequently as a second member, e.g. ἀ-πύθμεν-ος 'bottomless, footless'  (Thphr.), see Sommer 1948: 99; also (gramm.) ἀ-πύθμην 'id. (Theognost.), etc. without the thematic vowel.

    *DER Diminutive πυθμέν-τον [n.] (pap.), -1Kd¢ 'belonging to the base', -éw [v.] 'to  form a base' (late).

    *ETYM The formation of πυθμήν is identical to λιμήν and ποιμήν (it is not productive  in Greek, see Chantraine 1933: 174). The form πυθ-μήν agrees with Skt. budh-nd-  [m.] 'bottom, ground, foot, root', from IE *b"ud".. The suffixes match, if one derives  budh-na- from *b'ud"-mn-o- (where the m was lost at an early stage). In Germanic,  χρῆμά. became PGm. *bud- (seen in OE bodan, MLG bédem(e), etc.); then, after mn  > n, *bud-n- became *butt- > bot(t)- according to Kluge's Law (seen in OE botem >  MoE bottom), ON botn; we also find evidence for PGm. *bup- (OHG bodam, OS  bothme, ME bothme). The developments in Germanic, including the forms with p,  have now been explained in detail by Kroonen ABGG 61 (2006): 17-25. Metathesis  occurred in Lat. fundus 'bottom, εἰς, MIr. bond, bonn 'sole, basis' < *bhund"o- < PIE  *bhyud'nd-. On ▶︎ πύνδαξ, see s.v.

XXXXXπύθομαι [v.] 'to putrify, decay' (IL). <IE *puH- τοῦ»

    *VAR Only pres. stem except καταπέπυθα: kateppbryka 'has flown down' (H.);  further causative πύθω, fut. πύσω, aor. πῦσαι (πύσαι Call.) 'to cause to rot', both also  with kata- (Il.); on the date of the attestations see Wackernagel 1916: 133.

    *DER We further find πύον, πύος [n.] 'purulence' (Hp., Arist.); as a second member  in σαρκό-πυον [n.] 'the festering of flesh' with -πυώδης (Hp.); adjectives, eg. ἔμ-  πύος 'festering, full of festering ulcers' (Hp., Att.) with ἐμπυόομαι [v.] 'to fester'  (Hp.); πυθεδόνες [f.pl.] 'festering ulcers' (Hell.), after σηπεδών, etc. Denominatives with prefix: éx-, éu-, ἀπο-, δια-πυέω (-Eopat), -ίσκομαι (late -ἰσκω)  'to fester', with -πύ-ησις, -ημα, -ηματικός, -ητικός, -πκός (Hp., medic.); late simplicia:  πύ-ησις, -ητικός (Aret., Gal.).

===Pag_1307: Beekes_Página_1307.tiff===

    *ETYM Beside the @-enlargement in πύὕτθομαι, -Ow (cf. βρί-θω, πλή-θω, etc;  Schwyzer: 703), which can also underlie πύσω and mica, Sankrit has a yod-present  Ρήγα! 'to rot' with a back-formation piya- [m., n.] 'festering, pus' (thus piya- is not  identical with πύον). Baltic has a nasal present Lith. painu and pavi (1.6. pyvit) 'id.';  in Germanic, we find an isolated ptc. ON fuinn 'rotten', The nouns πύον and πύος  go back to an unextended primary verb; they have their closest agreements in Arm. hu, gen. huoy (o-stem) 'festering blood', and in Lat. pis [n.) (from *puH-os). Further  related are e.g. Lat. pitted 'to rot', piiter, -tris, -tre 'rotten', Go. fuls 'rotten'. Here also  belongs ▶︎ πῦός 2 'beestings', s.v.

XXXXXπύκα [adv.] 'dense, solid', metaph. 'careful, sensible' (Hom.). <?>

    *DER We further find πυκάζω, Dor. -άσδω (Theoc,), aor. πυκάσζ(σλαι, pass. -σθῆναι,  perf. med. πεπύκασμαι, quite rarely with περι-, etc. 'to tighten, enclose tightly,  encase compactly, cover' (epic poet., late prose); thence πύκασμα [n.] 'encased,  covered object' (Sm.); adjective πυκνός, epic and lyr. also πυκινός, 'dense, solid,  compact, numerous, strong, brave, clever' (Il.). This often occurs as a first member,  6.8. πυκνό-σαρκος 'with solid flesh' (Hp., Arist.). From πυκνός are derived πυκν-ότης [f.] 'density, closeness, etc.' (IA), -άκις =  πολλάκις (Arist.), -dw [v.] 'to make dense, tighten, etc' (IA) with -wya, -wotc,  -wttkdc; -άζω [v.] 'to be numerous' (EM, gloss.). As a first member πύυκι- in πυκι-  μηδής (-μήδης) = μήδεα πυκνά (Γ 202, 208) ἔχων, 'with a dense mind, considerate,  sensible' (a 438, h. Cer. Q. S.), see Bechtel 1914 s.v. On ▶︎ ἄμπυξ, see s.v.

    *ETYM The forms πύκα : πυκνός : πυκι-μηδής form a system; πύκα : πυκνός can be  especially compared with ▶︎ θαμά : ▶︎ θάμνος, which are also semantically close. The  form πυκινός may, acc. to Schwyzer: 490, have been formed analogically to πύκα and  πυκνός, after θαμινός, ἁδινός, etc. Szemerényi's theory (Szemerényi 1964: 82ff., 87ff.)  that πυκνός and θάμνος are syncopated from πυκινός and Ἰθάμυνος should be  rejected. Further analysis remains hypothetical. The connection of ἄμπυξ with Av. pus-d-  'diadem' is highly doubtful; the same holds for a primary verb IE *puk- 'to fasten,  etc' (Pok. 849), from which πύκα was considered to be a denominative (Schwyzer:  734). Greek only has a secondary verb πυκάζω. Alb. puth 'kiss' and puthtohem 'to  clothe tightly, string oneself, embrace' are unrelated. In sum, the evidence for IE * puk- (Pok. 849) remains meager. Fur.: 317 assumes that  πυκνός, etc. are Pre-Greek, but this assumption, too, is based on scanty evidence.

XXXXXπυκτή

    *VAR Also , -tiov, -tic. =1TbGOW.

XXXXXπυλεών, -εῶνος [m.] 'wreath' (Alcm., Call. fr. Pamphil. apud Ath.).

    *VAR πυλών (H.), also πύλιγγες: αἱ ἐν τῇ ἕδρᾳ τρίχες. καὶ ἴουλοι, βόστρυχοι, κίκιννοι  'the hair/woo! in the seat (7); down, locks of hair, ringlets' (Η.).-

    *ETYM The formation of πυλεών and πύλιγγες has been compared with that of it0d-  ewv, Avyv-ewv and θώμε-ιγγες, λά-ιγγες respectively. On this basis, a pre-form  Ἰπύλος has been assumed. This ἐπύλος is then connected with Skt. pulaka- [m.pl.]  'erection or bristling of the hairs of the body', pula- 'id.' (Lex.), and pulasti(n)-  'wearing the hair straight', which point to < *pula-. From Iranian, Kurd. pir 'hair of

===Pag_1308: Beekes_Página_1308.tiff=== XXXXXπύνδαξ, -ακος 1257 the head' is adduced, and from Celtic MIr. ulcha 'beard', ul-fota 'with long beard'. However, Mayrhofer EWAia 2: 151 doubts the connection between the Greek and the Sanskrit words, and the whole remains rather uncertain. In fact, the suffix -tyyes may even point to a Pre-Greek origin for this etymon.

XXXXXπύλη [f.] 'wing of a door, gate', mostly plur. 'door, gate', especially of town gates, gates of a camp and the like (I1.); 'entrance, access, bottleneck, εἴς, also as a TN (Pi. Emp., [A).

    *COMP Several compounds, e.g. πυλ-άρτης [m.] 'gate-closer', epithet of Hades, also  as a PN (Hom.), where the second member is related to ap- in dpapioxw, with a  univerbating suffix -τη- (Bechtel 1914 s.v., Fraenkel 1910: 31); πυλ-ωρός 'gate-keeper,  guard' (Il.), epic 1vAG-wpdc, Hdt. πυλ-ουρός, also H. πυλ-αυρός (Dor.), -ευρός  (Ion.); on the compositional vowel and the second member see on ▶︎ ὁράω; énta-  πυλος 'with seven gates' (IL, epic, lyr.); TN Θερμο-πύλαι [pl.] (Simon., Hdt., etc.),  called ΠΠύλαι by Attic orators and others, cf. Risch IF 59 (1949): 267.

    *DER 1. Diminutive πυλ-ίς, -ίδος [f.] ([A); 2. τώματα [n.pl.] 'gate' (A, E.), an extension  (Chantraine 1933: 186f.); 3. -ewv (late), -wv (Arist., Hell.). -(e)@vog [m.] 'gate-space,  gateway, gate-building'; 4. Πυλ-ᾶτις, -ίδος [f.] 'belonging to Πύλαι᾽ (S. [lyr.]), -aittc,

XXXXXdoc [f.] 'belonging to a gate' (Lyc. 356), perhaps for Πυλᾶτις; cf. Redard 1949: 10 and 212; 5. πυλαῖος 'belonging to a gate' (late), 'belonging to Πύλαι᾽ (Demeter; Call.); PN Πύλαιος (B 842); Πυλαία, -in [f] epithet of the amphictyonian meeting in Πύλαι (1A); derived from Πυλαία: Πυλαιασταί [m.pl.] originally ** members of the Πυλαία᾽ (on the formation Fraenkel 1910: 175ff; hardly correct Bechtel 1921, 2: 655), metaphorically 'mountebank, liar' (Phot., Suid; Rhod. acc. to H.); probably also πυλαΐϊκός 'like a conjurer' (late); 6. Denominative verb πυλ-όομαι 'to be provided with gates' (Ar., X.).

    *ETYM As opposed to inherited θύρα, πύλη is without etymology. It is probably a    technical loanword, like many other architectural terms (e.g. μέγαρον); possibly of  Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXπύματος [adj.] 'utmost, last' (IL). <?>

    *ETYM A frozen superlative without correspondences outside Greek. A remote  connection with Skt. punar 'back, again, further' has been proposed, but this is  unlikely. It has been argued that the preposition ἀπὸ has a variant *pu, but the  intermediate form amv, which is attested in Arc.-Cypr., Lesb., and Thess., may have  arisen phonetically from amo. See also ▶︎ πύννος and ▶︎ πρυμνός.

XXXXXπύνδαξ, -ακος [m.] 'bottom of a vessel' (Pherecr., Arist. et al.), metaph. 'hilt of a sword' (S. Fr. 311). 42> ΝΑΙ ἀπυνδάκωτος: ἀπύθμενος 'without bottom' (H.).

    *ETYM The word πύνδαξ is formed like κάμαξ, πίναξ, στύραξ, etc; it further recalls  Lat. fundus with the same meaning, and so it is close to πυθμήν. However, the medial  -v6- for expected -v@- is highly problematic: it cannot be explained as a regular  development (pace Schwyzer: 333); cf. on -μβ- in »ὄμβρος. Likewise, initial π- for  expected φ- is puzzling (since it was no longer followed by 9), and most explanations  offered (reshaping after ▶︎ πυθμήν; a borrowing from a Germano-Macedonian loan

===Pag_1309: Beekes_Página_1309.tiff===

XXXXXword [Kretschmer Glotta 22 (1934): usff; cf. on ▶︎ πύργος], or a borrowing from Macedonian [Pisani Rev. Int. ét. balk. 3 (1937): 18ff.]) are not convincing. The suffix -ak- is typical for Pre-Greek words; of course, the suffix may have been taken over from Pre-Greek words, but this seems to have occurred only rarely (the word is not discussed by Fur.). If an inherited Indo-European form was adapted to Pre-Greek, this could explain π- and -vd-, and the connection with Lat. fundus, etc. could be upheld.

XXXXXπυνθάνομαι [v.] 'to find out, learn, ask, inquire, investigate' (IL.); act. πεύθω, nedoat 'to announce, cite' (Crete).

    *VAR  Epic also πεύθομαι (which was metrically easier, see Chantraine 1942: 111, 282,  308), fut. πεύσομαι, them. aor. πυθέσθαι, redupl. opt. πεπύθοιτο, perf. πέπυσμαι.

    *COMP  Also with prefix, e.g. ava-, ἐκ-, προ-.

    *DER With zero grade: 1. πύστις [f.] 'questioning, inquiry, tidings (Att, A.) with  πυστι-άομαι [v.] 'to interrogate' (Plu, Phot., H.); 2. πύσμα [n.] 'question,  interrogation' with -ματικός 'interrogative, asking' (late); 3. πυστός (EM, Eust.),  always as a second member, or in prefixed compounds, e.g. ἄςτπυστος, ἀνά-πυστος  (Od.). With full grade: 4. πευθώ [f.] 'tidings' (A. Th. 370); 5. πεῦσις (ava-) [f.] 'information'  (Ph., Plu.), older πύστις, cf. Fraenkel Glotta 32 (1953): 27 with literature; 6. πευθήν,

XXXXXτῆνος [m.] 'spy' (Luc., Arr.), see Solmsen 1909: 143; 7. Adjective πευστικός 'interrogating' (A. D., Ph.); 8. As a second member -πευθής, after the stems in -e¢ (Schwyzer: 513), e.g. ἀ-πευθ-ής 'uninvestigated, unaware' (Od.); 9. φιλό-πευσ-τος (Phot., Suid.), -της (Ptol.) 'who loves questioning' with -mevotéw, -πευστία (Hell.).

    *ETYM The full grade thematic present πεύθομαι has exact morphological matches in  several languages: Skt. bédhati, med. -te 'to watch, perceive, understand', Av. baodaiti, -te 'id', also 'to smell', the Germanic group of Go. ana-biudan 'to order,  arrange', faur-biudan 'to forbid', ON bjdda 'to offer, present, make known', and in  Slavic, e.g. OCS bljusti, sg. bljudp 'to preserve, guard, observe', Ru. bljusti, isg. bijudti 'to observe, perceive'; all go back to a thematic present PIE *b'eud"-e/o- 'to  observe, be awake'. The deviating meaning of the Germanic verbs agrees with the  (probably secondary) active Cret. πεύθω, and it is related to an old opposition of  diatheses; a corresponding meaning is shown e.g. by the Skt. causative bodhayati 'to  wake up, instruct, inform'. The meaning 'to find out, ask' is a Greek innovation. An  exact agreement is found between (ἐ- ττύθοντο and Skt. budhdnta, and these are in  origin identical; a complete formal match is also found between (ἄ-γπυστος, Skt. buddhd-, and Av. hupd.bus-ta- 'well scented'; likewise, between πύστις and Skt. buddhi- [f.] 'insight, intelligence, spirit', and between (ἀ-)πευθής and Av. baodah-  [n.] 'observation'. However, in all these cases we have to reckon with independent  innovations. A nasalized present like πυνθάνομαι is also found in Lith. bundu, inf. busti 'to wake up' (suffixed caus. biid-inu, -inti) and in Celtic, e.g. Olr. ad-bond- 'to  give notice, announce'. Here, too, original identity is made doubtful by the strong  productivity of these formations.

===Pag_1310: Beekes_Página_1310.tiff=== XXXXXπῦός 2 1259

XXXXXπύννος [m.] - ὁ πρωκτός 'anus' (H.).

    *VAR Besides πουνιάζειν: παιδικοῖς χρῆσθαι. πούνιον γὰρ ὁ δακτύλιος (= anus) (Η.).

    *ETYM The remote similarity with ▶︎ πυγή, Skt. putau 'the two hindmost parts' (only  Lex.), Latv. pun(i)s 'ump, bump', Lith. puta [[ 'foam-bubble' has attracted  attention, but see Mayrhofer KEWA s.v. putau. In view of its semantics and lack of  certain cognates, the word may rather be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXπύξ -πυγμή.

XXXXXπύξος [f.] 'box tree, box wood' (Arist., Hell.). «τὴν Italy>

    *DIAL Myce. pu-ko-so (cf. Scardigli Minos 6:2 (1960): 16)

    *COMP Few compounds, e.g. παρά-πυξος 'inlaid with n.' (Cratin.).

    *DER 1. πυξ-ίον [n.] 'writing-table (made of π.} (com.); 2. -ἰς [f.] 'box (made of 7.)  (Hell.); 3. -ἰδιον [n.] diminutive of πυξίον and πυξίς (Ar. pap.); 4. πύξ-ινος [adj.]  'made of 11, 7.-colored' (Q 269, Att.); 5. -iveog [adj.] 'id' (AP); 6. -@dng [adj.] '-  like', of the color (Dsc.); 7. -(e)@v, -(€)@vog 'box tree grove' (gramm.); 8. -ἰζω [v.] 'to  be 1.-colored' (medic.); 9. Πυξοῦς, -οὔντος [m.] river and town in Lucania, in Latin  Buxentum (Krahe Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 2 (1950-1951): 233 with literature); perhaps  also 10. Πυξίτης [m.] river near Trapezus in Asia Minor (Arr., εἴς), see Redard 1949:  175.

    *ETYM Unconvincing attempts by Scardigli Sprache 6 (1959): 220ff. (extensive  treatment with literature), who derives it from Asia Minor (but ultimately from IE  *bhHu- 'grow' cf. »φύω and Arm. boys 'plant'), and by Carnoy Ant. class. 24 (1955):  22 and Carnoy REGr. 69 (1956): 284 (who connects IE *b"eug'- 'bend'). A further  counterargument against an origin in Asia Minor is adduced by Fur.: 157, who  stresses that the tree is at home in Italy, not in Asia Minor or Greece (Schrader-  Nehring 1917 under Buxus). Therefore, we are rather dealing with a loanword from  Italy. The forms πύξος, -ic, and -vov were the source of Lat. buxus (or both are  independent borrowings; see Fur. 157), Lat. pyxis, and Lat. pyxinum (see WH s.wv. with further literature); the modern European forms (MoFr. buis, MoHG Biichse, E  box, etc.) were in turn borrowed from Latin.

XXXXXmb0v1 'pus'.

    *VAR Also πύος. Ξ»πύθομαι.

XXXXXπῦός 2 [m.]} 'animal milk, first milk after birth' (com.).

    <IE? * puH- 'rot, pus'>

    *VAR Also πύον (Emp.), πύαρ (Ael. Dion.), πύας (H.) 'id'.

    *DER Besides we find πυετία, with contraction mutia, and with vowel metathesis πιτύα [f.] 'clotted milk, rennet' (Arist., Hell.), from *nvetdc, which relates to ττυός  like παγετός to πάγος, etc. (thus Schwyzer: 501; differently Scheller 1951: 52).

    *ETYM Connection with Skt. pusyati 'to thrive' < *pu-s- 'swell' is improbable. Probably originally identical with πύον, ττύος 'pus' (s.v. ▶︎ πύθομαι), but with gender  and accent after ὀρός or τυρός, which belong to the same semantic field. The by-  forms πύαρ and πύας (if their tradition is correct) may have been formed after éap,  πῖαρ, and ἅλας, κρέας respectively. Both the substance and its properties (smell,  fermentation, etc.) may have caused the transference of meaning from 'pus' to 'milk':

===Pag_1311: Beekes_Página_1311.tiff===

expressions for 'congeal, getting sour, ferment', and also for 'rotting', affect each other now and then: Skt. fara- [m.] 'sour cream', also sdras- [n.] 'skin on cooked milk', from the verb 'to break' in Skt. srndati, ▶︎ κεραΐζω, with a ptc. sirnd- 'rotten, spoiled'. However, the other example given by Frisk, Lat. cariés 'decay', Lat. colostra 'beesting', probably does not belong to that root (cf. De Vaan 2008 s.v.).

XXXXXπύππαξ [excl.] exclamation of admiration (Pl., Com. Adesp.).

    *DER Tanndtw (Cratin. 52).

    *ETYM The word πύππαξ is an exclamation of onomatopoeic character; ultimately, it  could be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXπῦρ, πῦρός [n.] 'fire' (Il.). «1Ὲ *peh,-ur, ph,-uen-s 'fire'>

    *DIAL Myc. pu-ka-wo /pur-kawoi/?

    *COMP Many compounds, e.g. πυρ-καΐά, Ion. -ir [f.] 'fireplace, pyre' (II.), from ἔπυρ-  καρ-ιᾷ, a compound of πῦρ and καίω (aor. καῦσαι) with a suffix -1a-, the accent  being the same as in σποδιά, ἀνθρακιά, etc. (cf. Scheller 1951: 93 with a different  interpretation), see also Myc. pu-ka-wo above; πυρ-φόρος 'fire- or torch-bearing,  -bearer' (Pi.), later also πυρο-φόρος (cf. Schwyzer: 440); πυρι-γενής 'born, worked in  fire' (E, etc.); ἄ-πυρ-ος 'untouched by fire, without fire' (II); on πυρ-πολέω see  > πέλομαι; on πυρ-αύστης, etc. see > αὔω 2; on ▶︎ πυριήκης s.v.

    *DER A. nouns: 1. πῦρά [n.pl.] 'watch-fires' (IL), dat. πυροῖς (X.), originally the plur. of πῦρ, with transition to the o-stems and shift of accent (cf. Egli 1954: 18 and 22f.); 2. mup-&, Ion. -ἡ [f.] 'fireplace, pyre' (IL); 3. ▶︎ πυρσός (see also s.v.) [m.], plur. also -σά  [n.] 'firebrand, fire-signal' (with remarkable oxytonesis), -σώδης 'firebrand-like' (E. (lyr.]), -σεύω [v.] 'to ignite, give a fire-signal' (E; X.), -cela, -σευτήρ, σευτής (Hell.),  -σίτης 'fire-color' (Philostr.); 4. πυρ-ετός [m.] 'burning heat, fever' (X 31), perhaps  after νιφετός (Porzig 1942: 245); thence nup-éoow, Att—-éttw, aor. -ἕξαι; adjectives  -εκτικός; -ετιάω, -εταίνω, -ετώδιης, -ETLOV, -ετικός; 5. πυρ-εῖα, Ion. -ἤϊα [n.pl.]  'lighter, firesticks' (h. Merc.), not from πυρή 'pyre' as per Zumbach 1955: 14; 6. πυρ-  ia, Ion. -in [f.] 'vapor bath, steam bath, etc.' (Ion., Arist.), 'fishing by torchlight'  (Arist.), -tdw 'to prepare a vapor bath, foment, warm' (Hp.), whence -ίαμα, -ίασις,  -ιατήρ, -ἰατήριον (Scheller 1951: 55); also -ἰάτη [f.] 'warmed animal milk' (com.); 7. πυρ-ίδιον [n.] 'spark' (Thphr.); 8 πυρ-ίτης [m.] 'copper ore, ore' (Dsc., pap.),  'fireman', epithet of Hephaistos (Luc.), see Redard 1949: 36, 60, 245; 9. πύρ-εθρον,  τος, -wOpov 'pellitory, Anthemis pyrethrum' (because of its warming effect, see  Strémberg 1940: 82 and 146f.); 10. ▶︎ πυραλλίς; 11. Πυρ-ωνία epithet of Artemis  (Paus.). B. Adjectives: 1. πυρ-ώδης 'fire-like, fiery' (IA); 2. τινος 'fiery' (Arist., Plb.); 3. -detc  'id' (Hell.), also a name of the planet Mars (Arist., Hell.); 4. on ▶︎ πυρρός. C. verbs: 1. πυρ-όομαι [v.] 'to catch fire', -6w 'to set on fire' (Pi., IA), also with ἐκ-,  etc; see Wackernagel 1916: 124, whence πύρ-ωσις (also ék-, δια-, etc.) [f], -wpa,  -ωτής, -ωτικός; 2. πυρ-εύω [v.] 'to make fire, kindle' (Pl.); ἐμπυρ-εύω, -ίζω from ἕμ-  πυρος; thence -εύς, -ευτής, -ευτικός (more in BofShardt 1942: 83); 3. πυρ-άζω (EM) as  an explanation of 4. ▶︎ πυρακτέω.

===Pag_1312: Beekes_Página_1312.tiff=== XXXXXπῦραμίς, -ίδος 1261

    *ETYM The word πῦρ, πὕρ-ός was originally ἃ heteroclitic r/n-stem, still inflected this  way in Hitt. pahhur, gen. pahhuenas < PIE *peh,-ur, gen. ph,-uen-s. Traces of this  formation can still be seen in Germanic: Go. fon, gen. fun-ins and ON funi are built  on *ph,uen-s, while OHG fuir, fiur, MoHG Feuer, and ON furr, fyrr are from PGm. *fur(-i)- < *pHur. Armenian preserves hur, gen. hr-oy 'fire' < *pHur-o- with  secondary thematization, beside hn-oc* 'fireplace, furnace' < *pHun-. In Tocharian, we find ToA por and ToB puwar, pwar. Italic has U pir [nom.acc.] <  *pur, abl. pure < *pur-ed, and perhaps Lat. pirigé 'to clear, clean' if < * ptr-ago-. Lat. purus may or may not be related. The ablaut was eliminated in Greek; the change in the quantity of vu is secondary.

XXXXXπυρακτέω [v.] 'to harden in fire, burn to coal' (328, Nic. Th. 688).

    *VAR Later nupaktdopal, -dw 'be singed, carbonized' (D. S., Str., Plu.).

    *ETYM Although πυρακτέῳ is traditionally taken as a compound of πῦρ and ἄγειν  with the meaning 'to rotate in fire' (e.g. Bechtel 1914 s.v.), this is both semantically  and morphologically unsatisfactory, since ἄγειν cannot mean 'to rotate', and an  intermediate form *nipaktog 'rotating in fire' (thus Bechtel) is without parallel. The form πυρακτέω is without a doubt an expressive extension in -(a)ktéw, derived  from πυρ-άζω (EM 697, 16; Stolz Wien. Stud. 25 (1903): 234), or from ἔπυρ-άσσωῳ vel  sim., like bAaktéw from bAdw 'to bark' (beside ὑλαγμός, etc.), or ἀλυκτέω from  ἀλύω, ἀλύσσω; for the last examples, cf. Frisk Eranos 50 (1952): 8ff. The word  πυρακτόομαι is formed after the numerous intransitives in -όομαι with a factitive  -όω.

XXXXXπυραλλίς [f.] name of an unknown bird, probably a kind of dove (Arist., Call, Ael.); a kind of olive (medic.); name of an insect that supposedly lives in the fire (Plin.). < GRD

    *VAR vl. -aAic, H. πυρραλίς.

    *ETYM Diminutive formation in -ad(A)ic (Chantraine 1933: 251f., Niedermann Glotta  19 (1931): 9f.), probably from πῦρ after the reddish color; it is also associated with  πυρρός (πυρραλίς). However, according to Niedermann (l.c.) it derives from πυρός  'wheat' after its nutrition; cf. συκαλλίς, from ▶︎ σῦκον.

XXXXXπῦραμίς, -(50¢ [f.] 1. 'pyramid' (Hdt. et al.); 2. 'kind of cake of roasted wheat-grains preserved in honey' (Ephipp.), mostly πυραμοῦς, -otvtoc [m.] (Ar., Ephipp., Call. et al.), also πυραμοί [m.pl.] (Artem.); acc. to H. πύραμος also = χόρτος 'food'.

    *DER Besides, we find πυράμη [{1 'sickle' (sch.), a back-formation from πυρᾶμητός  [m.] 'wheat-harvest' (Arist. et al.); πυραμιδο-ειδής 'pyramidal' (Epicur.), usually  haplologically πυραμο-ειδής 'id.' (Thphr. et al.), τιδικός 'id.' (lamb.).

    *ETYM In the sense of 'cake', πῦραμίς is derived from πυρός 'wheat', after σησαμίς,  -ovc. According to Diels KZ 47 (1916): 193ff. (with literature), the Egyptian pyramids  were named after the form of the cake; it must be noted, however, that the form of  the cake is actually unknown (Kretschmer Glotta 10 (1920): 243).

===Pag_1313: Beekes_Página_1313.tiff===

XXXXXπύργος [m.] 'tower, wall-tower', also the fortification wall itself (IL), metaph. 'closed division of warriors, column' (IL), 'siege tower' (X.), 'farm-building' (LXX, pap., NT).

    *COMP E.g. nupyo-ddixtog 'destroying towers' (A. Pers. 105 [lyr.]; originally 'with  destroyed towers'? See Fraenkel 1910: 82; Williger 1928: 45'), εὔ-πυργος 'with fair  towers, well-towered' (H 71, etc.).

    *DER 1. Diminutives πυργ-ίον, -idtov, -ic, -ίσκος, -ίσκιον, -ἰσκάριον (mostly Hell. and  late); 2. πύργ-ωμα, mostly plur. -ώματα [n.] 'tower structures' (Orac. apud Hdt., A.,  E.); 3. πυργιτρον [n.] form and meaning unclear (pap. VIP); 4. πυργ-ίτης [n.] 'kind of  sparrow' (Gal, etc.), see Redard 1949: 84, also on σποργίλος; -iti¢: βοτάνη 'pasture'  (H.); 5. adjective mipy-ivoc 'consisting of towers' (A. [lyr.]), -etog 'tower-like' (Ion.,  trag.), -ώδης 'id? (S.), -ῶτις 'towered' (A. [lyr.]; feminine built on "-ώτης, Redard  1949: 8); πυργ-ήρης 'provided with towers, enclosed within towers or walls' (Orac. apud Paus.), with -ηρέομαι [v.] 'to be enclosed within towers or walls, be besieged'  (A, E.); 6. adverb -ηδόν 'columnwise' (Il.), 'towerwise' (Aret.); 7. verb πυργ-ῶσαι,  τόω 'to fence with towers, pile up' (A 264), with -wtdc 'piled up' (Str., etc.); 8. Πυργ-αλίδαι [m.pl.] name of a guild in Kameiros (inscr.); after Τανταλίδαιξ

    *ETYM The word πύργος is a technical term of construction (architecture). It has  been wrongfully taken as a Germanic loan word by Kretschmer Glotta 22 (1934):  100ff., because of the striking similarity with MoHG Burg, Go. baurgs 'town, tower'. The Germanic word is from the root *b'erg"- 'high' found in MoHG Berg, Hitt. parku- 'high', etc. Likewise, Πέργαμος (-ov, -a) 'the citadel (of Troy)', also as a TN, is considered a  loan word related to this root (see Heubeck 1961: 63ff., Pok. 140f.). Others have taken it as a loan from Pre-Greek. The glosses φύρκος: τεῖχος 'wall' and  ~<o>vpkop: ὀχύρωμα 'stronghold' (H.) attest a variant form with different stops; the  same variation is found in the TNs Πύργος (Elis, in Hdt. 4, 148 and Str.) and Φύρκος  (Th. 5,49). Urart. burgana 'palace' may point to an origin in Asia Minor. Although  the exact morphology of Ilepyapov remains unclear, the suffix -αμο- is otherwise  attested as Pre-Greek (cf. κάρδαμον). That πύργος was not inherited from Proto-Indo-European is further confirmed by  the place names Ilepyaca, Tlapyaca, and Bapyaga (cf. Fur: 647 on mayaca). In  conclusion, the word is clearly Pre-Greek.

XXXXXπυρήν --πυρός.

XXXXXπυριήκης [adj.] 'with a fiery point', i. 'provided with a glowing top' (πυριήκεα μοχλόνι 387). <GRP

    *VAR Also -ἧς.

    *ETYM After ἀμφ-ήκης, τανυ-ήκης, etc. (see ▶︎ ἠκήλ); πυρι- is analogical after πυκι-,  λαθι-, etc. To be rejected, Bechtel 1914 s.v.: πυρι-(ήκης) like πυκι-(μηδής), as a  'replacement' of πύρινο-.

XXXXXπύρνος [m.] - ψωμός 'morsel' (H.); meaning debated already in antiquity; cf. e.g. H.: πύρνοι: ζειαὶ καὶ ortwSerc(?) 'one-seeded wheat, cereal'. ἢ ὁ κατειργασμένος σῖτος

===Pag_1314: Beekes_Página_1314.tiff=== XXXXXπῦρός 1263 'cultivated grain'. ἄλλοι χόρτος, ἄλλοι μαγίδα 'food; cake'; πύρνα: δρύφη, κλάσματα, σιτία 'was torn; morsel; grain'.

    *VAR πύρνον [acc.sg.] (0 312, p 12: coordinated with κοτύλην; Lyc. 639), πύρνα (σῖτα :  σῖτος) [acc.pl.] (p 362), φηγίνων πύρνων [gen.pl.] (Lyc. 482).

    *COMP As a first member in πυρνο-τόκος ἄρουρα (Hymn. Is.). ὁ

    *DER πύρνηται: ἐσθίηται 'will be devoured' (H.).

    *ETYM The word πύρνος is obsolete and without etymology. It was compared with  πορύναν' payida and τορύνη: σιτῶδές τι (H.) by Fick BB 16 (1892): 284, adducing  Skt. cérvati 'to grind, masticate' and cuirna- [n.] 'powder, flour', as well. This would  lead to the reconstruction PIE *k'eru- (Pok. 642), which requires a pre-form *teptva  for τορύνη. However, this leaves the v-vowel in πύρνος unexplained (Bechtel 1914  S.V.). According to Szemerényi 1964: 29ff., mbpvoc is syncopated from πύρινος (and  derived from πυρός 'wheat'), but this is contestable for several reasons. Fur.: 370 connects the word with Basque ap(h)ur 'crumb', Béarnais (Pyrenees) purre  'small bread of maize'. This etymology seems unreliable, but in any case, the word  may well be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXπῦρός [m.] '(grain of) wheat' (IL). «1 *pHu-ro- 'corn, wheat'>

    *VAR  Mostly plur. πῦροί (Chantraine 1953: 30), Dor. (Cos, Thera, Syracuse, etc.)  σπυρός.

    *COMP E.g. πυρο-φόρος 'wheat-bearing' (1].), διόσ-πυρον [n.] 'the cherry-like fruit of  Celtis australis' (Thphr.), -πυρος [m.] = λιθόσπερμον (Dsc.) (Stromberg 1940: 128  and 138); on the gender cf. ▶︎ βούτυρον, -oc.

    *DER Diminutive πυρίδια [n.pl.] (Ar., pap.); adjectives πύρτ-ινος (E., X., Hell.), -τκός  (pap.), -ὦδης (Str.), -άμινος (Hes. fr. 117, etc.), after κυάμ-, onodp-tvoc (Forbes  Mnem. 4:1 (1958): 157) 'of wheat'; on ▶︎ πυραμίς, -αμοῦς see s.v5 πυρ-ίτης ἄρτος  'wheat-bread' (Aét.), αὐτο-πυρίτης (Phryn. Com., Hp.) = αὐτό-πυρος, etc. (Redard  1949: 90). Also πυρήν, -ῆνος [m.] 'pip, pit, stone of fruit' (Ion., Arist., Hell.), see  Solmsen 1909: 125f., with ἀ-πύρην-ος 'pitless' (Ar. Fr. 118, Thphr,, etc.), etc; πυρην-ίς  (Tanagra III*; written movpetvic), -ἰὸν (Thphr.), -ίδιον (Delos III', pap.) 'kernel,  knag, knob'; also πυρην-άδες [f.pl] name of a guild in Ephesus (inscr.); -ώδης 'pit-  like' (Thphr.).

    *ETYM An old term *puH-ro- 'wheat' is also retained in Balto-Slavic, e.g. Lith. purai  [pl.] 'winter corn', paras [m.sg.] 'single winter corn', SCr. pir [m.] 'spelt', CS pyro  'δλυρα, κέγχρος᾽, Ru. pyréj 'dog-grass, Triticum repens'; OE fyrs 'dog-grass' (with a  deviating suffix) also belongs here. The initial o- in σπυρός may have been taken over from ▶︎ σῖτος or σπόρος, σπέρμα  (Fraenkel Phil. 97 (1948): 169f., Fraenkel IF 59 (1949): 304f.). In spite of the  connections with Balto-Slavic and Germanic, πῦρός may be an old 'Wanderwort'  (Schwyzer: 585). According to Nieminen KZ 74 (1956): 170f., however, it can be  connected to Lith. pirai 'to cut, mow' and Lat. pavi6 'to strike' as 'what is beaten,  threshed'. Janda 2000: 39-43 accepts the derivation from *peh,-u- 'to strike' in Lat. pavi6, but assumes a semantic development from 'striking' to 'cleansing': wheat was

===Pag_1315: Beekes_Página_1315.tiff===

called pure because the grains could easily be separated from the husks. This is possible, but not compelling.

XXXXXπυρρός [adj.] 'blazing red, tawny', especially of hair (of the head) (IA, poet.). <?>

    *VAR  πυρσός (E., Mosch.).

    *DIAL Myc. pu-wo, -wa, -wi-no Gallavotti Par. del pass. 12 (1957): 11.

    *COMP Eg. πυρρό-θριξ (also πυρσό-) 'red-haired' (E. [lyr.], Arist. Poll.), ἐπί-πυρρος  'reddish' (Arist. Thphr.), see Strémberg 1946: 106.

    *DER 1. πυρρίας [m.] 'red-haired man', especially of slaves (Ar.), Πυρρίας PN  (Corinth VI"), see Latte Glotta 35 (1956): 296f., Πυρραλίων PN (Argos), see Schulze  1933a: 115; πυρράκης 'with reddish hair-colog; redskin' (LXX, Hell. pap.), πυρρίχος  'red', of a bull (Theoc.), also as a PN; hence perhaps πυρρίχη [f.] name of a war dance  (Αἴ) with -ίχιος, -ἰχίζω, etc. 2. mbpp-a [f.] name of a bird (Ael.), -aia [f.] 'red robe'?  (Halic. III"); 3. πυρρό-της [f.] 'red hair-color' (Arist.); 4. verbs: πυρσ-αίνω 'to color  red' (E. [lyr.]), πυρρ-ίζω (LXX), -ἀζω (Ev. Matt.) 'to be red', of heaven, -1dw 'to  redden, blush' (late).

    *ETYM The relation of the Corinthian horsename Ilupfoc (cf. perhaps Myc. pu-wo,  etc.) and Πυρρ-ίας, -αλίων (see above) to IA πυρρός is not quite clear: PGr. *purwo-  should have given IA "πῦρός or πῦρός. Therefore, PGr. *pursw6- is usually posited  (after Hoffmann 1898: 589). Frisk asks if πυρρός could derive from *nvpdc by  expressive gemination, which seems ad hoc. On the suffix -fo- in color adjectives,  see Chantraine 1933: 123 and Schwyzer: 472; on the phonetics, see Lejeune 1972: 138°  and Forbes Glotta 36 (1958): 262f. See further ▶︎ πῦρ and ▶︎ πυρσός. Schulze 1933a: 115f. connected Lith. purvas 'dirt, muck'; on this, see Fraenkel 1955 s.v. with further literature. On derivatives from πυρρός in Latin and Romance, cf. Kahane Glotta 39 (1960-1961):  133ff.

XXXXXπυρσός [adj.] 'firebrand, torch'.

    *ETYM Fur. 157 derives ▶︎ πυρρός from this form, adducing the personal names  Πύρρων and Πύρσων of Epeirotic kings as cognates. In Latin, we find burrus and  birrus, and in Romance, biirius (REW 1410); Lat. biiricus 'small horse' is probably  named after the color, as is Romance *burricus beside *burriccus 'hinny' (REW 1413). Fur. suggests that it is an old Pre-European word for the color of a horse, which was  only later associated with πῦρ 'fire'.

XXXXXπυτίζω -- πτύω.

XXXXXπντίνη -Ξβυτίνιη.

XXXXXnw [pcl.] 'ever, still' (Il), enclitic, almost always after negation: οὔπω, μήπω, οὐ πώποτε, Dor. (Epich.) ob πώποκα, post-Hom. also in negating questions ti πτω, etc. «1Ὲ *k'oh, 'ever, still' >

    *VAR Jon. kw; further Dor. πη in ἄλλη πη 'anywhere else' (Cyrene), πήποκα 'ever'  (Sparta V*, Theoc., etc.).

===Pag_1316: Beekes_Página_1316.tiff=== XXXXXπωλέω 1265

    *ETYM A fixed instrumental, identical to OP ka (confirming pcl.); cf. also Go. We  'anyhow', from a PIE instrumental *k'o-h,, k'e-h,, formed from the pronominal stem  *ko-; see ▶︎ πόθεν.

XXXXXπώγων, -ωνος [m.] 'whisker, chin-beard' (1A).

    *COMP Often as a second member, e.g. tpayo-nwywv [m.] 'with a goat's beard'  (Cratin.), also as a plant name 'goat's beard, Tragopogon' (Thphr., Dsc.), see  Stromberg 1940: 56.

    *DER Diminutive mwywv-tov [n.] (Luc., etc.), -ίας [m.] 'the bearded one' (Cratin.,  etc.), also [n.] of a comet (Arist. Scherer 1953: 107), -ἰτης, -ἰήτης [m.] 'id. (Hdn.,  Suid., etc.), -iKdc, -ιαῖος 'bearded' (gloss.).

    *ETYM The origin of πώγων is unexplained. A connection with ▶︎ πήγνυμι, πηγός fails  on semantic grounds (w vs. n). Adams Glotta 64 (1986): 16f. explains the word from  ἔποξα-γ-ον < *poum-g-on-, derived from his reconstruction for Skt. puimdms- 'male';  this, too, remains quite dubious.

XXXXXπωλέομαι [v.] 'to go to and fro, go somewhere frequently'. =1téA ojta.

XXXXXπωλέω [v.] 'to offer for sale, sell' (IA).

    <IE? *pel- 'sell'>

    *VAR Fut. πωλ-ήσω, aor. -ῆσαι, pass. -ηθῆναι.

    *COMP Often with prefix (especially Hell. and late inscr. and pap.), e.g. τρο-, dia-,  ἀνα-, ἀντι-.

    *DER 1. Action nouns: πώλ-ησις [f.] 'sale' (X., etc.), -ημα [n.] 'sale, sold merchandise'  (inscr. Tauromenion, etc.); back-formation -ἡ, Dor. -& [f.] 'sale' (Sophr., Hyp. fr.). 2. Agent nouns: πωλ-ητής [m_] 'seller', designation of a financial official (Att., εἴς),  also -ητήρ [m.] 'id.' (Delph. ΓΝ", etc.), fem. -ήτρια 'seller' (Poll.), as a second member  with λαχανο- (Ar.), etc; -πώλης [m.] and -πωλις [f.] enjoy unlimited productivity in  compounds, e.g. ἀλλαντο-πώλης 'sausage-seller' with aAAavto-1twA-éw, etc., ἀρτό-  mwAtc 'bread-seller, baker' (Ar., etc.), cf. Fraenkel 1912: 26 and 109, Schwyzer: 451; the  simplex πώλης was extracted from this compound (Ar.);  3. πωλ-ητήριον 'shop' (X., etc.); 4. adjectives -ητικός 'belonging to sale' (Pl), see  Chantraine 1956a: 134; -ἰμος 'for sale' (Hell. pap.).

    *ETYM In view of its formation, mwAéw must be an iterative-intensive deverbative,  although neither in Greek nor in related languages is a corresponding primary verb  attested with certainty. Skt. pdnate 'purchase, buy' may represent an old nasal  present in MInd. shape (reflecting older PIAr. *prnati), but this is considered  unlikely by Mayrhofer EWAia 2: 69. An -n- is further found in a Balto-Slavic noun:  Lith. pelnas 'gain, profit, merit', OCS pléns 'λάφυρον᾽, Ru. poldn 'captivity, booty' <  PIE *pel-no-. Germanic provides two isolated adjectives: ON falr 'for sale' < IE  *polo-, OHG fali 'id' < IE *pélio-, next to OHG feili, MoHG feil with unexplained  vocalism. Semantically, mwAéw is close to ▶︎ ἐμπολή 'trade(ware), purchase, gain',  which is usually connected with πέλομαι, originally *'to turn' (for the connection of  πωλέω to πέλομαι, see Schwyzer: 720). If mwAéw is indeed related to ἐμπολή, the  derivation from IE *pel- of the words mentioned above should be abandoned. Cf. also the literature on ▶︎ πέρνημι.

===Pag_1317: Beekes_Página_1317.tiff===

πῶλος (m., f.] 'young horse, foal, filly' (IL), secondarily also of other young animals (Arist, etc.), poetically also 'horse' in general, metaph. 'young girl, youth, etc.' (Anacr., A, E.). 41E *polH-, plH- 'foal'>

    *VAR Myc. po-ro.

    *COMP Compound πωλο-δάμνης [m.] 'foal-tamer; horsebreaker' (X.) with  πωλοδαμνέω (S., E., X.), etc; λευκό-πωλος 'with white foals' (Pi, trag.).

    *DER 1. Diminutives πωλ-ίον [n.] (Att. Arist, etc.), -dpiov (Pl. apud D. L., etc.); 2. adjectives -ἰκός 'belonging to, concerning foals' (S., E., Arc., etc., inscr.), 'virginal' (A. [lyr.]), see Chantraine 1956a: 116ff.; -ειος 'id' (Suid.); 3. Πωλώ [f.] epithet of Artemis  in Thasos (Nilsson 1941(1): 483°); 4. Denominative πωλ-εύω [v.] 'to break in a young  horse' (X.), with -eia, -evotc, -evpa, -ευτής, -ἔντικός (X., Max. Tyr. etc.).

    *ETYM Semantically, 1@Aoc¢ corresponds exactly with MoHG Fohlen, Fiillen, and  cognates, e.g. Go. fula, ON foli, OHG folo < PGm. *fulan-, with the diminutive ON

XXXXXfyl [n.] < PGm. ful-ja-, OHG fulin [n.] < PGm. ful-ina-. Contrary to πῶλος « IE polH-, PGm. fulan represents the zero grade plH-. Alb. pelé 'mare', must be related as well, reflecting pél-n-. Certainly unrelated (contra Frisk) are παῖς, Lat. puer, etc. The appurtenance of Arm. ul 'small goat', connected by Meillet REArm. 10 (1930): 184f. and others (including Arm. amul 'infertile' < IE y-pélo-), is rather doubtful because of the deviating meaning (cf. Lidén 1906: 25, with older literature). Thieme's theory (Lidén 1897: 48) that πῶλος, etc. are related to PIE *k'el- (see ▶︎ πέλομαι), via an original meaning 'meadow-animal', should be rejected.

XXXXXπώλυπος (-b710¢) [m.] 'sea polyp, cuttlefish', metaphorically 'nose polyp' (Hp., Thphr., etc.); also substantivized adjective τὰ πολύποδα 'many-footed', of insects (Arist.).

    *VAR Plur. -ot (Semon., Epich., Hp. [ν.1.]}, also m@Avy, -vitog (Diph. Siphn., Dsc.,  Poll.), πόλυψ, -ὑπος (Paul. Aeg.); more usual is πουλύπους, -ποδος (€ 432), acc. -πουν (Ion. Trag.), also gen. -που, etc. (Thgn., etc.), πολύπους, -ποδος (Arist.).

    *DIAL Myc. po-ru-po-de.

    *DER Diminutive πωλύπιον [n.] (Hp.).

    *ETYM The word πώλυπος is a Mediterranean word of unknown origin. The form  with ὦ, confirmed by the borrowing Lat. pélypus, -i (since Plaut.), is clearly the  oldest; it is the basis for the folk-etymological formations movAv- and πολυ- after  πολύς and πούς (Fraenkel 1912: 164", with older literature; Specht KZ 59 (1932): 129). Note, however, that the inflexion with τιοδ- is already attested in Mycenaean and in  Homer. The word is not treated by Fur.

XXXXXπῶμα 1 (n.] 'lid, cover' of a chest, pot, tube, etc. (IL, epic Ion., Arist., Hell.).

    *DER πωμ-άτιον [n.], diminutive (Sor.); -atiac [m.] 'kind of snail' (Dsc.), and two  denominatives: 1. πωμάζω [v.] 'to cover, close with a lid' (Arist., Hero, etc.), also with  ἐπι-, περι-, etc., with ἐπιπωμασμός (Eust.) and the back-formation ἐπίπωμα 'id'  (Gal.), ἐπιπωματικός (sch.); 2. πωματίζω 'id' (Arist. Thphr., etc.), mostly ém-, περι-,  ano-, with ἐπιπωμάτισις (VI); the seemingly primary ἐπιπωμάννυμαι 'to be covered'  (Hero) is derived from the latter.

===Pag_1318: Beekes_Página_1318.tiff=== XXXXXπῶυξ 1267

    *ETYM πῶμα is an old verbal noun from IE *poh,-mn beside *poh.-tro-m [n.],  reflected in Skt. patram 'case, barrel' (if related, this word was certainly influenced by  *peh, 'to drink'), and in the Germanic group of Go. fodr 'sheath, cover', MoHG  Futter 'lining' (of cloth). The primary verb is retained in Skt. pati 'to guard, protect'  < IE *peh,-; see also ▶︎ ποιμήν.

XXXXXπῶμα 2 'drink'. 'πίνω.

XXXXXπωμάριον [n.] 'orchard' (pap. [III?]). «τὴν Lat.>

    *DER πωμαρίτης 'merchant of fruits' (pap. [VI°]); -ἰτισσα (VIP).

    *ETYM Borrowed from Lat. pomdrium.

XXXXXπωρέω

    *VAR πωρητύς. Ξ:πῶρος, ταλαίπωρος,

XXXXXπῶρος [m.] 'tuff (Arist, Thphr., Hell. inscr, etc.), in Anatolia 'stone- or chalk- formation, concretion, stone in the bladder, kidney, etc.' (Hp., Arist. etc.).

    *VAR Also ποῦρος (inscr. Delphi), πόρος (Thphr. Lap. 7, Gal. 6, 57).

    *COMP As a first member in e.g. πωρ-όμφαλον [n.] 'concretion in the navel' (Gal.).

    *DER 1. Diminutive nwp-iov, -ίδιον [n.] 'callosity' (medic.); 2. adjectives nwp-tvog 'of  tuff (Hdt., Ar, Hell. inscr,, etc.), -eia λίθος 'tuff (Str.), -ώδης 'n.-like' (Gal.); 3. verb  πωρ-όομαι, -dw 'to petrify, harden, grow together in a concretion, grow hard' (Hp.,  Arist. Thphr, NT), also with δια-, ἐπι-, ovv-, with (ἐπι- )πώρ-ωμα, -ωσις  'petrification, concretion' (Hp., Gal., NT); 4. πωρ-ίασις [f.] 'callus on the eyelid'  (Gal.), as if from *s1wp-1av (Schwyzer: 732).

    *ETYM Originally, st@poc and derivatives indicated a kind of stone, and it was used as  a construction term; later, however, it was used especially as a medical term. It has  no etymology. According to Haupt 1912: 84f., it was borrowed from Assyr. ptilu  'shell-lime'. However, no connection seems possible with nwpetv: κηδεύειν, πενθεῖν  'to worry, mourn', πωρῆσαι: λυπῆσαι 'to be grieved' (H.), and πωρητύς [f.] 'pain'  (Antim.). Cf. also ▶︎ ταλαίπωρος. Fur. 328 connects *yapoc in ψωρίτης λίθος, a kind  of marble (Cyran 46) and Hitt. purut- 'loam, chalk, mortar'. This may point to Pre-  Greek origin.

XXXXXπωρός -'ταλαίπωρος.

XXXXXπῶς [interr. adv.] 'how?', πως [indef.] 'somehow' (IL).

    *VAR Ion. κῶς, κως (Hdt,, etc.).

    *ETYM The form πῶς is a frozen ablative from the pronominal stem πο-, Ion. ko-    from IE *k''o-; see ▶︎ πόθεν and ν» ὡς 1.

XXXXXπωτάομαι -'πέτομαι. TOV = TOWN.

XXXXXπῶνξ [f.] name of an unknown bird, cf. πῶυξ: ποιὸς ὄρνις. ὁ Ἀριστοτέλης ἐν τῷ περὶ ζῴων (H.); attempts at an identification in Thompson 1895 s.v. φῷυξ,

    *VAR gave (Arist.), m@vyé, plur. -vyyec (Ant. Lib., EM).

===Pag_1319: Beekes_Página_1319.tiff===

    *ETYM In spite of the fact that the meaning is unknown, the word must be Pre-Greek;    cf. especially the variation @ ~ 7 in the initial, the variation y ~ yy in the suffix, and  the suffix -vyy- itself.

===Pag_1320: Beekes_Página_1320.tiff===

pa

    *VAR Before vowel ῥ᾽. -οἄρα.

XXXXXpa [adv.] 'easily (Alcm.,, 5. Fr. 1086, Ion. Trag.). <?>

    *VAR  Epic ῥῆα (written ῥεῖα), ῥέα (monosyllabic reading necessary or possible; does  it stand for Aeol. pa?), Ion. péa (Simon.), Aeal. βρᾶ (= Fpa, gramm.); pra (Alc.)  must be a Homerism or a mistake.

    *COMP As a first member in ῥά-θυμος 'light-hearted, carefree' (Att.) from *pat-  θυμος, if not secondary for well-attested ῥά-θυμος (Wackernagel 1907: 26).

    *DER Comparative: epic ῥηΐτερον, Ion. ῥήτερον (Thgn.), Dor. patepov (Pi.), also Ion. ῥήϊον, Att. ῥᾷον; ῥᾶσσον (gramm. in EM) analogical for θᾶσσον; superlative epic  ῥηΐτατα, Ion. ῥήϊστα, Dor. ῥάϊστα (Theoc.), Att. ῥᾷστα. The adverb served as a basis  for the adjectival forms ῥηΐτερος, ῥήϊστος, pawv, pactoc; from pija, pa, the positive  pr-idiws, Att. ῥᾳδίως, Aeol. Bpa-idiws (Alc.) was derived, and from there in turn the  adjective ῥηΐδιος, ῥάδιος (like μαψο-οιδίως, -idtoc, etc.); hence ῥᾳδιέστερος, etc. Denominal from ῥήϊον, ῥᾷον are: ῥηΐζω, ῥαΐζω [v.] 'to recover' (IA), aor. -ἰσαι; patav-  ὑγείαν 'health' (H.). From ῥήϊστος, ῥᾷστος are derived: ῥῃστώνη, ῥᾳστώνη [f.]  'recovery, leisure' (IA).

    *ETYM Starting from epic pija and Aeol. βρᾶ, we may reconstruct PGr. *wraha or  *wraja. The word is no doubt old and inherited, but a good etymology is lacking. A  connection with the root *yreh,- that has to be assumed for ἄπηυρα has been  suggested, but this cannot be proven. Specht KZ 59 (1932): 93ff. unconvincingly  connected ▶︎ ἀραιός 'thin'. pa a plant name. prov.

XXXXXῥαβάττειν [v.] + ἄνω καὶ κάτω βαδίζειν: τινές δὲ τύπτειν καὶ ψόφον ποιεῖν [kal φράσειν] τοῖς ποσί, καὶ ῥάσσειν 'to walk upwards and downwards; to beat and make noise with [and to be about to indicate with] the feet, and to strike' (H.).

    *VAR In Photius 479, 18: σοβεῖν καὶ τρέχειν καὶ συντόνως ποδοκτυπεῖν 'to drive  away, run, strike the earth vigorously with the feet'.

    *ETYM Has been compared with ἀρράβακα' ὀρχηστήν' ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀρραβάσσειν 6 ἐστι  ὀρχεῖσθαι. οἱ δὲ tov βλάσφημον 'dancer, after 4, which means to dance; others:  slanderer' (H.). Fur: 142 connects ▶︎ ἄραβος and ἀροπῆσαι: πατῆσαι. Κρῆτες, and  concludes that the word is Pre-Greek.

XXXXXῥάβδος [f.] 'twig, rod, staff, magic wand; line, stripe, groove' (Il.).

===Pag_1321: Beekes_Página_1321.tiff===

    *COMP Compounds like ῥαβδ-οὔῦχος [π1.] 'staff-bearer', name of an official (Ar., Th.,  Hell.), πολύ-ρραβδος 'having many stripes' (Arist.).

    *DER 1. Diminutive ῥαβδ-ίον [n.] (Arist. Thphr.); 2. ῥαβδ-ωτός 'having rods, streaks,  grooves' (X,, Arist.), τωμα (H.) as an explanation of σκυτάλια; -ωσις [f.] 'cannelure'  (Att. inscr. late V*); 3. Denominatives: a) ῥαβδ-ίζω [v.] 'to beat with a rod, thresh'  (com. Thphr.), to which -ἰσμός [m.] 'treshing', -ἰστήρ [m.] 'thresher' (pap.); Ὁ)  -εύομαι [v.] 'to fish with a rod' (Arist.); c) τόομαι [v.] 'to have stripes' (Lyd.).

    *ETYM A suffixal element -50- is only found in a few nouns indicating sounds (e.g. κέλαδος) and in isolated, etymologically unclear words (cf. ▶︎ κλάδος, which is close  in meaning). Analyzed as ῥάβ-δος, it has been compared with Lith. vitbas 'twig, rod'  and Ru. vérba (OCS vroba) 'willow (zero grade IE *urb-), and Lat. verbera [pl.]  '(rods for) punishment', verbénae [pl.] 'twigs of the laurel, etc.', with full grade. However, in view of the variants ▶︎ ῥάμνος and ▶︎ pamic, we can be certain that the  word is Pre-Greek (the word is not treated by Fur.).

XXXXXῥαγή [f.] 'tore, chink, gap, cleft' (Hp.). ΑΚ Also with δια-; more usual ῥαγ-άς, -άδος [f.] 'id.' (Hell.).

    *DER Diminutive ῥαγ-άδιον [n.] (Celsus); further ῥάγ-διην 'torrential, fierce,  vehement' [adv.] (Plu.), ῥαγδ-αῖος 'id' (com., Arist.), -αιότης [f.] (Poll.); for the  meaning cf. paya (aya cod.)- ἀκμή, Bia, ὁρμή 'point or prime, force, impulse' (H.)  (see also Erot. on ῥαγήλ

    *ETYM The words ῥαγή, etc. are sometimes seen as derivatives of ῥαγῆναι, ▶︎ ῥήγνυμι,  but ῥαγῆναι is analogical. The word may instead be Pre-Greek. Note also ῥαγδ-αιος  with the problematic cluster -y6-, which can hardly be taken from ῥάγδην.

XXXXXῥάδαμνος [m.] 'branch, twig, shoot' (LXX, Suid., H.).

    *VAR Also ῥόδαμνος (H.) and ῥάδαμον' καυλόν, βλαστόν 'stalk, shoot' (conj. Nic. Al. 92), ῥαδαμεῖ: βλαστάνει 'sprouts' (H.).

    *DER ῥαδαμνώδης (sch.).

    *ETYM The ending of ῥάδαμνος can be compared with θάμνος and ῥάμνος, as wellas  σφένδαμνος, στάμνος, etc. The Aeol. form ▶︎ ὀρόδαμινος points to a pre-form Fpd6-. In view ofall alternations, the word is no doubt Pre-Greek. ῥαδινάκη Persian name for a foul-smelling oil found in Arderikka, east of Susa (Hdt. 6,119). <LW Iran.>

    *ETYM Probably a pre-Iranian loanword.

XXXXXῥαδινός [adj.] 'taper, bendable, slender' (epic since ¥ 583).

    *VAR βράδινος (Sapph.); ῥοδανός epithet of δονακεύς (Σ 576; vill. ῥαδινός, ῥαδαλός);  podav-n [f.] 'weft thread' (Batr.), to which -ίζω [v.] (sch.), -ἰστήριον (gloss.); also  ῥαδανός, -n; -ίζω (IL), -ἅται: πλανᾶται 'wanders, strays' (H.), βραδανίζει: pirtiCet,  τινάσσει 'bursts, shakes' (H.).

    *ETYM The formation is like in muxtvdc, but the basis is unknown. Some connect  ῥαδινός with the semantically unclear ▶︎ περιρριηδής or with ▶︎ ῥάδαμνος; Lobeck  1837: 156 also connects padéc TO ἀμφοτέρως ἐγκεκλιμένον 'bent to both sides' (H.). Further connected is perhaps also the Arc. PN μράδων, but padava@por οἱ τῶν

===Pag_1322: Beekes_Página_1322.tiff=== XXXXXῥάθυμος 1271 λαχάνων κηπουροί 'watchers of vegetable gardens' (H.) remains unclear (rejected by Bechtel 1921, 2: 420). Other forms that have been hesitantly adduced are Skt. dvradanta [3plipf.| 'loosened, became mellow' (hap. leg. RV 2, 24, 3; see LIV' sv. ured-), Go. wraton 'πορεύεσθαι, διοδεύειν᾽, ON rata 'id; also, Lith. randz}, rasti 'find' (see Fraenkel 1955 s.v.). However, all these proposals remain hypothetical (details in Bechtel 1914 s.v. περιρριγηδής). The variation yrad- / urod- shows that ῥαδινός is a Pre-Greek word. pads, -ixog [m.] 'branch, twig' (Nic.), 'palm leaf (Ὁ. S.).

    *ETYM A formal match is found between ῥάδιξ and Lat. rddix 'root', if they reflect  *wrad-. Lat. ramus 'branch, twig', which may go back to *wrdd-mo- or *wrd-mo-, is  semantically closer. Go. waurts, etc. can probably be compared as well. Cf. also on  ▶︎ ῥάδαμνος, where the short a certainly does not reflect a PIE *urh.d-, since this  would have yielded long ἃ instead. The pre-form *wrad- / wrad-, suggested by these  forms, is probably non-Indo-European. Cf. also ▶︎ ῥίζα.

XXXXXῥάδιος = pa.

XXXXXῥάζω [v.] 'to growl, grouch', originally of a dog; secondarily also of men (Cratin. 25).

    *ETYM Perhaps of onomatopoeic origin; cf. ▶︎ ἀράζω and ▶︎ ῥύζω. See also ▶︎ ῥώχω.

XXXXXpabayos —pabanvyitw.

XXXXXῥαθάμιγξ, -ryyos [f.], mostly [p!J 'drop' (A 536 = Y 501, Hes., Pi.); also 'dust particle' (κονίης p. Ψ 502), 'spot' (Opp.).

    *DER ῥαθαμίζω [v.] 'to besprinkle' (Opp., Nonn, like σάλπιγξ to -πίζω). Variants are  ῥαθμίζεσθαι- paiveoBa 'to be besprinkled' (H.); ῥαθαίνεται: ῥαίνεται, βρέχεται 'is  besprinkled, gets wet' (H.); ῥαθασσόμενοι: ῥαινόμενοι (H., Phot.).

    *ETYM ῥαθάμιγξ has the same suffix -yE as Adiyyec, στροφάλιγξ, ▶︎ πύλιγγες, etc. (see  Chantraine 1933: 398ff.), but it cannot be analyzed any further. We find a variant  *paBuoc in ῥαθμίζεσθαι (probably by syncope of a, as is often found in Pre-Greek  words). Frisk suggests an analogical proportion ῥαθμός : ▶︎ paivw to βαθμός : βαίνω,  which leads him to assume that contaminations or extensions led to the creation of  ῥαθαίνω (to paivw) and ῥαθάσσω (to σταλάσσω). This is far-fetched. Although the  word is not treated by Fur., ῥαθάμιγξ is clearly Pre-Greek, if only because of the  suffix,

XXXXXῥαθαπυγίζω [v.] 'to kick someone's buttocks' (Ar. Eq. 796).

    *VAR Also ῥοθοπυγίζω, to which -ἰσμός (Suid., Thom. Mag.).

    *ETYM Possibly based on mvyr 'bottom', apparently with an onomatopoeic first  element that is also seen in ῥάθαγος: τάραχος 'agitation' (H., sch.). Yet the precise  morphological relation with πυγή remains to be clarified. Haplology from  *paBalyo]-nmvyw (Ehrlich 1910: 7) has been assumed, but this seems unlikely. The  o-vocalism in ῥοθο-πυγίζω can hardly be secondary after ῥόθος 'roar'; it is much  more likely that the variation a ~ 0 is caused by the Pre-Greek origin of the word.

XXXXXῥάθυμος --ῥᾶ.

===Pag_1323: Beekes_Página_1323.tiff===

XXXXXῥαιβίας [f.] - ἀζήμιος δῆμος 'deme that has impunity' (H.). «ἴὉ

    *VAR ῥαμβάς: ὁ δήμιος 'public executioner' (H.).

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXῥαιβός [adj.] 'crooked, bent inward', especially of legs (Arist. Nic.).

    *COMP Asa first member in ῥαιβο-ειδής 'of crooked shape' (Hp.).

    *DER ῥαιβ-ηδόν 'in bendings' (Euph.), -dw [v.] 'to bend' (Lyc., Gal.), -ὁτης (f.]  ''bendedness' (Eust.).

    *ETYM The words in -Bdc often designate a physical defect, eg. κολοβός, κλαμβός,  σκαμβός, ὑβός. The best comparison until now was with the Germanic group of Go. wraigs 'σκολιός᾽, which led to IE *uroig'o-*or *uroig-uo-. However, the Greek a-  vocalism remains difficult, and neither ▶︎ κλαμβός, etc. above, nor »λαιός, ▶︎ σκαιός  (with old wo-suffix) offer a solution for it. Since the vocalism can only be explained if  we assume *ureh,ig-u-, whereas the Germanic suggests *uroig-u-, the word is  probably non-Indo-European. It is probably Pre-Greek; see on ▶︎ ῥάμφος. Cf. also  ▶︎ ῥοικός and ▶︎ ῥυβός.

XXXXXῥαίνω [v.] 'to besprinkle, spray, strew' (Il.). «ΑΚ Aor. ῥῆναι (Hp.), ῥᾶναι (Att, Hell.), pass. ῥανθῆναι (Pi, etc.), ipv.2pl. ῥάσσατε (v 150), ptc. περι-ρασάμενοι (Pergamon II*) after κεδάσσαι, Kepdo(o)au, etc.(?), perf. act. δι-έρραγκα (LXX), med.3pl. ἐρράδαται (v 354), plpf. -dat(o) (M 431), with analogical -5- acc. to Schwyzer: 672, but see below; ἔρραμμαι (Hell. and late), -ασμαι (sch.).

    *COMP Often with prefix, especially mept-.

    *DER 1. pavic, -idog [f.] 'drop' (trag, Ar., Arist.) with ῥανίζω = patvw (Poll.); 2. ῥαντός 'besprinkled, spotted' (Hp.) with pavtitw (also with περι-, etc.) = paivw  (LXX, Ep. Hebr., etc.); (mept-)pavt-topdg [m.] (LXX, NT), -topa [n.] (Vett. Val.); 3. pavtnp, -ἦρος [m.] 'sprinkler' (Nic.), to which (nept-, ἁπο-)ῥαντήριον [n.] 'vessel  with sprinkling water' (IA); 4. (mept-)pavtne [m_] 'sprinkler' (pap.); 5. (τερί- ῥανσις  (f.] 'sprinkling' (Pl, pap.); 6. ἀπό-ρίργανθρον = ἀπορραντήριον (Anaphe, Priene); 7.

XXXXXῥάσμα [n.] 'sprinkling, spray' (Hell.).

    *ETYM The stem pattern of paivw is based on a stem pav- which, if inherited,  represents the zero grade of IE *uren- or *sren-. Previous etymological attempts have  been: Solmsen KZ 37 (1904): s9off. (connecting a Slavic verb 'to let fall, shed', in Ru. ronit', Cz. roniti, Pol. ronié, etc, which may - but need not - go back to *yron-);  Szemerényi KZ 73 (1956): 74 (connecting Hitt. hurndi- 'to besprinkle', but this has to  be read as harnai-; see Kloekhorst 2008); connection with ▶︎ ῥαθάμιγξ (improbable). None of these etymological attempts accounts for the variation v and 6 (in the  perfect), which is a well-known Pre-Greek phenomenon (Kuiper 1956: 216). This  proves that the verb is Pre-Greek.

XXXXXpaiw [v.] 'to smash, break to pieces, shatter' (Il, epic). <?>

    *VAR Aor. ῥαῖσαι, pass. ῥαισθῆναι, fut. paiow.

    *DIAL Myc. o-pi-ra,-te-re /opi-raistéres/ (?), see Baumbach Minos 11 (1970): 388-90.

    *COMP Also with dta-, ano-.

===Pag_1324: Beekes_Página_1324.tiff=== XXXXXῥακτός 1273

    *DER ῥαιστήρ, -ἦρος 'hammer', both [f.] (Σ 477; after σφῦραξ) and [m.] (AP 6, 117). Elsewhere the gender is unknown (A. Pr. 56, Call. Dian. 59, etc.); ῥαιστήριος  'shattering, destroying' (A. R., Opp.); paiotwp: κραντήρ 'boar's tusk' (H.). Several  compounds in -τῆς, e.g. θυμο-ρραίσ-της 'life-destroying' (1].), κυνο-ρραίσ-της 'dog  louse' (p 300, Arist.).

    *ETYM The form paiw rhymes with naiw, πταίω (which are semantically close) and  with xvaiw, watw. The -o- in ῥαισθῆναι, etc. can be analogical. The etymology is  unknown; it can hardly be a contamination of ῥήγνυμι and παίω.

XXXXXῥάκος [n.] 'rag, shred, wrinkles, remnants' (Od.). 4?

    *VAR Often plur. paxea, -η.

    *COMP As a first member in ῥακό-δυτος, originally 'clothed in rags', 'shabby' (E. {lyr-)).

    *DER Diminutive ῥάκιον, plur. -1a [n.] (Ar, etc); 2. ῥακώματα [pl.) = ῥάκη (Ar.); 3. ἀπορ«ρ»ακίσματα (H.) to ῥάκη (: ᾿ἀπο-ρρακίζειν); 3. adjective ῥάκ-ινος (Hell. inscr.), -dgi¢ (AP), -ώδης (Ὁ. C., AP) 'tattered, wrinkled'; 4. uncertain (corrupt  according to Debrunner IF 23 (1908-1909): 14) ῥακωλέον: ῥάκος 'rag' (H.), cf. ῥωγαλέος, etc; 5. denominative ῥακ-όομαι [v.] 'to become ragged, wrinkled' (Hp.,  Plu.), to which -ωσις [f.] 'wrinkling, wrinkledness' (Sor.). ῥάκεα, -ἢ corresponds to Aeol. βράκ-εα (Sapph. 57), -7 (Theoc. 28, 11), but in the  sense of '(long) ladies' garments', cf. also βράκος' κάλαμος, ἱμάτιον πολυτελές  'expensive garment' (H.). Other formations are: βράκαλον: ῥόπαλον 'staff, rod',  Bpaxetov- δρέπανον, κλαδευτήριον 'sickle, pruning knife' (H.), dissimilated from  *-tpov; without dissimilation paxetpov 'chopping-knife' (Poll.), v.l. pay- (after  ῥάχις), with -etpitw [v.] 'to split, cut through' (Pl. Com.).

    *ETYM The deviating meaning 'ladies' garments' casts doubt on the appurtenance of  βράκεα, -oc. The other words can easily be connected with ῥάκος (ie. from  *EpdKoc), with βράκαλον formed after ῥόπαλον, σκύταλον; βράκετῴρ)ον seems to be  a primary instrument noun which, just like ῥάκος, presupposes a primary verb (for  instance *paketv). Evident morphological cognates lack outside Greek. The traditional comparison  with Skt. vrscati 'to hew, fell (trees), split', with yiipa-vrask-d- 'post-cutter' and the  pte. vrk-nd- 'hewn, felled' fails to give one too, since it is probably related to Skt. varj-  'to turn around, avert' < *h,uerg-. IE *uresk-, *urosk-, which we may reconstruct, has a variant in the Slavic word for  'rumple' (cf. ῥάκος, also 'rumple'), e.g. CS vraska < *yorsk-d. ToA wraske 'disease' is  phonologically and semantically far-fetched. For this IE *uresk-, uersk-, one could  reconstruct an older *urek-sk- or *uerk-sk-, which enables us to establish connections  with urk-, the pre-form of ῥάκος, A pre-form IE *yyk- may also be found in the  Indo-Iranian word for 'tree' (originally 'felled tree'), Skt. vrksd-, Av. varasa- [m.], IE  *urk-s-o-, beside *urk-os- in ῥάκος (see Lidén in WP. 1, 286). Everything remains  highly uncertain. The word could well be Pre-Greek. ,    ῥακτήριος

    *VAR ῥάκτρια. =pdcow.

XXXXXῥακτός Ξοῥήγνυμι.

===Pag_1325: Beekes_Página_1325.tiff===

ῥαμβάς -'οῥαιβίας.

XXXXXῥάμνος [f.] 'briar, rhamnus' (Eup., Hell. and late).

    *DER Ῥαμνοῦς, -οὔντος [m.] name ofan Att. deme, with -ovovog [adj.] (Att.).

    *ETYM The form ῥάμνος may have developed from *pdBvoc, and thus belong with  ▶︎ ῥάβδος and cognates; see s.v. with literature. It is quite possibly a Pre-Greek word. The nasal suffix may be the same as in θάμνος (or taken over from it). Cf. also  > ῥαδινός and ▶︎ ῥέμβομαι.

XXXXXῥάμφος [π.] (hooked) bird beak' (com., Call, Plu.).

    *VAR Further ῥαμψόν: καμπύλον, βλαισόν͵ 'crooked or bent, distorted'; ῥαμιψὰ  γόνατα' βλαισὰ γόνατα, τὸ δὲ αὐτὸ καὶ ῥαιβά 'curved knees' (H.).

    *COMP λεπτό-ραμφος 'having a thin beak' (Paul. Aeg.).

    *DER ῥαμφή [f.] 'crooked knife' (Plb., H.). From ῥάμφος are derived ῥάμφ-ιον [n.]  diminutive (sch.), -ἰς, -ίδος [f.] 'crooked clasp' (Hero), also = νεὼς εἶδος 'kind of  ship' (H.) (cf. κορωνίς), -ἰος = πελεκανός (Cyran.), -ὥδης 'beak-like' (Philostr.),  -ησταί: ἰχθῦς ποιοί 'kinds of fish' (H.) (Stromberg 1943: 43), -άζομαι 'to poke with the  beak' (H., Phot.).

    *ETYM Next to ῥάμφος, ῥαμφή (cf. e.g. γράφος : γραφή), we find ῥέμφος: τό στόμα, ἢ  pic 'mouth or nose' (H.); this cannot be interpreted as a regular full grade, but is ἃ  variant (see below). Initial ῥαμφ- has been compared with καμπ-, γναμπ-, κραμβ-,  etc. The words ▶︎ ῥέμβομαι 'to turn round, roam' and ῥόμβος '(magic) wheel' are  phonetically comparable and semantically similar. Cf. further ▶︎ ῥάβδος, ▶︎ ῥέμβομαι,  and also ▶︎ ῥομφαία. Germanic words have been further compared: MLG wrimpen 'to turn up one's nose',  wramp-achtich 'curled, crooked' (i.e. IE *uremb(")-; however, these comparisons are  based on virtually nothing. The variation between B and y rather points to Pre-  Greek origin, as does the a-vocalism. Moreover, ▶︎ ῥαιβός is also clearly a variant (see  Fur. 286, 335, 338). This means that ῥάμφος has prenasalization, beside ῥαιβός with  the frequent variation a/ αἱ, where 1 is from a following palatalized consonant.

XXXXXῥανίς

    *VAR ῥαντήρ. =paivu.

XXXXXpat, ῥᾶγός [f.] 'winegrape, -berry', secondarily also 'berry' in general, metaph. 'kind of spider', plur. 'fingertips' (Att., Hell. and late).

    *VAR  LXX also [m.]. ῥώξ, ῥωγός (Archil., LXX, Nic.).

    *COMP As a first member in ῥαγο-ειδής 'grape-like' (medic.).

    *DER pay-iov [n.] diminutive (Philum., etc.), τἰκός 'belonging to the grape', -ώδης  'grape-like' (Thphr.), -i(w 'to pick grapes' (Theoc.).

    *ETYM The form ῥάξ is reminiscent of ῥάματα (this may come from *pdayp-):  Bootpbyia, σταφυλίς. Μακεδόνες 'bunch of grapes (Maced.)' (H.), as well as of Lat. racémus 'stalk of a cluster of grapes, grapes'. The word is further isolated; it is  probably a Mediterranean word (cf. Schwyzer: 425 with literature, also 310). The IE  etymologies that have been proposed should all be rejected (WH s.v3 also  incorrectly, Carnoy REGr. 69 (1956): 286 and Carnoy Ant. class. 27 (1958): 326). It is  most probable that pak is of Pre-Greek origin (Fur. 126); pw would then be a Pre-

===Pag_1326: Beekes_Página_1326.tiff=== XXXXXῥάπτω 1275 Greek variant. Demiraj 1997: 196 adduces Alb. rrush 'resin', which is identical to Rrush, the old name of Ragusa; if related, this would rather suggest a substrate origin of the word.

XXXXXpanitw, -opat [v.] 'to beat with a stick, a rod, by hand', pass. 'to be beaten' (IA).

    *VAR  Aor. pass. ῥαπισθῆναι, act. ῥαπίσαι, perf. ptc. pass. ῥεραπισμένα.

    *COMP Rarely with prefix, e.g. ém- (also 'to reproach').

    *DER ῥάπ-ισμα [n.] 'stroke, slap in the face, box on the ears' (Antiph., NT, Luc.),

XXXXXτἰσμός [m.] 'id' (Corn., Sor.); ἐπιρράπ-ιξις [f.] 'reproach' (Ion. Hist.), -topdg 'id.' (Plb.). Besides, as a second member, -pamic in χρυσότ-ρραπις, voc. -t 'with a golden rod', epithet of Hermes (Od., h. Merc, Pi.), ἐὔτρραπις (Ἑρμῆς) 'with a beautiful rod' (Nonn.); partic as simplex = ῥάβδος only H., Phot.

    *ETYM As the simplex panic may have been extracted from χρυσό-ρραπις, where -ἰς  can be explained as a compound suffix (cf. ἄν-αλκοις, ἵππιοουρ-ις), the direct basis of  ῥαπίζω is uncertain. It may have been formed from a noun (*pay, *pan-n, vel sim.),  but it can also be a transformation of a primary verb (cf. the examples in Schwyzer:  735f.). Formally, ῥαπίζω could be a zero grade formation of ῥέπω, ῥόπαλον; it would  have indicated, if deverbative, a sweeping movement (of a rod, the hand, etc.). See  further ▶︎ ῥέπω; cf. »ῥώψ 1, ▶︎ ῥάβδος, ▶︎ ῥάμνος, and also ▶︎ pantw. Alternatively, a  Pre-Greek origin is a serious option for this etymon, as well.

XXXXXpanic kind of shoe.

    *ETYM The variation with ἀρπίς (Fur. 392) points to Pre-Greek origin. See > ἀρπίς.

XXXXXpantw [v.] 'to sew (together), stitch, instigate' (Il.). «Ὁ ΑΚ Aor. ῥάψαι (Il), them. aor. ἔρραφον (Nonn.), pass. ῥαφῆναι, fut. ῥάνψω, perf. pass. ἔρραμμαι (1A), plpf. act. ἐρραφήκει (X. Eph.).

    *DIAL Myc. ra-pte(-re) may stand for "ῥαπτήρ [m.] (see Morpurgo Davies 1963 s.v. with literature; differently Heubeck IF 64 (1958-1959): 119); also Myc. e-ra-pe-me-na ['e-rapmena/ 'stitched'. Myc. wa-ra-pi-si-ro, which was thought to stand for  Εράψιλος, can no longer be connected, since erapemmena shows that the verb had no  initial f-.

    *COMP Often with prefix, e.g. συν-, kata-, év-.

    *DER 1. Action nouns: ῥαφή (also ovv-, kata-, etc.) [f.] 'hem, seam' (x 186), here and  below, -φ- is analogical; ῥάμμα [n.] 'id' (Pi, IA); 2. Agent nouns: ῥαφεύς [m.] 'sewer,  stitcher, instigator' (A., Poll.), acc. to Bofhardt 1942: 40 from ῥαφή; partys [m.]  'stitcher' with -τικός (late), fem. ῥάπτρια (Eust.), with mept- [m.] of a priestess in  Piraeus (inscr.); ῥαπτήρ 'id.', see above on Myc.; δικο-ρράφ-ος [m.] 'hack lawyer' (Ὁ. Chr. et al.), with -ppagéw [v.] 'to instigate a lawsuit' (Ar.), -ppagia (Man.); 3. instrument nouns pagic, -ίδος [f.] 'sewing needle' (Hp., Archipp., Hell.), ῥαφιδ-εύς  {m.], -eva [f.] 'stitcher', -ευτής [m.] 'id', -ευτός (LXX), -Gc [m.] 'id' (pap. IV°); cf. BoShardt 1942: 40; pagic also fish name = βελόνη (Arist., Opp.), see Stromberg 1943:  37; beside it partic as a fish name (Epich 51 v.l.), = κρηπίς (H., EM), see on > ἀρπίς; 4. verbal adj. ῥατττός 'stitched, sewn together' (w 228f.); 5. Ῥαψώ [f.] name of a goddess  or nymph (Phaleron IV*). On ▶︎ ῥαψῳδός, see s.v.

===Pag_1327: Beekes_Página_1327.tiff===

    *ETYM Since Myc. e-ra-pe-me-na shows that ῥάπτω does not go back to a form with  initial Ε-, the older etymology with Baltic (Lith. vefpti, isg. verpitt 'to spin', Lith. verpti (virpti), virpéti 'to tremble, shudder, vibrate', Latv. virpét 'to spin with a  spindle; shudder', vérpt 'to spin, turn round about') must be abandoned. Cf. further  ▶︎ ῥέπω, ▶︎ ῥέμβομαι.

XXXXXῥάπυς

    *VAR ῥάφυς. Ξ'ῥάφανος.

XXXXXpacow [v.] 'to beat, smash, thrust, stamp' (also of dancers), intr. 'to strike, dash' (Hell.). <?>

    *VAR Att. ῥάττω, Ion. ῥήσσω (epic since Σ 571), with Em- (Q 454, 456, h.Ap. 516, also  LXX, NT), fut. ῥάξω, aor. ῥᾶξαι (Att. Hell.), ῥᾳχθῆναι (LXX).

    *COMP Also with prefix, e.g. ἐπι-, ovv-, KaTa-.

    *DER 1. ovp-, πρόσ-ραξις [f.] 'crash, impact' (Arist. pap.), ἀπό- name of a ball game  (Poll, Eust.); 2. κατα-ρράκτης [adj.] 'rushing down, precipitous' (S., Str.), [m.]  'waterfall' (Ὁ. S., Str.), 'portcullis, boarding bridge' (LXX, App., etc.), name of a bird  that sweeps down (Ar, Arist.); Κατα-ρρήκτης [m.], name of a river in Phrygia  (Hdt.); κατα-ρρακτήρ 'rushing down' (Lyc.), of a bird; 3. ῥακτήριον' ὄρχησίς τις  'kind of dance', -τήρια' τύμπανα 'kettledrums' (H.), ῥακτήριος 'suitable for beating'  vel sim., also 'clamorous' (S. Fr. 802 and 699); pak rprat [f.pl.] (1a [n-pl.J?) 'poles for  beating olive trees' (Poll. H., Phot.). On ῥάγ-δην, -δαῖος, see ▶︎ ῥαγή; on ▶︎ paxia s.v.

    *ETYM The form ῥάσσω was rare, and in Koine it became confused with ῥήγνυμι; it  has no certain etymology. Since a consonant must have been lost before the p-, a pre-  form PGr. *fpax-tw (cf. ῥαχ-ία) can perhaps be identified with a Slavic verb for 'beat'  (also with loss of *y-), ie. Ru. razit', Cz. raziti, with Cz. rdz 'stroke, stamp', Ru. raz  'turn' < *ureh,g"-. The Slav. words, however, have also been connected with Ru. rézat' 'to cut, slaughter', OCS rézati 'κόπτειν᾽, etc. which are related to ῥήγνυμι (see  Vasmer 1953 5.0. raz II and Fraenkel 1955 s.v. rézti 1). The semantically attractive  connection with ▶︎ ἀράσσω (Bechtel 1914 sv. ῥήσσω) would require PGr. *warak"-  je/o- (with different development of *CRHC, perhaps conditioned by the accent?),  but for ▶︎ ἀράσσω, there is no indication for F-. Cf. ▶︎ ῥάχις.

XXXXXῥᾳστώνη pa.

XXXXX*patavy [f.] 'stirring spoon, scoop', only in (Dor.) patavav: τορύνην 'stirrer, ladle' and Bpatavav: τορύνην. Ἠλεῖοι (H.).

    *ETYM Instrument name in -άνη like nat-, Spen-, odp-dvn, etc, either from a zero  grade verb (eg, aor. *fpat-etv) or from a noun (eg. *fpat-n). An extended verb  form is perhaps found in βρατάνει- ῥαΐζει ἀπό νόσου. Ἠλεῖοι 'to recover (EI.) (H.),  originally 'gets well again' cf. eg. βλαστάνω from βλαστ-εῖν, αἰσθάνομαι from  αἰσθέσθαι. The word ▶︎ ἄρρατος is formed from a noun, like ἄμαχος from μάχῃ, etc. Traditionally, this etymon was connected to Skt. vaértate, Lat. verté 'to turn (intr.)',,  etc. (cf. Pok. 1156ff.), and potapia (-dpia?)- τορύνιον (H.) was explained as having  Aeol. po for pa (Bechtel 1921, 2: 864). However, the variants Bpat- ~ Bpot- and the  suffix -av- may also point to Pre-Greek origin.

===Pag_1328: Beekes_Página_1328.tiff=== XXXXXῥάχις, -ἰος 1277

XXXXXῥάφανος [f.] 'cabbage, Brassica cretica' (Att, etc.), 'radish, Raphanus sativus' (Arist., pap.).

    *VAR  Also -άνη (Batr. v.1), etc. Cf. ῥάφυς, ῥάπυς [f.] 'turnip', ῥέφανος (Hp. Mul. 2,  115).

    *DER 1. pagavic, -ἶδος [f.] 'radish' (com, etc.) with -ἰδιον [n.] 'id' (Pl. Com.), -τἰδώδης  'like a radish' (Thphr.), -ἰδόομαι [v.] 'to be treated with radish' (Ar.); 2. papav-tov  (n.] 'radish' (pap.), also ῥαπάνιον; 3. τινος 'of radish' (pap., Dsc., etc.), -ἴτις [f.] 'kind  of iris' (Plin.), see Redard 1949: 76; 4. -ηπδόν [adv] 'in a radish-like way' (medic.). Besides, ῥάφυς, ῥάπυς [f.] 'turnip' (Ath. 9, 3690, 371 c). Uncertain is the  appurtenance of pagag ([acc.pl.] acc. to H. sv. pagavic, with Tryphon Dor.),  probably miswritten for ῥαφάνους or ῥαφ«άνρας; cf. Phot. pagavov: τὴν papavida. Ἐπίχαρμος (Fr. 204; improbable).

    *ETYM With ῥάφανος, compare πύανος, λάχανον, πήγανον and other plant names;  ῥάφυς and ῥάπυς are reminiscent of σίκυς, κάχρυς, στάχυς, etc. Since the word is widespread only in Europe, and since it has variant forms, it  cannot be an inherited word from PIE, but must have been borrowed instead, or  otherwise belong to a substrate: cf. Lat. rapum [n.], -a [f.], OHG ruoba [f.], Lith. répé  [f.], which all point to a pre-form *rdp-; beside these, we find OHG raba, CS γέρα,  Ru. répa [f.], which point to *rép- (cf. Machek Ling. Posn. 2 (1950): 158ff.). The Greek  words, in turn, require *rap-, or rap"-, respectively: ῥάπυς, ῥάφυς, ῥάφανος. The  transformation of the old word for 'turnip' to black radish and cabbage would be due  to the decline of the cultivation of the turnip in Greece; for 'turnip', a new word  γογγυλίς then came into use. Since the variation x ~ φ and the suffix -av- are evidently Pre-Greek features, the  word may originally be of Pre-Greek stock; thence teh European cognates cited    above were borrowed.

XXXXXῥάφοι [m.] " ὄρνεις τινές 'birds' (H.).

    *ETYMThe etymology is unknown. Probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXpaxia [f.] 'breakers of the sea, high tide, spot in the surf, rocky beach' (IA); Hell. also 'bustle, clamor of a mob'.

    *VAR Ion. ῥηχίη.

    *DER ῥαχι-ώδης full of breakers' (Str.).

    *ETYM Related to ▶︎ ῥᾷσσω, ῥάττω, and ῥήσσω 'to beat, bump, etc. (s.v. with further  literature), ie. either as an action noun directly from the verb (with -ia from the  yod-present *Fpax-1w? See Scheller 1951: 39f.), or as an original abstract or a  collective formation (oix-ia, avth-ia, etc.) from ᾿ῤῥᾶχος 'stroke, bump'.

XXXXXῥάχις, -ἰος [f., m.] 'spine, back', often metaphorically 'ridge, etc' (I 208).

    *VAR Att. -ewe. ,

    *DER 1. pax-itn¢ [m.] 'belonging to the spine' (Arist. medic.), émppax-itidec  ἀρτηρίαι (Hippiatr.), Redard 1949: 10nf5 2. payt-aios 'id.' (medic.); 3. ῥαχ-ίζω [v.] 'to  crack, chop up (the spine)' (trag.), also 'to show off, boast' (Din, HL), also with δια-,  kata-; thence -ἰστής [m.] 'splitter' (pap.), 'showoff, boaster' (Theopomp. Com.),  τιστήρ: ψεύστης, ἀλαζών 'liar or cheat, vagrant' (H.).

===Pag_1329: Beekes_Página_1329.tiff===

With transformation of the stem: 4. ῥάχ-ετρον = ῥάχις (H.), also designation of a certain part of it (Poll, Phot.), perhaps after ἄγκιστρον, déptpov, ἦτρον (cf. Fraenkel Glotta 4 (1913): 43, Schwyzer: 532), -ετρίζω = ῥαχίζω (Poll.); besides, we find ῥάκ- ετρον, etc. (see > ῥάκος); 5. ῥαχάς: χωρίον σύνδενδρον καὶ μετέωρον 'thickly- wooded place on high ground' (H., Phot.), after δειράς, σπιλάς, etc. with ῥαχάδην- ἐπὶ τῆς ῥάχεως 'on the spine' (H.); 6. gen.sg. τοῦ paxa, from ῥαχας 'id? (Halaesa; Roman times). Besides, ῥαχός (also ῥᾶχος; codd. also ῥάχος, probably after ῥάχις), Ion. ῥηχός [f.] 'briar, thorn hedge, (thorny) sprig' (Hdt., S., X., Thphr.), ét-ppnyoc, ῥηχώδης 'thorny' (Nic.); denominative ῥαχῶσαι [v.] 'to cover with sprigs' (Att. [307-6*]). For the meaning 'briar, spine, back', cf. e.g. ἄκανθα, Lat. spina, etc. Unclear is ῥάχνος [n.] (pap. IV-VIP), 'cloak' vel sim.?

    *ETYM The word ῥάχις was compared with Lith. razis 'stubble' (beside more usual  razas 'stubble, [fork]tooth, barren twig'), from a preform *urag".i-; the initial y- is  confirmed in Greek by ὀρήχου (where 6- stands for F-) τῆς αἱμασιᾶς 'wall' (HL). A  full or lengthened grade *urag"- was seen in ῥᾶχός, ῥηχός (e.g. Pok. 1180). However,  since Fpay-/Fpay- cannot be derived from an IE form (the ablaut in the above  reconstructions being impossible), it may instead be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXῥαψῳδός [m.] 'Thapsodist, performer of epic (Homeric) poems' (Hdt., S., Pl.).

    *DER ῥαψῳδ-ικός 'belonging to the rhapsodist', -éw [v.] 'to recite epic poems', -ia [f.]  'reciting epic poems, epic poems' (Att, etc.).

    *ETYM The word ῥαψῳδός is a verbal governing compound of ῥάψαι ῳδήν (ἀοιδήν),  thus originally 'who sews a poem together', referring to the uninterrupted sequence  of epic verses as opposed to the strophic compositions of lyrics; cf. Hes. Fr. 265  ῥάψαντες ἀοιδήν, Pi. N. 2,2 Ὁμηρίδαι ῥαπτῶν ἐπέων ... ἀοιδοί (see Patzer Herm. 80  (1952): 314ff.; Sealey REGr. 70 (1957): 312ff.).

XXXXXῥέγκω [v.] 'to snore, snort' (A., E., com.,, Arist. v.l.). «ΡΟ»

    *VAR ῥέγχω (Hp., Arist, Herod., Hell. and late); note the variants ῥεγχ-» ῥοχμ-, and  ῥωχμ-.

    *COMP Rarely with ἀπο-, ὑπο-, παρα-.

    *DER ῥέγκτ-ος (also -y-) [n.] 'snore' with -ώδης 'snore-like', ῥέγξις [f.] 'id' (Hp. ῥογκιῆν: ῥέγκειν. Ἐπίχαρμος (H.) (after the verbs of disease in -taw); ῥογχάζειν (H.)  as an explanation of ῥυγχιάζειν, whence ῥογχ-ασμός = ῥέγχος (Gal.), -αστής =  nasator (gloss.); ῥογχ-αλίζω 'to snore' (gloss.), after γαργαλίζω, etc; also ῥόγχος  (Cael. Aur.), ῥωχμός = ῥέγχος (Erot.); ῥωγμός, ῥοχμός, ῥογμός 'to hiss' (late  medic.); ῥώχω 'to hiss, chatter one's teeth' (Sor., H.).

    *ETYM The etymon is clearly onomatopoeic; cf. ▶︎ ῥύγχος. Although the variation is  certainly due in part to the onomatopoeic character of the word, many of the  alternations would also fit a Pre-Greek origin. The Celtic forms compared in Frisk  (Olr. srennim 'to snort', MIr. sréimm 'snoring') may derive from *sreg*-n-.

XXXXXῥέζω 1 [v.] 'to act, perform', especially of a sacrifice, 'to sacrifice' (Il. epic).

    *VAR  Fut. ῥέξω, aor. ῥέξαι, pass. ῥεχθῆναι.

===Pag_1330: Beekes_Página_1330.tiff===

    *DIAL Myc. wo-ze [3sg.pres.] /worzei/, seeAura Jorro 1985-1993(2): 451.

    *COMP Rarely with ἐπι-, kata-, etc.

    *DER Verbal adjective ἄ-ρεκ-τος 'undone' (T 150, Simon.), agent noun ῥεκτήρ, -ἥρος  [m.] 'doer' (Hes., Man.), -τήριος 'effective' (Ion Hist.), [f.] -teipa (Man.); ῥέκτης  [m.] 'id' (Plu., Aret.), -τικός 'capable of sth' (Porph.), also ῥέκτας 'sacrificer'  (Tauromenion; Rom. times); παρρέκτης: πάντα πράττων ἐπὶ κακῷ 'doing all for  mischief (H.); cf. Fraenkel 1910: 150 and 175; on ῥέζω with derivatives, see  Kretschmer Glotta 18 (1929): 85f.

    *ETYM Next to (F)épyov with full grade, TE had a zero grade yod-present *urg-ie-ti  (Av. varaziiamahi, etc.), of which the Greek representative *fpd(w (= Myc. wo-ze)  was replaced by the full grade ἔρδω < *fépy-iw (after Fépyov). This form was  substituted by the secondary full grade fpey-, with a different position of the liquid,  at first in the aor. and fut. ῥέξαι, ῥέξω, then also in the pres. ῥέζω, the verbal adj. ἄ-  p(pyextos, etc. (cf. Schwyzer: 716' with literature). On traces of the same full grade in  Albanian and Celtic, cf. Pok. 1168 with literature (cf. also Bader 1965: iff; on ἔρδω  and ῥέζω, Hamp MSS 45 (1985): 106-109). See further ▶︎ ἔρδω and ▶︎ ἔργον.

XXXXXῥέζω 2 [v.] 'to color, βάπτειν᾽ (Epich. 107, Phot., EM).

    *VAR Aor. ῥέξαι.

    *DER ῥέγος (ἁλιπόρφυρον, Anacr.), more usual ῥῆγος [n.] 'blanket, carpet' (Hom.) =  τὸ βαπτὸν στρῶμα (Et. Orion.), τό πορφυροῦν περιβόλαιον (EM); ῥέγματα (ποικίλα,  Ibyc.); χρυσοραγές: χρυσοβαφές 'gold-embroidered' (H.); agent noun = 'Bagevc,  colorer': ῥεγεύς (EM v.]. beside pay-, pryy-), ῥηγγεύς (sch., H.), ῥογεύς (inscr. Sparta,  H.); see Bofhardt 1942: 83.

    *ETYM This etymon can hardly be separated from Skt. rajyati 'to paint oneself, get  red, get excited', raga- [m.] 'painting, paint, excitement'. In view of the lack of an  initial vowel in Greek, we have to consider a reconstruction *sreg-. The stem form  ῥηγ- is problematic, however.

XXXXXῥέθος [n.] 'face, countenance' (S. Ant. 529, E. HF 1205 [both anap.], Theoc. 29, 16, Lyc. 1137), 'body' (Lyc. 173), meaning uncertain (Sapph. 22, 3); plur. 'faces' (A. R. 2, 68), 'limb' (Theoc. 23, 39); older meaning unclear (ἐκ ῥεθέων Π 856 = X 362, X 68); cf. ῥεθέων: σπλάγχνων, μελῶν, σωμάτων 'innards, limbs, bodies' (H.); the sch. on X 68 proposes 'face, mouth', also 'nostrils', the last of which is preferred by Leumann 1950: 218ff. (with older literature) because of the plur. Cf. Snell 1948: 24-6, who demonstrates the transition from the literal meaning, namely a body part, to the more general mg. 'body'. «Ὁ

    *COMP As a first member in Aeol. ῥεθο-μαλίδας, literally 'with face-apples', acc. to  sch. X 68 = εὐπροσώπους.

    *ETYM Since the meaning 'face, countenance', given as Aeolic by grammarians, is  certain, we have to depart from this when explaining the word. Both an older epic  meaning 'mouth' and 'figure, body' seem possible (cf. e.g. Lat. ds 'mouth, face', faciés  'figure, face'); the pl. could have been formed after μέλεα, στήθεα, στέρνα, νῶτα, εἰς. On the meaning in Hom, cf. Vivante Arch. glott. ital. 40 (1955): 41f. An original  meaning 'nostril(s)' fits well, and the transition to 'face' or 'body' is unproblematic.

===Pag_1331: Beekes_Página_1331.tiff===

, ῥέα The form ῥέθος has no convincing etymology. The lack of the F- (β-) in Aeol. ῥέθος makes a connection with Skt. vaérdhati 'to grow' difficult. Fraenkel's suggestion to connect ▶︎ pic and ▶︎ péw (Frisk Glotta 32 (1975): 31ff; also, Treu 1955: 1902) is neither morphologically nor semantically convincing.

XXXXXῥεῖα, ῥέα > pa.

XXXXXῥειτος [m.?] an unidentified object from Delos (BCH 54, 1930, 121). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXpeAatwpia 'receipt' (POxy. 3125). <LW Lat

    *ETYM Formed from a borrowing from Lat. x@lator 'registrator'.

XXXXXῥέμβομαι [v.] 'to go about, wander, roam around, act at random' (Hell. and late).

    *VAR  Only pres. except ῥεμφθῆναι: ῥέμβεσθαι (H.).

    *COMP Rarely with ἀπο-, etc.

    *DER ῥεμβώδης 'walking about, aimless, idle' (Plb., Plu.), with the back-formation

XXXXXῥέμβος [m.] 'wandering about' (Plu., Aret.), adj. ῥεμβός (late), fem. -a¢ (LXX ν.1.. Extensions: ῥεμβ-εύω (also kata-) = ῥέμβομαι, -ασμός [m.] 'roaming' (LXX; Ἐνάζομαι). With ablaut ῥόμβος [m.] 'circular movement, top, hummingtop, magic wheel, tambourine' (Pi, Critias, E.), geom. 'rhombus' (Arist, Euc,, etc.), also name of a flat- fish, 'turbot' vel sim. (Ath., etc.), see Strémberg 1943: 38, Thompson 1947 s.v.; also ῥύμβος (Att. according to grammarians); ῥομβο-ειδής 'rhombus-like, rhomboidic (Hp., Euc., etc.); puptB-iov [n.] 'little top' (sch.); ῥομβ-ωτός 'having the form of a rhombus' (Hell. and late); -ηδόν 'in the way of a p.' (Man.); pouB-éw (also ῥυ-) [v.] 'to go in circles' (Pl, etc.) with -ητής [m.] 'top' (Orph.), ém- 'to whirl like a humming-top' (Sapph.); ῥομβόομαι 'to be turned into a 6.' (Hero); ῥυμβ-όνες [f.pl.] 'wrigglings' of a snake (A. R.), cf. ἀγκ-όνες, etc; -ovdw (also ῥεμβ-) 'to sway, hurl away (Phid., Ael.), after opevSovaw. ,

    *ETYM The word ῥόμβος is attested already in Pi, and it proves that the primary  form ῥέμβομαι, which is attested much later, must have existed at an earlier stage,  too. The by-form pvp Bos recalls cases like popéw : pupéw (cf. Schwyzer 35:f.); note  also ῥυβόν' ἐπικαμπές (EM, Hdn. Gr.). The form ῥέμβομαι was compared with MLG  wrimpen 'to contract (one's facey (Persson 1912(1): 498), but an IE pre-form *uremb-  is highly doubtful. At least as uncertain is the comparison with Lith. rerigtis 'to bow',  etc. (de Saussure MSL 8 (1894): 443; Lidén 1899: 14f.). It is difficult to combine ῥέμβομαι with ῥάμφος, ῥέμφος, ῥάμνος, ῥάβδος, and ῥέπω  in traditional Indo-European terms, in view of the various different labials (β, φ, 7). Because the meanings deviate, an etymological analysis remains hazardous. However, the forms with puptB-, puB- seem to point to a Pre-Greek word, as does the  interchange πὶ β΄ 9.

XXXXXῥέπω [v.] 'to decline, descend', especially of the balance, 'to sway down, turn out, gain the upper hand', with prefix also trans. 'to lower, let tilt' (11). <?>

    *VAR Rare fut. ῥέψω and aor. ῥέψαι (IA).

===Pag_1332: Beekes_Página_1332.tiff===

«comp Also with prefix, e.g. ἐπι-, ἀντι-, κατα-.

    *DER 1. ῥοπή [f.] 'lowering, tilting (of the scales), swing' (Alc. IA), to which (among  others) ἀντί-ρροπος 'equipoising, counterweighing' (Att.), with avtippom-in (vl. -ἡ)  [f.] 'counterweight' (Hp.); 2. περί-ρρεψις [f.] 'tilting' (Hp.); 3. ῥόπαλον [n.]  'bludgeon, mace' (Il.), with ῥοπάλο-ιον [n.] (Hell. inscr. and pap.), -ωτός 'equipped  with a club-like rounding' (Ὁ. C.), -ώδης '(pulsing) like a club', of the pulse, -ωσις  [f.] designation of a hair disease (medic.), -ἰκός 'club-like', as a designation of a verse  (gramm.), -ίζει' στρέφει, κινεῖ ὡς ῥόπαλον 'turns, moves like a club' (H.) with -τσμοί  [pl] (Ar. Lys.); 4. ῥόπτρον [n.] 'the wood in a trap, knocker, ring at the door,  tambourine' (Archil, Att.); dissimilated to ῥόπτον of unclear meaning (Epid. IV*),  -tiov: κλειδίον 'little key' (H.); 5. περι-, ἐπι-, κατα-ρρεπής 'tilting, etc.' (IA), étepo-  ρρεττής, originally 'tilting to (one or) the other side', hence 'indecisive, unbiased' (A. lyr.], Hp.); 6. ῥεπτικός 'tilting' (Stoic.).

    *ETYM Attempts have been made to connect pénw with ▶︎ ῥάπτω, ▶︎ ῥαπίζω, and even  ▶︎ pwy, but see s.v.v. The alleged common semantic denominator 'to twist (together),  wind, bend' was sought in ῥόπαλον, pontpov, but these words are perhaps not  related (see Chantraine 1933: 246), and the supposed meaning 'throwing stick', which  was needed for that connection, is unwarranted. Cf. ▶︎ ῥέμβομαι with references. The  word may instead be Pre-Greek. The word καλαῦροψ (compared by DELG), which  is certainly Pre-Greek, is unrelated.

XXXXXῥέω [v.] 'to flow, stream', also metaphorically, 'to stream off, fall off, of hair, ripe fruits, etc. (IL.).

    <IE *sreu- 'flow, stream'>

    *VAR  Aor. ῥυῆναι (y 455), Dor. éppva, fut. ῥυῆσομαι, perf. ἐρρύηκα (Att); fut. ῥεύσομαι (Thgn., com. Hp.), ῥευσοῦμαι (Arist.), pevow (AP), aor. ῥεῦσαι (Ar,  [anap.], Hp., Hell.).

    *COMP Very often with prefix, eg. ano-, δια-, €k-, KATA-, περι-, ὑπο-.

    *DER Many derivatives, also from prefixed compounds:  A. with full grade 1. ῥέεθρον (IL, epic Ion.), ῥεῖθρον (Att.) [n.] 'stream, river, water';  2. Ῥεῖτος [m.] name of a stream or brook (Eleusis V*, Th. Paus.), see Krahe Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 5 (1954): 89; 3. ῥεῦμα [n.] 'current, stream' (IA), cf. Porzig 1942: 267f.,  'stream, rheumatism' (medic.), with -μάτιον, -ματώδης, -ματικός, -ματίζομαι,  -ματισμός; 4. ῥέος [n.] 'stream' (A.), cf. on ἐυ-ρρεής below; 5. ῥεῦσις [6] (Hell. for  ῥύσις); 6. ῥευστός 'streaming, fluid' (Emp., Arist. etc.), -στικός (Plu.), -σταλέος  (Orac. apud Eus.); 7. -ppei-tn¢ (from -ρρερέ-της) in compounds, eg. ἐδ-ρρείτης  'streaming beautifully' (Hom, etc.), ▶︎ ἀκαλαρρείτης; 8. -ρρεής only in gen. ἐῦ-ρρεῖος  = é0-ppeféog (IL) from ἐῦδ-ρρεής 'id'; rather to péw than to ῥέος (Schwyzer: 513). B. With o-grade: 1. ῥόος (κατά-, etc.), Att. ῥοῦς, Cypr. ῥόρος [m.] 'stream, flow'; 2. por (ék-, etc.), Dor. -4, Corc. phorata [f.] 'flowing, stream, outflow' (IL); ῥοΐῖσκος  [m.] 'brooklet? (Halaesa), ῥοώδης (pot- Gal.) 'flowing, suffering of flux, having  strong currents, watery, falling off (Hp., Th., Arist. etc.), ῥοϊκός 'fluid' (Hp., Dsc.),  ῥοΐζω 'to drench', of horses (Hippiatr.) with ῥοῖσμός (H.); 3. potat [fpl.] 'floods'  (Hp.); 4. -ppota [f.] in prefixed compounds, e.g. διάρροια (to dta-ppéw) 'flowing  through, diarrhoea' (IA); on the formation Schwyzer: 469.

===Pag_1333: Beekes_Página_1333.tiff===

C. With zero grade: 1. ῥυτός 'streaming, pouring out, flowing strongly' (trag., etc; with ἀμφί-, mepi- since Od.); ῥυτόν [n.] 'drinking horn' (Att., Hell.); 2. ῥύσις (Ek-, etc.) [f.] 'lowing, flow' (IA); 3. ▶︎ ῥύμα = ῥεῦμα (late) 5.ν.; 4. PbaE, -ἄκος [m.] 'strong current, rushing stream, stream of lava' (Th, Pl. Arist., etc.), probably Sicil. (Bjérck 1950: 61 and 285); cf. ῥύαγξ (cod. poi-) φάραγξ 'cleft, chasm' (H.); 5. ῥυᾶχετος [m_] 'multitude of people' (Lac; Ar. Lys. 170), expressive enlargement of ῥύαξ after ὀχετός, συρφετόςξ 6. ῥυάς [f.] (also [m., n.]) 'fluid, falling off (Arist, Thphr., etc.), also an epithet of ἰχθῦς or a designation of certain fishes that live in swarms and follow the currents (Arist. etc.), see Stromberg 1943: 50f., Thompson 1947 s.v., also 'flow', with ῥυαδικός, 'suffering flux, etc. (netic. 7. pvddv (0 426), ῥύδην (Crates, etc.) 'flooding, abounding'. On > ῥυθμός, see s.v5 on ῥύτρος, pda (pola), ῥοῦς as plant names see ▶︎ pda.

    *ETYM The thematic present péw (< "ῥέξω; cf. ῥόρος, etc. above) agrees with Skt. srdvati 'flow < IE *sréu-e-ti. There are other exact morphological matches as well,  but their age is uncertain because of the strong productivity of the relevant  categories. Examples are: ῥόος = Skt. srava- [m_] 'flowing' (cf. OCS o-strove, Ru. éstrov 'sland', from *'surrounded by stream[s]'); ῥοή = Lith. srava [f.] 'flowing, flow  of blood, menstruation' (cf. Skt. giri-srava- [f.] 'mountain brook'); ῥύσις = Skt. sruti-  [f.] 'way, street'; ῥυτός = Skt. srutd- 'flowing' (cf. Lith. srtos [f.pl.] (dial. -ta [sg.])  'liquid manure, [animal] urine'); (€d)-pperc, related to Skt. (madhu)-sravas- [m.]  'dripping of honey', plant name (lex.). The neuter ῥεῦμα (IE *sreu-mn) is mirrored  by a corresponding masculine in Balto-Slavic, eg. Lith. sraumué, gen. -mefis 'rapid'  (IE *srou-mon-). An m-suffix is also found in Germanic, eg. ON straumr 'stream'  IE *srou-mo-), in Celtic, e.g. Olr. sruaim 'stream', and in Alb. rrymé 'stream' (Mann  Lang. 28 (1952): 37). Genetic connection between the Dor. aor. é-ppta and the Lith. pret. pa-srivo  'flowed' < *-at (Schwyzer: 743) seems unlikely. Also formally identical are the futures  ῥεύσομαι (-ow) and Skt. srosyati. Apart from that, the Greek and Sanskrit, as well as  the Baltic verbal systems go different ways. Cf. ▶︎ ῥώομαι.

XXXXXῥήγνυμι [v.] 'to tear (up), break (to pieces), burst' (Il.).

    <IE *ureh,g- ''break'>

    *VAR Fut. ῥήξω, aor. ῥῆξαι (all IL), perf. med. ἔρρηγ-μαι (θ 137), act. (intr.) ἔρρωγα  (Archil., Hp., trag.), ptc. ἐρρηγεῖα (Tab. Heracl.), trans. ἔρρηχα (Hell.), aor. pass. ῥαγῆναι (IL), with fut. ῥαγήσομαι (A, etc.), ῥηχθῆναι (late); new pres. ῥήσσω, ῥήττω  (Hp., Hell; to ῥῆξαι, ῥήξω).

    *COMP Often with prefix, eg. ἀπο-, dia-, ἐκ-, Kata-, mept-. As a first member in  verbal governing compounds ῥηξ(ι)-, e.g. ῥηξ-τήνωρ epithet of Achilles, 'breaking the  (rows of) men' (Hom.) with -ηνορίη (E 217), cf. Sommer 1948: 180; Jernstedt Idg. Jb. 14: 151 connects ῥήσσω 'to throw (down)'.

    *DER A. With e-grade: 1. ῥῆγμα (Ek-, obv-) [n.] 'tore, cleft, breach' ([A) with  ῥηγματίης, -τώδης (Hp.); 2. ῥηγμός 'id. (pap. III*); 3. ῥηγμίν (-μίς), -μῖνος [f.]  'breaking down of a cart, breaking of the sea' (Il, epic), a derivation in -iv-, cf. Chantraine 1933: 168, Schwyzer: 465; Pisani RILomb. 73:2 (1939-40): 40 assumed  influence of ▶︎ θίς; 4. ῥῆξις (also κατά-, mepi-, etc.), Aeol. ξρῆξις [f.] 'breaking  through, breach' (Alc, Hp. E, Arist.) with ῥηκτικός (kata-) 'fragile, brittle' (Hp.,

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Aét.); 5. ῥήκτης [m.] 'the disruptor', designation of a certain form of earthquake (Arist. Lyd.); 6. ἐρηγαλέον (cod. tp-)- Steppwydta 'broken through' (H.); cf. below B 4; 7. αὔρηκτος = ἄ-ξρηκτος 'unbroken' (Hdn. Gr.). B. With o-grade: 1. ῥώξ [f.] only pwyac [acc.p].] (x 143) 'tore' = 'narrow passage' (cf. Wace JHS 71 (1951): 203ff.), further in prefixed compounds, e.g. anoppw 'torn off, fem. 'torn-off piece, outflow' (Il. epic poet.); 2. διαρρωγή [f-] 'gap, interspace' (Hp.); pwyat- ῥήξεις (H.); 3. ῥωγάς, -άδος 'torn up, cleft' (Hell. poetry.); 4. ῥωγαλέος 'torn up, full of holes' (Hom.); 5. ῥωγμή [f.] 'breach, tore' (Hp., Arist.) with pwypating (Hp. apud Gal; cf. A 1); ῥωχμός [m.] 'tore, cleft, gap' (¥ 420, Hell.), containing a suffix -σμο- (Schwyzer: 493), -μαί [p].] 'id' (Marc. Sid.). C. With zero grade: 1. ῥαγή (δια-), ῥαγάς, ῥάγδην, ῥαγδαῖος (s.v. ▶︎ ῥαγή); 2. ῥάγος [n.] 'rag, shred' (pap. ΠΡ), ῥαγόεις (Nic.) after ▶︎ ῥάκος, -όεις; 3. περιρραγής 'broken all around' (AP), from περι-ρραγῆναι.

    *ETYM The form ῥήγνυμι < "Ερήγνυμι (cf. Fpi—ic, ξρηγαλέος) corresponds  semantically and phonologically with the primary stem in Arm. ergic-anem, aor. ergic-i with the usual caus. ergic-uc'anem 'to tear apart, break'. Phonetically adequate,  but semantically less convincing, is the comparison (since Meillet MSL 9 (1896): 142)  with a Balto-Slavic verb for 'to beat, etc.' in Lith. ré2ti 'to cut, incise, beat', OCS rézati  'κόπτειν᾽, Ru. rézat' 'to cut, slaughter', etc. It seems impossible to connect ▶︎ ῥάσσω in  view of the different laryngeal. Forms with pay- must contain a secondary zero  grade, since *urh,g- would give fpry-.

XXXXXῥῆγος 'ῥέζω 2.

XXXXXῥῆμα

    *VAR ῥῆσις, ῥήτρα, etc. -οεἴρω 2, ῥήτωρ.

XXXXX*priv [m.] 'sheep, lamb' (A. R.).

    *VAR  ῥῆνα [acc.] (Nic.), ῥήνεσσι [dat.pl.] (A. R.).

    *COMP As a second member, e.g. in πολύ-ρρην-ες [nom.pl.] (I 154 = 296), thematic  extension in πολύ-ρρην-ο-ς [nom.sg.] (A 257) 'rich in sheep'; bm6-ppnv-o-v [acc.sg.]  (K 216) 'having a lamb underneath, suckling a lamb'. As a first member in ῥήνο-φορεύς [m.] 'bearer of sheep fleece' (AP), see BofShardt 1942: 29; extracted from there  ῥηνικός 'from the sheep', ῥῆνιξ, -τκος [{1] 'sheep fleece' (Ηρ...

    *DER Several glosses in H: ῥήνεα: πρόβατα 'cattle' (cf. κτήνεα); Piva: ἄρνα 'lambs,  sheep' (Elean?), ῥύεινα- ἄρνα. Κύπριοι (does it stand for Fprnv-?); probably also  tpavov (if for *Fp-)- ἐξαμηνιαῖον πρόβατον 'six-month-old cattle' (but then the a  remains unexplained). The island name Ῥήνεια (near Delos) may be related, too.

    *ETYM The above forms differ only in ablaut from ▶︎ ἀρήν < ρμαρήν; as a basis, one  would best assume a formation *urh,-én > ἀρήν, zero grade *urh,-n- > (-p)prv-. Lat. réné (mentioned by Frisk) should remain separate. The forms ῥήνεσσι and ῥῆνα (Hell. epic) may well have been built after noAb-ppryv  and other compounds, but this explanation does not seem to fit Hippocratic ῥηνικός  and ῥῆνιξ, nor the glosses in Hesychius (cf. Sommer 1948: 66ff; Ruijgh 1957: 163;  Schwyzer: 568).

XXXXXpijov [n.] 'rhubarb' (Gal.).

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    *VAR Also pa (Dsc.).

    *ETYM The word would come from the river called Rha (ie. the Wolga; Amm. Marcell. 22, 8, 28). Cf. André 1956 s.v. rha and reum.

XXXXXῥησός = ἀρχός ? (Epich. 205, cited by Phot., Suid.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXῥήσσω -οῥήγνυμι.

XXXXXῥητῖίνη [f.] 'resin, fir resin' (Hp., Arist., Thphr.), on the neuter gender cf. βούτυρον. «ΡΟ»

    *COMP ῥητινό-κηρον [n.] 'wax dissolved in resin' (medic.).

    *DER ῥητιν-ώδιηης 'resinous', τίτης οἶνος 'resinous wine' (Dsc.), denominative verbs  -ίζω 'be resinous' (Dsc.), -όομαι 'to be made resinous' (Hp., Dsc.).

    *ETYM The suffixes -ivoc and -ivn are found both with inherited and with Pre-Greek  words (Chantraine 1933: 204f., Schwyzer: 491). Since there are no good cognates,  however, the word is probably Pre-Greek. The comparison with Lat. rasis [f.], a kind  of raw pitch pulverized to dust that was mixed with wine (WH s.v., as a supposed  loan word from * doc), is uncertain. Lat. résina gives proof of a dialectal Greek by-  form *proiva (Leumann 1963-1979: 141); the variation attested by this form shows  that it is a Pre-Greek word (cf. Fur.: 261).

XXXXXῥήτωρ, -ορος [m.] 'speaker, annunciator' (S., E.), especially 'orator in public, public speaker' (Att.), 'master speaker, discourse artist' (late).

    <IE *uerh,- 'speak'>



    *COMP Some rare and late compounds, e.g. φιλο-ρήτωρ 'who loves orators' (Phid.).

    *DER ῥητορ-ίσκος denigratory diminutive (pap. ΠΡ), -ἰκός 'oratorical, silver-tongued,  rhetorical', ῥητορ-εύω [v.] 'to act as an orator, practice the art of oratory', rarely with  kata-, ἐπι-, etc; thence -εία [f.] 'oratory, artful discourse' (Att.). ῥητορ-ίζω 'id'  (Hell.). Further ῥητήρ, -ἤρος [m.] 'speaker' (I 443), 'orator' (AP 7, 579, metrical  inscr.), so metrically conditioned?

    *ETYM As a term for a profession, ῥήτωρ was created in the Attic official language  (Fraenkel 1912: 9); the original function as an agent noun from eipw 'speak' can still  be seen in E. Hec. 124 (anap.) μύθων ῥήτορες, which mirrors Hom. μύθων ῥητῆρα (I  443); a doubtful attempt to find a semantic differentiation can be found in  Benveniste 1948: 52ff.). See ▶︎ εἴρω 2.

XXXXXῥήτανον [n.] name of a plant (Gp. 12, 1, 1). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXῥῖγος [n.] 'frost, cold, shivering fit' (e 472).

    <IE *sriHg-os 'cold'>



    *COMP Some compounds, e.g. ῥιγο-τύρετος [m.] (-ov [n.]) 'tertian fever, ague' (Gal.,  Ptol., etc.) for older πυρετὸς kai ῥῖγος (Hp.), see Stromberg 1944: 85; ἀ-ρριγής (-yéws  [adv.]) 'not sensitive to cold' (Hp.); also 4-p(p)tyog 'id.; not shivering' (Arist., Aret.);  δύσ-ριγος 'to tolerate cold badly' (Hdt., Arist.. Thphr.); both connected with pryéw  like e.g. δύσ-φορος with popéw, φέρω.

    *DER Denominative ῥιγώω, -ὥσαι [v.] 'to freeze' (E 481), rarely with ἐπι-, év-, etc.,  formed after the antonym idpww (not from *frywo- as per e.g. Schwyzer: 724).

===Pag_1336: Beekes_Página_1336.tiff=== XXXXXῥικνός 1285 Further the perfect Eppiya 'freeze, congeal, shudder', aor. ῥιγῆσαι (IL, epic), fut. ῥιγήσω (E 351), pres. pryéw (Pi.); rarely with ἀπο-, ém-, kata-. Primary comparative ῥίγιον 'colder, ghastlier, more terrible' (Hom., Hes., Semon.), superlative ῥίγιστα (E 873), -ος, -ov (A. R., Nic.). Further adjectives: 1. ῥιγεδανός 'ghastly, terrible' (T 325, A. R.. Opp.), to pryos after an unknown example, or from *pryed@v (Chantraine 1933: 362)? 2. ῥιγαλέος 'id' (Emp.); to ῥῖγος like ἀργαλέος to ἄλγος; 3. ῥιγηλός (kata-) 'id' (ξ 226, Hes. Sc. Nic., Nonn. Ap), from éptya, ῥιγέω; 4. ῥιγώδης 'causing a shivering fit' (Hp., Gal.), from ῥῖγος; 5. Ῥῖγμος [m.] name of a Thracian (Y 485); to ῥῖγος like θερμός to θέρος

    *ETYM The proportion épptya : ῥῖγος is matched by yéyn8a : γῆθος, λέληθα : Dor. λᾶθος, or (ablauting) γέγονα : γένος, etc. The pair ῥίγιον : ῥῖγος has a parallel in  ἄλγιον : ἄλγος, κέρδιον : κέρδος (Schwyzer: 539). The form ῥῖγος corresponds exactly to Lat. frigus [n.] 'cold, frost, shivering', from IE  *sriHg-os [n.]. The form ptyéw in turn is identical to Lat. friged, but this identity may  be due to parallel innovations.

XXXXXpita [f.] 'root', also metaphorically 'origin, stem, base' (I1.). <?>

    *VAR Acol. βρίζα, Bpicda.

    *DIAL Myc. wi-ri-za [wriza/.

    *COMP Several compounds, e.g. ῥιζο-τόμος [m.] 'root-cutter, -gatherer, herbalist',  πολύ-ρριζος 'having many roots, rich in roots' (Hp., Thphr.).

    *DER 1. pttiov [n.] 'little root' (Ar, Thphr.), plur. -éa (Nic., -eia Al. 265), probably  after ὀστέα beside (Dor.) dotia; 2. ῥιζίας (d7td¢) [m.] 'root juice' (Thphr.), opposed  to καυλίας; 3. adjectives ῥίζ-ώδης 'root-like' (Thphr., Hero), -ἰκός 'belonging to  roots' (Plu.), -tvoc¢ 'made of roots' (PHolm.), -aiog 'serving as a base' (Sardes); 4. adverbs ῥίζ-ηθεν (A. R.), -68ev (Nic., Luc.) 'out of the root'; -ndév 'in a root-like  way (Hld.); 5. verb ῥιζόομαι (ἐρρίζωται), -6w (-@oat) 'to strike root, root, provide  with roots, affirm, consolidate' (Od.), also with év-, éx-, kata-, etc, whence ῥίζτωμα  [n.] 'original soil, origin, roots' (A., Emp., Thphr.), -wotg [f.] 'striking root' (Philol.,  Thphr, etc.). On ῥίζα, compounds and derivatives, cf. Strémberg 1937: 5, 8ff.

    *ETYM Aeol. pita requires a pre-form PGr. *fpid-1a, which differs in vocalism from  Lat. radix; in both cases we have a derivative in *-ih,- of a noun that is also found in  Germanic and Celtic: ON rét [f.] 'root' from PGm. *wrét- < PIE *ureh.d-. An i-stem  is found in Go. waurts, OE wyrt, OHG and MHG wurz 'herb, root' < PGm. *wurt-i-  < *urd(-i)-, with zero grade, and in Celtic, eg. W gwraidd [coll.] 'roots' < *wradi-  (see Matasovit 2009 s.v. *wrida-). Since the vocalisms are not reconcilable, we have  to reckon with borrowings in case most of these words are considered related. The  attempt at a regular solution (schwa secundum) by Vine 19992: 5-30 does not solve  all problems. ToB witsako 'root' is difficult to explain (Adams 1999 s.v.). See  ▶︎ ῥάδαμνος and ▶︎ ῥάδιξ,

XXXXXῥικνός [adj.] 'bent, crooked, shrivelled (of age, dryness, cold), stiff (epic poet. since h.Ap.); ῥικνοφυνεῖς: τὰς στρεβλὰς καὶ πεπιεσμένας 'which are crooked and pressed' (H.). <1 *uroik- 'turn, envelop, make crooked'>

    *COMP ἐπί-ρρικνος 'somewhat bent' (X., Poll.).

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    *DER ῥικν-ήεις 'id.', enlarged form (Nic.); -ότης = καμπυλότης 'crookedness' (Η.);  -w619¢ 'shrivelled' (Hp., AP); pik vdopat [v.] 'to shrivel, contract, contort' (S., Arist.,  Opp.), rarely with kata-, dta-, whence ῥίκνωσις [f.] 'shrivelling, wrinkledness' (Hp.). Further ῥοικός 'crooked, bow-legged' (Archil., Hp., Arist.) and ῥικάζεται (H.) as an  explanation (beside στροβεῖται) of ῥιξικάζεται.

    *ETYM The pair ῥικ-νός : ῥοικ-ός can be compared with e.g. πικ-ρός : ποικ-ίλος, The  form ῥοικός matches Lith. rdisas (also raisas) 'limping, lame' (for the semantic  difference, cf. κυλλός 'crooked, crippled'), Germanic words like ME wrah 'wrong,  stubborn', NDu. wreeg 'stiff, and (as far as the form is concerned) also Av. uruuaésa-  [m.] 'vortex, etc.'; all these words reflect IE *uroiko- [m.] 'turn, curvature' vel sim.,  [adj.] 'twisted, crooked'. An e-grade varidat *ureiko- is attested in ΜΙ wrich  'forbidden, distorted, fixed, stiff, etc.'    Corresponding primary verbs are the zero grade yod-present in Av. uruuisiia- 'to  turn (around); a full grade root-present in OE wréon < PGm. *wrihan < IE *ureik-  with pret. wrah < PGm. *wraih < IE *uroik- 'to envelop' (for the meaning, cf. ▶︎ εἰλύω  and ▶︎ εἰλέω 2), and a zero grade root present in Lith. risti, sg. riSu 'to bind'. Within  Greek, the hapax legomenon ῥικάζεται (H.) is a denominative or deverbative; the  form ῥιξικάζεται, if transmitted correctly, must be an expressive enlargement (cf. Baunack Phil. 70 (1911): 370).

XXXXXῥίμβαι = σΐδη.

XXXXXῥίμφα [adv.] 'rapid, agile, nimble' (IL, epic). <?>

    *COMP ῥιμφ-άρματος 'with a quick cart' (Pi, 5. [lyr.]).

    *DER ῥιμφ-αλέος (EM, Suid., Hdn. Gr.), cf. ὀτραλέος.

    *ETYM The word ῥίμφα is formed like τάχα, ὦκα, etc., but the root is unclear. Since a  sequence -ἰμφ- cannot have been inherited, the | has been analyzed as from ε before  nasal (see Schwyzer: 275). PGr. *wrenk'*a (vel sim.) has been connected with Lith. rangus 'dexterous, flexible', rangitios, rdngtis 'to hasten', rengitios, refigtis 'to prepare  oneself, be prepared', under a reconstruction PIE *ureng''-. It must be said that the  connection between Baltic and the Germanic group of OE wringan 'to wind, wring',  OHG ringan 'to make an effort, fight' (thus eg. LIV' s.v. *yreng'-) is much more  attractive. In sum, although there are parallels for ε > τ, the proposal is quite shaky.

XXXXXῥινεστήρ [m.] probably 'halter' (P. Tebt. 886, 68 [II*]). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXpivn [f] 'file, rasp' (X., Arist, Delos III*), acc. to Hdn. Gr. in the same meaning ῥινή, also 'shark', the rough skin of which was used to polish wood and marble (Hp., Epich., com., Arist.). <?>

    *VAR Hell. ῥῖνα Moer.

    *COMP  As a first member in ῥινό-βατος, -βάτης [m.] designation of a kind of ray,  which stands between ῥίνη and βάτος (Arist.), see Strémberg 1943: 123 with  references, Thompson 1947 s.v.

    *DER τ. Diminutive piv-iov (Gal.), -άριον (Aét.) 'little file'; 2. denominatives: a) pivaw  [v.] 'to file' (Ar. Arist. Ph. Bel.), also with κατα-, δια-, etc, whence (4no-)pivmpa

===Pag_1338: Beekes_Página_1338.tiff=== XXXXXῥίπτω 1287 [n.] 'filing, swarf (Hp. Herod.), (δια-)ῥίνησις [{[1 'filing' (Gal.); b) ῥινίζω [v.] 'id? (pap. III), whence ῥίνισμα [n.] 'swarf (Ctes., medic.).

    *ETYM The meaning 'file' is original, and 'shark' is derived from it (see above);  Stromberg 1943: 86. ῥινός 'skin' especially denotes a fine, soft cowhide. Frisk saw a primary formation with a suffix -v- in ῥίνη from a verb that is not  directly attested in Greek, but only in the derived Germanic verb evidenced by OS  writan 'to tear apart, scratch, write', OE writan 'to dig in, scratch, write'. This root  etymology must be rejected, since the Greek form requires *uriH-, whereas for the  Germanic words, *urei- without laryngeal must be reconstructed (see on ▶︎ ῥινός).

XXXXXῥινός [f.] 'skin of man and animal, hide; (esp.) cow skin, cow hide; shield made of cow hide' (epic IL; cf. Leumann 1950: 314f.). ΑΚ Rarely [m.] (Nic, Opp.) and -όν [n.] (after δέρμα, oxdtoc). The feminine gender is analogical after Boén, aiyén, etc. The gloss ypivoc: δέρμα (H.) attests a Ε-.

    *DIAL Myc. wi-ri-no /wrinos/, adj. wi-ri-ne-jo.

    *COMP E.g. ῥινο-τόρος 'shield-piercing', epithet of Ares (Φ 392, etc.), of the θύρσος  (Nonn.); ταλαύρινος (= tadd-fptvoc) 'shield-bearing' (possibly 'shield-enduring',  referring to the weight, as argued by Richardson Hermathena 55 (1940): 87ff.);  usually an attribute of πολεμιστής, epithet of Ares (I1.); on this expression see  Leumann 1950: 196 ff; Tritmpy 1950: 38 with Nachtrage.

    *DER γρίντης (= Fpivtncs): βυρσεύς 'tanner' (H.), formation probably after primary  ξάντης, bodvtng, etc.

    *ETYM The Aeol. gloss ypivoc: δέρμα (γρινός Hdn. Gr.) confirms the initial F-, which  is also evidenced by ταλαύρινος, so we can safely posit *ppivdéc. Frisk connected the  same Germanic verb as he did for ▶︎ ῥίνη, but the Germanic -i- must derive from PIE  *-ei- in view of Go. writs with a short i; this is impossible for the Greek form. Moreover, the parallel that he adduces for the difference in meaning, δέρμα ~ δέρω,  is imperfect, since the latter means 'to flay', whereas *urei-(d-) rather means 'to  scratch'. Therefore, his etymology must be rejected. Instead, the word sould be Pre-  Greek.

XXXXXῥίον [n.] 'mountain peak, foothills' (Hom.); also as a TN in Achaia and other regions (Th.). «ρα»

    *DIAL Myc. ri-jo TN.

    *ETYM The form ῥίον is isolated within Greek, and has no certain etymology. If it  originally had an initial f-, it would recall Thrac. Bpia 'πόλις, τεῖχος, and perhaps  also ToA ri, ToB riye 'town' (see the literature on Bpia). The connections with  Germanic are no better, e.g. OS wrisil 'giant' (WP 1, 267), nor those with Skt. varsman- [n.] 'height', Lat. verrica, OCS vrexe, Ru. verx, etc, or with Hitt. sé  'above' (Heubeck Orbis 13 (1964): 266f; Risch Mus. Helv. 22 (1965): 194°). As an  alternative to all these problematic suggestions, we should consider the possibility  that the word is of Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXῥῖπος 'wickerwork'. =piy.

XXXXXpit [v.] 'to throw, hurl, thrust, bolt' (Pi, IA).

===Pag_1339: Beekes_Página_1339.tiff===

, ῥῖνός ὍΝ ΑΚ Also ῥιπτέω (IA since v 78), iterative pret. ῥίττασκον (Hom., Hes. Sc., -εσκον Nic. Εν), fut. ῥίψω, aor. ῥῖψαι IL), pass. ῥιφθῆναι, Pipivar (Att) with fut. ῥιφ- θήσομαι (S.), -ἦσομαι (LXX), perf. med. ἔρρῖμμαι (Orac. apud Hdt. E., Ar.), ῥερῖφθαι (Pi.), see Schwyzer: 649; act. Eppiga (Lys.).

    *COMP Often with prefix, e.g. dmo-, dva-, év-, δια-. As a first member e.g. in piy-  aomic, -ίδος 'throwing the shield away, coward' (Ar., Pl.), -άσπιδος 'id. (Eup.); cf. Sommer 1948: 93.

    *DER 1. ῥιπή [f.] 'throw, thrust, gust of wind, sway, press, heavy movement' (epic II.)  with ῥιπίζω (d1a-, éx-, etc.) [v.] 'to cause a gust of wind, kindle, fan' (Ηρ. Ar., Arist.),  'to hurl (H1d.); ῥίπ-ισις, -topdc, -ἰσμα fanning' (late); back-formed from ῥιπή; ῥιπίς,

XXXXXεἶδος [f.] 'fanner' (com, AP); on εὔ-ρῖπος 5.» 2. ῥῖψις (διά-, ἀπό-, etc.) [f.] 'throwing, hurling' (Hp. Att. Arist.) with (ἀπο-)ῥίψιμος 'to be thrown away' (late); also rpryidac (Mantinea), cf. Kretschmer Glotta 5 (1914): 265; 3. (δια-)ῥίμματα [n.pl.] 'heavy movements, bolts' (Arion, X.); 4. ῥῖφή (δια-, ano-) [f.] 'cast, throwing back and forth' (Pratin. Lyr., Lyc.; after ῥ᾽ φῆναι); 5. ῥιπτός 'cast, thrown' (S. Tr.), μητρό-ρριπτός (Dosiad.); 6. ῥιτιτικός 'capable of throwing' (comm. Arist.); 7. frequentative ῥιπτάζω, -άσαι [v.] 'to thrust back and forth' (epic © 257), with -ασμός (Hp. Plu.), -αστικός (M. Ant.).

    *ETYM The regular character of the morphological system, which is completely built  on an element fptn- (secondarily shortened to Fpin-), shows that it is a (relatively)  late creation. The root has no convincing etymology. Although MLG wriven 'to rub,  wipe, scour, draw', MHG riven 'to turn rubbing' matches formally (Pok. 1159), the  semantic gap is considerable; moreover, the IE preform *ur-iH-p- then needed is  highly implausible. Instead, we could consider Pre-Greek origin for this etymon. See  also ▶︎ piy.

XXXXXῥίς, ῥῖνός [f] 'nose', of man and animal, plur. ῥῖνες 'nostrils, nose' (IL).

    *VAR Late also piv.

    *COMP ῥιν-ηλατέω 'to seek out with the nose, trace' (A.), cf. on »ἐλαύνω; eb-ptc,  -ptvog 'having a good nose, examining keenly' (A., S.), also et-pivog 'id' (late); the  second member is extensively dealt with in Sommer 1948: 87ff.

    *DER ptvia [pl.] 'nostrils' (Arist.), ῥινάω [v.] 'to lead by the nose' (com.).

    *ETYM The word pic replaced the old IE designation of the nose (e.g. Lat. ndrés,  ndsus, Skt. nas-). It is formed like ἴς and &¢ (cf. Schwyzer: 5707), but has no certain  etymology. The proposal by Meier-Briigger MSS 51 (1990): 125-128 to reconstruct *sr-  ih,-n-, a derivative of the root for 'top, point' seen in Hitt. Ser 'above', is interesting,  but not compelling either. The word may well be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXpioxos [m.] 'chest, box' to preserve adornment and money (Antiph., Hell.).

    *COMP ῥισκο-φύλαξ, -άκιον 'treasurer; treasure room' (Hell.).

    *ETYM Probably a loan word, like MoE chest, coffer and other synonyms. According  to Donatus (on Ter. Eun. 754), it is of Phrygian origin, a path followed by Thumb  1901, who considers Celtic to be the ultimate source (cf. Oly. rtisc '[basket made of]  bark'); the word would have reached Greek from Galatian through Phrygian because

===Pag_1340: Beekes_Página_1340.tiff=== XXXXXῥόδον 1289 of the change u > i. The word was borrowed as Lat. riscus (note the synonymous rhyming word fiscus, of debated origin).

XXXXXpiy, ῥτπός [f.] 'willow rod, wickerwork, wattled mat, wattle' (Od. Hdt., Ar.). <?>

    *VAR Later also [m.], also ῥῖπος [f.] (ν.1. Hdt. 2, 96, Cyrene IV*), [m.] (Hell.).

    *ETYM No agreement outside Greek. It was connected with ῥίπτω long ago (Persson  1891: 165), assuming a basic meaning 'turn, wind' for both. However, this connection  fails due to the weak semantics; cf. also ▶︎ pintw.

XXXXXpoa [f.] 'pomegranate', tree and fruit (Od.). ὍΝ ΑΚ Accented pod by Hdn. Gr.; epic Ion. pou}; also ῥοιά (Ar., Arist, etc.).

    *DER ῥοΐδιον [n.] 'little pomegranate' (Men., pap. ΠΡ), ῥοΐδια (cod. pudia): pod ἢ ῥοιά  (H.); ῥοιάς, -άδος [f.] 'poppy' (Dsc.), after the flowers, see Stromberg 1940: 52; powv,  -@vac [m.] 'pomegranate plantation' (LXX).

    *ETYM The series pot : ῥοιά : Pda can be compared with χροιή: -o1d : -da. If not a  loan word (Schwyzer: 348 and 469), it is perhaps related to péw (Stromberg 1940: 52)  because of the richness of the juice. The original form may have been *por-td, i.e. a  \a-derivation from ῥοῦς 'stream'; cf. σκοπ-ιά (: σκοπός), ἐσχατ-ιά (: ἔσχατος), etc. Cf. further the plant names ▶︎ ῥοῦς [m.] 'sumach' and ▶︎ ῥύτρος; they are certainly not  related to ῥέω (Strémberg l.c.). Apart from a connection with péw, a Pre-Greek  origin remains a serious option for pda.

XXXXXῥόβιλλος [?] - βασιλίσκος ὄρνις (H.). «ρα» 'ΕΤῪΜ According to Specht ΚΖ 68 (1943): 35 and Specht 1944: 146, related to Pol. wrobel 'sparrow. On -ἰλζλ)ος in bird names, cf. Chantraine 1933: 249; cf. also Thompson 1895 s.v. Is the word instead Pre-Greek?

XXXXXῥογός [m.] = σιτοβόλιον, ie. 'depot of cereals' (Tab. Heracl. 1, 102, Epich.). <?>

    *ETYM Attributed to the Sicilians by Poll. 9, 45. Etymology unknown.

XXXXXpoddavn, ῥοδανός -'ῥαδινός. Ν

XXXXXῥόδον [π.] 'rose' (h. Cer.). «τὴν Iran.2>

    *VAR Aeol. Bpddov.

    *DIAL Myc. wo-do-we /wordo-wen/, epithet of oil (Chadwick and Baumbach Glotta  41 (1963): 243; Lejeune 1958-1963: 26).

    *COMP E.g. ῥοδο-δάκτυλος 'rosy-fingered', epithet of Hwc (Hom.), βροδο-δάκτυλος  of the moon (Sapph.), cf. Leumann 1950: 18°; Kvvd-ppodov [n.] 'dog rose, Rosa  canina' (Thphr.), see Stromberg 1940: 30 and 98.

    *DER 1. pod-éa, -én, -ἢ [f.] 'rose tree' (Archil.); 2. -(e)wv, -(ε)ῶνος [m.] 'bed of roses'  (AP, pap.) with -ὠνιά [f.] 'bed of roses, rose garden, rose tree' (Hecat.); 3. τη [f.] 'bed  of roses' (Mycale IV*); 4. -Getc 'of roses' (Ῥ 186, B., E. [lyr.]), -εος 'id, roselike' (poet. h. Cer.), τινος 'of roses' (Anacr.); on the adjectives see 5. Schmid 1950: 47', Zumbach  1955: 14, and Forderer Gnomon 30 (1958): 96; 5. -dptov [n.] 'rose ornament' (pap.),  -ic, -ίδος [f.] 'rose pastille' (Dsc.); 6. -ἰτης [m.] 'rose wine' (Dsc.), -ittg [f.] name of a  stone, because of the color (Plin.); 7. -ovvtia [f.] 'dish flavoured with roses' (Ath.), as  if from ἐῥοδοῦς; 8. -ἰζω [v.] 'to cover with roses', of a tomb, with -ἰσμός, -iova [pl.]=

===Pag_1341: Beekes_Página_1341.tiff===

Lat. Rosalia (Asia Minor), also 'to make smell like roses' (Thphr., Alex. Aphr.), intr. 'to resemble a rose' (Dsc.); 9. Perhaps also the name of the island Ῥόδος (Georgacas Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 6 (1955): 155)?

    *ETYM On the basis of Aeol. Bpddov, we can reconstruct PGr. Fpddov. The word is  certainly borrowed from the East, probably like Arm. vard 'rose' from Olran. *urda-  (cf. MoP gul 'id'; Schwyzer: 3447; on Aram. ward@ and Arab. ward 'id', Arab. warada 'bloom', waruda 'be red', cf. Mayrhofer Arch. Orbis 18 (1950): 74; Mayrhofer  Sprache 7 (1961): 185). Lat. rosa was probably borrowed from Greek, but the details  are unlear (see WH s.v.).

XXXXXῥόθος [m.] 'roar (of waves, of oars)', metaphorically 'noise' in general (Hes., A. Opp.); 'path, trai? (Nic; Boeot. acc. to Plu. in Hes. 13).

    *VAR See below.

    *COMP Often as a second member, e.g. ἁλί-ρροθος 'roared around by the sea' (trag.,  Mosch.), ταχύ-ρροθοι λόγοι 'quickly rushing words' (A.); παλι-ρρόθιος 'rushing  back' (Od., Hell. epic). On ▶︎ ἐπίρροθος, see s.v.

    *DER ῥόθιος, [f.] -ἰάς 'roaring, clamorous' (epic € 412, also late prose), mostly -tov  [n.sg.] and -ta [n.pl.] 'roaring wave(s), breaking(s), high-tide; loud stroke of the oar',  metaphorically 'noise, bluster, rush' (poet. Pi., trag. [mostly lyr.], also late prose). From ῥόθος are derived (probably denominative, cf. Schwyzer: 726) ῥοθέω [v.] 'to  roar, clamour' (A., S.), also with ἐπι-, dta-; ὁμο-, κακο-ρροθέω = ὁμο-, κακο-λογέω  (Hp., 5..ὄ E., Ar.); from ῥόθιον: ῥοθι-άζω [v.] 'to make a rushing sound (with the oar)'  (com.).

    *ETYM This etymon has no convincing etymology. Segmentation as *sr-ed'- (to ser-  'stream') makes little sense. In view of the variation attested in the gloss ῥάθαγος =  ῥόθος (sch. Nic. Th. 194, H.) and ῥαθα- = ῥοθο-πυγίζω, we have to assume that  ῥόθος is a Pre-Greek word. On ▶︎ ῥάθαγος, see ▶︎ ῥαθαπυγίζω.

XXXXXῥοῖβδος [m.] 'buzzing, whistling, hissing noise', of arrows, winds (S., Ar.). «ΡΟ»

    *DER Besides ῥοιβδέω [v.] 'to buzz (etc.); make buzz' (A, Q. S., AP), also with ἀπο-,  ἐπι-; prefixed also of birds, 'to squawk, caw' (S., Thphr., Nonn.); ῥοίβδημα [n.] =  ῥοῖβδος (S.), -yot¢ [f.] 'whistling' (E. [lyr.]); -ηδόν 'with a hissing noise' (Q. S.), also  connected with ῥοῖβδος; ἐπιρροίβδην < -βδ-δηὴν 'in a rushing attack' (E. [troch.]).

    *ETYM The word poiBdoc, a poetic onomatopoeia, has the same suffix as kéAadac,  ἄραδος, and other words for sounds; for the -B-, one may compare φλοῖσβος,  ὄτοβος, etc. (on the root, cf. Haas 1956: 132 f.). Since the word strongly recalls  ▶︎ ῥοῖζος and ▶︎ ῥυβδέω and, moreover, the -βὸ- in the suffix is certainly not of Indo-  European origin, the word is probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXῥοῖζος [m.] 'buzzing, rushing, humming', of arrows, wings, water, etc. (epic Π 361, Hell.).

XXXXX

    *VAR [f.] in 1 315; cf. Schwyzer 1950: 34'.

    *COMP As a second member in ἁλί-ρροιζος 'roared around by the sea' (Nonn.).

    *DER 1, Adjective ῥοιζ-ώδης (medic.), -ἥεις (Hell. inscr., Nonn.), -aiog (Orac. Chald.)  'buzzing, rushing, humming, etc.'; 2. adverb -ηδόν (Nic, Lyc., 2. Ep. Pet.), -ηδά  (Nic.) 'with rushing, with humming'; 3. ῥοιζέω [v.] 'to buzz, hum, hiss, rush; make

===Pag_1342: Beekes_Página_1342.tiff=== XXXXXῥοφέω 1201 buzz, etc.' (epic K 502, Hell.), also with ἐπι-, ἀνα-, etc; thence ῥοίζ-ημα [n.] (Ar.),

XXXXXτησις [f.] (Aq.) 'buzz, buzzing', -1twp [m.] 'noisemaker' (Orph.).

    *ETYM An onomatopoeic word, similar to ▶︎ ῥοῖβδος, and likewise without    etymology. If related to ῥοῖβδος, ῥοῖζος is certainly of Pre-Greek origin, but even if  unrelated, such an origin may still be considered.

XXXXXῥοικός = pikvdc.

XXXXXῥόμβος -οῥέμβομαι.

XXXXXῥόμος [3] - σκώληξ ἐν ξύλοις (Arc. apud H.). <?>

    *VAR  Cod. -οξ, which probably intruded from the following entry.

    *ETYM Frisk tried to connect the Indo-European word for worm; cf. Lat. vermis, Go. waurms 'worn', ORu. vermie 'locust, worms' (all < PIE *urm-), Lith. vatmas 'gnat' <  PIE *uorm- (Pok. 1152). However, this is based on difficult assumptions: either ῥόμος  is a dialectal form for *Payoc, which would reflect PGr. *wrmo- (allegedly seen in the    Boeot. PN Fapjuxoc), or a non-dialectal form *Fpdjtocg has a wrong o-grade for IE  *uorm-.

XXXXXῥόμιξα [τ] - εἶδος ἀκοντίου (H.).

    *ETYM The ending -ἰξα is compared with σόρνιξα by Fur.: 360; the word may be Pre-  Greek.

XXXXXῥομφαία [f.] a large broad sword, used by the Thracians acc. to Phylarch. and Plu. Aem. 18 (LXX, NT, J., etc.); also = νυκτερίς, bat' (Cyran.). <?>

    *ETYM The origin is unclear; as so many weapon terms, it was perhaps borrowed  from Thracian. However, the formation may be Greek, as -aia is also found in  κεραία, kapuvaia, αὐλαία, and other instrument names and concrete objects. The  word ῥομφεῖς: ἱμάντες, οἷς ῥάπτεται τὰ ὑποδήματα 'straps by which shoes are  stitched' (H.) is formally closer. Bofhardt 1942: 5228 posits a noun ἔῥομφή [f.] 'curving, curvation, hook', from a  verb "ῥέμφω 'curve', as the basis for both ῥομφεῖς and ῥομφαία. Cf. ῥέμφος and  > ῥάμφος;,; see also WH on rum pus.

XXXXXῥομφεῖς -οῥομφαία.

XXXXXῥόπαλον, ῥοπή, ῥόπτρον -᾿ῥέπω.

XXXXXῥοῦς [m., Ε] 'sumach, Rhus coriatia' (Dsc.). <?>

    *ETYM Etymology unknown; the connection with péw is wrong (André Latomus 15    (1956): 304ff.).

XXXXXῥούσ(σλεος, potatos [adj.] 'reddish', especially as a designation of the red faction in the Circus (Lyd., late inscr.); also οἱ ῥουσσᾶτοι (Lyd.).

    *DER povoitw [v.] 'to be reddish' (Gp.).

    *ETYM Borrowed from Lat. russeus, russdtus.

XXXXXῥοφέω [v.] 'to slurp, gulp', also nasalized ῥυμφάνω (Hp.), see Bechtel 1921(3): 198. 41Ε *s(e)rb' 'slurp' >

===Pag_1343: Beekes_Página_1343.tiff===

    *VAR Fut. ῥοφήσομαι, -w, aor. ῥοφῆσαι (Ar. X., Arist; also Hp.), Ion. (Hippon., Hp.)  ῥυφέω, -ῆσαι, also ῥυμφάνω (JJouanna RPA. 55 (1981): 205-13); rarely -dw (late).

    *COMP Also with ἐκ-, dva-, kaTa-, etc.

    *DER ῥόφ-ημα (ῥύφ-) [n.] 'thick broth, soup' (Hp., Arist.), originally a 'slurped meal',  with -ημάτιον (A. D.), -ηματώδης 'soup-like' (medic.); -ἡσις (ἀνα-, Kata-) [f.]  'slurping' (Arist, medic.), -ητός 'apt for slurping' (Str. medic.), -ητικός 'slurping'  (δῖ); also ῥόμμα = ῥόφημα, ῥοπτός = ῥοφητός (Hp. apud Gal.), as if from ῥόφω  (EM); ῥόφισμα [n.] (Cyran.).

    *ETYM The word pogéw is an iterative-intensive formation. Most cognates represent  a zero grade IE *srb'-: Arm. arbi [aor.} 'T drank', Lith. surbti, 1sg. surbiu 'to suck',  OCS srobati, Ru. serbdt' 'to slurp', Lat. sorbed 'id'. However, instead of being a zero  grade form, ῥυφέω is rather an (onomatopoeic) by-form (see Tichy 1983: 84, pace  Schwyzer: 351f.). A primary full grade present is retained in Lith. srebits, srébti 'to eat  (liquid food) with a spoon' < IE *sreb'-, another full grade IE *sorb*- is found in Alb. gierp 'slurp' (probably < *sorb'-eie/o-, Huld 1984: 143). The forms ῥόμμα and ῥοπτός  seem to go back to a primary verb with remarkable o-vocalism, probably after  ῥοφέω. Perhaps the root is also found in Iranian (Psht. rawdal 'suck', etc; Morgenstierne  1927 s.v.). Cf. ▶︎ ῥυβδέω.

XXXXXῥοχθέω [v.] 'to rush, roar', especially of sea-waves (Od., A. R., Opp.), also ἀνα- (Orph.). < ONOM>

    *DER ῥόχθος [m.] 'rushing, roaring' (Lyc., Nic.), probably ἃ back-formation  (Schwyzer: 726°).

    *ETYM Sound words without etymology. Note the formal similarity with semantically  close ῥόθος, ῥοῖζος, ῥοῖβδος; the medial -χθ- may be compared with μόχθος,  βρόχθος, ὀχθέω, etc. Cf. on ▶︎ ὀρεχθέω.

XXXXXῥύαξ, ῥυάχετος -οῥέω.

XXXXXῥυβδέω [v.] 'to slurp in, up'; καταρυβδήσας: καταπιών, ῥοφήσας 'having swallowed, having gulped down' (H.).

    *VAR  Aor. ῥυβδῆσαι (μ 106), the simplex only here.

    *COMP With dava- (μ 104f., 236), ἐκ- (Mnesim. 4, 17).

    *ETYM The variant with v, more frequently written οἱ in the manuscripts (after  poiBdéw), is confirmed by the word-play with Χάρυβδις (Bechtel 1914 s.v. ῥοιβδέω,  Wackernagel 1916: 83). The word is without doubt related to pugéw (see ▶︎ ῥοφέω);  the cluster 85 may be analogical after ῥοιβδέω. An adverb ῥύβδιν (written ot) =  δαψιλῶς is cited by Phot. (accordingly, Bergk corrects Hippon. 35 ῥύδην to ῥύβδην,  which is hardly correct; see Masson ad loc.).

XXXXXῥυβόν [n.] = τὸ ἐπικαμπὲς παρὰ τοῖς Αἰολεῦσιν (Hdn. Gr., EM).

    *VAR Ῥυβᾶς (119), see Bechtel 1917a: 43.

    *ETYM The form ῥυβόν might have been adapted analogically from ῥαιβός after a  word that is semantically close, perhaps ὑβός or γρυπός (Bechtel 1921, 1: 125). Alternatively, it may be a Pre-Greek word.

===Pag_1344: Beekes_Página_1344.tiff=== XXXXXῥὕκάνη 1293

XXXXXῥύγχος [n.] 'snout of a pig, snout, beak' (Stesich., com., Arist., Theoc.).

    *COMP Often as a second member (with transition to the o-stems), e.g. ὀξύτρρυγχος  'with a pointed beak' (Epich.), name of an Egyptian fish (Str., etc.), see Stromberg  1943: 43.

    *DER ῥυγχ-ίον [n.], diminutive (Ar.), -aiva = nasuta (gloss.), -άζω = μυκτηρίζω  (Phot.), -ἰάζειν: διαστρέφειν, ῥογχάζειν 'twist about' (H.).

    *ETYM The word ῥύγχος can hardly be separated from Arm. fng-un-k* [pl.| 'nostrils,  nose' which, if inherited, must go back to IE *srung'- or *sring'- (with secondary  nasalization). Hiibschmann 1897: 486f. assumed borrowing from ῥύγχος. A  connection with péykw, ▶︎ ῥέγχω 'to snore' has been considered.

XXXXXῥύζα - βία. ἡ τοῦ τόξου τάξις 'strength, force; the arrangement of a bow (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXῥύζω [v.] 'to growl, grumble', of a dog (Hermipp., Poll.), also 'to screak', of a falcon (Poll.).

    *VAR Or -éw.

    *ETYM A sound word, like ▶︎ ῥάζω; for the v-vocalism, cf. ἰύζω, γρύζω, μύζω, etc.

XXXXXῥυθμός [m.] 'regular movement, beat, rhythm, measure, consistence, proportion, form' (IA, Archil, Thgn., A.), defined as ἡ τῆς κινήσεως τάξις by Pl. Lg. 665a.

    <IE  *sreu- 'stream', *sru-d"mo->

    *VAR Ion. ῥυσμός.

    *COMP Often as a second member, eg. εὔτρυθμος 'with a beautifully regular  movement, rhythmical, well-proportioned', with -ia [f.] (Att.).

    *DER ῥυθμ-ικός [adj.] 'rhythmic' (Ρ].), see Chantraine 1956a: 135; -ἰος 14. (Hdn. Gr.);  -i€w [v.] 'to make regular, organize, set up, instruct, form' (1A), also with prefix, esp. μετα-; -Ew 'to organize, determine' (Athens V*), -όομαι 'to develop' (Democr. 197 [-  σμ-]; -6w uncertain ibd. 33).

    *ETYM The short ὕ (. g. A. Ch. 797) forbids connection with ἔρυμαι, ῥύομαι 'to avert,  protect' and ῥῦτήρ 'protector, guardian', with or éptw 'to draw' and potip 'rein'. Instead, the connection with péw 'flow, stream' must be correct, 'streaming' typically  being a quiet and steady movement. For the meaning of ῥυθμός, cf. Wolf 1947,    Leemans Ant.class. 17 (1948): 403ff. and Waltz RELat. 26 (1948): 109ff; cf. also  Sandoz 1971: 58-77.

XXXXXpixavy [f.] 'plane' (AP 6, 204).

    *DER ῥυκάν-ησις [f.] 'planing' (Bito IL-II*, puy-), from ῥυκαν-άω; puxav-ilw [v.] 'to  plane' (gloss.).

    *ETYM The word ῥύὔκάνη has the same formation as oxandvn, Spendvn, and other  instrument names, but the root is unknown. Wackernagel's suggestion  (Wackernagel KZ 67 (1942): 176) to connect Skt. sriic- 'offering spoon' fails to  account forthe meaning. Lat. runcina 'plane' (with -n- after runcdre 'to weed', or  perhaps with distant assimilation) is certainly borrowed from Greek: since ῥυκάνη

===Pag_1345: Beekes_Página_1345.tiff===

has no initial vowel, a genetic relation with the Lat. word can be excluded. A Pre- Greek origin is certainly a possibility for this word.

XXXXXῥῦμα 1 [n.] 'tow, towing rope' (Plb., Ὁ. H.).

    *DER ῥύμη 'pull, press', ῥυμός 'tension wood, pole of a chariot', ῥύσιον 'spoils',  ῥυστάζω 'to drag to and fro', ῥυτήρ 'rein', etc. >épbu.

XXXXXῥῦμα 2 [n.] 'protection'.

    *DER ῥύσιος 'freeing, saving', ῥυσί-πολις 'protecting the city', ῥυτήρ 'protector', etc. = ἔρυμαι.

XXXXXῥύμβος -'οῥέμβομαι. %

XXXXXῥύμη [f.] 'street, alley' (since IV*).

    *ETYM From ῥύμη 'tow, press' (s.v. ▶︎ ῥῦμα 1), with a semantic development to a more  concrete meaning, i.e. 'where the crowd presses'. See ▶︎ ἐρύω.

XXXXXῥύμμα Ξοῥύπος.

XXXXXῥυμουλκέω [v.] 'to pull the towing rope, tow, take in tow' (Hell.).

    *ETYM A technical term of the nautical language, ῥυμουλκέω may derive from *pup-  ουλκός 'who draws by a line; who tows a boat', or directly from ῥύματι ἕλκειν 'draw  the tow-line' after other verbs in -oAKéw, e.g. νεωλκέω (to νεωλκός, ναῦν ἕλκειν),  πλινθουλκέω (to πλινθουλκόςΣ cf. Schwyzer: 726. The first member is ῥῦμα 'tow-  line', rather than ῥυμός 'pole (of a chariot)', as argued by Georgacas Glotta 6 (1958):    18o0f. Borrowed into Latin as remulcum [n.] ''tow-rope' (since Caes.), -dre 'to take in  tow' (Non.).

XXXXXῥύομαι --ἔρυμαι.

XXXXXῥύπος [m.] 'filth, uncleanliness (eg. in the eary (Semon., Att.), metaphorically 'sealing wax' (Ar. Lys. 1198). <?>

    *VAR ῥύπα [n.pl.] 'filthy clothes, laundry' (ζ 93); ῥύπος [n.] 'whey' (Hp. Mul. 1, 64),  after λίπος, ete.

    *COMP ῥυπο-κόνδυλος 'having filthy knuckles' (com.), fyul-pputtos 'half dirty' (Hp.).

    *DER 1. Adjectives: ῥυπ-όεις 'dirty' (Nic. AP), -ὠδης 'id' (Dsc., Vett. Val.); on  ῥυπαρός see below. 2. Verbs: a) ῥυπ-άω (epic lengthening to -dw, -dwvta) 'to be dirty' (Od, Ar., etc,  because of the meaning hardly with Chantraine 1942: 357 from ῥύπα, rather from  ῥύπος with analogical -dw); b) ῥυπ-όομαι (ῥερυπωμένος ζ 59), also with kata-, 'to be  smudged' (Hp. Hell. inscr.), -Gw 'to smudge' (late); c) ῤύπτ-ομαι, -w, also with ἀπο-,  etc., 'to clean (oneself), wash (oneselfY (Ar. Antiph., Arist.) with pumt-txdc 'apt for  washing' (Pl. Ti. Arist, εἴς), -τήριον = καθαρτήριον (Suid.), ῥύψις (ἀπό-) [f.]  'cleaning, washing' (Pl. Ti.). Besides, ῥυπαρός 'dirty' (IA) with -ia [f.] 'filth, dirty  convictions' (Critias, late), τότης [f.] 'id' (Ath.); ῥυπαίνω, also with xata-, etc., 'to  besmudge, dishonor' (Att) with ῥύπασμα [n.] 'filth' (Apollon. Lex.) as μίασμα:  μιαίνω.

===Pag_1346: Beekes_Página_1346.tiff=== XXXXXῥῦτός 1295

    *ETYM No convincing etymology. The word ῥυπαρός may have been formed from  punaivw after the synonymous pair μιαρός : juaivw, but it remains uncertain  whether it was an old r/n-stem (Benveniste 1935: 19), or built analogically from  ῥύπος. The seemingly primary ῥύπτομαι, -w can be secondary to ῥύπος after τύπτω :  τύπος, etc. (possibly also influenced by synonymous νίπτομαι, -w). The connection with the Slav. word for 'scab, itch, crust of a wound', e.g. OCS  strupd, Ru. strup < IE *sroupo- or *sreupo-.

XXXXXῥυππαπαῖ [interj.] 'cry of Athenian rowers' (Ar.).

    *VAR Also ῥυπαπαῖ (AB).

    *ETYM An onomatopoeia.

XXXXXῥύσιον —é~pvpat.

XXXXXῥύσις = péw.

XXXXXῥῦσός [adj.] 'shrivelled, shrunk, wrinkled' (1503). <?>

    *VAR In the manuscripts, variants with -σσ- are attested. On pitic, -ίδος, see below.

    *COMP Some compounds, eg. ἔν-ρυσος 'somewhat wrinkled' (Dsc.), see Strémberg  1946: 128.

    *DER 1. ῥυσ-αλέος 'id' (Nic.), see αὐαλέος, etc; 2. -ῷδης 'with a wrinkled appearance'  (AP, εἴς); 3. τότης [f.] 'wrinkledness' (Plu.); 4. ῥυσίλλας: τὰς ῥυτίδας 'wrinkles' (H.),  cf. Chantraine 1933: 252, Schwyzer: 485; 5. ῥυσ-όομαι, -όω 'to shrivel, wrinkle  (oneself) (Arist.), with -wotg [f.] (Gal.); 6. -αίνομαι 'id' (Nic., AP). Further: pitic, -ίδος [f.] 'wrinkle, fold' (Ar. Pl.), Aeol. βρύτιδες (EM); ῥυτιδ-ώδης =  ῥυσώδης, ῥυτιδ-όομαι, -όω = ῥυσόομαι, -6w (Hp. Arist.), ῥυτίδ-ωσις [f.] 'wrinkling'  (medic.), τωμα [n.] 'wrinkle' (sch.). Probably related too are ῥυτίσματα [pl.] (Men.),  acc. to Phot. = τῶν διερρυηκότων ἱματίων τὰ ἀποπληρώματα 'patch, piece of cloth'.

    *ETYM The word ῥυσός can be compared with λοξός, κομψός, yavodc, and other  expressive adjectives in -σός (Chantraine 1933: 434, Chantraine 1956a: 17). For putic,  DELG and Frisk adduce mnxtic, ξυστίς, Soxic, etc., assuming derivation from *pv-tH,  -tévvel sim. with a diminutive suffix -i5-. Solmsen's comparison (IF 31, 463) with ▶︎ ἐρύω 'draw, pull, snatch' < *ueru- is  formally possible, but this does not furnish an IE etymology. The (imperfect)  similarity with Lat. riéga 'wrinkle, fold' and Lith. raitkas 'id' is accidental.

XXXXXporn [f.] 'rue, Ruta graveolens' (Nic., Ps.-Dsc.); acc. to sch. Nic. Th. 523, Peloponnesian for πήγανον; cf. puta ... πήγανον λευκόν 'white rue' (H.).

    *ETYM The etymology is unexplained; Osthoff MU 5 (1890): 76ff. connected Lat. riimex 'sorrel' (cf. WH s.v.). Lat. rita is probably borrowed from Greek (Krogmann  WuS 19 (1938): 133 considers both to be independent loans from a Mediterranean  language); English rue is borrowed from French rue, which continues the same Latin  word.

XXXXXῥῦτός [adj.] only in ῥυτοῖσιν λάεσσι (ζ 267, ξ 10), for which the sense 'dragged stones' does not make really good sense. < PG?>

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    *ETYM The connection with »éptw 'to draw' is formally possible, but ποῖ  semantically evident; Schulze's suggestion (Q. 318) to connect Lat. rita (caesa) 'dug  out (and felledY must be dismissed because the latter derives from ruo 'to dig' <  *HreuH- (cf. De Vaan 2008 s.v.). According to Deroy REGr. 67 (1954): iff, it is of  Pre-Greek origin and cognate with Lat. raidera (which would be Etruscan; cf. Chamoux REGr. 65 (1952): 284).

XXXXXῥύτρος [n.} 'plant with pricking extremities, Echinops Viscosus' (Thphr.). <?>

    *ETYM Strémberg 1940: 52 derived the word from ῥέω, which is a mere guess.

XXXXXῥῶ [n.] name of the letter p (Ar., Pl., etc.). «ἫΝ ' Sem. >

    *VAR Indeclinable.

    *DER ῥωτακίζειν = τῷ Pp στοιχείῳ συνεχῶς χρῆσθαι (Suid.) after "ἰωτα-κίζειν in  ἰωτακισμός (see on ἰῶτα); ῥωβικός [adj.] 'unable to pronounce the ῥ᾽ (Ὁ. L.), after  συλλαβικός, τριβικός, etc.

    *ETYM Borrowed from Sem. rés (beside rés); see Schwyzer: 140.

XXXXXῥωβίδας [m.] name of seven-year-old Spartans (Λέξεις Ἡροδότου). «3»

    *ETYM The formation is the same as that of the patronyms in -ίδας (Schwyzer: 509),  but the root is unexplained.

XXXXXῥώδιγγες [2] - πληγαὶ ὕφαιμοι διακεκομμέναι. of δὲ μώλωπες 'spots bloodshot by hitting; bruises' (H.).

    *VAR ῥώτιγγες.

    *ETYM Frisk's suggestions that the variant ῥώτιγγες (H.) is secondary for ῥώδιγγες,  or that the latter is analogical after σμώδιγγες, can be dismissed. Instead, the  variation 5/1 and the suffix -tyy- point to Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXῥώθωνες [m.pl.] 'nostrils' (Nic, Ὁ. H.,, Str., εἴς), rarely -wv [sg.] (Heracl. apud Gal, etc.); ῥώθυνες: μυκτῆρες 'nostrils' (H.).

    *ETYM The formation is the same as in πώγων, γνάθων, etc., but the root is  unknown. Usually, ῥόθος 'roaring' is connected, which presupposes an original  meaning 'snorer, rattler' (Pok. 1002); Fraenkel Glotta 32 (1953): 31ff. recalls ῥέθος. Alternatively, one could consider a Pre-Greek origin for this word.

XXXXXῥώκομαι [v.] - ὀργίζομαι, λυποῦμαι 'to be distressed' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Perhaps related to ▶︎ ῥωχω, s.v.

XXXXXῥώννυμι [v.] 'to strengthen, invigorate'; med. 'to be(come) strong; insist on sth., be determined' (Pherecyd., Hp.). <?>

    *VAR  Also pres. -bw (Ti. Locr., etc.), aor. ῥῶσαι (Hdt, Att.), pass. ῥωσθῆναι, fut. pwow (Att.), very often perf. med. with pres. meaning ἔρρωμαι (Att.).

    *COMP Also with ém-, dva-.

    *DER ῥώ-μη [f.] 'strength, vigour, power' with -μαλέος 'strong' (IA), -σις (ἐπί-, dva-)  [f.] 'strengthening', -στικός 'strengthening, strong' (late), -στήριον' παρορμητήριον  'stimulation' (Phot.), -σταξ [m.] 'hold, support, bearer' (Tz.), d-ppwotog 'weak,  indisposed', with appwot-ia, -éw, -ημα, etc. (IA); ῥωρός: σφοδρός 'vehement' (H.).

===Pag_1348: Beekes_Página_1348.tiff=== XXXXXῥώψ2 1297

    *ETYM The regular stem formation with generalized pw(c)- cannot be old; in any  case, the present is an innovation (literature in Schwyzer: 697). The form  ῥωσκομένως 'with power' (Hp.) indicates a newly built present ἐῥώσκομαι. A  connection with ▶︎ pwouat seems possible. Alternatively, Rikov Glotta 66 (1988): 124f. has proposed a connection with Skt. sdra-: ῥώμη, ῥώσις would continue *srh,-,  whereas the Skt. could derive from a secondary anit root.

XXXXXῥώξ 1 'tore'. κοῥήγνυμι.

XXXXXῥws 2 'grape'. =pak.

XXXXXῥώομαι [v.] 'to move intensively or with effort, brisk about; dance' (II.). 4 IE *srh;ie/o- 'move violently' vel sim.>

    *VAR  Almost exclusively 3plLipf. and aor.: pwovto, éppwovto, éppwoavto (IL, epic);  further, also epic (late and rare) pweto (Nic.), pwovd' (= -ται, Ὁ. P.), ῥώσονται  (Call.), ἐπίρρωσαι (AP).

    *COMP Often with ém- (rare and late ava-, ovv-).

    *ETYM The words ῥῶσαι, ἔρρωμαι, and ῥώννυμι can perhaps be connected; péw, on  the other hand, is rather not related (Schwyzer: 349 and 722); on ῥωσκομένως, see  > ῥώννυμι. Kloekhorst 2008 s.v. Sarhiie/a-' follows a proposal of Cop (1955a: 398) to  connect ῥώομαι to the Hittite word, the meaning of which is not completely certain,  but must be something like 'to attack'. The Hittite and the Greek suggest a preform  *srh,-ie/o-.

XXXXXῥῶπος [m.] 'odds and ends, tinsel, trumpery' (A., D., Arist.). <?>

    *COMP As a first member in ῥωπο-πώλης [m.] 'seller of petty wares' (LXX, H.).

    *DER ῥωπ-ικός 'belonging to tinsel, false, worthless' (Plb., Plu, AP), -evetv-  ῥωποπωλεῖν 'to deal in petty wares' (H.); also -ίζω (Ion Trag.; meaning unclear)?

    *ETYM No etymology; perhaps related to ▶︎ pwy.

XXXXXῥωχμός -οῥήγνυμι. {

XXXXXῥώχω [v.] 'to hiss, rattle' (Sor.). 42>

    *VAR ῥώχειν: βρύχειν τοῖς ὀδοῦσι 'to bite with or grind the teeth' (H.); ῥωχμός [m.]  (v.ll. pwy-, pox-, Poy-) 'hissing' (medic.).

    *ETYM These are all sound-imitating words; cf. ▶︎ ῥάζω.

XXXXXῥώψ 1 [f.] - βοτάνη ἁπαλή 'a delicate grass' (H.).

    *VAR Plur. ῥῶπες [f.] 'brushwood, low shrub wood, shrubbery, bush' (Od., Lib.).

    *DER ῥωπ-ήϊα [pl.] (L), -fov [n.] (Ὁ. C.), -άς [f.] (Opp.), -a& [m.] (Suid.) 'id.'; -ἤεις  'overgrown with bush' (Ὁ. 5.).

    *ETYM The word pwy may be related to ▶︎ ῥαπίζω, χρυσό-ρραπις (with ▶︎ ῥάβδος,  ▶︎ ῥάμνος), and also to »ῥέπω, ▶︎ ῥέμβομαι, but connections outside Greek are not  found. The word may be of Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXῥώψ 2 [?] Egyptian word for 'ship'; cf. πλοῖον nanvptvov, ὃ καλεῖται Αἰγυπτιστὶ poy (UPZ 8&1: II 7 [Ptol.]); also ρωμσις 'id? (pap.); miswritten in ῥώνιξις: ποταμίας νεὼς εἶδος 'kind of river ship' (HL), see Lidén Glotta 42, 149 with literature.

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    *ETYM Borrowed from Eg. rms 'ship' (see also Schwyzer: 277).

===Pag_1350: Beekes_Página_1350.tiff=== XXXXXΣ

XXXXXσά [interr. pron.) = τίνα, in σά μάν = τί μήν 'how so?' (Megar. in Ar. Ach. 757, 784). IE *k"i- 'who?'>

    *ETYM Like Boeot. τά (Pi. O. 1, 82), σά reflects ἔκι-α, ntr.plur. of τίς 'who?. It is  formally identical to OLat. quia-nam 'why?', going back to IE *k"i-h,. It is also found  in Ion. &-coa, Att. &-tta (see Schwyzer: 616, 319); cf. on ▶︎ τίς.

XXXXXσαβακός [adj.] 'damaged, rotten', of inner organs (Hp.), 'effeminate, womanish' (AP), = ὁ σαθρός. Χῖοι 'unsound (Chios) (H.); on the meaning Luck Phil. 100 (1956): 275f.

    *DER Besides, σαβάξας' δια-σκεδάσας, διασαλεύσας 'scattering through, shaking  through' (H.); σαβάκτης [m.] 'the shatterer', a house-goblin (Hom. Epigr. 14, 9), fem. σαβακτίδες: ὀστράκινα ζῴδια 'earthen figures' (H.); σαβακῶς: αὐστηρῶς, Enpwe,  τραχέως 'harshly, dry, roughly' (H.).

    *ETYM The formation can be compared with μαλακός, τριβακός, etc., but the  etymology is unknown. Fur.: 241 connects ▶︎ σαυκόν - ξηρόν. Συρακόσιοι 'dry; lean'  (H.), which very strongly suggests Pre-Greek origin for this word.

XXXXXσάβανον [n.] 'large linen cloth' (pap., Alex. Trall.).

    *DER Diminutive -tov [n.].

    *ETYM The word σάβανον is a loan from Semitic, cf. Arab. sabanijjat 'cldth produced  in Saban (near Baghdad (see Lewy 1895: 127; cf. Schwyzer: 308). Borrowed as Lat. sabanum (see WH s.v.); from Latin, or from Greek, were borrowed Go. and OHG  saban 'o.vSev, pall, linen cloth', Ru. sdvan 'pall', εἴς,

XXXXXσαβαρίχις [f.] 'vagina' (Telecl.).

    *VAR Also -iyn (H., Phot.), σαμαρίχη (Theognost.); also σάραβος (H., Phot.; with  metathesis?).

    *ETYM A diminutive formation in -y-, characteristic of lower registers. Wrong  etymologies by Grogelj Ziva Ant. 2 (1952): 215 and Brugmann IF 39 (1917-1921): u14ff. If the variation B/ is old, the word is Pre-Greek; cf. Fur.: 221.

XXXXXσαββάτωσις [f.] referring to a groin disease in Alexandria (Apion, J.).

    *VAR Shortened form σαββώ [f.].

    *ETYM The word is derived from σάβαττα 'sabbath', as it originally denoted a  'sabbath-disease' (on the meaning, see Scheller Glotta 34 (1955): 298ff.). Ultimately of  Aramaic origin.

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XXXXXσάβυττος [m.] - εἴδος ξυρήσεως εἰς καλλωπισμόν ... τινὲς δὲ τὸ γυναικεῖον 'kind of shaving for ornamentation; female genitals' (H.). < PG?(s)> ,

    *VAR  Also -ττῆς (Phot.), -tta [f.] (Com. Adesp.).

    *ETYM Although there is a certain similarity with ▶︎ βύττος - γυναικὸς αἰδοῖον 'female  genitals' (H.), that connection remains uncertain. Cf. also σαβαρίχις and σάκαν- τὸ  τῆς γυναικός (H.); compare further the literature on σαβαρίχις, and see Kretschmer  Glotta 13 (1924): 271, Sommer 1948: 192, and s.v. ▶︎ σαίνω. For σάβυττος, Pre-Greek  origin is certainly worth considering.

XXXXXσάγαρις, -toc, -εως [f.] 'axe, battle axe', used by Scythians, Persians and other peoples (Hdt., X, etc.); acc. to H. = πελέκιον poxdcotoptov 'little one-edged axe'; called ἀμφιθηγής by AP 6, 94. <?> ,

    *ETYM A foreign word without etymology. Alessio Studi etruschi 18 (1945): 142  compared Lat. sagitta 'arrow', Berb. zagaja 'javelin', but one would rather of course  expect ranian origin.

XXXXXσαγή [[Ξσάττω.

XXXXXσαγήνῃ [f.] 'large fishing net, trawl (LXX, NT, Babr., Plu,, etc.).

    *VAR Cypr. ἁγάνα (H.), see Bechtel 1921, 1: 412.

    *COMP As a first member e.g. in σαγηνο-βόλος [m.] 'who casts a net' (AP).

    *DER σαγηναῖος [adj.] 'belonging to the net' (AP); σαγην-εύω [v.] 'to catch with the  net', mostly metaphorically, eg. of soldiers that catch everything alive as they form a  line and sweep over a country (Hdt, Pl, Str. Luc, etc.), with -εὖς [m.] 'net fisher'  (Ὁ. 5., Plu, AP, etc.), back-formation (Bofhardt 1942: 76), -ευτής (Plu., AP), -ευτήρ  (AP) 'id.'; -eia [f.] 'catch by net' (Plu., Him.).

    *ETYM The ending of σαγήνῃ recalls ἀπήνη, εἰρήνιη, etc. The connection with σάττω  (Pok. 1098) is semantically insufficiently founded. Because of the Cypr. by-form and  the attractive connection with ▶︎ σάγουρον with a different suffix, the etymon is  without a doubt Pre-Greek (foreign origin was suggested already by Schwyzer: 490,  322, Lamer IF 48 (1930): 231, and Chantraine 1956a: 10). The word was borrowed into  Latin as sagéna.

XXXXXσάγος [m.] 'woollen cloak, soldier's cloak', e.g. used by Gauls, Hispanics (Plb., Ὁ. S., App. εἴς.) «τὴν Celt.>

    *ETYM The word σάγος was borrowed from Lat. sagus, -um 'id', in turn a loan word  from Celtic (see WH s.v.).

XXXXXσάγουρον [n.] - γυργάθιον 'net' (H.); LSJ gives 'net for suspending substances in fluids', but see also their Supp. <?>

    *ETYM Because of the probable etymological connection with ▶︎ σαγήνη, σάγουρον is  likely to be of Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXσαθέριον [n.] a marine quadruped, not further defined (Arist. HA 594b).

    *VAR  σαθρίον (v.L).

    *ETYM Fur. 190 supposes that the word denotes a beaver, and compares catiptov,  probably 'sorex moschatus' (Arist. Lc., 32); according to H., ζῷον τετράπουν ἢ

===Pag_1352: Beekes_Página_1352.tiff=== XXXXXσαίρω 1 1301 λιμναῖον. four-footed water-animal'. He further adduces Basquesateyo 'field-mouse' and sator 'mole'. It is possible that σάθραξ: φθείρ 'louse; a sea-fish' (H.) is somehow related as well.

XXXXXσάθῃ [f.] 'penis' (Ar. Lys. 1119, probably also Archil. 67). <?>

    *COMP ἀνδρο-σάθων, -σάθης [m.] name of Priapus (AB, H., etc.).

    *DER σάθων, -wvog [m.] = πόσθων 'penis; foreskin' (Telecl. etc.).

    *ETYM The formation can be compared with πόσθη, etc. (cf. Chantraine 1933: 367). Perhaps related to ▶︎ σαίνω, if from 'tail' (compare MoHG Schwanz 'tail; penis').

XXXXXσαθρός [adj.] 'unsound, broken, broke; unhealthy, weak' (IA). < PG(v)>

    *DER σαθρ-ότης [f.] 'unsoundness' (late), -dopat, -dw [v.] 'to be unsound; make  unsound' (LXX, pap. VI?), with -wotc, -wua (pap. VI?, HL).

    *ETYM The etymology is unexplained: Chantraine 1933: 224 and 373 thinks of σήθω  (rejected by Benveniste 1935: 202); perhaps a contamination of σαπρός with an  unknown word? Fur. 196 connects ψαθυρός 'brittle' and ψαιδρά- ἀραιότριχα 'with  thin hair' (H.), and concludes that the word is Pre-Greek.

XXXXXoaivw [v.] 'to wag with the tail, waggle', metaphorically 'to blandish, flatter' (Od., Hes.). <?>

    *VAR Rare aor. Zonva (e.g. ρ 302), ἔσᾶνα (Pi. O. 4, 6, P. 1, 52).

    *COMP Also with περι-, mpoo-, etc; as a first member in σαίνουροι kai σαινουρίδες:  ol τὰς οὐρὰς συνεχῶς κινοῦντες ἵπποι kai κύνες 'horses and dogs shaking their tails  continuously' (H.).

    *DER σάννιον: τὸ αἰδοῖον ἀντὶ τοῦ KépKiov. τὸ yap αἰδοῖον ἐσθ᾽ ὅτε οὐρὰν ἔλεγον, ὡς  Εὔπολις (H.), so originally 'tail' (the -vv- is hypocorrect gemination); also σαν-νίων  (Arr.), σάννας (Cratin.), σάννορος (Rhinth.) [m.] 'fool', cavvadac: τὰς ἀγρίας αἶγας  'wild goats' (H.).

    *ETYM The etymology is unexplained. We must reject the suggestion of Solmsen IF  30 (1912): 38 ff, who reconstructs a word for 'penis' and connects Lith. tvinstu, tvinti  'to swell out (of ἃ river), etc., which seems to go back to *tunH-, and connects other  words in σα- as well, e.g. ▶︎ σάτυρος.

XXXXXoaipw 1 [v] 'to sweep (outy (S., E.), metaphorically 'to clear away' (BCH 29, 204; Crete). <?>

    *VAR Aor. σῆραι, Cret. capa, fut. σαρῶ (H.).

    *COMP  As a first member perhaps in σαράπους (Gal.), acc. σαράποδα, σάραπον  (Alc.); acc. to Ὁ. L. 1, 81: διὰ τὸ πλατύπουν εἶναι καὶ ἐπισύρειν τὼ πόδε (cf. Bechtel  1921, 1: 125, Sommer 1948: 264 and 188); acc. to Gal., however, to σέσηρα (» "σαίρω 2);  the word capano6- is unexplained.

    *DER 1. σάρον [n.] 'brushings' (Sophr, Ion Trag., Call.), 'broom' (Epid. IV', etc.) with  σαρ-όομαι, -dw 'to be swept out; sweep out, sweep clean' (Lyc., NT, pap., etc.), -wotc  [f.] 'sweep out' (pap.), -wpta [n.] 'brushings' (AB et al.), -wtat [m.pl.] 'sweeper'  (Phanagoria), -wtpov [n.] 'broom' (Suid.); 2. σάρματα [n.pl.] ''brushings' (Rhinth.),  σαρμός: σωρὸς γῆς, καὶ κάλλυσμα ... 'heap of earth; sweeping' (H.).

===Pag_1353: Beekes_Página_1353.tiff===

1302 *oaipw 2

    *ETYM The word σαίρω is commonly connected with σύρω 'draw, drag (along)'. The  initial was always thought to have been *tur-, with σαρ- and συρ- (with analogical  o-) as different vocalizations of a PIE zero grade *tur- (oaipw < *tur-ie/o-, like e.g. ▶︎ σάρξ 'flesh' < *turk-). A full grade thematic present *tuer-e/o- is found in Germanic, eg. OHG dweran  'turn around quickly, stir', OE pweran 'id', and in Indic: Ved. (KS) tvdrate 'to hurry'. Connection within Greek with ὀτρύνω 'to encourage' (see ▶︎ ὀτραλέως) is highly  improbable, as the existence of a prefix ὀ- is doubtful. Perhaps nominal derivations like zero grade Lat. turma 'troop, squadron', turba, and  > σύρβη, ▶︎ τύρβη belong here, as well. The word ▶︎ τορύνη is not related.

XXXXX*oaipw 2 'to show one's teeth'. --σέσηρα.

XXXXXσάκκος {m.] 'bag (made of goat hair); sieve; burlap, a large cloak made of the same', e.g. used as a wedding dress (Hdt., Hippon., Ar., LXX, NT, inscr. and pap.).

    *VAR  Also σάκος (Att.?).

    *COMP Asa first member e.g. σακκο-φόρος {m.] 'bag bearer' (pap., etc.).

    *DER 1. Diminutive oax(k)-lov (Hp., Ar., X., Men, etc.), -idiov (pap.), -GALov (gloss.);  2. -ovdia [n.pl.) meaning unclear (pap.), after λινούδιον, see λίνον; 3. -ἂς [m.] 'sack  bearer' (inscr. Corycos, pap.); 4. -ἰας οἶνος 'sieved wine' (Poll.); 5. τινος 'made of  burlap' (sch.); 6. Denominative cax(k)-éw 'to sieve' (Hdt. 4, 23), -ebw acc. to Ael. Dion. et al., -ἰζω 'id' (Thphr., etc.). Also σακτός 'sieved' (Eup. 439), seemingly a  primary ptc.

    *ETYM The word σάκκος is a loan from Semitic; cf. Hebr. (Phoen.) saq 'cloth of hair,  bag, mourning-dress' (Lewy 1895: 87; Bertoldi ZRPh. 68 (1952): 73ff. calls it  Mediterranean). Lat. saccus (cf. also MoE sack), etc. are borrowed from Greek.

XXXXXσακνός [m.] 'broken, leaky' (ni@o1). -aayvdc.

XXXXXσάκος [n.] 'shield (made of leather); long shield, tower shield' (Hom, also A,, etc.), cf. on ▶︎ ἀσπίς.

    *COMP Some compounds: e.g. σακέσ-παλος 'shield-swaying' (E 126, Call. Nonn.),  σακέσ- φόρος 'shield-bearing' (B., S., E.), φερε-σσακής 'id. (Hes. Sc, Nonn.), cf. Triimpy 1950: 20ff., and extensively Ruijgh 1957: 941

    *ETYM Usually argued to be of Indo-European origin, and connected with Skt. tvdc-  [Π] 'skin, hide' and Hitt. tuekka- 'body'. However, it might instead be borrowed from    Semitic, since e.g. Akk. saqqu and Hebr. Sag are formally and semantically very close  (E. Masson 1967: 24).

XXXXXσάκτας —CATTH.

XXXXXσάκχαρ, -αρος [n.] 'sugar' (Gal.). «τὴν Ind>

    *VAR σάκχαρι [n.] (Peripl. M. Rubr., Orib.), after μέλι, etc; also -ἰς [f], -ov [n.]  (Dsc.).

    *ETYM Borrowed from Mind. (Pali) sakkhard- 'sugar' (itself going back to Skt. sarkarda- |f.] 'grit, granulated sugar'; cf. ▶︎ κρόκη 2). MoP Sakar was also borrowed

===Pag_1354: Beekes_Página_1354.tiff=== XXXXXσάλος 1303 from Indic and, through Arab. sukkar, it also reached e.g. MoE and Du.: sugar and suiker, respectively. Lat. saccharum was borrowed from Greek σάκχαρον.

XXXXXσαλαγέω, σαλάκων, etc. Ξεσάλος.

XXXXXσαλαΐζειν ἵν.) = θρηνεῖν (Anacr. 167), = κόπτεσθαι (Η.); σαλαΐϊσ-«μός»: κωκυτός 'wailing (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Etymology unclear; cf. also ▶︎ σαλάμβη.

XXXXXσαλαμάνδρα [f.] 'salamander, kind of newt' (Arist, Thphr,, etc.). <?>

    *DER σαλαμάνδρειος 'in the way of a salamander' (Nic.).

    *ETYM Given its non-Indo-European structure, σαλαμάνδρα may be Pre-Greek. Cf. also on σαύρα, which is probably Pre-Greek, as well.

XXXXXσαλάμβη ([f.] 'light opening, vent-hole' (S. Fr. 1093, Lyc., H.). < PG?(v)>

    *VAR Also σαλάβη (H., Phot.), -βος (H.).

    *ETYM Semitic origin has been proposed for this word; cf. Syr. selpd 'rima portae',  s'laf 'split, tear apart' (Lewy 1895: 96). Further, similarity with Σαλαμβώ' ἡ Ἀφροδίτη  napa Βαβυλωνίοις (H.), Σαλαμβάς: ... ὅτι περιέρχεται θρηνοῦσα τὸν Ἄδωνιν (EM,  referring to ▶︎ σαλαΐζειν [s.v.]), and Σαλαβακχώ (Ar.) has been observed by Lewy Lc. and Solmsen IF 30 (1912): 42. However, the alternation B/i8 would receive a good  explanation under the assumption of Pre-Greek origin (Fur.: 203, 286).

XXXXXσαλαμίνθη [[.] 'spider' (Byzant.).

    *ETYM The suffix -.v8n is clearly Pre-Greek, but further connections are unknown.

XXXXXσάλος [m.] 'turbulent movement of the sea, flushing of the waves; anchorage, roads (as opposed to a protected harbory (S. E, Lys. Hell.), metaphorically of an earthquake (E. IT 46), 'turbulent emotion' (LXX, Gal. Max. Tyr.), cf. ἀσαλής, σάλη below.

    *COMP Some late compounds, e.g. éni-cadog 'exposed to the σάλος᾽ (Seaund., Peripl. M. Rubr., εἴς); probably also in epic κονί-σαλος 'cloud of dust' (see κόνις). With  transfer to the s-stems: ἀ-σαλής 'unshaken, unconcerned' (A. Fr. 319 = 634 M.) with  ἀσάλ-εια [f] = ἀμεριμνία, ἀλογιστία (Sophr. 113), ἀσαλεῖν: ἀφροντιστῆσαι 'to be  heedless' (Η.); σάλη, σάλα [f.] = φροντίς (Et. Gen., H.) is probably a back-formation  to the latter.

    *DER Denomininatives: 1. σαλεύω, originally of the ship, 'to roll (on the waves), then  'to throw oneself about, oscillate'; trans. 'to make oscillate, shock' (Att. since A., also  Hp. Hell.), also with prefix, eg. amo-, ém-, dia-; thence σάλευσις (δια-) [f.]  'oscillation' (Arist., etc.), σάλευμα [n.] 'id' (Ὁ. Chr.); 2. σαλόομαι 'to go with a  rocking motion' (EM, explaining σαλάκωνλ. With a velar suffix: 1. σάλαξ, -ακος [m.] 'large sieve of mineworkers' (Arist. or  Thphr. apud Poll.), also an Att. name of a potter (Σάλαχς; Krahe IF 57 (1940): 113),  -αγξ' μεταλλικὸν σκεῦος 'metallic vessel or implement' (H.); σαλάκων, -wvog [m.]  'boaster, swaggerer, dandy' (Arist.), with σαλακων-ία (-eia) f[f.] (Arist. Alciphr.),  -itw (dia- Ar.), -ifopat, -εύομαι (H., Phot. Suid; denominative σαλάσσω (éx-) [v.]  'to shake' (Nic., AP), probably directly from σάλος after τινάσσω, ταράσσω, etc; 2.

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XXXXXσαλαγέω = σαλάσσω, σαλεύω (Opp., Orac. apud Luc.), σαλαγή: βοή 'shout' (HL); cf. παταγέω, πατάσσω.

    *ETYM Originally, σάλος was a technical nautical term. Fur.: 256 connects ▶︎ θάλασσα  / *oddacoa and ζάλη, ζάλος 'tornado, whirlpool', and concludes that the word is  Pre-Greek. Already the velar suffixes, and especially the variation they display, prove  Pre-Greek origin for this word: -ay-, -ακ-, -ayk-; cf. ▶︎ σηλαγγεύς. Lat. salus, salum  were possibly borrowed from Greek.

XXXXXσαλούσιον [n.] 'pot, measure' (POxy. 3060) cf. Mayser-Schmoll 1970 I, 1: 79.

    *VAR Also -Watov, -ώτιον, -ώδιον.

    *ETYM In view of the suffix variants, the wortl is probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXσαλός [adj.] 'foolish' (H. s.v. ὑσθλός, sch. Ar. Nu. 397).

    *VAR Also δαλός (Cyr.) and "ζαλός; the latter is seen in the derivative ζαλαίνω (H.,  EM 406, 43), see Fur.: 255.

    *ETYM Cf. Lat. dalivus, from ᾿δάλαιος, The variation in the initial (o-/C-/5-) proves  Pre-Greek origin; the root can be reconstructed as *f'al-.

XXXXXσάλπη [f.] sea fish, 'Box salpa' (Epich., Arist., εἴς.) < PG(V)>

    *VAR Also -ἧς [m.] (Archipp.), -o¢ (Arist. vl), σάρπη [Ff] (Arist.); also σάλπιγξ  (Arist.), folk-etymological transformation.

    *ETYM The variation p/d is typical for Pre-Greek (Fur.: 387; see also Neumann 1961:  42). Cf. also Lat. sal pa (Plin., Ov.), Ital. salpa, sarpa, Fr., MoE saupe (cf. Hubschmid  1963: 13f£; Thompson 1947 s.v.).

XXXXXσἀλπιγξ, -tyyos [m.] 'trumpet' (2 219).

    *DER σαλπίζω [v.] 'to blow the trumpet, trumpet' (1A), dialectical innovations -ίσσω,  -(ttw, -i65w, aor. σαλποίγξαι (Φ 388), -ἰσαι (LXX etc.), fut. -iow (NT), -ιἰ (LXX),  perf. med. σεσάλπι(γλκται, -totat (late), rarely with ém- etc; σαλπιγκτής (Th. X. et  al.), τκτής (Att. etc., inscr.), -totr¢ (Hell. and late) [m.] 'trumpet player', -ἰσμός [m.]

XXXXXτισμα [n.] (Thd., Poll.) 'trumpet call', -ἰστικός 'belonging to the trumpet' (Poll.). Further derivatives: cadniyy-tov [n.] 'pipe' (Gal.), -wtdc ''trumpet-shaped' (Teos).

    *ETYM For the formation, σῦριγξ and φόρμιγξ can be compared (cf. also λύρα,  κιθάρα, σαμβύκη, etc.). On the onomatopoeic Lith. svilpti 'to pipe' etc., see Fraenkel  1955 s.v. (with references); cf. further Hester Lingua 13 (1965): 364. As a word of  Mediterranean culture, σάλπιγξ remains without IE connection; the suffix is Pre-  Greek (not in Fur.).

XXXXXσάμαξ, -ἄκος [m_] 'bulrush, mat of bulrush' (com. V*). «Ρα(5)»

    *DER -άκιον [n.], a female ornament (Com. Adesp.).

    *ETYM Formation like οἷσαξ, etc. (see on ▶︎ οἷσος), but further unexplained. Belardi  Doxa 3 (1950): 219 rightly rejects a connection with pre-IE *sam- 'water, sea, swamp'  (Ὁ by Alessio Studi etruschi 19 (1946-1947): 152. The suffix is Pre-Greek (not in Fur.).

XXXXXσαμβύκη [f.] 'triangular instrument with four strings' (Arist., etc.), metaph. 'scaling ladder' (Plb., etc.), on the semantic motivation, see Ath. 14, 634a.

    *VAR Also ζ- (HL).

===Pag_1356: Beekes_Página_1356.tiff=== XXXXXσανδαράκη 1305

    *DER σαμβυκ-ιστής, fem. -ίστρια 'sambuca-player' (Hell. poet., Plu.), after  κιθαριστής, -ίστρια.

    *ETYM An Oriental loan word of unknown source; see E. Masson 1967: 91ff. (with  extensive treatment and criticism of earlier views, for example on Hebr. s*baka  'lattice'). On the secondary nasalization, see Schwyzer: 231f. with litt. Borrowed into    Lat. as sambiica (WH s.v.).

XXXXXσάμος [f.] 'hil? (Str. 8, 3, 19; 10, 2, 17); also the island names Σάμος, Σάμη. <PGr

    *ETYM Without a doubt Pre-Greek, as argued by Fick 1905: 54 and 112. Likewise, but  with a different interpretation (connected to ἀσάμινθος), Alessio Stud. ital. fil. class. N. S. 20 (1956): 121ff. The IE etymology by Persson 1912(1): 471 can be rejected.

XXXXXσαμψήρα [f.] an oriental sword (J. A.J. 20, 2, 3). «τὴν Iran»

    *VAR σαμψῆραι: σπάθαι βαρβαρικαί 'broad blades of the barbarians' (Suid.).

    *ETYM An Oriental loanword; cf. MoP Samir.

XXXXXodjty(o)vxov [n.] 'marjoram' (Nic., Dsc., Paus. et al.), on the meaning see Andrews Class. Phil. 56 (1961): 78. <?>

    *DER σαμψῴ(ογύχ-ινος 'made of σ᾿ (Dsc., Gal. et al.), «ζω 'to be like o., season with σ᾿  (Dsc.).

    *ETYM Foreign word of unknown origin (the plant was especially at home in North  Africa). Borrowed into Lat. as sampsiic(h)um, -us (WH s.v. sambicus; see Hester    Lingua 13 (1965): 364). σάν the Doric variant of the Ion. letter ciypa (Hdt. 1, 139). <Lw Sem.>

    *COMP σαμ-φόρας, -ov [m.] 'horse in which a σάν was branded' (Ar.), see Fraenkel  1912: 143.

    *ETYM Borrowed from Semitic (e.g. Hebr. sin). On the sign σαμπῖ (= 900), from Byz. σὰν (= ὡς ἄν 'like') and ni, cf. Schwyzer: 149.

XXXXXσάνδαλον [n.] 'sandal(sy (h. Merc.); name of a flat fish (Matro), see Stromberg 1943: 37. ᾿

    *VAR  Also σάμβαλον (Eumel., Sapph., AP).

    *COMP σανδαλοθήκη 'sandal case' (Men., Delos ΠΣ σαμβαλ-ούχη, -ovxic [f.] 'sandal  chest' (Herod.), -ioxa (n.pl.] (Hippon. 18 = 32 Masson; see below).

    *DER σανδάλοιον (IA), -ioxov (Ar.); also -ic, «δος [f.], a kind of date (Plin.), -ώδης  'sandal-like' (sch.).

    *ETYM For the alternation vd ~ μβ, compare κορίαμβλον ~ Kopiavépov, which may  also be the result of different adaptations of a foreign word (already Schwyzer: 303;  see also Kronasser 1962-1987: I 91). Compare further σαγγάριος (Hs s.v. ▶︎ σκυτεύς)  and τζαγγάριος (to-) [m.] 'manufacturer of Parthian τζάγγαι᾽ (pap. VIP). Lat. sandalium, MoFr. sandale, MoP sandal, etc. were borrowed from Greek. Fur.: 153,  389 also mentions σέμπαδα' ὑποδήματα (H.), perhaps to be read Ἰσέμπαλαΐ

XXXXXσανδαράκη [f.] 'sandarac, red arsenic sulphide, realgar, red orpiment' (Hp., Arist., Thphr. etc.), 'bee-bread' (Arist.).

    *VAR  Also -άχη.

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    *COMP σανδαρακοούργιον [n.] 'sandarac pit' (Str.).

    *DER σανδαράκινος 'sandarac-colored, bright red' (Hdt. etc.), σανδαρακίζω 'to be  sandarac-colored' (Dsc.).

    *ETYM Long taken to be an Oriental loanword from an unknown source. Uhlenbeck  PBBeitr. 19 (1894): 327ff. implausibly derived it from Olnd. *candra-raga- 'moon-  colored' (Cuendet adapted this to *candana-raga- 'sand-colored', which is likewise  hypothetical; see Mayrhofer KEWA sv. candanah). LSJ mentions Assyr. Sindu arku  'green paint', 'yellow sulphide of arsenic', The variation k/x could also point to Pre-  Greek origin. Cf. on σάνδυξ.

XXXXXσάνδυξ 1, -vKos [f.] designation of a bright red colorant, a bright red mineral color, a red transparent fabric, εἴς, (Str. 11, 14, 9 [conj.], Dsc., Gal. etc.); also a women's cloth. For an extensive discussion of the meaning, see Flobert RPh. 90 (1964): 228ff.

    *DER σανδύκ-ιον [n.], meaning uncertain, -tvog 'sandyx-colored' (pap.); σανδών,

XXXXXτόνος [m.] designation of a transparent fabric (Lyd. Mag.), formed after o1v-6wv?

    *ETYM The formation can be compared with βόμβυξ etc; σανδαράκη seems to be  related in some fashion (but cf. also Skt. sindiira- 'red-lead, cinnabar', Assyr. sdmtu,  sdndu 'red stone'?). Borrowed into Lat. as sandyx (Prop., Verg., Plin.). As far as the  formation is concerned, Pre-Greek origin is certainly a possibility (cf. ▶︎ σάνδυξ 2).

XXXXXσάνδυξ 2 [2] - κιβωτός 'box, chest' (H.).

    *VAR  Also σενδούκη; diminutive σενδούκιον (sch. Ar. Pl. 711 and 809).

    *ETYM The formation of the word is Pre-Greek.

XXXXXoavic, -ίδος [f.] 'board, plank, wooden scaffold, etc', plur. also 'tablets used for writing, writing boards' (Att.), 'planks of a gate, wing of a door' (epic). <?>

    *DER 1. diminutives σανίδ-ιον [n.] (Att, etc.), σαν-ίσκη [f.] 'painting' (Herod.); 2. σανίδ-ωμα [n.] 'planking' (LXX, Thphr, Plb, etc.), see Chantraine 1933: 187; 3. -ώδης  'plank-like' (late); 4. -6w 'to provide with planks', -ωτός (Hell. and late).

    *ETYM The formation is like σελίς, Soxic, and other technical terms (Chantraine 1933:  337), but the etymology is further unexplained. The connection with ▶︎ caivw by  SolmsenIF 30 (1912): 46f. should be rejected for semantic reasons.

XXXXXσαννάκιον [n.] 'a kind of cup' (Philem. 87). <?>

    *VAR Also -axpov.

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXσαννᾶς [m.] epithet and personal name, ἱμωρός, stupid person' (Cratin., cf. Clark Class. Rev. 69 (1955): 245f; Colophon).

    *VAR  σαννίων 'id. (Arr.), σάννορος = μωρός (Rhinth.), probably for -vpoc (Kaibel  ad loc.); cf. Σαννυρίων. As a PN also Σάνν-ος (Hippon.), -αἴος, -ἰος, -vpiwv, fem. -ώ  (V-IV*); Σαννίδωρος nickname of Avtiéwpoc (Epicur.).

    *DER Besides cavviov = αἰδοῖον 'private parts' (Eup.), σαν«νρ»ιόπληκτος'  αἰδοιόπληκτος 'struck with shame'(?) (H.); σαννάδας: τὰς ἀγρίας αἶγας 'wild goats'  (H.) (formally patronymicon of ἔσάννος vel sim.); probably also ἐσαθνύριζεν'  ἤκαλλεν 'was flattering' (H.) for goav(v)-.

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    *ETYM The names are based, at least in part, on the meaning 'shame'. Frisk and  DELG derive it from ▶︎ σαίνω; cf. also extensively O. Masson 1962: 165f. Borrowed as  Lat. sanna 'grimace', sannié 'buffoon' (WH s.v.).

XXXXXσαντονικόν [n.] 'a variety of wormwood from the Santones in Gaul',

    *ETYM The word is clearly derived from the name of the people.

XXXXXσάος -εσῶς.

XXXXXσαπέρδης -ov [m.] name of a fish that is identified with the κορακῖνος and the πλατίστακος, which is thought to originate from the Nile and the Black Sea, but also from other waters (Hp., com., etc.).

    *DER oaneps-ic (Arist.), tov (Apollod. apud Ath.).

    *ETYM Certainly a borrowing. Thompson 1947 s.v. (with extensive treatment)  plausibly points to Arab. sabdr, Copt. Sabouri, name of a well-known fish of the Nile,  Tilapia nilotica (there is no indication that the Lyd. PN Sa-par-da-a-a has anything  to do with this fish, pace Grogelj Ziva Ant. 7 (1957): 43). Furs 153 adduces σάβειρος:  κόραξ 'tub-fish' as a variant. Lat. saperda, a fish, is probably borrowed from the  Greek.

XXXXXσαπρός -»σήπομαι.

XXXXXσαπύλλειν [v.] - σαίνειν. Ῥίνθων (Fr. 24) 'to fawn (Rhinthon)' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Of unclear etymology (connection with ▶︎ cai vw can be discarded).

XXXXXσάπφειρος [f.] lazurite; sapphire' (Thphr., LXX, etc.).

    *DER oangeip-tov ({-ππ-) [n.] 'coloring made of σ᾿ (pap.), τινος 'made of a.' (pap.,  Philostr,, εἴς.

    *ETYM Certainly somehow related to a similar Semitic word; cf. Hebr. sappir. Since  the Semitic word is probably borrowed itself (E. Masson 1967: 662), we might also  consider Pre-Greek origin, in view of the elements -πφ- and -etp-oc. Through Lat. sapphirus the word reached the European languages, e.g. as MoE sapphire, MoDu. saffier, etc.

XXXXXσάπων, -wvog [m.] 'soap'. Μὴ With -ώνιον [π.] 'id', -ωναρικός 'soap-like, belonging to soap' (late medic. etc.).

    *ETYM The word σάπων is usually seen as a borrowing from Lat. sapé 'id. (since  Plin.), ultimately from Gm. (OHG seifa, OE sdape, etc; see WH s.v.), Also worth  considering is the alternative proposal by André Et. celt. 7 (1955-1956): 348ff., who  argues that it was borrowed from Asia Minor Celtic instead.

XXXXXσαραβᾶρα [n.pl.] 'a pantalon worn by the Scythians' (Antiph. 201). <LW Iran»

    *ETYM Certainly borrowed from Iranian; cf. MP Salwar 'trousers' (Knauer Glotta 33    (1954):100-118).

XXXXXσάραβος -"σάρων.

XXXXXσαράπους, -ποδος [m., f.] 'splayfooted'. «ΡΟ»

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    *ETYM If the first element σαρα- is not in some way formed from ▶︎ σαίρω 1, we might  also consider Pre-Greek origin (final -ποὺς could have been adapted secondarily).

XXXXXσαργάνηῃ [f.] 'plaited basket' (since IV*).

    *DER oapyav-ic [f.] (conj. in Cratin.), -tov, -idtov [n.] (pap.) 'id'. Besides, ταργάναι:  πλοκαί, συνδέσεις, πέδαι 'twinings, bindings, shackles' (H.) with τεταργανωμένη =  συμπεπλεγμένη, συνειλημμένη 'plaited, gathered together' (H. EM).

    *ETYM Instrument term without etymology (cf. Chantraine 1928: 23f.), the formation  of which can be compared with πλεκτάνη, ὁρκάνη, etc. (the traditional connection  with ▶︎ σορός leaves the -y- unexplained; cf. also on ▶︎ τάρπηλ The variation o-/t- is    Pre-Greek (see Fur.: 124; the suggestion of a,hyperatticism by Schwyzer: 319 can be  discarded) and points to a pre-form *targ-an-.

XXXXXσαργός [m.] name ofa fish, 'Sargus Rondeletii' (com., Arist. etc.).

    *DER -(ov [n.] 'id' (Gp.), -ivog [m.] name of a sea fish that appears in schools,  perhaps 'garfish' (Epich., Dorio, Arist.); cf. κεστρ (voc, σαρδῖνος, etc.

    *ETYM Word of unknown, perhaps Pre-Greek origin (on the realia, cf. Thompson  1947 S.V.).

XXXXXσάρδα [f.] 'salted and corned fish' (Diphil. Siph. apud Ath. 3, 120f., Xenocr., Gal.). «ΡΟ» ΦΌΕΚ σαρδῖνος, -ίνη 'pilchard, sardelle' (Arist. Fr. 329, Epainet., Gal.), Lat. sarda, sardina.

    *ETYM Probably originally 'the Sardian fish', derived from Sardus 'Sardian,    Sardinian', Σαρδώ = Sardinia, named after the place of origin (Strémberg 1943: 86;  on the realia, Thompson 1947 s.v.).

XXXXXσαρδάνιον [n.] of μειδιᾶν, γελᾶν 'to laugh', σαρδάνιος γέλως 'sneering laughter' (v 292, Pl. Plh,, etc.); as a v.l. and late also -6wov, -dviog (also -w-) after Σαρδόνιος 'Sardinian'; σαρδάζων' μετὰ πικρίας γελῶν 'laughing with bitterness' (Phot., Suid.). <?>

    *ETYM The origin of this etymon is debated. In antiquity, it was sometimes  connected with σέσηρα, sometimes with a plant from Sardinia (σάρδιον, -davn,  -dviov) that caused spasmodic laughing. The alternative suggestion by Kretschmer  Glotta 34 (1955): 1ff. to connect the name of the Sardana people (neighbours of    Egypt), referring to σαρδανάφαλλος: γελωτοποίος (H.), remains unclear in its  details.

XXXXXσάρδιον [n.] name of a gem, 'carnelian, sardine' (PL, Thphr.,, etc.), also = 'seal' (inscr.). <?>

    *VAR  σαρδώ, -od¢ [f.]; λίθος σάρδιος, σάρδινος or σαρδόνιον 'id.' (rare and late).

    *COMP As a first member in oapd-dvvk, -vxoc [m.] 'sardonyx' (Hell. and late).

    *ETYM Probably originally 'stone from Sardes', named after the place of origin (the  Semitic etymology by Lewy 1895: 57f. is doubtful). In Latin, we find several  loanwords: sarda, -ius, -inus lapis, sardonyx. See, however, Hester Lingua 13 (1965):  375»

===Pag_1360: Beekes_Página_1360.tiff=== XXXXXσάρξ, σαρκός 1309 σαρδόνες, -όνων [{Ρ].] 'the rope sustaining the upper edge of a standing hunting net' (Poll, H.). <2

    *VAR  σαρδόνια [n.pl.] (X. Cyn. 6, 9: gen. capdoviwv wrong for -6vwv?).

    *ETYM A technical term without etymology.

XXXXXσάρι >cicapov.

XXXXXoapioa [f.] 'Macedonian lance' (Thphr., Plb.); Lat. saris(s)a.

    *ETYM Etymology unknown (the hypothesis by von Blumenthal 1930: 21 is  insufficiently founded). Perhaps Pre-Greek (Fur.: 387).

XXXXXσαρκάζω [v.] a rare verb of controversial meaning: related to dogs that are stubborn and bite ravenously (γλισχρότατα σαρκάζοντες Ar. Pax 482), to grazing horses (Hp. Art. 8); to biting the lips angrily (Gal. 19, 136), with which seems to agree the meaning given in lexica 'to mock bitterly, grimly' (ém-, Ph.), eg. H: σαρκάζει: μειδιᾷ, εἰρωνεύεται, καταγελᾷ, ἀπὸ τοῦ ceanpévat 'smiles, feigns ignorance, derides'; σαρκάσας: μετὰ πικρίας ἢ ἠρέμα τὰς τῶν χειλέων σάρκας Siavoitac, γελάσας 'revealing the flesh of the lips gently or with bitterness; laughing'.

    *DER σαρκασμός [m.] 'grim scorn' (Hdn., Phryn.); unclear is the com. formation  σαρκασμο-πιτυοκάμπται [pl.] (Ar. Ra. 966).

    *ETYM No completely convincing argumentation for the most obvious connection  with σάρξ has been given yet. In Ar. Pax 482, a meaning 'to remove the flesh, gnaw  the flesh from the bones' (cf. capkiCw) is quite possible; the word would then have  been transferred to grazing horses (Hp.). In its further semantic development, it may  have been influenced by ▶︎ ogonpa (see H above σαρκάζων ... καὶ σεσηρώς Ph. 2,  597). The form σύρκιζε: σάρκαζε (H.) can either be Aeolic (σύρκες = σάρκες), or it  may show influence from ▶︎ σύρω.

XXXXXσάρμα [n.] 'chasm, abyss' «ΡΟ»

    *DER Perhaps σάραβος: τὸ γυναικεῖον αἰδοῖον 'female private parts' (H.) and cdapwv. λάγνος. τινὲς δὲ τὸ γυναικεῖον 'lustful; the female pudenda' (H.). See on» ofjpayé.

    *ETYM Sometimes connected with the verb ▶︎ σέσηρα 'to show one's teeth, to grin' via  a meaning 'yawning chasm', but if the connection with σάραβος 'female private  parts' is correct, the interchange between 6 and μ, as well as the extra a in the latter  form, could rather point to a Pre-Greek origin (not mentioned in Fur.).

XXXXXσαρμεύω [v.] 'to raise a heap (of earth, of sand) (Tab. Heracl. 1, 136 οὐδὲ γαιῶνας θησεῖ ... οὐδέ σαρμευσεῖ). <?>

    *ETYM From σαρμός: σωρὸς γῆς καὶ κάλλυσμα. ἄλλοι ψάμμον, ἄλλοι χόρτον (Η.,  Hippon. 1654); see ▶︎ σαίρω 1 (Ο. Masson 1962: 180).

XXXXXσάρξ, σαρκός [f.] 'flesh, piece(s) of meat' (Il.). «1ὸΕ *turk-'cut'>

    *VAR  Often plur. in Hom. almost exclusively (see Schwyzer 1950: 43, Chantraine  1953: 30). Aeol. σύρκες [p].] (H., BM).

    *COMP Many compounds, eg. σαρκο-φάγος 'eating flesh' (Arist.), λίθος  σαρκοφάγος, a stone quarried at Assos (Troas), which was used for funeral  monuments and said to have eaten the corpse (Poll. 10, 150, Plin., etc.); from there

===Pag_1361: Beekes_Página_1361.tiff===

'coffin' (inscr.), Lat. LW sarcophagus, OHG sarch, etc. ἄσαρκος 'without flesh, thin' (IA); on -payoc, see Sommer 1948: 94f.

    *DER 1. σαρκ-ίον (Hp., Arist. et al.), -iStov (Arist., etc.) [n.] 'piece of flesh', -ic [f.]  'meat, food' (late pap.); -itic [6] name of a stone (Plin.); 2. σάρκ-ινος (Att. etc.),  εἰκός (Hell. and late), -etog (late) 'fleshy, made of flesh'; -w6ng 'flesh-like' (Ηρ. X.,  etc.), τήρης 'consisting of flesh' (Trag. Adesp.); 3. σαρκείζω 'to scrape clean of flesh'  (Hdt.), on the privative meaning see Hudson-Williams Class. Rev. 26 (1912): 122f.),  also περι- (medic.), with -ἰσμός, and éx- (LXX); 4. -6w {(περι-, éx- etc.) 'to make  fleshy, change into flesh', with -ωμα, -wotc, -ωτικός (medic. etc.); 5. τάζω s.v.

    *ETYM Generally connected with Av. 9faras-, ▶︎ Pres. Sparasaiti, properly 'to cut' (upa-,  us- etc.), as a simplex 'to shape, create, destiné, etc', from IE turk-. Lubotsky Sprache  36 (1994): 94-102 has shown that Skt. tvdstar- contains a zero grade (with a < 7), like  Av. ϑβονοξίαγ- (from *9farastar-); for Olr. torc 'boar' of the same origin, he  reconstructs *turkos. Discussing the rise of -ap-, -vp- as well, Lubotsky rejects a  reconstruction *tyork-. Different views in Vine 1999b. Alb. shark 'flesh of a fruit'  (ΚΙ EF 44 (1927): 13 ff.) is borrowed from Greek.

XXXXXodpwv [adj.] λάγνος: τινὲς δὲ γυναικεῖον 'feminine (parts) (H.). <?>

    *VAR Cf. σάραβος: τὸ γυναικεῖον αἰδοῖον 'the female pudenda' (H.).

    *ETYM Etymology unknown.

XXXXXσαρωνίς, -ίδος (f.] 'old hollow oak' (Call. Jov. 22 etc, H.), also with -o-: copwvic: ἐλάτη παλαιά 'old silver fir' (H.); cf. δρυμὸς Σόρων (Paus. 8, 23, 8).

    *ETYM Acc. to Stromberg 1944: 29, from σαρῶνες: τὰ τῶν θηρατῶν λίνα 'the net of  hunters' (H.), which remains unconvincing in spite of the parallels adduced. Since  the variation between a and o cannot be explained as e.g. vowel harmony, we have to  assume Pre-Greek origin for this word.

XXXXXσατίναι [f pl] 'coach, carriage for women, equipage' (h. Ven., Sapph., Anacr,, E. [lyr.]); for the plural, cf. e.g. ὄχεα; for the meaning, see Leumann Herm. 68 (1933): 359f.

    *DER σάτιλλα- π[η]λειὰς τὸ ἄστρον (H.), the 'cart'; see Scherer 1953: 145.

    *ETYM There is a certain similarity between σάτιλλα and Arm. sayl 'car' (also as a  constellation, from *satilia). This should perhaps be explained as borrowing through  eg. Phrygian. Schmitt Glotta 44 (1966): 148ff. rather argues for a Thracian origin of  σάτιλλα, whereas remote resemblance of Arm. sayl with Georg. etli 'car,  constellation' is pointed out by Adontz 1937: ff. Whatever the precise origin of the  words, oativat and σάτιλλα are certainly related, but defy derivation from Proto-  Indo-European.

XXXXXσατράπης, -ov [m.] 'satrap', governor of the Persian king (since X.).

    *DER oatpan-iKkdc 'belonging to the satrap' (Arist., etc.), [f.] -ic (Philostr.), -etw [v.]  'to be a satrap, rule as a satrap' (X., etc.) with -eia, Ion. -nin [f.] 'the office or province  ofa satrap, satrapy' (since Hdt.); -eia [n.pl.] 'the palace ofa satrap' (Hld.).

    *ETYM From Olran. *xSa9ra-pd- 'protecting the empire' (OP xsaca-pdvan-), from  xsa8ra- (see ▶︎ κτάομαι) and pditi (see ▶︎ ποιμήν). The frequent variants: in

===Pag_1362: Beekes_Página_1362.tiff=== XXXXXσάτυρος 1311 inscriptions ξατρ-, ἐξα(ὺτρ-, ἐξαιθρ- (also σαδρ-) represent the OP initial xs- (and partly also the internal dental) in a more exact way, but they are also partly due to folk etymology: &atp- must have its initial ἐ- from ἐξ- (Schwyzer: 206 and 329); conversely, the explanation of the at-diphthong by Kretschmer Sprache 2 (1950- 1952): 70 is hardly convincing. Cf. also Skt. ksatrapa-, etc. (Schmitt ZDMG 117 (1967): 131).

XXXXXσάττω [v.] 'to stuff, compress, pack, load, equip' (IA, Cret.).

    <IE *tuenk- 'press  together'>

    *VAR  Jon. σάσσω (Hp.), Cret. (Gortyn) συνεσσάδδῃ, aor. σάξαι, pass. σαχθῆναι, perf. med. σέσαγμαι. «comp Also with prefix, e.g. ém-.

    *DER 1. σαγή or σάγη [f.] (acc. after Hdn. 1, 309) 'pack, equipment' (since A.), also  'packsaddle' (pap., Babr. etc.); 2. σάγμα (ént-) [π.] 'coat, cloak' (E., Ar.), 'packsaddle'  (LXX, Str. pap. etc.), diminutive -άτιον [π.] (Arr.); -ατᾶς [m.] 'saddler' (pap.); 3. σάκτας [m.] 'bag, pouch' (Ar. Pl. 681, Poll.), probably from 'stuffer' (Bjérck 1950: 68),  also = ἰατρός (Boeot., Stratt.), probably as a nickname (Bechtel 1921, 1: 310); 4. σακτήρ = θύλακος 'sack' (H.); 5. σάκτωρ, τορος [m.] 'crammer' (A. Pers. 924  [anap.]), 6. σάκτρα [f.] = φορμός (Phot); 7. σάξις (ént-) [f.] 'cramming' (Arist,  Thphr.); 8. σακτός 'crammed' (Antiph., pap.).

    *ETYM The forms σάττω, σάξαι, and σέσαγμαι form a regular morphological system,  which includes the nominal derivations. Of the latter, σαγή and σάγμα have  analogical -y- (Bechtel 1921, 2: 745 implausibly argues for the converse, claiming that  Υ is original as in Cret. σάδδῃ, whereas σάττω would be analogical after σάξαιλ. The  root *tuenk- is found in Germanic (OHG dwingan 'to compress, coerce') and in Lith. tventkti, isg. tvenkitt 'to dam up, etc. see LIV? s.v. The connection with ToAB twarik-  , however, which is maintained by Adams 1999 s.v., is difficult, both because of the  difference in the preforms needed (IE *tue-n-k- for Tocharian, the vocalism being  arrived at through an intermediate noun) and because of the uncertain meaning  (traditionally 'to force in') of the poorly-attested Tocharian verb. Skt. tvanakti (lex.)  'to draw together' is unreliable; see Mayrhofer KEWA sv. Cf. also »σηκός and  ▶︎ σωκός; also ▶︎ συχνός.

XXXXXσάτυρος [m.] 'Satyr', mostly plur. as a designation of mythical beings, which belong to the company of Dionysus and are often represented as (male) goats (since Hes. Fr. 198, 2); metaphorically of apes with a tail (Paus., Ael.).

    *DER 1. Diminutive σατυρ-ίσκος [m.] (Theoc. et al.), also as a plant name (Ps.-Dsc.),

XXXXXτίδιον [n.] (Stratt.); 2. -τκός 'satyr-like, belonging to the satyr play' (Pl. X., Arist., etc.), -ἰος 'id' (pap.), -ώδης 'satyr-like' (Luc. et al.); 3. τιον [n.] name of several plants, which were. used for means of sexual arousal (Dsc. Plu, Gal. etc.), see Stromberg 1940: 93 and 100, also name of an aquatic animal (Arist.); 4. τιστής [m.] 'actor in a satyr play' (Ὁ. H.), after κιθαριστής, etc, 5. -tdaw 'to suffer from satyriasis' (Arist. medic.) with -ίασις, Ion. -ίησις, also -ἰ(α)σμός [m.] (medic.); also -ιακός 'causing satyriasis' (Ruf.), -taxn [f.] 'remedy against satyriasis' (medic.).

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    *ETYM The etymology of σάτυρος is unknown. A number of hypotheses have been  proposed, but none of them makes sense: from a word ἔσήν 'penis' and a second  member 'swell' (see ▶︎ caivw), by Solmsen IF 30 (1912): 36ff.; a strengthening prefix  oa- and the same element 'swell' (Brugmann IF 39 (1917-1921): 114ff.); from ψῆν with  a suffix -τυ-ρο-ς (Grogelj Ziva Ant. 2 (1952): 215ff.); borrowed from Illyrian, going  back to *seh, 'sow' and cognate with Lat. sator (Krahe 1955: 37ff.); borrowed from  Illyrian, but ultimately from *seh,- 'satiate', identical with Lat. satur (Kerényi Studi e  materiali di storia delle religioni 9 (1933): 151 ff., Kerényi Rev. Int. ét. balk. 2 (1934-  1936): 21). Yet for such a mythical word, Pre-Greek origin seems likely in the first place, and  this idea is even corroborated by the suffix -vp+. Cf. ▶︎ Σιληνός and ▶︎ τίτυρος.

XXXXXσαυᾶδαι - σαῦδοι: Ἀμερίας τοὺς σειλεινοὺς οὕτω καλεῖσθαι φησιν ὑπὸ Μακεδόνων (HL). <>

    *ETYM Unknown. See Kalléris 1954: 2590f.

XXXXXσαυκόν [adj.] - ξηρόν. Συρακούσιοι 'dry (Syracusian)' (H.).

    *ETYM A number of wrong etymologies have been proposed, e.g. borrowing from an  originally Italic word related to »aboc; other hypotheses can be found in Pisani  RiILomb. 73:2 (1939-40): 25, Bechtel 1921, 2: 287, and Carnoy Ant. class. 24 (1955): 23. Conversely, Fur.: 110, 134, 229, 241 convincingly compares σαυχμόν' σαχνόν, χαῦνον.

XXXXXσαθρόν, ἀσθενές (H.), ▶︎ σαβακός 'weak, moldered, smashed' (H.), and σαβακῶς: αὐστηρῶς, ξηρῶς, τραχέως (H.) with σαβάξας: διασκεδάσας, διασαλεύσας (H.). It follows that the word is Pre-Greek.

XXXXXσαυκρόν [adj.] - ἁβρόν, ἐλαφρόν, ἄκρον 'delicate, light, highest'; σαυκρόποδες: ἁβρόποδες ''delicate-footed' (H.). On the combination of suffixes -κρ-, see Chantraine 1933: 225, Schwyzer: 496.

    *DER In H. also σαυχμόν: σαχνόν, χαῦνον, σαθρόν, ἀσθενές 'tender, porous,  unsound, feeble'; with y-: ψαυκρός: καλλωτιστής, ταχύς, ἐλαφρός, dpaids 'dandy,  swift, light, thin'; ψαυκρὸν γόνυ: κοῦφον 'light', ψαυκρόποδα' κουφόποδα 'light-  footed' (folk-etymologically connected by H. with ἄκρος and ψαύειν).

    *ETYM The combination of σαυκρός with ψαυκρός (and σαυχμός; sv. ▶︎ σαυκόν)  shows that the word is Pre-Greek.

XXXXXσαῦλος [adj.] Poetical adjective of unclear and varying meaning, referring to walking and movement (Treu 1955: 253 and 295): σαῦλα βαίνειν ἢ. Merc. 28 (of a tortoise), Anacr. 168 (Bacchantes), Semon. 18 (horse), σαῦλαι Βασσαρίδες (Anacr. 55), explained by H. with κοῦφα, ἥσυχα, τρυφερά 'light, quiet, dainty' and with ἁβρόν, κοῦφον, ἄκρον, τρυφερόν 'delicate, light, highest, dainty'; acc. to sch. Ar. V. 1169 = τὸ φαῦλον kai διερρυηκός, so 'light, dainty, delicate, prancing' vel sim.? < PG>

    *COMP As a first member in σαυλο-πρωκτιάω (Ar. V. 1173).

    *DER σαυλόομαι (E. Cyc. 40: κῶμοι ... ἀοιδαῖς βαρβίτων σαυλούμενοι), acc. to H. τρυφᾶν, θρύπτεσθαι, ἐναβρύνεσθαι 'delicacy, to be broken small, to be effeminate',  δια-σαυλόομαι (Ar. Fr. 624), διασαυλούμενον': διακινούμενον καὶ ἐναβρυνόμενον, ἢ  διασειόμενον (H.), with σαύλωμα' θρύμμα 'piece' (H.).

===Pag_1364: Beekes_Página_1364.tiff=== XXXXXσαύσαξ 1313

    *ETYM The word σαῦλος rhymes with φαῦλος; the words have possibly influenced  each other (other barytone adjectives in -λος are μάχλος, κτίλος, ἕωλοςλ Moreover,  we find σαυνά (σαῦναξ): ἁπαλά 'weak' (H.) with a suffix -v-. It is difficult to offer an  etymological explanation (cf. on ▶︎ σαύρα), first and foremost because of the unclear  meaning. The word σαῦλος presumably belongs to a group of Pre-Greek words (see  ▶︎ σαυκός).

XXXXXσαυνίον [n.] designation of ἃ javelin used by foreign peoples (Men., Str., D. S.), 'penis' (Cratin. 443). «ἡ

    *VAR  Also σαύνιον.

    *DER Gavudtw 'to throwac.' (Ὁ. S.), with -αστάς (Dor.) [m.] (Lyr. Alex. Adesp.).

    *ETYM The etymology of this word is unexplained; cf. on ▶︎ σαύρα.

XXXXXσαύρα [f.] 'lizard (A. Fr. 92 M. Hdt. Arist., Theoc.), also = σαλαμάνδρα (Thphr.), metaphorically as a plant name = κάρδαμον (Nic.), 'penis of a boy' (AP), 'plaited case made of palm bark, used in setting dislocated fingers' (medic.). Also σαῦρος [m.] 'id' (Hdt. [v.1.], Hp. Epich., Arist, Nic.); metaphorically as a fish name = τράχουρος (Alex. Arist. Gal.), after the color (cf. Strémberg 1943: 121). «ΡΟ»

    *VAR Ion. -p1).

    *COMP As a first member in σαυρο-κτόνος [m.] 'killer of lizards' (Plin.); on σαυρο-  βριθές, see below.

    *DER 1. plant names σαυρ-ίδιον [π.] (Hp., Gal.), -tyyn [f.] (HD, cf. eg. φυσίγγῃη =  φῦσιγξ to φῦσα, also -ittg [f.] (Ps.-Dsc.), cf. Stroémberg 1940: 130. 2. fish name -ἰς [f.]  (Suid.). 3. -ἴται- εἶδός τι ὄφεων 'a kind of serpent' (H.). 4. -ίγγη also = τὸ ζῶον ἡ  σαύρα (H.), sauritis also a precious stone that was allegedly found inside a lizard  (Plin.). 5. -ἤτης [m.] 'keeper of crocodiles' (pap.). 6. σαυρωτή: ποικίλη 'dappled',  -wtoic δόρασι' τοῖς σαυρωτῆρας ἔχουσι κατὰ τῆς ἐπιδορατίδος (H.). 7. σαυρωτήρ,

XXXXXτῆρος [m.] (Κ 153, Hdt. 7, 41, Plb.) 'lance shoe, bottom end of a lance that could be stuck into the ground, vel sim'; cf. instrument names like τροπωτήρ, σφυρωτήρ, to this cavpwtdc and σαύρα = 'case' (see above); in the same meaning als σαῦρος in σαυρο-βριθβὲς ἔγχος (Trag. Adesp. 264); the lance-shaft was probably compared with the long tail of a lizard (cf. οὐρίαχος). 8 PN Zaupiac, Σαύρων etc. (IA, etc.).

    *ETYM Without etymology, like many other words for 'lizard'. The words σαύρα,  σαῦρος, etc. are often connected with a group of other words starting with σαυ-:  σαῦλος, σαυνός, and cavviov, as well as σαυκρός (see Frisk), but there seems no  reason for this. As the animal was not a part of the PIE world, the word must be of  local, i.e. of Pre-Greek origin; it is not mentioned by Fur. The word dinosaur was  coined in 1841 by the English paleontologist R. Owen, with dino- from δεινός  'terrible'.

XXXXXσαύσαξ [acc.p].] a leguminous plant (Com. Adesp.).

    *VAR  σαύσακας: τυροὺς ἁπαλοὺς εὐτρόφους. καὶ δοκοῦσι δὲ οὗτοι ἐπιφόρους ποιεῖν  πρὸς συνουσίαν 'soft, nourishing cheeses' (H.).

    *ETYM Older etymologies involve connections with σαυκρόν, σαυχμόν, etc. (see  Solmsen 1909: 133, who is hesitant about this), and with oavoapév- ψιθυρόν  'whispering, slanderous' (H.; Pisani RILomb. 73:2 (1939-40): 25'), interpreted as 'dry'

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and connected with ▶︎ σαυκόν. The word σαυσαρόν is clearly onomatopoeic, however, in view of the meaning. Fur.: 301' is without a doubt correct in connecting σώσικες: οἱ ἐφθοί κύαμοι 'cooked beans' (H.), which shows that the word is Pre-Greek (interchange w/av).

XXXXXσαυσαρόν - ψιθυρόν 'whispering, slanderous' (H.). <?>

    *DER -ἰσμός 'paralysis of the tongue' (Arist. Probl. 647b).

    *ETYM See Pisani RILomb. 73 (1939-40): 509.

XXXXXσάφα [adv] 'surely, certainly, definitely', especially with οἶδα, but also with other verbs of knowing and saying (1... <?>

    *DER σαφής [adj.] 'sure, definite, apparent' 'clear, evident' (Pi, A.), on σαφές (h. Merc.) see below; adverb σαφέως, σαφῶς 'id' (h. Cer.). An extension is found in  σαφ-ηνής, Dor. -avij¢ (Pi. trag.), adverb -ηνέως (also Hdt.), after ἀπ-, προσ-ηνής  etc., with σαφήν-εια [f.] 'clarity, clearness' (Att. since A., Alcmaion), opposed to  ἀσάφεια from ἀ-σαφής, σαφην-ίζω 'to make clear, explain' (IA) with -ἰσμός, -ἰστικός  (late). Doubtful is σαφήτωρ' μάντις ἀληθής, μηνυτής, ἑρμηνευτής 'genuine seer,  informer, interpreter' (H.), as if from *capéw (Stacagéw exists since E.); probably  arisen from ἃ ν.]. at I 404 (for ἀφήτωρ).

    *ETYM Of the above words, the adverb σάφα has the earliest attestations and seems to  be oldest (Leumann 1950: 1127'); σαφέως is derived from there (after τάχα : ταχέως),  as is the ntr. σαφές (σαφὲς δ᾽ οὐκ οἷδα h.Merc. 208) and σαφέστερον. The form  σαφής would be the latest. The etymology is unexplained. The form σαφής was often analyzed as having a  second member related to φάος, paivw, the first member being a 'strengthening'  element oa-, but such an element does not exist. Luther 1935: 61ff. has an extensive  treatment of σάφα, Fur.: 344 etc. (see index) suggests several connections (eg. with  σόφος, on the basis of which he concludes that the word is Pre-Greek), but none of  them is really evident.

XXXXXσαχνός [adj.] 'tender, mellow', of κρέα (Gal.).

    *VAR  σαχνόν' ἀσθενές, χαῦνον 'feele, porous' (IL). Also ▶︎ σακνός, MGr. and MoGr. ψαχνός 'thin', σαχρός.

    *ETYM Derivation from σώχω, ψώχω 'to rub down' has been assumed, but the details  remain unclear. The variations o-/y- and --/-x- point to Pre-Greek origin; also note  σαυχμόν: σαχνόν (H.).

XXXXXσάω '--σήθω.

XXXXXσβέννυμι [v.] 'to quench, extinguish', pass. 'to be extinguished, become extinct' (IA). «1Ε *(s)g'es- 'extinguish'>

    *VAR ofevviw (Pi, Hp.), aor. σβέσ(σλαι (HL), pass. σβεσθῆναι (TA), fut. σβέσω (A.,  E.); med. σβέννυμαι (Hes.), aor. σβῆναι (I1.), fut. σβήσομαι (Pl.), perf. ἔσβηκα (A.),  ἔσβεσμαι (Parm.). Deviating aor. κατα-σβῶσαι (Herod.),

    *COMP Also with prefixes, especially ἀπο- and kata-.

    *DER σβέσις (ἀπό-, kata-) [f.] 'extinction, putting out' (Arist., etc.), σβεσ-τήρ, -τῆρος  [m.] 'extinguisher' (Plu.), -τήριος [adj.] 'useful for extinguishing' (Th., etc.), -τικός

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[adj.] 'id' (Arist. etc.); ἄσβεστος [adj.] 'unextinguishable' (Hom. et al.), σβεστός (Nonn.), fem. 'unslaked lime' (scil. titavoc) (Dsc., Plu.), also ἀσβεστήριοι and -ωσις in H. as explanations of kowatat and κονίασις 'plastering'. Glosses in H: ζείναμεν: σβέννυμεν 'quench', ἐζίνα: ἐπεσβέννυεν (for -eiv-?), ἀποζίννυται (written -ἔ-, for -ζείν-)- ἀποσβέννυται 'is extinguished'; ζόασον' σβέσον; Codo σ[ε]βέσεις.

    *ETYM The root of all these forms is σβεσ-, as found in σβέσ-σαι and ἄ-σβεσ-τος. On  the basis of the aorist σβέσ(σλαι, the other forms were created: σβέννυμι < "σβέσ-νυ-  μι, σβέσω, σβεσθῆναι, ἔσβεσμαι. Later on, the secondary aorist ἔσβην, σβῆναι was  created after ἔστην, ἐκάην, ἐάγην, etc., and then σβήσομαι, ἔσβηκα were formed after  this. The form κατα-σβῶσαι falls outside this system. It could be interpreted as an  iterative ()σβοῆσαι), for which we could compare ζόασον, ζοάσεις as attested in H. The glosses with ζ- may indicate that σβέσ- < PIE *sg'es- developed into odeo-  dialectally. If correct, this *sg'es- may be compared with eg. Skt. jdsate 'is  extinguished', jasayati 'to exhaust', Lith. gésti 'to be extinguished, go out', caus. gesyti  'to extinguish, put out', OCS u-gasiti, sg. u-gasp 'to extinguish' < PIE *g'6s-, Go. gist  'destruction', ToAB kads- 'to extinguish'. However, Hitt. kist-*" 'to be extinguished,  perish' is incompatable with the labiovelar in oBévvupu. If we posit a pure velar g,  which is possible for all other languages, σβέννυμαι and Go. gist must be separated. The initial o- in Greek is aberrant; cf. e.g. Brugmann-Delbriick 1897-1916 1: 590 and  Schmidt Sprache 22 (1976): 40-49, who assumes that σβ- is metathesized from *Bo-,  the regular outcome of an aorist *g'sé-. This seems unneccesarily complicated.

XXXXXoPév(v)tov [n.] 'fibrous spathe of a male date-palm' (pap.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXσέβις [?] = πυξίς 'box (of box-wood) (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXσέβομαι [v.] 'to shy, feel ashamed' (A 242), post-Hom. 'to be in awe, honor, worship', especially with regard to the gods. «IE "περ". 'leave alone, give up'> ;

    *VAR  Also σέβω (Pi, trag.), rarely in prose (cf. Schwyzer 1950: 234). Non-presentic  forms are quite rare: aor. pass. σεφθῆναι (S. Fr. 164, Pl. Phdr. 254b), fut. σεβήσομαι  (pap. ΠΡ).

    *COMP Rarely with προσ-, avtt-.

    *DER σέβας [n.] 'awe, amazement, worship, object of awe, object of worship' (epic  poet. IL), only nom. and acc; plur. σέβη at A. Supp. 755; as a second member of  compounds -σεβής (but possibly derived directly from σέβομαι), e.g. εὐ-σεβής 'god-  fearing, pious (Thgn., Pi.), εὐσέβ-εια, -éw, -ημα (from this form and from ἀσέβημα,  also a simplex σέβημα [n.] 'worship' (Orph.) is formed). σέβας served as a basis for  the aor. σεβάσσατο (IL), whence pres. σεβάζομαι, aor. pass. σεβασθῆναι (late) =  σέβομαι and derivatives σεβάσεις [pl.] 'deferences' (Epicur.), -opa [n.] 'object of  worship, shrine' (Ὁ. H., NT), -σμός [m.] 'worship' (Hell. and late), with -σμιος,  -σμιότης, -στός 'venerable, reverend, elevated', = Lat. Augustus (D. H., Str.), with  -OTLOG, -OTIKGG, -στεύω, -στεῖον, and a pres. σεβίζομαι, -ilw = σέβο-μαι (Pi, trag. et  al.), which could also be an enlargement of σέβομαι, with -topa [n.] (sch.). Verbal

===Pag_1367: Beekes_Página_1367.tiff===

adjective σεπτός 'venerable' (A. Pr. 812, late prose), mostly in compounds, ἄ-, περί-, θεό-σεπτος, etc. (trag.); σεπτ-ικός, -ebw (H.). Agent noun θεο-σέπτωρ [m.] 'worshipper of gods' (E. Hipp. 1364 [anap.]). σέβερος: εὐσεβής, δίκαιος (H.). See also > σεμνός and ▶︎ σοβέω.

    *ETYM Traditionally compared with Skt. tyajati 'to desert, leave alone, abandon' <  *tieg'-e/o-. Although this seems semantically remote at first sight, the fact that the  causative ▶︎ σοβέω < *tiog'-eie- means 'to scare away, chase away' indicates that  σέβομαι originally may have meant 'to run away, flee' vel sim. Formal Greco-Aryan  matches like σεπτός ~ tyaktd-, θεο-σέπτωρ ~ tyaktar-, σέβας ~ tyajas- are rather due  to parallel development than to common inheritance. The origin of the -a- in the s-  stem σέβας is unclear, but perhaps analogicaFafter γέρας (cf. Chantraine 1933: 422).

XXXXXoeiv [v.] 'to let children urinate' (Ar. fr. 850).

    *ETYM Onomatopoeic.

XXXXXσειρά [f.] 'cord, rope, snare, lasso' (II.). «1Ὲ *tuerH- 'grasp, seize, fence in'>

    *VAR Ion. -ρή (Dor. σηρά gramm.).

    *COMP σειρα-φόρος [m.], Ion. -pn-, of ἵππος 'a horse which draws by the trace only,  trace-horse' (Hdt., A., Ar.), παρά-σειρος 'tied or fastened alongside; a horse  harnessed alongside the regular pair; (metaph.) companion' CE. [lyr.], X., Poll.).

    *DER σειραῖος 'equipped with a rope, walking by the rope' (= σειραφόρος; S., E., Ὁ. H.); σειράω [v.] 'to tie or to pull with a rope' (Phot.); ἀνα-σειράζω 'to pull backwards  (with a rope) (E, A. R.); σειρ-ωτός 'girded with a cord' (Sm., Thd.), -όω 'to gird,  hem' (Dosith.), τωσις (Phot.). Diminutive σειρίς [f.] (X.); cepidec: σειραί 'ropes',  σερί«ς»: ζωστήρ 'girdle' (H.), with -e- for -et-?; σειράδιον [n.] (Eust.).

    *ETYM Usually connected with Lith. tvérti, sg. tverit 'to grasp, fence in' and  reconstructed as *tuer-ieh,-, lit. 'seizing' (cf. also ▶︎ σορός). Note that the acute  accentuation in Lithuanian points to the presence of a laryngeal, *tuerH-, which  means that σειρά should reflect *tuerH-ieh,- (with loss of laryngeal before *i  according to Pinault's Law; Pinault 1982). Connection with εἴρω 'to put in order,  connect', Lat. seré 'to link, connect' would be better semantically, but would leave  the Gr. o- unexplained. Hitt. turije/a-* 'to harness' is unrelated (thus e.g. Risch apud  Mayrhofer Sprache 10 (1964): 197 and Mayrhofer IF 70 (1965-1966): 253), and rather  belongs to Skt. dhur- 'yoke, pole of a carriage' and Gr. »θαιρός (cf. Kloekhorst 2008:  900).

XXXXXΣειρήν -ῆνος [f.] 'Siren(sy, mythical destructive bird-like creatures (woman-birds), who in the Odyssey attract sailors on passing ships with their beautiful chant, and then kill them (Od.); also a designation of various seductive women and creatures (Alcm, E., Aeschin., etc.); a designation of a wild kind of bees (Arist. et al.); see Gil Fernandez 1959: 214f. <?>

    *VAR  Σιρ- (Att. vase-inscr.); see Kretschmer Glotta 10 (1920): 61f. Often pl. -fvec,  gen. du. -ἤνοιιν (Od.). By-forms Σειρην-ίδες (Dor. Snpnv-) [pl.] (Alem. et al.), τάων  [gen.pl.] (Epich. 123, verse-final).

===Pag_1368: Beekes_Página_1368.tiff=== XXXXXσείω 1317

    *COMP Has been assumed as a first member in Myc. se-re-mo-ka-ra-o-re, -a-pi  (Mithlestein Glotta 36 (1958):152ff.); but well-founded doubts by Risch SMEA 1  (1966): 53 ff. SeeAura Jorro 1985-1993: 255.

    *DER Σειρήν(ελιος 'like a siren' (LXX, Hld.).

    *ETYM Formally, it is possible to compare σειρά as 'the ensnaring one' or Σείριος, as  a personification of the mid-day blaze and mid-day magic; see Solmsen 1909: 126ff. In favor of Pre-Greek / Mediterranean origin is e.g. Chantraine 1933: 167; further  hypotheses in Brandenstein 1954a: 56f. Fur.: 172 takes the name of the wild bees as  Pre-Greek.

XXXXXΣείριος [m.] 'Sirius, the dog star' (Hes.), also appositive or attributive Σείριος ἀστήρ (Hes. Op. 417), as an epithet of stars (Ibyc. et al.) and of the sun (Archil. et al.), 'glowing, burning, desiccating'; also an epithet of the νᾶες (Tim. Pers. 192), probably reinterpreted as 'devastating, destroying' (cf. von Wilamowitz ad loc.). <IE? *tuis-ro- 'sparkling', ΡΟ»

    *DER σειριόεις 'scorching, glowing' (ἥλιος, ἀτμός, Opp., Nonn.); σειρι-άω [v.] 'to  glow, scorch' (ὀξέα σειριάει, of Σείριος, Arat. 331), also 'to get a heat stroke  (ceipiacic)' (medic.); further σειρ-αίνω [v.] 'to scorch, parch' (Oros apud EM), -όω  (ano-), also -éw (-edw) 'to desiccate, drain, filtrate' (medic., pap. cf. Lagercrantz  1913: ad loc.), whence -ωμα, -worg (late); σειρ-άζω 'to strike', of lightning (Ael. Dion.). Further some designations for a thin, transparent (summer) garment: σειρόν,  σείριον, σείρινα, σειρήν (Harp., Phot., Hes.); cf. Solmsen 1909: 128. Artificial back-  formation σείρ, σειρός: 6 ἥλιος Kai Σείριος (Suid.).

    *ETYM Assuming an original meaning 'sparkling, flickering', Σείριος has been  connected with ▶︎ σείω, which is compared to a verb 'to be excited, sparkle, gleam' in  Skt. tvis-, whence tvis- 'excitement, gleam', tvesd- 'tempestuous, sparkling', and  especially Av. Ofisra- 'glitter', The basis for the Greek form would then be *tueis-ro-  or, if cet-stands for σῖ- (Gotze KZ 51 (1923): 151f.) *tuis-ro- (like the Avdstan word). Fur.: 262 compares τίριος: θέρους. Κρῆτες 'summer (Cretan)' (H.); if correct, the  word could be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXσειρόω —Zeiptoc.

XXXXXσείω [v.] 'to shake, agitate, sway', med. and pass. also 'to quake, shiver'.

    <IE *tuei(s)-  'excite, sparkle'>

    *VAR Epic ἐπι-σσείω (see below), aor. σεῖσαι (Il.), them. aor. ptc. acc. σιόντα  (Anacr.), pass. σεισθῆναι, fut. σείσω (LA), perf. med. σέσεισμαι (Pi., etc.), act. σέσεικα  (Hell. and late).

    *COMP Often with prefix, eg. dva-, kata-, ano-, dta-, év-, ém-. Seldomly found in  compounds, e.g. σεισ-άχθεια [f] ie. 'the casting off of burdens, i.e. of debts',  designation of a law of Solon (Arist. Plu.); on δορυ-σσόος, see ▶︎ δόρυ and Schwyzer:  450%.

    *DER σεῖ-σις (ἀπό-, κατά-, etc.) [f] 'shaking' (medic.), -σμός (ava-, δια-, etc.) [m.]  'shock, earthquake, extortion' (IA), whence -σμώδης 'like an earthquake' (late), -opa  (παρά-, διά-, etc.) [f.] 'shaking' (LXX), 'extortion' (pap.), whence -opatiac [m.]

===Pag_1369: Beekes_Página_1369.tiff===

, -Ew 'concerning an earthquake' (D. L., Plu.); -otpov [π.] 'rattle' (taken over in Latin as sistrum), -otpoc [m.] plant name 'Rhinanthus maior' (Arist. Plu.), -owv, -owvoc [m.] a kind of vase, 'shaker' (middle com.), formation like in καύσων, cf. καίω; -στης [m.] a kind of earthquake (Lyd.), -στός 'shaken' (Ar.), 'rattling', used of ear- pendants (Delos III-II*).

    *ETYM Because of its aberrant vocalization, the zero grade ptc. σιόντα must be  interpreted as an aorist. Except for this form and nominal -(σ)σόος, all forms show  the stem σει(σ)-. The geminate -σσ- in epic ἐπι-σσείω, ἐ-σσείοντο must go back to an  original consonant group, which means that σείω can be connected with Skt. tvésati  'to excite; (med.) to be excited, inflame, sparkle' (cf. Mayrhofer EWAia 1: 686),  which points to a reconstruction *tueis-e/o% In Avestan, besides 9faésa 'fears' <  *tueis- we also find forms without -s-, viz. 9faiiah- [n.], 9fiia [f] 'fright, danger' <  *tuei-os-, *tui-eh,-. Also possibly related is ▶︎ Σείριος.

XXXXXσελαγέομαι, -Ew >0édac.

XXXXXσέλας, -αος [n.] 'light, glow, beam' (1]., epic poet., Arist., etc.); on the use in Hom. see Graz 1965: 310ff. <?>

    *COMP σελασ-φόρος 'bringing light' (A.), with analogical -n-: σελαη-φόρος (Man.),  -γενέτης (AP).

    *DER σελά-ω 'to shine, glow' (Nic. Th. 691), whence -opa, -σμός 'glow' (Man.);  -γέομαι (E., Ar.), -yéw (Opp.) 'to glow, radiate', whence -ynotc [f] 'glow' (Zonar.)  and by back-formation -yog [n.] 'beam' (Hymn. Is.); enlarged -γίζω 'id' (Nonn. et  al.), whence -γισμα [n.] 'lightning, flash' (Man.); -σσομαι 'to shine, glow (Nic. Th. 46), -okw 'to glow' (Theognost.). See also ▶︎ σελήνη, ▶︎ σέλαχος.

    *ETYM Etymology unclear. Frisk s.v. states that a connection with Av. x'aranah-  'glory of fame' is semantically attractive, but the interpretation of the latter word is  debated (see Lubotsky 1998b for discussion). Moreover, the initial o- of σέλας is  incompatible with Av. x'-. A different but unlikely etymological proposal can be  found in Pisani Rend. Acc. Linc. 6:7 (1931): 75.

XXXXXσελάτης [?] = κοχλίας 'snail with a spiral shell' (H.); the form has been corrected to ᾿Ἰσιαλίτης, see Redard 1949: 86.

XXXXXσέλαχος [n.] 'cartilaginous fish' (Hp., Arist.).

    *VAR Mostly plur. -άχη.

    *DER Diminutive σελάχοιον [n.], also a designation for small crustaceans (com.}, τἰος  'cartilaginous', of fishes (late), -wéng 'belonging to the cartilaginous fishes' (Arist.).

    *ETYM The formation resembles τέμαχος, τάριχος, στέλεχος. Connected with σέλας  'light, glow, beam' already by Galen, because of the phosphorescent light of certain  cartilaginous fishes (Str6mberg 1943: 55); yet the suffix -ay- may also point to Pre-  Geek origin (cf. κύμβαχος). The old connection with OHG selah 'seal', etc. is  untenable; cf. Pisani RILomb. 73:2 (1939-40): 24f.

XXXXXσελήνη [f.] 'moon' (IL).

    *VAR Dor. -άνα, Aeol. -avva.

    *COMP Often as a second member, e.g. ἀ-σέληνος 'moonless' (Th. et al.).

===Pag_1370: Beekes_Página_1370.tiff=== XXXXXσελίς, -ίδος 1319

    *DER σελην-αίη, Dor. σελαναία [f.] = σελήνη (IL, epic poet.), like Ἀθηναίη (cf. Schwyzer: 469); -tov [n.] 'phase of the moon, contour of the moon, etc.' (Arist.,  Thphr.), plant name -itic; -άριον [n.] designation of moon-shaped ornaments, -ic [f.]  'jd', -ioxoc [m.] 'id' (late), -ἰτης (λίθος) [m.] 'moonstone', 'selenite' (Dsc. et al.),  also fem. -itic (Redard 1949: 60), 'moon dweller, etc.' (Luc., Ath. et al.), -teia [n. pl.]  'moon festival' (pap. II'; Mayser 1906-1938, I: 3: 95), -αἴος 'moonlit, concerning the  moon' (Orac. apud Hdt., A. R.), -taxdc 'belonging to the moon' (Plu. et al.), after  ἡλι-ακός; -ἰιάζομαι (Ev. Matt, Vett. Val.), also -(ἡάζω, dw (Man.), 'to be  moonstruck, ie. to be epileptic', whence -ἰιασμός [m.] 'epilepsy' (Vett. Val.).

    *ETYM This etymon derives from *oeAac-va, a derivative in -va from ▶︎ σέλας 'light,  glow, beam'. The formation may be compared with the PIE word for 'moon',  *l(o)uksneh,-, as attested in e.g. Lat. ἰἅπα 'moon' (compare ▶︎ λύχνος).

XXXXXσέλινον [n.] 'celery, Apium graveolens' (IL), also metaph. 'vagina' (Phot.); on the meaning, cf. Andrews Class. Phil. 44 (1949): oiff.

    *VAR Aeol. -vv- (gramm.).

    *DIAL Myc. se-ri-no.

    *COMP Often as a second member, e.g. πετρο-σέλινον [n.] 'rock celery' (Dsc.), taken  over in Latin as petro-selinum, MLat. petrosilium > MoHG Petersilie; see Stromberg  1940: 33.

    *DER σελίν-ινος 'of celery' (late, rare), -itng οἶνος, -atov [n.] = Lat. apidtum,  Σελινοῦς, -οὔντος [m., f.] HN and TN, -ούντιος 'of 5.᾽ (Megar., Th., Str.), τούσιος  (Thphr.) 'id' (on the formation see Schwyzer: 528 and 466), -ovoia- κράμβης εἶδος  'kind of cabbage' (H., Eudem. apud Ath.).

    *ETYM Probably a foreign word like ▶︎ κύμινον, ▶︎ ῥητίνη. Stromberg 1940: 37  proposed a connection with σέλμα 'deckplank', σελίς 'crossbeam', after the coarse,  hollow stalk. Note that Fur.: 351 suggests a connection with Myc. sa-ri-nu-wo-te,    which would point to a form *odAtvov, indicating Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXσελίς, -ίδος [f.] 'crossbeam of a building or ship, cross-piece, transverse wall, transverse row of benches or seats in a theatre, cross stripe or column in a papyrus roll' (Att. inscr., Hell. and late inscr. and pap., LXX, Plb., AP).

    *VAR Frequently plur. -idec.

    *DER Diminutive σελίδ-ιον [n.] 'papyrus column' (Ptol., Vett. Val.), -wpa [n.] 'broad  plank' (sch.); σέλμα, often plur. -ata [n.] 'deck-plank, rowing plank, rowing bench,  deck, scaffolds' (h. Bacch, Archil. trag., Str.), metaph. of the seat of the gods (A. Ag. 183 [lyr.]). As a second member (with transfer to the o-stems) ἐῦ-(σ)σελμος (εὔ-)  'with beautiful σέλματα᾽ (epic poet. IL.). Glosses σελμίς: ... kai τὰ ἴκρια '... and the half-deck' (H.), σελμῶν- σανίδων 'planks,  boards' (H.).

    *ETYM This word could be denominative as well as deverbal (formation like ▶︎ σανίς,  ▶︎ doxic, etc.), whereas σέλμα is a verbal noun in -μὰ (δέρμα, βῆμα, etc.). Hesychius's  gloss σελμίς seems to be a cross of the two, whereas σελμῶν seems to belong under  an o-stem Ἰσελμός.

===Pag_1371: Beekes_Página_1371.tiff===

Schmidt 1875: 78 compared these words with OHG swelli [n.], MoHG Schwelle 'till, threshold' < PGm. swalja-, and ON stil, OHG siil, etc. 'pillar < PGm. suljé-, but phonetically this etymology is unconvincing, since *sy- does not yield Gk. o-. Frisk (s.v.) instead connects σέλμα with OE selma, sealma, OS selmo [m.] 'basis of a bed', but this too is phonetically impossible. If the gloss ZApata- ... σανιδώματα 'planking' (H.) is cognate, the alternation between σέλμα and ἔλμα may point to Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXσελλίζομαι [v.] = ψελλίζεσθαι- τινὲς δὲ σελλίζει: ἀλαζονεύει 'make false pretentions' (H.). In Phryn. Com. 10 'to imitate Aeschines, son of Sellos', on which see DELG. «ἢ» ᾿

    *ETYM Unclear. ᾿    σέλμα ''σελίς.

XXXXXσέμελος [m.] Lacon. for κοχλίας 'snail with a spiral shell (Apollas apud Ath. 2, 63d). <?>

    *DER σεμελοιρίδαι: οἱ ἄνευ κελύφους obs ἔνιοι λίψακας 'those without shell, which  some call λ' (H.).

    *ETYM Unknown. See ▶︎ oéotAoc.

XXXXXσεμίδᾶλις, -ἰος [f.] 'finest wheat flour, fine flour' (Hp. com, etc.).

    *VAR  Gen. also -εως, -ίδος.

    *DER σεμιδάλο-ιον (also -tv) [n.] 'id', -itng ἄρτος (Hp. pap., etc.), see Redard 1949:  9of.

    *ETYM Loanword from Semitic; cf. Syr. s'mida and Assyr. samidu 'fine flour' (Lewy  KZ 58 (1931): 28f.), whence also Lat. simila 'id.', etc. are derived. The Greek word was  the source for Georg. semi(n)dali 'wheat'.

XXXXXσεμνός [adj.] 'venerable, honored, holy, noble', also 'haughty, proud' (h. Cer.).

    <IE  *tieg'-no->



    *COMP Many compounds, e.g. σεμνό-μαντις [m.] 'venerable seer' (S.), ἄσσεμνος  'unworthy, ignoble' (Arist., etc.).

    *DER σεμν-ότης [f.] 'dignity, nobility, pride' (Att.), -efov [n.] 'holy building' (Ph.),  after ἀρχεῖον etc; τύνομαι, -bvw [v.] 'to exalt oneself, be proud; to make venerable,  exalt, praise' (Hdt, Att), also with ano-, ém-, ὑπερ-, etc; formation after  θρασύνομαι, -ύνω, αἰσχύνομαι, etc. back-formations ὑπέρ-, ἐπί-σεμνος (late), cf. Strémberg 1946: 98; -όω = -bvw (Hdt.), with derivative -wpa [n.] 'dignity, majesty'  (Epicur.).

    *ETYM This word reflects *oeBvdc < *tieg'-no-, an original verbal adjective from  ▶︎ σέβομαι 'to shy, feel ashamed; to be in awe, honor'.

XXXXXcepyoi = ἔλαφοι 'deer' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown; cf. Hester Lingua 13 (1965): 376 and Fur.: 247.

XXXXXσέρις, -ίδος, -εως [f.] 'endive, chicory' (Epich., Dsc., AP et al.). <?%

    *COMP ὑό-σερις (Plin.), with pejorative bo-, see Strémberg 1940: 31.

    *ETYM Unexplained.

===Pag_1372: Beekes_Página_1372.tiff=== XXXXXσεύομαι 1321 σέρῖφος -'σέρφος.

XXXXXσερός [adv.] - χθές. Ἠλεῖοι 'yesterday (Elean) (H.).

    *ETYM Perhaps from *x1e0-dc, related to Skt. hyds 'yesterday' < PIE *d'g'ies, with  Elean rhotacism and -6¢ after νυκτός, etc. Cf. ▶︎ χθές,

XXXXXσέρφος [m.] 'small winged insect, gnat, winged ant' (Ar. et al.).

    *VAR Also σύρφος: θηρίδιον μικρόν, ὁποῖον ἐμπίς 'small animal, a kind of gnat' (H.),

XXXXXσέριφος [m.], -ign [f.] 'a kind of locust' (Zen., Suid.), -ipov [n.] = ἀψίνθιον θαλάσσιον 'maritime wormwood' (Dsc., Gal.).

    *ETYM For the formation, compare other animal names in -@oc, -ἰφος (ἔλαφος,  ἔριφος, etc.), and cf. Chantraine 1933: 263. According to Fur: 384, the variation in  forms points to a Pre-Greek origin. The forms σέρφοςσέριφος could reflect a form  *ser'p-o- or even *sar'p-o-, but the -v- in ovp@oc is then hard to explain. Do we have  to assume two separate words?

XXXXXσέσελι [n.] 'small hartwort, Tordylium officinale' (Hp, Arist. Thphr., Dsc. et al.) «τὴν Eg>

    *VAR -ἰς [f.], also σίλι [n.] (Plin.); cf. also σιλλικύπριον [n.], an Egyptian tree (Hdt. 2,  94), see Strémberg 1940: 127.

    *ETYM A foreign word like πέπερι, κιννάβαρι, etc. According to Ps.-Dsc., an Egyptian  name for καυκαλίς. Taken over in Latin as seselis, sil.

XXXXXσεσερῖνος [?] a fish. <?>

    *ETYM See Thompson 1947 s.v.

XXXXXσέσηρα [v.] 'to show one's teeth, to grin' (1A), also 'to gape', of a wound (Hp.), an isolated perf. with pres. meaning.

    *VAR  Ptc. σεσηρώς, Dor. σεσᾶρώς, epic ceodpvia [f.] (Hes. Sc. 268).

    *DER See on ▶︎ σῆραγξ.

    *ETYM As an old perfect, the verb looks inherited, but no cognates in 'the other IE  languages are known. Sometimes ▶︎ σάρμα 'chasm, abyss' is regarded as cognate.

XXXXXσέσῖλος [m.] 'land slug' (Ath. 2, 63c, Dsc. 2, 9, H. [cod. -σηλ-]}). <?>

    *VAR Also σεσέλιτα [acc.[ (Dsc. l.c.); compare »σέμελος 14. (Ath. 2, 63d [Lacon.],  H.).

    *ETYM Unexplained.

XXXXXσεύομαι [v.] 'to charge in, huddle, hurry, hasten, chase', act. 'to chase (away), rush, incite' (IL, epic poet., also Hp., Aret. [as συθῆ, ἐσύθη]). 41E *kieu- 'start to move'>

    *VAR Also (B., Hell. epic) act. σεύω; aor. ἐσσύμην, ἔσσυτο, σύτο; ἐσ(σ)γύθην, σύθην,  σύθι; also cevato, ἐσσεύαντο, act. ἔσσευα, σεῦα, perf. ἔσσυμαι, ptc. ἐσσύμενος (cf. Chantraine 1942: 190 on the accentuation), 3pl. σεσύανται (H.), verbal adj. ἐπί-  σσυτος; also σοῦμαι, σοῦνται, ipv. σοῦ, inf. σοῦσθαι (trag.), Dor. σοώμην, σῶμαι, etc. (H.), perf. ptc. ἐσσοημένον (H.), act. 355. σόει (B.), a deverbative derived from  σοροῦμαι < *oor-gopat, cf. Wackernagel KZ 25 (1881): 277; with lengthened grade  σώοντο, σωομένους (A. R.); σεῦται (5. Tr. 645 [lyr.]).

    *COMP With prefixes, especially ém-.

===Pag_1373: Beekes_Página_1373.tiff===

    *DER As a second member in compounds: αὐτό-σσυτος 'self-sped' (A., 5.), often  -0(0)60¢ in eg. λαο-σσόος 'inciting the men' (Hom. et al.); σοῦς (from *odFoc) [m.]  '(fast, upward) movement' (Democr., Lacon. acc. to Pl. Cra. 412b, H.); ὑποσευαντήρ  [m.] 'expeller (of the plaguey, epithet of Apollo (metr. inscr. Callipolis), derived  from ὑπο-σεύω in analogy after eg. λυμαν-τήρ from λυμαίνομαι; σῶτρον in  > ἐπίσσωτρον; ▶︎ πανσυδί; ▶︎ ἐπασσύτερος. Cf. also ▶︎ τευμάομαι and ▶︎ τευτάζω,

    *ETYM This verb is directly cognate with Skt. cydvate 'to move, stir, undertake', Av. Siiauuaite 'to enact, commit' < PIE *kiéu-e-to, with correspondences -σσυτος ~ Skt. cyutd- 'moved', Av. mainiiu.sita- 'driven by mind' < *kiu-té- and σοῦμαι <  *ooréopial ~ Skt. causative cydvdyate < *kiou-éie/o-. Another cognate is Arm. aor. ἔραν (pres. ert'am) 'I went', from an o-grade *kiou-. In spite of the clear cognates,  the exact prehistory of the Greek forms is unclear. A preform *kiéu-e-to should have  regularly given **ogetat. The preservation of -ev- in σεύομαι must therefore be  analogical. LIV? (s.v. k*iey-) assumes that it was rebuilt on the s-aorist ἔσσευα. Yet  this form is difficult to explain as well, since a preform *kiéu-s-mj1 should regularly  have yielded *(-c)ofja. Hardarson 1993a: 190 assumes that σεύσμαι reflects *kieu-  ie/o-, a recently formed present on the basis of the original s-aorist, but this is  phonetically unlikely: *kieu-ie/o- should have given "σείομαι. Perhaps we should  assume that an original athematic middle *kiéu-to(@) (perhaps preserved as such in  the rare form σεῦται) was the basis on which the -v- was preserved and generalized  in the other forms. On the aorists ἔσσευα and éxeva, see Hettrich MSS 35 (1976): 47-  61; see also Peters Sprache 21 (1975). See ▶︎ kivéw, ▶︎ kiw.

XXXXXσεῦτλον --τεῦτλον.

XXXXXσήθω [v.] 'to sieve, sift? (Ηρ., Dsc., Hell. and late pap.). «1Ὲ *kieh.- 'sieve'>

    *VAR Aor. σῆσαι, σησθῆναι, perf. σέσησμαι, verbal adj. σηστός.

    *COMP Also with é1a-, κατα-, etc.

    *DER σῆσις (Suid.), σᾶσις (Delph.) [f.] 'sieving', ofjotpa- κόσκινα 'sieve' (H.), whence σηστρίδιον [n.] (pap. ΠΡ).

    *ETYM This verb seems to be a 0-present (compare πλήθω, and especially the  synonym ἠθέω) to a root ση- < o4-, which is attested as such in 3pl. pres. σῶσι (Hdt. 1, 200), aor. σῆσαι, etc. and (with analogical -σ-) σησθῆναι, which all point to a verb  "σάω (cf. EM σῶ). This is related to Att. δια-ττάω (EM 1), from *kieh,-. See  > Siattaw for further discussion.

XXXXXσιηχκός [m.] 'enclosure, fence, pen, stable, enclosed sacred space' (II.). ΑΚ Dor. (Epid.) σακός.

    *COMP σηκο-κόρος [m.] 'stableman' (p 224, etc.).

    *DER onk-ic (Ar.), τύλη, τυλλα (Ael. Dion., H., Phot.) [f.] 'house-slave', -ίτης (Dor. oax-) [m.] (ἀρήν, ἔριφος) 'fed in the stable, weaned' (Theoc., Long.), σῆκα- οὕτως  ἐπιφθέγγονται οἱ ποιμένες εἰς TO συγκλεῖσαι τὰ ποίμνια 'thus the herdsmen call out  in order to enclose the flocks' (H.), -άζω 'to drive into the pen, confine' (© 131 etc.),  σηκόω (with ἀντι-, dva-) 'to weigh against, balance, equalize, compensate' (Ηρ. γὰρ. Arist.), whence σήκτ-ωμα (Dor. σάκ-) [n.] 'enclosed sacred space' (E., inscr.),  usually 'weight, counterweight, calibrated weight or measure' (E., Hyp., Plb., Hell.

===Pag_1374: Beekes_Página_1374.tiff=== XXXXXσηπία 1323 and late pap. and inscr.); -ωτήρ [m.] 'balance beam' (Η.); ἀντισήκ-ωσις [f.] 'counterweight, equalization' (Hdt., Plot.), with backformation ἀντί-σηκος 'equalizing' (Eust.); σάκωσε: κατέκλεισεν 'enclosed' (H.), ἀποσηκώσας: ὡς Ev σηκῷ κατακλείσας 'like 'having enclosed in a pen' (H.).

    *ETYM Since Bezzenberger BB 12 (1887): 240, commonly connected with ▶︎ oattw 'to  stuff through a preform *tuaké-, which in laryngeal terms would be *tueh.k-os. Yet  σάττω would then reflect *tyak-i6, which cannot be explained in laryngeal terms    (*tuh,k- should have yielded *tix-). Perhaps the alternation rather points to Pre-  Greek origin.

XXXXXσηλαγγεύς, -ἕως [m.] 'gold refiner, gold washer' (Agatharch.). «ΡΟ»

    *ETYM For "σαλαγγεύς (from σάλαγξ; see ▶︎ σάλος), with -1)- after ▶︎ onpayk?

XXXXXσῆμα [n.] 'sign, symbol, trait, omen, mark, character, feature, gravestone' (II.). «?»

    *VAR Dor. σᾶμα.

    *COMP Eg. σηματ-ουργός [m.] 'mark maker' (A.); often as a second member with  regular transition into the o-stems, e.g. d-onjioc, Dor. ἄ-σᾶμος 'without signs,  unimpressed, unintelligible' (IA, Dor.), taken over as MP asém '(uncoined) silver',  MoP sim '(silver) thread', cf. Bailey TPS 1933: 50), isolated ἀ-σήμων 'id' (S.), ἐπί-  σημος (Dor. -a-) 'provided with a mark' (IA, Dor.), ntr. τον 'mark, weapon' (Ion. Hell. and late), also -a (Simon., A.); after σῆμα.

    *DER σημα-λέος 'sending signs', epithet of Zeus (Paus.), -τόεις 'full of gravestones'  (AP); denominative σημαίνω [v.] 'to give a sign, show, order' (Il.), Dor. (Pamphy].)  σᾶμ-, often with prefix, eg. ἐπι-, ὑπο-, dia-, ἀπο-. Hence σημάν-τωρ, -τορος [m.]  'commander, ruler, guide' (epic Il.), a military official (Hdt. 7, 81), 'annunciator,  announcing' (late poet.), -τήρ, -τήριον, -τρον, -τρίς, -τρια, -τικός, -σις, also σημασία  [f.] 'announcement, εἴς (Arist, Hell. and late), σηματίζομαι = σημαίνομαι (sch.),  diminutive σημάτιον [n.] (Eust.), onp-etov, Ion. -ἠΐον, Dor. σᾶμ- [n.] 'sign, mark,  standard, signal, signet' (IA, Dor.), formation like μνημ-εἴον beside μνῆμ-α, with  «ειἰώδης 'noteworthy' (Arist, Hell. and late), σημ-ειόομαι, -εἰόω 'to note, notice; to  provide with a seal' (Hp., Thphr., Hell. and late), also with ém-, etc; thence -είωσις,  -e(wpa, -ειωτικός, σημ-εία (-éa, -aia) [f.] 'standard, banner' (Hell. and late),  formation like βασιλ-εία, etc. PN Σαμιχος [m.] (Boeot. inscr.), etc.

    *ETYM Although the word looks inherited, no good etymology exists. Brugmann (e.g. Brugmann 1886-1900 II: 348) equated it with Skt. dhyaman- [n.) 'thought', but    semantically, this is not compelling. If correct, however, σῆμα would reflect *d'iéh,-  mn-.

XXXXXσήμερον —TIpLEpov.

XXXXXσημύδα [f.] 'Judas-tree, Cercis siliquastrum' (Thph.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXσηπία [f.] 'squid' (Hippon., Epich., Ar. Arist.).

    *VAR Ion. -in. ᾿

    *DER Diminutives σιηπ-ῖδιον (Hp., com., Arist.), -ἰδάριον [n.] (Philyll.), -ἰάς [f.]  'squid' (Nic.), -iov or -ειον [n.] 'Os sepiae, bone of the cuttlefish, pounce' (Arist.).

===Pag_1375: Beekes_Página_1375.tiff===

    *ETYM The formation of this word is unclear. Normally, words in -ia are abstracts,  which does not match this word's meaning. A connection with σήπομαι 'to rot' is  semantically possible (perhaps referring to the ink that smells as if it is rotten), but  formally problematic, as σηπία occurs in Epich. (61 and 84) with -1-, whereas  σήπομαι has Doric forms with -a-. If the forms of Epich. are corrupt or Ionicisms,  the connection would be possible. However, it may be more likely that σηπία is a  Pre-Greek word (not mentioned in Fur.). The word was taken over in Latin as sépia.

XXXXXσήπομαι [v.] 'to rot, become rotten', act. 'to make rot' (Il.).

    <IE? *Kieh.p- (vel sim.)  'rot', PG?>

    *VAR Perf. σέσηπα, aor. σαπῆναι (I1.), fut. σαπήσομαι (Hp., Ρ].), also act. σήπω (1A),  non-present forms are rare: fut. σήψω (A. Fr. 275 = 478 M.), aor. σῆψαι (Ael.). «comP Also with prefixes, especially ano-, kata-, dta-.

    *DER σηπεδών, -δόνος [f.] 'decomposition', plur. 'rotting juices' (Hp., Antipho Soph.,  Pl.), formation like τηκεδών, etc. also a designation of snakes, since their bites cause  putrescence (Nic. Ael.), like τερηδών, etc. (cf. Chantraine 1933: 360f.); thence  derivatives -δονώδης, -δονικός (medic.); σῆψις (ἀπό-, σύν-, etc.), Dor. (Ti. Locr.)

XXXXXσᾶψις [f.] 'decomposition, fermentation' (Emp., Hp., Arist.), σήψ, σηπός [f.] 'festering sore' (Hp., Dsc.), [m.]} 'snake (also lizard), the bite of which causes intense thirst' (Arist. Nic.), σήπη [f] 'decomposition' (Aq.), σηπο-ποιός = σηπτικός (Alex. Aphr.), σηπετοῦ: σηπεδόνος 'decay' (H.), σηπ-τός 'rotten' (Arist.), 'causing rot' (Dsc. et al.), earlier and more frequent d-onn-tos 'not rotting' (Hp., X., Arist, Thphr.), -τικός 'causing rot' (Hp., Arist.), -τήριος 'id? (Hp.), σηπ-εύω = σήπω (Man.) (rather enlarged from σήπω than derived from σήπη). . With a different ablaut grade: σαπρός 'rotting, rotten, rancid', 'matured' of wine (IA), also σαπρίας οἶνος (Hermipp.); σαπρ-ότης [f.] 'decomposition' (Pl. Arist. etc.), τίζομαι (Hp.), -ὕνομαι (Nic.), -όομαι (sch.) 'to rot', -iCw 'to make rot' (LXX).

    *ETYM The alternation onzt-/oan- has been taken to point to JE origin (so *tueh,p-,  *tieh,p-, or *kieh.p-; the last is chosen in LIV' sv. *Kieh.p-), but no cognates are  known. However, *Kih,p-ro- does not yield σαπρός, so we either have to assume a  secondary zero grade (which is unlikely), or we have to accept that the verb is of Pre-  Greek origin. Older connections with Skt. kyaku- [n.] 'mushroom' and Lith. siupti  'to putrefy' must be rejected. See on ▶︎ σηπία.

XXXXXσῆραγξ, -γγος [f., m.] 'cave hollowed out by water, hollow rock' (S., PL, Arist.), also used of cavities and pores of the body (medic.), metaph. = ἐπιθυμία 'desire' (H.).

    *VAR  Also ofpayyos.

    *DER onpayy-tov [n.] washing place in Piraeus (Att.), -ώδης 'full of σ᾿ (medic,  Paus.), -dopat, -dw 'to be hollow, make porous' (late).

    *ETYM Formally similar to synonymous φάραγξ; cf. also φάλαγξ, etc. (Chantraine  1933: 399f.). Sometimes connected with »o£éonpa 'to grin', but this is semantically  unlikely. It is rather a Pre-Greek word, in view of the suffix (not mentioned in Fur.).

XXXXXσήραμβος [3] - εἶδος Ka vOapov 'a kind of beetle' (H.). < PG(V)>

===Pag_1376: Beekes_Página_1376.tiff=== XXXXXσθένος 1325

    *ETYM Stromberg 1944: 23 considered this to be Laconian for θήραφος 'spider'. Fur.:  171 compares the word to σίραμφος: τὸ ῥύγχος 'snout', assuming that σήραμιββος  denotes a 'snout beetle'. This is semantically unlikely, but in view of the connection  with θήραφος (the suffix -auB- seems to be Pre-Greek; cf. κεράμβυξ 'longicorn  beetle'), the word could be of Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXons [m.] 'moth, mite' (Pi.). <?>

    *VAR  Gen.sg. σεός (gramm.), nom.pl. σέες, acc.pl. σέας (Luc. Ind. 1), gen.pl. σέων  (Ar. Lys. 730, etc.); later σητός, σῆτες, σητῶν (Arist. etc.).

    *COMP σητό-βρωτος 'eaten away by moths' (LXX, NT).

    *DER σητάω 'to eat away, gnaw', in σητώμενα- βιβρωσκόμενα 'being eaten' (Suid.).

    *ETYM The older inflected forms, gen.pl. σέων (after which arose σέας, σέες), follow  the type σαφής, -Ewv. The accentuation of gen.sg. σεός follows the pattern of  monosyllables. The younger forms σητός, etc. are rebuilt after θής, θητός, etc. The etymology is unclear. The comparisons with wrjv 'date wasp', σίνομαι 'to rob,  damage', and Lat. tinea 'tinea' are semantically and/or formally weak. It is rather a  loanword from Semitic; cf. Hebr. sds 'moth', Akk. sasu, etc. (Lewy 1895: 16f.,  Scheftelowitz BB 28 (1904): 289), and Arm. c'ec' 'mite'.

XXXXXσήσαμον [n.] 'seed and fruit of the sesame plant', also referring to the plant itself (IA). «τὰν Sem.>

    *VAR Also -o¢ [m.], -ἡ [f.] 'id' (Gp.). Dor. σάσαμον, Lac. σάαμον.

    *DIAL Myc. sa-sa-ma [pl.].

    *COMP Asa first element e.g. σησαμο-πώλης [m.] 'sesame merchant' (Att. inscr.).

    *DER σησαμ-ίς, -i50¢ [f.] 'dish made of roasted sesame seeds and honey' (Stesich.,  com.), -ἢ (-€a Hdn.) [f.] 'id' (com.), ov [n.] 'id.' CHdn.), -ίτης [m.] 'sesame cake'  (Poll. Ath.), -ἴτις (γῆ) [f] 'planted with o.' (Hell. pap.), see Redard 1949: 91 and 109;  -όεις, -οὖῦς [adj.] 'made of o.', msc. 'sesame cake' (Hp., Ar.), τινος 'made of a.' (X.,  Hell. pap., Str., etc.), -atog 'id' (Luc.), -ικός 'concerning a.' (pap.), -ώδης 'sesame-  like' (Thphr.), -ούντιος 'made of σ᾿ (sch.), -evw 'to sow a.', whence -eta [f.] (Hell. pap.).

    *ETYM Loanword from Semitic; cf. Akk. Sammassamu 'sesame', Aram. Siims*maé, etc. (Lewy 189s: 28f.), with a formation like κάρδαμον, βάλσαμον, etc. Taken over in  Latin as sésamum, sésuma.

XXXXXσητάνιος, σῆτες --τῆτες.

XXXXXσθένος [n.] 'strength, power, ability, might' (almost only epic poet. 11.). <?>

    *COMP Very frequent as a second member, eg. ἀ-σθενής 'without strength,  strengthless' (Pi, IA), whence ἀσθέν-εια, -€w, -ημα, -όω, -wots, -τκός (Arist.) and the  secondary simplex σθενής: ἰσχυρός, καρτερός 'powerful, strong' (H.); also as a first  member, e.g. σθενο-βλαβής 'damaging the strength' (Opp.), after ppevo-BAaBric; PN  Σθενέ-λαος (after Μενέλαος), Σθένελος (11...

    *DER σθεν-αρός 'powerful' (epic poet. I 505, also Hp.), formed like βριαρός,  στιβαρός, etc; Σθέν-ιος [m.], -ta¢ [f.] epithet of Zeus and of Athena in Argolis  (Paus.), -eta [n.pl.] name of an Agon in Argos (Plu.), also fem.sg. epithet of Athena

===Pag_1377: Beekes_Página_1377.tiff===

(γε 1164), formed after women's names in -e1a; σθέν-ω (with ἐπι- Q. 5.) 'to be strong, be able' (back-formation, only pres. and ipf; trag., also late epic and prose; cf. Schwyzer: 723), -6w 'to strengthen' (1. Ep. Pet. 5, 10).

    *ETYM No clear etymology. The suffix of σθένος has been analyzed as *-(e)nos- and  compared with ἄφενος, κτῆνος, etc, but the existence of an old IE suffix of this  shape is unlikely. The initial σθ- is taken as the root by Bolling Am] Ph. 21 (1900): 316  and compared with Skt. saghnoti 'to be a match for, be equal to (a tasky, Av. a-zg-  ata- 'irresistible (?),, which would point to PIE *sg'"-énos.

XXXXXσιᾶγών [f.] 'jawbone, jaw, cheek' (Hp., Att., Arist. LKX, NT).

    *VAR Ion. σιη- (cea-, ova- late pap., etc.), τόνος.

    *DER σιᾷγ-όνιον [n.] 'region of the jaw, cheek piece' (Hp., LXX, Ath. Mech.), -ονίτης  μῦς 'jaw muscle' (Alex. Trall.); Redard 1949: 101.

    *ETYM Synonym for γνάθος (which is the more usual word). Connection with wiopat  'to chew' is semantically attractive, but the formation is quite unclear. The latter part,  τῶν, may be compared to the -wv in Aaywv, κενεών, πυγών, ἀγκών, and other words  for body parts, but the former part is obscure. Since IE origin is formally hardly  possible, the word could well be of Pre-Greek origin, possibly reflecting *s'ag- (cf. Beekes 2008: 52).

XXXXXσιαλενδρίς [3] a bird (Call. fr. 419, acc. to H.). «ΡΟ»

    *ETYM Origin unclear. Perhaps reflecting Pre-Greek *s'al-.

XXXXXσίαλον [n., m.] 'spittle, slobber', metaph. 'joint fluid, synovitis' (Hp., Pherecr. X., Arist., Hell. and late). <?>

    *VAR σίελον (-ος).

    *DER σιαλίς: βλέννος 'slime' (H.), σιαλώδης like saliva' (Hp.), σιαλ-ίζω (oted-) [v.] 'to  form spittle, slobber, foam' (Hp., Archig.), -.oud¢ [m.] 'water-brash' (medic.),  -ἰστήριον [n.] 'bridle-bit? (Gp.), σίαι: πτύσαι: Πάφιοι 'to spit (Paph.) (HL), cod. πτῆσαι, cf. Schwyzer: 752".

    *ETYM Probably an onomatopoeic word. A connection with Skt. ksivati 'to spit' is  formally difficult. Note that the verb ▶︎ σικχαίνω, -opat 'to feel disgust, detest' shows  the rare and late forms σιαίνομαι, aor. σιάνθην 'to meet antipathy, disgust' (pap. VI-  VII?, H., Suid., gloss.), and σιαίνω 'to cause antipathy' (sch.), which seem to be  transformations on the basis of σίαλον.

XXXXXσίαλος [m.] 'fat pig, porker', also appositive to σῦς 'id' (Hom., Q. S, Thphr apud Porph.); metaph. 'fat, grease' (Hp. Acut. [Sp.] 37). 4 PG>

    *DIAL Myc. si-a,-ro.

    *DER σιαλ-ώδης 'porker-like, fat' (Hp.), -obtav τρέφεται 'is fattened' (H.).

    *ETYM The one attestation that means 'fat, grease' (Hp. Acut. [Sp.] 37) may have  arisen out of 'fat pig' by ellipsis, and cannot be used as an argument in favor of the  view that the original meaning of σίαλος is 'grease, fat'. Therefore, the connection  with oiadov 'spittle, slobber', which otherwise would be semantically attractive,  becomes doubtful. Other etymological proposals are unconvincing. The connection  with OE pwinan 'to become weak, to die away' is semantically weak; the connection

===Pag_1378: Beekes_Página_1378.tiff===

with RuCs tyti 'to become fat' (Bechtel 1914 s.v.) is formally difficult, as the latter reflects *teuh,- (Skt. tav'- 'to be strong', Gr. ▶︎ ταῦς 'great, many', ▶︎ σῶς 'safe and sound'). The word is probably of Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXσιβύνη [f.] 'hunting spear, javelin' (Alex. D. S., AP).

    *VAR Also -ng [m.]; συβίνη (pap. III); also ζιβύνη (LXX, Ph. Bel.).

    *DER Diminutive σιβύνιον [n.] (Plb.), ζι- CH.).

    *ETYM Clearly a word of foreign origin; cf. MoP zépin, Arm. savin, and Syr. swbyn  'javelin'. According to Fur.: 247, these words show that the original form was συβίνη,  which was possibly metathesized to σιβύνη on the basis of other words for  instruments in -ὕνη, like κορύνη, τορύνη. Compare also ▶︎ otyov(v)n¢ 'hunting  spear', which however cannot be related. Taken over into Latin as sibyna (sub-, syb-).

XXXXXσῖγα [adv] 'silently, in silence', also interj. 'be quiet!' (trag.). <?>

    *DER σιγάω (Hom. only ipv. σίγα; ind. since h. Merc.), fut. σιγήσομαι (S, E, Ar.),  τήσω (AP, Ὁ. Chr.), perf. σεσίγηκα (Aeschin.), pass. σιγ-άομαι (S.), aor. -θῆναι (Hdt.,  E.), -ἀθῆναι (Theoc.), fut. -ηθήσομαι (E.), perf. σεσίγ-ημαι, Dor. -ἅμαι (Pi., E.) 'to be  quiet, keep secret', pass. 'to be kept secret', sometimes with xata-, etc., whence oty-  ηλός, Dor. (Pi.) -ἅλός 'silent' (Hp., S. Arist.), -npdc 'id' (Men., LXX), -ητής [m.]  'silent person' (Latium ΠΡ), -ητικός 'silent' (Hp.), -ημονᾷς: σιγᾷς 'keep silent' (H.),  σιγή, Dor. -ά (Pi.) [f.] 'silence, secrecy' (I; Hom. only σιγῇ; cf. below); σῖγος [n.] 'id.'  (late innovation, An. Ox.), whence σιγ-αλέος 'silent? (AP, Orph.), -άζω (Pi, X.,  D.C.), kata- (Arist. et al.) 'to make silent', kataovyatvel, gloss of πραῦνει (H.), oty-άρνης [m.] *' (Call. Epigr. 45, 6), cf. Schwyzer RhM 75 (1926): 447 and 77, 105.

    *ETYM It is probable that the interjective adverb σῖγα formed the basis for all these  words. First, the ipv. σίγα and instrumental dat. σιγῇ were formed, on the basis of  which the verbal and nominal paradigms were built (Schwyzer: 722, 726, Schwyzer  1950: 257', Chantraine 1942: 357). The origin of σῖγα is unclear, however. The  Hesychius gloss piya: σιώπα 'keep silent? (H.) has been analyzed as fiya and taken  to point to a pre-form *ofty-. Frisk s.v. suggests a connection with OHG swigén 'to  be silent', but this is formally impossible: the latter would reflect *sueig'-, which  would regularly yield Gk. **eix-. Therefore, it is probably of onomatopoeic origin. Cf. also >» σιωπάω, -1.

XXXXXσϊγαλόεις [adj.] epic epithet of ἡνία, χιτών, εἵματα, θρόνος, etc., 'brilliant, gleaming' vel sim. (Hom.), later of ἀμύγδαλα, μνία (Hermipp., Numen. apud Ath.). 42>

    *DER νεο-σίγαλος 'with a new brilliance', of τρόπος (Pi.), after the pattern παιπαλόεις  : πολυ-παίπαλος, etc. (Leumann 1950: 214°); σιγαλόω [v.] 'to smoothen, polish'  (Apollon. Lex. s.v. σιγαλόεντα, sch. Pi.), σιγάλωμα [n.] 'polishing tools of a cobbler'  (Apollon. ibd., H. s.v. ovyaAdev), also 'border, edging of a pelt' (H. τὰ περιαπτόμενα  ταῖς atc), σιάλωμα 'iron mountings of a Roman longshield' (Plb. 6, 23, 4; H.), with  loss of the y, cf. Schwyzer: 209.

    *ETYM Formation like αἰθαλόεις, ὀμφαλόεις, etc., which are also epic epithets. The  technical noun σιγάλωμα belongs to a different style category and cannot be derived  from σιγαλόεις directly, but may be formed on the basis of σιγαλόω (if this verb is  not a construct of grammarians), or forms an enlargement of an unattested noun

===Pag_1379: Beekes_Página_1379.tiff===

*oiyadog (like eg. ἀέτωμα to ἀετός). Etymology unclear. Older, unconvincing attempts in Frisk s.v.

XXXXXσιγαλφοί [m.] - οἱ ἄφωνοι Kai oi ἄγριοι τέττιγες 'wild cicadas that do not make any sound' (H.). «ΡΟ»

    *VAR Cf. σίγιον: εἶδος τέττιγος 'a kind of cicada' (sch. Ar. Av. 1095).

    *ETYM The reading of this word is not fully certain; some scholars prefer a reading in  -αλοί (cf. Frisk s.v.). Because of the muteness of this type of cicada, this word was  connected already in classical times (Plin. HN 11, 92) with σιγή 'silence' (see ▶︎ oiya),  which could make sense. Strémberg 1944: 18 rather connects the word with σίζω 'to  hiss'. Fur. 369 compares the words adtydg- τρωξαλλίς, ὑπὸ Σκυθῶν 'grasshopper  (Skythian)' (with prothetic vowel?) and ζειγάρη: ὁ τέττιξ παρὰ Σιδήταις 'id. (Sidetian) (H.), which would point to a Pre-Greek origin. This would be supported  if the word should indeed be read otyad(A)oi, as Furnée cites it, since words in  -αλλο- are Pre-Greek (Beekes 2008).

XXXXXσίγιστρον [n.] 'chest' (Eust. 956, 6; 1604, 10). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXσίγλος [m.] weight and coin (in X. = 7.5 Att. obols), 'shekel' (Att. inscr. end IV', X.), also used as an ear-pendant (e.g. in σιγλο-φόρος Com. Adesp. 792); in this meaning also σίγλαι [f.pl.] (PMasp. VI, Poll.). «τὴν Sem.>

    *VAR OlkAog (LXX, J.).

    *ETYM Loanword from Semitic; cf. Hebr. Sekel, etc. Taken over in Latin as siclus.

XXXXXσίγμα [n.] indecl. name of the letter (Pl., Arist., etc.). <?>

    *VAR Also -i-. ὁὈΕΚσιγμ(ατ)ο-ειδής 'sigma-shaped' (late), σιγματίζω 'to write with a sigma' (Eust.).

    *ETYM The name of this letter is without an evident Semitic precursor (Hebr. samekh  is formally remote). Therefore, it is more probably a verbal noun from the verb σίζω  'to hiss' (Schwyzer KZ 58 (1931): 186ff.).

XXXXXσίγραι - τῶν ἀγρίων συῶν οἱ βραχεῖς καὶ σιμοί 'small and snub-noised wild swine' (H.).

    *ETYM Pre-Greek, in view of the gloss σίκα' ὗς. Λάκωνες 'swine (Laconian)' (H.).

XXXXXσιγύν( νης [m.] 'hunting spear, javelin' (Hdt. 5, 9, Opp.).

    *VAR -ος [m.] (A. R., AP), -ov [n.] (Arist. Po. 1457b 6, AP), τυμνον (Lyc.).

    *ETYM According to Herodotus and Aristotle (Lc.), the word is Cyprian, whereas a  sch. on A. R. 4, 320 states it is Scythian. The word resembles the ethnonym Σιγύνναι,  τοι, tvvot (Hdt., A. R, Str.), a people on the other side of the middle Danube, which  must have been Iranian (Scythian). According to Herodotus, retail dealers (κάπηλοι)  were called σιγύνναι by the Ligyes in the neighborhood of Massilia, clearly after the  people (cf. Dundreanu-Vulpe in Bonfante BSL 37 (1936): 78 and Kretschmer Glotta  27 (1939): 245). Fur.: 247 assumes that σιγῦν- reflects *ovyufv-, which is a variant of  σιγυμν-, with the typical Pre-Greek alternation -t/f-. Cf. ▶︎ σιβύνη, which however  cannot be cognate.

===Pag_1380: Beekes_Página_1380.tiff=== XXXXXσίζω 1329

XXXXXoidn [{ 'pomegranate (tree) (Emp. Hp., Thphr, Nic. also i by metrical lengthening); also the name of a Boeotian water-plant = νυμφαία (Thphr., Nic.).

    *VAR  ξίμβαι: ῥοιαί. Αἰολεῖς 'pomegranates (Aeolian) (H.). Also -a (Boeot.),  Schwyzer: 30; -éat [pl.] (Halaesa), perhaps after συκέαι; σίβδη (Call, H.), σίλβια:  σίδια 'pomegranate peels' (H.).

    *DER σΐδ-ιον [n.] 'pomegranate peel' (Hp. Ar. Thphr.), σίλβια- σίδια (H.) with -to-  ειδής 'cidtov-like' (Hp.), -twtdv [n.] 'medicine produced with a.' (Paul. Aeg.), -όεις  (Nic.), -etog (Hdn. Gr.) 'from the pomegranate peel'; ΣΙδ-οῦς, -obvtoc (X.), -detc,  -όεντος (Euph.) [m.] TN near Corinth.

    *ETYM Cf. PNs like Zidn, Σίδυμα, and also Alb. shegé 'pomegranate', etc. See also on  > σίδηρος. On the by-forms σίβδη and ξίμβαι, see also Brandenstein 1958: 8off. with  references. Fur. (index) accepts all forms as real, including ξίμβρα (286). Analyzing  σίβδη as < *oufd-, he argues that the group is Pre-Greek. The gloss ῥίμβαι: ῥοιαὶ  μεγάλαι. ἄμεινον δὲ διὰ τοῦ & Fip Bar CH.) is unclear.

XXXXXσΐδηρος [m.] 'iron, steel', also 'iron tool, sword, iron weapon, etc.', metaph. '(iron) toughness' (11...

    *VAR Fem. in Nic. Th. 923; Dor. -Gpoc.

    *COMP E.g. σιδηρό-τφρων 'iron-minded' (A., E.), σιδηρο-κόντρα [f.] 'hunting spear'  (Gortyn, Sagalassos), ὁλο-σίδηρος 'made completely of iron' (Attica, Delos, etc.).

    *DER Doric forms are not indicated separately: σιδήρ-ιον [n.] 'iron tool' (IA, Cret.),  -ioxog [m.] a medical instrument (Crete V-IV*), formation like ὀβελίσκος, etc., cf. Chantraine 1933: 408; -eia, -etov [n.] 'iron mine' (Arist., Delos, etc.), -εύς [m.] 'iron  smith' (X. et al.), -itng [m.], -ἴτις [f.] 'made of iron, iron' (Pi, Eup. et al.), also name  of a stone (Plin., Orph.) and several plants, 'vervain' (J., Dsc.), because they are  supposed to heal stab wounds, cf. Strémberg 1940: 89; -ε(ι)ος, -οὖς, -toc [adj.] 'iron'  (1... -ἤεις 'id.' (Nic.), -όεις (EM), -εόεις (Ep. Alex. Adesp.), -ὦδης 'id.' (sch.), τόομαι,  -6w 'to be provided with iron' (Th, inscr., etc.), whence -watc [f.] 'ironwork' (Att. inscr., etc.), -ώματα [n.pl.] 'iron mountings' (pap. V?), -wtdc 'studded with iron'  (Edict. Diocl.)), -ebw [v.] 'to work with iron, forge' (Poll.), whence -efa [Ὁ] 'ironwork'  (X.); fw [v.] 'to resemble iron, contain iron' (medic.).

    *ETYM Origin unclear. The Greeks got to know iron from Asia Minor, the Pontus  and Caucasus, and it is likely that they took over the word for it from these areas as  well. In that sense, the resemblance with the Caucasian word (Udian) zido 'iron' may  be relevant (cf. also Fur.: 105). Some scholars assume that σίδηρος originally referred  to meteoric iron, and is derived from Lat. sidus 'constellation' (cf. Kretschmer Glotta  26 (1938): 64). Others assume that the word refers to the redness of the metal, and  assume a connection with σίδη 'pomegranate' (Deroy Ant. class. 31 (1962): 98ff.,  Crepajac KZ 80 (1966): 249ff.). Still others assume a connection with words for  'silver', like e.g. Lith. siddbras 'silver' (because both metals have a white color); cf. e.g. Mallory & Adams 1997: 313-4.

XXXXXσίζω [v.] 'to hiss' (1394, com., Arist.).

    *VAR  Only the pres. stem is securely attested; aor. σίξα (Theoc. 6, 29) is a conjecture,  further only ἐπισίξῃ (Ar. V. 704 ν.1.) besides -σίζῃ.

===Pag_1381: Beekes_Página_1381.tiff===

    *COMP Rarely with ἐπι-, δια-.

    *DER σιγμός [m.] (Arist., Phld., Plu.), σισμός [m.] Suid.), σίξις [f.] (Arist.) 'hissing';  also ▶︎ ciypa?

    *ETYM Onomatopoeic, just like Lat. sibild, etc. Cf. Schwyzer KZ 58 (1931): 186}.

XXXXXσίκα - ὗς. Λάκωνες (H.). σῦς and of ypau.

XXXXXσίκερα [n.] akind of fermented drink (LXX). «LW Sem.>

    *ETYM Loanword from Semitic; cf. Hebr. Sekar.

XXXXXoixtv(v)c, -ίδος [f.] 'dance of the satyrs' (S. fr. 772, E. Cycl. 37, Ὁ. H.). Ξρκηκίς, κηκίω.

XXXXXσικύα [f.] 'bottle-gourd, Lagenaria vulgari§? (Hp., Arist, Thphr., etc.), metaph. 'bleeding cup' (Hp., com., PL, etc.).

    *VAR Ion. -tn (cexota H.).

    *COMP atkv-fAatov [n.] 'patch of gourds, cucumbers' (Hp.), τήρατον (pap.).

    *DER oikvog (σικυός) [m.] 'cucumber or melon, Cueumis (sativus)' (Hp., com. Arist., etc.), σίκυς [f.] 'id' (Alc., Dsc., Gal.). Diminutive σικύ-διον [n.] (Phryn. Com.,  pap. II-III'), -ὦώδης 'cucumber-like, etc.' (Hp., Thphr.), -ηδόν 'like a cucumber'  (medic.), -wv [m.] 'cucumber patch', -wvn [f.] = σίκυος ἄγριος 'wild bottle-gourd',  also 'bleeding cup' (Hdt.), formation like kpotwvn, etc; -wvia [f.] = κολοκύνθη  'round gourd' (Hp., Plu.). Also Σικυών (Lexv-), -ῶνος [m., f.] 'cucumber city', city  not far from Corinth (I1.) with -ώνιος, -wvucdc. From the second meaning: -υάζω 'to cup' (Arr.), with -daotc, -υασ-μός (late).

    *ETYM For other plant names in -ὖς, compare e.g. ῥάφυς, κάχρυς; for plant names in  -ba, compare οἰσύα, ὀστρύα, etc. The Hesychius gloss cexova: σικύα, as well as the  toponym Xikvwv/Zexvwv, shows an alternation σικ-ίσεκ-, which cannot be  explained from an IE point of view. Together with the forms συκύα = σικύα (Edict. Diocl., cf. Fur.: 367), κύκυον: tov σικυόν (H.), and κυκύϊζα: γλυκεῖα κολόκυντα  'sweet round gourd' (H.), as well as Lat. cucumis 'cucumber' and ORu. tyky  'pumpkin', we seem to be dealing with a Wanderwort that might also have Semitic    a 2 τς    cognates, e.g. Hebr. gissu'd 'cucumber'. Exact origin and preform unclear.

XXXXXσικχός [adj.] 'disgusted, picky, especially concerning food' (Arist., Plu., Ath.). <?>

    *COMP ἄ-σικχος 'not picky concerning food, not easily causing satiety (of food)'  (Plu.), see Frisk 1941: 16.

    *DER σίκχ-ος [n.] 'disgust, tedium' (Sm.), formed like e.g. μάκρος [n.] from μακρός,  cf. Schwyzer: 512; -ότης [f.] 'id.' (Eust.), -aive, -αίνομαι [v.] 'to feel disgust or tedium,  to detest' (Call, Plb, Arr.), whence -αντός 'provoking disgust' (M. Ant.), -acia,  -ασμός (gloss.), σικχαζόμενος: σκωπτόμενος 'being mocked' (H.).

    *ETYM The cluster -ky- makes an JE origin unlikely. Further unclear.

XXXXXσίλβη [f.] - εἶδος πέμματος «ἐκ; κριθῆς, σησάμης Kai μήκωνος 'a kind of cake made of barley, sesame and poppy' (H.).

    *ETYM Neumann 1961: 98 compares this word to Hitt. Siluba- 'a kind of cake', which  may have variants in Siluya- and Siliya-. If cognate, it is clearly a loanword or a Pre-  Greek word. Yet the -B- of σίλβη is difficult to reconcile with the Hittite forms.

===Pag_1382: Beekes_Página_1382.tiff=== XXXXXσίλουρος 1331

XXXXXσιληπορδέω [v.] 'to behave with vulgar arrogance' (Sophr. 164, Posidon. 36 J., H., Phot.). <?>

    *VAR Dor. σιλᾶ-, aor. -fjoal.

    *DER σιληπορδία [f.] (Luc. Lex. 21).

    *ETYM The element -nopdéw is clearly cognate with ▶︎ πέρδομαι 'to fart'; compare  also MoGr. τσιληπουρδῶ 'to spring, leap, kick with the heel (of young horses); to  fart' and τσιληπούρδισμα farting (of horses)'. The first element, otAn-, is of unclear  origin. On the basis of the toponym Πορδοσιλήνη (an island), it has been suggested  that σιλη- must belong with ▶︎ Σιληνός.

XXXXXσίλιγνον [n.] 'winter wheat', Lat. silig6 (pap. II-VIF). «τὴν Lat»

    *VAR  Also σελ-, -ἰον.

    *DER σιλιγν(")-άριος [m.] 'baker or seller of σ᾿, also σιλιγινάριος = Lat. siliginarius  (ibid.); σίλιγνις (σέλ-) [f.] 'flour made of o. (Chrysipp. Tyan., Gal. etc.), -ίτης  (ἄρτος) 'bread made of σ᾿ (Gal., inscr. Ephesus I-II?), -ίας [m.] 14. (Eust.).

    *ETYM Loanword from Lat. siligd, -inis [f.] with transformation to the o-, to-, and t-  stems.

XXXXXσίλλος [m]] 'satire, satirical poem' (Str., Ael., D. L. et al.) «ἢ

    *COMP σιλλο-γράφος [m.] 'poet of σ᾿ (Ath. Jul.).

    *DER σιλλ-αίνω (rarely with δια-, xata-, ém-) 'to mock, ridicule' (Hp., Herod., Ael.,  Luc.), -dw (δια-) 'id' (Com. Adesp., Gal., D. C.), PNs e.g. Σίλλος, -ak, -εύς.

    *ETYM Unclear origin. According to Solmsen IF 30 (1912), it is derived by  hypocoristic gemination from a preform "σϊλός (= Lat. silus 'pug-nosed'), besides ot-  μός 'snub-nosed', through the meaning 'with a turned-up nose > mocker' (Σιλ-ηνός  would belong here as well, then). Kretschmer Glotta 4 (1913): 351ff. rather derives  σίλλος from Σιληνός, referring to ἀνάσιλλος 'having erect hair, with which Satyrs are  often depicted' (compare also σιλλέα: τρίχωμα 'hair growth' H.). Both etymologies  are formally unattractive. The interpretation of the hapax σίλλος 'squinting' in Luc. Lex. 3 is unclear: the ward is preceded by ὃς, and may therefore be a cazrupt spelling  for ἰλλός 'squinting', but compare also σιλλόω, which according to Phot. (from  Archipp. 52) = τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς ἠρέμα παραφέρειν 'to gently turn away the eyes'.

XXXXXσίλλυβον [n.] an edible thistle (Dsc., Ruf. apud Orib., H.). <?>

    *DER σίλλυβα [pl.] 'fringes, tassels' (Poll, H.), σίλλυβος 'strip of parchment or paper  attached to scrolls' (Cic. Aft.), σιλλυβιᾶν (cod. σικυλλιᾶν)- τὸ τοὺς κροσσοὺς  ἀποσείεσθαι 'to shake the tassels, fringes' (H.).

    *ETYM Origin unclear. For the formation, compare plant names like ὄροβος,  σκόλυβος, ὄχθοιβος, κόσυμβος, etc, which usually have no etymology (cf. Chantraine 1933: 261 f.). Fur.: 67 compares Lat. fitulus, originally an appendix to the  scroll, and reconstructs *tit(o)l-ob"- > sisl-ub-.

XXXXXσίλονυρος [m.] a big river fish, probably 'catfish' or 'sturgeon', Lat. sila#rus (mid. com., Hell. pap., Str., εἴς). ;

    *DER σιλουρισμός [m.] 'serving a σ᾿ (Diph.).

===Pag_1383: Beekes_Página_1383.tiff===

    *ETYM In the older literature, it is derived from οὐρά 'tail' and an unclear first  element (compare μελάν-ουρος for the formation), the first element being connected  by Solmsen IF 30 (1912): off. with ἔσιλος, as in »σίλλος and ▶︎ Σιληνός. However, the  word is rather formed with the Pre-Greek suffix -ουρος.

XXXXXσίλφη [f.] an insect, 'cockroach, carrion beetle' (Arist., Gal., Ael., AP).

    *VAR τίλφη (Luc.).

    *ETYM Etymology unclear. The variant τίλφη in Luc. could be an artificial Atticism  (cf. Schwyzer: 319) or show a Pre-Greek alternation t-/o-. The form formally and  semantically resembles ▶︎ σέρφος, a small winged insect, ''gnat, winged ant'. Fur.: 167,  etc. connects Lat. delpa (an insect) as well,all of which would point to Pre-Greek  origin.

XXXXXσίλφιον [n.] a plant known especially from Cyrene, 'silphium'.

    *VAR  oéA Tov: σίλφιον (H.).

    *DER σιλφιωτός (Ar.), σεσιλφιωμένος (Philox., not certain) 'prepared with o',  σιλφιόεις 'made of «.' (Nic.).

    *ETYM The variants σίλφιον, σέλπον, together with Lat. sirpe 'id', point to a  loanword of unknown origin. Fur. 163, etc. also mentions Berb. aselbu 'iuncus  maritimus'.

XXXXXσίμβλος [m.] 'beehive' (Hes., Ar., Arist., Theoc., A. R.).

    *VAR -αἱ (H.), plur. also -a (Opp.).

    *DER oytBA-rioc, [f.] -ηΐς 'belonging to the beehive' (A. R., AP), -tog 'id.' (Dsc., Ruf. apud Orib.; uncertain), -ebw [v.] 'to seek shelter in a beehive' (AP), -wotc [f.] an eye-  disease (Hippiatr.).

    *ETYM Origin unclear. Older proposals (cf. Frisk s.v.) are all uncompelling. Fur.: 286  compares words like σιπύη 'box for keeping flour and bread', σίφνις 'id', σιβαία  'wallet' and Lat. simpulum 'a small ladle', simpuvium 'vessel for offering liquids, a  sacrificial bowl'. Also uncertain.

XXXXXσιμίκιον [n.] musical instrument with five strings (Poll. 4, 59). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXσῖμός [adj.] 'having an impressed, pouting nose, snub- or flat-nosed' (opposite of γρυτιός), 'bent upward, rising, concave, hollow' (opposite of κυρτός), metaph. 'impudent, mischievous' (IA).

    *COMP Also with modifying or further characterising prefixes like ava-, év-, ὑπο-.

    *DER σιμ-ότης [f.] 'snub-nosedness, upward bending' (Pl., X.), σιμ-όομαι, -dw 'to  become snub-nosed, bend upward, bend off (Hp., Th., X., Arist. etc.), also with  ἀπο-, ἐπι-, ὑπο-; thence -ωσις [{1 'snub-nosedness' (Gal.), ano- 'bending off course  of a ship' (App.), τ-ωμα [n.] 'curved upward prow of a ship' (Plu.)), -aivw [v.] 'to  bend the nose upward' (Call. Iamb.), σίμιον: αἰγιαλός 'sea-shore, beach' (H.), PN  Σῖμ-ος, -ὕλος, -ἰχος, etc., also -iac, whence the appellative *outiac [m.] probably 'flat-  nose', 'monkey' (taken over in Latin as simia 'monkey'), HN Σιμόεις, -evtos (Il. etc.), appurtenance uncertain.

===Pag_1384: Beekes_Página_1384.tiff=== XXXXXσινδών, -όνος 1333

    *ETYM Oxytone adjectives in -μός are rare (Chantraine 1933: 151), but note that e.g. θερμός and δοχμός are both of IE origin. The word σιμός may theoretically be Indo-  European, and Janda 2005 derives it from *tih,-m6- literally 'struck' > 'flattened  (nosey, from the root *tieh,- 'to strike', which he also assumes for σῆμα 'sign, mark'  < *tiéh,-mn 'what is carved', σῶμα 'corpse' < *tidh,-mn 'the killed one' and σῖτος  'grain, food' < *tih,-td- 'threshed', and which is attested as such in Hitt. zah-' / zahh-  'to hit, beat' < *tioh.- (cf. Kloekhorst 2008: 1019). This construction seems highly  improbable in view of the wide range of attested meanings, and the fact that a  meaning 'strike' is not attested in Greek. Moreover, neuters in *-mn do not regularly  take the o-grade, so σῶμα must be left out in any case. Older connections with Germanic words like OHG swinan, ON svina 'to disappear,  decrease' or MHG swimen 'to stagger, be suspended', ON svima 'to float, stagger,  swoon' (Pok. 1041) are formally impossible (*sy- does not yield Gr. o-) and  semantically remote. In conclusion, σῖμός is most likely Pre-Greek, although there  are no further indications for this. It was taken over in Latin as simus 'id'.

XXXXXσῖμος [m.] a fish (Opp., Ath.).

    *DER Diminutive σιμ-άριον (pap. VI-VIIP).

    *ETYM Sometimes connected with σῖμός 'snub-nosed, bent upward', with which it is  formally identical, apart from the opposite accentuation. Nevertheless, semantically  such a connection cannot be proven.

XXXXXoivant [n.] 'mustard, mustard plaster'. « PG>

    *VAR σίνηπι, -απυ, -απις, -ηπυς (Hell and late). A variant is ▶︎ νᾶπυ.

    *COMP ᾿σιναπο-πηκτή may be found in Lat. sen pecta (late).

    *DER σινάπιον (EM, gloss.), -idtov (Alex. Trall.), τινος 'of mustard' (Dsc., Gal.), -npdcs  'spiced with mustard' (pap.). -ifw 'to apply a mustard plaster', whence -ισμός  (medic.).

    *ETYM Σίναᾶπι(ς) / σίνᾶπυ(ς) cannot be separated from νᾶπυ 'mustard', An  alternation ot-/ zero is also found in loans from Egypt (σίλι : σέσελι, σάρι : σίσαρον),  on the basis of which Egyptian origin for this word has been suggested (Hehn-  Schrader 1911: 211, André Latomus 15 (1956): 296ff; rejected by Mayrhofer Sprache 7  (1961): 185ff.). Instead, the words can be better explained from a Pre-Greek form  *s'napi. Pre-consonantal palatalized consonants yielded both Ci and C (eg. kvwy :  κινώπετον < *h'n-, λασιτός : λάσται < *las't-); cf. Beekes 2008. In this case, *s'napV  yielded both oivan- and *ovan-. In initial position, *ov- regularly yielded Gr. v- (cf. e.g. PIE *sneh,ur- > Gr. νεῦρον 'sinew'). Gr. νᾶπυ is taken over in Latin as napus  'turnip (Plin.) and σίναπι(ς) as sinapi(s) 'mustard', from which Go. sina(s), OHG  senf 'mustard', etc., have been borrowed.

XXXXXσινδών, -όνος [f.] 'fine woven cloth, fine linen, garment; blanket, etc. made thereof (Hdt., Th., trag., Hell. and late).

    *COMP otvdovo-@dpoc [m.] 'wearer of ἃ σ᾿ (Delos, Tegea).

    *DER otvddv-tov [n.] 'garment, etc. made of σ᾽ (Hell. and late), -ioxocg [m.]  diminutive (Samos IV®), -itng, Dor. -itas [m.] 'wearer of an a.' (Str.), 'garment made

===Pag_1385: Beekes_Página_1385.tiff===

of o.' (Hell. and late), also attributive (τελαμών, χιτών (Ρ0]]., Phot.), -ιάζω 'to cover in σ᾿ (pap.).

    *ETYM Possibly a loanword from Semitic, e.g. Hebr. sddin 'linen undercloth, kind of  shirt' (Lewy 1895: 84f., E. Masson 1967: 2sf.), although the formal connection is  rather weak. Taken over in Latin as sindon 'id'.

XXXXXσινίον [n.] " κόσκινον 'sieve' (H.).

    *VAR = oevviov (PRyl. 139, 9 [1Ρ]}} σείνιος τόπος 'sieving, winnowing area' (pap. IV").

    *DER Aor. otvidoat 'to sift, sieve' (Ev. Luc. 22, 31, H., Phot. EM, Suid., gloss.), whence  otvi-aopia [n.] 'recrement, detrimentum', = ῥυπαρία tod σίτου 'waste product of  grain' (gloss.), -ατήριον: κόσκινον 'sieve' (H.)&,

    *ETYM A connection with ▶︎ σήθω, σάω, ▶︎ διαττάω 'to sieve' < PIE *kieh,- seems  phonetically impossible. Instead, the alternation σιν- : σενν- : cetv- rather points to a  Pre-Greek origin (Fur.: 357).

XXXXXσίνομαι [v.] 'to rob, pillage, destroy, damage' (Od., epic, Sapph., Ion., X., Hell. and late, also Argos, Crete, Herakleia; Hdt., Hp. also -ἔομαι; not in Att.). <?>

    *VAR  Very rarely attested in aorist: éoivavto (Hdt.), ἐπεσίνατο (Nic.), npooivavtec:  βλάψαντες 'disabling, hindering' (H.).

    *DIAL Rarely with ἐπι-, κατα-, προ-.

    *COMP otv-ddwv, -όδους, -οντος [m.] a fish (Arist, Dorio), folk-etymological for  συν-όδων (see Stromberg 1943: 45). Unclear however is σινάμωρος 'harmful, baneful,  wicked, mischievous, sweet-toothed, lustful vel sim., with -ia, -éw, -evua (Ion, com.,  Arist. et al.); because of its short t, it is not derived from the verb, but from the noun  σίνος.

    *DER σίνος [n.] 'damage, harm, disaster' (Ion, A., Arist.), whence ἀ-σινής  'unharmed, harmless' (A 110, Sapph., Ion., A., Pl, X., Hell. and late), with opposite  ἐπι-σινής (Thphr.), σίντης [m.] 'destroyer, robber', mostly of beasts of prey, 'thief  CL, Hell. and late epic), oivtwp [m.] 4. (Crete IV*, AP), Σίντιες [m-pl.] EN of the  old population of Lemnos (Hom. et al.) (appurtenance uncertain, according to  Kretschmer Glotta 30 (1943): 117 lit. 'the robbers' and to be distinguished from the  Thracian Σιντοι), Σίνις, -ίδος [m.] PN of a mythical robber (B. E, X.), also  appellative 'robber, destroyer' (A. Ag. 217, Call., Lyc.), σιναρός 'damaged' (Hp.),  formation like ῥυπαρός, etc. σινότης [f.] 'damage, flaw' (gloss.), ἐπισίνιος: ἐπίβουλος  'treacherous' (H.), σινόω (mpo-) = σίνομαι (Man., Vett. Val.), whence σινωτικός  'harmful (late), σίνδρων = πονηρός 'toilsome' (Phot.), also 'slave born of a slave'  (Seleucus apud Ath.), also PN, σινδρῶν: πονηρῶν, βλαπτικῶν 'toilsome, hurtful,  mischievous' (H.).

    *ETYM Because of its long -1-, the present σίνομαι is best regarded as a yod-formation  *oiv-ropat (the present σινέομαι must be secondary, for which cf. Schwyzer: 721;.0n  the unclear form σίνονται Sapph. 26, 4, see Hamm 1957: §217a). If it is of IE origin,  σίνομαι must contain a presential -v-, just as κλίνω and κρίνω, which spread not only  to the aorist forms (quite possible in view of their rarity), but also to nominal  derivatives like σίνος, σίντης, etc. (which is more problematic). Assuming a preform  *tp-v-1e/o-, the verb has been connected with OE pwinan, etc. 'to become weak,

===Pag_1386: Beekes_Página_1386.tiff=== XXXXXσίσαρον 1335 disappear' (Wood Mod. Phil. 5 (1907): 268), but these should rather be derived from the root *d"g""ei-, together with dwinan 'id., Gr. ▶︎ φθίνω 'to decline, decay'. Further etymology unclear.

XXXXXcivwy, -ωνος [m.] 'stone parsley, Sisum amomum' (Dsc., Plin.), σίνων ἄγριος = πευκέδανον 'sulphurwort' (Ps.-Dsc.). <?>

    *VAR  V1. ciowv.

    *ETYM According to Dsc. 3, 55, this plant is at home in Syria (cf. André 1956 sv. sindn). Origin unexplained.

XXXXXσίον (n.] name of several marsh- or meadow-plants, 'Sium' (Speus. apud Ath., Theoc., Dsc.), also identified with σισύμβριον and ἄνησσον (Dsc., Ps.-Dsc.). <?>

    *DIAL Myc. TN si-jo-wo-te /sijo-wontei/.

    *ETYM Unexplained. See CEG 3 = RPh. 72 (1998): 138.

XXXXXσιπαλός --σιφλός.

XXXXXσίππιον -'οστυππεῖον.

XXXXXσιπταχόρας [m.] 'lac-tree, Schleichera trijuga' (Ctes.). LW Orient>

    *ETYM Oriental loanword.

XXXXXσιπύη (-ba) [f.] 'box for keeping flour and bread' (com., AP, Poll.).

    *VAR  συπύη (pap. III*), ovis [f.] (Hp.), imba (H.), σίπυδνος (Orac. apud Luc. Alex.,  cf. Fur. 177); note hopooervot (inscr. Selinous, RPh. 69: 128, 1]. 3).

    *ETYM Taken to be a loanword from Semitic by E. Masson 1967: 44f., based on  comparison with Hebr. sap, etc. This may explain variants like σίφνις 'id' (Poll., H.)  and otBaia = πήρα 'wallet'. Perhaps Lat. simpulum, simpuvium belong here as well. The variation may also be explained by Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXσίραιον [n.) 'boiled wine (Antiph., Alex. Nic.); also as adjective: σίραιος οἶνος. <?>

    *ETYM Perhaps derived from σειρόω (see ▶︎ Σείριος). Fur. 255 considers,this word to  be Pre-Greek because of the element -atov.

XXXXXσιρός [m.] 'pit for keeping corn, silo' (Att. inscr. Ν᾽, S. Fr, E. Fr., D., Hell. and late), also (metaph.) 'pitfall' (Longus) and = δεσμωτήριον 'prison' (H.).

    *VAR The quantity of -ἰ- is unstable: usually short, later also σειρός.

    *COMP σιρο-μάστης [m.] lit. 'seeker of pits', 'probe, gauge' (Ph. Bel., LXX).

    *ETYM Technical word without etymology. The variation between aip-, oip-, σειρ- is  hard to explain from an IE point of view. Connection with ▶︎ σιμός 'stub-nosed, bent  upwards' through a meaning 'bending in, falling in' (thus Solmsen IF 30 (1912): 11 et  al.) is improbable.

XXXXXσίσαρον [n.] 'Pastinaca sativa' (Epich., Diocl. Fr., Dsc.). <?>

    *VAR  -tov [n.] piece of jewelry (com. after Poll. 5, 101, H., Phot.).

    *ETYM The word recalls dcapov 'hazelwort', ἠδύσαρον 'axe-weed'. Strémberg 1940:  157f. interprets σίσαρον as a reduplication of odpov as attested in Call. Del. 225, but  this is semantically improbable (cf. Frisk s.v.). WH s.v. siser compares capt [n.]  (Thphr.), a kind of rush. Unclear.

===Pag_1387: Beekes_Página_1387.tiff===

XXXXXσισύμβριον [n.] 'bergamot mint, Mentha aquatica' (com, Arist, Thphr., Dsc.), 'watercress, Nasturtium officinale' (Dsc., Plin.), (metaph.) a piece of jewelry (com. after Poll.).

    *DER σίσυμβρ-ον [n.] 'id' (Nic., AP, back-formation), -ἰνος 'made of o.' (Antiph.,  Thphr.). :

    *ETYM Etymology unclear. Stromberg 1940: 158' regards the word as a reduplicated  formation from ▶︎ θύμβρα, a sweet-scented plant, with dialectal development of 6 > o. Sometimes seen as a variant of ▶︎ σισυρίγχιον [n.] 'barbary nut, Iris sisyrinchium'. Probably a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXσισύρα [f.] 'thick, villous cloak (made of goat fir), fleece cloak' (Ar.).

    *VAR  σίσυρνα (also -νη, cf. Solmsen 1909: 259), -νος [m.] (H.), also -o¢ and σίσυς  (H.).

    *COMP E.g. σισυρνο-φόρος 'wearer of ac.' (Hdt.), of the Iranian Πάκτυες.

    *DER σισυρ-ωτός 'made into ἃ σ᾽ (Athen IV*), -νώδης 'like ao.' (S. Fr. 413).

    *ETYM Unclear etymology; according to Fur. 215, it is of Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXσισυρίγχιον [n.] 'barbary nut, Iris sisyrinchium' (Thphr.). «ΡΟ»

    *ETYM Etymology unclear. Strémberg 1940: 158' regards the word as a reduplicated  formation from > σῦριγξ 'quill, flute, syrinx' with a y-suffix. Sometimes connected  with ▶︎ σισύμβριον 'bergamot mint, watercress'. Probably a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXσίσων = civwv.

XXXXXσίτλα [f.] 'pail' (Ulp., Alex. Trall.). «τὴν Lat>

    *ETYM Borrowed from Lat. situla.

XXXXXσῖτος [m.] 'corn (especially wheat), bread, food' (Il), see Moritz Class. Quart. 49 (1955): 135ff. for the semantics. <?>

    *VAR Plur. ofta [n.].

    *DIAL Myc. si-to.

    *COMP Numerous compounds, e.g. σιτ-αγωγός 'conveying corn' (Hdt., Th.), σιτ-ηρέσιον [n.] 'provision of grain, (money for) victualling, pay' (Χ. D., Hell. and late),  σύσ-σιτος [m.] 'table companion, messmate' (Thgn, etc.), whence ovooit-ta [pl.],  τία, -τκός, -Ew, -ησις.

    *DER σιτία [n.pl.], rare -iov [sg.] 'bread, fare, provision', also 'corn' (JA prose, com.),  diminutive σιτ-άριον [n.] 'corn, bread' (Hp. pap.), -ανίας (πυρός) [m.] 'kind of  wheat' (Thphr.), formation like κριθανίας; -@pata [pl.] 'provision' (pap. ΠΡ, cf. Chantraine 1933: 186f.), -wv, -@voc [m.] 'granary, cornfield' (Plu. et al.), -@ [f.]  epithet of Demeter (Hell. and late), σιτ-ηρός (Hp. Arist. etc.), -τκός (Hell. and late),  τινος (late) 'concerning the corn', -aia [n.pl.] 'corn-rents' (Olymos), -ώδης 'cornlike',

XXXXXσιτώδη [n.pl.] 'corn' (Thphr,, etc.), oit-€opat [v.] 'to feed' (w 209 [σιτέσκοντο]), also with κατα-, etc; thence -notc [f.] (public) maintenance' (1A); also -εύω, -εύομαι [v.] 'to feed, supply' (Hdt., Hell. and late), whence -ευτός (X., etc.), -ευσις, -evoutoc, -ευτής, -ela (Hell. and late); -ίζω, -ἰζομαι 'id.', often with ém-, whence ἐπι-σιτ-ισμός 'victualling' (X., Ὁ. etc.).

===Pag_1388: Beekes_Página_1388.tiff=== XXXXXσίφαρος (σεί-) 1337

    *ETYM Often explained as a loanword from other IE languages, e.g. from Ru. Ζίίο  'corn', OPr. geits 'bread' (Wiedemann BB 27 (1902): 213) or from Go. /wvaiteis 'wheat',  etc. (Meyer 1892: 51'), or as a substrate word (taken with e.g. Basque zitu 'corn,  harvest' or Sum. zid 'flour'). Nevertheless, the word looks IE, and Janda 2005 has suggested to reconstruct it as a  substantivization of an adjective *oitdé- 'threshed' derived from *tih,-t6-, literally  'struck', a *-to-ptc. from a PIE verbal root *tieh,- 'to strike, hit' as attested in Hitt. zah-'/ zahh- 'to hit, beat' < *tioh,- (cf. Kloekhorst 2008: 1019). This root *tieh,- would  also be visible in ▶︎ σῆμα 'sign, mark' < *ti¢éh,-mn 'what is carved', ▶︎ σῶμα 'corpse' <  *tidh,-mn 'the killed one', and ▶︎ σῖμός 'snub-nosed' < *tik,-md- 'flattened'. As  explained under > oijtdc, this etymology is of doubtful value.

XXXXXaitta [interj.] cry of herdsmen (Theoc.).

    *VAR Also witta (sch.); similar yotta (E. Cyc. 49, Luc., AP); pitta (Poll. 9, 122 and  127) cf. Fur.: 329.

    *ETYM Elementary interjection; see Schwyzer KZ 58 (1931): 170ff. and Kretschmer  Glotta 21 (1933): 172.

XXXXXσίττη [f.] 'kind of woodpecker or nuthatch' (Arist., Call.). «ΡΟ»

    *VAR Dial. also itta, inta (H.).

    *ETYM Clearly onomatopoeic; cf. Thompson 1895 s.v. with important details. Fur.:  325 also connects βίττακος, ψίττακος 'parrot'.

XXXXXσιττύβαι [f.] δερμάτιναι otoAai, τὰ μικρὰ ἱμαντάρια 'leather garments, the small halyards' (H.). Further σίττυβα [n.pl.] - χιτὼν ἐκ δερμάτων 'frock made of hide' (Poll. 7, 70), σίττυβον: τὸ μικρὸν δέρμα 'small hide' (Hdn. Gr. 1, 378) and σίττυβοι:- κροσσοί, ἱμάντες, θύσανοι 'tassels, leather straps, fringes' (Phot., Eust.).

    *ETYM Cf. Grogelj Ziva Ant. 5 (1955): 230.

XXXXXσίττυβος [m.] a KakkaBoc-like cauldron (Antiph. 182, 7).

    *VAR σίττυβον, -a, -at 'skin, leather, leather strap, leather jacket' (Hy, Poll., Phot.,  Hdn. Gr.), σίσυβοι = κροσσοί, ἱμάντες, θύσανοι 'tassels, leather straps, fringes'  (Phot., Eust.).

    *DER Besides σίττυβον, -a, -at as expressions for 'skin, leather, leather strap, leather  jacket' (ἢ, Poll. Phot. Hdn. Gr.). Also σίσυβοι = κροσσοί, ἱμάντες, θύσανοι (Phot.,  Eust.); in the same mg. also ▶︎ σίλλυβα, probably through contamination.

    *ETYM If we assume that the original meaning of this word was 'leather bag', which  developed into 'kettle, pan', then the appurtenance of σίττυβον 'skin, leather' and  ciovBor 'leather straps' makes sense. See Frisk s.v. for improbable attempts at  etymologizing. This word is clearly Pre-Greek instead, reflecting *sit'ub-.

XXXXXσίφαρος (cei-) [m.] 'topsail, topgallant sail' (Arr.), 'curtain in the theatre' (Ephesus).

    *VAR  Also σΐπαρος (vl. Arr. Epict. 3, 2, 18).

    *ETYM Technical word without etymology. The variations σιφ- : cetg- : σῖπ- clearly  point to a non-lE origin (cf. Fur.: 163). Perhaps connected with Sem. sap'rir, Assyr. Suparraru 'to spread out' (Frisk s.v.). Taken over in Latin as sip(h)arum, -rium.

===Pag_1389: Beekes_Página_1389.tiff===

XXXXXσιφλός [adj.] describing physical and psychological defects, 'crippled, lame' vel sim. (πόδα σιφλός A. R.), 'blinded, foolish (Γλαῦκος, Eleg. Alex. Adesp. 1, 2; of fishes Opp.); also 'porous, hollow' (νάρθηξ, Eust.).

    *VAR  σιπαλός, σιφνός, see below.

    *DER σιφλώσειεν [aor.opt.], verb used in a curse (Ξ 142), σίφλος [m.] 'infirmity'  (Lyc.), τωμα [n.] 'porosity, hollowness' (Eust.).

    *ETYM For the formation, compare τυφλός, χωλός, etc. (cf. Chantraine 1933: 238). Besides σιφλός and derivatives, we also find σιφνός: κενός 'empty, void, bereft' (7),  σιφνύει: κενοῖ 'empties' (H.), σιφνεύς [m.] 'mole' (Lyc.), although these words with  v-suffix could be derived from ▶︎ σίφων 'tube'. More importantly, we find σιπαλός  'blinded(?), maimed(?y (Call. Fr. anon. 106, Ft, Eust.). Because of the variants σιφλ-  / σιφν- / σιπαλ-, the word is probably of Pre-Greek origin. The late meaning 'hollow'  may have been based on the formal similarity with σίφων [m.] 'tube, etc.'.

XXXXXσιφνεύς [m.] 'mole'. -'σιφλός and σίφων.

XXXXXσίφων, -ωνος [m.] 'tube (especially for draining water), fire-engine, fountain, wine siphon, siphon, etc.' (Hippon., E., Hell. and late); also plant name = aiyikwy 'oat- grass' (Ps.-Dsc.). «ἣν

    *COMP σιφωνο-λογία 'weeding of 0.' (pap.).

    *DER σιφών-ιον [n.] = σίφων (HL), -ίζω 'to draw off wine with a siphon' (Ar.),

XXXXXσιφνεύς [m.] 'mole' (appurtenance uncertain, perhaps through 'digger of tubes'?), σιφνός: κενός 'empty, void, bereft' (H.) (appurtenance uncertain).

    *ETYM Technical term, formation like ἄμβων, δόλων, etc. (cf. Chantraine 1933: 162). Etymology unclear; possibly onomatopoeic?

XXXXXσιωπάω [v.] 'to be silent, keep secret', also 'to silence' (Hom.).

    *VAR Aor. -fjoat (IL), fut. -ἤσομαι (Att), -ήσω (Aeschin., Hell. and late), perf. σεσιώπηκα, pass. σιωπηθῆναι, -ηθήσομαι (Att); also σωπάω in διασωπάσομαι,  σεσωπαμένον (Pi), εὐσωπία- ἡσυχία 'rest, quiet' (H.).

    *COMP Also with kata-, dia-, napa-, etc.

    *DER σιωπ-ή [f.] 'silence' (Pi, Att.), often attested in dat.sg. -ἢ 'in silence, silently'  (also Hom.); -ηπλός (E., Arist., Call., etc.), -ηρός (X., AP) 'silent', -ησις [f.] (also ἀπο-,  napa-, ὑπο-) 'taciturnity' (Rhet. et al.).

    *ETYM Although superficially resembling σιγάω, σιγή, ▶︎ σῖγα, a connection is  unlikely. Because of the alternation σιωπ- / own-, an JE origin is improbable  (connections with e.g. Go. sweiban 'to stop, suspend' (see references in Frisk s.v.) <  *suiop- are unconvincing. It is rather of Pre-Greek origin, reflecting *s'6p- or *s'up-  (cf. Beekes 2008).

XXXXXσκάζω [v.] 'to limp' (IL, epic poet. also Hdt., LXX). <18 sken'g- 'limp, be slanting' or IE skend- 'jump'>

    *COMP Also with émt-, ὑπο- (only pres. and ipf.).

    *DER σκασμός [m.] 'limping' (Aq.).

    *ETYM The noun σκασμός is attested very late (ΠΡ), and can easily be a back-  formation on the basis of σκάζω, The verb itself can go back to earlier *oxay-1w or

===Pag_1390: Beekes_Página_1390.tiff=== XXXXXσκαλαθύρω 1339 axdd-1w. Usually reconstructed as sky'g-ie/o- and connected with Skt. khaf jati 'to limp', OHG hinkan 'to limp' < (s)ken'@-e-, ON skakkr 'limping' (thus Frisk s.v., LIV? s.v. (s)ken'g)-). Alternatively, one could assume a connection with Skt. skandati 'to jump', Lat. scand6 'to ascend', Olr. sceinnid 'to jump' < skend- 'to jump', which would mean that oxatw reflects sknd-ie/o-.

XXXXXσκαιός 1 [adj.] 'left, western' (especially epic poet., rarely attested in this meaning since 11.), 'unfavorable, left-handed, inapt' (IA).

    <IE *skeh,-i-uo->

    *DER σκαι-ουργέω 'to do wrong' (Ar.), σκαιό-της [f.] 'improper behavior, inapt' (IA),  -ovva [{1] 'id' (δ. [lyr.]).

    *ETYM Formally and semantically identical with Lat. scaevus 'left, inauspicious', on  the basis of which we can reconstruct *skeh,iuo-. According to Steinbauer 1996  (unpublished presentation, cited in Janda 2000: 118 and Stiiber IJDLLR 3 (2006): 61-  72: 68), this word could be identical to σκαιός 'shady', derived from PIE *sk(e)h,-ieh,-  'shade' as attested in Gr. ▶︎ σκιά [f.] 'shadow', Skt. chaya- 'shadow, reflection', YAv. a-  saiia- [adj.] 'that does not cast a shadow', etc. The semantic development may have  been 'shaded' > 'western', and when referring to hands, 'shaded hand' > 'improper  hand = left hand'. Cf. also the rhyming word ▶︎ λαιός 'left'.

XXXXXσκαιός 2 'shady'. =oKid

XXXXXoxaipw [v.] 'to hop, jump, dance' (epic I1.), only pres. and ipf. < IE? *sker- 'jump'>

    *VAR  καρθμοί: κινήσεις 'motion, dance, movement' (H.).

    *COMP Also with ἀνα-, dia-, ὑπο-, etc.

    *DER σκαρ-θμός [m.] 'jump' (Hell. epic), also in compounds, e.g. ἐύ-, πολύτσκαρθμος  'with fair, many jumps' (Il.); σκάρος [n.] 'id' (EM), whence ἀ-σκαρές: ἀκίνητον  'unmoved, motionless' (H.), oxapia- παιδιά 'childish play, amusement, fun' (H.),  diminutive -.ov [n.] (pap.). oxap-iCw [v.] 'to hop, tap, flounce' (Gp.), whence -ἰσμός  [m.] (Eust., H.), ἀσκαρίζω (Hp., Cratin.). Perhaps also σκάρος [m.] 'Scarus cretensis,  parrot-fish' (Epich., Arist, pap. εἴς), if named after its lively movements, cf. Strémberg 1943: 52; oxapitic [f.] a stone (Plin.), if named after its color, cf. Redard  1949: 61. See ▶︎ ἀσκαρίς and ▶︎ σκιρτάω, and cf. also ▶︎ σκαρδαμύσσω.

    *ETYM Etymology unclear. LIV? (s.v. 1. *(s)Rer-) connects W cerddaf 'to walk', and  reconstructs oxaipw as *s(Rr-ie/o-. Although the latter reconstruction would indeed  regularly yield the Greek verb, the interpretation of W cerddaf as reflecting *ker-ie/o-  is not ascertained. Moreover, the semantic connection is quite weak. Other  connections, e.g. as mentioned in Frisk s.v., do not make more sense. The alternation  σκαρίζω / ἀσκαρίζω is unexplained.

XXXXXσκαλαθύρω [v.] Cf. σκαλαθύρων: ἀκολασταίνων, ὁ σκαλεύων 'licentious, stirring, poking' (H.).

    *DER σκαλαθυρμάτια [n.pl.] 'petty quibbles' (Ar. Nu. 630).

    *ETYM The verb is used as a euphemism for 'to copulate' in Ar. Ec. 611, and is  possibly built on a combination of σκάλλω, oxadevw 'to stir, hoe, poke' and ἀθύρω  'to play' (cf. Schwyzer: 645 on the type of compound). See ▶︎ σκάλλω.

===Pag_1391: Beekes_Página_1391.tiff===

XXXXXσκαλαπάζει [v.] ῥέμβεται 'roams, rolls about' (H.), σκαλπάζειν: ῥεμβωδῶς βαδίζειν 'to wander about roamingly' (H.).

    *ETYM The alternation oxadan-/ oxaAn- is suspicious, and if the noun ▶︎ κάλπη 'trot'  is cognate (thus Fur.: 379), we probably are dealing with a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXσκαληνός '-σκάλλω.

XXXXXσκαλίας [m.] 'fruit shell of the κάκτος᾽ (Thphr.).

    *ETYM Frisk sv. connects OHG scala 'shell, pod', but Fur.: 373 rather adduces  ἀσκαλία, ἀσκάληρον fruit of the artichoke', which would point to a Pre-Greek    origin. 7

XXXXXσκαλίδρις [f.] a speckled water-bird, probably 'redshank, Scolopax calidris' (Arist. HA 5930).

    *VAR Also καλίδρις (ν.1.).

    *ETYM The variation ox-/ Κ- may point to a Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXσκαλλίον [n.] a small cup (Philet. apud Ath., H.). «τὸ»

    *ETYM According to Bechtel 1921, 1: 125 possibly connected with ON skalli [m.]  'brain-pan, skull'. Quite uncertain, however.

XXXXXσκάλλω [v.] 'to stir up, hoe' (Hdt., Arist, Thphr., LXX).

    *VAR  Only pres. and ipf. (aor. ipv. mepioxahov Gp.).

    *COMP Rarely with δια-, etc.

    *DER oxad-ic, -ido¢ [f.] 'hoe' (Att. inscr. ΓΝ", Str., J.), whence -ἰδεύω 'to hoe' (gloss.),  -σις [f.] 'hoeing' (Thphr.), -μός [m.] 'id' (pap. HIP), -μός [m.] 'thole' (h. Hom., A., E.,  Arist., Plb.), -μίδιον [n.] 'id' (Com. Adesp.), -un [f.] 'short sword, knife' (S. Fr. 620),  = μάχαιρα Opaxia 'Thracian knife' (H.), -ηνός (-ηνής) 'craggy, rough, uneven', (of  numbers) 'odd', (of triangles) 'scalene', (of cones) 'slant' (Democr. apud Thphr., Hp.,  Pl., Arist., etc.); thence -ηνία, -ηνόομαι (Plu.); d-oxadoc 'unhoed' (Theoc.), probably  metrical for ἀσκάλευτος; verb σκαλ-εύω 'to hoe, scrape, stir up' (Hp., Ar., Arist.),  aor. σκαλεῦσαι, also with ἀνα-, ἐκ-, ὑπο-, etc. Thence σκαλ-εύς [m.] 'hoe' (X., Poll.),  -evoig [f.] 'scraping' (Aq.), -evya [n.] 'scrapings' (sch., H.), -evOpov [n.] 'poker'  (Poll), -eia [f.] 'hoeing' (Gp. tit.). Also σκαλ-ίζω (ἀ-) [v.] 'id' (Phryn.), whence  -ἰσμός [m.] 'hoeing' (pap., Eun.), -ἰστή-ριον [n.] 'hoe' (sch.).

    *ETYM This verb has generally been connected with Lith. skeliu, skélti 'to split; strike  fire', Arm. c'elum 'to split, tear' and Hitt. iskalla-' / iSkall- 'to slit, split, tear'. The  acute intonation of the Lithuanian verb points to the presence of a laryngeal, *skelH-,  and Kloekhorst 2008: 399f. argues that on the basis of Hittite the laryngeal cannot be  *h, which means that the root must have been *skelh,,-. The geminate -λλ- of  σκάλλω seems to go back to either *oxdA-,w (with a yod-present as in Lith. skilix 'to  strike fire') or *oxGA-vw (with a nasal present like in Lith. skfla 'to split off, separate  oneself'). In the first case, we could assume loss of *H before *i (Pinault's Law), thus  *sklh.,-ie/o- > *skl-ie/o- > *oxGA-tw. In the latter case, we could assume that an  original *skl-ne-h,,, first yielded *oxaAva-/*oxadvw-, on the basis of which a  thematicized *oxdAv-e/o- was formed (similarly in ▶︎ βάλλω; note, however, that the  latter derives from a root in *-h,, and that a nasal present from a root *skelh,- would

===Pag_1392: Beekes_Página_1392.tiff===

be easier for σκάλλωλ). It is unnecessary to assume that σκάλλω reflects ἃ laryngeal- less root *skel-, pace LIV'. The derivatives of σκάλλω all show a stem oxaA- with single -A-, but this need not reflect an old situation; compare σφαλ- from σφάλλω and θαλ- from θάλλω, etc. See on ▶︎ σκαλαθύρω; appurtenance of »σκῶλος and > σκόλοψ is uncertain.

XXXXXσκάλοψ >oxddow.

XXXXXσκαμβός [adj.] 'crooked, bandy-legged' (LXX, Hell. pap., Gal.).

    *DER σκαμβό-πους 'with crooked feet' (Ps.-Archyt.), σκαμβόομαι 'to curve' (Aq),  σκάμβυκες: σκόλοπες, χάρακες 'pointed object, stake' (H.), σκαμβάλυξ: σκαμβός,  στρεβλός 'crooked, twisted' (H.), σκαμβηρίζοντες: ὀλισθαίνοντες 'slipping and  falling' (HL).

    *ETYM This word cannot be separated from ▶︎ σκιμβός 'lame', and the variation  σκαμβ-" σκιμβ- as well as the derivatives with the non-IE suffixes -vx- and -aA- point  to a Pre-Greek origin of this word (unless Olr. camm 'crooked' < *kamb- points to  an European substrate word). Etymological proposals as mentioned in Frisk s.v. are  unconvincing.

XXXXXσκαμμάδες [f.?] πόρναι 'prostitutes' (H.).

    *ETYM No etymology. Given the meaning, it is probably a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXσκαμ(μ)ωνία [f.] kind of scammony, 'Convulvulus scammonia' (Eub., Arist.).

    *VAR Also doxapwvia (Gp.).

    *DER -ώνιον (Nic. Al. 565) 'juice of the o.', -νΐτης οἶνος (Dsc., Plin.), also κάμων (Nic. Al. 484).

    *ETYM On the formation, cf. Chantraine 1933: 208. The variants oxau-/ oKapp-/  ἀσκαμ- point to a Pre-Greek origin for this word. Not related to ▶︎ κύμῖνον.

XXXXXσκάνδαλον [n.] 'trap', usually (Semitism) 'temptation, scandal' (LXX, NTs PCair. Zen. 608, 7; III* [-ἄνων gen. pl.]). <«PG?, Lw IE? >

    *DER oxavdah-ilw 'to tempt, be offensive, annoy', -ίζομαι 'to be tempted to sin, to be  offended' (LXX, NT), whence -ἰστής [m.] an acrobat, e.g. 'trapeze artist' (SIG 847, 5  [II?]), -6w 'id' (Aq.), σκανδάλ-η [f.] 'stick of a trap' (Alciphr. 3, 21, 1: κρεάδιον τῆς  σκανδάλης ἀπαρτήσας; reading not quite certain), σκάνδαλος: ἐμποδισμός  'hindering' (H.), σκανδάληθρον [n.] (Ar. Ach. 687: σκανδάληθρ᾽ ἱστὰς ἐπῶν,  according to sch. ad loc. τὸ ἐν ταῖς παγίσι ἐπικαμπὲς ξύλον 'the crooked stick in a  trap'; accoding to Poll. 7, 114: τὸ τῇ onaptivy προσηρτημένον 'that which is bound  with the cord', in Poll. 10, 156 σκανδάληθρον is identified with παττάλιον.

    *ETYM Since this noun, on the one hand, means 'trap', but on the other hand also has  a derivative σκανδαλιστής 'acrobat', it is likely that σκάνδαλον is originally a  technical term, possibly referring to a construction with a Piece of wood hanging on  ropes, which could be used as a trap as well as as an acrobat bar. Often interpreted as  an IE word and connected with Lat. scandé 'to ascend', Skt. skdndati 'to jump, hop,  hurry' (cf. Frisk s.v.). Apart from the semantic arbitrariness of this connection, it is  formally problematic as well: Gr. -a- would remain unexplained. Therefore, and

===Pag_1393: Beekes_Página_1393.tiff===

, -ἴκος since we are dealing with a technical term, it is not unlikely that it is of Pre-Greek origin, or alternatively a loan from another Indo-European language.

XXXXXσκάνδιξ, -ixos [f.] 'wild chervil, Scandix pecten Veneris' (Ar. And. Thphr., Dsc.).

    *VAR  Also σκάνδυξ (ν.1. Dsc. 2, 138).

    *DER σκανδ-ικώδης 'like σ᾿ (Thphr.), σκανδικο-πώλης [n.] 'chervil-seller', nickname  of Euripides (Ar.[?] in H.).

    *ETYM The formation of the noun resembles ῥάδιξ, πέρδιξ and other plant names (cf. Chantraine 1933: 382). Clearly of Pre-Greek origin, cf. κασκάνδιξ, a kind of onion,  which could well be a variant of it. 'S,    σκανθαρίζειν ~oxivOapilerv.

XXXXXoxanépda [f.] a game at the Dionysia, during which two young men sitting with their backs to each other try to lift up the other using a cord running through a pole (Poll. 9, 116, Η.).

    *VAR  σκαπαρδεῦσαι see below, also καπαρό-, σκαρπαδ-.

    *DER σκαπερδεῦσαι (Hippon. 3, 3), acc. to H. = λοιδορῆσαι 'to rebuke', acc. to Tz. An. Ox. 3, 351 = συμμαχῆσαι 'to help, assist', καπαρδεῦσαι: μαντεύσασθαι 'to draw  divinations' (H.), σκαρπαδεῦσαι: κρῖναι 'to separate, decide' (H.), σκάπαρδος: ὁ  ταραχώδης καὶ ἀνάγωγος 'disturbing and_ ill-bred' (H.), Aaxxookdanepdov-  λακκόπρωκτον 'loose-breeched' (H.). Also: καὶ πᾶν τὸ δυσχερὲς oxanépda λέγεται  καὶ ὁ πάσχων σκαπέρδης, 'all that is hard to manage is called o., and he who suffers it  is called o.'.

    *ETYM It is not clear exactly what the term σκαπέρδα refers to (perhaps to the cord;  cf oxanépdSav ἕλκειν 'to draw the o.' in Poll.). If the mentioned derivatives are  cognate, the terms must be Pre-Greek in view of the variants oxanepd-/oxanapd-  /xanap6- (cf. Fur. 351, 393).

XXXXXσκάπετος [m.] 'digging' (Megara).

    *VAR Also κάπετος 'id. (I1., Hp.).

    *ETYM Most probably Pre-Greek; see the discussion under ▶︎ σκάπτω.

XXXXXoxantw [v.] 'to dig, dig out, work the earth', with κατα- 'to inter, bury', usually 'to demolish, raze to the ground, destroy' (h. Merc., Pi.).

    *VAR Aor. σκάψαι (TA), fut. σκάψω, perf. ἔσκαφα, med. ἔσκαμμαι (Att), aor. pass. σκαφ-ῆναι (E., Hell.), fut. -ἤσομαι (J. et al.).

    *COMP Often with prefixes, especially kata-.

    *DER σκάφη [f.] 'winnow, bowl, trough, dish', also 'ship' (IA), σκάφος [n.] 'hull of a  ship', poet. also 'ship' (IA), rarely action noun 'digging' (Hes. Op. 572, Gp.),  diminutive oxag-ic, -ίδος [f.] 'cup' (( 223, Hp., Ar. et al.), also 'barge' and 'spade'  (Hell. and late), -tov [n.] 'bowl, cup' (com., Hell. and late), also as a designation of a  hairdress (Ar.), 'barge' (Str., Hld.), -idtov [n.] 'winnow, ship' (Hell. and late), σκαφ-ίτης [m.] 'boatman' vel sim. (Anon. apud Demetr., Str.), σκαφή [f.] 'digging' (Hell. pap. etc, Hdn. Gr. 1, 345), also 'grave' (Bithynia), or oxdgn?; κατα-σκαφ-ή [f.]  'tomb, demolition, destruction' (trag., also Att. prose), often plur. -ai; κατα-σκαφ-ής

===Pag_1394: Beekes_Página_1394.tiff=== XXXXXσκαρδαμύσσω 1343 'buried' (S.), σκαφιά [f.] 'ditch, grave' (Halaesa 19), σκαφ-εύς [m.] 'digger' (E., Archipp., Hell. and late), also 'dish, σκαφηφόρος᾽ (Com. Adesp.), σκαφ-εύω [v.] 'to empty in a trough' (Ctes., Plu.), whence -evoicg (Eun.); further -evoic, -εία [f.] 'the digging' (Suid.), -eiov [n.] 'shovel', also 'bowl, cup' (= -iov; late Att. Hell.), -είδιον (Hdn. Epim.), -ευτής = fossor (gloss.), σκαφ-ητός [m.] 'the digging' (Thphr., Hell. and late inscr.), -ητροι [pl] 'id' (pap. IP); NWGr. (Delphi, Troezen, etc.) σκάπετος [m.] 'grave, tomb', Megara σκάπεδος after δάπεδον, πέδον (Solmsen 1909:196); also κάπετος 'id' (Il, Hp.), also 'spade' (Gortyn)?, uncertain oxanétwotc 'the digging' (Troezen). 8. σκαφαλος: ἀντλητήρ 'one who draws water' (H.), like πάσσαλος etc; an A-suffix also in σκαφλεύς = oxagets (Athens IV*)? 9. σκαπ-άνη [f.] 'shovel, spade' (Theoc., AP), also 'excavation' (Thphr.), with -ανήτης [m.] 'digger' (Zonar.), -avevc [m.] 'id? (Lyc., Phld., Str.), -avetw [v.] 'to dig up' (inscr. Magnesia, Phld. Rh.). 10.

XXXXXσκάμμα [n.] 'the digging, ditch, place dug up' (Pl. Lg., Hell. and late). 11. περίσκαψις [f.] 'the digging up' (pap. VI°, Gp.). 12. σκαπτήρ, -ἦρος [m.] 'digger' (Margites, X. apud Poll.), see Fraenkel 1910: 107; 2, 55, Benveniste 1948: 39; fem. -tetpa (AP). 13. TN Σκαπτὴ ὕλη (Thrace; Hdt. et al.) with Σκαπτησυλικός (Att. inscr.), -ίτης [m.] (St. Byz.); on the formation see Schwyzer: 452.

    *ETYM The basis of the above forms is either oxan- (with oxag- analogically after  θάπτω: τάφος, ταφῆναι) or oxag- (with oxan- before voiceless consonant, and  analogically before vowel). In the case of oxan-, the relic Lat. scapulae, U scapla  {acc.sg.] 'shoulder-blade' has been compared, assuming that it originally meant  'shovel' as a primary agent noun (cf. σκάφαλος above). In the case of oxag-, σκάπτω  could formally correspond to a verb for 'plane, scratch, etc.' in Lat. scabo, OHG  scaban, Lith. skabiu (beside skobit, skobti) 'to scoop out with a chisel, vel sim.', to  which the Slavic group of Ru. skdbel' 'plane-iron', etc. is connected. Semantically,  σκάφη, σκάφος, etc. fit better with 'to plane, scoop out' than with 'to dig' (extensive  treatment in Solmsen 1909: 196ff.), but such words may of course easily change their  meaning. Frisk's discussion of σκάπτω, referring to Pok. 930ff., is highly dated. Wenow know,  for example, that PIE did not have an ablaut e ~ a, so the words with -e- (e.g.> κόπτω, ▶︎ σκέπαρνος) must be omitted. Connection with ▶︎ σκήπτω and ▶︎ σκίπων is  formally and semantically unfeasible. The same holds for that with Lith. skobti, 1sg. skobiu, as Greek has no form with long ὦ (in other words, there is no trace of ablaut). It seems that the forms κάπετος and ▶︎ σκάπετος may be Pre-Greek, and well as other  forms with oxan-, like σκάφαλος and the strange σκαφλεύς. The other forms seem to  be based on *skab'., as in Lat. scabé and OHG scaban. 1 suggest that this root is a  loan from a European substrate language.

XXXXXἸσκαραβαῖος = Kdpapos.

XXXXXσκαρδαμύσσω [v.] 'to blink, twinkle' (Hp., E., X., Arist.).

    *VAR Att. -ττω; καρδαμύσσω, -ttw (H., EM).

    *DER σκαρδαμύκ-της [m.] 'blinker', -τικός 'blinking' (Arist.), -téw 'to blink' (Luc,  Porph.); σκαρδαμυγ-μός [m.] 'blinking' (Antyll. apud Orib.), ἀ-σκαρδάμυκ-τος (also

===Pag_1395: Beekes_Página_1395.tiff===

-τί [adv.]) 'not blinking, without blinking' (Ar., X, Luc.), ἀ-σκαρδαμύκ-της 'one who does not blink' (Hp.), -téw (sch.).

    *ETYM The stem of all these words is (σ)καρδαμυκ-- The formation looks non-IE,  and the variation between forms with and without o- may well point to Pre-Greek  origin.

XXXXXσκαρϊφάομαι [v.] 'to tear up the surface of a body, scratch, make an outline' (H., sch. on Ar. Ra. 1497). «ΕΚ >

    *DER oxapig-nopot [m.pl.] 'scribblings, quibbles' vel sim. (Ar. Ra. 1497), -ἡματα  [n.pl.] 'id' (sch. Ar. Nu. 630, Phot.), verb -etw with -εὐματα 'id' (sch. Suid.),  σκάρῖφος (-ov) [m., n.] 'outline, sketch, slategpencil' (H., sch., EM), acc. to sch. also  = κάρφος, φρύγανον 'dry stalk or stick', probably a back-formation to the verb.

    *ETYM These words, which show a stem oxapig- < *skarib'-, cannot be separated  from Lat. scribé 'to write' < *skrib', Latv. skripdat 'to scratch, scribble, write down' <  *skrip-, ON hrifa 'scratch, tear' < *krip-, and MIr. scrip(a)id 'scratches' < *skrip-,  although these forms cannot be satisfactorily combined under one PIE etymon (the  alternation *b'/p, the long Ἢ, the absence vs. presence of *-a- are all inexplicable). Weare, therefore, rather dealing with an European substrate word.

XXXXXσκάρος [m.] a fish. oKxaipw.

XXXXXσκάφη, σκάφος, etc. Ξ-σκάπτω.

XXXXXσκαφώρη [f.] 'fox' (Ael., H.). <?>

    *VAR Kagwpn (Suid.) can be haplological for τῆς [σ]καφώρης.

    *ETYM The interpretation as 'Grubenwachterin' (thus Frisk s.v.) and connection  with σκάφη 'grave' is semantically unattractive. Further unclear.

XXXXXσκεδάννυμι [v.] 'to scatter, spring, drive apart', med. 'to disperse, burst, go apart, spread' (later Att.). 4 IE *(s)kd-n-eh,- 'split, strew out'>

    *VAR σκίδναμαι, -νημι (IL, epic poet.), σκεδάωΐξ (see below), fut. σκεδάσω (Thgn.),  σκεδῶ (Att.), aor. σκεδάσαι, -σθῆναι (II.), perf. pass. ἐσκέδασμαι (1A); also without  σ- κεδάσσαι, -σθῆναι (poet. II.), see Chantraine 1942: 110; late pres. forms κεδάννυμι  (AP), κεδόωνται (A. R.), ptc. κεδάων (Nic. Al. 283, better than σκεδάων), κεδαίομαι,  -atw (Hell. epic'.

    *COMP Also with prefix, especially ἀπο-, δια-, kata-.

    *DER σκέδ-ασις [f.] 'the scattering' (a 116 = v 225, Hp. et al.), -ασμός [m.] (Hell. and  late), (δια-)σκεδ- αστής [m.] 'destroyer' (Ph.), (δια-)σκεδ-αστικός 'scattering' (Dsc.,  Lyd.), σκεδ-αστός 'dissolvable' (PI., Plu.).

    *ETYM The present σκεδάννυμι is a recent formation from the aorist σκεδάσαι. The  closest cognate is Av. scindaiieiti 'breaks, destroys with nasal infix. Without  anlauting s-, we find the nasal present in ToAB kdt*- 'to strew (out)', pres. ToB  katnam. Lith. kedinti, 18g. kedinit 'to tug, pluck', kedéti 'to burst' are unrelated in  view of the failing reflex of Winter's Law (the semantics are also weak). The  appurtenance of Alb. canj, ¢aj 'to split, tear up, plough', perhaps < *sked-y-ie/o, is  unclear. Several verbal nouns are found in various languages, especially with a suffix  -r-, and verbs built from these: Arm. Sert 'chip, piece of wood', if from *sked-ri-

===Pag_1396: Beekes_Página_1396.tiff=== XXXXXσκέλλομαι 1345 (anlaut uncertain), Lith. kedinti [f.] 'splinter', Latv. skadrs 'easy to split', ΜῈ scateren, MoE scatter, MIr. scaindrim 'to split in two'. Cf. ▶︎ σχίζω,» κέδματα.

XXXXXσκεθρός [adj.] 'exact, careful' (Hp., Gal., Lyc.). < GR>

    *VAR -ὥς (A. Pr, E. Fr. 87).

    *ETYM According to Frisk s.v., this word is a formation in -θρο- from a stem σχε- as  found in σχεῖν 'to hold' (cf. »xw), showing the reflex of Grassmann's Law. Since the  suffix -@po- is rather rare, the assumption that this word is a -po-derivation from the  verb σχέθω 'to hold back' might have more merit (contra Chantraine 1933: 225,  Schwyzer: 481). We must then assume, however, that in σχέθω the effect of  Grassmann's Law was analogically eliminated, while it was retained in σκεθρός. Semantically, we might think of a development 'holding back' > 'reserved, exercising  restraint' > 'careful'.

XXXXXσκελήπερον [n.] νήπιον 'infant, child' (Archil. 582 West). <?>

    *ETYM Unclear.

XXXXXσκέλλομαι [v.] 'to dry up, wither, languish, grow tired, harden', act. 'to dry, parch' (Epich., Hp., Choeril., Hell. and late). 418 *skelh, 'dry up, wither'>

    *VAR κατεσκέλλοντο (A. Pr. 481), σκελλόμενα: σκελετευόμενα (HL), fut. 3pl. oxehovvtat- σκελετισθήσονται (H.), perf. ἔσκληκα, aor. KATA-, ἀπο-σκλῆναι, 38g. ἀπ-  έσκλη (Ar., Men., Alciphr.), opt. ἀπο-σκλαίῃ (Moer., H., Suid.); fut. 2sg. ἀπο-σκλήσῃ  (AP). Only few active forms: aor. opt. σκήλειε (¥ 191), subj. ἐνι-σκήλῃ (Nic. Th. 694),  ind. ἔσκειλα (Zonar).

    *COMP Most frequent with kata-, ἀπο-, ἐν- etc.

    *DER 1. σκελετός [m.] 'dried up body, mummy, skeleton' (Phryn. Com., Pl. Com.,  Phid., Str. etc.), 'dried up' (Nic. Th. 696), whence σκελετ-ώδης 'like a mummy'  (Luc., Erot.), -ebw (kata-) [v.] 'to mummify, dry up, parch' (Teles, Dsc. et al.), med. -εύομαι (Kata-) 'to dry up, languish' (Ar. Fr. 851, Isoc., Gal.); thence -efa (-in) [f.]  'drying up, withering' (Gal, Aret.), -evpa [n.] 'that which has withered' (sch.);  -ίζομαι = -εύὐομαι (H., Zonar.). 2. σκελιφρός 'dried up, meagre, slender'*(Hp., Erot. [ν.1. -εφρός]). 3. σκληρός 'hard, brittle, harsh, severe' (Hes., also Dor.), whence  σκληρ-ότης, -bvw, -υσμα, -υσμός, -όομαι, etc. 4. σκληφρός 'slender, weak, small,  thir' (Pl, Theopomp. Com., Arist.). 5. -σκελής in mept-oxeAr 'very hard, brittle,  inflexible (Hp, S, Hell. and late), whence περισκέλεια (-ia) [f.] 'hardness,  inflexibility' (Arist, medic., Porph.); κατασκελής (to κατα-σκέλλομαι) 'meagre' (of  style), 'powerless, brittle' (Ὁ. H., Prol.), ἀ-σκελής (Hom., Nic.) 'powerless(?),  incessantly(?)' (interpretation not fully clear).

    *ETYM The aorist forms σκήλειε and ἐνι-σκήλῃ must stand for σκειλ- < ἔσκελ-σ-,  perhaps with old analogy to σφήλειε (Schwyzer: 756). Forms like ἐσκληῶτες (A. R.)  are built on the basis of τεθνηῶτες, ἑστηῶτες (cf. Kretschmer Glotta 3 (1910-1912):  311f.), ἀπο-σκλαίη on the basis of te8vain, σταίη, etc. Because of Dor. σκληρός and of  σκελετός, the forms in oxAal- cannot be old. The system with perf. ἔσκληκα, aor.-oxAfjvat beside a present σκέλλομαι (probably <  *oxed-te/o-, but possibly from a nasal present with analogical root vocalism)  resembles e.g. τέτληκα, τλῆναι beside ἀνα-τέλλω. Although the perfect stem

===Pag_1397: Beekes_Página_1397.tiff===

ἔσκληκα is widely attested, the other stems were ousted by forms of the verbs Enpaivw and avaivw 'id'. Although the verb looks Indo-European and could be projected back to a pre-form skelh,-, good verbal comparanda are lacking. Nominal cognates may be MoHG schal 'faint, vapid', LG 'dry, barren', ME schalowe 'faint, tired, shallow' (E shallow) < PGm. skala- and, without initial *s-, LG hal(D)- 'dry, meager', MoHG hellig 'tired, exhausted (by thirst), and possibly Latv. kalss 'meager', kalst, isg. kalstu 'to dry up'. The adjective σκληφρός 'slender, weak, small, thin' (PL, Theopomp. Com; also Arist.) has been influenced in form and meaning by ἐλαφρός.

XXXXXσκέλος [n.] 'thigh, leg' (TI 314).

    *DIAL Myc. ke-re-a, /skeleha/ [p].]. ν

    *COMP Often as a second member, eg. τετρα-ὅκελής 'four-legged' (trag. etc.).

    *DER 1. Diminutives σκελ-ίσκος [m.] (Ar.), -bdptov (Herod., Arr.). 2. σκελέαι [f-pl.]  'breeches' (Critias, Antiph.). 3. σκελίζω (Plu, S. E.), usually with ὑπο- (Pl, D., etc.)  'to trip up one's heels, upset, outsmart', with (ὑπο-)σκελ-ισμός [m.] 'tripping up,  supplanting. -topa [n.] 'accident? (LXX); also oxéA[A}topa: δρόμημα 'running,  course' (H.). 4. σκελλός 'bandy-legged, διεστραμμένος, ῥαιβός᾽ (sch. H., EM), cf. στρεβλός etc.; see also κυλλός. With o-grade: σκολιός 'crooked, bent, twisted, unjust' (II 387), perhaps from Ἰσκόλος [m.] after σκαιός etc. cf. σκολοῖς: δρεπάνοις 'pruning-knives' (H.); σκολιότης [f.] 'curve, injustice' (Hp., LXX, Str.), -Gopat 'to be bent, curve' (Hp., Thphr.),  with -wotc, -wyta (late), -αίνομαι 'to curve' (Hp.), -άζω 'to be bent' (LXX); τὸ σκόλιον  'drinking-song' (Pi.); explanation debated: because the songs were presented in an  irregular order? Perhaps ▶︎ σκώληξ contains a lengthened grade. On σκαληνός, see  > σκάλλω; on σκελίς, see ▶︎ σχελις.

    *ETYM Formally comparable to Lat. scelus [n.] 'malice, badness, crime' < *skel-o-,  which points to an original meaning *'curvation, deflection', which in Greek is best  witnessed by e.g. σκολιός 'crooked, unjust'. Other formations are *skel-ko-, attested  in OHG scelah, OE sceolh 'oblique, curved, squinting', MoHG scheel, ON skjalgr  'oblique, squinting', and *skel-no-, attested in Alb. galé 'lame'. Within Greek,  ▶︎ κυλλός and ▶︎ κῶλον are sometimes adduced as s-less variants, but this is unlikely.

XXXXXσκέπανος [m.] a kind of fish, possibly a kind of tunny (Opp.). See Thompson 1947 s.v., Stromberg 1943: 128. <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXσκέπαρνος [m.] 'axe for working wood, chip-axe' (Od., S. Fr. 797, Hell. and late), 'surgical bandage (metaph.)' (Hp.).

    *VAR τὸν [n.]

    *COMP As a second member in e.g. ἀμφι-σκέπαρνος 'smoothed on both sides'  (Milete, Didyma).

    *DER σκεπάρν-ιον [n.] 'pillar' (Didyma II*), -ηδόν [adv.] 'like a kind of o.-bandage'  (Hp.), -itw 'to work with a o, (Hero), with (ἀπο-» ισμός [m.] (medic.).

    *ETYM Althoug IE comparanda have been suggested (Ru. S¢epdt' 'to split, crumble,  diminish', Latv. sképele 'split off piece, sherd'), the presence of the suffix -apvo- is  awkward from an IE point of view. Attempts to eliminate this suffix by proposing

===Pag_1398: Beekes_Página_1398.tiff=== XXXXXσκέπτομαι 1347 metathesis from oxépm-avoc, connected with MoHG Scherbe, schiirfen, etc. < sker- p- (thus Niedermann IF 37 (1916/1917): 149f.), are unconvincing as well. Both formally and semantically (instrument names), the word is much more likely to be of Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXσκέπας [n.] 'shelter, protection, cover' (Od. E., Lyc, AP et al.). <?>

    *VAR  σκέπᾶ [acc.pl.] (Hes. Op. 532), see Sommer 1957: 147; σκέπη [f.] 'cover, screen,  protection' (IA).

    *COMP As a second member -σκεπής (σκέπος only EM), eg. ἀνεμο-σκεπής  'screening from wind' (II 224).

    *DER σκέπω, only pres. and ipf. (Hp., Plb., mostly late); oxendw, only in 3pl. σκεπόωσι (ν 99; σκεπάοῦσι v.l. Theoc. 16, 81) 'to cover, screen, protect (from) (IA,  Hell. and late), also σκεπ-άζω, aor. -άσαι; all also with kata-, mept-, ἐπι- etc. Derivatives from σκέπω: 1. σκεπ-ανός 'screening, protecting' (Opp. AP), -avov [n.],  -ανος [m.] 'cover, protection' (AP); also (from σκέπας, -1?) -εινός (-η-, -t-) 'id', also  'protected' (Scymn., LXX, medic. εἴς, on the basis of αἰπεινός, etc. See also  ▶︎ σκέπανος, a kind of fish. 2. nepioxen-tog = περισκεπής 'protected all around':  περισκέπτῳ ἐνὶ χώρῳ (Od.) or 'visible all around', perhaps to σκέπτομαι; 3. governing compound σκεπ-ώνιον [n.].'storehouse' (pap. ITIP). Derivatives from σκεπάζω: σκέπ-ασμα [n.] 'cover' (PL, Arist., etc.), -ασις [f.] (LXX),  -ασμός [m.] (EM) 'cover'; -αστής [m.] 'screener, protector' (LXX), -αστικός (Arist.,  etc.), -αστήριος (Ὁ. 5. Ὁ. H, etc.) 'covering, protecting', -aotpov [n.] 'cover, veil'  (Sm.), (ταρα-)σκεπ- άστρα [f.] 'bandage' (Gal.).

    *ETYM Although oxénw seems primary at first sight, it is attested only late, which  may indicate that it should rather be interpreted as a back-formation from the  denominative verb oxendtw (Schwyzer: 684) or from σκέπη, σκέπας (cf. the  semantically close otéyw beside otéyn). Only the epic verbal adj. περίσκεπτος would  contradict this hypothesis, but this form is used only in a standing expression in the  Odyssey and may be better connected with the verb ▶︎ σκέπτομαι, as are later  attestations (Arat., Call. etc.). Ἂ  Although the stem looks IE and could be projected back to ἃ pre-form *skep-, no  good cognates are known. Only some Balto-Slavic forms like Lith. keptire, Ru. cepéc  'cap, hood' may be connected, although these reflect an s-less stem *kep-.

XXXXXσκέπτομαι [v.] 'to look around, look back, spy, contemplate, consider, survey' (II.); Att. has oxoréw, -éopat instead (see below).

    *VAR Aor. σκέψασθαι (Od.), fut. σκέψομαι, perf. ἔσκεμμαι (IA), aor. pass. σκεφθῆναι  (Hp.), σκεπ-ῆναι with fut. -ἡσομαι (LXX).

    *COMP Often with ἐπι-, κατα-, mpo-, δια- etc.

    *DER A. With e-grade: 1. σκέψις (ἐπί-, κατά-, etc.) 'contemplation, deliberation,  examination' (IA). 2. σκέμ-μα (rarely with δια- etc.) 'examination, problem' (Hp.,  Pl.). 3. σκεπτ-οσύνη [f.] = σκέψις (Timo, Cerc.). 4. -ἥριον [n.] 'test' (Man.). 5. -ικός  (ἐπι-, dta-) 'cogitating, revising', oi σκεπτικοί name of a philosophical sect (Hell. and  late). B. With o-grade: 1. σκοπός [m., f.] 'spy, guard, scout; goal, purpose' (II.),  hypostasis éni-cxonog 'hitting the goal' (Hdt., trag., late), adv. -a; ἀπό-σκοπος

===Pag_1399: Beekes_Página_1399.tiff===

'missing the goal' (Emp.); σκόπ-ιμος 'purposive, appropriate' (late); as a second member, e.g. οἰωνο-σκόπος [m.] 'bird-watcher' with -éw, -ἰα, -ἰκός, -elov (E., Hell. and late). 2. prefix compounds: éni-, κατά-, πρό-σκοπος [m.] 'spy, supervisor, foresighted, etc' (Hom., Pi, IA). 3. σκοπή (kata-, ἐπι- etc.) [f.] 'spying, watch-tower' (Att. etc.) with oxondw (Ar. Fr. 854). 4. σκοπιά, Ion. -ἰή [f.] 'watch-place (on a mountain, on a fortress), mountain summit, watch-tower' (epic Ion. poet., IL, also Hell. and late prose), with σκοπ-ιήτης [m.] 'summit dweller' = Πάν (Paus.), -πἰάζω (amo-) 'to spy, look out' (epic IL), -ιἰάομαι 'to perceive' (Il; only with dia-). 5. σκοπέω, -ἔομαι iterative-intensive to σκέπτομαι (Pi, IA), non-presentic forms σκοπ- Fou, -ήσασθαι, -ἤσω, -ήσομαι, ἐσκόπημαι (late). 6. σκοπεύω (KaTa-, ἀπο-, ἐπι-), probably secondary for σκοπέω (X., LXX, pab., etc.), with σκόπ-ευσις, -ευτής (Aq.), -eia [n.pl.} (Procl.). See also ▶︎ σκόπελος and ▶︎ σκώψ.

    *ETYM The old yod-present σκέπτομαι must derive from "σπέκε-ιομαι with metathesis  and be identical to Lat. specid, Av. spasiieiti, and (apart from initial s-) Skt. pdsyati 'to  see'. The aor. σκέψασθαι can in the same way be identified with Lat. spexi and Skt. aspasta. The old root noun as found in Skt. spas-, Av. spas- 'spy', Lat. haru-spex, etc. < * spek- is not attested as such in Greek, and seems to have been replaced by σκοπός;  cf. the cognate formulae Skt. siryam ... spdsam and Ηοπι. Ἠέλιον ... σκοπόν 'Sun,  the spy'. The noun σκοπή << *spok-éh, agrees, except for the accent, with ON spd [f.]  'prophesy' < PGm. *spahé < IE *spok-eh,.

XXXXXσκέραφος -οσκερβόλλω.

XXXXXσκερβόλλω [v.] 'to vilify, slander' (Ar. Eq. 821, H; ipv.).

    *VAR  σκερβολεῖ (leg. cum M. -όλλει) ἀπατᾷ 'cheat' (H.); σκέρβολος 'vilifying,  slandering' (Call. Fr. 281, H.); also κερβόλλουσα (cod. -odvoca) λοιδοροῦσα,  βλασφημοῦσα, ἀπατῶσα 'abusing, speaking profanely, deceiving' (H.).

    *DER σκέραφος (oxép-) λοιδορία, βλασφημία 'abusing, speaking profanely;  Képagoc: χλευασμός, κακολογία 'mockery, abuse' (H.).

    *ETYM Sometimes »σκίραφος is interpreted as cognate as well. The variants oxep-,  oxep-, kep-, and possibly oxip- point to Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXσκερός [3] αἰδοιολείκτης 'cunnilingus' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXσκεῦος [n.] 'vessel, device', mostly plur. 'house or ship equipment, weapon, armor, luggage' (IA).

    <IE?>

    *COMP Frequent as a first member, e.g. σκευο-φόρος 'carrying luggage, luggage-  carrier' (IA), oxev-wpdc 'luggage-watcher' (Cratin.) with -wpéopai, -wpéw, -wpia,  -ώρημα 'to look after or through the luggage, to instigate (slylyy (D. Arist. etc.),  later also σκαιωρέομαι, etc. (after σκαιός); as a second member in ἀ-σκευής 'without  equipment' (Hadt.).

    *DER σκευή [f.] 'armor, clothing, wear' (IA); as a second member e.g. ὁμό-σκευος  'with equal armor' (Th.); frequently prefixed napa-, kata-, ἐπι-σκευή etc., as back-  formations to παρα-σκευάζω, etc. Diminutives: σκευ-άριον [n.] 'small device' (Ar. etc.), 'simple wear' (Pl. Alc. 1, 113e), -b@tov [n.] 'small device' (Lyd.).

===Pag_1400: Beekes_Página_1400.tiff=== XXXXXσκηνίπτω 1349 Secondary verbal formation σκευ-άζω, -άζομαι expressing different nuances, e.g. 'to equip, arm, dress, prepare, etc. (IA since ἢ. Merc.), with aor. σκευ-άσαι, -άσασθαι, very frequent with prefix, παρα-, kata-, ἐπι-, etc. Derived from these, mostly with prefixes: σκεύ-ασις, -άσιμος, -acia, -ασμα, -αστός, -αστής, -αστι-κός; also παρασκευ- ή, etc. Denominative verbs ἐπι-, κατα-σκευ-όω (cf. ἐπι-, κατα-σκευή) = -ἀζω (Argos, Crete, Delphi etc.), σκευοῦσθαι = ἑτοιμάζεσθαι 'to prepare for oneself (H.).

    *ETYM The preservation of the ev-diphthong before a vowel is hard to explain in an  Ionic-Attic word. No good cognates are known. Connection with Lith. Sduti, 156.

XXXXXSduju 'to shoot, shove', Ru. sovdt' 'to shove, sting, push', etc. < *keuH- is semantically unlikely.

XXXXXσκηνή [f.] '(roof ofa) tent, booth, banquet; stage (building), scene' (IA, Dor.). <?>

    *VAR Dor. σκᾶνα.

    *COMP E.g. σκηνο-πηγ-ία [f.] 'tent-building' (Arist.), 'the feast of tabernacles' (LXX,  NT etc.), σύτσκηνος, Dor. σύν-σκανος [m.] 'tent mate, housemate, table mate' (Att,  Tenedos, etc.) with -fa (X. etc.); with a suffix -to- eg. παρα-σκήν-ιον, ta [n.]  'room(s) next to πε σκηνή᾽ (D., Delos etc.).

    *DER 1. Diminutives: σκην-ίς, -i50¢ [f.] (Plu.), -idtov [n.] (Th.), -bdptov (Plu.). 2. -ίτης  [m.] 'tent-dweller, chandler, nomad, etc.' (Isoc., Str. inscr.); also -ευτής [m.] (EM,  AB). 3. -elov [n.] 'tent-pole, -rod' (pap. IIT"). 4 -ἰκός 'belonging to the stage, actor'  (Hell. inscr. Plu. εἴς, -ἰκεύομαι [v.] 'to perform as an actor' (Memn.). Denominative verbs: 5. σκην-άομαι 'to pitch a tent, camp' (Att.), also with kata- etc,  σκην-άω [v.] 'to feast' (X.). 6. oxnv-éw 'to be in a tent, to camp' (Att. especially X.),  not easily distinguished from -dw in non-presentic forms; also with δια-, ovv-, ἀπο-  etc; thence -npa (Dor. σκάναμα) [n.] 'tent, camp' (A., X., Epid. ITI*), also 'body'  (Macedonian inscr, cf. σκῆνος). 7. σκην-όω 'to pitch a tent, to camp' (Pl, X., etc.),  often with kata-, napa-, ovv-, ἐπι-, ἀπο- etc; thence -ωμα [n.], mostly pl., 'camp,  dwelling', also 'body (E., LXX etc.), with kata- 'cover, curtain' (A. Cho. 985), also  -woig (kata-) [f.] (Agatharch., LXX εἴς) -ωταί: συσκηνοῦντες 'living in the same  tent' (H.). Ἂ  Also σκῆνος, Dor. (Ti. Locr.) σκᾶνος [n.] 'body' (= tent of the soul), 'corpse' (Hp.,  Democr., Ion. inscr., Nic., Ep. Cor.), see Leumann 1950: 308f.); gender after σῶμα, cf. also ▶︎ κτῆνος, ▶︎ σμῆνος etc. Unclear is σκῆν' ὅ τινες μὲν ψυχήν, τινὲς δὲ φάλαιναν  (ΠΗ, ie. 'butterfly, moth' (cf. σκήνωμα' pa pilio gloss.).

    *ETYM According to DELG s.v., σκηνή originally denoted any light construction of  cloth hung between tree branches in order to provide shadow, under which one  could shelter, sleep, celebrate festivities, etc. Formation with a suffix -νή (cf. ποινή,  εὐνή, φερνή, etc. see Chantraine 1933: 191f. and Schwyzer: 489), derived from the  root oxn-/oKa- < *skeh,-, which is found in ▶︎ σκιά 'shade' as well. See there for  further etymology. Borrowed as Lat. scaena (only in the sense of 'stage').

XXXXXσκηνίπτω [v.] only ἐσκήνιψε: διέφθειρε, διεσκέδασεν 'destroyed utterly, shattered' and διασκηνῖψαι: διαφορῆσαι, διασπεῖραι 'to disperse, scatter about'. διεσκηνίφθη δὲ διεσωματίσθη (H.); to this γαίῃ ... διεσκήνιψε 'shattered to the floor' (Nic. Th. 193). «1

===Pag_1401: Beekes_Página_1401.tiff===

    *ETYM Popular expressive contamination of σκήπτω and the words discussed s.v. ▶︎ κνίψ, especially κνιπεῖν: σείειν 'to shake' and oxvintew: νύσσειν 'to prick' (H.). DELG objects that the words quoted do not fit the meaning. Cf. ▶︎ σκηρίπτομαι.

XXXXXσκήπτομαι [v.] 'to support oneself, lean, pretend something, use as a pretention', act. 'to throw down, sling', intr. 'to throw oneself down, fall down' (IA), ἐπι-σκήπτω also 'to impose, command', med. (Att. juridical language) 'to object, prosecute, raise a complaint'.

    *VAR Act. σκήπτω, fut. σκήψω, aor. σκῆψαι, pass. σκηφθῆναι, perf. ἐπ-έσκηφα, pass. ἐπ-έσκημμαι. Fut. σκήψομαι, aor. σκήψασθαι.

    *COMP Frequent with prefix (almost only act:): κατα-, ἐπι-, ἀπο-, ἐν-.

    *DER σκῆψις [f.] 'excuse, pretention, pretext' (IA), ἐπίσκηψις [f.] 'objection,  complaint' (Att.); ἀπόσκημμα' ἀπέρεισμα 'prop' (H.) (A. Fr. 18 = 265 M.), ἐπίσκημμα  = ἐπίσκηψις (Lex. Rhet. Cant.). Beside this, several expressions for 'stick, εἴς: 1. σκᾶπος: κλάδος, Kai ἄνεμος ποιός  'branch, a certain wind' (H.); for the latter meaning, cf. σκηπτός below. 2. σκηπ-άνη  [f.] (AB) with -dwov [n.] 'stick, scepter' (N 59, Σ 247, Call. Fr. anon. 48, AP),  oxandviov- βακτηρία, ἄλλοι σκίπωνα 'staff, crutch' (H.). 3. σκᾶπτον [n.] (Dor.) 'id'  (Pi.), IA σκῆπτον in σκηπτ-οῦχος 'stick-, scepter-bearer' = 'ruler' (Hom. etc.), with  the Persians and other Asiatic peoples who have a high office at the court (Semon.,  X., etc.), with -ia [f.] (A. etc.). 4. σκῆπτρον [n.] 'id' (IL, epic poet.); like βάκτρον, etc. Semantically more remote: 5. σκηπτός [m.] 'thunderbolt, lightning, suddenly  breaking storm' (trag., X., D., Arist. etc.); cf. φρυκτός, στρεπτός.

    *ETYM The root of all these words is σκᾶπ-, with the system σκήπτω < *skdp-ie/o-,  σκῆνψαι, σκᾶπος comparable to eg. κόπτω, κόψαι, κόπος and τύπτω, τύψαι, τύπος. The noun σκᾶπος can be equated with Lat. scapus 'shaft, stalk' and Alb. shkop 'stick,  scepter', pointing to *skeh,p-o-. Zero-grade forms may be attested in the Germanic  words for 'shaft, spear, lance', OHG skaft [m.], ON skapt [n.], etc. < *skhp-. Although formally the words could certainly be of IE origin, the distribution of  forms and the semantics rather point to a European substrate origin.

XXXXXσκηρίπτομαι [v.] 'to support oneself, uphold oneself' (Od., Nic., Ph.), act. (secondary, Wackernagel 1916: 131) oxnpintw 'to support, uphold' (A. R.). «Ὁ

    *VAR Only pres. «cOMP Also with δια- (AP), ém- (H. s.v. ἐπισκήπτω).

    *ETYM Expressive cross of σκήπτομαι and στηρίξασθαι, ἐστήρικται (pres. στηρίζομαι,  τῷ first in tragedy). Cf. ▶︎ oxnvintw.

XXXXXσκιά [f.] 'shade' (Od.), also 'variegated hem or edging of a dress' (Hell. inscr. and pap., Men.), see Wilhelm Glotta 14 (1925): 82f. «IE *skeh,-ih,, gen. skh,-ieh,-s 'shadow'>

    *VAR Ion. -t1.

    *COMP E.g. σκια-τροφέω, -ἕομαι (Ion. oxin-), Att. etc. also -τραφέω, -Eopat (to σκια-  τραφής like εὐτραφής etc to τραφῆναι) 'to live (raise) in the shadow or indoors, to  grow up pampered' (IA), after βου-κολέω etc., see Schwyzer: 726; βαθύ-σκιος 'with  deep shadow, deeply shaded' (h. Merc. etc.), kata-, ἐπί-σκιος etc. beside kata-, ἐπι-

===Pag_1402: Beekes_Página_1402.tiff=== XXXXXσκίλλα 1351 σκιάζω; on δολιχό-σκιος, see δολιχός (acc. to a different interpretation, it means 'with long ash', see Treu 1955: 119f.).

    *DER 1. σκιάς, -άδος [f.] 'shade roof, tent-roof, pavilion', also name of a θόλος in  Athens, etc. (Eup., Theoc., Att. inscr.). 2. σκιάδ-ιον [n.] 'sunscreen' (com., Thphr.). 3. -toxn [f.] 'id? (Anacr.). 4. σκί-αινα [f.] (Arist.), -atvic [f.] (Gal; v.L σκινίς), -αδεύς  [m.] (Hell. and late) fish name (after the dark color, Strémberg 1943: 27, see also  oxiatva, Thompson 1947); to this σκιαθίς 'id.' (Epich.), perhaps from the island name  Σκίαθος (Stromberg l.c.). 5. σκι-όεις 'rich in shadows, casting shade, shaded' (IL, epic  poet.); τάεις (Hdn.; also Pi. Pae. 6, 17?). 6. oxt-epdc, also -αρός 'id.' (especially epic  poet. since A 480, see Schwyzer: 482, Chantraine 1933: 230). 7. σκι-ώδης 'shadowy,  dark' (Hp. E, Arist.). 8. σκι-ακός 'provided with shade' (ὡρολόγιον Pergam. 1";  Hdn.). 9. oxt-wtd¢ 'provided with a hem (σκιάν (Peripl. M. Rubr., pap.). Denominative verb oxidw (Od. Hell. and late epic), σκιάζω (IA) 'to shade,  overshadow, shroud in darkness', forms: oxidoat (Φ 232; after ἐλάσαι etc. see  Chantraine 1942: 410), fut. Att. σκιῶ, late σκιάσω, perf. pass. ἐσκίασμαι (Semon., S.),  aor. σκιασθῆναι (E., PL, Arist.), also with ém-, kata-, ovv-, περι-, ano-; thence (ὑπο-,  ov-joxiacic, (ἐπι-, εἰς )σκιασμός, (ἐπι-, εἰς))σκίασμα, σκιασ-τής, -τικός (almost  always late); the bahuvrihis κατα-, ἐπί-σκιος etc. function as back-formations. On  σκιά and derivations in Homer and in Aeolic lyric, see Treu 1955: 115ff., 2136f.

    *ETYM Skt. chaya [f.] 'shadow', also 'image, reflex, resemblance', Av. a-saiia- 'who  casts no shadow' (cf. Gr ἄ-σκιος), MoP saya 'shadow', and Latv. seja 'face' must  reflect *skeHieh,-. On the other hand, Gr. σκιά, together with ToB skiyo and Alb. hie  'shadow', must be interpreted as reflecting *skiHeh,-, from older *skHieh,- with  laryngeal metathesis. On the basis of ▶︎ σκηνή, Dor. oxava 'tent' < 'cloth to provide  shadow', the root can be identified as *skeh,-, which means that we are dealing with  an original ablauting proterodynamic *ih,-stem *skéh,-ih,, *skh,-iéh.-s. In Indo-  Iranian and Baltic, the full-grade stem was generalized, whereas in the other  branches the zero-grade stem spread throughout the paradigm. The Slavic forms,  OCS sénv and Ru. sen' [f.] 'shadow', reflect *skeh,-i-n-, with an extra suffix -n-. The  hapax ▶︎ σκαιός 'shadowy reflects *skeh,-i-uo-, and perhaps σκοιός (in H.: σκοιά-  σκοτεινά, OKOLOV: ... σύσκιον) can be regarded as an o-grade variant *skoh,-i-uo-. The relation with ▶︎ σκότος 'darkness' is unclear.

XXXXXσκίγγος [m.] a lizard found in Asia Minor that is used as medicine (Dsc. 2, 66 Welm.).

    *VAR Also σκίγκος and κίκερος = κροκόδειλος χερσαῖος 'a land lizard' (H.); Fur. 277.

    *ETYM The variantions point to a Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXσκιδαρόν [adj.] - ἀραιόν 'thin' (H.).

    *ETYM Fur.: 368 connects ἀ-κιδνός, which has ἀ- instead of o-. This looks like a Pre-  Greek variation.

XXXXXσκιδάφη, σκίνδαφος =Kidagoc.

XXXXXσκίδνημι --οσκεδάννυμι.

XXXXXσκίλλα [f.] 'squill' (Thgn., Hippon., Arist., etc.).

===Pag_1403: Beekes_Página_1403.tiff===

    *DER σκιλλ-ίτης, of οἶνος (Ps.-Afric., Colum.), see Redard 1949: 99; -ἰτικός, of ὄξος  (Dsc. et al.}, -ινος 'made of σ᾿ (Dsc. et al.), -ώδης 'o.-like' (Thphr. etc.).

    *ETYM Unexplained foreign word, probably Pre-Greek (*skil'a?). Borrowed as Lat. scilla.

XXXXXσκιμᾶλίζω [v.] 'to jeer, flout' (Ar. Ach. 444, Pax 549, D. L. 7, 17); acc. to gramm. (Moer., Phryn., H.) = καταδακτυλίζω; acc. to sch. Ar. Pax ad loc. 'to hold up the middle finger' (sens. obsc.). < PG(S)>

    *DER oxipaddog (PLond. = Aegyptus 6, 194), probably designation of a finger.

    *ETYM The verb σκιμαλίζω seems to be derived from a noun ἔσκιμᾶλος, which may  be attested as σκίμαλλος (with geminate -λλ-). The formation resembles those of  κόβαλος, σκίταλος, and other comedic words (cf. Bjorck 1950: 46f., 259f.). Since all  words in -αλλ-(ος) seem to be of Pre-Greek origin (Beekes 2008), these words are  likely to be Pre-Greek, too.

XXXXXσκιμβός [adj.] Ξ- χωλός, σκαμβός 'lame, crooked' (H., sch. Ar. Nu. 254).

    *DER σκιμβάζει: χωλεύει 'is or becomes lame' (Ar. Fr. 853, H.), to which σκιμβασμός:  φιλήματος εἶδος 'kind of kiss' (H.). Semantically unclear is σκιμβάδες: ὕλη εὔθετος  εἰς τοίχων ἐπίθεσιν, σκέπης χάριν (H.). Seemingly primary is σκίψαι- ὀκλάσαι. Ἀχαιοί  'to squat (Achaean)' (H.). Without σ-: κιμβάζει: στραγγεύεται (στρατ- cod.) 'to  loiter' (H.); ὀκιμ-βάζειν (6- hardly from ὀκλάζεινϑ): διατρίβειν καὶ στραγγεύεσθαι  (otpat-cod.) 'to wear away, loiter' (H., Phot.).

    *ETYM Although an IE origin has been suggested (connections with e.g. ON skeifr  'slanting', Latv. Skibs 'id' in Pok. 922), the alternation between σκιμβ-, σκιβ-, κιμβ-,  and ὀκιμβ-, as well as σκαμβ-, in ▶︎ σκαμβός 'crooked, bandy-legged' clearly points to  a Pre-Greek origin (cf. Fur.: 154, 286).

XXXXXσκίμπους, -ποδος [m.] 'low bed(steady (Ar., PL, X., Gal.). <?>

    *DER -πόδιον [n.] (middle com., Luc.).

    *ETYM Interpreted as "σκιμπέ-πους 'supporting the foot' and connected with  ▶︎ σκίμπτομαι. A connection with σκιμβός 'lame, crooked' (thus Schwyzer: 263) is  semantically unlikely.

XXXXXσκίμπτομαι [v.] 'to throw, sling, throw oneself down, fall down, uphold (oneselfy (Call. POxy. 2080, 49 [σ]κιμπ[τόμενο]ν H, also act. σκίμπτει); κίμψαντες: ἐρείσαντες, στηρίξαντες 'who leaned, propped' (H.). Details in Solmsen 1909: 206f.; see also Bechtel 1921(3): 331. <?>

    *VAR Aor. σκίμψασθαι (Pi.), pass. σκιμφθῆναι (Hp.), perf. pass. ἀπ-εσκίμφθαι (Pi.),  mostly with év(.)- : ἐν()-σκίμψαι (P 437, Pi, A. R., Nic.), -σκιμφθῆναι (Π 612 = P  528).

    *ETYM Epic and poetic verb, on the one hand reminiscent of σκήπτω (-opat), on the  other of χρίμτιτω (-ομαι; cf. Nic. Th. 336 ἐνι-σκίμψῃ with vl. -χρίμψῃ and -σκήψῃ),  perhaps arisen from a cross of both (cf. Gtintert 1914: 29). Usually connected with  ▶︎ σκίπων.

XXXXXσκίναξ, -ἄκος [m.] designation or epithet of the hare, λαγωός (Nic.). «Ρα»

===Pag_1404: Beekes_Página_1404.tiff=== XXXXXσκινδαψός 1353

    *ETYM Often compared with ▶︎ κίνδαξ, although this is semantically rather gratuitious  (the meaning of σκίναξ is unclear). If connected, the variation between oxtv- / κινδ-,  as well as the presence of the suffix -ak-, points to a Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXoxivap [n.] 'body' (Nic. Th. 694). «ΡΟ»

    *ETYM Often connected with σκῆνος 'corpse' (see ▶︎ σκηνή) which, if correct, could  point to a Pre-Greek origin (variation n/t, cf. Fur.: 1712).

XXXXXσκινδακίσαι [v.] = τὸ νύκτωρ ἐπαναστῆναί τινι ἀσελγῶς 'sexual arousal at night' (Phot.) and oxivéapov- προσκίνημα: καὶ τὸ νύκτωρ ἐπαναστῆναι ἀκολάστως σκινδακίσαι 'movement towards (ie. ἃ woman); sexual arousal at night'. In H. 1.

XXXXXσκινδαρεύεσθαι: κακοσχολεύεσθαι, δακτυλίζεσθαι, σκιμαλίζεσθαι 'to play mischievous tricks; to be pointed at with the finger; to hold up the middle finger'; 2. σκινδαρίσαι: τὰ αὐτά 'id.'; 3. σκινδάρ(ελιος: ὄρχησις οὕτω καλουμένη 'a dances 4. σκίνδαροι: τὰ προσκυνήματα (leg. προσκι-, cf. Photius s.v. σκίνδαρον); 5. σκίνδαρος: ἡ ἐπανάστασις νυκτὸς ἀφροδισίων ἕνεκα 'arousal at night for sex'. 4Ρ6»

    *ETYM The verb is a demominative of *oxivéak, a doublet of κίνδαξ. Cf. Taillardat  REA 58 (1956): 191ff. See ▶︎ kivéak for an etymology.

XXXXXσκινδαλμός, σκινδάλαμος [m.] 'splinter, hair-splitting, etc' (Dsc., Alciphr.), also σκινδάλαμος (Ar., Luc. et al.), also σχινδαλμός, σχιδαλαμός etc. (v.L Hp. Mul. 2, 133).

    *DER σκινδύλιον [n.] 'shingle' (Delph. II*), ἀνα-σχινδυλεύω [v.] 'to pierce' (PL),  -σκινδυλεύω, -σκινδαλεύω (H, EM, Phryn.), after σκυλεύω, σκαλεύω etc;

XXXXXσχινδύλησις [f.] 'split? (Hp. apud Gal.). 2. See ▶︎ σκιδαρόν - ἀραιόν 'thin' (H.). 3. See > σκοῖδος.

    *ETYM Frisk groups all these words with σχίζω 'to split', but this is incorrect: σχίζω  never shows σκ- nor -v6-. The root variations, σκινδ-σκιδσχινδ-σχιδ-, as well as  the presence of the suffixes -αλμ- (cf. ▶︎ ὀφθαλμός; Beekes 1969: 193f., Beekes 2008)  and -vA- rather point to a Pre-Greek origin. The second a in σκινδάλαμος is a  secondary prop vowel, which is frequent in Pre-Greek (Fur. 378-385). See B σχίζω.

XXXXXσκινδάριον [n.] name of an unknown fish (Anaxandr. 27, 4).

    *ETYM Since the meaning is unknown, etymologizing is useless. Nevertheless,  formally the word seems Pre-Greek.

XXXXXσκίνδαρος [m.] 'an obscene gesture' (H., Phot.).

    *DER σκινθαρίζω 'make obscene gestures' (H.). Σκιτᾶλοι 'demons of lewdness' (Ar.,

    *ETYM The variation is typical of Pre-Greek. Cf. s.v. ▶︎ σκινδακίσαι.

XXXXXσκίνδαφος = Kidagoc.

XXXXXσκινδαψός [m.] name of a four-stringed musical instrument with thorn-like appendices (middle com. etc.), also designation for a senseless word (Artem, S. E. etc.); name of an ivy-like plant (Clitarch,; cf. Dawkins JHS 56 (1936): 9f.).

    *VAR Without initial o-: κινδαψός (Timo, H.).

    *DER σκινδαψιζόμενος (σφυγμός) 'vibrating like a 0.' (Gal.).

===Pag_1405: Beekes_Página_1405.tiff===

    *ETYMΑ foreign word like κιθάρα, βάρβιτος, and many other instrument names. It is  of Pre-Greek origin, in view of the interchange o-/zero.

XXXXXσκινθαρίζω ~oxivdapoc.

XXXXXσκίνθος [m.] 'jumper, swimmer' (Thphr H. P. 4, 6, 9); translated as naufragus by Pliny. <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXoxiovpog [m.] 'squirrel' (Opp., Plin.).

    *ETYM The interpretation of this word as a bahuvrihi compound of σκιά and οὐρά,  'who generates shade with his tail' (thus e.g. Frisk), looks like a folk etymology  rather than a serious explanation. The suffix -ουρος could point to Pre-Greek origin  (from -ar'-o-?). Borrowed as MLat. *scuriolus, which is the source of MoFr. écureuil,  MoE squirl, etc.

XXXXXσκῖπων, -wvoc [m.] 'staff, stick', also 'crutch' (Hdt. 4, 172, Cratin. [lyr.], Ar. [anap.], E. [anap.], Call, AP, Hp., Epid. IV*). <?>

    *VAR VIL σκήπων (after σκῆπτρονϑ), σκίμπων (after σκίμπτομαι).

    *COMP As a first member e.g. in ἀ-σκίπων 'staffless' (AP).

    *ETYM Ionic poetic word, built like κύφων, δόλων, and other tool names (Chantrdine  1933: 161f.), and almost identical with Lat. scipié, -dnis [m.] 'staff (as a sign of power  and dignity, like σκῆπτρον). The further similarity with σκηπάνιον, σκῆπτρον, and  cognates (see ▶︎ σκήπτομαι) has been observed for a long time; however, the forms  cannot be combined under one pre-form. It is unlikely that ▶︎ σκίμπτομαι is a denominative nasal present (like σκήπτομαι from  σκᾶπος); for a different explanation, see s.v. Further, connection is considered with  the semantically unclear σκοῖπος- ἡ ἐξοχὴ τῶν ξύλων, ἐφ᾽ ὧν εἰσι of κέραμοι (H.),  probably of the supporting beams on which the tiles rest. Connection with  σκῆπτρον, etc. seems impossible (DELG refers to Benveniste 1935: 167 and to  Szemerényi 1980: 133). It is unclear how to assess the similarity of the Latin form.

XXXXXoxipagos [m.] meaning uncertain; in Hippon. 86 = 129a [pl.] explained as 'treachery' by Masson; after Hdn. 1, 225, 13 = ἀκόλαστος καὶ κυβευτής 'undisciplined, gambler' (2, 581, 27 & K. κυβιστής), acc. to EM 717, 28 = ὄργανον κυβευτικόν 'tool used in gambling' (alternative supposition). <?>

    *DER σκιραφ-εῖον (-tov) [n.] 'gambling-house' (Isoc., Theopomp. Hist.), -ευτής [m.]  'dice-player' (Amphis 25), -ώδης 'treacherous' (AB).

    *ETYM Because of the unclear meaning, without etymology. According to Hdn. (Lec.), ἀπὸ τῶν ἐν Σκίρῳ (suburb of Athens; see on okipov, known as a home of  prostitutes and gamblers) διατριβόντων. Or is it a variant of κίραφος = ἀλώπηξξ Cf. ἀλωπεκίζειν: ἀπατᾶν 'to deceive' (H.).

XXXXXoxipov [n.] a white parasol or canopy, which was carried at processions from the Acropolis to a place called Zxipov (Zxipov) (later a suburb of Athens) on the holy road to Eleusis in honor of Athena Skiras and other deities (Lysimachid., sch. Ar. Ec.

===Pag_1406: Beekes_Página_1406.tiff=== XXXXXσκνιπός, σκνίψ 1355 18); plur. Σκίρα name of a women's festival in honor of Demeter, Kore and Athena Polias (Ar., inscr. et al.). «Ὁ

    *COMP As a first member in Σκιρο-φόρια [n.pl.] 'id' (H., Phot. Suid.); hence  Σκιροφοριών, -Wvoc [m.] Att. month name, = June-July (Antipho, inscr., etc.).

    *ETYM Etymology not fully certain. Comparison with σκιά 'shade' is semantically  attractive, but formally somewhat difficult: σκιά reflects *skh,-ieh,-, the *-i- of which  belongs to the suffix and cannot therefore be equated with the -i- in oxipov, which  would have to be from *skh,-i-ro- (vel sim.). Often equated with Alb. hir 'grace of God' (Jokl 1923: 67, following Bugge) through a  semantic development comparable to the one in the Germanic adj. for 'clear,  gleaming, bright', e.g. Go. skeirs, ON skirr, MoHG schier, which would have a basic  meaning '(subdued) shine, reflex' (Pok. 917f.). Deubner 1932: 4off. argues that the  interpretation of oxipov as 'parasol' is a late learned construction, and interprets  oxipov as a designation of several ritual items.

XXXXXσκῖρος [m.] 'induration, callus, hard tumor' (medic.), 'hard, scrubby ground, scrub' (Tab. Heracl.).

    *VAR Also -pp-, σκῦρ-; σκῖρος [m.], τον [n.] 'crust, rind, cheese-rind, hardened  grease' (com.); also 'hard, white matter, gypsum' (sch. Ar. V. 921, Suid.), in this  meaning also oxippa (Suid.), γῆ σκιρράς (sch. Ar. V. 921); γῆ λευκή ὥσπερ γύψος  'white earth, like gypsum' (Su.).

    *DER σκιρρίτης [m.] 'gypsum-worker' (Zonar.). Abstract formation σκιρρ-ίη [f.]  'induration' (Aret.), ἀκροσκιρ-ίαι [f.pl.] 'high scrubby lands' (Tab. Heracl.); adj. oxip(p)-6g 'hard' (Plu. Them.), -ώδης 'callous' (Gall., Poll.); verb -όομαι 'to harden,  take root' (Sophr., medic.), also with ém- etc, whence -ωμα [n.] 'induration' (Dsc.);  -wotc [f.] 'id? (Sor., Gal.).

    *ETYM Fur.: 387 suggests that the word is Pre-Greek, comparing > σκῦρος (cf. op.cit. 366). This seems quite probable.

XXXXXσκιρτάω [v.] 'to jump, hop' (especially epic poet. Y 226, 228, also late prose), τέω (Opp.). <?>

    *VAR  Only pres. and ipf.

    *COMP Also with prefix (mostly late), e.g. dva-, ἐπι-, κατα-.

    *DER σκίρτ-ημα [n.] 'jump' (A, E. et al.), -ησις [61 'the jumping' (Plu.), -ηθμός [m.]  'id', -ητής [m.] 'jumper, dancer' (Mosch., Orph. etc.), -ητικός (Plu, Corn.); Σκίρτος  [m.] name of a satyr (backfomation; AP, Nonn. etc.), -twv, -τῶνος [m.] 'one who is  exalted' (Eun.).

    *ETYM Iterative-intensive formation in -τάω from ▶︎ oxaipw < *sky-ie/o-. The +- is  thought to be a secondary prop vowel, but this makes the etymology formally less  certain.

XXXXXσκληρός, σκληφρός -οσκέλλομαι.

XXXXXσκνιπός, σκνίψ Ξ'κνίψ.

===Pag_1407: Beekes_Página_1407.tiff===

XXXXXσκοῖδος [m.] = οἰκονόμος, ταμίας, etc. designation of a Macedonian official (Hdn. Gr, Poll. H.), epithet of Dionysus (Men.); oxovdia [f.dat.] 'educatress, housekeeper' (Naxos I-II?). <?>

    *ETYM According to Frisk s.v., related to σχίζω, as if from an IE root *skid-, which  cannot be correct; see on ▶︎ σκινδαλμός. Otherwise unexplained.

XXXXXσκοίκιον = KOo1e.

XXXXXσκοῖπος -οσκίπων.

XXXXXσκολιός --'σκέλος.

XXXXXσκόλλυς, -υος [m.] 'fringe of hair, a haircut in Which a tuft of hair was left on the head' (Pamphil. apud Ath. 11, 494f., Dsc., H., Poll. etc.).

    *ETYM Perhaps connected with ▶︎ σκολύπτειν, although a Pre-Greek origin seems  more likely.

XXXXXσκολόπαξ, -ακος [m.] name of a bird, usually identified with ἀσκαλώπας (-πᾶςξ) [m.] (Arist.) and explained as 'woodcock, Scolopax rusticola'; cf. Thompson 1895 s.vv. «ροαΐ»

    *ETYM On the basis of the equation with ἀσκαλώπας {(-πᾶςξ), it is considered to be ἃ  Pre-Greek word by Fur.: 344. The resemblance with σκόλοψ 'pole' (referring to the  long beak of the snipe?) might be due to folk-etymological adaptation.

XXXXXσκολόπενδρα [f.] 'millipede, sowbug'; also name of an animal of the sea (Arist., εἴς. < PGP

    *DER σκολόπενδρ-ον (Thphr.), tov (Dsc.) [n.] plant name, after the form of the  leaves acc. to Stromberg 1940: 42; -ώδης 'resembling a σ᾽ (Str.).

    *ETYM The etymological proposal by Guasparri Glotta 76 (1998): 199-201, who  suggests a derivation from σκολοπ- 'biting' and ἔντερον, also 'earth worm', is  formally untenable and therefore unconvincing. Rather a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXσκόλοψ, -οπος [m.] 'pointed pole, palisade, prickle' (epic ion. poet. IL, Hell. and late prose), for Att. χάραξ, σταυρός, -ωμα.

    *VAR Also σκόλοφρον: θρανίον 'bench' (H.), perhaps after δίφρος; cf. σκόλυθρον.

    *DER Diminutive σκολόπ-ιον [n.] (Antyll apud Orib.), -πὶς μοῖρα 'the destiny of  being impaled' (Man.), after βασιλ-ηΐς etc; -ifw 'to provide with ao. (Stad.) with τἰσμός [m.] 'the impaling, the spearing' (Vett. Val.); often ἀνα-σκολοπίζω 'to stick on  a pole, impale' (Hdt., etc.) with -ἰσις [f.] (sch., Eust.), ἀπο- 'to remove the poles'  (Aq.).

    *ETYM Often derived from ▶︎ σκάλλω 'to stir, hoe', but the formation is peculiar. The  interpretation of oxd\om- as a disyllabic stem cognate with eg. Lat. scal po 'to scratch,  cut with a sharp instrument, εἴς, OHG scelifa 'membranous shell', Lith. sklempti,  sklembti 'to plane, etc' (Pok. 926) is formally even more unlikely. The variant  σκόλοφρον with -pp- rather points to a Pre-Greek origin; cf. Fur.: 107.

XXXXXσκολύθριον [n.] 'footstool (Pl. Euthd. 278b, Poll.).

    *VAR KOAVOpov (Telecl.).

===Pag_1408: Beekes_Página_1408.tiff=== XXXXXσκόπελος 1357

    *DER σκόλυθρος 'low' (H., Phot., Suid.), σκολύθρων: ταπεινῶν. ἀπὸ σκολύθρων  δίφρων (H.).

    *ETYM Diminutive of an unattested word *oxdAv@pov, which seems to be ἃ variant of  κόλυθρον. This could point to Pre-Greek origin. A connection with σκολύπτειν  (thus Frisk s.v.) is formally and semantically unlikely.

XXXXXσκόλυμος [m.] name of a kind of thistle with an edible flower base, 'Scolymus hispanicus, artichoke, Cynara scolymus' (Hes., Alc, Arist. etc.); on the mg. see Dawkins JHS 56 (1936): 6.

    *VAR  σκόλυμον (Zonar.). On σκόλυβος, see below.

    *DER σκολυμ-ώδης 'like o.' (Thphr.).

    *ETYM A variant of this word can be found in σκόλυβος: 6 ἐσθιόμενος βολβός 'edible  onion' (H.). The variation B/{ is a well-known Pre-Greek phenomenon.

XXXXXσκολύπτειν [v.] - ἐκτίλλειν, κολούειν 'to pluck out, cut short'; σκολύψαι: κολοῦσαι, κολοβῶσαι 'to cut short, shorten'; ἀνασκολύψας: γυμνώσας 'having stripped' (H.).

    *VAR Beside σκολύβρα: σκυθρωπή 'sad' (H.) we find σκολύφρα- σκυθρωπή, σκληρά,  ἐργώδης, δυσχερής 'sad, hard, difficult, intractable'.

    *COMP Often with ἀπο- 'to skin, strip off, circumcise' (Archil. 124, 5. Fr. 423, Ael. Dion. etc.).

    *ETYM The variation between oxoAvm- and κολοβ- in ▶︎ κολοβός 'curtailed, cut short'  points to a Pre-Greek origin. A connection with ▶︎ σκάλλω 'to stir, hoe' (thus e.g. Frisk) is therefore unlikely. Also, the variation between -βρ- and -φρ- in σκολύβρα  and σκολύφρα (whether or not they are really connected with σκολύπτειν; the  semantics are quite far) points to a Pre-Greek origin of these words (Fur.: 171).

XXXXXσκόμβρος [m.] 'mackerel' (Epich., Ar., Arist. etc.).

    *DER Diminutive σκομβρίδες: ἰχθύες 'fishes' (H.); also Arist. HA 543b 5 (vl. oxopridec). Additionally, the apparently denominative σκομβρίσαι- γογγύσαι. Kai  παιδιᾶς ἀσελγοῦς εἶδος 'to murmur, grumble; kind of wanton spvrt; also  σκομβρίζειν as an explanation of ῥαθαπυγίζειν 'to slap the buttocks' (H.).

    *ETYM Origin unclear. The word may well be of Pre-Greek origin; cf. Fur.: 124. The  word was borrowed as Lat. scomber.

XXXXXσκόνυζα --κόνυζα.

XXXXXσκόπελος [m.] 'cliff, rock, mountain peak' (mostly epic poet. Β 396), 'watch-tower' (pap.), -ov [n.] 'earthen wall, hill' (LXX). <?>

    *DER σκοπελ-ίζω [v.] 'to set up a watch-tower', with -ἰσμός [m.] (Ulp. in Dig.).

    *ETYM Although within Greek the meaning 'watch-tower' seems to be a later  development out of original 'cliff, rock, mountain peak', an etymological connection  with σκοπή 'watch-tower', oxomd 'watch-tower, cliff, etc. (see ▶︎ σκέπτομαι) might  suggest that a meaning 'watch-tower' was the starting-point of this word after all. Older etymological connections (e.g. in Frisk s.v.) involving an alleged PIE root  *skep- 'to cut' (thought to be attested in ▶︎ oxénapvoc) are outdated, as such a root  does not seem to have existed. Borrowed as Lat. scopulus.

===Pag_1409: Beekes_Página_1409.tiff===

, σκοπιά, σκοπός σκοπέω, σκοπιά, σκοπός -Ξ'σκέπτομαι.

XXXXXσκορακίζω —Kdpak.

XXXXXσκορδἰνάομαι [v.] 'to stretch (drowsily), yawn' (Hp., Ar., Poll.). <?>

    *VAR Jon. -ἔομαι.

    *DER σκορδίν-ημα [n.] (κορδ- ν.1. Erot.), -nopdc [m.] (Hp., Gal.).

    *ETYM Presumably from a non-attested noun "σκόρδινον, -ος. A more primary form  is probably represented by σκορδάζειν: σπᾶσθαι (H.). Hardly related to ▶︎ κόρδαξ,  > κραδάω; no further etymology.

XXXXXσκορδύλη Ξ'κορδύλη. ee

XXXXXσκορόβυλος [m.] κάνθαρος 'dung-beetle' (H.).

    *ETYM Clearly connected with ▶︎ κάραβος. The word therefore seems to continue    *okap(a)B-vA-, with o from a before v in the next syllable.

XXXXXσκόροδον [n.] 'garlic, Allium sativum' (Milete VI', Ion., com., Thphr. et al.).

    *VAR Hell. and late also oxdpdov (see Schwyzer: 259); there is also oxopadov (inscr. Cyrene), which may be secondary.

    *COMP A number of compounds, e.g. σκοροδ-άλμη [f.] 'salty garlic-broth' (com.), cf. Risch IF 59 (1949): 58; ὀφιο-σκόρ(ο)δον [n.] kind of wild garlic (Gal, Ps.-Dsc.); cf. Stromberg 1940: 33.

    *DER σκορόδειον [n.], -itw [v.] 'to feed or to spice with garlic' (com.), σκοροδοῦν'  συνουσιάζειν 'to have intercourse with' (H.); on the mg,, see Specht KZ 62 (1935): 215.

    *ETYM Related to Alb. hurdhé [f.] 'garlic' and Arm. xstor, dial. sxtor 'id.'. The  Albanian form can be reconstructed as *skord-, the Armenian word as *skodor-,  which was metathesized from *skorod-, but the details regarding the developments  of initial cluster are obscure (Aéaryan in Martirosyan 2010). Given the alternation  *skord- ~ *skorod-, the word must be non-Indo-European, i.e. Pre-Greek or adopted  from a local language in the Pontic area. For other names for onion and garlic, cf. > κρόμμυον and ▶︎ πράσον; see also ▶︎ βολβός.

XXXXXσκορπίος [m.] 'scorpion' (A. Fr. 169 = 368M.); often metaph. as epithet of a fish (com., Arist. et al.), after the poisonous stings, see Stromberg 1943: 124f., Thompson 1947 s.v.; also σκόρπ-αινα, -ic, on which see below; of a plant (Thphr.), see Strémberg 1937: 50f.; of a constellation (Cleostrat. Hell.), see Scherer 1953: 170; a war machine for firing arrows (Hero et al.), whence σκορπίζω (see below); of a stone (Orph.), also σκορπῖτις, -ἰτης.

    *COMP As ἃ first member e.g. in σκορπί-ουρος (-ov) plant name (Dsc.).

    *DER 1. Substantives: oxopz-iov [n.] plant name (Dsc.), -idtov [n.] 'small slinging-  machine' (Plb., LXX), -ἰς [f.] (Arist.), -αινα [f.] (Ath.) fish name (see above); -ἴτις [f.],

XXXXXτίτης [m.] name ofa stone (Plin., late pap.), after the color and shape, Redard 1949: 61); -ἰών, -τῶνος [m.] month name in Alexandria (Ptol.). 2. Adjectives: σκορπ-ιώδης 'resembling the o.' (Arist., Ph. et al.), -rioc, -εἰιος 'belonging to the o.' (Orph., Man.), -ἰόεις 'id.' (Nic.), -taxdg 'id' (medic.), -tavéc 'born under the sign o.' (Astr.). 3. Verbs: σκορπ-ίζω 'to scatter' (Hecat.[?], Hell. and late), also with δια- etc., -ιαίνομαι

===Pag_1410: Beekes_Página_1410.tiff=== XXXXXσκότος 1359 'to be enraged' (Procop.), σκορπιοῦται- ἀγριαίνεται, ἐρεθίζεται 'gets angry, is provoked' (H.).

    *ETYM The scorpion is widely distributed in the southern parts of Europe, but there  are isolated populations as far north as the Isle of Sheppy in Great Britain. The Indo-  Europeans, whose homeland was probably located to the North of the Black Sea, did  not have a word for the scorpion, and the Greeks must therefore have adopted it  from a different language when they arrived in the Mediterranean. Acc. to Fur. (see  his index), ▶︎ κἄραβος, καράμβιος, ▶︎ *oxapaBaiog, ▶︎ κεράμβυξ, κεράμβηλον, knpagic,  and ▶︎ γραψαῖος all continue the same Pre-Greek word, which seems possible. It is to  be noted that most forms can easily be reduced to a structure *kara™p-, except for  ypayatoc and σκορπίος. The word does not derive from PIE *skerp- 'to scratch', seen  in OE sceorfan 'to scratch' and Latv. skérpét 'to cut grass'. The Greek word was  borrowed as Lat. scorpius, -id.

XXXXXσκότος [m.] 'darkness, dark', also of the dark before the eyes = 'swindle' (Il.).

    <IE  *sk(e)h,t- or *skoto- 'shadow, dark'>

    *VAR Also [n.] (since V*), after e.g. φῶς, see Egli 1954: 64f.

    *COMP Some compounds, eg. σκοτο-μήν-ιος 'having the moon in the dark',  'moonless', epithet of νύξ (ξ 457), univerbation of σκότος and μήν(η); besides the  abstract oxoto-inv-ia [f.] 'moonlessness, moonless night' (Hell.), also σκοτο-μήνη  'id' (Democr.[?], LXX) and (after the nouns in -atva) σκοτό-μαινα [f.] 'id'? (AP et  al.). Further oxoto-dtv-ia, Ion. -in [f.] 'swindle' (Hp., Pl.), with -δινιάω [v.] (Ar. Pl);  also -δινος [m.] 'id.' (Hp.), after δῖνος.

    *DER A. Adjectives: 1. σκότιος 'dark, secretly, illegitimate', in Crete also = ἄνηβος 'not  grown-up' (especially epic poet. since Z 24), cf. Ruijgh 1957: 108 against Leumann  1950: 284; σκοτίας: δραπέτης 'runaway' (H.). 2. σκοτ-αἴος 'in the dark, dark' (IA),  after κνεφαῖος etc. (Schwyzer: 467). 3. -εινός 'darkness' (A.), after φαεινός etc., with  -εινότης [f.] (PL), -εινῶδες (H.), see νυθῶδες. 4. -όεις 'id' (Hp., Emp., Hell. epic);  Σκοτοῦσ(σλα (-ὀεσσα) [f.] town in Thessaly (Hell.). 5. -ώδης 'dark, dizzy' A) with  -wéia [f] (late). 6. -ερός 'dark' (Hell. poet.). B. Substantives: 1. σκοτία [f.] = σκότος (Ar. LXX, NT et al.); cf. Scheller 1951: 38. 2. oxotapia: ζόφος. Ἀχαιοί 'darkness (Achaean)' (H.). 3. Σκοτίτας [m.] epithet of Zeus  (Paus. 3, 10, 6); explanation debated; cf. Redard 1949: 212. 4. Σκοτία (-ta) [f.] epithet  of Aphrodite (H., EM), see Scheller 1951: 129. C. Verbs: 1. σκοτόομαι 'it becomes dark before my eyes, ''m passing out', -dw 'to  make pass out, to darken' (Att, etc.), also with ἀπο-, ovv-; on the mg., see  Chantraine Sprache 1 (1949): 147f; thence σκότ-ωμα, -wotc (Hell. and late). 2. ém-  σκοτ-ἕω [v.] 'to shroud in darkness, darken' (Hp., Att.), like ἐπι-θυμ-ἕω, -xe1p-Ew  etc.), with -ησις [f.] (Plu. et al.), -ος adj. (Pi. Pae. 9, 5 ν.1.). 3. σκοτάω in 3pl. σκοτόωσι  'their sight becomes darkened' (Nic.). 4. σκοτ-άζω 'to become dark, darken' (Att,  etc; in the older language only impersonal), mostly with ovv-, whence -ασμός [m.]  (late). 5. τίζω 'to darken' (Hell. and late), also with ém-, ἀπο-, kata-, whence -ἰσμός,  τισις (late). 6. oxotever- δραπετεύει 'runs away (H.), cf. oxotiagabove sub A. 1.

    *ETYM The word σκότος has a close cognate in a Germanic word for 'shadow': Go. skadus, OE sceadu (also 'darkness'), OHG scato, -(a)wes, from PGm. *skadu- (after

===Pag_1411: Beekes_Página_1411.tiff===

the opposite *haidu-, originally 'appearance in the light' in Go. haidus 'art, manner', etc). Beside these, we find Celtic forms with an apparent lengthened grade, e.g. Olr.

XXXXXscath [n.] 'shadow'. We may reconstruct either IE skoto-, -tu (Greek and Germanic) beside skdto- (Celtic), or an ablauting root noun sk(e)h,t- (Matasovi¢ 2008 sv. skdto-). Cf. also on ▶︎ σκιά.

XXXXXσκριβλίτης [m.] 'cheesecake' (Chrysipp. Tyan. apud Ath. 14, 647d). «τὴν Lat.>

    *ETYM From Lat. scriblita [m.] 'id.', which itself seems to have been taken from Greek  (ὑστρεβλίτης : otpeBAdc?); see WH s.v. and Redard 1949: 91.

XXXXXσκύβαλον [n.] 'waste, offal, refuse, muck' (Hell and late).

    *VAR Also Ἰσκύβλον as in oxvPriCw? *

    *DER σκυβαλ-ὦδης 'muck-like' (late), -ἰκός 'dirty' (Timocr.?), -i€w [v.] 'to treat like  or regard as waste' (LXX, D. H. et al.), also with ava-, ano-; to this -ἰισμός [m.] (Plb.),

XXXXXτισμα [n.] (Ps.-Phoc.), -ἰσις [f.] (sch.); -evouat 'id' (sch.).

    *ETYM Neumann 1961: 9of. and 107 compared Hitt. ishuyai-' 'to throw (away), shake  (away)'. Fur. 148 compares κύπελλα' τὰ τῆς μάζης καὶ τῶν ἄρτων ἐπὶ τῆς τραπέζης  καταλείμματα 'whatever dough and bread is left over on the table' (Philet. apud Ath. 11, 483a); if correct, then the word is Pre-Greek. See DELG Supp.

XXXXXσκυδμαίνω [v.] 'to rage, grumble' (Σ 592). <?>

    *VAR Backformation σκύδμαινος: σκυθρωπός 'sad- or angry-looking' (HL).

    *COMP With ἀπο- (Σ 65).

    *DER σκύζομαι 'id' (Hom.), also with ἐπι-, aor. opt. ἐπισκύσσαιτο (η 306), ind. ἐπισκύσαι (EM) 'id.'; act. σκύζουσιν: ἡσυχῆ ὑποφθέγγονται, ὥσπερ κύνες 'speak  quietly in an undertone, like dogs' (H.); σκυζάω 'id. (Poll.). Perhaps also PN  Σκύδρος (Delos IV*); cf. Bechtel 1917b: 501. With a suffix -θρο- or -po-: σκυθρός  'grumpy, murky, gloomy (Men., Arat.), whence σκυθρ-άζω [v.] 'to be grumpy,  murky' (E. El. 830), -iwv [m.] PN (Tanagra ΓΝ on σκύθραξ' μεῖραξ, ἔφηβος 'young  boy, adolescent' (H.), see σκυρθάλιος. Especially in σκυθρ-ωπός 'with a gloomy look'  (Hp., Att; cf. Sommer 1948: 7 and 9), whence -ὠπότης [f.] (Hp.), -ωπάζω [v.] 'to  look gloomy, etc.', -ωπασμός [f.] (Plu.).

    *ETYM Like in ἐριδμαίνω beside épitw, oxvdpaivw beside σκύζομαι has its -μ- from  πημαίνω, θερμαίνω, etc. For σκυθρός, there is no reason to assume a pre-form  *oxvd-8poc¢ (whence *oxva-8pdc and, with dissimilation, oxv8pdc). There is no certain etymology. Lith. (pra-)skusti, 1sg. -skundu, pret. -skudati 'to  become nervous, tired, begin to feel pain', Latv. skundét 'to grumble, commiserate,  blame, grudge', etc. (Pok. 955) cannot be related, as the accentuation points to *-d"-.

XXXXXσκύζα [f.] 'lust, heat' (Philet. 27 [?; see Powell ad loc.], SEG 4, 47 (Messana II[?]; personified as a woman).

    *DER σκυζάω (ava-, &«-) [v.] 'to be in heat', of dogs, horses et al. (Cratin., Arist. et al.)  with -nots [f.] (Ar. Byz.).

    *ETYM Unexplained. The word could be Pre-Greek (note the meaning), from a pre-  form PG *skué*a.

XXXXXσκύζομαι --σκυδμαίνω.

===Pag_1412: Beekes_Página_1412.tiff=== XXXXXσκύλλω 1361 σκυθρός -οσκυδμαίνω.

XXXXXσκύλαξ, -ἄκος [f., m.] 'doggy, puppy' (Od.), also 'whelp, cub' in general (E. [lyr.], Nic., Luc. et al.); metaph. 'collar, neckband' (Pl. Com., PIb.).

    *COMP Also as a first member e.g. in σκυλακο-τρόφος 'breeding dogs', with -ia, -ἰκός  (late).

    *DER 1. Diminutive oxvAdk-tov [n.] (IA). 2. Fem. -atwa (AP), -ἡ (Orph.). 3. Substantive -ἶτις [f.] 'protectress of cubs', epithet of Artemis (Orph.), see Redard  1949: 212; -evc [m.] = σκύλαξ (Opp.), rather metrical enlargement than back-  formation from -ebw (cf. BoShardt 1942: 71 and Kretschmer Glotta τι (1921): 228). 4. Adjective -e.oc 'of puppies' (Hp. 5. E.); -wdng (X.), -ευτικός 'belonging to a puppy'  (Ph.), analogical enlargement. 5. Verb -ebw act. 'to mate, copulate', of dogs (X., Arr.),  pass. 'to be raised' (Str., Max. Tyr.), with -eia [f.] 'dog-breeding' (Plu., Poll.), -evpa  [n.] 'offspring' (Epigr. apud Plu., AP), -ευτής [m.] 'dog-breeder' (Him.).

    *ETYM Words for young animals often end in -αξ (cf. μεῖραξ, δέλφαξ, ndptak; see  Chantraine 1933: 377ff.). Therefore, σκύλαξ could be related to σκύλιον [n.] name of  a shark (Arist.) and to σκύλλα fish name (Nic. Fr. 137 Schn.); see Solmsen 1909: 20";  forms with a geminate are σκύλ(λ)ος = σκύλαξ, κύων (EM, H.), σκυλλίς: κληματίς  (H., Strémberg 1940: 31), and κύλλα: σκύλαξ (κύλλας: κύλαξ cod.). Ἠλεῖοι (HL).

XXXXXΣκύλλη, Att. Σκύλλα ('the bitch'), name of the well-known sea-monster (Od.), is perhaps related. There are no certain cognates outside Greek. Arm. c'ul, gen. c'l-u 'young bull', from IE skul- or skél-, was compared by Meillet BSL 26 (1925): 20f. Comparison with Lith. skalikas 'barking dog' (from skdlyti 'to bark hunting') and kalé 'bitch' go back to (s)kol-. Schwyzer KZ 37 (1904): 150 pointed at σκύζουσιν (H.) and σκυδμαίνω (does this contain a root sku-? Cf. ▶︎ σκύμνος). In view of the lack of an etymology, the word could well be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXσκύλλω [v.] 'to lacerate, tear up, flay', mostly metaph. 'to pester, tire, bother, trouble, vex', med.-pass. 'to strain', aor. act. 'to infest, plunder' (pap. inscr., NT, late prose; rarely poet.: A., Nic., AP). 4?>

    *VAR Aor. σκῦλ-αι, pass. -ῆναι (-ηθῆναι Eust.); fut. -joopat, perf. med. ἔσκυλμαι. With metathesis ξύλλεσθαι if 'oxbAdea8a' (SIG 56, 3; Argos ν᾽"; cf. Schwyzer: 329).

    *COMP Rarely with ano-, ἐπι-, Mpo-, συν-.

    *DER σκυλ-μός [m.} 'bothering, tribulation' (Hell. and late), 'rending, mangling'  (sch.), -μώδης 'troublesome' (Vett. Val.); -μα (twice with κόμης) [n.] 'hair plucked  out' (AP), cf. ἔσκυλται (κόμη) 'is tousled' (AP); σκύλσις: θυμός, σάλος, ταραχή  'spirit, a tossing motion, disorder' (H.), -τικός 'vexatious' (Vett. Val.). Further σκύλος [n.] (pl. σκύλα in Nic. Th. 422) 'stripped hide, skin' (Call. Theoc., AP; cf. δέρμα to dépw), 'nutshell' (Nic.); as a first member in σκῦλο-δέψης [m.] 'tanner'  (Ar.), -6¢ 'id' (D.). Also σκῦλος [n.] (Herod. 3, 68 with 6 after σκῦτος, if not a  misspelling). See ▶︎ κοσκυλμάτια 'cuttings of leather',

    *ETYM Together with its derivations, σκύλλω is especially known from the later  colloquial language and in the metaphorical meaning 'to pester, etc'. Through  adaptation to ▶︎ σκῦλα, the aor. oxdAat may have obtained the meaning 'harass,

===Pag_1413: Beekes_Página_1413.tiff===

plunder' (but see s.v.). Only pres. σκύλλονται 'they are stripped of their flesh', of warriors drowned by fish (A. Pers. 577 [lyr.J), and σκῦλο-δέψης (Ar.) are attested early. Traditionally connected with the group of ▶︎ σκάλλω (see s.v. and Pok. 923f.), where v in σκύλλω was supposed to be a reduced vowel (Schwyzer: 351). This scenario is impossible, but Vine 1999b: 565ff. regards σκύλλω as an o-grade formation *skol- je/o-.

XXXXXσκῦλα [n.pl.] 'war-booty, especially weapons', also -ov 'spoil, booty' (S., E., Th. et al.).

    *DER "σκυλαῖος in σκυλαίας- τὰ σκῦλα Kai λάφυρα. οἱ δὲ τὰς πανοπλίας 'arms and  (other) booty from an enemy; ἃ hoplite's full armor' (H.). Denominative verb σκυλ-  evw 'to rob a slain enemy of his weapons' (Hes. Sc. 468, IA); σκυλεύματα [n.pl.] =  σκῦλα (E., Th.), -eta [f.] 'plundering' (LXX), -ευσις [f.] (Cilicia), -evud¢ [m.] (Eust.)  'spoils', -ευτής [m.] 'one who strips a slain enemy' (Aq.), -ευτικός 'plundering' (Tz.). Also σκυλ-άω, -ῆσαι (UPZ 6, 15; 21, AP 3, 6[?], Eust.) 'id', τήτρια [f.] 'she who strips a  slain enemy (Lyc., Eust.).

    *ETYM The root specifically refers to the stripping of a slain enemy of his weapons  and armor. Probably a derivative of the root of ▶︎ σκύλλω 'to lacerate, tear up, flay',  even though the meaning of σκῦλα may have influenced the aorist σκῦλαι 'to  plunder'. Other etymologies, such as comparison with σκῦτος 'prepared skin,  leather' and ἐπισκύνιον 'skin of the brows' (Pok. 951 ff.), σκύλος, are less attractive. It  is noteworthy that obAov (see on ▶︎ ovAdw) has a similar meaning; does this point to  a Pre-Greek interchange o-/ox-? Fur.: 393 connects ξύλλομαι, but see ▶︎ σκύλλω.

XXXXXσκύμνος [m., f.] 'cub, whelp', especially 'young lion' (epic Ion. poet. Σ 319, also Arist. etc.).

    *DER Diminutive σκυμν-ίον [n.] (Arist.), -etw [v.] 'to breed' (Philostr.), -ειος 'of a  whelp' (Suid.).

    *ETYM The word has been connected with σκύλαξ 'puppy', but the variation of the  suffix remains unclear on this account. The suffix -uv- could point to Pre-Greek  origin.

XXXXXσκυρθάλιος [m.] - νεανίσκος 'youth' (H.). Also σκυρθάλια (-ιᾶς cod.)- Θεόφραστος τοὺς ἐφήβους οὕτω φησὶ καλεῖσθαι, Διονύσιος δὲ τοὺς μείρακας 'adolescents are called this way acc. to Theophrastus, and young boys acc. to Dionysius' (H.).

    *VAR σκυρθάνια- τοὺς ἐφήβους οἱ Λάκωνες 'adolescents (Laconian)' (Phot.). With  metathesis. σκύθραξ: μεῖραξ, ἔφηβος 'young girl or boy, adolescent' (H.). Without o-  (and Lac. -o- from -8-) in κυρσίον- μειράκιον 'boy' (H.), Lac. κυρσάνιος 'id. (Ar. Lys.),

    *ETYM Formation like νηφ-άλιος, etc. Has been compared with Skt. krdhu-  'shortened, mutilated', d-skrdho-yu- 'not shortened, not needy', which is further  connected with the Lithuanian group of skurstu, skurdai skursti 'to lack, lag in  growth, languish', nu-sku?des 'impoverished, neglected'. These words derive from a  root *sker-d'-. Since σκυρθ- is semantically remote and cannot reflect a zero grade,

===Pag_1414: Beekes_Página_1414.tiff=== XXXXXσκύφος 1363 nor an o-grade, the etymology is incorrect. There is no better etymology, but Pre- Greek origin is probable (note the variant without o-).

XXXXXσκύρον [adj.] = ἄσκυρον 'St. John's wort' (Nic. Th. 74).

    *ETYM See ▶︎ ἄσκυρον.

XXXXXσκῦρος [m.] 'stone-chippings, rubble' (Epid. IV', H., Poll. sch. Pi.).

    *DER σκυρωτὰ ὁδός 'road paved with σ᾿ (Pi. P. 5, 93), τὰ σκυρω[τά] [n.pl.) (Delos  115), σκυρωθῶσι: λιθωθῶσιν 'petrify (Η., from Hp.?), σκυρώδης 'consisting of σ᾿  (Eust.).

    *ETYM Perhaps the island name Σκῦρος is related (after the marble quarries?). Fur. 366 takes the word to be a variant of ▶︎ oxipoc and concludes that it is Pre-Greek.

XXXXXσκὕτάλη [f.] 'stick, club, spar, drum' (Archil., Pi.), especially a staff used as a cypher to read dispatches, more generally also '(Spartan) dispatch'. Metaph. a snake (Nic. et al.), or a fish (Opp.), see Stromberg 1943: 36. <?>

    *VAR  σκύταλον [n.] 'stick, club' (Pi. Hdt., Ar., X.).

    *DER Diminutive σκυτάλ-ιον [n.] (Ar., Hell. and late), -ἰς [f.] 'stick' (Hdt., Hell. and  late); further -ίας [m.] a type of long cucumber (Thphr.; Str6mberg 1937: 91); τωτός  'provided with a co.' (Hero, EM); -ἰσμός [m.] 'club-law' in Argos (Ὁ. S., Plu.); -dopat  [v.] 'to be clubbed' (EM, H.), hence -wotc (Troezen).

    *ETYM No etymology. Borrowed as Lat. scutula.

XXXXXσκύτη [f.] - κεφαλή 'head'; σκύτα' τὸν τράχηλον. Σικελοί 'neck, throat (Sicilian) (H.), see further LSJ s.v. about the attestations.

    *ETYM Fur.: 359, 362 compares kot(T)ic, (προ)-κόττα 'head' and assumes Pre-Greek  origin.

XXXXXσκῦτος [n.] 'prepared skin, leather, leather thong' (ξ 34).

    *COMP σκυτο-τόμος [m.] 'leather-worker, cobbler' (H 221); as a second member in  δωδεκά-σκυτος 'consisting of twelve leather strips' (PL).

    *DER Diminutive σκυτ-άριον [n.], -ἰς [6] (Hell. and late); adj. -1voc 'leather' (LA),  «εἰκός 'pertaining to leather(-work) or cobbling' (PL. Arist. et al.), -5ng 'leather-like'  (Arist.); -eb¢ [m.] 'cobbler' (Att.), -eiov, -ebw, -eia, -ευσις (Hp. Att, εἴς. Denominative oxvt-doyat in ἐσκυτωμένος 'coated with leather' (Att. inscr., Plb. et  al.).

    *ETYM Probably related to the PIE word for 'skin' *keh,u-ti-. with a zero grade, OHG  hat, Lat. ciitis, and ToA kdc; with a full grade, OPr. keuto and Lith. kidutas 'case,  envelop, shell' (see, e.g., De Vaan 2008 s.v. cutis), The initial *s- of Greek may be  shared by MW eskit, Co. eskit, esgis 'shoe' < *ped-skuHt-. The root *(s)keh,u- may  also have been preserved in ▶︎ ἐπισκύνιον 'skin of the brows' and ▶︎ κύτος 'hollow (of  a shield), vessel'.

XXXXXσκύφος [m., n.] 'cup, mug' (€ 112, rare in Arist., Hell. inscr., etc.). < PG?(v)>

    *DER Diminutive oxvg-iov [n.], also 'skull' (Paul. Aeg.), -idtov (EM?), -άριον (gloss.);  adj. -(e nog 'o.-like' (Stesich.); σκύφ-ωμα [n.] = σκύφος (A. Fr. 184 = 308 M.; on the

===Pag_1415: Beekes_Página_1415.tiff===

, -ηκος suffix, see Chantraine 1933: 186), -wv, -ῶνος [m.], meaning unclear (Gal.). σκυξιφόν- σκύφον (H.) is doubtful.

    *ETYM No etymology. The form σκύφος is similar to σκάφος, -1| (see ▶︎ σκάπτω), but  the vocalism is unexplained. Fur.: 176 compares κύβος: ... Πάφιοι δὲ τὸ τρύβλιον 'a  drinking vessel' (H.), etc., which could be a Pre-Greek variant.

XXXXXσκώληξ 1, -ηκος [m.] 'worm, larva' (N 564). <?> cop As a first member eg. in σκωληκό-βρωτος 'eaten away by worms' (Thphr., etc.). ne Diminutive σκωλήκοιον [n.] (Arist. etc.); -itg [m.] (κηρός or στύραξ) 'wax or resin in the shape of a worm' (Dsc.); -d6ng:,worm-like' (Arist.); -dopat [v.] 'to be eaten away by worms', -wot< [f.] (Thphr.); -taw [v.] 'to suffer from worms' (Orib. et al.), -ἰίασις [f.] (Sm., Thd.); «ζω [v.] 'to have an irregular pulse' (Gal.), cf. μυρμηκίζω id', σκωληκίζονται- κινοῦνται ὡς οἱ σκώληκες 'Move or stir like worms' (H.).

    *ETYM Usually regarded as derived from a lengthened grade formation to the root of  ▶︎ σκέλος 'thigh, leg' (see there for PIE etymology) and σκολιός 'bent, twisted'. The  suffix -1)K- is also found in ▶︎ σφήξ, ▶︎ μύρμηξ, εἴς; the thematic formation is perhaps  found in σκώλοισι: δρεπάνοις, διὰ τὴν σκολιότητα 'scythe, after its curvedness' (H.;  if this is not rather related to σκῶλος 'pole'), σκωλύπτομαι 'to curve, wind' (Nic. Th. 229), and MoGr. (Pontic) σκοῦλος 'upper shank' < "σκῶλος or "σκόλος., In view of  the lengthened grade and the non-IE suffix, this analysis is dubious.

XXXXXσκώληξ 2. [?] " τὸ κυλιόμενον κῦμα 'wave rolling along' (H., Pl. com., Phryn.). kai ἀπὸ τῆς ἅλω τὸ δινηθὲν καὶ συναχθὲν εἰς λικμητόν 'from the threshing-floor, what is whirled and put together into winnowing' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM A metaphorical use of σκώληξ 'worm', after the way of movement (Phryn.).

XXXXXσκῶλος [m.] 'pointed pole' (N 564), 'thorn, prickle' (Ar. et al.).

    <IE?>

    *VAR  Also σκῶλον, pl. -a 'id' (EM, H.), metaph. 'stumbling block', whence -dopat  [v.] 'to be offended' (LXX; Aq., ΑΙ...

    *COMP σκωλο-βατίζω [v.] 'to walk on stilts' (Epich.), -βάτης '(kind of) weevil' (HL).

    *ETYM The word resembles ▶︎ σκόλοψ 'pointed pole' and, outside Greek, Alb. hell  'spit, icicle' < *skdl-o-; without *s-, Lith. kudlas 'pole' < *k6dl-o- and OCS kols 'pole' <  *kol-o-. These words probably all derive from PIE *kelH- 'to hew'; see Pok. 545-547  ands.v. ▶︎ kaw. Another possible cognate is ▶︎ σκάλλω 'to split'.

XXXXXσκώπτω [v.] 'to mock, jest, flout, taunt' (h.Cer. 203). <?>

    *VAR σκῶψαι (IA), fut. σκώψομαι (Ar.), pass. aor. σκωφθῆναι (X.), perf. ἔσκωμμαι  (Luc.).

    *COMP Also with ἀπο-, ἐπι-, kata- etc. As a second member in φιλο-σκώμμων, -ονος  [m.] 'fond of mocking' (Hdt., Plu., Luc. et al.), -οσύνη (Poll.).

    *DER σκῶμμα (érti-, ἀπό-) [n.] 'mockery, jest' (Att.), -άτιον [n.] (Ar.); σκῶψις (ἐπί-)  [f.] 'id' (Alex., Plu.); σκώπτης [m.] 'mocker' (Archig. et al.), φιλο-σκώπτης fond of  mocking' (Arist. et al.), τέω (Ath.); fem. σκώπτρια (Procop.); σκωπτικός 'id.' (Plu.,  Luc., Poll.); σκωπαλέος, meaning unclear (Hdn. Gr.); deverbal σκωπτ-όλης [m.]

===Pag_1416: Beekes_Página_1416.tiff=== XXXXXσμάραγδος 1365 'mocker' (Ar. et al.), -ηλός 'mocking' (Zonar.). On σκώπευμα, σκωπίας, names of dances, see ▶︎ oxwy.

    *ETYM An unexplained formation that must be recent in the prehistory of Greek. The  root may be that of ▶︎ σκέπτομαι 'to look about' or ▶︎ σκάπτω 'to dig', but neither is  immediately obvious. Perhaps the verb is related to ▶︎ oxwy 'little horned owl'.

XXXXXσκῶρ [n.] 'muck, excrement' (Epich., Ar., Stratt.).

    *VAR  Or oxwp, cf. Schwyzer: 377 and 384; gen. σκατός (Poll.).

    *COMP  As a first member e.g. in σκατο-φάγος 'muck-eater', with -Ew (com.).

    *DER oxwp-ia [f.] 'metal slags' (Arist. et al.), see further Scheller 1951: 49; diminutive  -i5tov, -ἰάζω (late) 'to turn into oxwpia', -αμίς [f] 'stool' (Ar.), after ἁμίς 'chamber  pot'.

    *ETYM From the PIE heteroclitic *sok-r/n-, found in Hitt. gakkar, gen. ξακηαξ  'excrement', Lat. mitscerda 'mouse droppings', and ON skarn 'muck' (cf. Schindler  BSL 70 (1975): 1-10 and Kloekhorst 2008 s.v. Sakkar). The form σκῶρ reflects a  collective *sk-ér, while σκατός reflects quasi-PIE *sk-n-to-s . An IE word with similar  formation is reflected by ▶︎ κόπρος 'excrement'.

XXXXXσκωρνυφίαν [f.] = τὸ σκάνδαλον « Ἔχαρμος», ἐν Mnoiv- ἐν δὲ Τριακάσιν τὰ dowdy χρέα 'trap, stumbling-block; bony meat (if to be read as τὰ ὀστώδη Kpéa)' (H.). «3»

    *ETYM Meaning uncertain; etymology unknown.

XXXXXσκώψ, σκωπός [m.] 'little horned owl (e 66, Epich,, Arist., Theoc. et al.); metaph. as a fish name (Nic. Fr. 18), probably after the colors (Strémberg 1943: 114); name of a dance (Ael., Poll.), with in the same mg. also σκώπευμα (A. Fr. 70 = 20 M.) and σκωπίας (Poll.); as a name of a dance also connected with σκοπεῖν (Ath, H).

    *VAR Also kwy.

    *COMP As a second member in dei-oxwy a kind of owl (Arist.), which acc. to Arist. was not a migratory bird. on

    *ETYM Formation as πτώξ, KAwy, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 2), but unexplained. Connected with oxwatw by Ath. and Ael., which is probably folk etymology. The  same holds for the modern comparison with σκέπτομαι, after the sharp view and the  protruding circle around the eyes. A by-form κώψ is often mentioned (see  Thompson 1895 s.v. σκώψ); also, γῶπας: κολοιούς. Μακεδόνες 'jackdaw (Maced.)'  (H.). Given these variations, the word is probably Pre-Greek. Other words for 'owl  are ▶︎ γλαῦξ, ▶︎ στύξ and ὦτος (s.v. ▶︎ οὖς).

XXXXXσμάραγδος [f., m.] 'emerald' (Hadt., PL, etc.). «τὰν Orient>

    *VAR  Also papaydoc (Men., Hell. inscr.), also ζμάραγδος, -tov (inscr., pap.).

    *COMP σμαραγδο-χαίτης 'with emerald-green hair' (Tim. Pers.).

    *DER σμαράγδειον [n.] (M. Ant.), -itn¢ [m.] (λίθος; Hell. Plin.); τινος 'of emerald,  emerald-green' (pap. et al.), -ειος 'id' (HId.), -ώδης (sch.); -ίζω [v.] 'to be emerald-  green' (D. S., Dsc.).

    *ETYM To be compared with Skt. marakata- (also marakta-) [n.] and Akk. barraqtu,  Hebr. barceqeet 'id.', whose original source may be Semitic (cf. brq 'gleam, flicker').

===Pag_1417: Beekes_Página_1417.tiff===

For the Greek reflex op-, cf. Σμέρδις beside OP Bardiya, etc. (Schwyzer: 311); we also have to reckon with influence of optapayéw. The form μάραγδος, which is attested only later, may have been borrowed from Indic. From Greek, in turn, were borrowed Lat. smaragdus and Pers. and Arab. zumurrud, whence Osman. Ziimrtid was taken, which was again borrowed as Ru. izumrwd. Cf. Mayrhofer EW Aia s.v.

XXXXXσμαραγέω [v.] 'to drone, roar, thunder', of the sea, thunder, etc. (epic Π., also Hp. Mul. 2, 154).

    *VAR Aor. -ῆσαι.

    *COMP As a second member (directly referring to the verb) in ἐρι-σμάραγος 'droning  loudly', of Ζεύς (Hes.), later also of θάλασσδ, etc; also πολυ-, βαρυ-, ἁλι-σμάραγος  etc. (Opp., Nonn.). σμαραγίζω [v.] 'id' (Hes. Th. 693), σμαράσσω (EM), μαράσσω  (Erot.).

    *DER σμαραγ-ή [f.] 'the droning' (Opp.), -ος [m.] name of a chthonic god (Hom. Epigr.).

    *ETYM The word σμαραγέω is an onomatopoeic formation like AaAayéw, natayéw,  σφαραγέομαι, pabayéw, etc, beside which we find λαλαγή, πάταγος, σφάραγος,  ῥάθαγος, etc; σμαράσσω is formed like eg. πατάσσω and ῥαθάσσω. Fur.: 227  considers σφάραγος to be a variant (with interchange φί 1), and takes the two words  to be Pre-Greek. In any case, it is unrelated to σφαραγέομαι (pace Giintert 1914: 159).

XXXXXσμάρδικον [n.} - στρουθίον 'sparrow; lewd person'; σμαρδικοπῶλαι: οἱ τοὺς στρουθοὺς πωλοῦντες 'those who sell sparrows' (H.).

    *ETYM As per Gro'elj Ziva Ant. 7 (1957): 228, σμάρδικον is related to ▶︎ σμορδοῦν:  συνουσιάζειν 'to keep company, have intercourse with' (H.). Fur.: 226 instead  compares σπαράσιον = ὄρνεον ἐμφερὲς στρουθῷ 'bird resembling a sparrow' (H.),  which would give us a typically Pre-Greek variation between π and μ. If σμορδοῦν is  indeed related, the interchange a/ 0 would also point to Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXopapic, -ίδος [f.] name of a small fish resembling the patvic, 'Sparus smaris' (Epich., Arist., Opp., Marc. Sid. etc.), see Thompson 1947 s.v.

    *ETYM Fur.: 226 convincingly compares στιάρος 'a small sea-fish, a kind of bream',  which proves Pre-Greek origin for this word in view of the variation μ΄ π. A  connection with σμηρίζειν 'to plane' (Hero) is implausible (pace Strémberg 1943: 87),  because σμαρίς generally has short a (long ἃ only Marc. Sid.).

XXXXXσμάω, σμάομαι [v.] 'to rub (off), wipe off, med. also 'to rub oneself with ointment'. IE? *smeh,- 'rub'> 'ΑΒ σμᾷ, σμᾶται (Hdt. and late); σμῇ, σμῆται (Att. com.); σμῆν (Luc.), aor. optijoat, -ήσασθαι (mostly Ion. Hell. and late), Dor. ptc. σμασαμένα (Call.), perf. med. pte. προ-εζμησμένος (pap. ΠΡ)

    *COMP Also (especially act.) with amo-, ἐκ- etc.

    *DER σμῆμα, Dor. (Theoc.) σμᾶμα [n.] 'cleanser, soap, ointment' (Ar. Fr. 17, Hell. and  late). With a velar enlargement (Schwyzer: 702, Chantraine 1942: 330): A. σμήχω,  -opat 'id.' (since ζ 226), aor. σμῆξαι, -ασθαι (Hp. Hell. and late), pass. σμηχθῆναι  (Ar.), perf. med. ptc. ἐσμηγμένος (Dsc.), also with ἀπο-, δια- etc. Hence 1. νεότσμηκ-

===Pag_1418: Beekes_Página_1418.tiff=== XXXXXσμῆνος 1367 τος 'newly polished' (Ν 342 εἰ al.). 2. σμῆγμα = σμῆμα, with -ματώδης (Hp., late). 3. σμῆξις (ἀπό-) [f.] 'the rubbing off, cleaning' (Str., Dsc. et al.). 4. σμήκ-της [m.] 'one who rubs off (gloss.); -tpic [f.] 'kind of fuller's earth' (Hp., com.), -τικός 'cleaning' (medic.). B. σμώχω 'to bray, grind' (Ar., Nic.), aor. σμῶξαι, perhaps after owyw, ψώχω.

    *ETYM Etymology uncertain. Possibly related to Lat. macula [f.] 'stain, blot' (from  *smH_-tla; see De Vaan 2008 s.v.). In any event, it is unrelated to Go. bi-, ga-smeitan,  OHG smizan, etc. Although one would first think of reconstructing a root *smeh,-,  LIV? s.v. *smeh,- follows DELG in taking the a-forms as secondary, and deriving the  verb from *smeh,- instead. The preservation of initial *sm- in some Greek words is  problematic. See also on > σμῶδιξ and ▶︎ σμώνη.

XXXXXσμερδαλέος [adj.] 'terrible, frightening, fearsome', of appearance, cry and shouting (epic IL). <?>

    *VAR  optepSvoc 'id.' (IL, ἢ. Hom., A. Pr. 355, Nic.).

    *ETYM σμερδαλέος can be compared with λευγαλέος, ἀργαλέος etc. σμερδνός is  formed like e.g. δεινός. The pair σμερδαλέος : σμερδνός shows an interchange of  suffixes like in ἰσχαλέος : ἰσχνός, etc; see Benveniste 1935: 45f. A corresponding s-  stem (like in θαρσαλέος : θάρσος) is found in opépd[vjoc: λῆμα, ῥώμη, δύναμις,  ὅρμημα 'will, vigor, power, impulse' and εὐσμερδής: εὔρωστος 'robust, strong' (H.),  for the meaning of which cf. δεινότης, also 'power, force, dexterity'. The word σμερδαλέος is traditionally connected with OHG smerzan, OE smeortan  'to hurt' and OE smeart 'painful', MoE smart 'biting, stinging, sharp, witty, elegant'. However, the Germanic word may rather be related to Lat. morde6 'to bite', and  within Greek ἀμέρδω 'to deprive of (thus LIV' s.v. *h,merd-). In this case, opepd-  has no etymology, unless we assume that PIE *h,merd- interchanged with *smerd-  (on the problem, see Beekes 1969: 84). Cf. also ▶︎ σμορδοῦν.

XXXXXσμέρδος [?] ἰχθύος εἶδος 'kind of fish' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Etymology unknown. ™

XXXXXσμῆνος [n.] 'beehive, skep' (Hes. Th. 594, IG 1', 326: 15, Pl. Resp. 552c, Arist.), 'swarm of bees (wasps), swarm in general' (A. Pers. 128 [lyr.], 5. Fr. 897, com., PL. Arist., etc.),

    *VAR Dor. (Theoc.) σμᾶνος; plur. σμῆνα (Orac. apud Plu. 2, 960), σμῆναι (leg. -n?)-  TOV μελισσῶν οἱ κηροδόχοι, ἤτοι ai θῆκαι 'the wax containers of bees, the cells' (H.);  improbable conjecture by Feyel Rev. arch. (1946): 5ff. to read Σμῆναι for σεμναί in ἢ. Merc. 552.

    *COMP σμην-ουργός [m.] 'beekeeper' (Ael., Poll.), φιλότσμηνος (μέλισσα) 'loving  swarms, appearing in swarms' (Nonn.).

    *DER Diminutive σμην-ίον [n.] 'beehive' (Dsc.), = πρόπολις 'bee-glue' (H.); -wv,  -@voc [m.] 'station (stand) of beehives' (Olymos 1"; ζμ-), -uwv 'id' (Apollon. Mir.),  -ηδόν 'inswarms' (Hdn. Epim.).

    *ETYM The formation can be compared with ἔθνος, κτῆνος, ἔρνος, τέμενος etc.; the  original meaning was probably 'swarm (of bees)' rather than 'beehive'. The  etymology of σμῆνος is unknown. Fur.: 376 compares ἰσμῆναι: θῆκαι, ἀκόλουθοι

===Pag_1419: Beekes_Página_1419.tiff===

'cases, followers' (H., see Latte); although this does not yet prove that the word is of Pre-Greek origin, it is nevertheless is a good possibility (pace DELG, which assumes IE origin without argumentation).

XXXXXσμῆριγξ Ξομῆριγξ,

XXXXXσμηρίζω [v.] 'to abrade, smooth, polish' (Hero). «ἣν

    *DER Diminutive -μάτιον [n.] (Hero Sprr.); σμήρισμα [n.] 'airtight ingrained tube'.

    *ETYM Although a connection with σμῆριγξ is formally attractive, the semantics are  not clear (originally *'to depilate'?). Alternatively, we might consider the possibility  that it is an extended variant of σμάω, perhaps after στηρίζω.

XXXXXσμήρινθος Ξ'μηρύομαι.

XXXXXσμήω >oLdw.

XXXXXσμικρός -ο'μικρός.

XXXXXσμῖλαξ [f., m.] 'Taxus baccata, common yew tree', also the name of an ivy-like weed and a leguminous plant (Att. Hell.), in Arcadia the name of an oak, 'Quercus ilex' (Thphr.).

    *VAR OAtt. μῖλαξ, -ακος; also μῖλος (Cratin., Thphr.), σμῖλος (Call., Nic., Dsc.) [m.]  'taxus'.

    *DIAL Myc. mi-ra, has been intepreted as /(s)milia/, denoting the material a table is  made of.

    *DER σμιλάκ-ινος (Poll.), -ειος (Theognost.) 'made of yew'.

    *ETYM For the relationship between (o)ptiAak and (σλιῖλος, one may compare οἷἶσαξ :  οἷσος or ὀρόβαξ : ὄροβος. Because of the OAtt. variants μῖλαξ and μῖλος, σμῖλαξ  cannot be related to σμίλη: the variants prove Pre-Greek origin for this word (Fur.:  390).

XXXXXopin [f.] 'knife, wood-carving knife, scalpel, chisel', instrument for artisans, physicians, sculptors, etc. (IA). «ἢ, ΡΟ»

    *VAR -ἃ (AP), -ἡ (Hdn. Gr.).

    *COMP As a first element in σμιλι-γλύφοι (τέχναι) 'working with chisels, sculptural'  (Epigr. Galatia), which does not contain a Caland 1, see DELG s.v. against Schwyzer:  448.

    *DER 1. Diminutive σμιλ-ίον [n.] with -wtdc, -άριον [n.] (late medic.); 2. τινος 'acting  as a knife' (late medic.); 3. ἀπο-, δια-σμιλεύω [v.] 'to smooth with a chisel, plane'  (late) with σμίλ-ευμα [n.] 'chipping' (Ar.), -ευτός (AP), -ευσις, -eia [f.] (Hdn. Epim.).

    *ETYM Doubtful analysis of optiAn as an instrument noun in -An (like μήλη, χηλῆ,  τρώγλη, etc.) in Chantraine 1933: 240. On the assumption that the long i of σμίλη  was introduced secondarily on the model of the nouns in -ἴλη, -iAo-, the word has  been connected with the Germanic word for 'carpenter, smith', ON smid, OE smip  (> MoE smith), OHG smid, from PGm. *smipu-, *smidu- < IE *smi-tu. However, this  etymology is shaky; cf. the initial reflex of *sm-. Alternatively, Pre-Greek origin  might be considered. Cf. ▶︎ outvin, ▶︎ σμίνθος, and ▶︎ μῖκρός.

===Pag_1420: Beekes_Página_1420.tiff=== XXXXXσμορδοῦν 1369 σμῖλος -οσμῖλαξ.

XXXXXσμινδυρίδια [n.pl.] a kind of women's shoes (Poll. 7, 89).

    *ETYM Named after Σμινδυρίδης of Sybaris; cf. Hdt. 6, 127.

XXXXXσμίνθος [m.] 'mouse' (A. Fr. 227 = 380 M., Lyc., Str., AP); σμίνθα' ἡ κατοικίδιος μῦς 'domestic mouse' (H.). 4 PG(S)>

    *DER Σμινθ-εύς (A 39, Str.), -ἰος (Ael.) [m.], epithet of Apollo (honored in the Troad  and on the islands as a protector against destructive field-mice); Σμίνθιος as a month  name on Rhodes; τὰ Σμίνθια name of a festival (Troad, Lindos).

    *ETYM A Mysian word, according to sch. A 39, but in any case Pre-Greek or  Anatolian (cf. Chantraine 1933: 371 and Schwyzer: 510). It may be somehow  connected with Etr. ismin9ians, an epithet of Mars (Kretschmer Glotta 20 (1932): 221,  Kretschmer Glotta 30 (1943): 133). The form otic: μῦς CH.) was probably invented on  the basis of actually attested σμῦς (a cross with μῦς), to follow the alphabetical order.

XXXXXσμινύη [f.] 'two-pronged mattock (Att. inscr., com., Pl.). <?, ΡΟ» 'ΝΑΙ Gen. (o-stem) σμινύοιο (Nic. Th. 386); acc.pl. σμινύδας (Ar. Fr. 402b; probably for σμινύας).

    *DER σμινύδιον (Poll. 7, 148 ex Ar.).

    *ETYM An instrument name, comparable in its formation to σιπύη, ὀστρύη, ὀφρύη,  etc., givin is generally considered to be a verbal abstract in -νυ(ᾶ) from a root  *smei- 'cut', which was thought to be attested in ▶︎ σμίλη. However, the etymology of  σμίλη is uncertain, and it is perhaps Pre-Greek. Accordingly, we should be careful in  deriving opivin from such a root, and consider Pre-Greek origin for this word as  well.

XXXXXσμοιός [adj.] meaning doubtful; see below (Hdn. Gr., H., Theognost.).

    *VAR  σμοῖος (LSJ; -ός DELG). Also σμυός, μοιός (H.) = χαλεπός, φοβερός, στυγνός,  σκυθρωπός 'difficult, fearful, hated, sad- or angry-looking'.

    *DER PN Σμοῖος (Ar. Ec. 846)

    *ETYM The form σμοιός is probably related to ▶︎ ἄμοιος, which adds yet another  variant for the initial: opt-/ ἄμ-" μ-. This variation points to Pre-Greek origin. The  word > μοῖτος is unrelated.

XXXXXσμοκορό- -οσμορδοῦν.

XXXXXσμορδοῦν [v.] - συνουσιάζειν 'to keep company, have intercourse with'; σμόρδωνες (cod. -ονεύς): ὑποκοριστικῶς ἀπὸ τῶν μορίων, ὡς πόσθωνες 'hypocoristic for 'members', as in 'having ἃ large penis' (H.). <?, PG?>

    *ETYM Bechtel Herm. 55 (1920): 99f. also adduced σμοκορδοῦν- τὸ σχηματίζεσθαι τὰς  γυναῖκας 'to assume the posture of a woman' and σμοκόρδους: τοὺς τὰς ὀφρῦς  ἐγκοίλους ἔχοντας 'who have sunken or concave eyebrows' (H.). Both glosses derive from a noun *optdpdoc¢ of unknown meaning, identified by  Specht KZ 62 (1935): 215 with Lith. smdrdas, Ru. smérod, etc. 'bad smell, stench',  from IE *smordo-, Lith. smirdéti 'to stink with zero grade. von Blumenthal 1930: 45  compared σμερδαλέος, assuming IE *smerd- 'rub'.

===Pag_1421: Beekes_Página_1421.tiff===

However, cf. ▶︎ σμάρδικον, which could point to ἃ Pre-Greek word if we understand it as 'lewd person'.

XXXXXσμυγερός [adj.] 'painful, toilsome, miserable' vel sim. (A. R.; perhaps 5. Ph. 166 for στυγερός).

    *DER ἐπι-σμύγερος, adv. -ὥς 'id' (Od., Hes. Sc. 264, A. R.), perhaps with ém- after  ἐπί-πονος.

    *ETYM It is meaningless to assume an expressive contamination, e.g. from μογερός  and otvyepdc. Attempt at a morphological explanation by Stromberg 1946: 90. Fur.: 363 compares μόγος and opoyepdév: σκληρόν, ἐπίβουλον, μοχθηρόν (H.), as  well as σμυγερόν: ἐπίπονον, οἰκτρόν, μοχθηρόν, πονηρόν, ἐπίβουλον, ἀνιαρόν,  χαλεπόν (H.). This would show that the word is Pre-Greek. ,

XXXXXσμύλη [f.] name ofa fish (Alex. Trall., Gp.). <?>

    *ETYM Can hardly be separated from σμύλλα: σαύρα 'tpdxoupos, a fish' (H.); see  Strémberg 1943: 121. No etymology.

XXXXXσμυλίχη [f.] - τοῦ ζυγοῦ τὸ τρῆμα ἐν ᾧ ὁ ἱστοβοεὺς καθήρμοσται 'the hole in the yoke in which the carriage pole is fixed' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXσμύρις, -t50¢, -ews [f.] 'emery-powder for abrading and polishing' (Dsc., late medic.).

    *VAR  Also σμίρις.

    *DER σμιρίτης λίθος [m.] (LXX), σμιριεῖα [n.pl.] (spelled ζμιρριεια) 'emery-powder'  (Imbros II*).

    *ETYM Compared with ▶︎ μύρον and with a Germano-Celtic word for 'grease, fat' in  OHG smero, Olr. smi(u)r, etc.; this is semantically not very convincing, as the Greek  word denotes a highly specific substance. Moreover, the frequent variant with t  remains hard to understand (it is not due to vowel assimilation). Acc. to von  Blumenthal 1930: 45, it belongs to σμάω, σμῆν, and Frisk asks if σμύρις could be due  to the influence of μύρον. Fur.: 366 takes the variation v/t as proof of Pre-Greek  origin, which is the most likely option.

XXXXXσμύρνη [f.] 'myrrh' (Hdt, Arist.).

    *VAR  σμύρνᾶ (Hp. Arist, Thphr., etc; cf. Solmsen 1909: 254), also ζμύρνα (Hyp.,  inscr., pap.), gen. σμύρνης (S., E. et al.).

    *COMP ζμυρνό-μελαν (-avov, -άνιον), -avos [n.] 'mixture of myrrh and ink' (PMag.),  ἁλυκό-σμυρνα [f.] 'kind of myrrh' (Hippiatr.).

    *DER σμύρνινος (LXX, pap.), -atog (AP) 'made of myrrh'; -ίζω [v.] 'to treat or season  with myrrh, to resemble myrrh' (Ev. Marc., Dsc.) with -ἰσις [f.] (Aét.), -ἰάζω (ἢ, Alex. Trall.); -ειον (Nic.), tov (Dsc., Gal.) [n.] plant name (after the scent of the seeds acc. to Strémberg 1940: 62).

    *ETYM Probably a back-formation from Σμυρναία (μύρρα) 'the Smyrnaean'; cf. Heubeck Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 1 (1949): 272f. with criticism of the interpretation  that σμύρνα is a by-form of μύρρα.

===Pag_1422: Beekes_Página_1422.tiff=== XXXXXσοβέω 1371 σμῦρος -ομύραινα.

XXXXXσμύχω [v.] 'to cause to carbonize, be slowly consumed in a fire, smolder away', med. 'to carbonize, smolder'; on the use in Homer, see Graz 1965: 250ff.

    <IE? *srneug'-  'smoke'>

    *VAR  Aor. σμῦξαι (epic since Il. late prose), pass. σμυχθῆναι (Theoc.), quite  uncertain ἀποσμυγέντες (Luc. D Mort. 6, 3; see Pisani RILomb. 73:2 (1939-40): 31ff.),  perf. κατεσμυγμένη (Hid.).

    *COMP Also with kata-, ὑπο- et al.

    *ETYM Formation like τρύχω, ψύχω; the late form ἀποσμυγέντες, if it belongs here at  all (see above), is an analogical formation (cf. Schwyzer: 760). Beside the primary verb σμύχω, we find a noun in Arm. mux, gen. mxoy 'smoke'. In  Celtic, Olr. mich, MW mweg fire' may go back to IE *muk-. In Germanic, there is a  primary verb with a diphthong and a root-final IE voiced stop, eg. OE srméocan 'to  smoke, fumigate' < IE *smeug-, beside the zero grade smoca [m.] 'smoke' < IE *smug-  on-, smocian 'to smoke'. An Indo-European reconstruction for all these forms is  difficult, as a voiceless aspirate Ἐκ" (PIE *(s)mik'o-; Meillet MSL 8 (1894): 294,  followed by Frisk) is not reconstructed anymore for PIE. Lith. smdugti, isg. smdugiu 'to strangle, string together, plague' should probably be  explained differently (Fraenkel 1955 s.v.), while for Ru. smtiglyj 'dark, brown' etc.,  other interpretations are possible (Vasmer 1953 5.Ν.).

XXXXXσμῶδιξ [f.] 'bloodshot bruise, bloody weal' (B 267, Ψ 716, Opp. H. 2, 428).

    *VAR Plur. -ryyec. Also μῶδιξ: φλέψ, φλυκτίς 'blood vessel, boil' (H.).

    *DER σμωδικὰ φάρμακα (Gal.).

    *ETYM The derivation from a noun "σμωδ(ο)-, and further connection with σμῆν,  σμώχω 'to rub', still maintained by Frisk, is formally and semantically unconvincing. It is rather a Pre-Greek word; note the suffix -tyy- and initial o-/ zero (Fur: 279).

XXXXXσμώνη [f.] 'gust of wind' (Hdn. Gr., H. [cod. σμωσή, alphabetically misplaced], EM). <?>

    *ETYM Connection with σμώχω (see ▶︎ σμάωλ) is semanticaly improbable.

XXXXXσμώχω ''σμάω.

XXXXXσοβέω [v.] 'to scare away, chase away', intr. 'to walk in a pompous way, strut' (Att. Hell. and late), pass. 'to be agitated' (late). <?>

    *VAR  Aor. σοβῆσαι, fut. σοβήσω, perf. σεσόβηκα, pass. σεσόβημαι.

    *COMP Also with prefix, especially ano-.

    *DER σόβ-ησις [f.] 'violent movement' (Plu.), -ητρον [n.] 'fly whisk' (Ph. ν.1.),  ἀποσόβ-ημα, -ησις, -ητής, -ητήριος, -ητικός (sch. et al.). Backformation σόβη [f.]  'horse's or bull's tail' (Hippiatr. sch., Suid.), more usual μυ()ο-σόβη 'fly whisk'  (Delos since III', Men. et al.). σοβαρός 'blowing along violently' (of the wind etc.), usually 'haughty, proud' (Att.),  probably from coféw after the numerous adj. in -αρός, with fem. σοβάς, -άδος  'insolent, capricious' (Eup., Ph.», 'kind of dance' (Ath.); also Σόβοι = Σάτυροι (Ulp.).

    *ETYM An old causative or iterative-intensive from the root of ▶︎ σέβομαι.

===Pag_1423: Beekes_Página_1423.tiff===

, σόγχος σόγκος, σόγχος [m.] 'sow thistle, Sonchus aspera' (Antiph., Thphr., etc.). < PG> .

    *DER σογκώδης 'like ἃ o.' (Thphr.), σογχίτης [m.] 'hawkweed, ἱεράκιον τὸ μέγα᾽ (Ps.-  Dsc.).

    *ETYM Unexplained. Considering the variation, clearly a Pre-Greek word. Fur.: 134f. compares Basque fSokofo 'silver thistle'.

XXXXXGoéW --σεύω.

XXXXXσόκκος [m.] 'lasso' (in Malalas, about the Huns). <?>

    *DER σοκκεύω [v.] 'to catch by the lasso'.

    *ETYM Unknown. ς

XXXXXσόλιον [n.] 'sandal' (pap ΠΡῸ; also 'seat'.

    *ETYM From Lat. solea, solium.

XXXXXσολοικίζω [v.] 'to speak (write, think) with flaws, unskillfully (Hdt., D., Arist., etc.), 'to behave in an uneducated, awkward manner' (Zeno, Plu. et al.).

    *DER σολοικ-ισμός [m.] 'flawed manner of expression' (Arist., Phld.), -ἰστής [m.] title  of a dialog by Luc; back-formation σόλοικος 'speaking with flaws' (Anacr., Hippon.,  et al.), 'behaving in an uneducated, awkward manner' (Hp., X., etc.).

    *ETYM Formed like ἀττικίζω, etc. after the Cilician town Σόλοι, whose inhabitants  spoke a bad form of Greek (Str. 14, 2, 28; D. L. 1, 51). It has also been supposed that  Σόλοικος was derived from Σόλοι, as in Μοσσύνοικοι. Borrowed as Lat. soloecismus,  soloecus, -ista.

XXXXXσολοιτύπος μυδροκτύπος [sic] Kai χαλκός τις ἐν Κύπρῳ 'forging red-hot iron, copper (Cypr.) (H.).

    *DER σολοιτυπίίη] Call. fr. 85, 11, cf. Pfeiffer ad loc.

    *ETYM The gloss explains that the first element is the loc. of σόλος, or of Soloi in  Cyprus, where bronze was worked.

XXXXXσόλος [m.] 'iron mass, used as a discus' (¥ 823, 839, 844; Hell. and late epic). <?>

    *ETYM Unexplained foreign word (cf. Schwyzer: 62). The word has been compared  with Hitt. Suliia- 'lead'; see Gusmani 1969: 509.

XXXXXσομφός [adj.] 'spongy, loose, porous', also metaphorically of sounds (Hp., Alex., Arist., εἴς. <?>

    *COMP Also év-, ὑπό-, χαυνό-.

    *DER σομφ-ώδης 'id.' (Thphr. et al.), -ότης [f.] 'porosity' (Arist.), -όομαι [v.] 'to  become spongy' (Aét.).

    *ETYM Traditionally connected with the Germanic word for 'fungus' in OHG swamp,  -bes, swam, -mes, OSw. svamper, ON svoppr, Go. swamm [acc.], OE swamm [m.]. However, the development of initial *sy- to o- cannot be assumed for Greek, in spite  of ▶︎ σέλας. DELG thinks that a 'Wanderwort' is improbable. See ▶︎ σπόγγος.

XXXXXσορέλλη [f.] σκῶμμά τι ἐπιχωριάζον εἰς τοὺς γέροντας, ἀπὸ τῆς Gopod 'customary jest about the elderly, called after the urn' (H. = Ar. Fr. 198).

===Pag_1424: Beekes_Página_1424.tiff=== XXXXXσοφός 1373

    *ETYM From σορός, like σορο-δαίμων with similar meaning (Com. Adesp. 1151), but  with an unclear ending -A)- (a diminutive? Cf. Schwyzer: 485 and Chantraine 1933:    252).

XXXXXσόρνιξα [?] εὔζωμον 'rocket, Eruca sativa' (H.).

    *ETYM Pre-Greek (Fur.: 360), like ῥόμιξα.

XXXXXσορόα [f.] παλιούρου εἶδος 'kind of Christ's thorn, Paliurus australis' (H.). «ΡΟ»

    *ETYM Fur.: 230 reads the second o as f, and compares Lat. sorbus 'sorb-apple'. Probably a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXσορός [f.] 'burial urn, coffin' (since Y 91), also degrading for an old woman (com.). IE * tuerH- 'fence (in)', *tuorH-o-> «ΑΒ On the gender see Schwyzer 1950: 347.

    *COMP σορο-πιηγός [m.] 'coffin maker' (Ar., AP), εὐρύ-σορος 'having a broad coffin'

    *DER σόρ-(ελιον (-siov) [n.] 'id? (inscr.), -idtov [n.] (late), -wiov [n.] 'mummifying  linen' (pap. III*), perhaps after μνώϊον, Eg. name of a container?

    *ETYM Probably from *tyéro-, an old agent noun belonging to a verbal root 'to seize,  enclose, etc.' in Lith. tvérti, 1sg. tveritt 'to enclose, fence in, grasp', also 'to form,  build. The word σόρος is formally identical with Ru. tvor 'creature, form, shape' (to  tvorite 'to create, do, build'); cf. also Lith. dptvaras 'fence' (to ap-tvérti). See ▶︎ σειρά.

XXXXXσός [pron.] 'tuus', possessive pronoun 255.

    *VAR Dor. etc. τεός. =o. σοῦσον 1 [n.] 'lily, lotus (ornament)' (Ath. 12, 513f5 uncertain Arist. Mir. 838a 23; see  Dugas BCH 34 (1910): 116ff.). «LW Orient»

    *DER σούσινος 'made of o., like σ᾿ (Hp. Thphr., Dsc. et al.).

    *ETYM An Oriental loanword; cf. Hebr. Susan 'lily, lotus', from Eg. sssn > ssn 'id'; see  Masson 1967: 58f.

XXXXXσοῦσον 2 [n.] 'cable (ofa ship)'. <?>

    *VAR As a vil. beside οὖσον (¢ 390 [for ὄπλον) and Antim. Fr. 57, 2 W. = Coll. Alex. p. 250); οὖσον [n.] 'id? (Lyc., Alex. Aet., H.).

    *ETYM Unexplained. It is assumed that the initial variation o-/ zero goes back to a  scriptio continua in @ 390.

XXXXXσούχινον [n.] 'amber' (Aet.).

    *DER σούκινος '(made of) amber' (Artem.).

    *ETYM The words go back to Lat. sucinum.

XXXXXσοφός [adj.] 'clever, skillful, able, shrewd, wise' (Hes. Fr. 193). «ΡΟ»

    *COMP As a first member e.g. in Σοφο-κλῆς; very often as a second member, e.g. φιλό-σοφος 'friend of a σοφόν, who loves τὸ σοφόν, τὴν σοφίαν, eager for  knowledge, friend of the sciences, philosopher' (Heracleit., Att.) with φιλοσοφ-ία [f.]  '(scientific) study, education, philosophy' (Att.), -éw [v.] 'to be eager for knowledge,  study' (1A); ἐπί-σσοφος name of an annually changing official (Thera), on which see    ▶︎ Weel.

===Pag_1425: Beekes_Página_1425.tiff===

, σπάδιον, σπάδων, σπαδών, σπάτος, εἴς.

    *DER oog-ia, Ion. -ίη [f.] 'skillfulness, virtuosity, knowledge, cleverness, shrewdness,  wisdom' (since O 412). Denominative verbs: 1. σοφίζομαι 'to practice a form of art,  think up, concoct' (since Hes. Op. 649), also with prefix, especially xata-; act. -itw  'to instruct' (LXX, christ. lit.), whence odg-topia [n.] 'clever trick, piece of cunning'  (Pi, IA), whence -ἰσμάτιον, -ισματώδης, -ἰσματικός; -ἰσις [f.] (sch.); -ἰστής [m.]  'artist, learned man, teacher, sophist' (Pi., IA), with -fotpia, -ἰστικός, -ιστήριον,  -ἰστεύω, -LotEela. 2. σοφόω = σοφίζω (LXX).

    *ETYM Unexplained. If ▶︎ Σίσυφος, ▶︎ σάφα, and ▶︎ ψέφει are related, this would point  to a substrate word.

XXXXXσπάδιξ, σπάδιον, σπάδων, σπαδών, σπάτος, etc. -οσπάω.

XXXXXσπάθη [f.] designation of several flat and oblong oblects, e.g. 'tool of a weaver for striking home the threads of the woof, blade (of a sword), blade of an oar, spatula, flat rib (shoulder blade?), spathe, especially of the palm, stalk of the palm leaf (Alc., TA).

    <IE? *sph.-d"(h,)- 'blade, spade'  >

    *DER 1. ona-ic, -ίδος [f.] 'spatula, garment of closely-woven cloth' (com.,, inscr.). 2. -lag κτείς 'flat rib' (Opp.). 3. -itn¢ [m.] 'palm wine' (Alex. Trall.). 4. -.va [pl.]  'garments' (Aq.), -ίνης [m.] 'young deer', after the shape of the horns (H., Eust.,  sch.), cf. ἐλαφίνης etc. 5. -άριος [m.] 'guard (equipped with a o.)' (Lyd., Cappadoc. inscr.), -apia [f.] 'fighting contest' (EM), -αρικόν [n.] 'thin upper garment' (Sm.). 6. σπαθ-άω 'to strike with a o., seal up, hatch, dissipate, waste' (Ar., D., Hell. and fate),  rarely with δια-, év-, xata-, whence -npia, -ησις, -ητός, 7. «ζω 'to stir up with a  spatula' (Opp.), also with περι- etc, whence σπαθίσματα' onadoviopata (H.).

    *ETYM Related to PGm. *spad-an, -6n- 'spade': OS spado [m.], OE spade, spadu [f.],  MOHG Spaten [m.], and perhaps also Skt. sphyd- [m.] 'shoulder-blade', Khot. phvai  'spade, shovel'. The IE root must have been *sph,-, with a suffix *-d"(h,)- in Greek  and Germanic. The root is perhaps also found in ▶︎ ondw. Borrowed as Lat. spada,  spatha, spatula.

XXXXXonaipw [v.] 'to sprawl, flounder' of living creatures, etc. (rare examples in Arist. A. R, Plb., D. H., AP).

    *VAR  Only present.

    *DER σπαρίζω (Eust.).

    *ETYM Formal cognates are Lith. spirit, spirti 'to push with the foot, kick backwards,  etc.', Skt. sphurdti 'to push with the foot, jump up', with nasal Lat. spernd 'to reject,  spurn', OHG spurnan 'to kick out with the foot or the heel', and probably also Arm. spa?nam 'to threaten', Hitt. iSparra-' / iSparr- 'to trample'; see LIV' s.v. *sp*erH-. Because of the late and rare ocurrence of onaipw, Giintert 1914: 146 explains it as a  contamination of earlier and commoner > donaipw with oxaipw. Cf. ▶︎ σφυρόν and  ▶︎ σπείρω, as well as ▶︎ σπυρθίζω. Lubotsky 2006 discusses the irregular  correspondences in the anlaut of the IE verbs, and reconstructs *TsperH- 'to kick  with the heel'; this may be an original compound of *pd- 'foot' and *per(H)- 'to beat,  Kick'.

XXXXXσπάλαθρον [n.] (Poll.) = σκάλευθρον 'oven rake' (Poll.).

===Pag_1426: Beekes_Página_1426.tiff=== XXXXXσπαράσσω 1375

    *VAR σπάλαυθρον (Phot., also H. [cod. σπαύλαθρον alphabetically misplaced]).

    *DIAL Myc. qa-ra-to-ro /sk'alat*ron/.

    *DER σπαλύσσεται: σπαράσσεται, τινάσσεται 'is torn, is shaken' (H.).

    *ETYM Perhaps from ▶︎ σπάλαξ; see ▶︎ oxGAAw.

XXXXXσπάλαξ, -axog [f., m.] 'mole' (Arist. etc.), also as a plant name 'meadow saffron, Colchicum parnassicum' (Thphr.). < PG(v)>

    *VAR  σφάλαξ 'id' (Paus. 7, 24, 11) for ἀσφάλαξ (Babr. etc.), folketymologically after  σφάλλω because of the undermining activity of the mole?

    *DER σπαλακία: νόσος ἡ περὶ τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς, πήρωσις 'disease of the eyes,  blindness' (H.); also σπαλακός as ἃ color term (pap.). See ▶︎ ἀσπάλαξ.

    *ETYM The variation betrays a Pre-Greek word; see Fur.: 159.

XXXXXσπάνις, -ews [f.] 'rarity, scarcity' (IA).

    *VAR Ion. dat. -ἰ.

    *DER 1. σπάνιος 'rare, scarce' (IA), but onavo- in composition, eg. onavooitia [f.]  'lack of grain or provisions' (X., Arist., inscr. etc.), onaw- (Delos III*), onavonwywv,  -wvoc 'with scant beard growth (lon. Hist, pap.), shortened σπανός 'id', also  'eunuch' (Ptol. etc, Byz.); σπανι-άκις 'infrequent' (Luc. etc.), -ότης [f.] = σπάνις  (Isoc., Ph.), also onavia 'id? (E. Rh. 245 [lyr.]; from σπάνιος or enlarged from  σπάνις). 2. onavitw, -opat 'to lack, be sparse, be missing' (Pi., IA), also with b10-;  hence σπανιστός 'meager, sparse' (5. etc.), -ιστικός 'id, (Vett. Val.); onavitw also  factitive 'to exhaust, spend, dispense' (LXX, pap. Ph. Byz.); back-formation to the  verb is onavov: τίμιον, πολλοῦ ἄξιόν ἐστιν 'valued, costly' (H.).

    *ETYM Etymology disputed. Frisk suggests a derivative in -vi- to ondw 'to draw'. Fur.:  378, however, may be right in connecting ἥπανᾳ, -νεῖ: ἀπορεῖ, σπανίζει, ἀμηχανεῖ 'is  without resource' (H.); he assumes a prothetic o- and a prothetic a-, which was  lengthened to ἡ-. If so, the word is Pre-Greek.

XXXXXσπανός [adj.] 'grey' (pap.)

    *ETYM Fur:.: 339 etc. connects σπάνις.

XXXXXonantpwtas [m.] probably name of a priest (Pamphylia, Schwyzer: 686, 17 and 24, Sillyon); cf. Bechtel 1921, 2: 823. <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXσπαράσιον [η.}] ὄρνεον ἐμφερὲς τῷ στρουθῷ 'bird resembling a sparrow' (H.).

    *ETYM Onap-dovov is a diminutive, like κοράσιον from κόρη. The forms with -y- (see  on > onopyikoc) have a counterpart in a Germanic and Baltic word for 'sparrow':  MHG sperke, OPr. spurglis, also spergle-wanag<is> 'sparrow-hawk' ('sparrow-  vulture'?). If from *onapf-do.ov, σπαράσιον may be compared with a widespread  Germanic name of the sparrow, eg. Go. sparwa, OHG sparo, ON sperr < PGm. *sparya(n)-. Fur.: 226 compares σμάρδικον: στρουθίον (H.).

XXXXXσπαράσσω [v.] 'to rip, tear, shred, attack' (IA). <?>

    *VAR Att. -άττω, aor. -άξαι, fut. -άξω, -άξομαι, perf. med. ἐσπάραγμαι.

===Pag_1427: Beekes_Página_1427.tiff===

    *COMP Also with δια-, kata-, etc.

    *DER σπάραγμα [n.] 'torn or ripped piece, scrap' (trag., Arist. etc.), -αγμός [m.]  'ripping, tearing, convulsion' (trag. etc.), -αγμώδης 'convulsive' (Hp., Plu.), -αξις [f.]  'convulsion' (medic.), -ακτόν [n.] 'crumbled rock, rubble' (Hero), διασπαρακτός  'torn' (E., Ael.).

    *ETYM Expressive formation in -άσσω like ταράσσω, τινάσσω, πατάσσω, and others,  without a certain etymology. If -άσσω is only an enlargement, the word could be  connected with onaipw, etc. Others have regarded the velar as part of the root (-cow  is analogical for -ζω, according to Debrunner IF 21 (1907): 224), connecting  σπαράσσω with Lat. spargd, ON spark [n.] 'kick', and Gr. σπαργάω, σφαραγέομαι,  inter alia. Yet this would not explain the second a of σπαράσσω. Persson 1912(1): 418  has compared Arm. p'ert' 'torn off piece' (-rt' < -rkt-), ON spjorr [f.] 'strip of cloth' <  PGm. *sperr6. Yet another conjecture was put forward by Thierfelder (apud Frisk):  derivation from σπάω on the model of tapdcow, ἀράσσω, χαράσσω, etc.

XXXXXonapyaw [v.] 'to be bursting, swell (of milk, etc.), be full of desire and lust, desire intensely' (IA). «1Εῦ *sperg- 'strew, spout'>

    *VAR  Only pres., -γεῦσα [ptcf.] (Q. S. 14, 283).

    *DER σπάργ-ησις [f.] 'swelling' (Dsc., Sor.), also -ωσις [f.] 'id' (Dsc.), as if from  onapyow; cf. MoGr. onapywvw. Also (back-formation?) σπαργαί: ὀργαί, ὁρμαί  'impulses', with -o- (Aeolic?) onopyai: ἐρεθισμοὶ εἰς TO τεκεῖν 'impulse to breed'  (H.); hence Σπαργεύς [m.] name of a centaur (Nonn.).

    *ETYM Several JE forms have a similar form and meaning, and could go back to a  preform *sp(e/o)rg-; yet a definite etymology cannot be established. Compare Lat. spargo 'to strew (around), sprinkle', Av. sparaga- [m.] 'barbed hook', frasparaga- [m.]  'sprout, twig', ON spark [n.] 'kick', sparkr 'vivid, stirring', Lith. spurgas 'knar, tassel,  etc.', sprégti 'to advise, place'. See ▶︎ σφαραγέομαι, as well as ▶︎ σπαράσσω.

XXXXX*ondpyw [v.] 'to swaddle (a child) (h. Ap. 121). <?>

    *VAR  Only 3pl. aor. σπάρξαν. ΕΚ σπάργανα [n.pl.J, rarely sg. -ov 'nappy' (poet. since ἢ. Merc., Pi.)

XXXXXσπαργανιώτης [m.] 'child in swaddling clothes' (h. Merc.), τιον [n.] plant name 'Sparganium ramosum, branched bur-reed' (Dsc., Plin.), -6w 'to swaddle' (Hp. E., Arist., etc.), also with év-, κατα-, dmo-, whence -wpa, -watc (late); also -άω (PL. Lg. 789e), -ίζω (Hes. Th. 485: aor.ptc. -ἰσασαλ

    *ETYM Primary verb *spr-g- from the root *sper- of ▶︎ ondptov, ▶︎ σπεῖρα, with an  enlargement -y- of unknown origin; perhaps by contamination with a verb of similar  meaning, e.g. εἴργω (Frisk)?

XXXXXσπαρνός [adj.] 'sparsely sown, scarce' (A., Pl. Com., Call.).

    *COMP σπαρνοπόλιος' ὀλιγοπόλιος 'with a sprinkling of grey hairs' (H1.) (cf. σπαρτο-  πόλιος, see ▶︎ σπείρω). ᾿

    *ETYM Poetic and rare verbal adj. from ▶︎ σπείρω; antonyms πυκνός, συχνός.

XXXXXσπάρος [m.] 'lesser sea bream, Sargus annularis' (Epich., Matro, Arist.).

===Pag_1428: Beekes_Página_1428.tiff=== XXXXXσπατΐλη 1377

    *ETYM Origin unknown. Has been connected with Lat. sparus, -um 'short spear',  OHG sper 'spear', and onaipw. Not very convincing. Fur.: 226 compares σμαρίς 'a  small worthless seafish' (and rejects Lat. sparus). Borrowed as Lat. sparus, -ulus.

XXXXXσπάρτον [n.] 'rope, cable, cord, string', also 'plumb line' (B 135); σπάρτος [m., f.] (rare σπάρτη, -tov) also name of a shrub used for snares 'Spartium junceum, kind of broom' (PL, X., etc.). <?>

    *VAR  σπάρτη [f.] (Ar. Av. 815 [wordplay with the TN Σπάρτη), unclear Cratin. 110),

XXXXXσπάρτος [f.] (Hero).

    *COMP onaptddetos 'bound with σ᾿ (Opp.), λινόσπαρτον [n.] plant name = σπάρτος  (Thphr.).

    *DER Diminutive σπαρτίον [n.], also as a plant name (Att., Hell.), τινος 'made of σ᾿  (Cratin., Poll.), -ivy [f.] 'rope, cable' (Ael.).

    *ETYM Appears to be a verbal noun in -to- with a zero grade root. Although a basic  verb derived from *sper- / *spr- is not attested in Greek, it has been supposed on  account of the y-enlargement in *ondpyw, σπάρξαι 'to envelop', and also of σπεῖρα,  σπυρίς. Comparison with Arm. p'arem, p'arim 'to enclose, embrace' poses phonetic  difficulties (ρ΄ cannot come from PIE *sp-). Borrowed as Lat. spartum 'Spanish  broom'.

XXXXXσπατάγγης, -ov [m.] 'kind of sea urchin' (Sophr. 102, Ar. Fr. 409, Arist.).

    *VAR πάταγγας [acc.pl.] 'id? (Poll.). Note also φατάγγης 'pangolin' (Ael.) (Fur. 11%,  164, 281; not in LSJ).

    *DER σπαταγγίζειν: ταράσσειν 'to agitate' (H.).

    *ETYM Unexplained. Hardly related to σπάω 'to suck' (cf. on σπατάλη). The variation  shows that the word is Pre-Greek.

XXXXXσπᾶτάλη [f.] 'lavish, lascivious way of life, debauchery, luxury', also of luxurious objects, 'adornment, bracelet, anklet' (LXX, Hell. inscr., AP, etc.).

    *DER Diminutive Lat. spatalium [n.] 'bracelet? (Juba apud Plin, inscr.). Denominative verb σπαταλάω (kata-) 'to live lavishly, lasciviously' (Plb., LXX, NT  εἴς), aor. -ῆσαι; thence -ημα [n.] (AP). Backformation σπαταλός (-αλος) 'lavish,  lascivious' (AP etc.).

    *ETYM If originally an abstract, σπατάλη may semantically be compared with  κραιπάλη, δαιταλεύς; further connections are uncertain. Perhaps from ondw 'to  draw in, suck', of wine, etc; eg. ἔσπασεν ἄμυστιν ἑλκύσας (E. Cyc. 417); cf. also  σπάσει πίνειν (Arist.). On the -t-, cf. onatiter ... ἕλκει (H.). To be rejected is the  explanation by Neumann 1961: 88f., viz. that σπαταλός is a loanword from Hitt. *iSpatalla- 'who gladly and often eats to the full'. Fur. 154, 179 convincingly connects  βάταλος 'lascivious man', so the word is Pre-Greek.

XXXXXσπατίλη [f.] 1. thin excrement' (Hp. Ar. Pax 48, D.C.); onatidovpor oi τήν οὐρὰν εἰς τὴν σπατίλην ἐκτιθέντες 'secreting urine into ordure' (HL); unclear σπατιλοκολυμφεῦ (Sophr.) (PSI 11, 1214 ἃ 4). 2. 'leather waste' (sch. Ar. Lc.).

    *VAR  Also πατίλη (An. Ox.).

===Pag_1429: Beekes_Página_1429.tiff===

    *DER Also παστίλη = ἡ τελευταία ἡμέρα τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ 'the last day of the year' (Hdn. Gr. 1, 322, 19).

    *ETYM In the second meaning, it belongs to »σπάτος. The meaning 'thin excrement'  may also be combined with 'leather waste' as a euphemistic metaphor (to which the  phonetic similarity with tiAoc, τιλάω may have contributed). However, since Meillet  MSL 13 (1905-1906): 291f., the word has usually been connected with oionwtn.

XXXXXσπάτος [n.] 'hide, leather' (Hdn Gr. 1, 322). <?>

    *ETYM The word is supposed to be Boeotian. No etymology. See ▶︎ σπάω.

XXXXXσπάω, σπάομαι [v.] 'to draw', e.g. a sword, 'to pull out, tear, drag, suck in, slurp down' (S., Ar. etc.)

    <IE *(s)peh,- 'draw'>

4

    *VAR  Aor. σπάσαι, σπάσ(σγασθαι, pass. σπασθῆναι (1].), fut. σπάσω, -ομαι, perf. med. ἔσπασμαι (TA), act. ἔσπακα (Ar., Arist. etc.).

    *COMP Very often with prefix in different shades of meaning, e.g. dva-, ἀπο-, dta-,  ἐπι- κατα-, περι-.

    *DER A. From the unenlarged root: 1. σπάσις, mostly to prefixed verbs, e.g. ἀνάσπασις (to dva-ondoat, -σπᾶν) 'pulling in', etc. (Hp., Arist., etc.). 2. σπασμός  (ἐπισπασμός, etc.) [m.] 'wincing, spasm, violent movement' (IA), whence  σπασμώδης, κατασπασμικός. 3. σπάσμα (ἀπόσπασμα, etc.) [n.] 'spasm, sprain, shred,  scrap' (IA); 4. -σπαστος in ἐπίσπαστος 'brought upon oneself, incurred' (Od. etc.);  σπαστικός (kata-, nept-) 'pulling in, slurping in' (Arist.). 5. -onaotip, -fpoc [m.] in  ἐπισπαστὴρ (Hdt, AP; -onatip inscr.), ποτισπαστήρ (Epid. IV-III*) 'attractor',  'thong which draws the door, bird string, net'; ἐπίσπαστρον [n.] 'id' (LXX, Ὁ. 5. etc.). B. With 6-enlargement: 1. παρασπάς, -άδος [f] 'shoot torn off and planted' (Thphr.),  ano- 'twig torn off (AP, Nonn.). 2. σπάδιξ, -ikog [m.] '(torn off) twig, especially a  palm twig' (Nic., Plu, etc.). 2. σπάδιον [n.] 'race-track' (Argos, H; 'the lenghty one';  cf. στάδιον). 3. σπαδών, -όνος [f.] 'spasm, convulsion' (Hp., Nic.), whence -ονίζω,  τονισμός. 4. σπάδων, -ωνος [m.] 'eunuch' (LXX;, Plb. etc.), also σπάδος (Eust.). C. With t-enlargement: σπάτος [n.] (removed) skin' (H., sch. Ar. Pax 48 [Boeot.]),  σπάτειος in σπατείων: δερματίνων 'leathern' (H.), as a first member in  Σ«πα»τοληασταί [m.pl.] guild of fullers in Argos (Roman era). D. Derived verbs: onder σκυζᾷ. Ἀχαιοί (H.); σπαδίξας aor.ptc. of anaditw 'to  remove (Hdt. 5, 25); σπατίζει: τῶν <o>natéwv ἔλκει, τῶν δερμάτων, τῶν τιτθῶν  (Η..

    *ETYM Klingenschmitt 1982: 132 has connected Greek σπάω with Arm. hanem 'to pull  out', if from a pres. *pa-n-, built secondarily from the aorist. Garcia-Ramon fthe. now suggests that it is cognate with Ved. ρᾶ-, ud-pipite 'rises against' and Hitt. pippa-  '/ pipp-, and reconstructs *(s)peh,- 'to draw, set in motion (violently). The Greek  verb may have been derived from the aor. onao(o)a- or from *sph,-eie/o-. Thence,  the whole tense system developed within Greek. Adams 1999: 368 still considers  plausible the suggestion by van Windekens that ToB pdss- 'to rip off (the skiny  continues *peh,-s-. See ▶︎ σπάθη.

===Pag_1430: Beekes_Página_1430.tiff=== XXXXXσπείρω 1379

XXXXXσπεῖρα [f.] 'twist, coil', for instance of a snake; 'network, spiral'; designation of several round or circular objects, eg. 'rope, belt, bead, round base of a pillar' (Ion. poet., also Hell. and late prose; ν.]. 269); also as a military term = Lat. manipulus (Hell.), see Debrunner IF 48 (1930): 244; later = cohors (inscr. and pap., Act. Ap. et al.).

    *COMP Some compounds, e.g. σπειρο-κέφαλον [n.] 'base and capital of a column',  ὑπό-σπειρον [n.] 'what lies under the round base', 'square slab, πλίνθος᾽ (inscr.).

    *DER σπειρ-ίον [n.] 'little column base' (Hero); -ἰκός 'belonging to a o.' (Hero); -ίτης  (scil. λίθος) 'stone for a column base' (inscr. Didyma), other interpretation in  Redard 1949: 647°; -aia [f.] 'privet' (Thphr.); -ηδόν 'in convolutions, in a circle'  (Opp., AP). Denominative verb σπειρ-άομαι 'to convolve' (Hell. and late), also with mept-, etc;  older συ-σπειράομαι 'to wind, pull together' (Pl., X., Arist., etc.), also act. ov-, περι-  σπειράω 'to wind, pull together' (Hell. pap., Ὁ. 5. et al.); hence σπείρ-ἅμα, Ion. -nya  [n.] 'twist, coil, for instance of a snake, band, etc.' (A, Arist. Nic., etc.), see further  Chantraine 1933: 184). Also (συ-)σπειρόομαι 'to wind (together) (Hp., Thphr.), act. aor. σπειρῶσαι 'to swathe' (Call.), from oneipov?

    *ETYM From quasi-IE *sper-ieh,. It is uncertain whether the root was originally verbal  or nominal (cf. Schwyzer: 474 and Chantraine 1933: 98f.). Related formations are  found in ▶︎ ondptov, ▶︎ σπεῖρον, and perhaps in ▶︎ ondpyavov.

XXXXXσπεῖρον [n.] 'cloth, burial shroud, sailcloth, shroud' (Od., Euph.).

    *DER σπειρο-φόρος [m.] 'bearer of a o.' (Ephesus); heteroclitic plur. oneip-ea (Nic. Th. 882), after ῥήγεα, εἴς; a metaphor for the onion skin, cf. -ώδης 'rich in layers'  (Nic.). Uncertain is the appurtenance of omeipia [n.pl.] 'garments' (X. HG 4, 5, 4;  rather σείρια with Dindorf). Denominative aor. σπειρῶσαι = σπαργανῶσαι 'to  swathe' (Call.), if not from ▶︎ σπεῖρα.

    *ETYM From *sper-io-, from the same verbal or nominal basis as σπεῖρα, originally    'winding'. A similar formation is found in Alb. fier, thier 'fern', acc. to Bonnet RPA. 2000: 283.

XXXXXσπείρω [v.] 'to sow, seed', also (especially with prefix) 'to spread, scatter, distribute' (IA).

    <IE *sper- 'strew'>

    *VAR Aor. σπεῖραι, fut. σπερῶ, aor. pass. σπαρ-ῆναι, fut. -ἡσομαι, perf. med. Eonapyict (1A), act. ἔσπαρκα (late.).

    *DIAL Myc. pe-mo, pe-ma.

    *COMP Often with prefix, eg. dta-, κατα-.

    *DER The following derivatives have a full grade of the root: σπέρμα [n.] 'seed,  sowing, stem, sprout' (ε 490); as an o-stem in e.g. σπερμο-λόγος 'rook' < *'picking  corn' (Ar., Arist.), 'chatterbox' (D., etc.). Hence the diminutive σπερ-μάτιον [n.] (Thphr., etc.), -ματίας (σικυός) [m.] 'seed  bearer' (Cratin.), -ματίτης, -ματῖτις 'bearing, bringing forth seed' (late), -ματικός  'seminal' (Arist., etc.), -ματώδης 'seed-like' (late); σπερμαίνω [v.] 'to sow, bring  forth' (Hes., Call., Plu. et al.), σπερ-ματίζω [v.] 'to sow, bear seed', -ματίζομαι [v.] 'to

===Pag_1431: Beekes_Página_1431.tiff===

be sown, pregnant' with -ματισμός [m.] 'production of seed' (LXX, Thphr.), -ματόομαι 'to come to seed' (Thphr.), with -μάτωσις 'seeding' (Phan. Hist.).

XXXXXσπέραδος [n.] = σπέρμα (Nic.), like χέραδος. With an o-grade of the root we find the following derivatives: σπόρος [m.] 'seed, sowing' (Att.), τιμος 'fit for sowing', τὰ -a 'sowing fields' (X., Thphr., LXX et al.).

XXXXXonopa [f.] 'sowing, seed, procreation, descent' (trag., Pl., Thphr. et al.), -αἴος 'sown' (Babr.); often with prefix, eg. Siacnopa [f.] 'dispersal, exile' (LXX, Ph,, Plu. et al.). From σπόρος or σπορά: ὁμό-σπορος 'of the same seed, kindred' (poet. ἢ. Cer.); σπορ-εύς (kata-, Sta-) [m.] 'sower, begetter' (X., pap. et al.). σπορητός [m.] 'sowing, seed' (A, X., Thphr.), after ἀλοητός, ἄμητος, etc; σποράς, -ddog 'dispersed' (IA), ai Σποράδες group of islands, with -45nv 'dispersed' (Att, etc.), -αδικός 'id' (Arist.), -άσαι [aor.] 'to disperse' (inscr.). ἐπισπορ-ίη [f.] 'second sowing' (Hes.), ἐπίσπορος (A.); περισπόρ-ια [n.pl.] 'suburbs' (LXX). The zero grade of the root is found in the following derivatives: omap-tdc 'sown' (A. et al.); οἱ Σπαρτοί [m.pl.] lit. 'the sown ones', of the dragon seed of Cadmos (Pi. et al.); see also ▶︎ σπαρνός.

    *ETYM Cognate with Hitt. ispar- 'to spread out, strew' < *spor-ei. On the details of  the Hittite reconstruction, see Kloekhorst 2008 s.v. No further cognates are known;  Arm. sp 'if 'strews', sp'fem 'spread out', p'arat 'spread out, separated', is unrelated, as  it cannot be connected on formal grounds. See further LIV? s.v. 3. *sper-, and cf. also  the litt. on ▶︎ onaipw.

XXXXXσπέλεθος [m.] 'dung' (Ar. Ec. 595).

    *VAR  πέλεθος (Ach. 1170, S. Ichn. 414).

    *COMP ὑ-σπέλεθος 'pig's dung' (D.C. 46, 5, Poll. 5, 91), πελεθο-βάψ [m., f.] 'who  washes away ordure' (Hdn. Gr. 1, 246, 12; H.).

    *DERonEAANEL σπελέθοις, πελλία: σπέλεθοι (H.).

    *ETYM For the final syllable, cf. σπύραθος, ὄνθος; on the anlaut, see Schwyzer: 334. Connection with PIE *spelH- 'to split' (cf. LIV? s.v.) in σπολάς, (ἀ)σπάλαξ, etc. is  semantically possible; cf. e.g. MoHG scheiffen < *'to separate', related to σχίζω 'split'. The second -e- would then reflect *h,. Alternatively, the geminate -))- in the variants  may point to Pre-Greek origin, in which case the root could reflect *(s)pab'-.

XXXXXσπένδω [v.] 'to offer a libation, pour, bestow' (Il.); 'to agree on a ceasefire (while performing a libationy; also 'to reassure, promise; to secure sth. (Gortyn), see Willetts Glotta 43 (1965): 25iff.

    *VAR Aor. oneioat (Il.), fut. oneiow (Hdt, etc.), perf. ἔσπεικα (Plu.); med. σπένδομαι,  σπείσασθαι, σπείσομαι, ἔσπεισμαι (IA).

    *COMP Also with prefix, e.g. κατα-, ἐπι-.

    *DER σπονδή [f.] 'libation, offering of wine' (B 341 = A 159), plur. usually 'ceasefire  agreement, truce, peace treaty, pax dei' (IA, etc.). σπονδο-φόρος [m.] 'herald of the  truce, the pax dei' (Pi.); ὑπό-σπονδος 'under a ceasefire agreement, under safe-  conduct' (IA). onové-eiog 'belonging to the offering', also metrically 'spondeus' (D. H. et al.), -etov. [n.] 'libation vessel' (Hell.); also -ειακός, -ειάζω, -ειασμός (late); -τκός 'belonging to

===Pag_1432: Beekes_Página_1432.tiff=== XXXXXσπεύδω 1381 the offering' (pap.); -ἤσιμα [n.pl.] 'id' (Philem.), after ὀνή-σιμος, etc; cf. also παρασπόνδησις (Plb.) from παρασπονδ-ἕω to παρά-σπονδος; onovd-itig (σταγών) 'id? (AP); σπόνδικες: οἱ τὰς σπονδὰς χέοντες 'those who libate' (H.). See especially Citron 1965.

    *ETYM Cognates: Hitt. ispant-'/ ispant-, 355. Sipanti, i3panti 'to libate' (Kloekhorst  2008 s.v.); Lat. sponded 'to pledge, promise', ToB spdnt- 'to trust', all reflecting a PIE  root *spend-.

XXXXXσπέος [n.] 'cavern, cave' (epic II., also Cypr. inscr.).

    *VAR Also σπεῖος; gen. σπείους, dat. σπῆϊ, plur. σπέσσι, σπήεσσι, etc. (details in  Chantraine 1942: 7, 11, 101, Schwyzer: 102, Ruijgh 1957: 126f.).

    *ETYM Cf. ▶︎ σπήλαιον. The word is no doubt Pre-Greek (Fur.: 123).

XXXXXσπέργουλος = omopyihos.

XXXXXσπέρχομαι [v.] 'to come rushing in, huddle, be upset, be impassioned'; act. σπέρχω with ém-, kata- 'to press, incite, spur', also trans. (mostly epic poet., Il.). ΑΚ Only in present stem, except aor. pass. ptc. σπερχθείς (Pi, Hdt.) and fut. σπέρξομαι: ὀργισθήσομαι 'will be provoked', aor. ἐσπερξάμην: ἠπείλησα, ὠργίσθην 'promised or threatened, was provoked' (H.).

    *COMP Mostly with ἐπι-, κατα-, περι-.

    *DER In περι-, ἐπι-σπερχής 'hurried' (S., X. et al.) to περι-, ἐπι-σπέρχω; but ἀ-σπερχές  'vigorous, intense' (Hom.) from "σπέρχος [n.], beside which σπερχ-νός 'swift, hasty,  violent' (Hes. Sc., Hp., A. et al.) like in eg. ἔρεβος 'darkness' to ἐρεμνός 'dark'. σπέργδην: ἐρρωμένως 'vigorously' and κατασπερχάδην 'urgently' (cod. -άτην) (H.)  (see Latte ad loc.); σπερχυλλάδην κέκραγας 'shouting vehemently' (Com. Ades p. 30). Also in PNs like Σπερχ-ύλος, -wv, -ἰς and the HN Σπερχ-ειός (like Ἀλφειός,  Πηνειός).

    *ETYM The form σπέρχομαι reflects a full grade *sperg'-, while the zero grade of this  root is attested in Av. a-sparazata [ipf.] 'he was diligently exerting himself', Skt. sprhayati 'to be zealous, zealously desire'. OHG springan 'jump', OCS -preze 'tighten'  < PIE *spr-en-g'- probably does not reflect a nasal present of this root, in view of the  non-palatal velar of Slavic and the remote semantics; see further LIV' s.wv. *sperg"-    and *(s)preng'-.

XXXXXσπεύδω [v.] 'to hurry, hasten, strive, exert oneself', trans. 'to drive, quicken, ply, aspire after'.

    <IE *speud- 'press, drive, hurry'>

ΑΚ Aor. σπεῦσαι, fut. σπεύσομαι (IL), σπεύσω (E. et al.), σπευσίω (Cret.), perf. ἔσπευκα (Hell.), rare med. σπεύ-δομαι (A.), pass. ἔσπευσμαι (late).

    *COMP Also with prefix, eg. ém-, κατα-, ov-. Further in κενό-σπουδ-ος 'seriously  prosecuting frivolities', also -éw, -ia (Hell.). κατάσπευ-σις (to kata-onevdw) [f.]  'hurry' (Thd.; σπεῦσις gloss.), σπευσ-τός (Phryn.), -τικός (ént-) 'hurried' (Arist.,  Eust.). .

    *DER σπουδτή [f.] 'haste, zeal, labor, seriousness, good will (II.), hence -αἷος 'zealous,  striving, serious, good' (IA), -αιότης [f.] (Pl. Def, LXX et al.), σπούδ-ἀξ: ἀλετρίβανος

===Pag_1433: Beekes_Página_1433.tiff===

'pestle' (H.) (cf. below); σπουδ-άζω [v.] 'to be quick, carry on seriously, εἰς (IA), also with ém-, kata-, ov-, etc; thence -aopa, -ασμάτιον, -ασμός, -αστής, -αστός, -αστικός.

    *ETYM The only certain cognate is Lith. spdusti < *spaufd-ti 'to press, squeeze', also  'to push, drive on', intr. 'to hurry (see LIV' s.v. *speud-). A trace of the meaning  'push' has also been sugested for σπούδαξ = ἀλετρίβανος 'pestle of a mortar'. The  word σπουδή has a formal cognate in Lith. spauda [f.] 'pressure, literature'. There is  also, with zero grade and a long vowel as a result of Winter's Law, spida [f.] 'throng,  urgency, pressure' and spidéti 'to be oppressed, thrust down, pain oneself, meddle'. Perhaps Alb. puné 'work, business' is also related, if from *spud-nd.

&

XXXXXσπήλαιον [n.] 'cave, cavern' (PL, LXX, NT et al.).

    *DER σπηλαιώδης 'cave-like', -αἴτης [m.] 'god of caves' (Paus.), -άδιον [n.]  (Theopomp. Com.), after the diminutives in -adtov; not -άδιον; cf. Hdn. Gr. 2, 488,  12. Also σπῆλυγξ, -vyyos [f.] 'id' (Arist., Theoc., A. R. et al.) with σπηλυγγ-ώδης  (EM), -οειδής (sch.).

    *ETYM Both σπήλαιον and σπῆλυγξ are enlargements of a root σπηλ-: for σπῆλυγξ,  cf. the semantically close σῆραγξ 'hollow rock', φάραγξ 'cleft', and also φάρυγξ  'throat', λάρυγξ 'larynx'; σπήλαιον may be formed after ὑπό-γαιον 'underground  chamber'. Borrowed as Lat. spélaeum and spélunca (see WH s.v.), and as Alb. shpellé  'rock, cave'. Pur.: 123 reconstructs a Gr. form ᾿σπῆλυξ, -ῦκος, from Lat. *spéliica. He  further adduces πῆλυξ = ῥαγάς 'fissure' (H., Phot.) and refers to Etr. spel(a) 'cave,  tomb'. The word is no doubt Pre-Greek (note the prenasalization and the suffix  'vyy-).

XXXXXσπῆλυγξ, -vyyos --σπήλαιον.

XXXXXσπίδιος [adj.] 'extensive, wide' (σπίδιον μῆκος ὁδοῦ 'length of a road' A. Fr. 378 = 733 M.), σπιδόθεν = μακρόθεν from afar' (Antim. 77); σπιδνόν: πυκνόν, συνεχές, πεπηγός 'close or compact, holding together, fixed'; σπιδόεν: μέλαν, πλατύ, σκοτεινόν, πυκνόν, μέγα 'black, wide or broad, dark, close or compact, great' (H.). <?>

    *DER Cf. further σπιδέος [gen.sg.] (A 753) beside ν.]. ἀσπιδέος; if correct, probably  from "σπιδύς; see also ▶︎ ἐλεσπίδας and ▶︎ ἀσπίς 1. Verbal derivative σπίζω = ἐκτείνω  'stretch out' (sch. Ar. V. 18, Eust.).

    *ETYM An obsolete group of words, which seems to have lived on only in the learned  and poetic language. The authors were obviously no longer certain about the  meaning (cf. H.'s explanation of omddev). The root σπιδ- can be compared to Lat. spissus 'laborious, slow, dense' (< *spid-tos or *spit-tos; see De Vaan 2008 s.v.). Lith. spisti, isg.pres. spintu 'to begin to swarm (of bees), to gather' < *spit- is probably not  related, in view of the different dental. The word ▶︎ ondw is not related.

XXXXXσπίζω [v.] 'to squeak, chirp', of birds (Arat, Thphr.). < EUR>

    *VAR  Also σπίνος [m.] 'finch' (com., Thphr., Arat.) with σπιν-ίον, -ίδιον (com.);  byforms: σπίνα: ὁ σπίνος 'siskin', σπινθία' εἶδος ὀρνιθαρίων 'kind of bird', σπίνοι

===Pag_1434: Beekes_Página_1434.tiff=== XXXXXσπινθήρ, -ἦρος 1383 'siskins'; ontyyov- σπίνον 'id.'; also πίγγαν: νεόσσιον. Ἀμερίας 'young bird', σπύγγας' ὄρνις 'bird' (H.).

    *DER σπίζα [f.] 'common chaffinch' (S. Fr. 431, Arist, Timo), σπιζία: τὰ ὄρνεα  ἄπαντα 'all birds' (H.); σπιζ-ιίας [m.] 'sparrow hawk' (Arist.), = εἶδος ἱέρακος 'kind of  hawk or falcon' (H.), -ίτης [m.] (Arist.), = εἶδος αἰγιθάλου ὀρνέου 'kind of titmouse'  (H.); ὀρό-σπιζος [m.] 'brambling' (Arist.).

    *ETYM Cf. similar ▶︎ τρίζω 'to buzz, gnash, squeak'. The other forms, including σπίζω,  oni{a, but with the exception of πίγγαν, can be derived from *omyy- and connected  to OHG fincho, OE finc 'finch' < PGm. *fink(Dan-, *finki-, which lacks the initial *s-. Within Greek, this etymon resembles σπιγνόν: μικρόν, βραχύ, and onikavov:  σπάνιον. The connection with Germanic may point to a European 'Wanderwort'.

XXXXXσπιθαμή [f.] 'span, the range between the stretched thumbs and the little finger' (IA).

    *COMP τρι-σπίθαμος 'measuring three spans' (Hes. Op. 426 et al.), cf. den Boer  Mnem. 4:9 (1956): 3.

    *DER σπιθαμ-ιαῖος 'one span wide' (Hp., Arist. et al.).

    *ETYM For the formation, cf. ▶︎ παλάμη 'palm of the hand', ▶︎ δόχμη 'a hand's  breadth', ▶︎ πυγμή 'distance from the elbow to the knuckles'; for the suffix -θ-, cf. also  σπιθίαι- σανίδες νεώς 'planks of a ship' (H.). No known cognates; probably Pre-  Greek.

XXXXXσπιλάς [f.] 'storm, squall' (Plu., Hid. 5, 31, AP 7, 382).

    *DER κατα-σπιλάζω [v.] 'to storm'.

    *ETYM Fur: 373 connects ἄσπιλος: χείμαρρος ὑπὸ Μακεδόνων 'torrent (Maced.)'  (H.); the word is Pre-Greek in view of the variation.

XXXXXσπίλος τ [f.] 'rock, reef (lon. Trag., Arist., Lyc., Peripl. M. Rubr. et al.). ΑΚ Additionally (favored by the meter in the oblique cases) σπιλάς, -άδος [f.], mostly plur. -άδες 'id' (Od.); also of πέτρα (A. R.); -αδώδης 'rocky' (Str.). PN Σπιλα- δίας (Eretria ΠΡ; see under σπιλάς, Bechtel 1914).

    *COMP διά-σπιλος (Peripl. M. Rubr.).

    *DER σπιλώδης (Arist., Plb.) 'rocky'.

    *ETYM No cognates outside Greek; probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXσπίλος 2 [m.] 'spot, stain, blemish'. 4»

    *VAR -t- (Hdn. Gr.). Also σπιλάς, -άδος [f.] 'id? (Ep. Jud.{?], Orph.).

    *COMP ἄ-σπιλος 'spotless, without blemish' (Hell.).

    *DER σπιλόομαι, -dw 'to become stained, make stains, stain, besmirch' (Hell.), κατα-  σπιλάζω 'to stain, conceal' (H., EM).

    *ETYM No etymology.

XXXXXσπινθήρ, -ῆρος [m.] 'spark' (A 77, Ar. Arist, Plb, etc.).

    *DER σπινθ-ηρίζω 'to sparkle, cause sparks' (Thphr., Plu.), ἀπο- 'id.' (Arist.), -toptoi  (H. and Suid.). Also σπινθαρίδες [pl] (h. Ap.), -άρυγες [pl.] (A. R.), σπίνθραξ, -ἄκος  [m.] (Sext. Ca.) 'id.'. On the bird names σπινθαρίς = Lat. spin-turnix see Thompson 1895 and WH s.v.

===Pag_1435: Beekes_Página_1435.tiff===

    *ETYM For σπινθήρ, cf. ἀστήρ 'star', αἰθήρ 'ether'; σπίνθραξ, like ἄνθραξ 'charcoal';  σπινθαρ-ίδες, like ἐσχάρ-α 'fireplace'; σπινθάρυγ-οες, like μαρμαρυγ-αί 'sparklings'. Reminiscent of Lith. spindzZiu, spindéti, Latv. spidét, spidét 'to gleam, beam' < *spud-,  Latv. spuddrs 'white, gleaming' < *spond-ro-, but formally impossible to connect. The  Baltic words reflect a root *spend-, without *-i- and with root-final *-d- because of  the acute accentuation. On the attempt by Niedermann IF 26 (1909): 58f. to connect  Lat. scintilla with σπινθήρ from a Mediterranean form *stint'-, see further Pariente  Emerita 20 (1952): 394ff.

XXXXXσπινός [adj.] 'meager' (Procl.). «Ὁ

    *DER σπινώδης (Ptol.).

    *ETYM Formation as in ἰσχνός 'withered'. Though the attestation is late, probably an  old word, and connected with ▶︎ σπίδιος. Hardly related to Olr. séim 'meager' <  quasi-IE *speimi-; see Matasovic 2008 s.v. *sfémi-.

XXXXXonivos 'finch'. Ξοσπίζω.

XXXXXσπλάγχνα '-'σπλήν.

XXXXXσπλεκόω [v.] 'to copulate'. <?>

    *VAR σπλεκοῦν (Ar. Lys. 152 Dindorf ex H. et Poll; codd. πλεκοῦν), διεσπλε-κωμένη  (Ar. Pl. 1082), κατασπλεκῶσαι (cod. -dcat)- κατελάσαι 'to drive or push down' (H.).

    *COMP Also with δια- and kata-.

    *DER onAEKwya [n.] (sch. Ar. Pl. 1082).

    *ETYM The well-attested form πλεκοῦν may have lost its o- secondarily (cf. Schwyzer:  334); no further etymology. .

XXXXXσπληδός [f.]? 'ash' (Lyc. 483, Nic. Th. 763). <?>

    *VAR σπληδώ: σποδὸς λεπτή, κόνις 'fine ashes, dust' (H.).

    *ETYM Perhaps a contamination of σποδός and another, semantically close word  (χλῆδοςϑ) No cognates outside Greek.

XXXXXσπλήν, σπληνός [m.] 'spleen' (IA), metaphorically 'compress' (Hp.), cf. -iov; αἰγὸς σπλήν a plant name 'mallow, cheeseweed' (Ps.-Dsc.). IE *spl(é)g'-n- 'spleen'>

    *COMP ἄ-σπλην-ον [n.], -o¢ [m.] 'miltwaste' (Dsc. et al.), supposed to cure the  spleen. See Stromberg 1940: 86, where ἀ- is wrongly interpreted as prothetic; cf. Vitr. 14,10.

    *DER σπλην-ίον [n.], -ioxov [n.], -ίσκος [m.], -άριον [n.] 'compress' (Hp., Dsc.,  Samos IV*); -iov also as a name of several plants (Dsc.; cf. domAnvov). σπλην-ίτης,  fem. -ittc 'belonging to the spleen, disease of the spleen' (medic.); σπλην-ικός  'belonging to the spleen, splenetic (Hp. Hell. com.,, etc.), -ώδης 'id.' (Hp.). σπλην-  taw 'to be splenetic' (Arist. et al.). Furthermore σπλάγχνα [n.pl.] 'interior organs  (heart, liver, lungs, kidneys), intestines' (IL), sing. rarely also secondarily as  designations of individual organs (A., Pl, Arist.), metaphorically (plur. and sing.)  'heart' = 'mental state' (trag.), 'compassion, commiseration, charity' (LXX, NT). In compounds, eg. σπλαγχνο-φάγος 'eating intestines' (LXX), εὔσπλαγχνος  'having healthy intestines' (Hp.), 'compassionate (LXX, NT), σπλαγχν-ίδια [n.pl.]

===Pag_1436: Beekes_Página_1436.tiff=== XXXXXσποδός 1385 diminutive (Diph.), τ-ἰδης (ΡΖ 89, 3 and 13; form and mg. doubtful, cf. Wilcken ad loc.), -κός 'belonging to σ᾿ (Dsc., pap.); -ἰζομαι 'to commiserate' (LXX, NT); -ίζω, -ebw 'to consume intestines' (Cos IV*, LXX, Ar. et al.), τ-ισμός [m.] (LXX); -evu, -εύομαι 'to predict from intestines' (Str.).

    *ETYM An n-stem is found in other names of body parts, like φρήν, ἀδήν, αὐχήν, etc. but these all inflect with root ablaut. Several IE subfamilies show similar words for  'spleen', but the differences between them are too substantial to be able to  reconstruct a single IE word for 'spleen'. We find Lat. lién 'spleen' (< *lihén <  *(sp)lihén) < *(s\lig'-én-; CS slézena 'spleen' < *s(p)lég"-n- or *s(p)leh,g'-n-; MBret. felch 'spleen' < *spelg"-; Skt. plihdn-, Av. sparazan- < *(s)plh.g'-n-. It is probable that  Arm. p'aycatn is somehow related, as well. The exact reconstruction of the Greek forms is unclear. We should start from  ἔσπληχ-, *ondax- (= Av. sparaz-an-), an n-stem like Lat. lién, etc. Anticipation of the  nasal gives σπλαγχν-. The form σπλήν may have arisen haplologically for *omAnx-hv  (after monosyllabic φρήν), or is it from *spléng'? On σπλήν and σπλάγχνα, see    further Egli 1954: 44ff and Schwyzer: 489'. Borrowed as Lat. splén (>> MoE spleen,  etc.).

XXXXXσπόγγος [m.] 'sponge (for wiping οὔθ᾽, metaphorically also of sponge-like objects, e.g. 'gland' (Il.). < EUR?>

    *VAR Also σφόγγος (certain in Hell. and late inscr.), see Hiersche 1964: 207f.

    *COMP σπογγο-θήρας [m.] 'sponge hunter or gatherer' (Plu.).

    *DER Diminutive onoyy-iov [n.] (Ar. Dsc.), -άριον (n.] (M. Ant. et al.); 2a [f.] =  σπόγγος (Ar. Aeschin., Arist. Aret. et al.), on the accent see Scheller 1951: 73; -iac  [m.] 'id' (Ar. Fr. 856); -εύς [m.] (-ιεύς) 'sponge gatherer' (Arist. Thphr.); -wdnc¢  'spongy, porous' (Hp., Arist., Dsc.); -ἴτις 'id' (Plin, Aét.); -ifw 'to wipe off (Hp.,  Att, etc.), also with a1o-, ἐκ- etc.; -ἰστική (τέχνη) 'wiping' (PL).

    *ETYM An old Wanderwort, identical to Arm. sunk, sung 'mushroom, cork-tree' and  Lat. fungus 'mushroom, sea-, tree-mushroom, mushroom-like ulcer'. Borrowed as  Lat. spongia (from σπογγιά), with spongidsus, etc.

XXXXXσποδός [f.] 'ash, ember, metal ashes, dust' (Ion. 1 375, trag. etc.).

    *COMP σποδο-ειδής 'ash-colored' (Ηρ. Arist. et al.), ἔντσποδος 'id.' (Dsc.), see  Strémberg 1946: 128 and 130.

    *DER σποδ τά, Ion. -τή [f.] 'heap of ashes, ash' (ε 488, Hp., E. Cyc. 615 [lyr], Pl. Com.,  LXX, AP et al.), see Scheller 1951: 67; thence -ιώδης 'ash-colored' (Erot.), -ἰαῖος 'id.,  gilvus' (gloss.), -ἰάς [f.] 'wild plum, Prunus insititia (?)' (Thphr.). Further -tov [n.] 'metal ash' (Poseidon, Dsc.), with -ἰακός 'made of σ᾿ (late medic.);  -(ελος 'of ash(es)' (Semon. et al.); -ώδης 'ashlike', of color and taste (App., Gal.);  -itns ἄρτος 'bread baked in ashes' (Hp., Diph.); also σποδεύς 'id. (see sv. on  ▶︎ σπολάς). Denominative verbs: σποδ-όομαι 'to be burnt to ashes' (Ηρ., Lyc, AP),  συνεσποδωμένον: συγκεκομμένον 'concise' (H.); -ώσασθαι 'to bestrew with ashes'  (LXX); -ifw 'to roast in the ashes' (PL, Ar.), intr. 'to be ash-colored' (Dsc.), also with  ὑπο-; σποδέω 'to crunch, smash, grind', also sensu obsc. of food 'to consume,

===Pag_1437: Beekes_Página_1437.tiff===

, -άἀδος swallow' (often in Ar., com., A., E.), also with κατα-, ἀπο-, δια-; cf. κατα-σποδέω 'to stretch down in the dust' (A., Ar.); here also σποδ-όρχης [m.] 'eunuch' (Eust.), see Maaf RAM N. F. 74 (1925): 432ff.

    *ETYM Fur.: 154 convincingly connects ἄσβολος 'soot, dust of coals' and ἔσπολός in  σπολεύς (according to Frisk s.v. σπολάς, wrong for *o7todevc). The word would then  be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXσπολάς, -άδος [f.] 'leather harness, jerkin' (5. Fr. τι, Ar., X.).

    *ETYM A formation in -άς from a verbal noun ᾿σπόλος or ἔσπολή. Related to  ▶︎ domdAak? Perhaps from a verb for 'split, tear off (IE *spel-), in which case it may  be related to σπόλια: τὰ παρατιλλόμενα ἐρίδιᾳ ἀπὸ τῶν σκελῶν τῶν προβάτων 'wool  plucked off the legs of sheep', ἄσπαλον: σκῦτος 'skin, hide' (H.), but hardly to Thess. σπόλος 'pole' IG 9(2), p. XI [II*]), if = 'split wood'. The word σπολεύς 'kind of  bread' (Philet. apud Ath. 3, 1146) may belong here, or be mistaken for σποδεύς (see  ▶︎ σποδός). From other languages: Lat. spolium 'skin, hide; arms, spoils' (= σπόλιαλ), Lith. spalis  'beard (= part of the stalk of flax)', pl. spaliai 'parts of the stalk', OCS pols 'sex, half,  MoHG spalten 'to cleave', Go. spilda 'writing tablet', all reflecting a root *spel(H)-  'what is split, stripped off (see also LIV' s.v., but Skt. phalati 'to burst' is probably  unrelated). Cf. further ▶︎ στέλλω and ▶︎ adic. If Lat. spolium can be a loan from  Greek, the Greek forms may also reflect the Pre-Greek root that is also seen in  ἄσπαλον 'mole',    σπονδύλη, σπόνδυλος cqpovdvAn, σφόνδὕλος.

XXXXXσποργίλος [m.] ἃ bird, probably 'sparrow' (Ar. Av. 300 with allusion to a PN). <?>

    *DER σπέργουλος (also 11-) ὀρνιθάριον ἄγριον 'small wild bird' and σπαράσιον:  ὄρνεον ἐμφερὲς στρουθῷ 'bird resembling a sparrow' (H.). Also στρουθὸς πυργίτης  'house-sparrow' (Gal.).

    *ETYM The word σποργ-ίλος is formed like ὀρχίλος, τροχίλος, and other bird names;  σπέργουλος is dialectal for *onepy-vAoc, like κηρύλος, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 249 and  251). The forms with -y- have a counterpart in Germanic and Baltic: MHG sperke,  OPr. spurglis, spergle-'sparrow-,, which may point to a European substrate word or a  Wanderwort. See also Thompson 1895 s.v. Cf. also ▶︎ yap and ▶︎ σπαράσιον.

XXXXXσπόρθυγγες -οσπύραθοι.

XXXXXσπύραθοι [Ρ].] 'droppings of goats and sheep' (Hp., Dsc.). «ΡΟ < EUR>

    *VAR  πύραθοι (Nic.).

    *DER Diminutive σπυράθια [pl.] (Dsc.); collective σφυραθία [f.] (Poll; cf. κοπρία  'dunghill'); adj. σπυραθώδης 'like sheep's droppings' (Hp.). Further σπυράδες [f-pl.]  'pills' (Hp.), σφυράδες [fpl.] = σπύραθοι (Ar. Arist.). Also σπόρθυγγες: ai  συνεστραμμέναι μετὰ ῥύπου τρίχες 'hair matted with filth' and onopOvyyia: τρίβολα  'water-chestnut'. ta dtaywpr<pa>ta τῶν αἰγῶν, ἅ τινες σπυράδας καλοῦσιν  'excrement of goats' (H.). Note also σπύρδαρα 'dung' (Poll. 5, 91).

    *ETYM For the formation of σπύραθοι, cf. (σ)πέλεθος 'dung', ὄνθος 'id.', ψάμαθοι  'grains of sand'; σπυράδες is like λιθάδες 'stones', ἰσχάδες 'dried figs', etc.

===Pag_1438: Beekes_Página_1438.tiff=== XXXXXστάδιος 1387 Similar words are found in Lith. spiros [f.pl.] 'droppings of goats, hares, and other small animals' < sprH-, Molc. spard [n.] 'droppings', sperdill [m.] 'kind of sausage' < sporH-to-, but they can only be related if Greek omvp-/ σφυρ- reflects earlier *sporh,-. The Greek alternations in (o)n/pup-a6/5- could very well point to Pre- Greek origin.

XXXXXσπυρθίζω [v.] 'to kick, lash out (of a donkey)' (Ar. Fr. 857). 42>

    *VAR σπυρθίζειν: σπᾶσθαι καὶ ἀγανακτεῖν. πυδαρίζειν Kai σφύζειν 'to be drawn, be  irritated; to dance, throb or beat violently' (H.).

    *ETYM If onvp- reflects *spor-, it derives from the same root as ▶︎ ovtaipw. Cognates  with the same suffix *-d'- may be seen in Skt. spdrdhate 'to compete, dispute', sprdh-  [f.] 'competition, dispute', Go. spaurds [f.], OE spyrd [m.] 'running-match, course'.

XXXXXσπυρίς [f.] 'basket' (IA, etc.).

    *VAR σφυρίς (Hp. v.l., Hell. and late), -ίδος.

    *COMP σπυριδο-φόρος 'basket-carrying' (pap. II*).

    *DER Diminutives σπυρ-ίδιον (com. et al; σφ- Hell. pap.), -ίχνιον (Poll, like κυλίχνη  et al.); also -ιἰδώδης 'basket-like', -ἰδόν [adv.] 'shaped like a basket' (sch.).

    *ETYM The word σπυρ-ίς is formed like oxagic 'bowl', etc., either from a noun  (ὑσπυρός vel sim.) or directly from a verb. It is hardly related to ondptov 'rope,  cable' via a meaning *'twine', as the variation on-/og- shows that the word is Pre-  Greek. Fur.: 241 further compares σύριχος (Alex.), σύρισσος (Poll.), σύρισκος (H.),  ὑριχός (Ar.), ὕρισχος (Phryn.), ὑρίσκος (H.), ὑρίσσος (H.), all 'twined basket', if from  *OFUPLXOS.

XXXXXσταγών -'᾿στάζω.

XXXXXστάδην ''στάδιος.

XXXXXστάδιον [n.] 'racecourse, stadium', secondarily also a measure of varying length, in Hdt. 2,149 = 100 ὀργυιαί or 6 πλέθρα (Thgn., Pi, IA). «ἘΣ eV AR Plur. -ta and -tot (scil. δρόμοι).

    *COMP σταδιο-δρόμος [m.] 'racer' (Simon., Att.), later otadta- 'id' (Hell. and late  inscr.), a hypercorrect formation after the plur. στάδια; often as a second member,  especially after numerals, eg. ὀκτα-στάδιος (also 6kTw-) 'measuring eight σ᾿ (PIb.,  Str.).

    *DER σταδι-εύς [m.] 'racer' (Plb. et al.), -etw 'to run for the wager' (Arist. et al.),  -alog 'measuring one o.' (Plb., Ὁ. H. et al.), -ασμός [m.] 'measuring by stadia' (Str. et  al.).

    *ETYM Perhaps an original folk-etymological transformation of σπάδιον (Argiv.; see  ▶︎ σπάωλ, after otadtoc? Bechtel 1921, 2: 473 assumes that στάδιον is original and that  σπάδιον arose through dissimilation. Borrowed as Lat. stadium 'race-course'.

XXXXXστάδιος [adj.] 'upright, standing still, firm, immobile, lying on the balance = weighed, etc. (Il, Pi, Hell. and late epic, D.C.), in the Il. only dat. otadéin as an attribute of ὑσμίνῃ 'fight or, on its own, 'in close combat'; ἐν αὐτο-σταδίῃ (N 325) 'id'; cf. Triimpy 1950: 1121. and Krarup Class. et Med. 10 (1949): 7.

===Pag_1439: Beekes_Página_1439.tiff===

    *VAR σταδία- λυχνία 'lamp' (H.).

    *COMP ὀρθο-στάδιον [n.] 'chiton running straight downwards' (Ar. et al.), also  στάδιος, στατὸς χιτών.

    *DER σταδαῖος 'id. (A., Ti. Locr. εἴ al.), also Th. 4, 38 v.l. of σταδία.

    *ETYM Adjectival derivative from the adverb στά-δην 'in standing posture' with the  suffixes -to- and -ato-, like ἐκτάδ-ιος from ἐκτά-δην (from ἐκ-τείνω); see Chantraine  1933: 39 and Schwyzer: 467 and 626. See »ἵστημι.

XXXXXστάζω [v.] 'to let drip (in), shed', intr. 'to drip' (post-Hom.). <?>

    *VAR Aor. στάξαι (IL), fut. στάξω (Pi. etc.), aor. pass. σταχθῆναι (Hp.), σταγῆναι  (Dsc.), perf. pass. ἔστακται (Od.). %

    *COMP Also with ἀπο-, kata-, év-, ἐπι.-, etc. ὦ

    *DER otay-wv, -όνος [f.] 'drop' (trag., Hp. middle com., Hell. and late), hence  -oviag, -ovitic, -ονιαῖος (late); also στάγ-ες [pl] (A. R. 4, 626), which is probably a  back-formation, cf. below. otay-etdc [m.] 'id? (Agq.), like ὑετός, etc; σταγ-μα (éni-) [n.] 'the dripping, drop,  aromatic oil (A., Gal, pap. et al.), ém-, κατα-σταγμός [m.] 'dripping of the nose,  sniffing' (late medic.). στάξις (ἀπό-κατά-) [f.] 'the dripping', especially of blood from  the nose (Hp., Gal.). στακτός 'dripping' (IA), -τή [f.] 'myrrh oil' (Antiph., ΡΙΌ. et al.),  -τά [n.pl.] 'resins' (medic.); ἔνστακτον [n.] 'the dripping in' (Gal.); ota<k>tTk6v-  πεμμάτιον πλακουντοειδές. ἄλλοι δὲ ἀγγεῖα διυλίζοντα Νειλῶον ὕδωρ 'small cake;  vessels filtering water from the Nile' (H.). ἐπι-στάκτης [m.] 'woolen thread for oil-  dripping' (late medic.); otaxtepia (for -tnpia) [f.] 'bottle for myrrh oil' (pap. VI-  VIIP). στάγ-δην 'drop by drop' (Hp., Aret.). Στάζουσα [f.] source in Sicyon (Krahe  Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 2 (1950-1951): 230).

    *ETYM The present στάζω reflects *otay-1w and forms the basis of the other forms. The form στάγες is probably a backformation from σταγόνες (Schwyzer: 424). Often  connected to Lat. stagnum 'standing water, pool' and OBret. staer 'river, brook' <  *stag-rd. The semantics of this etymology are not obvious, but the connection  remains possible.

XXXXXσταθερός -'-οστάθμι:.

XXXXXσταθεύω [v.] 'to scorch, roast, fry (Ar. Arist, Thphr.).

    *DER -ευτός 'scorched' (A. Pr. 22), -ευσις (v.L atat-) [f.] 'scorching' (Arist.).

    *ETYM Perhaps the word contains the synonymous εὕω, but the rest is unclear. Fur.:  191, on the other hand, compares στάτευσις (Arist., Alex. Aphr. in Mete. 186) =  στάθευσις, which would indicate Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXστάθμη [f.] 'directive, carpenter's line, finish line, plumb line, rule, norm' (since O 410). 4GR>

    *COMP ὑποστάθμη (to ὑπο- στῆναι) [f.] 'sediment, lees, foundation' (Ρ]., Hp. et al.). σταθμ-οῦχος [m.] 'owner of goods, etc.' (A. Fr. 226 = 376 M., Antiph., pap. et al.),  ἐπί-σταθμιος [m.] 'quartermaster' (Isoc.), 'military quartered on another' (pap.;  Mayser 1906-1938, I: 3: 175); ναύ-σταθμον [n.] (Th.), secondary -ος [m.] (Plb., Ὁ. S.,

===Pag_1440: Beekes_Página_1440.tiff=== XXXXXσταλάσσω 1380 Plu.) 'anchorage, fleet station, fleet'; originally ἃ substantivized adjective like βού- σταθμον.

    *DER σταθμ-άομαι (Ion. -ἔομαι) 'to measure (by the directive), estimate, gauge,  weigh' (Pi., 1A), also with dta-, ἐπι-, ἀντι-: thence -ἡμα, -ησις, -ητικός (late). σταθμ-  ίζω 'id' (Aq. Sm.), also with δια-. σταθμός [m.] 'location, stable, farmstead, night  lodgings, travel stage, day's march; pillar, post, jamb; balance, weight, heaviness' (II.);  plur. also -μά [n.] (after τάλαντα, ζυγά), to which sing. τόν 'weight, balance' (A),  poet. also 'homestead, farmstead; jamb, etc.' (trag. et al.). σταθμ-ίον [n.] 'balance,  weight' (Hell. and late); -ἰκός 'of weighing' (Gal.); -ὦδης 'rich in sediment' (Hp.), cf. ὑποστάθμη; σταθμ-ίζω 'to weigh', also with δια-, ovv-, etc; hence -toic [f.] 'the  weighing', -τἰστής [m.] 'weigher', -ἰστί [adv.] 'by weight', -ἰστικός 'for weighing' (late);  σταθμ-εύω 'to take up or have quarters, etc.', also with κατα-, ém-; also -ela [f.]  (late).

    *ETYM Formation like βαθμός, θεθμός, ῥυθμός, etc. A derivative of the root of  ▶︎ ἵστημι, PIE *steh,-, with the suffixes -θ- and -μο-. The suffix -@- also appears in ev-  σταθής 'standing firm, quiet' (Ion. Hell. and late since 1].), which was probably built  on the aor. ἐστάθην (Risch 1937: 82). The synonymous and later attested form  σταθερός (A. Fr. 276 = 479 M., etc.) may have been built from φανερός (or a similar  example) under the influence of ἀ-φανής.

XXXXXσταῖς, σταιτός [n.] 'wheat flour turned to dough with water' (Ion., Eup., Arist. Thphr., etc.).

    <IE>

    *VAR σταίς.

    *COMP σταιτ-ουργός (written otet-) [m.] 'mixer of o.' (Ostr.).

    *DER Diminutive otatt-tov [n.] (PMag. Par.); -voc 'made of o.' (Hdt.), -ίτας [m.]  'bread of σ᾿ (Epich., Sophr.), -ώδης 'o.-like' (Poll.), -ἤϊα: πέμματος εἶδος 'kind of  small cake', ota<t>tiac: ἄρτου εἶδος 'kind of bread' (H.).

    *ETYM The connection with the IE word for 'dough' in SCr. tijesto 'dough', Olr. tdis  'id'? < *th,eis-to-, OHG theismo 'leaven' is semantically appealing. If related, the  anlaut must have been influenced by στέαρ 'fat' (Pedersen 1909: 56). See also ▶︎ τήκω.

XXXXXσταλάσσω [v.] 'to drip, shed drops, drop' (Sapph., E. et al.). <?>

    *VAR  Also -dw (Hell. and late epic, AP, Luc.), -άζω (Aq. Plu. Luc.), -4ttw (Porph.),  aor. τάξαι (Ar., Lyc., LXX).

    *COMP Also with ἀπο-, év-, etc.

    *DER σταλαγ-μός [m.] 'dripping, drop' (trag., Ar., Hp.), hence -μιαῖος 'calculated by  the drop (of the water-clock) (Vett. Val, etc.), -μίτης plant name (Hippiatr.); also  τ-μα [n.] 'drop' (A., S., Scymn.). Lat. LW stalagmia [n.pl.] 'ear-drops', stalagmias [m.]  'kind of copper-vitriol' (Plin. ΗΝ).

    *ETYM Formation like παλάσσω, ῥαθάσσω, αἱμάσσω; the form σταλάω is metrically  conditioned (after yaAdw, etc.), to which belongs σταλεηδόνες: σταλαγμοί (H.),  perhaps metrical for σταλεδ- or ota-An6-?  The form σταλάσσω is an enlargement of στάζω, Usually derived from a root  *(s)tel(h.)- 'to drip' (see LIV? s.v. *stelh,k-), whence also ▶︎ τέλμα 'puddle' and MoE  stale 'urine' are derived. This seems possible, but is not very convincing in view of

===Pag_1441: Beekes_Página_1441.tiff===

, -ἴκος the limited distribution, the vague semantics, and the s-mobile. See further on > ἀνασταλύζω.

XXXXXστάλιξ, -ἴκος [f.] 'plug or post for fastening a hunting-net' (Theoc., Plu., Opp., Poll.). <?>

    *DER στάλιδας (-ida¢?)- τοὺς κάμακας ἢ χάρακας 'vine-props or -poles, pointed  stakes' (H.), σταλίδων (X. Cyn. 2, 8 codd.; σχαλίδων Steph.).

    *ETYM The suffix alternation recalls κλαϊκ-, from κληϊδ- 'bolt, key' (cf. s.v. ▶︎ κλείς);  see Schwyzer: 496. Further analysis uncertain; the root could be that of either  ▶︎ στέλλω or »ἵστημι (with a suffix -A-).

XXXXXσταμῖνες [m.pl.] 'vertical side-beams of a ship*(Poll. 1, 92, H., EM).

    *VAR  Acc. -ivac (Moschio apud Ath.), dat. -ἵνεσσι (ε 252, Nonn. Ὁ. 40, 446).

    *ETYM Perhaps from »ἵστημι, with a formation like ἑρμῖν-, ῥηγμῖν-, ὑσμῖν-, and like  these words a derivation in -iv- from a stem in -μ- or -μ(ε)ν-. Cf. also ▶︎ στάμνος. The  short i in σταμΐνεσσι may be due to the meter; see Debrunner REIE 1 (1938): iff.

XXXXXστάμνος [m., £.] 'big jar, especially a wine-jar' (IA). IE *sth,-mn-o- 'standing'>

    *DER Several diminutives: otaytv-iov, -άριον [n.], -ίσκος [m.] (com., Hell. and late). PN Σταμνίας [m.] (Ar.). Denominative verb: σταμν-ίζω, only with kata- and ovv-,  'to pour into a jar, transfuse' (Thphr., Nic. et al.).

    *ETYM Formation like ἐρυμνός (from ἔρυμα), λίμνη (from λιμήν), etc. (see Schwyzer:  524 and Chantraine 1933: 215). Probably from a noun ᾿στᾶμα, ἔσταμήν or the like,  'stand, standing place'; the jar would thus be a large, standing one. Probably related  to otatog [m.] (substantivized from otatdc) 'big jug' (Hell. inscr., H.), OHG stanta  'jug to be put somewhere', Lith. statiné 'barrel, cask'. A zero grade u-derivation is  also supposed in ▶︎ σταμῖνες; comparable formations in other languages are ToB  stam, A stam 'tree' (cf. stém- 'to stand'), OHG stam, gen. stammes 'stem', which may  reflect PGm. *stamna- (IE *sth,-mn-o-). Cf. also ▶︎ στήμων. Borrowed as Alb. shtambé, shtémbé [f.] 'bottle' (Mann Lang. 17 (1941): 23). Fur.: 227, 245 compares  στάφος 'trough' with variation μίφ; uncertain.

XXXXXστασάνη [f.] ἐγγύη, ὑποθήκη 'surety, mortgage' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM No etymology.

XXXXXστάσις [f.] 'standing, standing still, stand, location, position, political opinion, party, division' also 'placement, weighing, defrayal (Alc., Thgn., Pi., IA), on the mg. see Bolling AmJPh. 82 (1961): 162f.

    *COMP στασί-αρχος [m.] 'party leader' (A. et al.), ξενό-στασις 'inn for strangers' (S.). Often with prefix as a derivation of prefixed verbs, e.g. ἀνάστα-σις (to ἀν-ίσταμαι,  -ἰστημι) 'standing up, removal, making to stand up, expulsion' (IA).

    *DER στάσ-ιμος 'standing (firm or still), quiet, weighable' (IA), 'stilling, blocking'  (Hp.). Also -ww65n¢ 'partial, rebellious' (X., Arist. et al.), -ιἰώτης [m.] 'party member'  (1A), hence -ιωτικός, -ἰωτεία (after πατριώτης, στρατιώτης, etc.); στασ-ιάζω 'to form  parties, divide, quarrel' (IA), also with prefix, e.g. ἀντι-, dia-; στασ-ίζω 'id' (Crete  III*).

===Pag_1442: Beekes_Página_1442.tiff=== XXXXXσταφυλή 1391

    *ETYM Old verbal noun *sth,-ti- of ▶︎ ἵστημι 'to stand', identical with Skt. sthiti- [f.]  'stand, standstill', Lat. statié 'standing place', frozen accus. statim 'fixed, on the spot',  Go. staps [m.] 'position, place', OHG stat [f.] 'id.'. From the full grade *steh,-ti-: Av. stditi- 'standing, stand, position', Latv. stdtis [pl.] 'turning point (of the sun)', and  Ru. stat' 'build of the body'.

XXXXXστατήρ, -ῆρος [m.] designation of a weight and of a coin, 'stater' (IA).

    <IE *steh,-  'stand'>

    *VAR  στατῆρες is also the opposite of ἀποδοτῆρες 'returners' (Epich. 116), acc. to Et. Gen. = χρεῶσται 'debtors', cf. ὀβολο-στατήρ (Hdn. Gr.) = ὀβολο-στάτης 'obol  weigher, usurer' (Ar. et al.).

    *COMP  Thematicized in bahuvrihi compounds: δεκα-στάτηρ-ος 'concerning ten o. (Arr.), -ov [n.] 'sum or weight of ten σ᾿ (Att. and Cret. inscr.).

    *DER στατηρ-ίσκος (ς-ισμός) type of tax (pap.), -ἰαῖος 'worth or weighing one a.'  (Theopomp. Com., Hell. and late).

    *ETYM Derived from ἵστημι in the sense 'to put on the balance, weigh off. See also  Benveniste 1948: 50. Similar, but independent, formations are found in Lat. Stator,  -ris epithet of Jupiter, Skt. sthatar- [m.] 'driver of a car' < *steh,-ter-. Borrowed as  Lat. statér. See »ἵστημι.

XXXXXστατιών [f., m.] 'station'. «LW Lat>

    *DER -άριος (inscr.).

    *ETYM From Lat. statiéd; see Drew-Bear Glotta 50 (1972): 93.

XXXXXστατός [adj.] 'standing (still)', of a horse (Z 506 = O 263), of water (5. Ph, 716 [lyr.]); Hell. of jars 'made or fit for standing' (Delos, pap.); subst. στάτος [m.] 'vessel' (Delos, Oropos, H.), with otatiov [n.] 'id' (Delos II). 1Ὲ steh,- 'stand'>

    *DER στατ-ικός 'belonging to weighing' (Pl.), on the mg. cf. ▶︎ στάσις; 'standing still'  (Arist.), 'stilling' (Hell. and late); στατ-ίζω, -ίζομαι 'to stand, set, establish' (S., E. et  al.).

    *ETYM Old verbal adjective of ▶︎ ἵστημι 'to stand'.

XXXXXσταυρός [m.] 'pole' (Ω 453), 'cross' (Ὁ. S., NT et al.).

    *DER otavp-iov [n.] (Theognost.), τ-τκός 'belonging to the cross' (Tz.); otavp-dw 'to  provide with poles' (Hdt., Th., etc.), 'to crucify' (Plb., NT et al.), also with ἀνα-, etc,  thence -wya [n.] 'fraise, palisade' (Th., X. et al.), τωσις [f.] 'impalement, crucifixion'  (Th. et al.), -ώσιμος 'belonging to the crucifixion' (Christ. lit.).

    *ETYM Identical to ON staurr [m.] 'pole' < *steh,u-ro-, which is probably also the  basis of Lat. instaurdre 'to renew, restore' (whence restaurdre 'id.'). See further on  »στοά, ▶︎ στῦλος, »στύραξ, and ▶︎ στύω.

XXXXXσταφίς = dotagic.

XXXXXσταφυλή [f] 'grape' CIl.), metaphorically 'swollen uvula, uvula inflammation' (Hp., Arist. etc.), also σταφύλη (accent after κοτύλη, κανθύλη) 'lead in the balance, plummet of a level' (B 765).

===Pag_1443: Beekes_Página_1443.tiff===

    *COMPE.. σταφυλο-τομέω 'to cut off grapes; to perform surgery on the uvula' (late), -  ἐρι-στάφυλος 'with big grapes' (Od., epic).

    *DER Diminutive otagvd-ic, -ίδος [f.] (Theoc., Hp.), -ἰον [n.] (M. Ant., pap.); -Tvoc  [m.] 'carrot? (Hp., Dsc.), metaphorically as the name of an insect (Arist.), see  Stromberg 1937: 52; -itn¢ [m.] epithet of Dionysus (Ael.); τωμα [n.] name of an eye-  disease (medic.), after γλαύκωμα, etc. From σταφύλη: σταφυλίζειν: τὸ συνι«σ»άζειν  τὰς dag τοῦ ἱματίου 'to ?? the fringes of the mantle' (H.). PN Στάφυλος [m.].

    *ETYM Probably the zero grade form of ▶︎ στέμφυλα. The similarity with ▶︎ dotagic  'dried grapes' is probably not accidental, but the exact relation of the words is  unknown. The group of words is Pre-Greek (cf. Chantraine 1933: 251, Schwyzer: 485,  and Fur.: 342, 373). It has been argued tHat σταφυλῖνος 'carrot' is not related to  σταφυλή (Greppin Glotta 64 (1986): 248-252, Hansen KZ 102 (1989): 211). The latter  argues that the meaning 'carrot' comes from Sanskrit sta(@m)bh- with stambha- 'post,  pillar, column', so that it was 'the pillar plant', or 'the plant with the pillar root'.

XXXXXσταχάνη [f.] only in the expression δικαιότερος σταχάνης (Zen., Lib. et al.), where it is understood as 'balance'.

    *ETYM Formation like τρυτάνη and other instument nouns. Perhaps as a technical  expression from ▶︎ στάχυς 'ear', due to some specification of the meaning, but more  likely a Pre-Greek substrate word.

XXXXXστάχυς, -υος [m.] 'ear (of corny (Ψ' 598), metaphorically 'offshoot' (poet.), as a plant name (Dsc. et al.), 'surgical bandage' (medic.).

    *VAR -ῦς (E. HF 5), -ῦν (Call. A. R.).

    *COMP σταχυο-βολέω 'to put forth ears' (Thphr.), πολύ-σταχυς 'rich in ears' (Theoc.,  Str.).

    *DER σταχυ-ηρός 'bearing ears' (Thphr.), -ώδης 'ear-like, full of ears' (Thphr.,  Nonn.), -ivog 'of ears' (Olympia), -ἴτις [f.] (also -itn¢ [m.]) plant name (Ps.-Dsc.),  -dopat 'to develop into an ear' (Dsc.).

    *ETYM Traditionally connected with ON stinga, OE stingan 'to sting', nominal OHG stanga [f.] 'stick, pole, bar', MHG stunge 'prickle', Lith. stangus 'stiff, fixed', stanga  [f.] 'effort', sténgti 'to be able', stingti 'to harden', Latv. stifigt 'id... The Germanic  words reflect *steng'-u-, of which στάχυς would be a zero grade *stng'-u-. The  appurtenance of the Baltic forms is doubtful, since their accentuation seems to  require a reconstruction *steng-, in which case they cannot be related. However, the  variant ▶︎ ἄσταχυς (see s.v. and Kretschmer Glofta 21 (1933): 89) rather suggests that  the Greek word is of substrate origin (see also Fur.: 373). Cf. ▶︎ στόνυξ and ▶︎ στόχος.

XXXXXστέαρ, στέατος [n.] (standing) fat, tallow' (the opposite of ▶︎ πιμελή), also 'dough' = σταῖς (Od., Hp., X., Arist., etc.). IE *steh,-ur>

    *VAR  στέᾶρ (com., see LSJ Supp.), στῆρ, στῆτος (Hell. pap. et al.).

    *DER Diminutive otedt-tov [n.] (Alex., Paul. Aeg.), -ώδης 'tallowy' (Hp., Arist. et al.),  τινος 'of tallow, of dough' (Aesop.), τωμα [n.] 'tallow formation, fat tumor', hence  -wpatiov [n.] (medic.), -ἶται πλακοῦντες 'flat cakes' (H.) as a gloss to πίονες; oteat-όομαι [v.] 'to be tallowed' (LXX), 'to suffer from a fat tumor' (Hippiatr.); also ote-  άζω 'to tallow' (Al.).

===Pag_1444: Beekes_Página_1444.tiff=== XXXXXστείβω 1393

    *ETYM The word otédp < "στῆ-Εαρ < PGr. *std-ur. A heteroclitic noun like πῖαρ,  οὖθαρ, etc. (Schwyzer: 518, Benveniste 1935: 19, 27 and 169), from *steh,- 'to stand';  see ▶︎ ἵστημι. No exact correspondences outside Greek. The words ▶︎ σταῖς 'dough'  and ἀγχιστῖνος (s.v. ▶︎ ἄγχι) are unrelated.

XXXXXotéyw [v.] 'to cover, defend, avert, keep closed, bear, sustain' (post-Hom.).

    *VAR Also aor. στέξαι (PIb. et al.), στεχθῆναι (VIP).

    *COMP Also with ἀπο-, etc. Further in otéy-apyoc [m.] 'housemaster' (Hdt. et al.);  often as a second element, e.g. in ὑπό-στεγος 'under a roof, covered' (Emp., PI, 5. et  al.).

    *DER otey-vdc 'covered, waterproof, clogged' (Ion., E., X., etc.), hence -νότης [f.]  'thickness, stoppage' (Hp.), -νόω (ἀπο-, etc.) 'to thicken, stop', -νωσις [f.], -νωτικός  (Hell. and lat). Substantivized otéyvn, Dor. Aeol. -a [f] 'roof, cope, covered place,  house, room' (Alc, Gortyn, IA). Also otey-avdc 'covering, watertight' (Att),  -ανότης [f.] (Eust.), -avow 'to cover' (Hell. and late), -avwpata: τὰ ἐν τοῖς τοίχοις, οἱ  λεγόμενοι σύνδεσμοι 'things in the walls of a house, the so-called bonds' (H.); -άνη  [f.] 'cover' (AP); -avicat (cod. -i-) στέγῃ ὑποδεχθῆναι 'be received in a room' (H.). Furthermore στεκτικός 'for keeping the water out' (PL, etc.), στέγωσις [f] (to an  unattested *oteyow) 'the roofing' (pap. III?), cf. στέγ-νωσις, -ao(a)tc.

XXXXXστέγος [n.] 'roof, house' (trag., also Hell. and late prose); in compounds adapted to otéyw (cf. Schwyzer 513): οὐρανο-στεγής 'bearing the sky (A. Fr. 312 = 619 M.). Derivations from στέγη (στέγος): στεγ-ὕλλιον [n.] 'hut' = 'workshop' (Herod.); -itic [f.] = πόρνη (Poll, H.); στεγ-άζω, -άσαι 'to cover, roof (1A), also with ἀπο-, κατα-, etc thence -ac(o)tc, -αξις (ἀπο-) [f.] 'covering' (Epid., Delos IV-II', etc.), see Schwyzer: 271, Chantraine 1933: 281), -aopia (ἀπο-, κατα-, 11po-) [n.] 'cover, cope' (PL, X., etc.), -αστήρ [m.] 'coverer, tile' (Poll. H. as a gloss on σωλήν), -αστρίς [f.] 'covering, cope' (Hat. et al.), -aotpov [n.] 'covering, cope, container' (A., Antiph., εἴς). Also τέγος [n.] = στέγος (Οά.; not in trag.), hence τέγ-εοι (θάλαμοι Ζ 248, δόμοι Emp. 142) mg. not quite clear: 'under a roof (= 'upstairs'), 'roofed'; cf. 5. Schmid 1950: 39; τεγ-ίδιον [n.] designation of a garment for women (Tanagra and pap. III*); also τέγη [f.] = τέγος (Vett. Val., H.).

    *ETYM The form otéyw is a primary thematic present; non-present forms are late  and rare. It derives from PIE *(s)teg- with s-mobile (see LIV? s.v.), attested in the  Latin thematic present fegé 'to cover', perf. téxi, and in Olr. feg, gen.sg. tige 'house' <  *tegos- [n.], OHG dah, ON pak [n.] 'roof < *togo-, OPr. stogis, Lith. stdgas [m.] <  *stogo- with Winter's Law. Skt. sthagati (Dhatup.), sthagayati 'to cover, conceal' are  unrelated (Kuiper 1954: 249). Borrowed as Lat. stega 'cover' (from στέγη), segestre,  -rum, tegestrum 'cover made of skin' (from otéyaotpov).

XXXXXστείβω [v.] 'to tread (on something), densify by treading, trod, trample' (A 534, Y 499, epic poet.). 41E*steib- 'get stiff, fix'>,

===Pag_1445: Beekes_Página_1445.tiff===

    *VAR  Only pres. except aor. κατ-έστειψας (S. OC 467; not quite certain), verbal adj. στιπτός (vl. -et-) 'trodden solid, solid, hard' (S., Ar.), ἄνστιπτος 'untrodden' (S.;.also  OGI 606?).

    *COMP Rarely with prefix, e.g. ἐπι-, κατα-.

    *DER στοιβή [f.] 'stuffing, cushion, bulge, etc'; often as a plant name 'Poterium  spinosum', the leaves of which were used for stuffing (Hp. Ar. Arist., Epid. [IV'],  etc.), στοιβ-ίον 14. (Dawkins JHS 56 (1936): 10), -άς = στιβάς, -ηδόν 'crammed'  (comm. Arist.), στοιβ-άζω 'to fill, stuff (Hdt, LXX et al.), rarely with δια-, whence  -αστός, -αστής, -ασις, -άσιμος, -ασία (Hell. and late). Zero grade of the root in: στίβος [m.] '(trodden) road, path, footstep, trail' (epic Ion. poet. since h. Merc.), fuller's workshop' (pap. III*), whence στιβάς, -άδος [f.] 'bed of  straw, reed or leaves, mattress, bed, grave' (IA), -ἀδιον [n.] 'id'. (Hell. and late),  -adevw 'to use like straw' (Dsc.). Further στιβεύς [m.] 'hound' (Opp.), 'fuller' (pap.),  = ὁδευτής (H.), -edw 'to track (Ὁ. S., Plu, H.), = πορεύεσθαι CH.) with -eia [f.]  'tracking, etc. (Ὁ. 5. et al.), -eiov [n.] 'fuller's workshop' (pap.), -ευτής [m.] 'hound'  (Sostrat. apud Stob.); also -in = -eia (Opp; metrically conditioned). στιβική [f.]  'fuller's tax' (pap. III*); στιβάζω 'to enter, track, etc', -ασις [f.] (late); ἐστίβηται  [perf.pass.] 'has been tracked' (S. Aj. 874; to στιβέω or -dw); ἄ-στιβ-ος 'unentered'  (AP), often -ἧς 'id? (A, 5.. also X. et al.), τητος 'id' (Lyc. et al; cf. ἐστίβηται); Στίβων  name of a dog (X. Cyn.). στιβαρός 'solid, compact, massive, strong' (IL, epic poet., also Hell. and late prose);  like βριαρός, etc; -apnddv [adv.] 'compact' (late). With a long vowel we find otifn [f.] 'ripe' (Od., Call.), -ἥεις (Call.); on the mg,, cf. πάγος, πάχνη to ▶︎ πήγνυμι.

    *ETYM Related to Arm. stép, gen. -oy 'frequent, incessant, permanent' (adj. and adv.),  with stip-em 'to press, urge', -aw, -ov 'quick, diligent(ly)' < PIE *stoibo- or *steibo-. Perhaps also related to Lith. stiebas 'mast(tree), pillar, stalk', stdibis 'lower shank,  supporting post', if the accent, which points to root-final *-b-, is old. Similar words  with root-final *-p- in other Indo-European languages resemble the Greek root: Lat. stipdre 'to compress, surround' (sometimes connected to the Corinth. PN =tinwv, IG  4, 319); Lith. stipti, sg. stimpd 'to stiffen, grow rigid', stipris 'strong', stiépti 'to  stretch'; OE stif, MHG stif 'stiff, erect' < *steifa-, MLG stivele 'support', ON stifla 'to  dam'. With *-b'-, we find CS stvbio 'stem, stalk', Latv. stiba 'staff, rod' and, within  Greek, στῖφος, with a mg. that resembles that of στείβω. The exact relation between  the roots *steib-/*steib'-/* steip- is uncertain.

XXXXXστειλειή -οστελεά.

XXXXXστεῖρα 1 [adj.] 'infertile', of cows, goats, women, also metaph. (Od. Hp. Hell. and late), 'virginal' (Lyc., Luc.).

    <IE *ster-ih, 'infertile'>

    *VAR  Secondary oteipos (E. Andr. 711 as vl. to στερρός), εὐνούχους στείρους (Man.),  κατάστειρος (Vett. Val.), cf. κάτ-ισχνος, etc.

    *DER στειρ-ώδης '(looking) infertile' (Hp.), oteip-dopa, [v.] 'to become infertile'  (LXX, Phld., Ph. et al.), with -wouc, -wtixdc; -εύω [v.] 'to be infertile' (Gal.).

===Pag_1446: Beekes_Página_1446.tiff=== XXXXXστείχω 1395

    *ETYM Formation like πίειρα, χίμαιρα, μοῖρα, εἴς. (Schwyzer: 494, Chantraine 1933:  98). An old term for an infertile animal, also used for infertile women. Similar  formations are reflected in Arm. sterj 'infertile' < *ster-i- (cf. anurj beside ὄνειρος)  and Skt. stari- 'infertile cow'< *ster-ih,. Further cognates are Lat. sterilis 'infertile',  with -ilis from gracilis, fertilis, etc. (Leumann Glotta 42 (1964): 118), Go. stairo [f.]  'infertile woman', Alb. shtjerré 'young cow, lamb'. See ▶︎ στερεός, ▶︎ στέριφος.

XXXXXστεῖρα 2 [f.] 'foremost part of the keel, stem' (A 482 = B 428), = τὸ ἐξέχον τῆς πρῴρας ξύλον κατὰ τὴν τρόπιν 'wood of the prow projecting towards the keel' (H.).

    *VAR Enlarged στείρωμα = τρόπις 'keel' (H.).

    *DER ἀνά-στειρος 'with the prow pointing up, with a high stem' (PIb.).

    *ETYM An old feminine formation (cf. especially semantically close np@pa), beside  ▶︎ στερεός 'stiff, hard'; thus perhaps originally denoting the 'hard, solid part' vel  sim.? The word may be identical to ▶︎ στεῖρα 1 'infertile'.

XXXXXστείχω [v.] 'to march (in), rise, draw, go' (IL, epic Ion. poet., also Aeol. prose).

    <IE  *steig'- 'stride'>

    *VAR otixw (Hat. 3, 14; conjecture in 5. Ant. 1129 ex H.), them. aor. στιχεῖν (sigm. aor. περί-στειξας ὃ 277).

    *COMP With prefix, e.g., ἀπο-, dta-, ἐπι-, mpoo-. As a second element e.g. in μονό-  στιχος 'consisting of one verse' (Plu.), as -στοιχος in e.g. τρί-στοιχος 'consisting of  three rows' (μ 91), -εἰ [adv.] 'in three rows' (K 473), μετα-στοιχεί mg. unclear ('¥ 358  and 757); σύ-στοιχος 'belonging to the same row, coordinated, corresponding'  (Arist, εἴς).

    *DER From this, probably deverbative, comes στιχάομαι 'id. in 3plipf. ἐστιχόωντο  (I, Theoc., Nonn.), also with περι-, ovv-; pres. στιχόωνται (Orph.), act. στιχόωσι,  ptc. ntr.pl. -dwvta (Hell. and late epic); ὁμοστιχάει [3sg.pres.] 'escorted' (Ὁ 635),  from *6u6-oT1xo¢ or for ὁμοῦ oT.?  Nominal derivations: A. στίχες [f-pl.], στιχός [gen.sg.] 'rank(s), file(s)', especially of  soldiers, 'battle array, line of battle' (epic poet. since I1.). B. στίχος [m.]} 'file, rank', of soldiers, trees, etc., often of words, 'line' in verse and  prose (Att., etc.). στιχ-άς [f.] 'id? only in datpl. στιχάδεσσι (Epigr.). Diminutive  τίδιον (Plu.); -άριον 'coat, tightly fitting garment' (pap.). Adjectives in -ινος, -ἰκός,  τήρης and -ηρός, adv. -ηδόν (late). Hence στιχ-ίζω [v.] 'to arrange in rows' (LXX; ν... OTOLX-), -ἰστής, -ἰσμός (Tz.); περιστιχίζω 'to surround' (A.), also περιστοιχίζω 'to  fence in all around with nets (net-poles), to ensnare' (D.,, Plb., etc.). C. στοῖχος [m.] 'file or column of soldiers, choir members, ships, etc., layer of  building stones, row of trees, poles, etc.' (IA), hence στοιχ-άς [f.] 'arranged in rows',  of ἐλᾶαι (Sol. apud Poll. et 4].), -ἀδες (νῆσοι) name of a group of islands near  Massilia (A. R., εἴς); here also the plant name στοιχάς (Orph., Dsc.) and -αδίτης  οἶνος 'wine spiced with σ᾿ (Dsc.). Cult names of Zeus and Athena: -αἴος (Thera),  -αδεύς (Sikyon), -eia (Epid.), referring to the arrangement in phylai. Further  adjectives in -ιἰαῖος 'measuring one row' (Att. inscr.), -1Kd¢ (late); adverb -nddv  (Arist., etc.), -ηδίς (Theognost.) 'line by line'. Verbal derivations: ototy-éw 'to form a  row, to stand in file and rank, to match, agree, be content, follow' (X., Att. inscr.,

===Pag_1447: Beekes_Página_1447.tiff===

Arist. Hell. and late), also with περι-, συν- etc., hardly deverbative in view of the mg.; -στοιχούντως 'matching, consequent' (Galatia, Aug. time). στοιχ-ίζω 'to arrange.in a line, order' (A. Pr. 484 and 232, X. et al.), often with mepi-, also δια- and xata-; thence -ἰσμός (Poll.). D. στοιχεῖον, often plur. -eia [n.] 'letters in free-standing, alphabetical form' (of γράμματα: 'character, script'), also 'principles; component, element' (Ρ]., Arist., etc.), 'heavenly bodies, elementary spirits, natural demons, magic means' (late and Byz.); also 'shadow-line' as a measure of time (Att. com.), cf. σκιὰ ἀντίστοιχος (E. Andr. 745); the original meaning is 'object in a row' vel sim. (on the formation cf. σημεῖον, μνημεῖον, ἐλεγεῖον, etc.); on the development of the mg, which is in many ways unclear, see Burkert Phil. 103 (1959): 167ff. With references, στοιχει-ώδης 'belonging to the στοιχεῖα, elementary' (Arist., etc.), of barley 'in several rows' as opposed to ἄ- στοιχος πυρός (Thphr.), so either the same as ototx-wdr¢ or a misspelling of it. στοιχει-όω [v.] 'to introduce to the principles' (Chrysipp. et al.), 'to equip with magical powers, charm' (Byz.), also -wotc, -ωμα, -ωτής, -ωτικός (Epicur., Phld. et al.), -ωματικός (Ps.-Ptol.), see Mugler 1958-1959: 380f.

    *ETYM The full grade thematic present oteiyw agrees exactly. with Go. steigan 'to go  up', Olr. tiagu 'to stride, go' < IE *stéig'-. A nasal present is reflected in Lith. stigti 'to  lack, be absent', 3pres. stifiga < *stig*-, OCS 1sg. po-stigng 'to get in, reach, hit' <  *steig'-, and a yod-present in Lith. steigti, 3pres. steigia 'to organize, (dial.) want,  hurry'. Further, OHG steg [m.] 'small bridge', ON stig [n.] 'step' < PGm. *stigaz <  PIE *stig*-o- (= στίχος), OE stige [m. i] 'going up, down', ON stigr [m.] 'path'. Also,  Alb. shteg 'footpath', Go. staiga, OHG steiga [f.] 'mountain-path, road', Latv. staiga  [f.] 'course' < *stoig'-o-.

XXXXXστελεά [f.] 'shaft of an axe, hack, hammer, etc.' (Hom.), 'cavity for the shaft' in -ειή (φ 422) and -ed (Aen. Tact.), acc. to Bérard REGr. 68 (1955): 8f. and Pocock AmJPh. 82 (1961): 346ff. with Eust., H. and EM. 4 IE *stel- 'stalk, shaft'>

    *VAR -εή (A. R.), στειλειή (φ 422; ν.1. Nic. Th. 387); -εόν (Aen. Tact., Babr.), στειλειόν  (ε 236) [n.]; -ed¢ and -ειός [m.] (Att. inscr.); -εός or -εόν (Hell. and late); στειλεός  (Hp. with v.L), στειλειός (Aesop.), gen. -ειοῦ (Nic. Th. 387 as a v.L).

    *DER στειλει-άριον (Eust.) and the denominative ptc. ἐστελεωμένος 'provided with a  shaft' (AP). Further στέλεχος [n., m.] 'the end of the stem at the root of a tree, stump, log, stem,  branch' (Pi. IA); on the mg. see Stroémberg 1937: 95ff. Also in πολυ-στελέχ-ης  (Thphr.), -ος (AP) 'with many stems' (cf. Stroémberg 1940: 103f.). From this στελέχια-  πρέμ«νρια 'stumps' (H.), -wén¢ 'stem-like' (Thphr., Dsc.), -ιαῖος 'serving as a stem'  (Gal.), -ηδόν 'according to the kind of stem' (A. R. 1, 1004 as a vl. for στοιχηδόν).

XXXXXστόλος [m.] 'rostrum' (Pi. trag.), 'outgrowth, stump, appendage' (Arist.), if not related to στόλος 'equipment', see s.v. ▶︎ στέλλω.

    *ETYM For the formation of στελεά, cf. δωρεά, γενεά, and for -edc, -εόν, cf. κολ-εός,  -edv; στειλ-ειή is like ἀρ-ειή, νευρ-ειή (otetA- may be due to metrical lengthening;  see Schwyzer: 4693, Risch 1937: 131, and Chantraine 1933: 51 and 91). For στέλεχος,  which may also be a metrical variant, cf. τέμαχος, etc. (Schwyzer: 496, Chantraine  1933: 403).

===Pag_1448: Beekes_Página_1448.tiff=== XXXXXστέλλω, -ομαι 1397 Both στελεά, -εός, -εόν, and στέλεχος are based on an unknown, probably nominal basis, perhaps an s-stem "στέλος (Schulze 1892: 175), which may be related to Arm. stein, pl. stetun-k' 'stem, shaft, stalk, twig' and to OE stela [m.] 'stalk of a plant', ON stjol 'stalk' < stel-; see further s.v. ▶︎ στέλλω and ▶︎ στήλη.

XXXXXστέλλω, -ομαι [v.] 'to put in order, make ready; to equip or dress with weapons, clothes, etc. to prepare (for a journey), dispatch'; also 'to furl, take in the sails, tie up, constrain'; med. especially 'to summon, fetch, prepare (for a journey), set off (also act. intr.), also 'to put on (clothes)' (IL).

    *VAR Aor. στεῖλαι, -ασθαι (1].), Aeol. ano-, ἐπι-στέλλαι, fut. στελ-έω (B 287 et al.), -@,  -odpat (Att.); aor. pass. σταλ-ῆναι (Pi. IA), -θῆναι (Hell.), perf. pass. ἔσταλμαι (IA),  act. ἔσταλκα (Att.), ἔστολα (gramm.).

    *COMP With the prefixes ἀπο-, dta-, ἐπι-, Kata-, περι-, συν-, ὑπο-. As a second  member eg. in idt6-ctoAgg 'having one's own equipment, equipped at one's own  expense, making one's own journey' (Plu. et al.), πυγο-στόλος epithet of γυνή (Hes. Op. 373); on the mg. see Martinazzoli Par. del pass. 15 (1960); 203ff.; vav-otoA-éw [v.]  'to send on a ship; to navigate, steer (a ship) (Pi, S., E., late prose), ναύ-στολος only  A. Th. 858 (lyr.); cf. vav-payéw, oivo-yoéw εἴς, in Schwyzer: 726); ἀκρο-στόλοιον [n.]  'decorated end of the rostrum' (Callix, Str., D. S., etc.); ἀπόστολ-ος (to ἀπο-στέλλω)  [m.] 'envoys, fleet expedition' (1A), 'apostle' (LXX, NT). As a second member e.g. in  μελανό-στολος 'with a black garment' (Plu.).

    *DER στόλος [m.] 'equipment (of a campaign), campaign by water and by land, fleet,  army, troop, legion, march' (Pi., IA). στολή [f.] 'armor', usually 'dress, garment'  (IA), 'obstruction, pressure, constraint' (Epicur., medic.), on Aeol. σπόλα cf. below;  also ἀπο-, Sta- ἐπι-στολή etc. (to ἀπο-στέλλωλ) 'sending, extension, mission, letter'  (IA, etc.), with ἀποστολ-εύς [m.] 'official for equipping and dispatching the fleet'  (Att.), etc., see BoShardt 1942: 53f. From στολή derive the diminutive στόλ-ιον [n.] (Delos II', AP et al.), στολ-άς [f.]  'jacket' (Ael.); otoA-ic [f.] 'dress', plur. 'folds' (E., Arist., etc.), further -idtov, -ἰδώδης,  -ddopat, -iSwpa, -ἰδωτός,  From στολή and στόλος: στολ-ίζω [v.] 'to put in order, equip, dress' (Hes. Op. 628,  E., Hell. and late), also with xata-, ovv-, ὑπο-; thence -ἰσις, -lopa, ισμός, -LoTI\C,  -ἰστήριον, -toteia; στολ-άζομαι [v.] 'to dress' in éotoAdéavto (metrical inscy. Marathon ΠΡ; cf. Schwyzer: 672). στολμός [m.] 'equipment, clothing' (A., E.). στέλμα-: στέφος, στέμμα 'crown, wreath, garland' (H.); στελμονίαι: ζώματα 'loin-  cloths' (H.) (= X. Cyr. 6, 1); cf. ἁρμονία, etc. éni-, διά-, dmd-otadya [n.] 'public  mission, etc.' (Thphr., pap.). διασταλ-μός [m.] 'assessment' (pap. VIP). στάλ-σις [f.]  'obstruction' (Gal.), διά-στάλ-σις 'destination, treaty' (LXX). dva-, δια-, mept-, etc. -σταλτικός (late).

    *ETYM A few attestations, at least some of which appear to be Aeolic, show initial on-  : σπελλάμεναι: στειλάμεναι; σπολεῖσα: σταλεῖσα; εὔσπολον: εὐείμονα, εὐσταλέα;  κασπέλλει (cod. -ἐλη): στορνύει (all H.); σπόλα = στολή (Sapph.); κασπολέω (-σπελ-  2): ὑποστορέσω (Sapph., H.). This has been taken to indicate that IA oteA-, Aeol. σπελ- reflects PIE sk'el-. Bechtel 1921, 1: 125f. (cf. Hamm 1957: 15?) proposes that the  PIE roots *stel- 'send' and *sk'el- 'equip' merged in IA, but the evidence for a root

===Pag_1449: Beekes_Página_1449.tiff===

sk'el- is very meager. The forms σπόλα and εὔσπολος may instead reflect PIE spel- 'split' (see ▶︎ σπολάς). A PIE root stel- is attested in Arm. stetc-anem, aor. stetc-i [v.] 'to prepare, create' (with unexplained c), Alb. shtiell [v.] 'to wind up, reel up, collect' < PIE stel-n-, OCS po-stolati, 1sg. po-steljo 'to spread', OPr. stallit 'to stand'; see LIV' s.v. stel- and Derksen 2008 s.v. stolati. Perhaps PGm. staljan- 'to put, etc' (in G stellen and cognates) is related as well, but it may also be a denominative from PGm. stalla- 'place, etc., which could derive from sth,-d'lo- instead.

XXXXXστελύπην [f.] ἀσφοδελόν 'asphodel' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. The gloss is doubted by BELG. The suffix -vn- may indicate Pre-  Greek origin (cf. Pre-Greek, suffixes).

XXXXXστέμβω [v.] = κινῶ συνεχῶς (EM), 'to shake ceaselessly' (A. Fr. 440 = 635 M., also EM et al as an explanation of ἀστεμφής), 'to abuse, vilify' (Eust.).

    *VAR Enlarged στεμβάζειν: λοιδορεῖν, χλευάζειν 'to revile, jeer at' (H.), -ἀξαι: ὑβρίσαι  'run riot' (EM), -doeic: howipiat 'railers' (H.); ἀστέμβακτον (κλέος, Euph.) =  ἀκίνητον ἢ βέβαιον ἢ τετιμημένον 'motionless or immovable, firm, honored' (Et. Gud.); unclear ἀστέμβακτα τιμωρουμένη (γος 1117); also ἀστεμβής: ἀθαμβής,  ἀτάραχος fearless, calm' (H.).

    *DER στόβος: λοιδορία, ὄνειδος 'jeering, reproach' (Lyc., H.), στοβάζειν' κακολογεῖν  'to slander', -ασμάτων: λοιδοριῶν 'jeering' (H.), (ém-)otoBéw 'to mock, taunt' (A. R.,  Epic. anon., EM). With aspirate: ἀστεμφής = ἀμετακίνητος (H.), 'unshakable, firm' (epic Il.). On  > στέμφῦλα [n.pl.] 'squeezed olives or grapes, mass of olives or grapes' (IA), see s.v.

XXXXXστόμφος [m.] 'bombastic, high-flown speech' (Longin.), -ἄξ, -ἄκος [m.] 'bombastic speaker, loud-mouth' (Ar. Nu. 1367; from Aesch.), -άζω [v.] 'to speak bombastically, talk big' (Ar. et al.), also -ασμός, -αστικός (Eust.); στομφ-όω 'id' (Phid.), -ώδης, -ός (sch.). στόμβος = βαρύηχος, βαρύφθογγος 'deep-voiced' (Hp. apud Gal.).

    *ETYM The word στέμβω preserves the meaning 'to push violently, shake ceaselessly'. This yielded 'to maltreat, revile, ridicule' in στέμβω, -άζω, στόβος, and -éw. Hence  the meaning of στόμφος, -αξ, etc. Possibly related to the Germanic deverbatives OHG stampfon, MLD stam pen, OSw. stampa, etc. 'to smash' < PGm. *stamp- < PIE *stomb-. The Greek forms without a  nasal may point to a nasal present. For the forms with an aspirate, influence of  ▶︎ στέφω 'to honor' has been assumed. More plausibly, the variants with and without  a nasal and the variants with an aspirate could be interpreted as evidence for Pre-  Greek origin. See ▶︎ ἀστεμφής.

XXXXXστέμφυλον [n.] mass of olives from which the oil has been pressed (Ar.).

    *VAR στέμφῦλα [n.pl.] (rarely sg.) 'squeezed olives or grapes, mass of olives or  grapes' (IA), with στεμφυλ-ίτιδες τρύγες 'mass of grapes for wine' (Hp.), -ic 'id. (Ath.), -ίας οἶνος (pap. III").

    *ETYM A full grade variant of ▶︎ σταφυλή 'grape'. No further etymology; perhaps Pre-  Greek, if the -- is interpreted as prenasalization.

===Pag_1450: Beekes_Página_1450.tiff=== XXXXXστένω 1399

XXXXXστενός [adj.] 'narrow, close, small, tight, slim' (IA). <?>

    *VAR  Ion. στεινός, Aeol. (gramm.) otévvoc.

    *COMP Often as a first member, e.g. στενωπός, see ▶︎ ὀπή.

    *DER στενό-της (Ion. -et-) [f.] 'narrowness, tightness' (IA); back-formation oteivoc  (epic Il.) for otévog (A. Eu. 521 [lyr.]) [n.] 'narrowness, narrow room, throng,  distress'. Denominative verbs: στείνομαι 'to be narrowed, crowd, be crowded' (epic IL.), rarely  with év-, ἀμφι, περι-, a back-formation with only present and ipf. forms. Act. oteivw  'to narrow, crowd (Nonn., Orph.) is rare and late. otevdopat (-et-), 'to become  narrow' (Hell. and late), also -όω 'to make narrow', often with ano-; thence -wotc,  τῶμα, -ωτικός (late.). στενυγρός 'narrow' (Ion.) with otevvyp@oai [aor.] 'to  contract' (Hp. apud Gal.); TN Στενύ-κληρος 'narrow piece of land' (Hdt. 9, 64). Probably also στάνει' <o>teivetai, συμβέβυσται 'to become narrow, cram' (H.), with  unclear root vocalism.

    *ETYM The alternation στενός : στεινός : otévvog (and also Att. στεν(Ε)ό-τερος,  -τατος instead of -w-) points to PGr. *otevféc, a thematic enlargement of the u-stem  otevv- continued in otevv-ypdc and Στενύ-κληρος (Chantraine 1933: 122). No cognates outside Greek are known. Cf. Chantraine 1933: 226, Fur.: 226 ('nicht  sicher erklart'), and DELG ('L'étymologie de ce groupe de mots reste obscure.'). The form στενυγρός may have a Pre-Greek suffix (see Pre-Greek, Suffixes under yp:    tavaypic, βάλαγρος, γήλιγρος).

XXXXXστένω [v.] 'to moan, drone, groan, lament', also trans. 'to mourn, bewail' (IL, epic poet., also late prose). IE *(s)ten- 'groan'>

    *VAR Rarely med. -opa, only pres. and ipf.

    *COMP Also with prefix, eg. ava-, ἐπι-, μετα-, ὑπο-. Compounds eg. ἀγά-στονος  'moaning loudly, roaring' (Od. et al.).

    *DER A number of root enlargements is found, part of which is metrically  conditioned (Schwyzer: 105, 736; Chantraine 1942: 112): στεν-άζω, aor. -άξαι, fut. -άξω, also with ἀνα-, ἐπι-, etc. (poet. also Hdt., D., LXX, Plu.); στεν-άχω, -άχομαι,  -axéw, -αχῆσαι, -αχίζω, -αχίζομαι, also with dva-, ἐπι-, mepi-, etc. (mostly epic II.), all  meaning 'to sigh, groan'; on these formations see Schwyzer: 702, Chantraine 1942:  330. The following words derive from στένω: Στέν-τωρ [m.] PN (E 785; Benveniste 1948:  54). στόνος [m.] 'moaning, etc.' (IL, epic poet.); στονό-εις (στονόρεσαν [f-sg.] Corc. VI*) 'full of moaning, causing moaning, woeful' (IL, epic poet.). From στενάζω; στεναγ-μός [m.] 'the moaning, sighing (Pi, trag., Pl.), -μώδης (Paul. Aeg.); -pa [n.] 'id' (δ. E., Ar.), -ματώδῃς (Gal.). From otevaxw: στοναχή [f.] 14. (epic poet. IL), verb ctovayéw, -ax foal, -αχίζω, also  with ἐπι-, mapa-, etc. (epic poet. IL.), further, often as a v.L, στεναχέω, -αχίζω.

    *ETYM The full-grade thematic στένω agrees exactly with Skt. stanati 'to drone,  thunder', Lith. 1sg. stent, OE stenan 'to moan, groan' < PIE *sten-. A yod-present is  reflected in OCS stenjo, and with zero grade in OE stunian, ON stynja 'id.'. Further,  Skt. stan reflects an athem. ipf. < PIE *sten-t.

===Pag_1451: Beekes_Página_1451.tiff===

Perhaps related s-less forms are attested in Aeol. τέννει- στένει, βρύχεται * groans, roars' (H.), possibly < ten(h,)-ie/o- (as per Pinault 1982: 267), Skt. tanyati 'to sound loudly, thunder' < #(e)n-ie/o-, OE punian 'to sound, resound' < *tn-ie/o-, OE punor 'thunder', Lat. tonere 'to thunder'.

XXXXXστεργάνος [m.] - κόπρων 'place for dung' (H.), at an alphabetically incorrect position. <?>

    *ETYM No etymology; not related to Lat. stercus [n.] 'excrements',, W trwnk 'urine',  etc. On the accent, see Schwyzer: 520.

XXXXXστέργω [v.] 'to show affection, cherish sympaghy, love tenderly', of family members, of subordinates towards superiors and vice versa, etc. (rarely of physical love); 'to be content, content oneself (Thgn. IA). «ΑΚ Aor. στέρξαι, fut. στέρξω (IA), perf. ἔστοργα (Hdt.), pass. Zotepypar (Emp. AP), aor. στερχθῆναι (Lyc., Plu. et al.).

    *COMP ἀπο-στέργω 'to cease to love, abhor' (Terp., A., Theoc., LXX et al.). As a  second member, e.g. in φιλό-στοργος 'cherishing sympathy, loving tenderly', with  -éw, -ia (Att., Hell. and late).

    *DER στέργ-ηθρον [n.] 'love potion, love herb' as a plant name (Dsc.), see Strémberg  1940: 92 and 147, 'love' (A, E.); -ημα [n.] 'ove charm' (S.); στοργή [f.] 'affection,  love' (Emp., Antipho, rarely Hell. and late).

    *ETYM Possibly related to OCS stré5ti, strégo 'to guard, tend', but the *-t- of the Slavic  forms may be secondary in view of Lith. sérgéti 'to watch over, guard', in which case  the Greek form cannot be related. Sometimes also connected to Olr. serc, MW serch  'love, MBret. serch 'concubine' < PIE *sterk-eh,, but the different velar poses a  problem.

XXXXXotepeds [adj.] 'stiff, hard, firm, tenacious, steady, solid, normal', also of money and measures (II.), 'cubic' (see Mugler 1958-1959: 378f.), rarely 'infertile' (E, Arist.). «τε *ster- 'stiff, fixed'>

    *VAR Att. also στερρός.

    *COMP As a first member in otepeo-petp-ia [f.] 'the measuring of cubic bodies,  stereometry' (Pl. Epin., Arist. et al.).

    *DER στερε-ότης (-pp-) [f.] 'hardness, firmness', also 'infertility' (Pl. Arist., etc.)  otepe-dopat (-pp-), -dw [v.] 'to become, make firm, hard, to harden' (Hp., X., Arist.),  also with ἀπο-, kata-; thence στερέ-ωμα [n.] 'firmness, solid component, firmament'  (Hp., Arist., etc.), τωσις [f.] 'to harden' (LXX, Str. et al.), -ὠματίζω, -ωτικός, -ωτής,  Enlarged otepé-ivoc 'hard' (pap. I°), after nétpivoc, ξύλινος, etc; στέριφος 'hard,  firm, infertile' (Att. Arist, etc.), hence στεριφ-ότης (sch.), -όομαι [v.] 'to solidify'  (Ph.), -ώματα [n.pl.] 'solid foundation', -ευομένη: παρθενευομένη 'brought up as a  maiden' (H.), otepéuviog 'hard, firm, solid' (Pl. Epin., Epicur., Phid. et al.), -1wé6n¢  (Porph.), -ιόομαι (Zeno).

    *ETYM The word στερεός, whence Att. στερρός (Scheller 1951: 114; differently Forbes  Glotta 36 (1958): 269f.), probably reflects *otepeféc, a formation which agrees with  ἐτε(ε)ός, Keve(F)dc, etc. Leumann Glotta 42 (1964): 118 derives otepipog 'unfertile'

===Pag_1452: Beekes_Página_1452.tiff=== XXXXXστέρομαι 1401 from the root of στεῖρα, enlarged with the suffix -φο- that designates animal names (cf. ἔριφος, ἔλαφος, etc.), with a semantic change from 'infertile' to 'hard'. The formations above are based on the IE root ster-, attested in e.g. OHG stara-blint 'blind', OHG starén 'to stare', MoHG starr 'rigid'; ToB scire 'harsh' < ster- and ToA stare 'effort' < *storo-. The words ▶︎ στεῖρα 1 'infertile and ▶︎ στεῖρα 2 'stem' also belong here. Numerous further words may belong to the same family, with various formations and different enlargements: »otéppoc, ▶︎ στρηνής, ▶︎ στόρθυγξ, ▶︎ στηρίζω, ▶︎ στριφνός.

XXXXXστέρνον [n.] 'breast, chest', in Hom. always of the chest, also as a seat of emotions, 'heart' (I1., poet., also medic.). 41Ε sterh,- 'spread out', ster(h;)-no->

    *VAR Often plur. -a.

    *COMP εὐρύ-στερνος 'with a wide chest' (Hes. et al.), στερνο-τυπής 'beating the  chest' (E. [lyr.]), 1p6-otepvoc 'in front of the chest' (A.), to which mpootepv-idiov  (n.] 'harness (of horsesy' (X. et al.), also otepvidiov 'id.' (late).

    *DER Verbal derivations from hypostases or univerbations, e.g., ὑποστερν-ίζομαι 'to  fix under the chest' (Plu.); badotepvov. ὑπογάστριον 'paunch' (HL). Further  derivations are rare: στερνίτιδες: πλευραί 'sides (of a person, animal)' (Poll.),  στέρνιξ' ἐντεριώνη 'inmost part' (HL), like μόλιξ, ῥῆνιξ, etc; unclear is otépviov  'meat that is difficult to digest', cf. LSJ s.v.

    *ETYM Related to OHG stirna [f.] 'forehead' < *ster(h,)-n-ieh, and Ru. storond  'region, side' < PIE *stor(h,)-n-eh,. The root is probably that of ▶︎ στόρνυμι, i.e. *sterh,-. One might, however, also consider a reconstruction *ster-no- from the root  *ster- lay down' without a laryngeal, reflected in Skt. strndti 'lay down, destroy'; see  Narten MSS 22 (1967): 57-66, LIV? sv. *ster- and s.v. ▶︎ στρατός. The latter  reconstruction has the advantage that it would account for the absence ofa reflex of  a laryngeal in otépvov. However, the semantics seem to favor the former  reconstruction, even if the exact semantic development remains uncertain. The loss  of the laryngeal would be regular in this position, acc. to Van Beek 2009.

XXXXXotépopat [v.] 'to be robbed, lack, lose' (Hes., IA). «1Εἴ *ster- 'steal, rob'>

    *VAR Ipv. otapéotw (Delph. IV*)? Full grade with n-enlargement in ptc. otepeic (E.),  στερ-ηθῆναι (Pi, TA), fut. -σομαι, -ηθήσομαι (Att; στεροῦμαι And.), perf. ἐστέρημαι  (IA); act. 'to rob, snatch from': aor. στερ-ῆσαι (στερέσαι ν 262, pap. et al.), fut. -ἦσω  (otep® A. Pr. 862, -éow pap.), perf. ἐστέρηκα (Att.); pass. otepéw, simplex only ipv. στερείτω (PL), otherwise with ἀπο-, hence med. στερέομαι (Hell. and late); also  στερίσκω, -ομαι (Hdt., Att.), ano- (S.), aor. otepioa (metrical inscription Eretria IV-  Ill', AP; cf. ἀποστερίζω Hp.).

    *DER (ἀπο-)στέρησις [f.] 'robbery, confiscation' (Hp., Att. etc.), also -εσις (pap.),  after αἵρεσις, εὕρεσις etc. with στερ-ήσιμος, -έσιμος 'which can be confiscated' (pap. inser. II-III'), -ημα [n.] 'id' (Ps.-Callisth.), (ἀπο-)στερητικός 'robbing, removing,  negative, privative' (Ar, Arist, Hell. and late), στεριγτής [m.] who snatches or  withholds sth. from sbd., deceiver' (Pl. Arist, et al.), fem. -rytpic (Ar. Nu. 730;  parody).

===Pag_1453: Beekes_Página_1453.tiff===

    *ETYM The above forms probably all go back to the them. present στέρομαι. The  isolated ipv. Delph. σταρέστω, which Bechtel 1921, 2: 231 regards as a zero grade root  aorist, is better explained as regular from στερέσθω (with e > a before p in this  dialect). First, the then-intransitive aorist στερ-ῆναι, -ἦσομαι was formed from  στέρομαι (if it were old, we would expect zero grade otap-), and then -ηθῆναι,  -ηθήσομαι; later also the active στερ-ῆσαι (στερέσαι after ὀλέσαι, etc.), τήσω, etc.,  and finally otep-éw, -ioxw (cf. eg. εὑρ-ήσω, edp-ioxw). There are no certain  cognates. A possible connection is with MIr. serb 'theft', which can reflect *ster-ud.

XXXXXστεροπή [f.] 'lightning, gleam, shine' (epic II.).

    *VAR  Στερόπης [m.] name of a Cyclops (Hes,, Call.); otépoy 'glittering, lighting' (S. [lyr.]) is a back-formation after αἴθοψ.

    *COMP otepon-nyepéta, epithet of Zeus (H 298, Ὁ. S. Nonn.), after νεφεληγερέτα  (cf. Risch 1954: 394).

    *ETYM See ▶︎ ἀστεροπή.

XXXXXστέρφος [n.] 'skin, fur, hull' (A. R., Lyc., AP).

    *VAR  Also τέρφος (Nic.); also στρέφος: στρέμμα, δέρμα, βύρσα. Δωριεῖς 'band, skin,  hide (Doric) (H.) and ▶︎ ἔρφος.

    *COMP στερφό-πεπλος 'with a πέπλος made of skin' (Lyc.); uncertain μελάς«ν»-  στερφος 'with a black skin' (A. Fr. 370 = 721 M.).

    *DER otepgiva: deppativny. οἱ δὲ δέρματα Sveia ... 'leathern; the skin of an ass' (H.);  cf. στέρφνιον- σκληρόν, στερεόν 'hard, firm' (H.). Denominative verb: otep@-dw 'to  dress with skins' (sch.), hence -wtijpa [acc.] 'dressed in skins' (Ibyc.); also στρέφωσις  (for otépe-?)- κάλυψις ἀγγείων δέρματι γινομένη 'covering of vessels made of skin'

    *ETYM For the alternation between anlauting ot- and τ-, cf. on (σ)τέγος, etc; for the  formation, cf. eipoc, δέρος, πέκος, etc. Usually connected with the group of  ▶︎ στερεός 'hard, firm'; cf. βοέῃς ... στερεῇσι (1].), στερεὰ δέρματα (Pl.). Cognates  outside Greek are Ru. stérbnut' [v.] 'to become solid or hard; to die' < *strb"-, OCS  (u)strabiti 'to get better, recover' < *storb'-, ON stjarfi [m.] 'lockjaw, tetanus', stirfinn  'stubborn', OHG sterban 'to die' (< *'to become stiff) < *sterb"., MIr. ussarb 'death'  < *ud-sterb'-eh,, srebann [m.] 'skin'.

XXXXXστεῦται [3sg.pres.] usually translated 'to announce formally, declare oneself ready, promise, threaten, affirm', but cf. Meier-Briigger in DELG Supp. s.v., who pleads for a translation 'to be manifest'; see below.

    *VAR  Ipf. στεῦτο (Hom, A. R., A. Pers. 49 [anap.]), 3pl. στεῦνται (Maiist.), 1sg. στεῦμαι (conj. Orph.).

    *DER Myc. te-u-to [m.] PN = *2tevtwp (Meier-Briigger Glotta 70 (1992): 1)?

    *ETYM An archaic epic word, corresponding to Skt. stduti 'to praise, declare', stative  stave 'is praised', sigm. aor. astosta. Greek replaced the old stative ending *-o(7) with  middle *-to(i) in στεῦται. The original meaning is found in Hitt. iStuyéri [3sg.pres.]  'to be manifest; be announced' < *stu-6-ri (Kloekhorst 2008 s.v.). On the formation,  see Narten 1968: 9-19.

===Pag_1454: Beekes_Página_1454.tiff=== XXXXXστῆθος 1403 στέφω, -ομαι [v.] 'to surround closely, enclose tightly, encase, wreathe, honor (with libations)', in prose often otepavow. 4 IE *steg'"- 'crown'>

    *VAR Aor. otéwat, -ασθαι (IL), pass. στεφθῆναι, fut. otéyw, -ομαι, perf. ἔστεμμαι  (IA), ἐστεθμένος (Milete VI*); cf. στέθματα below.

    *COMP Also with περι-, ἐπι-, kata-, etc. As a second member in χρυσο-στεφής  'consisting of a golden garland' (S.), but mostly verbal, e.g. καταστεφ-ἤς 'wreathed'  (to κατα-στέφω, S., A. R.).

    *DER στέφος [n.] 'wreath, garland' (Emp., trag., late prose), metaph. 'honoring  libation' (A. Ch. 95); στέμμα, mostly plur. -ata [n.] 'band, wreath' (IL), also as an  ornament of Roman statues of ancestors, 'family tree' (Plu. Sen., Plin.), 'guild' (late  inscr.), with -ματίας epithet of Apollo (Paus.), -ματιαῖον mg. uncertain (H., AB),  -ματόω 'to wreathe' (E.); on the byform στέθματα' τὰ στέμματα 'wreathes' (H.), see  Schwyzer: 317. otéwic [f.] 'wreathing' (pap. III?); στεπτικόν [n.] 'wreath-money, -toll'  (pap. 1ΠΡ). στεπτήρια- στέμματα, ἃ οἱ οἰκέται ἐκ τῶν κλάδων ἐξῆπτον 'wreaths which  the slaves fastened from the branches' (H.); Στεπτήριον [n.] name of a Delphic  festival (Plu.). otepwv [m.] 'summit' (Ephesus III*), = ὑψηλός, ἀπόκρημνος 'high,  sheer' (H.); after κολοφών, etc στεφάνη [fi] 'fillet, edge of a helmet' also 'helmet'  (Triimpy 1950: 43 and Hainsworth JHS 78 (1958): 52), 'edge of a rock, pinnacle of a  wall (IL, epic poet., also Hell. and late prose). στέφανος [m.] 'wreath, frame, wreath  of victory or honor, honor' (since N 736) with several derivations: -ἰον, -ίσκος, -ic,  εἰκός, -taiog, -ίτης, -ἰτικός, -ίζω, -ίξαι; especially στέφαν-όομαι, -dw 'to form a  wreath, wreathe, crown, decorate, honor' (Il.), also with περι-, etc; thence -ωμα,  -WHATIKOG, -WOIG, -ωτής, -ωτίς and -wtpic, -ωτικός.

    *ETYM Not related to Skt. stabhnati 'to prop up', as is traditionally thought, since the  Sanskrit word reflects *stmb*-, it is neither related to OHG stabén 'to be fixed or  stiff, ON stafr 'staff, and cognates, since the mg. is hardly compatible. Lidén 1924:  224ff. connected MoP taj 'corona, diadema regium', Arm. ἔαρ 'id.' < PIE *(s)tog'"-o-,  which is followed by LIV? s.v.

XXXXXστῆθος [n.] 'breast, chest', also as the seat of emotions, 'heart' (Il.), metaph. 'ball of the hand, foot' (medic.), 'sandbank' (PIb., etc.). <?>

    *VAR Frequently plur. -ea, -1.

    *COMP στηθό-δεσμος, -ic, -ia, -η 'breast-band' (Poll. LXX, Hell. pap.), peyado-,  μικρό-στηθος 'with wide or narrow chest' (Mnesith. apud Orib.).

    *DER Diminutive στηθ-ίον (Alex., Arist., etc.), -idtov (Phryn.), -bviov (middle com.,  LXX); cf. χελύνιον 'lip, jawbone, etc... στηθ-αἴον 'breastwork' (sch.); perhaps  στηθίας: ὄρνις ποιός 'some bird' (H.); στηθ-ικός (Arist.), -ιαῖος (inscr. TV', sch.)  'belonging to the breast'; -ιστήρ [m.] 'breast-plate of a horse's harness' (gloss.), cf. βραχιονιστήρ 'armlet', etc.

    *ETYM As στῆθος is also Dor. and Aeol. (Sicyonic στᾶθος may have ἃ « 1); see  Thumb-Kieckers 1932: 129), the connection with »ἵστημι (Chantraine 1933: 421,  Benveniste 1935: 200) must be given up. The similarity to στήνιον- στῆθος (H.), Arm. stin, Skt. stdna- [m.] 'female breast', etc. is hardly coincidental. If cognate, the  relation between στήνιον and στῆθος would be like that of Lat. plénus 'full' to  πλῆθος 'multitude'.

===Pag_1455: Beekes_Página_1455.tiff===

XXXXXστήλη [Ff] 'column', e.g. for fixing a peace treaty, hence 'law, treaty'; also 'buttress' (IA since I].).

    *VAR  Dor. στάλα, Aeol. στάλλα.

    *COMP στηλο-γραφέω 'to write on a column' (Hell. and late).

    *DER Diminutives στηλ-ίον, -idtov, -ic, -idoc, -ύδριον (Hell. and late). στηλ-ίτης, fem. -ittc 'whose name is written on a column as a denouncement, publicly dishonored'  (Att.), 'column-shaped, belonging to columns' (Luc., AP), also -ἰτεύω, -ίτευμα (late). στηλ-όω, -όομαι 'to erect (a column), designate by columns, demarcate, write on a  column', also with dva-, kata-, év-, περι-: thence -wotc, -wua (Hell. and late).

    *ETYM Traditionally reconstructed as PGr. *otdA-va < PIE *st/-n- (on the treatment  of the group -Av-, see Schwyzer: 283f.), from!» στέλλω with a zero grade like in ἐπί-  σταλ-μα (see also ▶︎ στάλιξ). The same formation is found in OHG stollo [m. n]  'scafold, upport, post'. Risch 1937: 110 gives an alternative and more plausible  reconstruction *ota-cAa from the root of »ἵστημι, with the same suffix as eg. Lat. scdlae < *skand-slai. Borrowed into Lyc. as sttala (Kretschmer Glotta 28 (1940): 103).

XXXXXστῆμα 'στήμων.

XXXXXστήμων, -ονος [π|.} 'the warp in the upright loom, thread', also of a single thread (Hes.). «1Ὲ steh,- 'stand', steh,-mon->

    *VAR Dor. -ά- (AP).

    *COMP στημονο-νητικὴ τέχνη 'the art of spinning' (Pl.), χρυσο-στήμων 'with golden  threads, gold-stitched' (Lyd.); an o-stem is found in otnto-ppayéw 'to be unraveled  into threads' (A.) and μανό-στημος 'with thin warp' (A.).

    *DER στῆμα [n.] shaft or bearing in which the axle of a slip-hook works (Hero), 'the  exterior part of the membrum virile' (Ruf., Poll.). Diminutives otnpdv-tov (Arist.),  -iac κίκιννος 'thread-like curl' (Cratin.), -txé¢ 'belonging to the warp' (pap. III),  -ώδης 'warp-like' (Plu.), -ίζομαι 'to lay down the spokes of a web' (Arist.). Besides  στημν-ίον 'yarn, (weaving-)thread' (Delos III', Hell. pap.), cf. λιμέν-ιον to λίμνη  (Schwyzer: 524); with loss of the v: στημ-ίον (late pap.).

    *ETYM From PIE *steh,-mn-, related to Lat. stdmen [n.] 'thread, loom, warp', Skt. sthaman- [n.] 'standing-place', Go. stomin [dat.] = Gr. ὑπόστασις, OSw. stomme [m.]  'scaffolding, frame' < *stam-, and Lith. stomuo 'body shape, stature'. Cf. the o-grade  in otaut δοκὶς ξυλίνη 'wooden plank' (H.); with a zero grade, ▶︎ στάμνος and  ▶︎ σταμῖνες. See »ἵστημι.

XXXXXστήνια [n.pl.] 'festival in Athens before the Thesmophoria, where women uttered curses and insults' (Ar., H. , Phot.). <?>

    *DER στηνιῶσαι: βλασφημῆσαι, λοιδορῆσαι 'to slander' (H.).

    *ETYM No etymology; the relation to ▶︎ στήνιον is unclear.

XXXXXστήνιον [n.] - στῆθος 'breast' (H.).

    <IE *psten-o- ''breast'>

    *ETYM The word has been connected to Arm. stin < *pste/én- and Skt. stana- 'breast',  Av. fstana-; probably related to ▶︎ στῆθος.

XXXXXστηρίζω, -ομαι [v.] 'to support, establish, attach; to found, stand up, lean. on' (Democr,, E. et al.) <?>

===Pag_1456: Beekes_Página_1456.tiff=== XXXXXστίζω 1405

    *VAR Aor. -ίξαι, -ίξασθαι (IL), also -ίσαι, -ἰσασθαι (Hell. and late), pass. -ιἰχθῆναι  (Tyrt., εἴς), fut. -i&w, -Eopat, -iow, -1@, pass. -ιχθήσομαι, perf. med. ἐστήριγμαι, plpf. ἐστήρικτο (I1.), inf. ἐστηρίσθαι (LXX), act. ἐστήριχα (pap.).

    *COMP Often with prefix, e.g. ἀντι-, ἀπο-, év-, ἐπι-.

    *DER στῆριγξ, -ἰγγος [f.] 'support' (Lys., X. D. S. et al.), a back-formation like  σάλπιγξ (:-itw), στρόφιγξ, πλάστιγξ, εἴς, (ἀντι-, ἀπο-, ἐπι-, ὑπο-)στήριγμα [n.]  'support' (Hp., E., etc.), -ιτγμός (ἀντι-) [m.] 'support; standing firm, still (Arist. D. H., Ὁ. 5. et al.). -ἰξις (amo-) 'establishment, support' (Hp.). -ἰκτής [m.] 'support'  (sch.). -ικτικός 'standing firm, still' (Procl.).

    *ETYM As στῆριγξ is clearly a back-formation, the original formation may be  preserved in στῆρα' τὰ λίθινα πρόθυρα 'stone doorways' (H.), but the mg. of the  gloss is rather specific. Cf. also the PN Στῆρις (Milete, Bechtel KZ 46 (1914): 375). Probably related to στερεός and cognates, but the details remain unclear. Cf. also  > σκηρίπτομαι, which has a similar formation.

XXXXXστήτα [f.] = γυνή 'woman' (Theoc. Syrinx 14, Dosiad. Ara 1),

    *ETYM Jocular formation, created by scholars from A 6 διαστήτην (Leumann 1950:  112, Ruijgh 1957: 100f.).

XXXXXotia [f.] 'small stone, pebble' (A. R. 2, 1172). <?>

    *VAR otiov [n.] (Hp. apud Gal. 19, 140).

    *COMP πολύ-στϊος 'rich in pebbles' (Call., Nic.).

    *DER στιώδης 'like a pebble, stone-hard' (Gal.), στιάζει: λίθοις βάλλει 'throws with  stones' (H.).

    *ETYM This item formally agrees with Skt. stiydh [pl.] 'standing waters', but the  semantics are quite different. An intermediate meaning could be sought in Skt. styana- 'curdled, stiff. Other possible cognates are Go. stains [m.] 'stone' < PGm. *staina- < *steh.i-no-, OCS sténa, Ru. stend [f.] 'wall' < *steh,i-neh,.

XXXXXστιβαρός, στίβη, στίβος, etc. =oteipw.

XXXXXστῖβι --στῖμι.

XXXXXστίζω [v.] 'to stitch, tattoo, brand' (IA).

    *VAR Aor. otiEa, pass. στιχθῆναι, fut. στίξω, perf. pass. ἔστιγμαι.

    *COMP Also with prefix, e.g. kata-, περι-, Sta-. Also in περιστιγής 'variegated' (Nic.).

    *DER otiy-pa [n.] 'stitch, mark, brand' (Hes. Sc. 166, LA), also = δίγαμμα (F) as sign  for the number 6 (attempt at an explanation by Pisani RILomb. 73:2 (1939-40): 53)  with -ματίας [m.] 'branded one' (IA). (ém-, δια-)στιγ-μή [f.] 'mar, spot, point, tittle'  (IA) with -μιαῖος 'including just one point, without extension' (Hell. and late); -μός  [m.] 'stitch, brand' (A. [lyr.]). στίξις (διά-) [f.] 'stitching' (late). στιγ-εύς [m.]  'stitcher, brander' (Hdt.), 'brandiron' (Suid.), probably directly from the verb;  likewise -wv, -wvog [m.] 'branded one' (Ar. Fr. 97). στίγος [m.], τον [n.] 'point'  (Archim.). otix-tn¢ [m.] 'stitcher, brander' (Herod.); -τός (κατά-) 'spotted,  variegated' (trag., Arist., εἴς. ᾿

    *ETYM From PIE *(s)teig- 'to prick, sting' (see LIV s.v.): Go. stiks, OHG stih < PGm. *stiki- [m.] 'stitch', MoHG stechen 'to sting', Distel 'thistle (< PGm. *pthstila-);

===Pag_1457: Beekes_Página_1457.tiff===

denominative Lat. instigdre 'to incite, provoke' < steig-, stingud 'to extinguish' < steng- + -u-; Skt. dti stig- 'to penetrate', stegd- [m.] 'which stings', Y Av. stija [ins.sg.] 'with the tip (of the tusk)', Skt. tejate 'to sharpen' < *teig-e-to-, tiksnd- [adj.] 'sharp, keen-eyed', téjas- [n.] 'sharp edge (of knife), sharpness', YAv. bi-taéya- 'having two sharp edges', tiyra- 'cutting, pointed, sharp'.

XXXXXστίλβω [v.] 'to shine, gleam, shimmer (IL. epic poet., late prose).

    *VAR Rare and late aor. otiAwat.

    *COMP Also with ἀπο-, etc.

    *DER στίλβ-η [f.] amp (com.), Ἀττικοὶ δὲ ἔσοπτρον 'mirror (Att.) (H.); -ηδών,  -όνος [f.] 'brilliance, shimmer' (Thphr., Phld. et al.), cf. λαμπηδών; στίλψις [f.]  'sparkling' (Tz.); στιλβ-άς (γῆ) 'shimmering' (late), -αἷος = coloratus (gloss.), -ηδόν  [adv.] 'gleaming, sparkling' (Suid.). otiAB-wv, -ovtoc, -wvoc [m.] name of the planet  Mercury (Arist. et al.), see Scherer 1953: 8of. Further στιλβός 'gleaming' (Gal.), hence -ότης [f.] (vl for στιλπνότης Plu.); -dw 'to  make shine' (LXX, Dsc.), hence -wotc, τωμα, -ωθρον, -ωτής (LXX, Dsc. et al.). With  -π- also στιλπνός 'shining, sparkling' (E 351, Arist. et al.), hence -ότης (Gal., Plu. et  al.), -6w 'to polish' (Arr., Gal.), -ωτής (Lyd.); for the suffix cf. θαλπνός 'warming',  τερπνός 'delightful', etc; PN Στίλπων.

    *ETYM A connection to PCL. *stil-n- (MIr. sellaid, -sella looks', Olt. sell 'eye, iris'; W  syllu 'stare, gaze') seems far-fetched; no further cognates are known. If the root  variant στιλπ- is not secondary from otiAw-, the variation between -m- and -β- may  point to Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXotiAn [f.] 'drop' (Ar. V. 213), metaphorically 'small thing, moment'. <?>

    *ETYM Hardly related to Lat. stilla 'drop' (see De Vaan 2008 s.v.); no other  etymology.

XXXXXστιλπνός -οστίλβω.

XXXXXστῖμι [n.] 'powdered antimony, kohl, black make-up' (Ion trag., Antiph., LXX, Dsc., pap. et al.). «τὴν Eg >

    *VAR Also -μμ-, -t¢ [f], also στῖβι [n.].

    *DER στιμ(μ)-ίζω, -ίζομαι, στιβίζομαι 'to make oneself up with kohl' (LXX, Str. et al.),

XXXXXτισμα [n.].

    *ETYM Borrowed from Eg. stim, Copt. σθημ, στημ (Lewy 1895: 217). Borrowed from  Greek as Lat. stimi, stibi(um).

XXXXXστῖφος [n.] 'crowd packed closely together, troop of warriors, ships, etc.' (Hdt., A., Ar., ΤΉ, X. et al.).

    *DER στιφρός 'packed closely together, tight, compact' (Ar., X., Arist., Hell. and late)  with -ότης [f.] 'compactness' (middle com.), -dw 'to harden' (Ath., Eust.).

    *ETYM For the alternation στῖφος : στιφρός, compare e.g. αἶσχος : αἰσχρός, κῦδος :  κυδρός. The long root vowel may be secondary, like in otifn 'hoarfrost'. Sometimes  compared to *stib'- in CS stoblo 'stem, stalk', Latv. stiba 'staff, rod', and perhaps also  Skt. stibhi- [m.] 'bunch of flowers, bundle'. The semantics are, however, hardly  compelling. Semantically close to »oteiBw, but the different root-final poses a

===Pag_1458: Beekes_Página_1458.tiff=== XXXXXστόλοκρος 1407 problem and is perhaps best understood in terms of substrate origin; see further the discussion s.v. ▶︎ oteiBw. Cf. also ▶︎ στριφνός.

XXXXXστίχος -"στείχω.

XXXXXστλεγγίς, -ίδος [f.] 'scraper for scraping off oil and dust, curry-comb' (Hp., Att.), often metaphorically of a splendid head ornament, a kind of tiara (X., Plb., Hell. inscr. et al.).

    *VAR Also oteyyic, στελγί(γλς, στελεγγίς, στλιγγίς, στρεγγίς, otepyic; cf. Kretschmer  KZ 33 (1895): 472f., Brugmann IF 30 (1912): 375. Also στλαγγίς (Nic. apud sch. Pl. Chrm. 161e).

    *DER otAeyy-idtov (Hell.), -iov (sch.), -ίζομαι 'to scrape off (Suid.), hence -ἰσμα [n.]  'scraped-off dirt' (Arist. Lyc.), -totpov [n.] = otAeyyic (EM).

    *ETYM A loanword from an unknown source, Neumann 1961: 94f. points to Hitt. istalk-* 'to level, smoothen'. The variant with a may also point to substrate origin.

XXXXXστλεγγύς [2] 'kind of corn' (Thphr. H.-P. 8, 4, 3).

    *ETYM No etymology. The lemma is often deleted, see e.g. Amigues RPh. 75 (2001):  156 and DELG Supp. s.v. otAeyyic.

XXXXXστοά [{ 'colonnade, portico, storage room', also as a name of the Stoic school, στοὰ ποικίλη (Att.). *stoh,-u-ih>

    *VAR Also στοιά (Ar. fanap.], inscr.), στοιή (Erythrai, Hdt.), otwid (Cnossos,  Mytilene).

    *COMP προ-στῷον 'portico located in front (of the rooms), porch' (Att.), hypostasis.

    *DER Diminutive otwidiov, ototdiov [n.} (Delos, Str. et al.), adjective στω-ἵκός  'belonging to the Stoic school, Stoic' (Hell. and late), hence -ικεύομαι 'to act like a  Stoic' (late); disparagingly Στόαξ (Xtwak?) 'miserable Stoic' (Herm. Iamb. 1; Bjérck  1950: 48 and 263).

    *ETYM From ἔστωρ-ιά, a collective formation in -ἰά (with shortening of the ὦ in  στοιά, and subsequent loss of the 1 in στοά; see Schwyzer: 244, 349, 469; on the  phonetic development, see also Adrados Emerita 18 (1950): 408ff.). The Indo-  European proto-form would be *stoh,-u-ih, An e-grade is found in ▶︎ σταυρός, and a  zero grade in ▶︎ στῦλος. Further related to Lith. stovéti 'stand', stova [f.] 'stand,  position', OCS staviti 'to place, put', OE stéwian 'to keep from' (see Kortlandt  Baltistica 25:2 (1989): 104-112). The root is *steh,- 'to stand'. See »ἵστημι.

XXXXXστόβος '-'στέμβω.

XXXXXστοιβή ~oteipw.

XXXXXστοιχεῖον, στοῖχος -'στείχω.

XXXXXστολή, στόλος -οστέλλω.

XXXXXστόλοκρος [adj.] 'with horns not yet fully grown' (H. s.v. κόλον); 'with shortened hair' (H.); τὸ στόλοκρον = κορδύλη 'club, cudgel (Phot.).

===Pag_1459: Beekes_Página_1459.tiff===

    *ETYM Recalls ▶︎ φαλακρός 'bald-headed'. The first part may be στόλος (see  > στέλλω), although the semantics are difficult. The second part -xp-o¢ may be from  κέρας; cf. ▶︎ δίκρος, and see also Nussbaum 1986: 73.

XXXXXστόμα [n.] 'mouth, muzzle, front, peak, edge' (I1.). «IE *steh;-mn- 'mouth'>

    *VAR Aeol. στύμα (Theoc.), -atoc.

    *DIAL Myc. To-ma-ko, Tu-ma-ko /ot6papyoc/ (Miihlestein SMEA 2 (1967): 43ff;  Killen Minos 27-8, 1992-1993 [95]: 101-7).

    *COMP στόμ-αργος 'chattering' (trag.), to ἀργός (Willis AmJPh. 63 (1942): 87ff:  'shining' > 'bright' > 'loud'?), if not after yAwoo-apyoc, which could stand for  γλώσσ-αλγος (see ▶︎ γλῶσσα with references); Blanc RPh. 65 (1991): 59-66 analyses  the word as στόμα + μάργος 'furious', see also Blanc BAGB 1 (1996): 8-9; cf. also  Πόδ-αργος (s.v. ▶︎ πούς); εὔ-στομος 'with a beautiful mouth, speaking nicely', also  'silent' (Hdt, X., etc.); further rare στοματ-ουργός 'word-making, grandiloquent'  (Ar.), κακο-στόματος (AP) for κακό-στομος (E. et al.).

    *DER ot6p-tov [n.] 'mouth, opening, denture, bit, bridle' (IA), rarely 'mouth' (Nic.),  with -ic [f.] 'halter' (Poll.); ἐπι-στομ-ίζω [v.] 'bridle, curb' (ΑἸ), also 'to shut up  one's mouth' (late). στόμο-ις [m.] 'hard-mouthed horse' (A. Fr. 442 = 649 M.; cf. Schwyzer: 4623), also -ίας 'id' (Afric. Suid.), otop-wdn¢ 'speaking nicely' (S.),  'savory' (Sor.); στόμ-ίζομαι 'to take into the mouth' (Aq.), with prefix, e.g. ἀπο-  στομίζω 'to remove the edge' (Philostr.). στομ-όω (dva-, etc.) 'to stop the mouth,  provide with an opening, edge, to harden' (IA), -wya [n.] 'mouth' (A.), 'hardening,  which is hardened, steel' (Cratin., Arist. Hell. and late), -ωμάτιον (gloss.), -ωσις [f.]  'hardening' (S., Hell. and late), -ωτής = indurator (gloss). Further ctopdt-tov [n.]  diminutive (Sor.), -ἰκός 'belonging to the mouth' (medic., etc.), ἀπο-στοματ-ίζω 'to  repeat, interrogate' (Pl. Arist. etc.). See also ▶︎ στόμαχος, ▶︎ στωμύλος.

    *ETYM The PIE men-stem *steh,-mn- was either originally neuter or later  reinterpreted as a verbal noun in -μα (Schwyzer: 524°); cf. the abundant occurrence  of the short stem form στομ- in compounds and derivatives (cf. Georgacas Glotta 6  (1958): 163). Cognates are found in Av. staman- [m.] 'mouth (of a dogy (on the short  a, see Lubotsky Kratylos 42 (1997): 56f.), W safn 'jaw-bone', and Hitt. ©? istaman- /  istamin- 'ear' (see Kloekhorst 2008 s.v. for details). Greek generalized the zero grade  *sth,-mn-, like in ὄνομα < *h,nh,-mn-. Go. stibna, OHG stimna, stimma 'voice' are  unrelated.

XXXXXστόμαχος [m.] 'throat' (11), 'gullet' (Hp., Arist. et al.), 'mouth (of the bladder, uterus)' (Hp.), '(upper orifice of the) stomach' (late), 'anger' (Vett. Val, pap. II-III?). «Grp

    *COMP Compounds εὖ-, κακο-στόμαχος 'beneficial, harmful', of food (medic.).

    *DER otopay-Kdc 'of the stomach', -ἰκεύομαι 'disorder in the stomach' (late medic.);  -éw = stomachor (Dosith.).

    *ETYM From στόμα, with the same suffix as in ovpaydc, ovpiayog (see ▶︎ ovpa),  κύμβαχος, etc. (Schwyzer: 498, Chantraine 1933: 403). There is a Lat. LW stomachus  'gullet, stomach' with stomachor, -dri 'to be indignant', whence by semantic back-  formation stomachus 'annoyance'; στόμαχος 'annoyance' is probably a loan from  Latin.

===Pag_1460: Beekes_Página_1460.tiff=== XXXXXστόρνυμι 1409 στόμφος -'στέμβω.

XXXXXστοναχή 'στένω.

XXXXXστόνυξ, -υχος [π|.] 'peak of a rock, of a fang, of a claw, etc. (E. Cycl. 401, codd. γὄνυξ, A.R., Opp., AP), στόνυχας: τὰ εἰς ὀξὺ λήγοντα kai Ta ἄκρα τῶν ὀνύχων 'which ends in a sharp point, and the tips of claws', στόνυξι' κέρασι 'horns' (H.). < PG(S)>

    *ETYM Assumed to be a cross of "ὄνυξ and ▶︎ στόχος, ▶︎ στάχυς or ▶︎ στόρθυγξ (see  Gtintert 1914: 139); uncertain. Rather Pre-Greek, in view of the suffix.

XXXXXστορέννυμι, OTOPEVS SOTOPVULL.

XXXXXστόρθυγξ, -vyyos [m., f] 'cusp, tine (of an antler), fang, cape, etc. (S., Com. Adesp., Lyc., AP et al.).

    *VAR  στόρθη: τὸ ὀξὺ τοῦ δόρατος, καὶ ἐπιδορατίς 'the sharp [point] of a spear, tip of  alance or spear' (H.).

    *ETYM Like its synonym στόνυξ, στόρθυγξ is built like φάρυγξ, σπῆλυγξ,  ondp8vyyec, etc. These words have been connected with ▶︎ στερεός 'stiff, hard' and,  outside Greek, with ON stirdr 'stiff, unbending', stord [f.] 'grass, green stalk' and ON

XXXXXstertr [m.] 'bird's tail', OHG sterz. None of the Germanic formations exactly corresponds to the Greek one, and the semantics of the etymology are vague, so the connection is at best a possibility. We should better accept that the word is non- Indo-European (thus Pre-Greek) on account of its suffix.

XXXXXστόρνυμι [v.] 'to stretch out, spread out, make one's bed; to level, pave, strew, sprinkle' (p 32 and later).

    <IE *sterh,- 'spread out'>

    *VAR  στρώννυμι (A. Ag. 909 [στορνύναι Elmsley], Hell. and late), otopévvup (late),  all root variants also with -dw, aor. στορέσαι (1].), στρῶσαι (IA), pass. στορεσθῆναι  (Hp. et al.), στρωθῆναι (Ὁ. S., etc.), perfipass. ἔστρωμαι (K 155, etc.), ἐστόροται or  -1ytat (Aeol. gramm.), ἐστόρεσμαι (late), act. ἔστρωκα (Hell. and late), fut. στορῶ  (Ar.), στρώσω (E, etc.), Dor. otopeceiv (Theoc.), στρωννύσω (Ps.-Luc.), pass. στρωθήσομαι (LXX), verbal adj. στρωτός (Hes.).

    *COMP Often with prefix, e.g. ὑπο-, kata-, é7tl-.

    *DER στρῶμα (κατά-, ὑπό-, etc.) [n.] 'which is spread out, carpet, bedding, layer'  (IA), -άτιον [n.] (Hell. and late), -ατεύς [m.] 'bed-sack' (Thphr. et al.), 'variegated  patchwork (Gell.), name of a fish (Philo apud Ath.), after its golden stripes, see  Bofhardt 1942: 62, Strémberg 1943: 28), -ατίτης ἔρανος 'picnic with one's own  equipment' (Cratin.), -ατίζω [v.] 'to provide with carpet, plaster' (Hell. inscr., Poll.,  στρωμνή, Dor. -ά, Aeol. -ἃ [f.] 'carpet, mattress, bed' (Sapph., Pi, Att. etc.), with  -dopat in ἐστρωμνημένος (Phot.); cf. λίμνη, ποίμνιη. στρῶσις (ὑπό-, etc.) [f.] 'the spreading, plastering' (Hell. and late). στρωτήρ [m.]  'cross-beam, roof lath' (Ar. Fr. 72, Hell. and late), with -ἤριον, -ηρίδιον 'id.' (EM, H.,  Suid.); στρώτης [m.] 'one that prepares the beds and dinner couches' (middle com.,  Plu.). Furthermore, the isolated στορεύς [m.] 'the lower, flat part of a device for  making fire' (H., sch.). = γαληνοποιός (H.), which is probably derived from *otdpoc  or -4? With o-grade also στόρνη [f.] = ζώνη (Call., Lyc.). The appurtenance of Myc.

===Pag_1461: Beekes_Página_1461.tiff===

a-pi to-ni-jo (of uncertain mg.) is unclear (see Taillardat REGr. 73 (1960): 5ff.). Also here otopvutéa: καταστρωτέα, περιοικοδομητέα (H.).

    *ETYM The three root forms in στόρ-νυμι : στορέ-σαι : στρω-τός, ἔ-στρω-μαι are  partially leveled: otpwvvuju and στρῶσαι after otpwtdc, ἔστρωμαι; στορέννυμι after  στορέσαι. We find the same metathesis of the expected full grade otepo- < *sterh,- to  otope-, like in ▶︎ κορέννυμι, θόρνυμαι (s.v. ▶︎ θρώσκω), etc. Cognates with a nasal  present outside Greek are Skt. strnati 'to spread out, extend, strew', Lat. sterné 'to  spread out', Olr. sernim 'id', Alb. shtrin 'id'. The zero grade otpwtdc corresponds to  Lat. stratus, Lith. stirta [f.] 'haystack'; cf. also Skt.stirnd- 'spread out' < *strh,-no-. Gr. στρῶμα corresponds to Lat. stramentum 'straw', while στόρνη corresponds to Ru. storond 'region, side', but both formations aré probably independent innovations. Cf. further ▶︎ στέρνον and ▶︎ στρατός, ἷ

XXXXXστορύνη [f.] designation of a surgical instrument, 'lancet, κατιάδιον᾽ (Aret.). <?>

    *ETYM Unexplained; for the formation, cf. ▶︎ τορύνη.

XXXXXστορχάζειν [v.] - εἰς Kobs κατακλείειν τὰ βοσκήματα 'to shut the cattle into the pen', στορχάσω: συγκλείσω 'shut', ἐστόρχαζον: ἔκλειον 'was/were shutting' (H.). < o>

    *ETYM Denominative derivative from an unattested form *otdédpyoc, - without  etymology. Cf. ▶︎ ταρχύω.

XXXXXστόχος [m.] 'erected pillar, post, mark, fixed target' (E., X., Poll, Att. inscr.), also 'suspicion' (A., after στοχάζομαι A very rare word; part of the attestations is blurred.

    <IE? *steg"- 'sting, bar'>

    *COMP ἄ-στοχος 'missing the target', εὔτστοχος 'aiming well, hitting well' (Att., Hell. and late), hence d-, eb-otox-ia, -éw.

    *DER otox-dc, -άδος [f.] 'raising for the poles of fixing-nets' (Poll.); also adjective,  mg. unclear (E. Hel. 1480 [lyr.], probably wrong vil. for otoAddec); -avddv [adv.] 'by  conjecture' (Theognost.). Denominative στοχάζομαι 'to target, shoot, seek to  achieve, guess, conjecture, explore' (Hp., Att, Hell. and late), also with kata-, etc;  (κατα-) στοχασμός, -ασις, -αστής, -αστικός; also στόχασμα [n.] 'javelin' CE. Ba. 1205;  cf. Chantraine 1933: 145).

    *ETYM No certain cognates outside Greek. Since the original meaning seems to have  been 'erected pillar, post', we can compare Ru. stog [m.] 'heap, heap of hay' < *stog".,  Bulg. stéZer 'post to bind horses to', Lith. stagaras 'long, thin stalk of a plant', Latv. stéga 'long bar'. Not related (pace Frisk) is OE staca 'stake', which belongs to MoHG  stechen < *stig-; cf. s.v. ▶︎ στίζω. The following forms from Germanic do belong here,  however: ODan. stag 'point, germ'; OHG stanga, ON stong [f.] 'stick, pole', ON  stinga, OE stingan 'to sting', etc. (on the relation with ▶︎ στάχυς, see s.v.).

XXXXXστραβός -'στρεβλός.

XXXXXστράγξ, -γγός [f.] 'squeezed out drop' (Arist. Thphr., Μεῃ,, AP et al.).

    *COMP otpayy-oup-ia, Ion. -in [f.] = ἡ κατὰ στράγγα οὔρησις 'urination in trickles'  (Gal.), 'strangury' (Hp., Att. Hell. and late), -ἰκός, -ιώδης, -ἰάω, -έω; otpayy-ilw [v.]  'to squeeze out drop by drop' (LXX, Dsc. et al.), also with xata-, ἐκ-, ἀπο-; otpayy-

===Pag_1462: Beekes_Página_1462.tiff=== XXXXXστρατός 1411 εὔομαι (also -y-) 'to hesitate, linger, dawdle' (Ar., Pl. Hell. and late), with -εία [f.] 'hesitation' (M. Ant.).

    *DER otpayy-dc (also -y-) 'flowing drop by drop', also 'tied together, entangled, by  shocks, irregular' (medic., etc.), -eiov [n.] 'drop-bottle' (medic.). otpayy-iac (πυρός)  'kind of wheat' (Thphr.), cf. Stromberg 1937: 91. With a suffix -A-: otpayyéAn [f.] 'cord, rope, noose' (J. Plu, S. E.), -αλίς [f.]  'entangled knot, induration' (com. Ν᾿, Arist. et al.), -αλιά [f.] 'id' (LXX, εἴς), see  Scheller 1951: 88, -αλιώδης 'knotty, entangled' (LXX, Com. Adesp.), -αλάω [v.] 'to  choke, strangle (Men., LXX), -αλίζω 'id' (Ὁ. S., Str. et al.), also with dmo-; -αλισμός  (gloss.), -aAdopat 'to become entangled, ensnared' (Ph. Bel. et al.).

    *ETYM For the formation of στράγξ, cf. otpiy&, λύγξ, KAayy-i, etc; for that of  στραγγ-άλη, cf. σκυτ-άλη, etc. Cognates are often assumed in Lat. stringo 'to string,  tie together', if from *strengo with analogical i (see sv. in De Vaan 2008); Latv. stringt < *strng". 'to become stiff, wither'; MIr. srengim 'to draw, drag'; ON strangr  'hard, rigid', OHG strengi 'stretched, stiff, MoE string. The PIE root *streng'-  probably meant 'to twist, string', which would have developed into 'to wrench'. If  related, otpayy- must be a contamination of *otpay- < *strgg'- and *otpeyy- <  *streng"-, with *g for *g" from the nom.sg. στράγξ. In view of the fact that an Indo-  European derivation requires several analogies and is not evident semantically, it is  not improbable that the word is Pre-Greek. Note the variant forms without nasal,  which may point to prenasalization.

XXXXXστραπή, στράπτω —AcTpaTh.

XXXXXστρατός [m.] 'troop, department of the people' (Pi., trag., Crete), 'troop of warriors, army, navy' (1].), also '(military) camp' (IL); στάρτοι- ai τάξεις τοῦ πλήθους '(battle) arrays of a multitude (of men) (H.). JE *ster- 'camp, spread out'>

    *VAR  Aeol. στρότος (Sapph.), Cret. otaptos (inscr.).

    *COMP otpat-nydc (IA), -ἄγός (Dor. Arc.) [m.] 'army commander' (cf. Chantraine  1956a: 90), otpaté-nedov [n.] 'army camp, army, fleet' (IA), see Risch IF 59 (1949):  15; also as a second member, e.g. in δεξί-στρατος 'receiving a host' (B.); in addition,  numerous PNs.

    *DER Collective formation otpat-id, -uj [f.] 'troop, host, army', also 'campaign' =  στρατεία (Pi, IA), see Scheller 1951: 84f., with -ἰώτης [m.] 'warrior, soldier' (IA),  -wtkds (Att.), -ιωτάριον [n.] mg. uncertain, perhaps 'soldier's sack' (pap. III°). otpat-toc, fem. -ia 'warlike', also as an epithet of Zeus, Ares, and Athena (Alc., Hdt. et al.); also -ειος, -eta 14. (Mylasa 115). στρατύλλαξ [m.] disparaging diminutive of  στρατηγός (Cic. Att; cf. Delph. 2tpatvAXic). Denominative otpat-dopat (-dopat?)  'to troop together', only in epic ipf. ἐστρατόωντο (IL, A. R., Nonn.), also with ἀμφι-,  ἐπι-, ovv-; cf. Leumann 1950: 185, Chantraine 1942: 80, 359, 364; στρατ-όομαι in the  ptc. στρατωθέν (στόμιον) 'consisting of an army' (A. Ag. 133 [lyr.]; Wackernagel  1916: 125). Further otpat-evw, -εύομαι 'to wage war, serve in the army' (IA), also  with ἐκ-, ém-, ovv-, etc; -eia, Ion. -qin [f.] (ἐκ-, ἐπι-, ovv-) 'campaign, war-service'  (IA), -evpa [n.] 'campaign, army' (IA), -ευσις (ém-) [f.] 'campaign' (Hdt. Ὁ. H. et  al.), -εύσιμος, -ευτικός.

===Pag_1463: Beekes_Página_1463.tiff===

    *ETYM Probably originally 'camping army', reflecting *str-to-, the to-ptc. of the.root  *ster- 'to spread (out)' reflected in Skt. stri6ti 'to lay down, destroy' (see Narten MSS  22 (1967): 57-66, LIV' sv. *ster-); cf. further sv. ▶︎ στέρνον 'breast, chest'. Corresponds exactly to Skt. strta- 'thrown down, sprinkled', d-strta- 'unconquered,  unconquerable', Av. starata- 'spread out', Olr. sreth 'strewn'. The relation between  the two roots *ster- and *sterh,- is yet to be clarified.

XXXXXστρεβλός [adj.] 'turned, twisted, crooked, cunning' (IA).

    *DER στρεβλ-ότης [f.] 'crook, perversity' (Plu. et al.); στρεβλ-όω 'to twist, dislocate,  torture, torment' (IA), also with d1a-, kata-; hence -wotc, -ωμα, -ωτήριος; also -evpia  [n.] 'perversion' (Sm.). otpéBAn [f.] 'winch, roll, screw', also as an instrument of  torture (A., Arist., Plb., etc.); formation like σμίλη, among others. With o-grade we find: στρόβος [m.] 'whirl' (A. Ag. 657, H.); hence στρόβ-ϊλος [m.]  'top, whirlwind, whirlpool, fir-cone' (Att., Hell. and late), -iAtov, -tAitng, -ιλέα, -ιλᾶς,  τιλεών, -ίλινος, -ιλώδης, -ιλίζω, -Adw (all late). στροβ-ίλη [f.] 'cone made of lint'  (Hp.). στροβ-εύς [m.] a fuller's instrument (sch.). otpof-eia [f.] 'fullery(?)' (Delos  III*). στροβελός: σοβαρός, τρυφερός 'rushing, delicate'; -ελόν: σκολιόν, καμπύλον  'curved, bent' (H.). στροβανίσκος: τρίπους 'three-footed' (H.). στροβάζων: συνεχῶς  στρεφόμενος 'turning around continuously' (H.). Denominative otpopéw [v.] 'to  turn around in circles, move violently, distract' (A. Ar, Hell. and late), also with  δια-, etc. With nasal infix στρόμβος ([m.] 'top' (Ξ 413), 'whirlwind' (A. Pr. 1084),  'snail-shell, snail, etc.' (Arist. Hell. poet.) with στρομβο-ειδής, -ώδης (Arist. et al.),  -εἴον, τἰλος, -ηδόν, -éw, -dw (late). With zero grade: στραβός 'squinting' (medic.), with -wv 'id' (Com. Adesp.), also as a  PN; στράβ-αξ PN, -ότης [f.] 'squint' (Orib. et al.), «ζω 'to squint' (H., EM) with  -ἰσμός (Gal. et al.). The original mg. is still present in στραβο-πόδης 'with twisted  feet' (Hdn.). Further στράβηλος [m., f.] 'wild olive-tree' (Pherecr. [lyr.]), name of a  snail (S. Fr. 324, Arist. et al); otpaBakdc: ὁ otpoyyvAiac καὶ τετράγωνος ἄνθρωπος.

XXXXXἈχαιοί 'the well-rounded and square (ie., perfect) man (Achaean)' (H.); στραβεύς: κωπεύς 'oar-spar' (H.) (Chantraine 1928: 17). Further, a number of forms with a root στροιβ- appear to be related: στροῖβος: δῖνος 'whirl, rotation' (H.) (cod. στροιβός: δεινός); Att. PN Στροῖβος; στροιβᾶν: ἀντιστρέφειν 'to turn to the opposite side', στροίβηλος: ἔπαρμα πληγῆς ἐν κεφαλῇ 'a swelling in the head caused by a blow' (H.); πολύ-στροιβος 'whirly' (Nic.), after πολύ-φλοισβος; hence the simplex στροῖβος, etc.? Perhaps also with -e- in Thess. Στρειβουνείοι (see Bechtel 1921, 1: 210)? Borrowed as Lat. strabus, strabo, strambus.

    *ETYM Reminiscent of ▶︎ στρέφω 'to twist, turn', in spite of the different labial. The  variant with prenasalization and the frequent occurence wih the non-Indo-European  suffix -\\- point to Pre-Greek origin. The root variant with -ot-, if not secondary (see  above), is unexplained. Often taken together with ▶︎ ἀστραβής, which is doubtful.

XXXXXστρεύγομαι [v.] 'to be exhausted, troubled' (epic O 512, u 351). <?>

    *VAR Only pres. and ipf.

    *DER oTpevyedwv [f.] 'exhaustion, trouble' (Nic.), like τηκε-, σηπε-δών, etc.

===Pag_1464: Beekes_Página_1464.tiff===

    *ETYM Traditionally connected with ON strjttka 'to smoothen', OE stroccian 'id',  OCS strogati, Ru. strogdt' 'to plane', strug 'plane'. However, this etymology is  semantically unlikely and formally impossible: both the Germanic (an original  geminate *-kk- < *-g'n-; see Kroonen 2009) and the Slavic forms (with no trace of  Winter's Law) point to *streug"-. van Windekens Orbis 11 (1962): 343 compares ToB  sruk- 'to die' (ToA sruk- 'to kill'), but the initial cluster is incompatible. No further  etymology.

XXXXXστρέφω, -ομαι [v.] 'to twist, turn', intr. and med. also 'to run' (IIL.).

    *VAR Dor. στράφωξ (Nisyros III*; quite doubtful), Aeol. στρόφω (EM), aor. στρέψαι,  -ασθαι (I].), Dor. ἀπο-στράψαι (Delph.), pass. στρεφθῆναι (Hom. [intr.], rarely Att.),  Dor. στραφθῆναι (Sophr., Theoc.), στραφῆναι (Hdt., Sol., Att.), ἀν-εστρέφησαν (late  Lac., etc., Thumb-Scherer 1959: 42), fut. στρέψω (E., etc.), perf. med. ἔστραμμαι (A. Merc.), Hell. also ἐστρεμμένος (Mayser 1906-1938, I: 2: 196), act. ἔστροφα (Hell.),  also ἔστραφα (Plb.).

*CcOMP Very frequent with prefixes: dva-, ἀπο-, ἐπι, Kata-, μετα-, ὑπο-. The derivative στρόφος 'band, cord, cable' (see also below) occurs in éi-otpogog = ἐῦ- στρεφής 'well-twisted, easy to twist or bend' (Ns599 = σιι, E., PL, etc), -gia [f.] 'flexibility' (Hell. and late); ἀντίστροφ-ος 'turned face to face, according' (Att., etc.), to ἀντι-στρέφω. Furthermore, in oiaxootpog-éw 'to turn the rudder' (A.) from οἰακο-στρόφος (Pi, A.). στροφο-δινοῦνται 'to wheel around eddying' (A. Ag. 51 [anap.]), replacing στρεφε-δίνηθεν [3pl.aor.pass.] 'they turned around, swindled' (H 792; act. in Q 5. 13, 7), probably a combination of otpépopa and δινέομαι (Schwyzer: 645); στρεψο-δικέω 'to pervert the right' (Ar.), otpewi-yaddog 'with frizzly wool' (Ar.); cf. Schwyzer: 442.

    *DER With e-grade of the root: στρεπ-τός [adj.] 'twisted, flexible' (I1.), [m.] 'necklace,  curl, etc' (IA), τάριον (Paul Aeg.). -τικός (ἐπι-, μετα-, etc.) 'serving to twist' (Pl. et  al.). στρεπ-τήρ [m.] 'door hinge' (AP). στρέμμα (περι-, διά-, etc.) [n.] 'twist, strain'  (D., medic,, etc.), σύ-στρεμμα 'ball, swelling, round drop, heap, congregation' (Hp.,  Arist, Hell. and late). otpéy-ic (émt-) [f] 'turning, turn' (Hp., Arist.), -aioc, PN  -ιάδης; στρεπτ-ίνδα [adv.] kind of play (Poll.). ἐπιστρεφ-ής 'turning to (something),  attentive' (IA) with -e1a [f.] (pap. ITIP). With o-grade: στρόφος [m.] 'band, cord, cable' (Od.), 'gripes' (Ar., medic.); hence  otpdg-tov [n.] 'breast-band, headband' (com., inscr. et al.), -ἰς (mept-, etc.) [f.] 'id.'  (E. et al.), -iohog [m.] 'edge, border' (Hero), -ώδης 'causing gripes' (Hp. et al.), -ωτός  'provided with pivots' (LXX), -wya [n.] 'pivot, door hinge' with -wpatiov (Hell.),  -ωτήρ [m.] 'oar' (gloss.), -dopat 'to have gripes' (medic. et al.), ἐκστροφῶσαι (H. s.v. ἐξαγκυρῶσαι τὴν θύραν), -Ew 'to cause gripes' (Ar.); στροφή (ἐπι-, κατα-, etc.) [f.]  'twisting, turning around, etc.' (IA), -αἴος epithet of Hermes (Ar. Pl. 1153). From  στροφή or στρόφος: στρόφοις [m.] 'clever person' (Ar, Poll.), -eiov [m.] 'winch,  cable, etc.' (Hell. and late), -ἀς [6] 'turning' (S. [lyr.], Arat. et al.), -άδες νῆσοι (Str. et  al.), -otpopadnv (only with ém-, mept-, etc.) 'turning around' (epic Ion.). Further  otpog-evc [m.] 'door hinge, cervical vertebra' (Ar. Thphr. et al.), +y& [m., Ε] 'pivot,  door hinge' (E., com., etc.).

===Pag_1465: Beekes_Página_1465.tiff===

With A-enlargement: στρόφ-αλος [m.] 'top' (V-VIP); -ἀλιγξ [f.] 'vertebra, curve, εἴς (IL, epic), -αλίζω [v.] 'to turn, spin' (0 315, AP). With lengthened grade: iter.-intens. στρωφ-άω, -άομαι (ἐπι-, μετα-, etc.) 'to turn to and fro, linger' (Il., epic Ion. poet.), -éopat 'to turn' (Aret.). With zero grade: ἐπιστραφ-ής = ἐπιστρεφ-ής (see above; late). PN Στραψι-μένης (Dor.).

    *ETYM The root has no Indo-European cognates. Still, LIV? s.v. *streb*- lists the root  as Indo-European. However, as Van Beek suggests (p.c.), a comparison with  ▶︎ στρεβλός and cognates strongly favors the conclusion that we are dealing with a  Pre-Greek root (with variation B/@).

XXXXXστρηνές [adv.] 'loudly, shrilly', especially of sounds (A. R., AP).

    <IE?>

    *VAR Also adj. στρηνός 'loud, shrill (Nicostr. Com.).

    *COMP στρηνό-φωνος (Call. Com.).

    *DER στρην-ύζω [v.] 'to trumpet', of an elephant (Juba 37; cod. otpuv-), after ὀλολ-  bw, etc. Also nominal στρῆνος [n.] 'recklessness' (LXX, Apoc., AP), [m.] 'strong  desire' (Lyc.), hence στρην-ιάω [v.] 'to revel, live unrestrained' (med. com., Apoc.,  pap. III, etc; Schwyzer: 732). From H: στρηνύεται: στρηνιᾷ; ἀστρηνές- δύσθετον,  σκαιόν, ὀξύ 'in bad case, mischievous, sharp'.

    *ETYM The exact semantic relation between στρηνές and στρῆνος is unclear. Traditionally compared to Lat. strénuus 'active, vigorous'. This connection may be  correct, although it is not evident semantically (see De Vaan 2008 for an alternative  etymology of the Latin word). The Greek words may also reflect a lengthened grade  derivation of the root of ▶︎ στερεός, but this remains speculative.

XXXXXστριβιλικίγξ [?] 'little drop' (Ar. Ach. 1035).

    *ETYM Sound-imitating formation; for the suffix, cf. φῦσιγξ, κύστιγξ, etc., as well as  λίκιγξ = ἡ ἐλαχίστη βοὴ τῶν ὀρνέων and στρίβος: λεπτὴ Kal ὀξεῖα φωνή (see sch. ad  loc.). See also ▶︎ στρί(γ)ξ 1.

XXXXXστρί(γ)ξ 1 [f.] 'ow? (Carm. Pop., Theognost.); cf. στρίγλος: ... of δὲ νυκτοκόρακα 'night-raven (vel sim.)' (H.).

    *VAR Also στλίξ, acc. otpiyya.

    *ETYM Formation like γλαῦξ, oxwy, λύγξ, etc, and reminiscent of Lat. strix, -gis  ''screech-owl!', which lacks the nasal. Either may be a loan of the other; the Greek  word is often assumed to be influenced by or derived from ▶︎ τρίζω 'to buzz, squeak',  but its facultative nasal may point to substrate origin.

XXXXX-στριξ 2

    *ETYM In ▶︎ ξέστριξ ?

XXXXXστριφνός [adj.] 'dense, solid, hard' (Ion. Hell. and late). <?>

    *DER -ότης [f.] 'density' (Ὁ. H.); also otpigvoc [m.] 'food that is difficult to chew'  (στρίφνος ἀμάσητος ἀκατάποτος LXX).

    *ETYM Reminiscent of στιφρός (see ▶︎ στῖφος), στέριφος, and στρυφνός, possibly a  contamination. Cf. also στρίφος = λίσπος (Suid.). Possibly related to MLG and  MOLG strif, stref 'stiff, severe, solid', MHG and MoHG streben 'to strive'.

===Pag_1466: Beekes_Página_1466.tiff=== XXXXXστρυφνός 1415 στρόβος --στρεβλός.

XXXXXστροβύλος some bird, cf. André 1956 s.v. strophilus.

    *ETYM No etymology.

XXXXXστρογγύλος [adj.] 'round, spherical, compact' (IA). < PG(S)>

    *COMP E.g. στρογγυλο-πρόσωπος 'round-faced' (Arist. pap.), ὑπο-στρόγγυλος  'somewhat rounded' (Thphr. et al.).

    *DER στρογγυλ-ότης [f.] 'roundness' (Pl, Arist.). otpoyybA-tov [n.] 'round bottle'  (pap. VIP). στρογγύλλω [v.] 'to round (off)', with -μα [n.] (late). 4. στρογγυλ-ίζω 'id.'  (Ὁ. H.) with -ἰσμα [n.] 'terse expression' (Anon. Fig.). 5. otpoyyvA-doptat [v.] 'to  be(come) circular' (Plu. et al.), -ωσις [f.] (Hp., LXX et al.), -wpta [n.] (AL). στρογγυλ-aivw [v.] 'to make round' (Hippiatr.), -ebpata (H. s.v. γογγυλεύματα).

    *ETYM Formation like γογγ-ούλος, καμπ-ύλος, ἀγκ-ύλος, etc. Connected to ▶︎ στράγξ  by Frisk, but the meanings of the two words are not obviously connected. If the  etymology is correct, στρογγύλος was either derived from a form with o-grade in the  root, or it was influenced by yoyy-vAoc (Giintert 1914: 146f.). However, the whole    complex (with or without στράγξ) may instead be Pre-Greek, in view of the suffix -  υλ-.

XXXXXστροῖβος, στρόμβος -'οστρεβλός.

XXXXXστροῦθος, στρουθός (m., f.] 'sparrow, (generally) small bird' (Β 311, etc.), also 'ostrich' (= σ. κατάγαιος, σ. ἡ μεγάλη, etc; IA); name of a flatfish (Ael.), see Stromberg 1943: 117; στροῦς: ὁ στρουθὸς Kai ὄσπριον 'sparrow, pulse' (H.).

    *COMP στρουθο-κάμηλος [m.] 'ostrich' (Ὁ. 5., Str. et al.), see Risch IF 59 (1949): 57  and 268.

    *DER Diminutive στρουθ-ίον, -ic, -άριον (Arist., Hell. and late). Further otpov0-iac  [m.] 'lecher' (Com. Adesp.), -iwv [m.] = -ός (late, see Chantraine 1933: 165). στροῦθ-  e10¢ 'belonging to the ostrich' (pap.), -(e ov (μῆλον) 'kind of quince' (Thphr., Nic. et  al.), also name of a plant 'Saponaria, soapwort' (Hp., Thphr., etc.), which is also  called στρουθός, στρουθο-κάμηλος; -tvoc 'made of soapwort' (Ath.), -ώδης 'ostrich-  like' (sch.). otpov8-wtd¢ 'painted, decorated with σ᾿' (Sophr.). otpov6-itw [v.] 'to  twitter' (com., etc.), also 'to clean with soapwort', -ἰσμός [m.] (pap.); -ἰιασμός [m.]  'scab' (gloss.). Here also Τροῦθος PN (Bechtel 1923: 151f.)?

    *ETYM Fur.: 182 deduces a variant form *tpovOoc from the PN cited above, and from  ὀειὸν τρούθειον» for ῳὸν στρούθίελον (Sammelb. 72.43, 21 [[V"]), as well as a form  ἔδρουθος from the PN Apov@ov [gen.] (Telos II*). The variations would point to a  Pre-Greek word, but since the evidence is built mainly on names, this conclusion  remains highly uncertain.

XXXXXστροφάλιγξ, στρόφιγξ -οστρέφω.

XXXXXστρύμαξ [3] ξύλον μεμηχανημένον ἐν ταῖς ληνοῖς πρὸς τὴν τῶν σταφυλῶν ἔκθλιψιν 'wood built into ἃ winevat for the pressing of grapes' (H.).

    *ETYM No etymology, but the semantic field and suffix -ax- suggest substrate origin.

XXXXXστρυφνός [adj.] 'bitter (of taste), sour, astringent, severe' (Pl., Ar., Arist., etc.). «ΟΕ»

===Pag_1467: Beekes_Página_1467.tiff===

    *DER -ότης [f.] 'bitterness, severity' (Arist. Plu. et al.), τόω 'to astringe' (Plu..v.L,  Eust.). .

    *ETYM No convincing etymology. Clearly reminiscent of ▶︎ στύφω 'to astringe'. Perhaps it derives from the same root, with secondary otp- (from ▶︎ στριφνός or  Potpnvic)? The comparison with the Germanic group of OS straf 'upright, stiff,  raw', OHG striibén 'to be stiff, and with Balto-Slavic words like Lith. striibas 'cut  short, curtailed' or OCS strapoto 'rawness, harshness', Ru. strup 'scab, crust of a  wound' etc., is not semantically compelling and formally awkward (root-final *- p/-  δ, and therefore uncertain.

XXXXXστρύχνον [n.] name of several plants, eg. 'nightshade, Withania somnifera' (Thphr., Dsc. et al.). ᾿

    *VAR  Also -ος [m.], also τρύχνον [n.] (Nic. Th. ν.1.), -o¢ [61 (Theoc, Com. Adesp.,  Phot., EM).

    *ETYM This word gave rise to the name strichnine. MHG strtich, MoHG Strauch  (pace Petersson 1923: 18ff.) are unrelated, as they reflect a PGm. long "ἢ. Fur. 135  compares ▶︎ δορύκνιον (Dsc., Plu.), a plant which may be similar to the otpixvov. See s.v. for further comments.

XXXXXστρώννυμι Ξ"στόρνυμι.

XXXXXστρωφάω στρέφω.

XXXXXστυγέω [v.] 'to hate, detest, abhor, hold back' (1]., epic poet., Hdt. and late prose). «41Ὲ3 *steug->

    *VAR  Aor. otvyeiv (Hom., Call., Nic. et al.), στύξαι (A 502 (causative), A. ἃ. Opp.,  AP), στυγ-ῆσαι, pass. -ηθῆναι, fut. -ἦσομαι (trag.), perf. ἐστύγ-ηκα (Hat. et al.), -ημαι  (Lyc.), -μαι (HL).

    *COMP Also with ἀπο-, kata-, further otvy-dvwp 'hating men' (A. Pr.), ψευσί-στυξ  'hating lies' (AP).

    *DER στυγ-ητός 'hated, detestable' (A. Pr. late prose), -nua [n.] 'object of hate or  repugnance' (E. et al.), ἀπο-στύγ-ησις [f.] 'abhorrence' (sch.). Furthermore, the  adjectives otvy-epdc 'hated, full of hate, detestable' (Il, epic poet.), -νός 'id', also  'gruesome, sad, etc. (Archil., Hp. trag., etc.), hence -νότης [f.] (Hell. and late), -via  [f.] (sch.), στυγ-νόομαι 'to be somber' (AP, H.), also with kata-; otbyvwoov-  χώρισον (H.), στυγ-νάζω [v.] 'to be, become overcast' (NT et al.), also with dta-,  Kata-, ovv-; thence -νασις [f.] (late). otbytoc 'hated, detestable' (E., Plu.); στύγος [n.]  'hate, object of hate' (A. et al.). Στύξ, -γός [f.] river in the Underworld (Hom., etc.),  adj. Στύγιος (trag., etc.), name of an Arcadian mountain brook with ice-cold water  (Hdt., Str., Paus.); also as a noun, 'hate, detestation' (Alciphr.), plur. 'ice-cold'  (Thphr.); also = ▶︎ oxwy (Ant. Lib. et al.).

    *ETYM The name Στύξ is an archaic formation; it cannot be decided whether the  pres. otvyéw or the aor. ἔστυγον is old, since the latter can be metrically  conditioned; cf. e.g. ἔκτυπον s.v. ▶︎ κτύπος (see also Schwyzer: 721 and Chantraine    1942: 347).

===Pag_1468: Beekes_Página_1468.tiff===

There is no ascertained etymology. The root στυγ- has been compared to Ru. stygnut' 'to cool down, get cold, freeze', but the latter is a variant of older stydnoti with -dn- > -gn-; cf. Cz. stydnouti 'to cool down', SCr. stiid [f] 'cold' < stud- /stoud-. Hardly more convincing is the comparison with ToB scono, Sconiye 'enmity' (van Windekens Orbis 13 (1964): 224 ἔξ), which rather belongs with the Slavic words above, if from steud-n- (see Adams 1999 s.v.). LIV? s.v. (s)teug- follows a connection with Skt. toj- 'to drive, push', but this may also be related to h,teug- in Gr. ἀτύζομαι 'to be terrified',

XXXXXστῦλος [m.] 'column, pillar, support' (Dor. Ion., trag., Hell. and late), also = Lat. stilus 'pointed piece of metal' (late), cf. Sempoux Rev. belge de phil. 39 (1961): 736ff.

    <IE  *sth,-u-lo- 'post'>

    *COMP στυλο-βάτης, Dor. -ta¢ [m.] 'foot of a doric column' < στῦλος + βῆ-ναι, with  suffix -té- (Dor. inscr., Pl. Com. et al.), see Fraenkel 1910: 34 and 200f.; τετρά-  στυλος 'consisting of four columns', -ov [n.] 'colonnade of four columns' (inscr. and  pap. imperial period, etc.).

    *DER Diminutives: στυλ-ίς [f.] (Att. inscr., etc.), -τίσκος [m.] (Hp, Hell. and late),  -idtov [n.] (Str.), -dptov [n.] (pap. TI'). στυλ-ίτης [m.] 'standing on one column,  stylite' (Suid.), fem. -ίτισσα (inscr. Amasia), like Φοίνισσα, βασίλισσα, etc. Denominative verbs: στυλ-όω [v.] 'to support with columns' (Hell. and late), also  ὑπο-, dta-, ἀπο-; thence (ὑπο-)στύλ-ωμα, -woig (Hell. and late); στυλ-ίζω mg. uncertain (Ostr.), with ὑποστυλ-ισμός 'support' (pap. IIP).

    *ETYM These words are comparable to Av. stiina-, stuna- [m.], stund [f.], Skt. sthi-  na- [[1 (with secondary -u-) 'pillar' < *sth,-u-no-, with a different secondary suffix  (on the interchange of -ἰ- and -n-, see Benveniste 1935: 43). The root *sth,u- is an  enlargement of *steh,- 'to stand'; see ▶︎ ἵστημι. It is also found in ▶︎ στύω, ▶︎ σταυρός,  and ▶︎ στοά. Not related to ▶︎ στύπος.

XXXXXστύπος [n.] 'stick, shaft, stalk' (A. R, Nic, Plb.); cf. H.: στύπος: στέλεχος, κορμός 'stump, trunk'. καὶ τοῦ ὀφθαλμοῦ τὸ σῶμα, καὶ τὸ κύτος (cod. κῆτος) 'the whole of the eye, vessel or jar'. καὶ ὁ ψόφος τῆς βροντῆς 'the sound of thunder'.

    *COMP Note στυπογλύφος: ξυλογλύφος. στύπος yap ὁ στέλεχος ἤγουν τὸ πρέμνον  'stump or trunk'.

    *DER στυπάζει: βροντᾷ, ψοφεῖ, ὠθεῖ 'thunders, sounds, thrusts' (H.), ἀποστυπάζω 'to  drive away with a stick' (Archil.).

    *ETYM Traditionally connected with ON stufr [m.] 'tree-stump', MLG stive [m.] 'id',  Latv. stups 'old broom', Ru. std pka 'wooden nail in the wall' < *stop-oka, also spica  'needle' (see Vasmer 1953 s.vv.), but this seems unlikely in view of the semantics. Perhaps somehow connected with the root of »tuntw. The by-form στύμος'  στέλεχος, κορμός (H.) shows variation m/u, which could indicate Pre-Greek origin;  see Fur.: 222-227. Not related to ▶︎ otbw 'to be erect', ▶︎ στῦλος 'pillar', etc.

XXXXXστυππεῖον [n.] 'oakum, tow, coarse fiber of flax or hemp' (Hdt, X., D., Hell. and late). «ΡΟ» ᾿

    *VAR Also -iov, στιππυον.

    *COMP στυππειο-πώλης [m.] 'oakum-dealer' (Ar., Critias, inscr.).

===Pag_1469: Beekes_Página_1469.tiff===

    *DER στυππ-έϊνος (τινος, στιπ(τούΐνος) 'made of oakum' (Com. Adesp., Hell. and  late). Rare στύππ-η [f.] 'oakum, coarse flax' (J. apud Suid. s.v.), στύππαξ [m.] jocular  short variant for στυππειο-πώλης (Ar. Fr. 696); also στύπος = στύππη (κάλοι ἀπὸ

XXXXXστύπου [Gal.]).

    *ETYM No known cognates, Fur.: 259f. compares τοπεῖον 'cord, rope' without further  comment. The word is most likely to be of substrate origin. Borrowed as Latin  stuppa, sttipa from στύππη, from a Doric dialect in Southern Italy.

XXXXXστυπτηρία -οστύφω.

XXXXXστύραξ 1, -ἄκος [m., f] 'resin, gummy', also. the shrub or tree producing it, 'Styrax officinalis' (Hdt., Arist. Thphr,, Str. et al.). «Ἐν Sem.>

    *DER στυράκοιον [n.] diminutive (pap.), -ἰνος 'made of the storax-tree or of storax'  (LXX, Str. Dsc. et al.), τίζω [v.] 'to smell or taste like storax' (Dsc.).

    *ETYM For the formation, cf. ὄμφαξ, Sovak, ἄνθραξ, etc. According to Hdt. 3, 107, it  was introduced in Greece by the Phoenicians, which points to Semitic origin. Lagarde and Lewy 1895: 4if. compare Hebr. sori 'the resin of the Mastix tree and the  terebinth'; doubts in Schrader-Nehring 1917(2): 501. Perhaps related to ▶︎ στύραξ 2; cf. στυράκινα ἀκοντίσματα 'javelins made of o.' in Str. 12, 7, 3. Borrowed as Lat. styrax,  storax.

XXXXXστύραξ 2, -ἄκος [m.] '(lower end of a) spear-shaft' (X., Pl. et al.).

    *DER Diminutive otvpdx-tov [n.] (Th. Aen. Tact.); -ίζειν: κεντρίζειν 'to goad, spur  on' (H,, EM).

    *ETYM Formation like χάραξ, κάμαξ, etc, hardly related to ▶︎ σταυρός. It is either  identical to the tree name > στύραξ 1, or Pre-Greek.

XXXXXotvpidw [v.] mg. uncertain, 'to guarantee' (pap.)? <?>

    *DER στυρίωσις (pap. ).

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXστυφᾶν (v.] βροντᾶν 'to thunder' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM A by-form of στυπάζω; see ▶︎ στύπος.

XXXXXστυφελίζω [v.] 'to strike hard, dash, beat, drive away, maltreat' (IL, epic and lyr.). «ΟΕ»

    *VAR Aor. -λίξαι.

    *COMP Also with ἀπο-, dva-, μετα-, περι-.

    *DER στυφελιγμοί (vl. -opot) [m.pl] 'maltreatment' (A. Eq. 537  [anap.]). Furthermore, otvgeddc 'hard, raw, stony, severe' (A. [lyr.], A. R., Opp., AP; also  Arcad. Cyren. acc. to sch. A. R. 2, 1005; cf. Leumann 1950: 260f.), secondarily  'astringent, bitter' (AP; after στύφω); κατα-στυφελός 'raw, stony' (h. Merc., Hes.), ἀ-  στυφελός 'not hard, friendly, smooth' (Thgn., AP); enlarged στυφελώδης 'hard' (Ὁ. 5.); also στύφλος 'raw, stony' (trag., Lyc.); κατά- (H.), -άριος (Boeotia III'; PN?).

    *ETYM At first sight, epic στυφελίζω seems to be a derivation of the later attested  στυφελός, but it is rather the other way around in view of the chronology and the  semantics. The barytone accent of στύφλος is remarkable. It is perhaps a derivative

===Pag_1470: Beekes_Página_1470.tiff=== XXXXXσύ 1419 of »στύφω 'to astringe' (through 'contract > 'become solid'?). On στυφελίζω, cf. further Ruijgh 1957: 84ff.

XXXXXστύφω [v.] 'to astringe, have an astringent effect', especially of taste; 'to thicken, obstruct, treat with a corrosive' (Hp., Arist. Hell. and late). <?>

    *VAR Aor. στῦψαι (ἀναστῦψαι S. Fr. 421), pass. στυφθῆναι, perf. med. ἔστυμμαι.

    *COMP Also with ano-, émt-, ovv-, ὑπο-, etc.

    *DER στῦψις (ἐπί-, ὑπό-) [f.] 'astringence, thickening, corrosion' (Hp., Arist., Thphr.,  etc.). στῦμμα (στύμμαξ) [n.] 'astringent' (medic.). στυπτηρία, Jon. -in [f.] designation  of contracting minerals, 'alum, vitriol (Hdt., Hp., Arist., etc.), also 'alum monopoly'  (pap.), -ήριος 'treated with alum' (PHolm.), -πριώδης 'containing alum' (Hp., Arist. et al.), -nptaxov δέρμα 'piece of soft leather' (gloss), -ηρίζουσα 'water in which alum  is washed' (gloss); also -npa 'id.' (PHolm.), probably after the adjectives in -ηρός, e.g. ταριχηρός (see Mayser 1906-1938, I: 3: 96). στυπτικός 'astringent' (Diocl. Fr. Hp.,  Thphr. et al.). στυφός 'id' (Vett. Val. Gp.), -ότης [f.] 'density' (Plu.), -wdnc¢  'astringent, bitter' (Cat. Cod. Astr.). Possibly also στύφλος (see ▶︎ στυφελίζω) and  στυμνός (to στύμμα; cf. ἐρυμνός) epithet of oturttnpia (PHolm.) = σκληρός,  αὐστηρός 'hard, harsh' (Hdn. Gr., H.).

    *ETYM Formally similar to ▶︎ στύω, which may be related (cf. θύω beside τύφω). Cf. also ▶︎ στρυφνός. An ingenious (but unlikely) hypothesis is advanced by Ruijgh 1967a  $92, who argues that Myc. tu-ru-pte-ri-ja (scil. γῆ) stands for otpuntnpia, the older  form of στυπτηρία, which underwent dissimilation; he concludes that στύφω may  have replaced older *otptqw.

XXXXXστύω, -ομαι [v.] 'to have an erection' (Ar., Diog. Ep., Luc., AP). <?>

    *VAR Aor. στῦσαι, pass. στυθῆναι, perf. ἔστῦκα.

    *DER στῦμα [n.] 'erection' (Pl. Com.), στυτικός 'causing an erection' (Phylarch,; v.l. OTUTIT-). On στύμος, see on ▶︎ στύπος.

    *ETYM Originally 'to be stiff, erect' < *sth.-u-. From the same stem derive ▶︎ στῦλος,  > σταυρός, and ▶︎ στοά. Possibly related to ▶︎ στύφω and ▶︎ στύραξ 2.

XXXXXστωμύλος [adj.] 'talkative, conversational, chatty' (Ar. Demetr. Theoc., Luc. et al.). <?>

    *COMP στωμυλιο-συλλεκτάδης [m.] 'talk-collector' (Ar. Ra. 841), see Fraenkel 1912:  20.

    *DER στωμυλ-ία, Ion. -in [f.] 'talkativeness' (Stesimbr., Ar., Plb., AP et al.), -nOpa [f,]  'id? also personified as an epithet of δαιταλεῖς 'banqueters' (Com. Adesp., Numen. apud Eus., Phryn.); after nouns in -ήθρα like ῥωπο-περ-περ-ήθρα 'empty braggard's  talk'; adjective -ηθρος (Aristaenet.). Denominative verbs: στωμύλλομαι 'to be talkative, chat, babble' (Ar.), rarely -bAAa,  also with xata-; hence -ὕλματα (n.pl] 'chatter' (Ar.); τυλεύομαι 'id.' (Alciphr. Phot.).

    *ETYM Traditionally compared with ▶︎ στόμα, with full grade of the root (*steh,-m-)  anda suffix *-ul-.

XXXXXσύ [pron.] 'you (sg.)' (Il.). <1E *tuH 'you'>

===Pag_1471: Beekes_Página_1471.tiff===

    *VAR Dor. (also Aeol. in gramm.) τύ, Hom. also τύνη, Lac. τούνη. Obl. cases: acc. σέ,  Dor. (also Aeol. in gramm.) τέ, Dor. also τύ, Cret. τρέ (only in H. tpé: σέ, interpreted  as tfé. DELG thinks this is suspect, as *tw- always gives o- in all dialects). Dat. σοί,  encl. tot (Il., Att. = 'indeed'), Dor. toi, also tiv, Hom. telv. Gen. Hom. σεῖο, Hom. Ion. σέο, ced, Att. σοῦ, Dor. τέο, téoc, τεῦς, etc. Enclitic ce, σοι, cov.

    *DER Hence the poss. pron. σός 'your (Il.), Dor. Aeol. (also Hom.) tedc, Boeot. τιός.

    *ETYM From PIE *tuH: Lat. ἐᾷ, MoHG du, Lith. tu, etc., Dor. tv. Initial o- in IA, εἴς. was introduced after σέ < *tue. τύνη is like €ywvn, with an added particle (see s.v. ▶︎ ἐγώ). Dor. gen. τέο is like ἐμέο (see s.v. ▶︎ ἐμέν): PIE had *teye; cf. Skt. tava; on Dor. téoc, Hom. σέθεν, etc., see s.v. ▶︎ ἐμέ. The poss. pron. τεός « ἕτερός and σός < ἔτρός  derive from PIE *t(e)uo-; cf. Lat. tuus < *teuos.

XXXXXovaypis [f.] 'a fish with teeth?) (Epich. 69, Arist., H.).

    *VAR  Also ovvaypic (Arist.), -ίδος.

    *DER Cf. συνοδοντίς as a fish name (Stromberg 1943: 45) and Kpeaypic, navaypic,  governing compound with ἀγρεύω, ἄγρα.

    *ETYM Fur.: 123f. starts from σύαξ, -κος, συάκιον [n.] (Su.); συάκιν (gloss.) 'kind of  flatfish. He takes ovvaypic¢ (Arist.) to be folk-etymological for the form without a  nasal. No further etymology.

XXXXXσύαξ, -ακος ~ovaypic.

XXXXXσύβακα - συώδη 'swinish'; σύβας: λάγνος 'lecherous', also name of a satyr (vase-inscr.); συβάλλας: ὁ καταφερὴς πρὸς τὰ ἀφροδίσια 'prone to sexual pleasures'; also ὑβάλλης: καταφερής, λάγνος 'inclined, lecherous' (H.). < PG?>

    *ETYM Connection with Lat. subdre 'to be in heat', of female animals, has no  plausibility; Pisani RILomb. 73:2 (1939-40): 25f. supposes a Mediterranean origin. The gloss συώδη appears to be based on folk etymology. Several glosses can be  compared to σύβακα, e.g. σύ[μ]βρος: κάπρος 'swine' (H.), but also ovBptakdv- τὸ  πολυτελές, συβριάζειν: σοβαρεύεται, τρυφᾷ and συβριασμός: ὁ ἐν edwxia θόρυβος  (H.); cf. also σύβρα and συβροί, with unclear glosses. All are assumed by Frisk to be  connected with Σύβαρις, or influenced by it (or by ὕβρις). For συβάλλας, ὑβάλλης,  cf. also ▶︎ βαλλίον. The alternation between initial o- and aspiration, the -B-, and the  suffix -ax- make Indo-European origin unlikely, thus it is probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXσυβήνη [f.] 'quiver' (Att. inscr, Ar. Th. 1197, 1215, H.), 'flute case' (Poll., EM, H.).

    *ETYM Formation like ▶︎ σαγήνη (s.v. with literature). No etymology.

XXXXXσυγχίς Ξοσυκχίς.

XXXXXσυκάμῖνον [n.] fruit of the mulberry tree, mulberry (Amphis, Arist.). «LW Sem.>

    *DER συκάμῖνος [f., m.] 'mulberry fig-tree' (Arist., Thphr., middle com., etc.), -ἵνινος  'of the mulberry fig-tree' (Sotad. Com., Hell. pap.), on the formation cf. Schulze KZ  43 (1910): 189; -ινώδης 'mulberry-like' (Thphr.). Also -ivéa [f.] = -Ivog (after ovxéa  'fig-tree', etc. Aesop., Dsc. et al.). -tvewv = moretum (gloss.).

===Pag_1472: Beekes_Página_1472.tiff=== XXXXXσυκχίς, ίδος 1421

    *ETYM A Semitic loanword; cf. Aramaic Siq*min [pl.] 'mulberry trees', Hebr. siqma  [sg.] 'id.' (Lewy 1895: 23, Str6mberg 1940: 36, Ross KZ 77 (1961): 273).

XXXXXσῦκον [n.] 'fig', also metaphorically 'wart, swelling, vagina' (1) 121).

    *VAR Boeot. (Stratt.) τῦκον.

    *DIAL Myc. su-za = ovxia [f.] 'fig tree'.

    *COMP συκό-μορον [n.] 'fruit of the mulberry tree' (Str, Dsc. et al.), τος [f.]  'mulberry tree, sycamore' (Cels.), -éa [f] 'id' (Ev. Luc. et al.); cf. »συκάμῖνον and  ▶︎ μόρον.

    *DER Dimininutives: συκ-ίδιον, -άριον [n.] (com.). Further nominal derivatives: ovx-ic, -άς [f.] 'cutting from a fig-tree' (Ar., Poll.). συκ-  éa 'fig-tree' (Od.), Dor. Aeol. also -ia, IA -én, -ἢ; συκ-ίον [n.] 'fig-juice' (Hp.). συκ-  (e)wv, -(ε)ῶνος [m.] 'fig plantation' (LXX, pap.). συκείτης [m.] (οἶνος) 'of a fig-tree,  fig wine' (Dsc.), Spartan epithet of Dionysus (Sosib.); -iti¢ [f.] name of a precious  stone, probably after the color (Plin.). ovk-ad(Aric, -ίδος [f.] 'fig throstle' (Epich.,  Arist. et al.), see Niedermann Glotta 19 (1931): of. Adjectival derivations: σύκ-ινος 'of  a fig-tree', metaphorically 'useless' (IA), συκ-ώδης 'fig-like, full of warts' (Arist.,  medic.), -άσιος epithet of Zeus = καθάρσιος, since figs were used for purification  (Eust., H.). Verbal derivations: συκ-άζω 'to gather figs' (Att.), also 'to investigate' (Aristaenet.,  H.), also with ano-; hence -αστής, -dotpia = συκο-φάντιης, -pavtpia (EM, H.). ovK-  ίζομαι 'to be foddered with figs' (AP), -όομαι 14. (AP), whence -wtdc 'foddered with  figs (Aét.), ἧπαρ συκωτός 'liver fatted with figs' (Gal., Orib.), -ωσις [f], -ωμα [n.]  'formation of warts', -wtikdc 'related to warts' (medic.).

    *ETYM Like Lat. ficus and Arm. t'uz 'fig', a loanword from a Mediterranean or  Anatolian source. This source may well have been Pre-Greek: the variation in initial  consonantism (Boeot. τῦκον) probably reflects an original *#'uk-, with a palatalized  Ὁ].

XXXXXσυκοφάντης [m.] false accuser, denunciator', later also 'trickster, cadger' (Ar.).

    *VAR Also συκοφάσεις [pl.] = συκοφαντίαι (AP), after ἀποφάσεις, etc.

    *DER ovkogavt-éw 'to act as a denunciator, accuse falsely, blackmail', -a [f.] 'false  accusation', -iag [m.] (ἄνεμος) 'wind of accusations' (Ar.), τημα [n.] = 'false  accusation'. συκοφαντ-ικός, -ώδης 'slanderous' (Att., etc.). Fem. συκοφάντρια (Ar.),  Fraenkel 1912: 25.

    *ETYM Expression of popular language, originally probably 'fig-indicator', which  already in antiquity was explained differently. Acc. to Cook Class. Rev.21 (1907):  133ff., the expression refers to an apotropaeic gesture, like Ital. far le fiche, MoFr. faire  la figue a qn.

XXXXXovxxic, ίδος [f.] 'kind of shoe' (AP, Suid.).

    *VAR Also -γχ-; συκχ-άς, -άδος (Poll, H.); obkyor ὑποδήματα Φρύγια 'Phrygian  sandles' (H.).

    *ETYM Knobloch Sprache 4 (1958): 198ff. supposes a loan from the Caucasus, which  may also be found in Av. haxa- [n.] 'sole of the foot' (see also Fur.: 361). Borrowed as  Lat. soccus.

===Pag_1473: Beekes_Página_1473.tiff===

XXXXXσυλάω [ν]] 'to strip off (the armor), take away, rob, plunder, seize' (Hom., IA). <?>

    *VAR El. opt. συλαίη; aor. συλῆσαι (IL), epic pres. also -ebw (cf. Chantraine 1942: 368;  not from συλεύς), -έω (Delph., Theoc. et al; also Pi? See Forssman 1966: 157f.).

    *DIAL On the debated forms Myc. su-ra-se, su-ra-te, see Morpurgo Davies 1963 s.vv.

    *COMP Also with ἀπο-, etc. Compounds θεο-σύλης [m.] = θεῶν συλήτωρ (Alc. et al.),  see Peek Phil. 100 (1956): 23, igpd-ovAoc [m.] 'temple-robber', with -éw, -ἰα (Att.). Further ovA-aywyéw 'to carry away as booty' (Ep. Col. etc.), G-ovAoc 'one who  cannot be distrained, invulnerable, safe', τὸ ἄσυλον 'fenced territory, refuge', with  ἀσυλ-ία [f.] 'safety from distraint, invulnerability' (Parm., A., E., Pl. inscr., etc.).

    *DER συλ-ήτωρ [m.] 'plunderer' (A., Nonn.), fem. -rteipa (E. [lyr.]; Fraenkel 1912:  22f.), τησις [f.] 'plunder' (S., Pl. et al.), -ytikdc 'related to plunder' (Hell. inscr.),  -ητής (gloss). Further σῦλα [n.], σῦλαι [pl.], rarely -ov [n.], -ἡ [f.] 'captured shipload, booty'  (Samos VI', Locr. V*, Str.), in Att. 'right of seizure of a ship or its cargo, right of  distraint' (D., Arist.). From σῦλα or συλάω (-€w, -ebw): συλεύς [m.] 'plunderer'  (SGDI 2516, Delph. III*), also as a mythical PN (BoShardt 1942: 123). On Συλο- and  -συλος in PNs, see also O. Masson Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 16 (1981): 166ff.

    *ETYM It is formally attractive to assume that ovAdw is derived from σῦλα, etc., but  notice that the nominal forms are rare and have been attested later than the verb. In  any case, the Att. mg. 'right of seizure' must be secondary and cannot be separated  from ἄσυλος. The form ἄσυλος itself may derive from συλάω as 'who may not be  taken away or be robbed'. There is no certain etymology. The forms are similar to  »σκῦλα 'booty', but their relation is unclear (see Schwyzer: 329 and Sanchez  Ruipérez Emerita 15 (1947): 67f.); do they point to a Pre-Greek interchange o-/ox-?  Pisani Sprache 5 (1959): 143ff. explains oxbAov as secondary after ▶︎ oxbtoc, which  seems doubtful. He thinks that σῦλα comes from Lydian, together with Lat. spolia  'booty'. The gloss ἐσσύλλα' ἀφήρει κτλ. (H.) is in the wrong place alphabetically, so  it cannot be trusted. The word ὑλᾶται ἐστερήθη, ἀπέθανεν 'was robbed, died' (H.) is  unrelated (Pisani l.c.).

XXXXXσύν 'ξύν.

XXXXXσυναγρίς 'οσύαγρις.

XXXXXσυνεοχμός [m.] 'juncture, joint', only in ἐν συνεοχμῷ (Ξ 465, verse-final).

    *ETYM For "συνοχμός for metrical reasons, after word-pairs like ἔοικα : oika, ἑορτή :  opty (Frisk Eranos 38 (1940): 4if.).

XXXXXσυνέσται (m.pl.] designation of the members of an association, probably participants ofa dinner society (IG 97(1), 434 [Acarnania II*]).

    *ETYM Without a doubt derived from συν-εἐσθίω 'to dine together' (cf. σύσ-σιτοι,  παρά-σιτοι); see Chantraine RPA. 86 (1960): 177ff.

XXXXXovvoxwx ote [perf.ptc.nom.du.] 'grown together, bent together' (B 218).

    *VAR The reading συνοχωκότε is predominant in the paradosis. Also συνοχωκότος  [gen.sg.] 'collapsed' (Q. 8. 7, 502).

===Pag_1474: Beekes_Página_1474.tiff=== XXXXXσῦριγξ, -tyyos 1423

    *ETYM From > συνέχω, but further unexplained. Probably an artificial formation (on  the mg., see Hartmann 1956: 250). Several attempts at an explanation have been  undertaken: 1. Brugmann IF 13 (1902-1903): 280: reduplicated formation like συν-  οκωχή, ▶︎ ἀνοκωχή, etc. 2. Wackernagel Gétt. Nachr. 1902: 738f. assumes a  denominative *cvvoydéw (from σύνοχος), since the reading συνοχωκότε seems to be  the more reliable one. This was recently defended by Hackstein 2002: 164ff. 3. Schwyzer: 766° considers συνοχωκότε to be an enlargement of *ovvoxdéte (from  *hehoyxa). Cf. further Chantraine 1942: 424.

XXXXXσυνωχαδόν [adv] 'continuously' (Hes. Th. 390, Q. S.).

    *ETYM From ▶︎ ἔχω, with a suffix -αδόν and compositional lengthening to -w-.

XXXXXσύρβη '-'τύρβη.

XXXXXσύργαστρος [adj.] mg. unclear (Alciphr.; ν.], dat. sg. -opt), epithet of snakes (AP 15, 26 = Dosiad. Ara), understood as τὴν γαστέρα σύρων 'sweeping with its belly'. Explained by EM, Phot. and H. (who has ovpydotwp) as 'swineherd', EM and Phot. = ἐργάτης 'farmer'; described by H. as ὄνομα βαρβαρικόν 'word of foreign origin'. <?>

    *ETYM Radermacher Festschr. Kretschmer: 160ff. refers to Ζεὺς Συργάστης in  Bithynia and assumes an originally foreign slave name.

XXXXXovpia [f.] kind of garment (pap.), called αὐτόποκον ἱμάτιον 'woolen cloak or mantle' by Poll. 7, 61.

    *COMP ovpémotos 'made in Syria'.

    *ETYM H. states: ὅτι ἐν Καππαδοκίᾳ γίνεται, οὗτοι δὲ Σύροι 'because it originates  from Cappadocia, the people of which are called Σύροι᾽,    σῦριγξ, -ιγγος [f.] 'quill, flute, syrinx' (IL); also of pipe-like objects, eg. 'windpipe,  blood-vessel, fistula' (medic., etc.), 'spear case' (T 387), 'hole in the nave of a wheel'  (trag,, etc.), 'subterranean passage' (PIb., etc.). <PG(S)>

    *COMP πεντε-σύριγγος 'with five pipes' (Ar. et al.).

    *DER Diminutive ovpiyy-tov [n.] (Hp. Plu. et al.), -idtov [n.] (Hero). Other nominal  derivations: ovptyy-ic [f.] 'kind of ▶︎ κασία᾽ (medic.). συριγγ-ίας [m.] designation of a  tube (Thphr., Dsc.), cf. Strémberg 1937: οἱ. συριγγ-ίτης [m.], -ἴτις [f.] name of a  precious stone (Ps.-Dsc., Plin.). συριγγ-ώδιης 'hollow, fistular' (Hp.). συριγγ-ιακός  'meant for fistulae' (medic, after καρδιακός, etc.). Denominative verbs: συρίζω (Ion. poet. h. Merc.), Att. -ittw (PL, D., Arist. et al.),  Dor. -ίσδω (Theoc.), aor. -ίξαι (Ar.), -ioat (Babr., Luc.), fut. -ἰξομαι (Luc.), -iow  (Hero et al.), -ιἰὡ (LXX) 'to blow the syrinx, whistle, hiss', also with ὑπο-, ἐκ, ἀπο-,  etc. Hence ovp-typta [n.] 'tone of a pipe' (-topa H.) with -ἰγματώδης 'pipe-like,  hissing' (medic.), -ιἰγμός (X. Arist. etc.), -ισμός (LXX, etc.) [m] 'the whistling,  whirr', τιγξιὶς [f.] 'flute-playing' (sch.), -ικτής, -ἰιστής (Arist, Corn.), τἰκτάς (Theoc.,  AP), -ἰστήρ (AP) with -totpidtov mg. unclear (pap. I*), -ty«tr¢ (Phot.) [m.] 'flutist',  also 'whistling'; συριστική (τέχνῃ) 'the art of flute-playing' (sch.). συριγγ-όομαι [v.]  'to become hollow, get a fistula', -6w 'to make into a pipe, etc.' (Hp. et al.), also with

===Pag_1475: Beekes_Página_1475.tiff===

ἐκ-, προ-, ἀπο-; thence -ωσις [f.] 'formation of ἃ fistula' (medic.), -ωμα [n.] 'fistula' (Vett. Val.). συριγγ-ιάω [v.] 'to suffer from a fistula' (Hippiatr.).

    *ETYM A substrate word; cf. especially the non-Indo-European suffix -tyy-. The  explanation by Solmsen 1909: 129} is to be rejected: a derivative in -tyy- from a  noun ᾿σῦρος vel sim., related to Skt. ἐἄγια- [m.] 'quiver', tinava- [m.] 'flute'. Neither  can we follow Greppin KZ 103 (1990): 35-37, who assumes PIE origin. Arm. sring 'flute, pipe' was probably taken from the same source. Borrowed as Skt.

XXXXXsurunga [f.] 'subterranean passage' (on the etymology and history of the meaning, see Stein ZII 3 (1925): 280ff.).

XXXXXσυρίτης [m.] 'stone found in a wolfs bladder'Plin. 11, 208). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXσύριχος [m.] 'basket' (Alex.). Also συρίσκος: ἀγγεῖόν τι πλεκτόν, εἰς ὃ σῦκα ἐμβάλλουσι 'a woven basket into which figs were thrown'. τινὲς δὲ ὑρίσκον (Η.λ

    *VAR Here also ὕριχος (corr. Porson for cod. -ιἰσός in Ar. Fr. 569, 5), ὕρισχος and  βρίσχος (Phryn. PS), σύρισσος (Poll.), ὑρίσσος (H.), -6¢ (Theognost.); also dppic:  σπυρίς 'basket' (Zonar.); cf. ὑρίσιδα for ὑρίς, -ida?)- σπυρίδιον, σπυρίς 'id.' (H.);  bppada (cod. tpp-): σπυρίδιον 14. (Theognost.), ὕρραχα: τιρίσχη CH.) (cf. βρίσχος in  Phryn.). With other anlaut: ▶︎ dpptyoc and ἀρίσκος: κόφινος 'big basket' (H.).

    *ETYM There are many alternating forms, and no clear Indo-European etymology, so  Pre-Greek origin is very likely (Fur.: 135, 241, 392, 300).

XXXXXσύρω [v.] 'to draw, trail, drag, pull, ravish, sweep' (IA).

    <IE *tuer- 'stir, etc.' >

    *VAR  Aor. ovdpat , pass. σὕρῆναι (late), fut. συρῶ (LXX), perf. σέσυρμαι, -κα (Hell. and late).

    *COMP  &ta- 'to hackle, mock', ém- 'to be neglectful, treat neglectfully', kata-, mapa-.

    *DER With suffixes with -μ-: σύρμα (ἀπό-, ἐπί-, mapd-, mepi-) [n.) 'train-dress,  sweepings, dragging movement' (Ion., X., Hell. and late), hence συρματῖτις κόπρος  'swept-together heap of manure' (Thphr.), συρματικὴ φωνή 'drawn-out accent'  (ΠΡ), συρματὶς στρατιά: ἡ τἀ συμψήγματα καὶ φρύγανα σύρουσα Kai συλλέγουσα  'woman sweeping and collecting what has been raked together and firewood' (H.),  συρμός (ἐπι-, περι-, ὑπο-) [m.] 'grinding, dragging, pulling movement' (Arist.),  'vomiting' (Nic.); δια- 'pulling apart, mocking' (Hell. and late); from this συρ-μάδες  [f.pl.) 'snow-drifts' (late), -μαία, Ion. -pain [f.] 'vomitive, radish' (Ion., Ar., etc.), also  name ofa Laconian priest rank (inscr., H.), -μαΐζω 'to take a vomitive', -μαϊσμός [m.]  (Hdt., medic.), -piov- λάχανόν τι σελίνῳ ἐοικός 'greens like celery' (H.), -μιστήρ-  ξυλοπώλης 'wood seller' (H.), συρμή [f.] 'trailing tail of a snake' (sch.). Further σύρ-της [m_] 'towing-rope' (Man., H.), -τῶν [gen.pl.] (nom.sg. -tn¢ or -τός)  name of a dance (Akraiphia I*), διασύρ-της [m.]} 'slanderer' (Ptol.), δια-, ἐκ-συρτικός  (Hell, and late). ἀνασυρτ-όλις [f.] 'lewd woman' (Hippon.), from ἀνα-σύρτης 'who  draws up (the clothes)', cf. οἰφόλις 'who copulates' and Chantraine 1933: 237f. Probably also related Σύρτις [f.] name of a gulf on the north coast of Africa with  sandy shores and dangerous breakers (Hdt, etc.), known as 'the pulling one' (cf. v. Wilamowitz on Tim. Pers. 99); metaphorically 'destruction' (Tim. Pers. 99, H.).

===Pag_1476: Beekes_Página_1476.tiff=== XXXXXσῦφαρ 1425

XXXXXσύρσις [f.] (also διά-) 'the drawing of a plough' (late). With enlargement -φ- (from κάρφη 'hay'?): σύρφι: φρύγανα 'firewood' (H.), συρφ-ετός [m.] 'sweepings, filth' (Hes., Call, Plu. et al.), 'rabble' (Pl. et al.), also -ετώδιης 'vulgar' (P1b., Luc. et al.), see Chantraine 1933: 300, Schwyzer: 501; -@& [m.] 'rabble' (Ar. V. 673 [anap.], Luc.). On σύρφος 'some insect' see s.v. ▶︎ σέρφος. Possibly also here: ▶︎ ἀσυρής 'lewd'.

    *ETYM Probably related to ▶︎ caipw 'sweep', if both reflect a root *tuer- 'to sweep'. In  this case, σύρω reflects *tur-e/o-, with analogical *o- (rather than *tuor-e/o- with  Cowgill's Law, as per Vine 1999b: s6off., with morphologically awkward o-grade). The form caipw would reflect *tur-ie/o-, with regular vocalization of the *r (cf. e.g. ▶︎ σάρξ 'flesh' < *turk-). For possible connections outside Greek, see s.v. ▶︎ σαίρω. Since σύρφ-η, -ετός, -αξ probably derive from σύρω within Greek, a connection with  OHG swerban 'to drive quickly to and fro, whirl, wipe off and W chwerfu 'to whirl,  turn around' (Pok. 1050f.) is improbable. See ▶︎ σύργαστρος,    σῦς, συός [m., f] 'swine, sow, boar' (Hom., Pi. rarely Hdt., Att. et al.). <I *suH-s  'swine'>

    *VAR Also ὗς.

    *DIAL Myc. su-qo-ta /sug'otas/ or /-0-/; see further s.v. ▶︎ βόσκω.

    *COMP σὔ-βώ-της [m.] 'swineherd' (Od., Hdt., Pl.), fem. -tpia (Pl. Com.), adj. -τικός  (Pl. Com., Plu.), also -βό-της 'id.' (Arist.) with -βόσια [n.pl.] 'herds of swine' (A 679  Ξ 101, Plb., Lib.); ov-aypoc back-formation = σῦς ἄγριος (Antiph., Dionys. Trag. et  al.), see Risch IF 59 (1949): 286f. Also (mostly Hell. and late) ovo-, e.g. -φορβός [m.]  'swineherd' (Plb. et al.), -φόρβιον (Arist; σύ-φορβός Hom. et al.), metrically  conditioned συη-βόλος (Opp.) = συο-κτόνος (Call., Nonn.).

    *DER ov-atva [f.] (Opp.), -ak, -άκιον (gloss., Suid.) a fish-name (Strémberg 1943:  101); τάδες' ai bec, ἐσχηματισμένως 'wild swine' (H.). Further σύ-ειος (X. et al.), τινος  (v.l. in X.) 'of a swine', -ώδης 'swinish, gluttonous, beastly' (Plu., Philostr. et al.). ov-  όομαι 'to become a swine' (VIP). Unclear ovijAat: τόποι βορβορώδεις 'miry places'  (HL); on ▶︎ obeds 'pig-sty' s.v.

    *ETYM The inherited form is ὗς (= Lat. 545) < PIE *suHs. The initial o- of σῦς is  somehow secondary, perhaps after ▶︎ σίαλος 'fatting pig'; alternatively, it is a LW  from another IE language, or derives from an otherwise unattested cognate of Lith. kiailé 'swine' (it is senseless to adduce σωλούς: ὗς [H.], as von Blumenthal 1930: 45f. does). Not an onomatopoeia, as per West Glotta 76 (1998): 232f.

XXXXXσνστάδες 'vines planted densely' (Arist., inscr. IV*); also a 'water container'.

    *VAR Also Ev-, see s.v.

    *ETYM From συνίσταμαι; cf. nao tds from παρίσταμαι.

XXXXXσύφακα γλεῦκος 'new wine' (H.). <?>

    *DER συφακίζειν: ὀπωρίζειν 'gather fruit' (H.).

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXoveap [n. indecl.] 'wrinkled skin' (Sophr., Call, Luc. et al.), also personified 'wrinkled, decrepit person' (Lyc.), 'skin of a snake' (Luc.), 'skin on milk' (sch. Nic. AL 91, H.)

===Pag_1477: Beekes_Página_1477.tiff===

1426 ob@eds

    *ETYM Traditionally compared with Lat. siiber 'cork-oak, cork', in spite of the  semantic difficulties. If correct, we are dealing with borrowings from a common  source. Acc. to Pisani RILomb. 73:2 (1939-40): 27, it is related to ὕφεαρ 'mistletoe',  but semantically this is hardly probable.

XXXXXσὔφεός [m.] 'pigsty' (Od., Parth., Gp.). <2

    *VAR  Also -εἰοῦ κ 389 with metrical lengthening at verse end; cf. Chantraine 1942:  104. Also συφός (Lyc., Poll.), -ewv [m.] 'id' (Agath., Gp.), after ἀνδρ(εγών, ete.

    *ETYM For the ending, cf. φωλεός 'lair', etc. Probably derived from σῦς, but the  details are unclear. See > σῦς.

XXXXXσυχνός (adj. } 'numerous, many, much, wide, long' (IA). «3»

    *DER συχν-άκις [adv.] 'frequently, often' (Luc.), -ewv, -εῶνος [m.] 'thicket' (Aq.),  -aCw = θαμίζω (EM) with -aopa [n.] (Poll.).

    *ETYMNo etymology.

XXXXXσφάγνος [m.] name of a bush, = ἐλελίσφακον, ἀσπάλαθος (Diocl. Fr. Dsc.).

    *ETYM Fur.: 124 compares σφάκος 'sage-apple, salvia; tree-moss' and φάγνος 'salvia'    (gloss.) and φάσκον 'kind of moss (Thphr., φάσκος H.). Given these variants, the  word is Pre-Greek.

XXXXXσφαδάζω [v.] 'to flounce, rear (of horses), be uneasy, twitch' (Hp., trag, Χ. Plb., Plu. et al.); ἀνασφαδάζειν: ἀναπηδᾶν, ἀνάλλομαι, λακτίζειν 'to leap or spring up, kick with the heel' (H.). <?>

    *VAR Only pres. and ipf.

    *DER σφαδ-ασμός [m.] 'flouncing, twisting' (Ρ].), -αστικῶς 'flouncing' (Eust.).

    *ETYM Hdn. Gr. 2, 929 recommends a form σφαδάιζω (-άζω), like ματάζω, which  may be hypercorrect. An expressive word without a convincing explanation. For  comparison, ▶︎ σφοδρός, »σφεδανός, »σφενδόνη, and ▶︎ σφόνδυλος have been  adduced, but onaw, σπαδών may also be considered; cf. σφαδασμός: σπασμός, Kai τὰ  ὅμοια (H.). In the latter case, the variation points to substrate origin.

XXXXXσφάζωῳ [v.] 'to slaughter (by cutting the throat), kill, sacrifice' (I].).

    *VAR  -άττω (Boeot,; late Att. also -άδδω, see Schwyzer: 715), aor. σφάξαι (IL), pass. σφαγῆναι (IA, etc.), -χθῆναι (Pi, Hdt., E. [lyr.] etc.), fut. σφάξω (E. et al.), pass. -γήσομαι (Att.), perf. med. ἔσφαγμαι (Od.), act. ἔσφακα (late).

    *COMP Often with prefix, especially ano-, ém-, κατα-.

    *DER σφαγ-ή (δια-, kata-) [f.] 'slaughter, killing; throat' (trag., Att. prose, εἴς), -ἴτις  'of the throat' (medic., Arist.), -εύς [m.] 'slaughterer; sacrificial knife' (S., E., And., Ὁ. etc.). σφάγ-ιος 'belonging to the slaughter, killing' (Hp., 5. [lyr.] etc.); σφάγ-ιον (mpo-),  mostly pl. -ta [n.] 'victim, oblation, especially before a battle' (IA) with -ἰάζομαι,  -ιάζω 'to slaughter, sacrifice' (IA), -ιασμός [m.]} (E. [lyr.], Plu. et al.). σφαγ-ίς [f.] 'slaughter knife, sacrificial knife' (E. et al.), also referring to σφαγή;  τίδιον (Suid.); but ἐπι-σφαγ-ίς 'nape of the neck, where the axe strikes' and παρα-  ogay-ic 'part next to the throat' (Poll.). σφαγ-εῖον [n.] 'sacrificial bowl' (A., E., Ar.,  inscr.), derived form σφαγ-ή or -εύς, also σφαγ-ιστήριον (sch.). σφάγμα [π.} 'the

===Pag_1478: Beekes_Página_1478.tiff=== XXXXXσφάκελος 1 1427 killing' (sch.), also with prefix in e.g. πρόσφαγ-μα (A., E. et al.). Late σφάκ-της [m.] 'murderer', in compounds, e.g. with καλαμο- 'one who kills with a pin' (Ph.), with -τικὴ μάχαιρα (Zonar.); σφακ-τήρ [m.] 'murderer', only with δια- and χιμαρο- (AP); -tpta [f] 'sacrificial priestess' (Ael.). apax-tpov [n.] 'sacrificial tax' (Palmyra ΠΡ, Poll.). As a second element -σφάξ, e.g. in δια-σφάξ, -άγος [[.] 'rip, split, chasm' (Hdt. et al.), also -ogay-ia [f.], e.g. Boo- 'the killing of oxen' (APL).

    *ETYM The attested formations are productive, so they can all be derived from either  the verb σφάζω, σφάξαι or from a nominal root σφαγ-. No cognates outside Greek;  Fur.: 300 connects ▶︎ φάσγανον as paoy-/oay-, which remains uncertain.

XXXXXσφαῖρα [f.] 'sphere, ball, balls in a boxing-glove, globe' (Od.). <?>

    *COMP E.g. σφαιρο-ειδής 'spherical' (IA), ἐπί-σφαιρα [n. pl. 'leather coating (mostly  of boxing balls), boxing-gloves' (Plb., Plu.).

    *DER ogatp-nddv 'like a ball, sphere' (N 204 et al.). Diminutive -iov (Pl. Ep., Hell. and  late). σφαιρ-εύς [m] the young men of Sparta, named after their boxing-gloves  (Paus., inscr.). σφαιρ-ικός (Archyt., Arist, etc.), -etog (comm. Arist.) [adj.]  'spherical'; -ἴτις 'cypress' (< *conical'?) (Gal.). opatp-wv, -@voc [m.] 'round fishing-  net? (Opp.), -ίζω (avtt-, dta-, ovv-) 'to play ball' (Att.); φαιρίδδειν- σφαιρίζειν 'id. (H.), hence -tatg (Arist.), τ-ισμός (Artem.), -topa (Eust.) 'ball-game', -ἰστής 'ball-  player', -ἰστικός 'belonging to a ball-game', -ιστήριον 'ball court, ball house', -iotpa  'id'? (Hell. and late). σφαιρ-όομαι, -dw 'to be round, round off, to provide with a  round edge' (X., Arist. Hell. and late), also with ἀπο-, dta-, év-; hence -wua 'rounded  body' (Arist. et al.), -wotc 'a spherical shape' (late), -ωτήρ, -ἤρος [m.] 'knob, bulb vel  sim.' (Tab. Heracl., Hell. pap.); see Solmsen IF 31 (1912/13): 492ff. Lat. spaerita [m.]  kind of cake (Cato; Leumann Sprache 1 (1949): 206) probably derives from an  unattested *oqaip-(tn¢>.

    *ETYM The formation is like that of ▶︎ πεῖρα, ▶︎ σπεῖρα, ▶︎ μοῖρα, etc. No cognates  outside Greek. Sometimes connected to σπαίρω 'to flaunce', but the semantics are  hardly convincing, and the initial cluster remains unexplained. The word σφαῖρα  was borrowed into Syr. éspéré, Ethiop. spir (Schwyzer: 159 and 161), and Arm. sp'e?  (>> Georg. spero; Bailey TPS 1945: 28).

XXXXXσφάκελος 1 [m.] 'caries, gangrene, necrosis' (Hp., Gal.), also 'twitching pain, cramp' (A. Pr. 878, 1045, E. Hipp. 1352). <?>

    *DER σφακελ-ώδης 'gangrenous' (medic.), σφακελίζω (ént-, ἀπο-) 'to suffer from  caries or gangrene' (Hdt. Hp., etc.), rarely 'to suffer from a twitching pain, cramp'  (Cratin., Pherecr., Plu.), with -ἰσμός [m.] 'caries, gangrene' (Hp., Arist, Thphr.), cf. Stromberg 1937: 191, 'heavy pain' (Stoic.), 'epilepsy' (Hippiatr.); éru-, ἀπο-σφακέλισις  (f.] 'gangrene' (Hp.).

    *ETYM Formation like σκόπελος, πύελος, etc. from an unknown root. The word was  originally a medical expression, acc. to Chantraine 1933: 244. Starting from a  meaning 'convulsions (of pain), Persson seeks to connect MHG spachen 'to split',  LG spaken 'burst, putrefy', etc., which can hardly be correct. Cf. ▶︎ σφάκος, > σφήξ,  and ▶︎ φάκελος.

===Pag_1479: Beekes_Página_1479.tiff===

σπάκελος 2 [m.] 'middle finger' (sch. Pl. ΤΊ. 84 B, Phot.). «ΡΟ(ν)»

    *VAR  Also σφακῆλος or @-.

    *ETYM Pre-Greek in view of the variation.

XXXXXσφάκος [m.] 'sage' (com., Thphr.).

    *DIAL Myc. pa-ko-we, on which see Morpurgo Davies 1963 s.v.

    *COMP σφακώδης 'rich in sage' (H.). On ▶︎ ἐλελίσφακος, see s.v.

    *ETYM Of unclear origin. Solmsen 1909 connects σφάκελος, which is possible. Cf. further ▶︎ φάσκος. According to Fur.: 124, it is related to σφάγνος, payvos, etc., which  would point to Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXσφάλλω, -ομαι [v.] 'to bring down, ruin, mistead', med. 'to go down, be ruined, be mistaken' (IA).

    <IE *(s)g""h,el->

    *VAR Aor. σφῆλαι (IL), Dor. σφᾶλαι (Pi.), pass. σφᾶλ-ῆναι (-θῆναι Gal.), intr. -at  (LXX; Schwyzer: 756), fut. -@, pass. -oopat, perf. med. ἔσφαλ-μαι (IA), act. -κα  (Plb.).

    *COMP Also with prefix, e.g. ἀπο-, παρα-.

    *DER σφαλ-ερός 'slippery, treacherous, staggering' (IA), -μα [n.] 'fall, accident,  misstep, mistake' (IA), -μός [m.] 'id' (Aq.), hence -μῆσαι (ἀπο-) 'to stumble' (PIb.)  and σφαλ-μᾷ' σκιρτᾷ, σφάλλεται 'springs, is tripped up' (H.). σφάλ-σις (ἀνά-, περί-,  ἀμφί-) [f.] 'fall, accident' (Hp., Vett. Val.), σφάλ-της [m.] epithet of Dionysus 'he  who ruins' (Lyc.). ἀ-σφαλ-ής (also ἐπι-, περι-, ἀρι-σφαλής etc.), ntr. -éc, adv. -(€)we  'not falling, not staggering, firm, safe, reliable' (IL.), -eta [f.] (Att.), -iZoptat, -ζω (Hell. and late), all deverbal. The hapax σφάλος [n.] (trag. POxy. 676, 16) is uncertain. See  also on ▶︎ ἄσφαλτος, which may have been folk-etymologically adapted.

    *ETYM The derivational patterns are the same as those of e.g, > πάλλω and ▶︎ σκάλλω. Traditionally connected to Skt. skhdlate, -ti 'sumble, stagger, err', Arm. sxalem, -im  'id.', Rix 1976: 31 (also LIV? s.v. *(s)g""h,el-) reconstructs *sg'"h,el- with Siebs' Law,  which seems a good possibility. Attempts to connect the root to that of ▶︎ onoAdc and  > ἀσπάλαξ are unfruitful, because the initial clusters do not match.

XXXXXσφαλός [m.] 'foot block' (Epich., Poll., H.), 'disc' (Poll, H.).

    *DER σφαλίζω 'to fetter' in ἐσφάλιζεν (Phot.), -tEev (H.).

    *ETYM A technical expression; hardly identical with Latv. spals 'grip, handle' and  PGm. *spal- 'cross-beam, rundle (of a ladder etc.)' (ON spglr [m.], MHG, ME spale),  which reflect *spol-. Fur.: 351 connects σφέλας, and considers the words to be Pre-  Greek, which is possible.

XXXXXσφαραγέομαι [v.] 'to crackle, sizzle' (ι 390), 'to teem, be full to bursting' (1 440).

    <IE  *sb'rh,(e)g- 'burst, crackle'>

    *VAR  Only ipf. σφαραγεῦντο; also σφαραγίζω in ἐσφαράγιζον 'excited (with noise)'  (Hes. Th. 706), -ie- βροντᾷ, ταράττει, ψοφεῖ 'thunders, disturbs, sounds' (H.).

    *DER σφάραγος = ψόφος 'sound' (H.); furthermore only as a second member, e.g. ἐρι-σφάραγος 'with loud noise' (h. Merc. et al.), βαρυ-σφάραγος 'with dull noise'    (Pi).

===Pag_1480: Beekes_Página_1480.tiff=== XXXXXσφένδαμνος 1429

    *ETYM Perhaps of Indo-European origin (for the formation, cf. σμαραγέω), with  cognates in Skt. sphiirjati, -dyati 'to crackle, drone', OE sprecan, OHG sprehhan 'to  speak', etc.; Skt. sphiirjati 'break up', Lith. sprégti 'to burst, explode' are probably also  related (see s.v. »σπαργάω). These have been taken to reflect *sprh.g-, but the  aspirate in Greek and Sanskrit rather points to *sb'rh.g-. Cf. ▶︎ σφραγίς.

XXXXXσφάραγίγ]ος [m.] - βρόγχος, τράχηλος, λοιμός, ψόφος 'throat, neck, plague, sound' (H.), = φάρυγξ 'throat' (Apion apud Phot.).

    *ETYM See s.v. ▶︎ ἀσφάραγος 1.

XXXXXσφεδανός [adj.] 'violent, vehement' (Il. [-ov adv.], Xenoph., Hell. epic, AP). <?>

    *DER Next to σφοδρός, adv. -pa, -ρῶς 'id. (μ 124) with σφοδρ-ότης [f.] 'violence,  vehemence' (PI, X. et al.), -bvoptat, -bvw 'to become, make violent, vehement' (A. Pr. 1011, Ph, Plu. et al.), also with ém-, after the opposite πραὔνομαι, see Fraenkel 1906:  37; opodp-dopat 'id.' (Ph. v.1., Gal.).

    *ETYM The formation of σφεδανός is similar to that of ἐδανός, στεγανός, σκεπανός,  ἰδανός, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 196f., Schwyzer: 489f.). Together with opodpéc,  σφεδανός may reflect a heteroclitic r/n-stem (Benveniste 1935: 20), but this is  uncertain. Possible Greek cognates are ▶︎ σφαδάζω and ▶︎ σφενδόνη.

XXXXXσφεῖς [pron.] 'they, them(selves)'

    *VAR anaphoric and reflexive 3 pl. Forms: ntr. σφέα, acc. Att. σφᾶς, Ion. Hom. σφέας,  Aeol. Hom. Dor. σφε, Cret. Syrac. we, gen. σφῶν, Ion. Hom. σφέων, Hom. also  σφείων, dat. σφίσι(ν), Aeol. Ion. Hom. Dor. ogi(v), Cret. Syrac. ψιν, Lac. etc. φιν,  (ogi(v), σφε also 3sg.); epic 3du. σφωε, -ἵν, 2du. σφῶϊ, -ἵν, Att. σφώ, σφῷν.

    *DER Hence the possessive pron. opétepoc, opwitepos (1].), epic also σφός 'their'  (rarely reflexive), with σφετερίζομαι, -i{w 'to make one's own' (Att. Hell. and late),  -LOLLOG, -ἰστής (Arist.).

    *ETYM The oldest forms were probably *o-et and o-@i(v), with o- a zero grade of IE  *se- (Lat. si-bi, Osc. si-fei, OCS se-bé). The forms σφε, σφεῖς, σφᾶς, σφῶν, etc. were  created in analogy to Gyu(v), ἄμμε, ἡμεῖς, etc; giv and we developed irregularly  from σφιν with loss of o- and metathesis, respectively. See further Schwyzer: 6ooff. and Chantraine 1942: 266ff., 273.

XXXXXσφεκλαρᾶς glass-maker of special glass (L. Robert 1969: 93-932).4LW Lat.>

    *ETYM Derived from σπέκλον 'speculum', which itself is a borrowing from Lat. speculum.

XXXXXσφέλας [n.] 'footstool' (p 231, σ 394, A. R. 1159), 'socle' (Delos VI*), 'log?' (Nic. Th. 644). «ΡΟ»

    *DER Diminutive σφελίσκον [n.] 'stool'(?) (Samos IV*). Hypostasis ἐπι-σφελ-ίτης- ὁ  θρανίτης 'the top-rower (i.e., in a trireme)y (H.).

    *ETYM Fur.: 351 concludes from the possible connection with ▶︎ σφαλός that the word  is Pre-Greek.

XXXXXσφένδαμνος [f.] 'maple, Acer monspessulanum' (Thphr., Dicaiarch.). «ΡΟ»

    *VAR  Note σπένδαμνον' ξύλον 'wood' (H.).

===Pag_1481: Beekes_Página_1481.tiff===

    *DER -tvoc 'of maple' (Cratin., Ar.).

    *ETYM Formation like δίκταμνον, ῥάδαμνος, etc. Often connected to σφενδόνη 'sling  etc., either through a meaning 'trembling' or after the form of the seeds (Carnoy  Ant, class. 27 (1958): 318 and Carnoy REGr. 71 (1958): 99). Fur. 164 compares  σπένδαμνον: ξύλον (beside ἄκαστος: σφένδαμνος and xdotov- ξύλον [H.]). The  word is probably Pre-Greek (Schwyzer: 524, Alessio Studi etruschi 15 (1941): 177). See  also Amigues RPh. 73 (1999): 1oaf.

XXXXXσφενδόνη [f.] 'sling', from wool, hair, animal sinews, etc., often metaph. of sling-like objects, e.g. 'bandage, headband, case on a ring, white of the eye' (Il.); also 'throw, missile' (Ar, X.), referring to σφενδονάω. «ΡῈ»

    *COMP  Rarely as a second member, eg. βελο-σφενδόνη 'arrow-sling, fire-missile'  (Plu.).

    *DER σφενδον-ήτης, Boeot. -άτας [m.] 'slinger' (Hdt., Th. et al.), -ητική (τέχνη) 'the  art of slinging' (Pl.), -nddv 'like a sling' (sch, EM); -αίἰαν: σφενδόνην, ἢ τὴν  σφραγῖδα 'sling, signet' (H.). Denominative verb opevéov-dw 'to sling' (1A), also  with ἀπο-, δια-, éx-; thence -ησις [f.] (Hp., Pl. et al.). Similarly σφενδον-ίζω 'id' (Ps.-  Callisth.), -ἰστής [m.] (Them.).

    *ETYM Formation like ἀγχόνη, περόνη, βελόνη. No convincing etymology; most  often connected within Greek to σφεδανός, σφοδρός, σφαδάζω, and to Skt. spandate  'to pull, beat out' (Pok. 989). Further often compared with Lat. funda 'leather strap,  sling', which would point to a common loan from a Mediterranean or Anatolian  source (E-M s.v. funda). This source is likely to have been Pre-Greek.

XXXXXσφήν, σφηνός [m.] 'wedge' (A. Pr. 64, Ar., Arist., Hell. pap.), <?>

    *COMP Some compounds, eg. σφηνό-πους, -ποδος 'with wedge-shaped feet', of  κλίνη (Ceos V*), ἐπί-σφηνος 'wedge-shaped' (Lebadeia), see Strémberg 1946: 100;  ἀντι-σφήν 'counter-wedge' (Ph. Bel.).

    *DER Diminutives σφην-ίσκος [m.] (Hp. et al.), -άριον [n.] (late medic.), uncertain  -ic, -iStov (Hero). Further σφανίον' κλινίδιον 'small couch' and ἐν σφανίῳ- ἐν  κλιναρίῳ 'in bedsteads' (H.); but παρα-σφήν-ιον [n.] 'side-block for wedging' (Hell. inscr. and pap.). σφην-όομαι, -dw 'to be wedged, to wedge (in) (Arist., medic, Hell. and late), often with, e.g. ἀπο-, δια-, παρα-; σφήνωσις (ἀπο-, δια-, ἐπι-} [6] 'wedging  in' (medic. εἴ al.), ἀποσφήν-ωμα [n.] 'wedge-shaped block' (pap. IIF).

    *ETYM The form σφήν reflects *opav, *opavo-, or *oga-nv (cf. opaviov and Cean  σφηνόπους < *opav-). The traditional identification with a PGm. *spén-u- 'chip'  (OHG span, OE spon, ON spdnn, spénn) must be given up because the labials do not  match. The same goes for the connection with Skt. sphyd- [m.} 'shoulder-blade',  Khot. phvai 'spade, shovel', which are rather related to ▶︎ σπάθη (see s.v.). The word  σφήν therefore remains without an etymology.

XXXXXσφήξ, -ηκός [m.] 'wasp' (IL).

    *VAR  Dor. (Theoc.) -ἄκός [m.].

    *DER σφηκ-ιά [f.] 'wasp-nest' (S., E, Ar., LXX et al.), see Scheller 1951: 68, -ίον [n.]  'comb in a wasp-nest' (Arist, Thphr. et al.), cf. also ἐπι-σφήκτ-ιον [n.] of unknown  meaning (Delos III*). σφηκ-ίσκος [m.] 'pointed wood, rafter, etc' (Ar., Arist. inscr.

===Pag_1482: Beekes_Página_1482.tiff=== XXXXXσφίγγω 1431 εἴ al.), -ἰας [m.] 'id' (Pherecr.), also name of a verse (Ps.-Plu.), cf. σφηκικός, σφηκώδης. σφήκ-ειον [n.] 'wasp-like insect' (Nic.), -εια [f.] old name of the island Cyprus (Lyc., H.). Further in the adjectives σφηκο-ικός 'wasp-like', name of a verse (Eust.) and -ώδης 'id' (Ar. et al.), also name of a verse (sch.), We further find a denominative verb σφηκ-όομαι 'to be contracted, bound in the middle', -6w 'to contract, bind' (P 52, Ar., Hell. and late epic, late prose), often with prefix, eg. ἀπο-, δια-, ἐπι-; thence -wua [n.] 'point of a helmet' (S., Ar.), 'cord, cable' (pap. III', etc.). Rarer derivatives are σφηκισμός: εἶδος αὐλήσεως, εἰρημένον ἀπὸ τῆς ἐμφερείας τῶν βομ«β»ῶν 'an imitation of the buzzing of a wasp on the flute' (H.), -ἰωσις: κηρία σφηκῶν 'honeycombs of wasps' (H.), the unclear σφηκός = σφηκώδης (S. Fr. 29), σφηκός λόφου: τὸ ἄκρον τοῦ λόφου κτλ. 'the summit of a hill, etc' (H.) and σφήκη [n.pl.] of unknown meaning (pap. III").

    *ETYM For the formation, cf. ▶︎ μύρμηξ and ▶︎ σκώληξ, A comparison with σφήν  'wedge' seems attractive, but is morphologically impossible. Persson 1912(1): 396  hesitantly compares σφάκελος, referring to the constricted body of the wasp; one  may also think of the sting of a bee, but again the formal side of the derivation  remains unclear. The word has also been connected to ψήν 'gall-insect' (see Fur.:  393). This comparison points to Pre-Greek origin (w-/og-), which seems most  attractive. Connection with ψῆν 'to rub' cannot be proven.

XXXXXσφίγγω [v.] 'to bind, embrace, jam in' (since Emp., A. Pr. 58).

    *VAR  Aor. σφίγξαι, σφιγχθῆναι, fut. σφίγξω, perf. med. ἔσφιγμαι; non-pres. forms  almost only Hell. and late.

    *COMP Often with prefix, eg. περι-, ovv-, ém-.

    *DER Verbal adjective σφιγκτός 'bound' (AP, Opp. et al.). σφιγκ-τήρ [m.] 'that which  binds' (AP, Nonn.), 'contractile muscle closing an aperture' (medic. et al.), also =  χιτών, Ταραντῖνοι 'tunic (Tarantiniany (H.); -twp of reins (AP); -της = κίναιδος  (Cratin., H.). σφίγξις (ἀπό-, διά-, nepi-), also ἀπό-σφιξις [f.] 'the binding' (medic. et al.). σφίγμα  (ὑπό-) [n.] 'obstruction' (Hero, medic.).

    *ETYM The pres. ogiyyw has been taken to be the oldest form, and the nasal-less  forms ἔσφιγμαι, σφίγμα and ἀπόσφιξις to be secondary. It is possible, however, that  the variation is due to Pre-Greek prenasalization. Borrowed as Lat. spinter 'bracelet'  spintria 'male prostitute' (because of the contractile muscle of the anus).

XXXXXΣφίγξ, -ιγγός [f.] 'sphinx' (Hdt, A, E, etc.), also name of a monkey (Agatharch. et al.). <PG(S, νὴ)»

    *VAR Further acc. Mika [f.] (Hes. Th. 326, vl. Doi i ΐ ί '    . ΕΠ, 326, v.Il Lika, Diyya, Σφίγγα), Σφίξ, -ἰκό  (Choerob.; also Thess. inscr. VII??); Βῖκας. Σφίγγας (H.). five) Saks °  Hell) ἀνδρό-σφιγξ [m.] 'male sphinx' (Hdt.), σφιγγό-πους 'with sphinx-feet'  ell.).

    *DER ogtyy-iov [n.] 'kind of monkey' (Plin, inscr, Praeneste), meaning unclear (Luc. Apol. 1); -itov [n.] 'little sphinx' (inscr.).

===Pag_1483: Beekes_Página_1483.tiff===

    *ETYM The by-forms Φῖκα, Σφῖκα as well as φιγγα = σφίγγα (Pl. Cra. 414d) point to  substrate origin. Cf. also the TN Φίκιον ὄρος north of Thebes (von Wilamowitz 1931:  269). The word may have been connected with ogiyyw 'to bind' by popular  etymology. On the possibility of an Egyptian loan, see Mac Creedy Glotta 46 (1968):  250.

XXXXXσφίδες [?] χορδαὶ μαγειρικαί 'tripe fit for cookery' (H.).

    *ETYM Reminiscent of Lat. fidés 'cords of a lyre'; cf. E-M s.v. They were probably  borrowed from the same Mediterranean language.

XXXXXσφόγγος ~ondyyoc, σφόδρα, -6¢ -οσφεδανός,

XXXXXσφονδύλη [f] 'kind of beetle which lives on the roots of plants and emits a strong smell when attacked' (Ar, Arist. [ν.1. σπονδ-], Thphr.). «ΝΑΙ σπονδύλη ἡ γαλῆ παρ᾽ Ἀττικοῖς 'weasel (Attic) (H.).

    *ETYM For the formation, cf. κορδύλη, σχενδύλη etc. Formally close to σφόνδὕλος  'vertebra', but no semantic connection can be established. Borrowed as Lat. sphondyle, -lum, -lium. The word contains the Pre-Greek suffix -vA-.

XXXXXσφόνδῦλος [m.] '(cervical) vertebra', metaph. 'a tambour in a column, spindle-whorl (Ar, PL, Arist, inscr., etc.).

    *VAR Also (non-Att.) σπόνδυλος, often as a v.l. beside σφ- (Pherecr., Hp., Arist. et  al.; details in Hiersche 1964: 204).

    *COMP σφονδυλο-δίνητος 'spun with the spindle-whorl (AP), πολυ-σφόνδυλος  'with many whorls' (Luc.).

    *DER σφονδύλ-ιον [n.] 'cervical vertebra' (Y 483, Antim., plant name 'common  medicinal herb, Heracleum sphondylium' (Dsc. et al.). σφονδυλ-ίς [f.] 'id' (Ps.-  Dsc.), -detc 'consisting of whorls' (Man.), -ώδης 'whorl-like' (sch.). ἐκ-σφονδυλίζω  'to break a vertebra' (LXX, EM).

    *ETYM Formation like κόνδυλος, δάκτυλος, probably first from a noun *o@dvdoc. Sometimes connected with words like ▶︎ σφενδόνη, »σφεδανός, and ▶︎ σφαδάζω,  supposedly containing a verbal root 'to jerk vel sim.', but this is mere speculation. The variation on/og- points to Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXσφρᾶγίς, cppnyic, -ἴδος [f.] 'seal, seal of a state, impression of a seal, signet, seal-ring, cut stone' (IA), 'sealed field-plot' (pap.). For extensive discussion on the mg. of σφραγίς, see Dieh] 1938 (with lit.); also Kenna JHS 81 (1961): g9ff., Kranz RAM 104 (1961): 3ff., 97f.

    *DER Diminutive σφραγίδιον [n.] (Ar., Thphr., inscr.). Denominative verbs oppay-  ίζω, -ἰζομαι 'to provide with a seal, seal, signet, stamp, confirm' (IA), often with  prefix, e.g. ἐπι-, kata-, ovv-; thence -topta (ἀντι-, ἀπο-, éx-) [n.] 'impression of ἃ seal,  sealed document' (E, X., Hell, late); -ἰσμός (ém-, mapa-, mept-) [m.] 'sealing,  confirmation' (Hell. and late); év-, ἐπι-σφράγοισις [m.] 'sealing' (late); -ἰστήριον [n.]  'seal, stamp' (pap.); -ἰστής (ἐπι-, ἀπο-) [m.] 'sealer, witness' (Plu., Luc., pap. et al.).

===Pag_1484: Beekes_Página_1484.tiff=== XXXXXσφῦρα 1433 Σφραγίδιον, the name of a cave (ἄντρον) of prophesying nymphs on the Cithairon (Paus. 9, 3,5), where the νύμφαι Σφραγίτιδες live (Plu. Arist. 11).

    *ETYM Formation like κληΐς, κνημίς, etc., which points to a secondary derivative. The  Σφραγίτιδες νύμφαι were connected to ▶︎ σφαραγέομαι by Lobeck 1837: 51°. Prellwitz  1892 s.v. suggested connection with Lith. spréga 'crevice', sprégti 'to explode, burst'. Though formally possible, these etymologies are rightly called 'semantically  enigmatic' by DELG. Fur.: 324' takes the word to be Pre-Greek because of the suffix  -(6-. This is possible; DELG remarks that the use of the saw in the Aegean is pre-  Hellenic.

XXXXXσφρϊγάω [v.] 'to be full to bursting' especially of women's breasts, metaph. 'to be swollen with passion or pride', more generally 'to brim with vitality' (Hp., A. Pr. 382, E., Pl.).

    *VAR Only pres. stem, especially ptc.

    *DER Backformation ogpiyoc [n.] 'power, strength' (Hermipp.), -ώδης 'teeming'  (Orib.), -avdc 'teeming, swelling' (Theoc. 11, 21 v. lL, Hp. apud Tim. Lex., Poll. sch.).

    *ETYM Intensive formation in -άω (Schwyzer: 719). Hardly related to MoNw. dial. sprikja, MoSw. dial. sprika 'to unyoke, spread out, split apart, etc.'. The word σφριαί'  ἀπειλαί, ὀργαί 'boasts, anger (H.) must also belong here, with irregular loss of -y-. Fur.: 175 compares Celtic *brigos 'power, courage, liveliness'; beside ogpuai, he  adduces (168) βρι, βριάω, (247) βριμάω, (375) ὄβριμος, and βρῖμός, which would  suggest substrate origin.

XXXXX*opvddw [v.] only in ἐσφυδωμένος (Timocl. 29) 'stuffed with food'. <?>

    *DER σφυδῶν- ἰσχυρός, evpwotos, σκληρός 'strong, stout, hard' and δια-σφυδῶσαι:-  αὐξῆσαι 'to increase' (H.).

    *ETYM A rare word of which the meaning is only roughly known; no etymology.

XXXXXσφύζω [v.] 'to beat violently', of the pulse, 'to twitch, rush to something' (Hp., Pl. Arist., Thphr. et al.). <?>

    *VAR Dor. (Theoc.) σφύσδω, only pres. and ipf.

    *DER σφυγ-μός [m.] 'pulse, heartbeat, twitch' (Hp., Arist, Plu. et al.), with -μώδης  and -ματώδης (as if from ᾿σφύγμα) 'twitching like a pulse' (Arist., medic. et al.). σφυγ-μικός 'of the pulse' (medic.); σφύξις [f.] 'id' (Arist., Gal.). ἄνσφυκ-τος 'without  pulse-beat, easy', hence ἀ-σφυκ-τέω 'to have no pulse', ἀσφυξ-ία 'stopping of the  pulse'; also ἀ-σφυγμ-ία [f.] 'id.' (medic.). Newly-formed present σφύττω 'to strive  eagerly' (Ὁ. Chr.).

    *ETYM In form and meaning, σφύζω resembles σφαδάζω and σπεύδω. No etymology.

XXXXXσφῦρα [f.] 'hammer, beetle' (y 434, Hes. Op. 425, Hdt., A. com, Arist.), metaph. 'ridge between two furrows' (Poll. 7, 145), as a measure (Daullis II'), = τῆς σπορίμου γῆς TO μέτρον, ὁμότσφυρος = ὁμόχωρος 'neighboring' (H.); name of a fish (HL), ef. σφύραινα below. «?»

    *COMP E.g. σφυρ-ήλατος 'wrought with the hammer, thorough' (Hdt, Pi. A., Pl. etc.), with -éw (Ph.).

===Pag_1485: Beekes_Página_1485.tiff===

, etc.

    *DER Diminutive σφυρ-ίον [n.] (Hell.), σφύρ-αινα [f.] name of a fish, bicuda (Stratt.,  Arist. etc.), after its shape (Stromberg 1943: 35); -ηδόν 'hammer-like' (Philostr.);  -woig [f.] 'the hammering, forging' (Didyma II*), = διάροσις (H.), -ἠματα: τὰ  σιδήρια, ὅτι οὐ χεῖται 'grappling-iron, because it does not melt' (H.).

    *ETYM Frisk s.v. connects this etymon to ▶︎ σφαῖρα 'ball etc.', in which case the latter  would reflect QIE *sg'ur-ih, vs. σφῦρα < *sg'"ur-V-. This seems far-fetched,  especially since the semantic connection is not evident. The etymology of σφῦρα  thus remains unclear.

XXXXXσφρυραθία, etc. Ξοσπύραθοι.

XXXXXσφυρίς -οσπυρίς.

XXXXXσφυρόν [n.] 'ankle, foot-joint' (Il.), metaph. 'the lower part of a mountain' (Pi., Theoc. etal.). 42>

    *COMP τανύ-σφυρος 'with slender ankles' (h. Cer. Hes.), ἐπι-σφύρ-τα [n.p].] 'ankle-  buckles' (11...

    *DER σφυρόομαι [v.] 'to tie one's ankle-buckles, put on one's laced boots' (Carm. Pop. 7); -wtnp; -iipos [m.] 'shoe-strap' (LXX), see Solmsen IF 31 (1912/13): 4gaff.

    *ETYM The traditional etymology connecting this word with Skt. sphurdti 'to push  away with the foot', etc. cannot be maintained, because the labials are incompatible. The variant σφυδρά [pl.] (Act. Ap. 3, 7, pap. III', H., gloss.) is unexplained (hardly  after opodpdc 'violent, vehement', pace Frisk s.v.).

XXXXXσφώ, σφῶϊ "σφεῖς.

XXXXXσχαδών, -όνος [f.] 'hatch or honey-cell', plur. 'honeycomb' (com,, Arist., Theoc., pap. IlI*), 'larva (of bees or wasps)' (Arist.), = κυβευτικὸς βόλος 'throw of a dice' (H.). 42> 'ΑΒ Also accented σχάδων, gen. also -wvoc, -ovtog (Arist.).

    *ETYM Perhaps from σχάζω 'to make an incision, let flow', as is traditionally  assumed, but the semantics of this etymology are vague.

XXXXXσχάζω [v.] 'to make an incision, tear open, open a vein, let (the blood) flow, let something take its course, release, drop, abandon' (Hp., X., Arist., etc.). IE? *skeh,- 'split ΤΡ

    *VAR  Also σχάω (Hp., com., Arist. et al.), mostly aor. σχάσαι (Pi. B., Hp., E., com.,  X., Arist. Hell. and late) with pass. σχασθ-ῆναι, fut. pass. -ήσομαι, act. σχάσω, perf. mid. ἔσχασμαι (in ἐσχασμένη as a plant name; see Str6mberg 1940: 43).

    *COMP Also with prefix, e.g. ἀπο-, κατα-.

    *DER 1. σχάσις (ἀπό-, kata-) [f] 'the tearing, bloodletting, release' (medic., Ph. Bel.). 2. σχάσμα (κατά-) [n.] 'incision, release' (Hp., Dsc., Ph. Bel.). 3. κατα-σχασμός [m.]  'draft' (medic.). 4. σχαστήρ = Lat. tendicula (gloss.); κατασ[χ]αστήρ mg. unknown  (IG 11(2), 165: 11 [Delos ITI*]). 5. σχαστηρ-ία [f.] 'trigger, release in mechanisms, etc.'  (Arist. Ph. Bel., Hero, Plb., etc.); -tov [n.] 'lancet' (Hippiatr.).

    *ETYM Usually an original meaning 'make an incision, tear open' is assumed, whence  'open, let loose, etc.'; the word would be characteristic for the language of physicians.

===Pag_1486: Beekes_Página_1486.tiff===

A basic meaning 'let loose' vel sim. seems possible as well, in which case the common professional expression φλέβα σχάσαι would have a direct correspondence in MLG (also MoDu.) dderiaten 'let blood', lit. 'let the vein'. As the whole formal system is clearly built on the aor. oxdoat, from which σχάζω, σχάω and all other verbal and nominal forms are derived, this form should be the starting point for the etymology. Certain correspondences outside Greek have not yet been found. The word σχάω is generally compared with Skt. chyati (anu-, ava-, vi-, etc.), pte. cha-ta-, chi-td-, caus. chdy-ayati (IE skeh,-, skh,-i-) 'to split, hurt', especially of the skin (on the meaning, see Hoffmann MSS 19 (1964): 61ff. on the phonetics, Hiersche 1964: 103f., 214f.). Although the connection is semantically unobjectionable, it should be remarked that of the Skt. verb forms, the non-presentic finite forms (e.g. the full grade s-aorist a- cha-s-it) occur only in grammarians. Further combinations, e.g. that with Lat. scid, remain hypothetical. The form σχάσαι is a Greek innovation (perhaps a cross of oxioa and ἐάσαι, χαλάσαι vel sim.)? Note that oy- cannot be directly explained from the assumed IE form.

XXXXXσχαλίς [f.] 'fork used as a support for erected hunting-nets' (X., Poll.). «ΡΟ»

    *VAR Gen. -ίδος.

    *DER σχαλίδ-ωμα 'id.' (Poll.).

    *ETYM Technical word in -ic like »σανίς (further references s.v.), Soxic, etc; base  form unknown. One might connect σκαλίς 'mattock' (see ▶︎ σκάλλωλ cf. the gloss  σχαλίδες: δι᾿ ὧν σχάζουσι τὰ δίκτυα ὀρθὰ ἑστῶτα 'by which fishing nets standing  upright are torn open' (H.). Alternatively, was it influenced by σχεῖν 'to hold'? Cf. the synonym ▶︎ στάλιξ, The explanations do not convince; the technical word may  instead be of Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXσχαλίσαι [v.] θηλάσαι, καὶ ἀνίσχαλον τὸ ἄτοκον καὶ ἀθήλαστον 'to suckle; a childless or barren [animal] is also called ἀνίσχαλον, i.e. without milk' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXσχεδάριον

    *VAR σχέδιον. -Ῥσχίζω.

XXXXXσχέδην [adv.] 'slowly, easily' (X., Plu.).

    *ETYM Taken with σχεῖν as 'holding back'; opposite ἀνέδην. Cf. ▶︎ σχεδόν.

XXXXXσχεδία [f.] 1. 'raft' (Od, Att, Hell. pap.), 'pontoon bridge' (Hdt., A. flyr.]), 'frame' (Ath. Mech.). 2. 'clamp, clip' (Ph. Byz.). <?>

    *VAR Ion. τίη.

    *COMP As a first member in oxedt-ovpydc [m.] 'raft-builder' (Them.).

    *ETYM Acc. to Bq s.v., a substantivization of an adjective σχεδία (ναῦς, γέφυρα), the  feminine of σχέδιος (see ▶︎ σχεδόν). Alternatively, a collective abstract formation in  -ia from οχεδόν (cf. κλισία, οἰκία, ἑστία) with original mg. 'unprepared formation,  improvization'. However, the semantics are unconvincing. Not from oxé6n, which is  a loan from Lat. scheda (if authentic at all; see ▶︎ σχίζω). The semantic development  to 'clamp, clasp' in Ph. Byz. can be understood if one assumes influence of σχεῖν    'hold'.

===Pag_1487: Beekes_Página_1487.tiff===

XXXXXσχεδόν [adv.] 'near', of place and time (epic lyr. 11.), 'nearly, almost, about' (post- Hom. IA).

    *VAR Also -όθεν 'from nearby' (Hom.,, A. R.).

    *COMP Compound αὐτο-σχεδόν (-δά P 319) 'really close' (Hom., Arat.), 'at once' (A. R,) with αὐτοσχεδ-ίη, which only occurs in the oblique cases: dat. -in (μάχῃ, ὑσμίνῃ;  cf. Tritmpy 1950: 113), acc. -inv 'in close combat, man to man' (Hom.), ἐς ~ 'in close  combat' (Tyrt.), ἐξ -ing 'inconsiderate, offhand' (h. Merc.); adj. -ἰος 'unprepared,  improvised' (Arist., Hell. and late).

    *DER σχέδ-ιος 'nearby, belonging to close combat' (A. [lyr.]), 'adjacent, concerning  the immediate present, instantly, unprepared, improvised' (Hell. and late); adv. -inv  'in close combat' (E 830), 'soon' (Nic.). Hence'the verbs: 1. σχεδι-άζω (also with ἀπο-,  etc.) 'to improvise, do or make offhand, act thoughtlessly' (Hell. and late), with  τασμα, -ασμός, -αστικῶς (Hell. and late; on the mg. Koller Glotta 40 (1961-1962):  183ff.). 2. αὐτοσχεδι-άζω 'id' (Att.) with -αστής (X.), -ασμα, -ασμός, -αστός,  -αστικός (PL Com, Arist.).

    *ETYM From σχεῖν, σχέσθαι (see ▶︎ ἔχω) with a suffix -dov (Schwyzer: 626); properly  'holding to, connecting'. Borrowed as Lat. schedius, -ium. See ▶︎ σχέδην.

6xéSdvoc [adj.] 'tenacious'.

    <IE *seg"- 'hold'>

    *VAR Only in σχεδύνη φιλότης (Emp. 19).

    *ETYM Formation from σχεῖν like πίσυνος, θάρσυνος, with ὃ after σχεδόν.

XXXXXσχελίς [f.] mg. instable, 'rib of beef, thigh-bone, side of bacon' vel sim. Acc. to H. = τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς ῥάχεως ἕως τοῦ ὑπογαστρίου 'the part from the spine down to the lower belly', also = κρέα ἐπιμήκη τετμημένα 'longish or oblong cut of meat'.

    *VAR Mostly plur. -idec (A. Fr. 443 = 724 M. (2), com., Luc., Poll.); also σκελίς, plur. -(Sec (pap. III", Ὁ. Chr., Poll.).

    *ETYM Generally taken as from ▶︎ σκέλος 'thigh, leg', which is not impossible  semantically, but certainly incorrect given the variant form, which points to Pre-  Greek origin (not in Fur.).

XXXXXσχενδύλη [f.] name of an instrument of the χαλκεῖς, probably 'pair of tongs' (Eleusis IV?, H.). ΑΒ «σ»κένδῦλᾶ (AP; preceded by -oic; on the secondary -ἄ, see Solmsen 1909: 260 and 262).

    *DER σκενδύλια [n.pl.] '(small) pincers, nippers' (Hero), also κεύδυλα (trad. AP 11. 203). In H. also σχενδυλό-ληπτοι 'caught between tongs' and the perf.ptc. ἐσχενδυλῆσθαι, from *oxevdvAdq 'to pinch with tongs'.

    *ETYM Suffix like in κανθύλη, κορδύλη. The variation shows that word is Pre-Greek.

XXXXXoxepds [3] - ἀκτή, αἰγιαλός 'cape, shore' (H., Theognost. Can.). <?>

    *ETYM Hiersche Zeitschr. f Phon. 17 (1964): 515ff. assumed a pre-form *oxepdc,  related to OE score, MLG schore '(rocky) coast, shore' (IE *sker-; see ▶︎ κείρω),  whence ▶︎ Eepdc would have arisen by metathesis. This is improbable. Acc. to Hennig  RhM 75 (1926): 266ff., Σχερία is from Phoen. Schchr = Sxr 'trading post'. See further ▶︎ émoyepw and Janko Glotta 57 (1979): 20-23.

===Pag_1488: Beekes_Página_1488.tiff=== XXXXXσχίζω 1437

XXXXXσχέτλιος [adj.] expressing strong emotion, usually used in a denigrating sense 'audacious, heinous, cruel, miserable' (Il.), seldom in positive sense 'obstinate, tireless' (Hom.). Details on the mg. in Brunius-Nilsson 1955: 46ff., 75ff. <?>

    *DER σχετλι-άζω, quite rarely with κατα-, ἀπο-, ἐπι-, 'to experience something as  cruel, to rise against, to complain' (Att.) with -ασμός (Th., Arist. et al.), -αστικός  (late).

    *ETYM Frisk assumes dissimilation from "σχέ-θλιος, a by-form of ἔσχε-θλό-ς  (comparing μείλιχ-ος : -ιος, ἥσυχ-ος : -tog and the antonym ἐσ-θλό-ς). The original  meaning would be 'persevering'. This proposal is not supported by any evidence,  however.

XXXXXσχῆμα zy w.

XXXXXσχίζω [v.] 'to split, cut, separate' (Pi, Hdt., Att.). <1E *skid- 'cut, split, separate'>

    *VAR  Aor. oxio(o)at (Od.), pass. σχισθ-ῆναι (P 316), fut. -σομαι, act. σχίσω, perf. med. ἔσχισμαι (Hell.).

    *COMP Frequently with prefix, e.g. ἀπο-, δια-, dva-, περι-.

    *DER A. With unchanged root auslaut: 1. oxida: σχίδος σινδόνος, ῥῆγμα 'cutting of  fine cloth; breakage' (cod. n-) (H.) like κλάδ-α [acc.sg.], if not a Doric or Hell. nom. (Kretschmer Glotta 10 (1920): 170); as a second member in ἀπο-, dta-, παρα-σχίδες  [f-pl.] (rarely sing. -σχίς) 'secessions, branchings, etc.' (medic.). 2. σχίδ-αξ, -ἄκος [m.]  'split wood, piece of wood, splinter' (LXX, Ὁ. S.), with -axnédév (ὑπο-), -ακώδης  (medic.); cf. χάραξ, κάμαξ, etc. 3. σχίδος: τὴν ἀπόσχισιν 'division' (H.), also -σχιδής  eg. with d-, ἀκρο-, veo- (Hell.), directly from the verb. 4. oxiS-1a- ὠμόλινα [Ρ].] raw  flaw; items of raw flax' (H.), whence Lat. schidia [f.sg.) 'chip of wood' (Vitr.). 5. σχιδανός (like πιθανός), in σχιδανό-πους (Arist.) = σχιζό-πους 'with split feet or  toes' (Arist.). B. With altered root auslaut: 1. σχίζα [f.] 'split wood, piece of wood, etc.' (Hom., Ar.,  pap.), 'shaft, javelin' (LXX,AP); diminutive -iov [n.] (Poll, Alciphr.); -ίας [m.] 'lath,  like a lath' (Cratin., Dicaearch., Hell. pap.). 2. σχιστός (also ἄ-) 'split? (Hp. Att.). 3. σχίσις (ἀπό-, διά-, etc.) [f.] 'split, carving' (Pl, Arist.). 4. σχισ-μός (Sta-, περι-, ὑπο-,  év-) [m.] 'id? (A. Ag. 1149, Delph. inscr., pap.); -μα (also with ἀπό-, διά-, etc.) [n.]  'split, tear' (Arist., Thphr.); -μή [f.] 'id' (LXX, H.).

    *ETYM A number of identical formations are found in other IE languages, which may  be archaic: 1. ἀπο-σχίδ-ες = Skt. apa-chid- [f.] 'section, clipping', 2. σχιστός = Lat. scissus < *skid-to-, Av. a-sista- (but note Skt. chinnd- < *chid-nd-), 3. the aor. σχίσαι,  -ao8at to Skt. aor.med. chit-s-i, 4. traces of an old nasal present in Lat. sci-n-do, Skt. chi-nd-d-mi, 3pl. chi-n-d-dnti 'to cut off, split' (not in ▶︎ σκινδάλαμος, etc. [s.v.]). The  yod-present σχίζω is a Greek innovation (Wackernagel 1916: 133 pleaded against  identification of σχίζεται and the Skt. pass. chid-yd-te). A full grade appears in Lith. skiedZiu 'separate, divide'. Skt. vi-chitti- 'interruption' is independent of σχίσις  (which was innovated; cf. πίστις). Further cognates, e.g. Arm. c'tim (from *c'it-im) 'tear, scratch', can be found in LIV'. The reconstruction of the root as PIE *sk*eid- given there is not endorsed here. There  is no explanation for the aspirate -x-.

===Pag_1489: Beekes_Página_1489.tiff===

Lat. scheda [f.] 'stroke of papyrus' is a loan from Ἰσχίδη (or oxida; see A. 1 above), also 'concept', via influence of schedium [n.] 'unprepared speech, draft, sketch' (= late and MoGr. σχέδιον 'id.'; on the meaning, see σχέδιος, from σχεδόν), σχεδάριον; on the history of these words, including Ital. schizzo, MoFr. esquisse, MoHG Skizze, see Kretschmer Glotta 10 (1920): 168 ff. Other words mentioned by Frisk s.v. are not cognate with σχίζω: ▶︎ σκινδαλμός, σκινδύλιον, ▶︎ σκιδαρόν, σκοιδ-.

XXXXXσχινδαλμός -οσκινδαλμός.

XXXXXσχῖνος [m.] 'mastich tree, Pistacia Lentiscus' _ (Hat, Thphr., Theoc., LXX), 'squill, σκίλλα᾽ (Epich., Hp., com.). < PG?>

    *COMP Some compounds, e.g. σχινο-κέφαλος 'with a squill-like head' (Cratin.).

    *DER σχιν-ίς [f.] 'mastich-berry' (Thphr.), τινος 'of mastich' (medic.), -εἰος 'id.'  (Theognost.), -ίζω, -ίζομαι 'to clean one's teeth with mastich' (Jamb., EM, Phot.),  also a name of certain dance movements (Ath.).

    *ETYM Without a doubt, this word, denoting a tree and a marine organism, is Pre-  Greek.

XXXXXσχοῖνος [m., f.] 'rush, reed, rope plaited of rush' (ε 463), also as an (Egyptian) land measure (Hdt. 2, 6, Hero, pap.).

    *VAR Myc. ko-(i-)no (?). «Ο

    *COMP σχοινο-τενής 'in a straight line' (Hdt.), 'stretched, plaited from rushes' (late).

    *DER 1. σχοιν-ίον [n.] 'rope, cord' (Hdt, com.), 'measuring cord, linear measure'  (Arist., Hell.). 2. oxotv-ic, -ido¢ [6] 'rope, cord' (Theoc., Hell. inscr.), also -ἰς, tog  [44]. 'plaited from rushes' (Nic.). 3. -td [f.] 'bunch of rushes, cluster, enclosure'  (Thphr,, Str.), -ιαία [f.] 'enclosure' (Olbia, Odessus 115). 4. -ἰλος (vl. -ixAog) [m.]  name of a bird, perhaps 'wagtail' (Arist., see Thompson s.v.), τίων {m.] 'id' (Arist.),  also 'effeminate flute melody' (Plu., Poll.). 5. -εύς [m.] name of a bird (Ant. Lib.), also  PN, eponym of the town Lyoivoc in Boeotia (Paus., St. Byz.; cf. Σχοινοῦς below); -ἥς,  -ἥδος (-nic, -πΐδος) [f.] epithet of Aphrodite (Lyc. 832; acc. to sch. ad loc. because of  the sexual effect of the rush). 6. -άτας [m.] epithet of Asclepius ἐν τῷ Ἕλει (Sparta  ITIP). 7. -a¢ [m.] 'rope-maker' (pap. IV®). 8. -ἴτις (καλύβη) 'made of rushes' (AP). 9.

XXXXXτινος [adj.] (com., E.), -ἰκός (Hell. pap., Gp.), -ἰος (pap. III*) '(plaited) from rushes'; -@dn¢ 'full of rushes, rushy' (Nic. Dsc.); -οῦς, -obvtog 'rich in rushes' (Str.), Σχοινοῦς HN and TN (Boeotia, Arcadia; Str., Paus.; cf. -ebc above), 10. Verbs: ἀπο-, παρα-, περι-σχοινίζω 'to rope off, enclose' (D., D. H., Plu.), with {(περι-)σχοινισμός (Delph. pap.), (παρα-, περι-)σχοίνισμα (LXX, Plu.).

    *ETYM Fur.: 391 compares κοίνα: χόρτος 'fence' (H.); because of the variations κίχ  and o/zero, the word is Pre-Greek.

XXXXXσχολή [f,] 'rest, leisure' (Pi, IA), '(learned) conversation, lecture' (PI, Arist.), 'place of lecture, auditorium, school' (Arist.).

    *COMP As a second member in ἄ-σχολος 'without leisure, busy', with ἀσχολ-ία [6]  'business' (Pi, IA), -éw, -ἔομαι (Arist.), τημα (Str.), -ηματικός (Vett. Val.).

===Pag_1490: Beekes_Página_1490.tiff=== XXXXXσῶμα 1439

    *DER 1. σχολ-αῖος 'leisurely, slow' (IA), with -αιότης [f.] (Th.). 2. -τκός 'reserved for ἃ  lecture, belonging to school' (Ὁ. H., D. Chr.). 3. -epdc 'leisurely' (late). 4. tov [n.]  'explanation, comment, scholion' (Hell.), with -ὕδριον, -ἰάζω, -ιαστής (Tz., Eust.). 5. -eiov [n.] 'school' (Arr.), also 'place of rest' = 'grave'? (Anatol. inscr.). 6. -άζω (also  with ἀπο-, ovv-, etc.) 'to have leisure' (Att.), 'to be busy with something' (X., D.,  etc.), 'to give a lecture' (Hell.), with -αστής [m.] 'living leisurely' (Com. Adesp., LXX,  Plu.), with ov- 'fellow-student' (Hell.), -αστικός 'leisurely' (Arist.), 'dedicated to  study, scholar', especially 'armchair scholar' (Hell.), 'public adviser' (late pap.).

    *ETYM Properly 'holding back', derived from the aor. stem oy- (see ▶︎ ἔχω) with a  suffix -A-, with a thematic vowel -o- after verbal nouns like βολή, στολή, γονή, etc. Cf. perhaps »ἀσχαλάω.

XXXXXσῶκος [adj.] epithet of Hermes (Y 72). <?> 'ΑΒ Σῶκος [m.] PN (A 427ff.).

    *DER Further owxéw 'to be strong, have power' (A. Eu. 36, S. El. 119 [anap.]); so  σῶκος would mean 'strong, powerful'.

    *ETYM Unexplained. Bechtel 1914 s.v. assumed *2doxog as a short form of *Zao-  κράτης (> Σω-κράτης; cf. Cypr. Σαρο-κλερης), in which case the appellative would  have derived from the PN. Various hypotheses have been put forward for the  etymology, e.g. relation to σηκός (Pok. 1098), or kinship with σῴζω from IE *tyoH-  ko- (Fraenkel Lexis 3:1 (1952): 66ff£), who compares the suffix -k- in Lith. tukti  'become fat', taukai [Ρ].] 'fat, grease, marrow'.

XXXXXσωλήν, -ῆνος [m.] 'pipe, channel' (Jon., Archil., Hell.), 'grooved tile' (Hell. inscr.); name of a crustacean, 'razor-fish' (Dor. and Att. com., Arist.); see Thompson 1947 5.0.

    *COMP As a first member in σωληνο-ειδής 'pipe-shaped' (Aen. Tact.); on σωληνο-  θήρας, -κέντης, see Fraenkel 1912: 93 and 108f.

    *DER Diminutive σωλήν-ιον, -idtov, -άριον, -ίσκος (Hell.); also -ωτός ''pipe-shaped'  (Lyd.) and the verbs -ίζω 'to hollow out' with -ἰσμός (Ruf. apud Orib.), -dopat 'to  serve as a pipe' (v.l. Paul. Aeg.). -evopiat = συμπεριφέρομαι (EM, H.); to this -ἰστής  [m.] 'one who fishes for the σωλήν᾽ (Phaenias apud Ath.).

    *ETYM Formation like κωλήν, πυρήν, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 166f.), so probably first  derived from a noun ἔσωλος (-ov). Etymology unclear; Solmsen 1909: 129ff. (who  deals extensively with meaning and attestations) proposes a reconstruction IE *tyd-I-  for ▶︎ σῦριγξ and σαυρωτήρ (see s.v. ▶︎ σαύρα), but these are Pre-Greek. Fur.: 172'  suggests that the word is Pre-Greek (giving other such words in -nv).

XXXXXσῶμα [n.] 'living or dead body (IL; in Hom. it is necessary or possible to translate it as 'corpse'), 'person' (Att.), 'slave' (Hell.); metaph. 'totality' (A., Pl, Arist.), 'text of a document' (pap.). On the development and spread of the mg, see Kretschmer Glotta 18 (1929): Bof.). «ἢ»

    *COMP Eg. σωματο-φύλαξ 'bodyguard' (Hell.); univerbation σωμ-ασκ-ία [f] 'bodily  exercise' (Pl, X.) from σῶμα doxéw; in addition to this, as a back-formation,  σωμασκ-έω 'to do bodily exercise' (X., Plb., etc.); τρι-σώματος 'with three bodies'  (A,, E.), late τρίτσωμος 14. (An. Ox.).

===Pag_1491: Beekes_Página_1491.tiff===

    *DER 1. Diminutive σωμάτ-τον [n.] (Pl. Com., Arist; mostly depreciatory). 2. -ίδιον  [n.] 'text of a document' (pap.). 3. -etov [n.] 'corporate body, college' (Cod. Just.). 4. εἰκός 'bodily' (Arist.), τινος 'id.' (gloss.), τώδης 'bodily' (Arist.). 5. -όομαι, -όω (év-,  ὑπο-) 'to be embodied, embody' (Arist., Thphr.), with -woug [6] (Thphr.). 6. -i€w  (δια-, év-) [v.] 'to edit a text', with -ἰσμός [m.] (pap.).

    *ETYM Among several IE expressions for 'body', only *krp- (Lat. corpus, Skt. krp-,  and other cognates) has a large distribution. For the Greek word for 'body', σῶμα,  there is no convincing etymology. Formally, it could be compared with ow-pdc  'heap', assuming a pre-form *tyoH-my for σῶμα, with a basic meaning  'compactness, swelling' (?). Other proposals, are doubtful or uncertain (see Frisk);  relatively most promising seems an analysis:as *(s)tioH-mn 'what has stiffened',  related to Skt. stya- 'to flow, get stiff (mentioned by LIV? s.v. *stieH-). See ▶︎ σωρός.

XXXXXσώομαι [v.]

    *VAR σώοντο, σωομένους (A. R.). Ξ:-σεύομαι.

XXXXXσωπάω -"σιωπάω.

XXXXXσῶρι [n.] name of an ore, perhaps 'ferrous sulfate, melanterite' (Dsc.).

    *VAR  Gen. -εὡς (Dsc., Hippiatr.), Lat. -eos (Cels., Plin.), σῶρυ (Gal., Orib.).

    *ETYM A foreign word of unknown origin. The formation recalls στῖμι, σάρι, or μίσυ,  μῶλυ, et al., respectively. The variation V v (Fur.: 367) points to a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXσωρός [m.] 'heap (of corn)' (Hes. Hdt., X., Ar., Arist.). <?>

    *COMP A few late compounds, eg. πολύ-σωρος 'of many corn-heaps', epithet of  Demeter (AP; cf. owpitic below).

    *DER 1. σώρ-ακος [m.] 'box, basket' (Ar. Fr. 248, inscr. and pap., after θύλακος),  with -axic [f.], designation of an instrument to clean horses (pap. III*, Poll.). 2. -ίτης  [m.] (scil. λόγος, συλλογισμός) 'conclusion of heaping' (name of a sophism,  Chrysipp., Cic. S. E.), with -ἰτικός (S. E.); -ἴτις [f.] epithet of Demeter (Orph.). 3. -εός = σωρός (EM, sch.). 4. -ηδόν 'by heaps' (Plb., LXX, AP). 5. -edw (also with éx-,  ἐπι-, ovv- et al.) [v.] 'to heap up, pile up' (E. Arist., Hell.), with -ευσις (ἐπι-, προσ-,  bno-) [f.] 'heaping up, piling up' (Arist.), τευμα (ém-) [n.] 'that which is heaped up,  heap' (X., Eub.), -eia (ém-) [f.] 'heaping', also as a mathematical term 'summation,  series (Nicom., Plu.), -ευτής [m.] 'heaper' (Phld.), with -ευτικός (sch.). Unclear is  σωρότερος, which is explained as 'big cup' in a Greek-Coptic glossary; see Aegyptus  6, 215.

    *ETYM There are no known cognates outside Greek. Within Greek, some connect  σῶμα (comparing γνῶ-μα : yvw-p-ywos and κλῆ-μα : κλῆτρος, etc.). Starting from  *tud-ro- (so IE *tuoh,-ro-), Solmsen IF 26 (1909): 213ff. seeks connection with ▶︎ σῶς,  σάος and cognates, also pleading against connection with σορός. For the root, see  LIV? s.v. *teuh,- 'schwellen, stark werden'.

XXXXXσῶς [adj.} 'safe, healthy, intact' (Att.; also Hom., Hdt.). <1£? *teuh,- 'be strong'>

    *VAR σάος (epic poet. ἢ. [σαώτερος), also Cypr., Arc., Lac., etc.), σῶος (Hdt., Hp.,  X., Hell.), σόος (epic, also Hdt.); compar. σαώτερος (A 32, X., Theoc., AP).

===Pag_1492: Beekes_Página_1492.tiff=== XXXXXσώχω 1441

    *COMP As a first member in Σαρο-κλέξης (Ογρτ.), σαό-φρων (epic poet.), σώ-φρων  (Att.), Σαυ-κράτης (Boeot.), Σά-δαμος (Arc.) et al.; as a second member in vyo-,  τεκνο-σσόος (poet.), but cf. on ▶︎ σεύομαι.

    *DER Epic aor. σαῶ-σαι, pass. σαωθῆναι, to which fut. cawow, pres. σαόω; contracted  IA σῶσαι, σωθῆναι, σώσω (inscr. ow), σῴζω (ε 490, Hes. Op. 376; from *ow-itw); to  this perf. med. σέσωσμαι (trag.), σέσωμαι (Pl), act. σέσωκα (Hell.) 'to keep alive,  save', med.-pass. intr. 'to stay alive, save oneself. All these forms often occur  prefixed, eg. with dva-, ἀπο-, δια-, ἐκ-. As a first member in σωσί-πολις 'saving the  city (Ar, Str.) et al. Deverbative formations: 1. σωτήρ, -fipos [m.] 'saviour' (h. Hom.,  Pi., IA), with owtnp-ia, -in [f.] 'rescue', -to¢ 'bringing rescue, saving' (IA), -ιἰὥδης  'wholesome' (Gal.), -ἰασταί [m.pl.] 'worshippers' (of the θεοὶ σωτῆρες, or of Ἄρτεμις  Σώτειρα; Rhod., Att.). Archaizing byforms: σαωτήρ (Call.), cawtwp (Maiist. Π15),  Σαώτης epithet of Dionysus (AP, Paus.); hypocoristic enlargement Σωτήριχος PN  (Plu, Luc.); 2. owteipa [f] 'id.' (Pi., IA); 3. σῶστρα [n.pl.] (-σ- like in σέσωσμαι, etc.)  'reward for saving, thankful offering for saving lives' (Hdt., X.), with 3sg. σαοστρεῖ  (probably for caw-, Cephallenia). 4. σωστικός (dta-) 'saving, preserving' (Arist.); 5. δια-σώστης [m.] 'policeman' (Just.); 6. ἀνα-σωσμός (Aq.), -σωσμα (Tz.) 'rescue'. On  the frequent PNs in Dw(i-), Σωσ(ι)-, wt(o)-, etc. see Bechtel 1917b: 413{{

    *ETYM The above forms may all go back to PGr. σάρος (cf. Cypr. Σαρο-κλέρξης). It is  unnecessary to posit alternative basic forms like *oWfoc. The form σῶς arose from  σά(ε)ος by contracted, and σῶος in turn by thematization (perhaps the ntr.sg. σῶον  via plur. o@a); epic σόος may stand for σάος after σῶς, or arose by metrical  lengthening. PGr. σάρξος is probably a thematization of ἴσαυς < *tyeh,-u-s. Connection with σωρός, σῶμα (as *tuoH-ro-, *tuoH-my) is quite uncertain: the  original meaning would be something like 'to be strong', which fits poorly for a  corpse; moreover, a reconstruction *tyoh,-my (with o-grade) is improbable. See  ▶︎ σωρός and ▶︎ taiic.

XXXXXσώσικες -οσαῦσαξ.

XXXXXσώχω ''ψώχω.

===Pag_1493: Beekes_Página_1493.tiff===

===Pag_1494: Beekes_Página_1494.tiff=== XXXXXΤ

XXXXXτάβελλα [f.] 'tablet' (I? to ΝΊΡ). «τὴν Lat»

    *DER -άριος (from Lat. tabellarius), -iwv (from tabellio).

    *ETYM From Lat. tabella.

XXXXXτάβλα [f.] 'dice-table' (1?). «τὴν Lat»

    *VAR  Also -n.

    *DER ταβλ-ίζω [v.] 'to play dice', -ιἰόπη 'game of dice', formed after Καλλιόπη (AP n,  373)» ταβλάριος from Lat. tabellarius (pap., inscr.).

    *ETYM From Lat. tabula.

XXXXXταγγή [f.] 'rancid smell' (Alex. Aphr.), 'kind of tumour' (Hp.).

    *DER tayy-itw [v.] 'to emit a rancid smell' (medic., Gp.), -ίασις [f.] 'kind of swelling'  (gloss.), -ός 'rancid' (Gp; perhaps back-formed).

    *ETYM An isolated word. The comparison with WGm. words like MoHG stinken,  OHG stanc 'stench' on the one hand, and with ON stekr 'stinking' on the other  (PGm. *stékja-), meets with serious phonological problems (like the a-vocalism in  Greek). The word could be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXtaynvov [n.] 'frying pan' (com., Luc.).

    *VAR τήγανον (com., LXX; both forms Gal.), -avn [f.] (gloss.); also ἤγανον (Ath. ex  Anacr.), with ἠγάνεα' πέμματα τὰ ἀπὸ τηγάνου 'what has been fried in the t.' (H.),  perhaps from τ᾽ ἥγανον (see Schwyzer: 413).

    *COMP ταγηνο-στρόφιον [n.] 'frying-spit' (Poll.), ταγηνο-κνισο-θήρας [m.] 'frying  pan-sniffer' (Eup.), τηγανό-στροφον (H. s.v. λίστρον); Enpo-tryyavov (Hegesand.;  Syracus.), χαλκο-ξηρο-τήγανον = scutra (gloss.).

    *DER ταγην-ίας [m.] 'pancake' (com.), -itng 'id' (Gal., Ath.), -ίζω (also with ἀπο-)  {v.] 'to fry in a pan' (com., Ph, Gal.), with -ἰσις [f.] (Gal., Alex. Aphr.), -ιστός (Alex.,  Gal.), -totai [m.pl.] title of a comedy by Ar. From τήγανον: τηγαν-ίτης (Hippon.,  gloss.), τίζω (com., Hell. also with ano-, ém-), with -ἰσμός [m.], -ιστός (Hell.); -ητόν  = frictum, frixum (gloss.).

    *ETYM Of the two different forms, taynvov is probably original; τήγανον (Hell.-  Asiat., acc. to Gal. 6, 490) then underwent metathesis after the frequent instrument  names in -avov. A technical word without etymology. Bezzenberger & Fick BB 6 (1881): 237. compared OE peccan 'to burn', OHG dahhazzen 'lodern', which are further isolated.

===Pag_1495: Beekes_Página_1495.tiff===

Fur.: 391 thinks that the form in tyyav- proves Pre-Greek origin, which is quite possible.

XXXXXτἄγός [m.] 'chief, commander' (trag.), especially a title of Thessalian officials and of the chief of the Thessalian league (Thess. inscr., X.), 'president of a phratry' (Delph. inscr.); on the mg. see Bowra JHS 54 (1934): 56. <2, IE? *teh,g- 'order, fit'>

    *DER d-tay-ia [f.] 'lack of a ταγός᾽ (Thess.), tay-ebw (also with ovv-) 'to be taydc'  (Thess., Delph, X.), med. 'to summon to the chief (A. Th. 58), -éw 'to be  commander' (A. Pers. 764). Uncertain τἄγά [f.] 'leadership' (A. Ag. 110 [lyr.]); ef. Tayi] 5.ν. ▶︎ τάσσω. On apparent τἄγοί ( 160) see Wackernagel 1916: 222.

    *ETYM A Thessalian title, which was used tq, create a foreign 'couleur locale' by the  tragedians; cf. Bjorck 1950: 153. Traditionally connected with ▶︎ τάσσω, in which case  the long vowel in ταγός must be very old. ToB tds 'commander' is probably related,  for which Adams 1999 s.v. reconstructs a pre-form *tdgyu-. Lith. pa-togus  'convenient, pliable, pleasant', su-tégti 'to rely on, be wedded, commit oneself' has  been further compared, which would presuppose a root *teh.g-.

XXXXXta ype [n.} 'small thing' (Eup. 3, Theognost. Can.).

    *DER tayvpta (leg. -1?)- τὰ ἐλάχιστα, τὰ τυχόντα (H.).

    *ETYM Fur. 261 compares σαγύριον: ἄρτου κλάσμα 'piece of bread' (H.), and thinks  the word is Pre-Greek.

XXXXXτάγχονρος [m.} 'gold' (sch. Theoc.). 4 PG(v)>

    *VAR  Also ἄγχουρος (Besant.), τάγχαρας (Cosmas ad OGI, 199).

    *ETYM Fur.: 391 concludes from the variation that the word is Pre-Greek.

XXXXXταθρίσιον [n.] a fish. <?>

    *VAR  Also -tog (PLond. ined. 2143).

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXταινία [f.] 'band, binding, headband, spit of land, sandbank' (IA, Emp., Epid.), 'tapeworm' (Gal.); name of a band-like fish (Epich., Arist; Strémberg 1943: 37f.), also name of a region near the Sea Mareotis (Ath.). <?>

    *COMP Compounds ταινιό-πωλις [f.] 'band-seller' (Eup., D.), ὑπο-ταίνιος 'forming a  spit or sandbank' (Ph.).

    *DER Diminutive tatv-iov (Priene, EM), -iStov (medic. Delos); adjective -wdmn¢  'band-shaped' (Thphr.), -ιωτικός (οἶνος) 'wine from Tainia' (Ath.), ~ papyrus  (Plin.); verb -t6w 'to adorn with bands' (Att., etc.).

    *ETYM Formation comparable to ▶︎ κειρία 'band, tapeworm, etc.; cf. also κοιλία,  ἀντλία, and other secondary formations in -ia. Probably ultimately related to τείνω,  but the details are rather unclear. The missing link may be a noun like *taiva or  *tava; cf. σφαῖρα.

XXXXXτακερός

    *VAR TAKWVEG. = τήκομαι. taAa- 'bearing, enduring, etc.' <1E *telh,- 'bear, endure'>

    *COMP As a first member in verbal governing compounds (epic poet.): ταλα-  (Ε)δεργός 'enduring labor' (Hom., Hes., Theoc.), ταλα-πενθής 'enduring harm' (e 222,

===Pag_1496: Beekes_Página_1496.tiff=== XXXXXτάλαρος 1445 B.), tada-neip-tog 'who has overcome many tests' (Od., etc.). Besides, with the second member as a subject, ταλά-φρων 'of enduring mind' (N 300, Opp, also tahaot-, tadar-). After this ταλα-κάρδιος 'with tolerant heart, suffering' (Hes. Sc., 5. [lyr.]).

    *ETYM From ▶︎ ταλάσσαι. Further also takat-; see ▶︎ ταλαίπωρος. Cf. also ταλαύρινος  (to ▶︎ ῥινός) and ▶︎ ἀταλός; ▶︎ ταλαός, ▶︎ τάλας, ▶︎ τάλαντα, ▶︎ τάλαρος.

XXXXXταλαίπωρος [adj.] 'enduring hardship or distress, pestered, unhappy' (A. Pr. 5.. Ar., Pl., D.). <?>

    *VAR Substantivized: τὸ ταλαίπωρον 'endurance, effort' (Hp., Ar., D. H., App.).

    *COMP Bahuvrihi ἀ-ταλαίπωρος 'without endurance' (Hp., Th. Ar.).

    *DER ταλαιπωρ-ικός 'persistent, hardened' (Gal.); -ia (Ion. -i1, often plur.) [f-] 'effort,  labor, ἐνέργεια᾽ (Hp.), 'effort, hardship, suffering' (Hdt. Att.); -ἔω, -ἔομαι [v.] 'to  make effort, toil, suffer' (IA), the active sometimes also trans. 'to pester, agonize'  (Isoc., Ὁ. C.), with -ησις, -ημαὰ (late); also -ίζω = -éw (Phid., Sm.), with -ἰσμός (Phid.).

    *ETYM The first member ταλαι- equals ▶︎ ταλα- (s.v.). For the second member, some  words that are almost only transmitted by lexicographers (H., Suid.) have been  compared, and connected with πῆμα, πηρός by WP 2, 8: πωρεῖν: κηδεύειν, πενθεῖν  'to mourn, suffer' (Elean, acc. to Suid.), πωρῆσαι: λυπῆσαι 'to be grieved', πωριηγτύς'  ταλαιπωρία, πένθος 'suffering' (also Antim.), also πῶρος: ὁ ταλαίπωρος; however,  πωρός: τυφλός, πώρωσις: τύφλωσις (Suid.) derive from πῶρος 'stone', πωρόω 'to  harden, strike with blindness'. Others compare the Gm. word for 'danger', *fer-  (older litt. in Frisk).

XXXXXτάλαντα [n.pl.] 'scales, balance' (epic poet. Il.), also a designation of a unit of weight and currency, 'talent' (since II.).

    *VAR Secondary sing. τάλαντον 'balance' (Thgn., B., A., Ar.), 'talent' (since 8 393).

    *COMP As a second member in ἡμι-τάλαντον [n.] 'halfa talent' (since Y 751 and 796),  properly a substantivized adjective, 'consisting of half a talent' (Risch IF 59 (1949):  51); ἀ-τάλαντος 'having the same weight, equal' (II., Hell. epic).

    *DER tahavt-taiog 'worth one talent' (Att.), -ἰεῖος 'id.' (pap. 115); -ebw (also with  ἀμφι-, avti-) [v.] 'to weigh, balance, sway to and fro', pass. 'to swing' (Arist., D. S.),  with -eia [f.] (conj. Pl. Cra. 395e); -όομαι (δια-) [v.] 'to swing to and fro' (PL., Ach. Tat.), with éx- 'to be robbed of one's talents' (Sopat. Com.); ταλάντ-ωσις [f.]  'weighing, swinging to and fro' (Antipho Soph., Arist.); -4w = -etw (EM).

    *ETYM Properly 'bearing', a participial formation *tlh,-ent- fromo the root *telh,- in  > ταλάσσαι, etc. (see Beekes 1975: 51). Borrowed as Lat. talentum, -a. On ▶︎ Ἀταλάντη,  see s.v. See ▶︎ τάλᾶς.

XXXXXταλαός [adj.] 'enduring, tolerant, unhappy' (Ar. Av. 687 [anap.], Q. S.).

    *ETYM Formation like tavadc, but perhaps just a shortening of ταλα-κάρδιος vel sim.

XXXXXτάλαρος [m.] 'basket' (Hom., Hes. Sc., Ar., Mosch., Paus.).

    *DER Diminutives ταλαρ-ίσκος [m.} (Arist. Theoc., AP), -tov [n.] (pap. III, Poll.).

===Pag_1497: Beekes_Página_1497.tiff===

    *ETYM Properly 'bearer', ἃ substantivization from an adjective "ταλα-ρός, built from  the root *telh,-, with regular shift of accent. For the formation, cf. Aaya-pdc, χαλα-  pds, εἴς, See ▶︎ ταλάσσαι.

XXXXXτἀλᾶς [adj.] 'wretched, unhappy', expression of compassion (epic poet. Od.).

    <IE  *telh,- 'bear, endure'>



    *VAR τάλαινα [f.], TaAav [n.], gen. τάλανος, -αίνιης, -avoc, dat. also -αντι (Hippon.),  voc. τάλαν.

    *ETYM Originally, a formation in -vt- from ▶︎ ταλάσσαι (like τάλαντα), which turned  into an n-stem after the example of μέλας, -avoc because of the frequent vocative  (Solmsen IF 31 (1912/13): 499ff.). See »τᾶν. 4,

XXXXXταλασία [f.] 'wool-labor, wool-spinning' (Pl. Lg., X., Ph, Plu.).

    *DIAL Myc. ta-ra-si-ja 'quantity of bronze or wool weighed for working'.

    *COMP As a first member in tadact-oupy-dc [f.] 'wool-spinner' (Pl. Ion, Trypho  apud Ath.), with -xdc (Pl. Pit, X.), -ia [ἢ] (Pl Plt), -éw [v.] (X, Ὁ. S., Luc.) after  δημιουργ-ός, -tKkds, -ia, -Ew.

    *DER taddo-tog (in -a ἔργα) 'concerning wool-spinning' (X.), -ἠΐα ἔργα (A. R.,  Nonn.; after πολε-μήϊα ἔργα); ταλάσια: ta ἔρια 'wool' (H.).

    *ETYM The word ἐργασία probably served as an example for the formation of  tadaoia (cf. Pl. [on 540c: ἀλλ᾽ οἷα γυναικὶ πρέποντά ἐστιν εἰπεῖν ταλασιουργῷ περὶ  ἐρίων ἐργασίας, 'but as far as it befits a wool-working woman to say things about  wool-working'). The form taAacia was created from ταλάσ(σλαι after the examples  of ἐργάσασθαι : ἐργασία, γυμνάσασθαι : γυμνασία, δοκιμάσαι : δοκιμασία, etc. (Schwyzer: 469). It is best to assume 'to weigh' (like in taAavta) as another meaning of tahdo(o)at 'to  endure' (although further unattested). Thus, ταλασία would properly mean  'weighing (for sbd.)', like Lat. pénsum '(weighed off) wool, wool-labor, day-work for  a woman'. Differently, Solmsen IF 31 (1912/13): 503ff., who assumed an intermediate  form "ταλάτης, properly meaning 'who has to endure laborious work', comparing  Ru. stradat' 'to suffer', dial. 'to harvest', with strada 'heavy labor, harvest work'.

XXXXXταλάσσαι [v.aor.] 'to endure, tolerate' (Il). «IE *telh,- 'bear, endure'> «ΑΒ Med. -ασθαι (Opp.), fut. ταλάσσω (Lyc.); τελάσσαι' τολμῆσαι 'to dare', τλῆναι (H.). Further τλῆναι (Dor. τλᾶναι), also with ava-, etc., fut. τλήσομαι (Dor. Aeol. thao-), perf. tétAnxa, plur. τέτλἄμεν, pte. τετληώς,

    *COMP As a first member in τλήτθυμος (Dor. tha-) 'of patient mind, patient' (Pi.,  AP), Τλη-πόλεμος PN (Il.), also τλησι-κάρδιος (A. [lyr.]); besides ταλα-(ξ)εργός,  ▶︎ ταλαίπωρος, ταλασί-φρων. As a second member in πολύ-τλᾶς 'much-enduring,  persisting', of Odysseus (Hom.), probably from a stem *-tleh,-t-, so Aeolic. Not here  ▶︎ Ἄτλας.

    *DER 1. ▶︎ TaAadc. 2. τλητός, Dor. τλᾶτός 'able to tolerate, bearable' (Q 49, trag.),  more usual ἄ-τλητος, ἄ-τλᾶτος 'unbearable' (epic poet. I1.), πολύ-τλητος 'much-  enduring, much-tested' (A 38). 3. τλήμων, Dor. τλάμων 'persevering, steadfast,  tolerant, troublesome, unhappy', also 'enterprising, bold, brutal' (epic poet. II.), with τλημοσύνη [f] 'steadfastness, patience, patient acceptance' (Archil., h. Ap.).

===Pag_1498: Beekes_Página_1498.tiff=== XXXXXταμία 1447

    *ETYM The aorist ταλάσσαι has a secondary disyllabic zero grade (cf. δαμάσ(σλαι,  χαλάσαι), but we also find τελάσσαι (H.), which probably represents the old full  grade *telh,-, like in ἐλάσαι, κεράσ(σλαι, κρεμάσαι, etc. In the other tenses (except for  the present), τλη- was generalized. The short vowel in τέτλἄμεν is secondary after  ἕσταμεν. The form τλῆναι may be a replacement of τελάσσαι after στῆναι et al. The  present »té\Aw in ἀνατέλλω 'go up, rise, lift up', etc. is isolated formally and  semantically. For cognate verbal forms, see LIV? sv. *telh.-, and for the history of the Greek  formations, Hardarson 1993b. Latin has a perfect te-tul-i continuing *te-tolh,-h.ei  (ToA ca-céil 'he raised' [caus.pret.] is a regular formation), The to-ptc. in τλη-τός,  TAG-td¢ neatly corresponds to Italo-Celtic forms: Lat. ldtus from *tla-tos < *tih,-to-,  MW tlawdd 'poor' (with the same meaning as in τάλας). A zero grade of the root is  found in Skt. tuld [f.] 'balance' < IE *tlh,-eh,- and in Germanic, e.g. Go. pulan, OHG  dolén 'tolerate' from a stative *tlh,-eh,-. In Greek, the meaning has been narrowed to 'tolerate, endure' in the verbal forms,  while deipw is used in the sense of 'support'. See ▶︎ τέλλω 2, ▶︎ τελαμών, ▶︎ τόλμη, ▶︎ Τάνταλος, ▶︎ τάλαντα, etc. ταλαύρινος 'shield-bearing'. = ῥῖνός.

XXXXXταλάωρ, -ωρος [m.] 'bow' (Euph. 9, 12; of the bow of Artemis, Choerob. in Theod.). «Ὁ ὍῬΕΚ ταλαώρεα: τοξεύματα 'bows' (H.).

    *ETYM Unexplained.

XXXXXτᾶλις, -t60¢ [f.] 'young, nubile girl, bride' (S. Ant. 629 [anap.], Call. Ait. 3, 1, 3). <?>

    *ETYM Perhaps an Aeolic form of ▶︎ τῆλις (s.v.).

XXXXXταμία [f.] 'housekeeper, conductress' (Hom., Alcm., X., Hell. inscr.).

    *VAR Ion. -ίη. More usual ταμίας (Ion. -ίης) [m.] 'housekeeper, conductor, manager,  treasurer' (IL), also used for Lat. quaestor (Hell.).

    *DIAL Myc. PN Ta-mi-je-u.

    *COMP As a second member in Ἑλληνο-ταμίαι [plm.], designation of Athenian  officials that administered the funds of the league at Delos (Att.).

    *DER ταμι-εύω [v.] (sometimes with δια-, etc.) 'to manage, economize', med. 'to  manage, save up, take in' (IA), with -eiov [n.] 'storehouse, treasury, fiscus' (LA),  diminutive -είδιον (Suid. perhaps Men. Sam. 402 [=233] Jacques), -eia [f.]  'management, administration' (Pl. Lg., X., Hp., Arist.), -evotc (f) 'id' (Ael.), -evpata  [pl.n.] 'economy measures' (X.), 'provisions' (Ὁ. S.), -ευτής [m.] 'administrator'  (Poll. v.1.), -ευτικός 'economic' (pap., Poll.), τὸ ταμιευτικόν 'economy' (M. Ant.),  -evtwp [m.]} 'id'? (Man.), -εύς [m.] (St. Byz. back-formation), -ευτήριον = ταμιεῖον  (sch.). Further ταμ-ικός, -ἰακός 'of the ταμίας or ταμ(ιλεῖον᾽ (Hell. and late inscr. and  pap...

    *ETYM Connected with ταμεῖν 'to cut (up), divide', but the details of the formation  are not quite clear. Since examples of primary derivatives in -iac do not exist, an  intermediate nominal form is needed. Generally, ταμίας is considered to be a

===Pag_1499: Beekes_Página_1499.tiff===

masculine innovation of the feminine ταμία (female) housekeeper', which is more common in Homer, but much rarer elsewhere. However, this is contradicted by the fact that comparable primary formations in -ia (πενία, μανία, Badia) are abstracts. Schwyzer: 470 and 473? assumes that ταμία is based on τάμ-ιὰ (Pi, doubtful), from which ταμίας was then secondarily created. Conversely, one might think that "ταμία [f.] 'cutting up, division' led to ταμίας [m.], from which ταμία 'housekeeper' was formed based on ἀγγελίη from ἀγγελίης 'messenger' (cf. on ▶︎ ἄγγελος).

XXXXXτάμισος [f.] 'rennet' (Hp., Theoc., Nic.).

    *DER ταμισ-ίνης τυρός 'cheese made with rennet' (Diocl. Fr; like ὀξίνης, etc.), -ἰον  [n.] 'coagulum' (gloss.).

    *ETYM Has been compared with ταμεῖν, with the suffix found in μάδισος, κύτισος (cf. Chantraine 1933: 435). DELG and Frisk justify the development of meaning by  pointing to σχίζειν τὸ γάλα 'to curdle milk' (Dsc.) and to γαλατμόν = λάχανον  ἄγριον 'wild herb' H, if this contains the root *temH- 'to cut'. However, this  etymology for γαλατμόν may well be wrong. Rather, τάμισος is Pre-Greek because of  the suffix -to-.

XXXXXτᾶν only in ὦ τᾶν (ὦ τάν), a popular form of address (Att.),

    *VAR Also τάν.

    *ETYM Acc. to Kretschmer Glotta 1 (1909): 58, it may have developed from τάλαν. Doubts by Bjérck 1950: 275ff., who deals extensively with meaning and attestations.

XXXXXtavads [adj.] 'thin, narrow, outstretched, expanding widely, long, high' (epic poet. since P 589).

    *VAR  Myc. ta-na-wa (of wheels).

    *COMP As a first member in ταναό-δειρος 'with a narrow or outstretched neck', of  οἰωνοί (Ar.), often with elision of the -o-, e.g. τανα-ήκης 'with a long point, edge', of  weapons (Hom.), 'lofty', of rushes, mountains (Opp., Orph,; cf. on ἠκή), also ταναύ-  moda epithet of μῆλα 'thin-legged, with stretched feet' (t 464, h. Ap., h. Merc.). With  -al- (after ταλαι-, παλαι-, etc.): ταναί-μῦκος 'far-bellowing', of βοῦς (AP).

    *ETYM Christophe KZ 114 (2001): 90-116 recently argued that the root *ten- had no  laryngeal. However, the laryngeal is necessary for almost all branches: Celtic forms  like Olr. tanae 'thin' < PCI. *tanayjo- << *tnh,-eu-o-, Lith, tévas 'thin, slender, high  (of voices), Latv. tiévs 'thin, slender' < *tenh.-u-6-, OCS tonvke, Ru. tonkij, Sln. tanak 'delicate, fine' < *tnHu-k-, and probably also Lat. tenuis < *ten(a)yi- < PIt. *ty(aui- < IE *tnh,-eu-. The Germanic evidence is ambiguous regarding the  laryngeal, e.g. OHG dunni < PGm. *bunw-. The Greek form presupposes *tnh,-eu-o-;  cf. Beekes MSS 34 (1976): 9-12. Within Greek, comparanda are »tavu- and  ▶︎ τάνυται. Christophe's assumption that *tzu- gave tavu- in Greek is unnecessary,  and his assumption of another prop vowel in t°n?-wo-, giving tavadc, is improbable.

XXXXXtavetat [f.pl.] 'beam' (Thphr. HP 4, 1, 2).

    *ETYM Formally, this seems to be the feminine of an adjective *tavuc (see ▶︎ tavu-);  semantically, this is quite possible.

===Pag_1500: Beekes_Página_1500.tiff===

XXXXXτανηλεγής [adj.] 'reckless, heedless, inconsiderate', only in τανηλεγέος θανάτοιο (Hom., Tyrt.). <1E *h,leg- 'care for'>

    *VAR  Also -έως (metr. inscr. Phrygia).

    *DER Similarly δυσ-ηλεγής (also of θάνατος x 325), also of πόλεμος, etc. (epic), ἀπ-  ηλεγέως (epic since IL), ἀν-ηλεγής (πόλεμος), -Ews (0. S.), νηλεγής, -Ews (H.).

    *ETYM The second member belongs to ▶︎ ἀλέγω 'to care for'; νηλεγής < *y-hleg-  contains the negative prefix. In view of the meaning, Leumann 1950: 45 (following  Blass and Bechtel 1914 s.v.) reads 1 ἀνηλεγής, which would fit the semantics  excellently. Szemerényi 1964: 154, 159 defends the connection with tavv-.

XXXXXτανθαρύζω [v.] 'to quiver'.

    *VAR  Only in ἐκτανθαρύ«ζ»ω-: τρέμω H; also τανθαλύζει: τρέμει. Δωριεῖς. of δὲ  σπαίρει 'trembles (Dor.), others: quivers' (H., cod. tavt-, but at an alphabetically  wrong position); influenced by τανταλίζει (see ▶︎ Τάνταλος). With o-vocalism  τοιθορύσσειν- σείειν 'to shake', τοιθορύκτρια: ἡ τοὺς σεισμοὺς ποιοῦσα 'who causes  shaking' (H.). Also ἐτανθόριζον: ἔτρεμον (H., leg. ἐτανθάρυζονξ). Further details in  Debrunner IF 21 (1907): 266.

    *DER Also τανθαρυστοί [pl.] 'the quivering ones', epithet of ὅρμοι 'necklaces'  (Theopomp. Com. 95).

    *ETYM Popular words with intensive reduplication; as to be expected, without clear  genealogy. Frisk cites an old proposal to connect some Balto-Slavic words for 'to  tremble, etc', eg. Ru. drégnut' 'tremble', drézZ [f.] 'shiver', Lith. drugjs [m.] '(cold)  fever, butterfly'. Discussion in Tichy 1983: 212f. The word ▶︎ τονθορύζω may be  identical, with a > o before v. If so, the variation points to Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXTavtadoc [m.] father of Pelops, grandfather of Atreus, mythical king of Sipylos in Asia Minor, famous for his riches and punished in the underworld for his faults (Od.). «ἢ

    *DER Τανταλ-ίδαι [m.pl.] 'offspring of Τ᾿ (A. [lyr.]), -ἰς [f] 'daughter of Τ᾽, 1.6. Niobe (API.), -εἰιος 'belonging to T.' (E., etc.), also -εος (AP) and -ικός (Man.); -ἴτις  [f.] name of a plant = Topydvetov, λιθόσπερμον (Ps.-Dsc.) referring to the rock that  threatened to crush Τὶ (Redard 1949: 77, Stromberg 1940: 101). Verbs: 1. τανταλ-ίζω 'to hover' (Anacr.), med. 'to weigh? (proverb in Zen.),  τανταλίζεται: σαλεύεται 'is rocked', ἐταντάλιζεν: ἔτρεμεν 'trembled', ἐτανταλίχθη:-  ἐσείσθη 'was shaken' (H.). 2. -όομαι ἰῃ τανταλωθείς (5. Ant. 134 [lyr.]), acc. to sch. ad  loc. = διατιναχθεὶς ἄνωθεν κάτω, διασεισθείς 'shaken from top to bottom, shaken all  over'.

    *ETYM Connection with the root ταλα- is impossible, as this contained a laryngeal. It  is unclear how the verbs τανταλιίζω, -dopar relate to Τάνταλος. They were probably  influenced semantically by τάλαντα; cf. Pl. Cra. 396d, where Τάνταλος is interpreted  as ταλάντατος 'who has to bear much' (from ▶︎ τάλας). On τανθαλύζει (cod. tavt-),  see 5.0. ▶︎ τανθαρύζω. An IE interpretation is most improbable.

XXXXXτανυ- 'thin, narrow, slim'.

    *COMP As a first member in several compounds, and originally adjectival, eg. tavv-  φλοιὸς 'with thin bark' (P 767, etc.), -pvAdoc 'with narrow leaves' (Od.), τανύ-

===Pag_1501: Beekes_Página_1501.tiff=== XXXXXσφυρος (beside τανί-σφυρος, after καλλί-σφυρος or dissimilated from v ... v?) 'with slim ankles' (Hes., h. Cer, Ibyc., B.), τανυ-ήκης 'with a thin point' (IL; also tava- ήκης, see ▶︎ Tavadc). tavv- disappeared as an independent adjective at an early date. In some cases, it may have been semantically influenced by ▶︎ tavuta, τανύω, which seems clear in τανύ-πτερος (Hes., ἢ. Cer. et al.), τανυ-πτέρυξ (1].), also tavvoi- πτερος (Od.) 'with spread wings' or 'speading the wings' (less clear are cases like τανύ-πεπλος, -yAwooos, -θριξ. Sommer 1948: 127f., tries to show that tavv- was originally a verbal member (to be rejected).

    *ETYM An adjective "τανύς, which apparently disappeared in Greek, has exact  correspondences in several languages: Skt.. tanu- 'thin, sweet, unimportant', Lat. tenuis 'thin, etc' (regularly reflected as an i- stem), ON punnr < *punwa- (i-stem in  OHG dunni 'thin'), OCS tenoko, Ru. ténkij 'thin, fine, slender' (for the suffix, cf. Skt. tdnuka-), all ultimately reflecting IE *tyh,u-. An old feminine form of *tavic seems  to have been preserved in ▶︎ τανεῖαι.

XXXXXτάνυται [v.3sg.pres.med.] 'to stretch, tense, extend, expand' (P 393, epic lyr., Ion. prose).

    <IE *tenh,- 'stretch'>

    *VAR τανύ-ω, -ovot, -οντο, etc. (Hom., Hdt.), aor. tavio(o)-at, -ασθαι, -θῆναι, perf. med. τετάνυσμαι (IL), fut. tavd-w (Od.), pass. -σσομαι (Archil.), -o(o)w (AP, Orph.).

    *COMP Also with év-, ἐπι-, etc.

    *DER Very few derivatives: 1. τανυστῦς [f.] 'stretching', of a bow (g 112) (for the  formation cf. ἀκοντιστύς et al.); 2. τάνυσις = τάσις 'tension, extension', of an organ  (Hp., Aret.); 3. ἐντανυσμός as an explanation of τανυστύς, sch, to @ 112.

    *ETYM A formation parallel to tavutat is found in Skt. tanuté 'stretches, expands'. The thematic present τανύω, etc. is an innovation, probably starting from the 3pl. τανύουσι, -ovto. All other forms, like τανύσ(σλαι, etc, developed from the present,  probably after ἐρύω, ἐρύσ(σ)αι. A new present ▶︎ teivw was created at a later date. See  »τανυ-.

XXXXXταπεινός [adj.] 'low-lying, inferior in rank, vile, insignificant, meek' (Pi., IA).

    *COMP Some compounds, e.g. ταπεινόφρων 'of humble mind, meek', with -φρονέω,  -φροσύνη (LXX, NT, Plu.).

    *DER ταπειν-ότης [f.] 'humility, pettiness, lowliness' (IA); -dopat, -όω [v.] (also with  ἐκ- ovv-) 'to humble oneself', act. 'to humiliate, disparage, etc.' (IA), with -ωσις [f.]  'humiliation' (Pl. Lg., Hell.), -ωμα [n.] 'dejection of a planet' (Plu., S. E.).

    *ETYM Formation like αἰπεινός, ὀρεινός, but further analysis is unclear. Frisk and  Pok. mention the old comparison with ON pefja [v] 'to stamp', bof [n.] 'crowd',  assuming a root *tap-, but this does not convince. Fur. 158 considers substrate  origin.

XXXXXτάπης, -ητος [f.] 'carpet, rug' (Hom., Herod., Ar., inscr. Cos IV-III*).

    *VAR Also τάπις, -ίδος (X., Delos IV-III*), ▶︎ δάπις 'id.', τάβης (Edict. Diocl. 7, 62).

    *COMP Few compounds: ταπιδουφάντης [m.] 'carpet-weaver' (Hell. pap.), ἀμφι-τάπης [m.] (middle com.), ἀμφί-ταπις [f.] (late), ἀμφί-ταπος [m.] (Hell. pap., LXX)  'rug that is woolly on both sides' (also -δάφος POxy., Fur. 178).

===Pag_1502: Beekes_Página_1502.tiff=== XXXXXταρβέω 1451

    *DER Diminutive ταπήτ-ιον (late), ταπίδ-ιον (Hell. and late pap.); ταπητ-άριος,  ταπιτ-άριος, -ᾶς [m.] 'manufacturer of carpets' (late pap.).

    *ETYM Formation like λέβης, κάλπις and technical words of debated origin  (Chantraine 1933: 267 and 335f.). Traditionally taken to be an Oriental loan: Iranian,  from MoP tab-aé, inf. taftan, tabidan 'turn, spin' (Schrader KZ 30 (1890): 484). The  form ἀμφί-ταπος shows a form without suffix. There are several variant forms (Fur. passim), which proves Pre-Greek origin. Borrowed as Lat. tapét-e, -um, whence Ital. tappeto, OHG teppid, teppih, MoHG Tapete, etc.

XXXXXtap [pcl.]

    *ETYM Seems to be attested in the Venetus A of the Iliad. See ▶︎ te.

XXXXXτάρανδος [m.] designation of a horned animal in northern regions, probably 'reindeer' (Schrader-Nehring 1917(1): 503), acc. to H. ζῷον ἐλάφου παραπλήσιον, οὗ τὰς δορὰς εἰς χιτῶνας χρῶνται Σκύθαι 'animal reminiscent of the deer, the hides of which are used for coats by the Scythians'.

    *VAR  Also -dpoc.

    *ETYM Fur.: 389 cites Lat. parandrum (Sol.) as a variant with p-, which might point to  a Pre-Greek word. Isebaert Glotta 60 (1982): 62-65, reconstructs Old Ossetic *Oaran-  tara- from *k(e)ren-tero-, properly 'the horned animal par excellence'.

XXXXXταράσσω [v.] 'to stir, agitate, confuse, arouse, startle' (Pi, IA). «1 *d'reh.g'- 'confuse'> ΑΚ Att. -άττω; aor. ταρ-άξαι (1].), pass. -αχθῆναι, fut. τάξω, pass. -άξομαι, perf.pass. τετάραγμαι (IA), act. -aya (late).

    *COMP Often with prefix, especially ovv-.

    *DER ταρ-αγμός [m.] 'confusion' (trag.), -aypa [n.] 'confused state' (E., D. H.); on  the difference in mg. between -μός and -μα Chantraine 1933: 146; -αξις (also with éx-,  ém-, ovv-) 'confusion, etc.'; -4xtwp [m.] 'trouble-maker' (A.), τάκτης [m.] 'id'?  (Lyc.), -ακτικός 'fit for confusion, disturbing' (late), -axtpov [n.] 'spatula' as a term  of abuse, 'trouble-maker' (Ar.), -ακτήριον [n.] 'id' (sch.). ταραχ-ή [f.] 'confusion, trouble, uproar' (Pi, IA), with -ώδης (1A); as a second  member in ἀ-τάραχος 'without trouble, calm' (Arist., Hell.), also ἀ-τάρακτος, with  ἀταραξία, -in (Hp., Hell.); rare τάραχος [m.] = ταραχή (X. Hell.).

    *ETYM Greek formed two presents from the root *d'reh,g'-: @pacow (with aor. θρᾶξαι) and ταράσσω (with aor. ταράξαι, perf. intr. τέτρηχα, etc.); the latter could  also be a denominative from ταραχή. For further connections, see ▶︎ θρᾶσσω. Since a  formation *d'zh,eg'- is rather doubtful, ταραχή seems to require a special  development of the zero grade *d'rh,p"-, perhaps conditioned by the accent (as  defended by Rix).

XXXXXταρβέω [v.] 'to be startled, shy, shun' (epic poet. since Il.).

    *VAR  Aor. ταρβῆσαι, perf. τετάρβηκα (E.).

    *DIAL Boeot. tapBeyu (Hdn. Gr.).

    *COMP Rarely with προ-, ὑπο-, ἐκ-.

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    *DER τάρβος [n.] 'fright, shyness' (Ω 152 = 181, ἱγαρ.; ταρβο-σύνη [f.] (σ 342), with  -ovvos 'frightening' (A. Th. 240 [lyr.]), after γηθο-σύνη, -συνος; ἀ-ταρβ-ής [adj.]  'fearless' (N 299, Pi.), from tapBéw or τάρβος; verbal adjective ἀ-τάρβ-ητος 'id' (Γ  63), also ▶︎ ἀτάρβακτος. Further ταρβαλέος [adj.] 'terrible, fearsome' (epic poet., h. Merc.; after σμερδαλέος, θαρσαλέος), ταρβήεις 'fearsome' (Nonn.), like κοτήεις;  ταρβάλυξ, -vyoc = ὁ ταρακτικός (Hdn. Gr. 2, 743). Further details, especially on the  use in Hom., in Ruijgh 1957: 163.

    *ETYM The date of the attestations and their frequency suggest that τάρβος was  secondarily created from tapBéw, so denominative origin is improbable for the verb. The word τάρβος is often compared with Skt. tarjati (epic, class.) 'threaten, revile',  Lat. torvus 'grim, fierce', MW tarfu 'disturb, trouble, scare', Hitt. tarkuyant- 'looking  angrily', for the reconstruction of a root *terg'-. However, there are problems in the  reconstruction of the Welsh word (see Matasovi¢ 2009 sv. *targ'-o-), and the  semantic development of 'angry, fierce' to 'shy' in Greek is not clear. Fur. 219 compares ταρμύσσω. Moreover, it is difficult to explain the element ταρβ-  from the proposed IE forms, as a zero grade would give *tpaf-. On the Skt. forms,  see Kuiper 1956: 215%. ToA trak 'blind', ToB tarrek 'id' are certainly unrelated, since  they are compounds with ek 'eye' (A ak) as a second member.

XXXXXtapyavov [n.] 'sick wine, vinegar' (Phoen. [III?]).

    *VAR  Acc. to EM 753, 54, the Attic form is ▶︎ capyavi (see s.v.).

    *DER Further οἶνος τεταργανωμένος 'sour wine' (Pl. Com.), tapyaivetv- ταράσσειν  'agitate' (H.).

    *ETYM Not well explained. Traditionally compared with ▶︎ otepydvoc and ▶︎ τρύξ. The  difference in final velar makes comparison with the group of *terk-, trek- 'turn' (Lat. torqueé 'to turn, wind', Skt. tarki- 'spindle', etc; see Pok. 1077) impossible. Expressions for 'turn' are often applied to drinks that have 'turned' sour, bitter, or  the like, viz. ὁ οἶνος τρέπεται, with tpomiag 'spoiled wine, tapyavov', Ital. il vino da  la volta 'id, MoFr. le lait tourne 'the milk becomes sour', and many more examples. Semantically, one may compare MoDu. wrang 'herb, bitter, sour' to Go. wruggo  'snare. The variation t-/o- shows that the word is Pre-Greek. However, the  appurtenance of the following glosses, adduced by Frisk, is uncertain: tapydvat-  πλοκαί, συνδέσεις, πέδαι 'twinings, links, shackles' and tetapyavwpéviy  συμπεπλεγμένη, συνειλημμένη 'plaited together, taken together' (H.); they barely  attest a meaning 'turning, winding', etc.

XXXXXtaptxog [m.] and [n.] 'fish or meat conserved by salting, smoking or drying' (IA, etc.), also 'mummy' (Hat. 9, 120, S. Fr. 646)

    *VAR Also -ov [n.] (Hell.); back-formed as an adjective 'pickled' (Ael.); rare.

    *COMP Some compounds, e.g. ταριχο-πώλης [m.] 'dealer in τ΄, with -πώλιον and  -πωλέω [v.] (PL, Hell); ὠμο-τάριχος [m.] = σὰρξ θύννου τεταριχευμένου 'dried  tunny meat' (middle com., Dsc.).

    *DER 1. Diminutive tapix-iov [n.] (Ar.), 2. -ηρός [adj.] 'ptng. to pickling, pickled',  also msc. 'pickler, embalmer of bodies' (Arist., pap.), like ἐλαι-, ὀξ-ηρός; 3. -ἂς [m.]  'dealer in τ. (pap. ΠΡῚ; 4. -ebw (also with mpo-, év-) [v.] 'to pickle, smoke, dry', also

===Pag_1504: Beekes_Página_1504.tiff=== XXXXXταρσός 1453 'to embalm', med. also 'to wither' (IA, pap.), with -eia (Ion. -yin) [f.] 'pickling, embalming' (Hdt,, Arist.), -ευσις [f.] 'id.' (Hdt.), -etov [n.] 'pickle factory' (pap. INP), -ευτής [m.] 'embalmer, pickler' (Hdt., Hell. pap.), -ευτήρ [m.] 'id' (Man.), -ευτικός = -ηρός (Dsc.). Of uncertain mg. ταριχώτης, perhaps = ταριχευτής (Tab. Defix.); cf. τριχῶσαι- θάψαι 'bury' (H.).

    *ETYM The word is probably Pre-Greek, in view of the meaning of -a-. The  formation is isolated (on the long 1, cf. Schwyzer: 644; ▶︎ ἄρριχος 'basket' has 1); the  gender may have been adapted to ἰχθῦς 'fish' or κρέας 'meat' (cf. Egli 1954: 73ff.). From Greek came Arm. tafex 'herring', Syr. tarixa 'salted fish'. See ▶︎ tapy tw.

XXXXXταρμύσσω [v.] 'to startle' (Lyc. 1177). ΑΚ Aor. ταρμύξασθαι: φοβηθῆναι 'get scared' (H.); ἀτάρμυκτος 'undaunted' (Euph., Nic., H., EM).

    *ETYM Formation like αἰθύσσω, κινύσσομαι, σκαρδαμύσσω, which may be either  denominative or deverbative. Connection with τρέμω seems attractive, but the zero  grade ταρμ- as opposed to tpay- (in té-tpap-oc, te-tpap-aivw) raises some doubts. Debrunner IF 21 (1907): 243 posited *tappoc 'distress', from »teipw. Fur: 219  compares ταρβέω, which is possible but remains uncertain; if correct, the word  would be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXτάρπη [f.] 'big basket' (Att. inscr. IV', Poll., EM, H.).

    *VAR Also ταρπός [f.] 'id.' (Poll.).

    *DER Further τερπόνη [f.] 'id' (Peripl. M. Rubr. 65), τερπος of uncertain mg. (pap. 1Π2.

    *ETYM Frisk compares tapydavar πλοκαί ... (see on ▶︎ τάργανον), σάρπους' κιβωτούς. Βιθυνοὶ δέ ξυλίνους οἰκίας (H.), ▶︎ σαργάνη, and even »ταρσός. Of these, the  comparison with σήταργάν- is useless; it is unclear whether σάρπους is cognate or  not. Fur.: 183, etc. compares δάρπιγ σαργάνη, κόφινος (H.), which would point to a  Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXταρσός [m.] 1. '(plaited) device for dehydrating and drying cheese, etc.' (1 219, Theoc.), 'plaited tube, mat of rushes, kind of flat basket' (Hdt. Th. Ar.), 'entangled roots forming a network' (Thphr.). 2. designation of all kinds of flat objects, like 'sole of the foot' (L 377, 388, Hdt., Hp.), also 'palm of the hand' (late medic.), 'blade, rudder, row of oars' (Hdt., Th, E., Plb.), 'flat of the outstretched wing, etc.' (Mosch., Ὁ. H., AP, Ael.). <1E? *ters- 'dry'>

    *VAR Att. tappoc.

    *COMP Rarely as a second member, eg. ovvtappoc 'with a network of roots'  (Thphr.), of δένδρον, back-formation from συν-ταρρόομαι.

    *DER 1. τρασιά (Eup., Ar., S.), ταρσιή (Semon.), τερσιά (Jul.; -e- after tépoopar) [f.]  'hurdle for drying figs, etc, dried figs, place for drying cereals, etc'. 2. ταρσώδης  (-pp-) 'like a hurdle or mat, plaited' (Thphr.). 3. ταρσῆται- ἀγγεῖα, ἐν οἷς οἱ τυροὶ  ψύχονται 'vessel for keeping cheese cool' (H.); 4. ταρσ-όομαι [v.] (rarely with ovv-,  ék-) 'to form a network', of veins and'roots (Hp., Thphr.), -ow 'to equip with rudders  or wings' (Polyaen., Lyd.), with -wya [n.] 'row of oars' (Poll.).

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    *ETYM Words in Armenian and Germanic have been compared: Arm. f'ar 'bar for  drying grapes, etc' < IE *trs-, OHG darra [f.] 'apparatus for drying fruits, etc.',  MoSw. and MoNw. tarre {m.] 'frame for drying malts, etc.', from PGm. *parzé [f.],  secondary *parzdn- [m.], IE *torsa (would be Gr. *topon). Both Frisk and DELG  assume that the remarkable shift of meaning to 'blade of the foot, etc.' started from  the flat form of the relevant objects. There are also phonological problems with this  explanation: it is improbable that *trs- would give tapo- in Greek, and the co-  ocurrence of pa and ap is also problematic in itself. (The maintained intervocalic -o-  may be explained by the chronology of sound changes, however: cf. Manolessou and  Pantelidis 2008.) Chantraine 1933: 82 points to the a-vocalism. Was it a loan from an  intermediate language? See ▶︎ τέρσομαι. ᾿

XXXXXτάρφεα [n.pl.] 'thicket, shrubbery' (A. R. 4, 1238). <?>

    *VAR Dat. -eot (Ε 555, O 606).

    *DIAL Perhaps Myc. ta-pa-e-o-te, see Aura Jorro s.v.

    *DER ταρφύς 'dense' (epic poet. Il.), -ἕες [m-pl.], -ειαί [fpl.] (perhaps after πυκιναί,  θαμειαί; cf. Chantraine 1942: 191), ntr.pl. -éa as an adverb 'frequently, often' (cf. Leumann 1950: 166).

    *ETYM Derived by Frisk from ▶︎ τρέφω 'to feed' as a zero grade (τάρφεα would be  analogical after ταρφύς, acc. to Porzig 1942: 246). However, the development to  tapg- from azero grade is irregular, and the semantics are not compelling.

XXXXXtapx tw [v.] 'to inter' (A. R. 3, 208).

    *VAR Fut. -bow (H 456 = 674), aor. -ῦσαι (H 85, Q. S.), med. -ύσασθαι (A. R., Nonn.),  pass. -υθῆναι (Lyc., AP), perf. pass. τετάρχυμαι (late verse-inscr.).

    *COMP ἀ-τάρχυτος 'uninterred' (Ps.-Phocyl., Lyc.).

    *DER Several glosses in H.: ταρχάνιον: ἐντάφιον 'ptng. to burial'; énitapyov:  ἐπιτάφιον, ἐντάφιον; TEepxavov πένθος, κῆδος 'grief, sorrow'; τέρχνεα- ... ἐντάφια;  otépxava: περίδειτινον. Ἠλεῖοι 'funeral feast (Elean)'. Also τάρχεα and ταρχώματα =  τὰ νομισμένα τοῖς νεκροῖς 'what is to be done with corpses' (sch. A and B to H 85).

    *ETYM Has been compared with taptyog, -evw 'to pickle, embalm', but this obviously  leads to formal and semantic problems. Fur.: 351 takes the forms with (o)tepy- as  variants, and concludes that the word is Pre-Greek.

XXXXXτάσσω [v.] 'to post, align in ranks, establish; to put in order, arrange' (post-Hom.). <?>

    *VAR Att. -ttw; aor. τάξαι, pass. ταχθῆναι, later ταγῆναι, fut. τάξω, perf. pass. τέταγμαι, 3Ρ]. τετάχαται (Th., X.), act. (young Att.) τέταχα.

    *COMP Very often with prefix, e.g. dia-, ἐπι-, Mapa-, προ-, Ovv-.

    *DER 1. ταγή (Sta-, ἐπι-, ovv-, ὑπο-, etc.) [f.] 'array, order, supply, etc.' (Ar. Lys. 105  [Dor.], Hell.); 2. τάγμα (διά-, éni-, obv-, πρόσ-, etc.) [n.] 'array, order, line-up, etc. (IA); 3. τάξις (διά-, παρά-, obv-, ὑπό-, etc.) [f.] 'array, line-up, etc. (LA); συντάξιμον  [n.] mg. unclear, perhaps name of a tax, 'census-list' (7) (pap. IP); 4. τακτός (éni-,  bn6-, ἀπό-, etc.) 'established, measured out, ordered' (IA); 5. τακτικός 'concerning  the line-up of an army, tactical' (X. et al.), frequently with ἐπι-, mpoo-, ovv-, ὑπο- to  prefixed ἐπι-τάττω, etc. (Pl. Arist., Hell.); 6. ava-, δια-, ἐπι-, ὑπο-τάκτης (from ἀνα-

===Pag_1506: Beekes_Página_1506.tiff=== XXXXXταῦρος 1455 τάσσω, etc.) [m.] names of various officials (Hell.); λιποτάκτης [m.] 'deserter' (Ὁ. H.), to λιποταξίου (γραφή, Att.), compounded from τάξιν λιπεῖν; 7. ἐττι-τακτήρ [m.] 'commander' (X.), ἀπο-τακτήρ 'hermit' (pap. V?: ἀποτάσσομαι 'to take leave'), ovv- τακτήρ 'arranger', with -ήριος (EM); 8. év-tay-ov [n.] 'order', diminutive ἐπιταγ- (tov [n.] (late pap.); ἐν-ταγ-ής 'ordered' (late pap.), also with nominal first member, e.g. ὁμο-ταγ-ής 'equal in status, etc' (Euc., Hero, etc.); 9. ἐπιτάξ [adv] 'in a row, etc.' (Hell.). See ▶︎ tayoc.

    *ETYM The -y- in tayn and ▶︎ taydc (as to whether the latter is connected, see s.v.)  shows that τάσσω, -ttw is analogical for "τάζω. In other languages, it has been  compared with the Parthian title tgmdr, which Bailey 1985: 98 takes to be tagma-  ddra- 'giver of order', OP ham-ataxsata 'they have put in order', ToB tas  'commander', and (less certain) Lith. patogius 'convenient', sutdgti 'to be wedded; to  commit oneself, etc.'. If the OP form lost its laryngeal as a result of Lubotsky's Law  (loss of laryngeal before two or more consonants, of which the first one is  glottalized), we may reconstruct a root *teh.g- (instead of the awkward *tag-  suggested by LIV').

XXXXXtata [νος] 'daddy (AP 11, 67).

    <IE *tata 'father' ONOM>



    *DER tati [voc.] 'mummy' (Herod. 5, 69); tataAilw [v.] 'to address with tata, flatter'  (Herod.); for the enlargement in -)- cf. πυκταλίζω (to πύκτης).

    *ETYM Familiar address like Lat. tata, Ru. tdta, Skt. tatd-, Luw. tati(ia)- 'father', etc. Also tétta voc. 'id.' (A 412) with e-vocalism, like Lith. tétis, -te 'id', teta 'aunt', Cz. teta 'id.' See »ἄττα and ▶︎ πάππα.

XXXXXτατύρος —TETAPOS.

XXXXXtad [n.indecl.] name of a letter (Hp., Pl., Att. inscr. IV*).

    *ETYM From Hebr. taw. Cf. Schwyzer: 140.

XXXXXταῦρος [m.] 'bull' (IL). <1E? teh,u-ro- 'bull (cf. steuro-).>

    *COMP Very frequent as a first member, e.g. ταυρο-κτόνος 'bull-slaying' (5. [lyr.]);  also as a second member, e.g. θεό-ταυρος 'god-bull', of Zeus (Mosch.).

    *DER 1. Diminutive tavp-idiov [n.] (Suid.). 2. -ειος [adj.] 'of bull, of beef', also epithet  of Poseidon (Il. [only fem.], trag., Ar, pap.), -eia, -éa [f.] 'hide of a bull or ox, a whip  made of it' (Artem.), with -ίζω = teivw 'stretch' (An. Ox.). 3. τεὸς [adj.] 'id.' (Hes. Sc. 140, Att. inscr. IV*, Lyr. Adesp. Alex., pap.). 4. -ικὸν ζεῦγος 'span of oxen' (Hell. pap.), τὸ τ. 'id' (late pap.). 5. -ώδης 'like a bull' (Nic.). 6. -e(ev, -ε(ι)δῶνος [m.]  name of a month in Asia Minor (inscr., Herod.), -ών [m.] 'id' in Alexandria (Ptol.). 7. τίνη [f.] from Lat. taurina [f.] 'shoe made of bovine leather' (Edict. Diocl.). 8. -eaotai [m.pl.] 'worshipper of Apollo Taureios in Ephesus' (inscr. I*). 9. -ηδόν [adv]  'bullishly' (Ar., Pl.). 10. tavpivda: φαλλικὴ παιδιὰ παρὰ Ταραντίνοις (HL). 11. -όομαι  (also with ἀπο-) [v.] 'to behave like a bull' (A., E.); ταύρωσον' ταῦρον ποίησον 'make  a bull (H.); cf. tav-pivéa; ταῦρος also = αἰδοῖον, κοχώνη (Poll. Gal., Phot., Suid.). 12. τ(ἡάω 'to long for a bull', of cows (Arist.).

    *ETYM Identical with Lat. taurus, Osc. tavpoy (acc. sg.), U turuf, toru [acc.pl.], Lith. tauras 'aurochs', OPr. tauris 'bison', OCS ture, Ru. tur 'buffalo'. Metathesis occurred

===Pag_1507: Beekes_Página_1507.tiff===

in Celtic words like Olr. tarb 'bull', MW tarw 'id'. The fact that Lat. taurus did not undergo metathesis like parvus and nervus suggests that it is a LW (De Vaan 2008 s.v.). -Gm. words with initial st- are probably not cognate, e.g. Go. stiur, OHG stior 'pull', because these point to older *eu (without initial s-, ON pjérr). Av. staora- [m.] 'big cattle' deviates slightly in meaning. Comparable forms are found in Semitic: Akk. Stru, Aram. tor, Hebr. S6r. If the similarity is not accidental, there must have been a loan, either from IE into Semitic or vice versa, or from a third common source. If the word is IE, ταῦρος is traditionally connected with the group of ▶︎ taiic.

XXXXXtaiic [adj.] - μέγας, πολύς (H.). < IE?

    *DER ταῦσας: μεγαλύνας, πλεονάσας 'haying furthered, having enlarged' (H.)  (presupposes *taiitw).

    *ETYM Formation like παχύς, ταχύς, etc. Indo-Iranian has an s-stem in Av. tauuah-  [n.] 'might, power', Skt. tavds- 'strong, powerful, active', and a primary verb Skt. taviti 'to be strong, have power' (from *teuh.-). Greek cognates of this root are ▶︎ σῶς  and (possibly) ▶︎ σωρός. Perhaps ▶︎ ταῦρος was derived from this root as well, with a  suffix *-ro-, but see s.v. According to Lubotsky 1988: 123, taiic and σῶς (< σάρος)  point to an alternating paradigm of a u-stem adjective: nom.sg. *tueh,-u-s (ablaut  like in Lat. brevis, gravis) > Gr. *oavc (with subsequent thematicization), gen.sg. *tuh,-u-os, etc. from where initial t- was introduced into taic (the disyllabic  pronunciation of which is far from certain anyhow).

XXXXXTAVTOTHS Savdtoc.

XXXXXταφή [f.] 'interment'.

    *VAR τάφος [m.], τάφρος [f.] 'grave'. > θάπτω.

XXXXXτάφος [n.] 'astonishment'. σρθάμβος.

XXXXXταχύς [adj.] 'swift, fast' (Il.). «Ὁ, 15? d'ng-u- (Ὁ) 'swift'>

    *COMP Often as a first member, eg. ταχύ-πωλος 'with swift steeds' (Il, Theoc.). Adverb τάχ-α 'fast, easily', grammaticalized 'perhaps' (Il.), also -έως 'fast' ( 365,  Hes. Th. et al.), with -εωστί 'id.' (Pherecr.) like νεωστί. Compar. θᾶσσων (Att. -ττο),  adverbial θᾶσσον, superl. τάχιστος, adv. -a (all Il.). Also taxb-tepog (Ion., Arist.),  -τατος, -tata (Pi. et al.), -iwv, -ἰον (Hp. Mul., Hell. and late prose).

    *DER 1. τάχος [n.] 'swiftness, speed' (for "τῆχοςϑ), often adverbial (Il.). 2. ταχυτής  (Dor. -τάς) [f.] 'id' (¥ 740); attempt at a semantic differentiation between τάχος and  ταχυτής by Chantraine 1933: 418. 3. ταχινός = ταχύς (Hell. and late), after ῥαδινός,  θαμινός, etc., with ταχίνης (Dor. -vac) [m.] 'hare' (Lacon. acc. to Ael.), acc. to H. also  'ἔλαφος᾽, 4. ταχύνω (also with ἐπι-, ovv-, etc.) [v.] 'to accelerate, hurry' (IA). 5. kata-ταχέω [v.] 'to hurry, arrive first, prevent (Plb,, pap.), hypostasis of κατὰ τάχος.

    *ETYM All the above forms are based on ταχύς, except for the comparative θᾶσσων  with long vowel, the judgement of which remains difficult as long as the etymology  is unknown. Acc. to Bechtel 1917b: 426 and Bechtel 1921(3): 126, the PN Τήχιππος  (Eretria) would contain an old noun "τῆχος = τάχος. Seiler 1950: 40 explains  θάσσων, θᾶσσον as an adaptation of ᾿θήσσων to the timber of ταχύς, τάχιστος. More  likely is secondary lengthening of an older short vowel in θάσσον, as argued by  Wackernagel Gott. Nachr. 1914: 124f. For extensive discussion on the comparison, see

===Pag_1508: Beekes_Página_1508.tiff=== XXXXXτείνω 1457 Seiler 1950: 37ff. The etymology remains unclear. Against the old connection with Lith. déngti 'run, hurry', etc., see Fraenkel 1955 s.v. defigti. The word ταχύς ousted the old PIE word ὠκύς, which remained alive only in poetry.

XXXXXταώς [m.] 'peacock' (Att. com., Antiph., Arist. Hell.); also a fish name (Philostr.), because of its color, acc. to Stromberg 119. 4LW Orient»

    *VAR Att. tad (acc. to Trypho apud Ath. 9, 3976; on the inner aspiration see  Schwyzer: 219), also tawv, gen. Taw (Taw), ταῶνος, etc.

    *DER ταών-(ελιος 'of a peacock' (Luc.), -τκός 'peacock-colored' (Alex. Aphr.), ταΐτης  [m.] name of a stone = πάγρους (Cyran.).

    *ETYM Borrowed from an unknown Oriental source (Frisk compares Tamil toghai). On the history of the peacock, see Schrader-Nehring 1917(2): 163f. on the name, WH  s.v. The Lat. word was borrowed as OHG pfiwo, also found in other European  languages. On Oriental continuants of ταώς, see Spies IF 62 (1955/56): 202 with litt.

XXXXXte [pcl.] 'and' (Hom.), enclitic.

    *VAR Myc. ge.

    *ETYM Identical with Lat. -que, NPhr. -κε, Skt. -ca, Go. -h in ni-h 'neque', etc., from  TE ἘΚ". Also in adverbs: -te (IA, Arc. Cypr.), -ta (Lesb.), -xa (Dor.), e.g. τότε, πότε,  ὅτε; τότα, πότα, Sta; τόκα, πόκα, ὅκα, etc. See also on ▶︎ ὅτε.

XXXXXτέγγυρος [?] - ὄρνεον ποιόν 'kind of bird' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXtéyyw [v.] 'to wet, moisten, pour out, soften' (Pi. B., IA; mostly poetic).

    <IE *teng-  'wet, moisten'>

    *VAR Aor. τέγξαι, pass. τεγχθῆναι, fut. τέγξω.

    *COMP Rarely with ém-.

    *DER τέγξις (éni-) [f.] 'moistening' (medic.), τεγκτός (éni-) 'softenable by  moistening' (Arist., medic.).

    *ETYM A primary verb identical with Lat. tingd [v.] 'to wet, immerse, dip, paint'  (from *tengd; tingué after ungud). A secondary zero grade formation in OHG  thunkén, dunkén [v.] 'to immerse' (MoHG Tunke [f.] 'sauce'), full grade in Swiss  tink 'moist'.

XXXXXτέγος ~OTEYW.

XXXXXτέθηπα -οθάμβος.

XXXXXτεθμός Ξ'θεσμός.

XXXXXτείνω [v.] 'to stretch, pull tight, expand', intr. 'to extend, range'.

    <IE *ten(h,)- 'draw,  stretch'>

    *VAR  Aor. teivat, pass. ταθῆναι, perf. med. τέταμαι (11), fut. τενῶ (Att.), perf. act. tétaka (Pl, D. H.). Reduplicated titaivw (rarely with ava-, etc., Il. and epic, also  medic.), with the aorist forms τιτήνας (N 534); τιτηνάμενος (Orph.).

    *COMP Very often with prefix: ava- (avv-ava-), δια- (ém-dta-), ἐκ- (St-ex-), ἐν- (ἐπ-  ev-), παρα- (ἀντι-παρα-), ὑπερ-» εἴς, etc.

===Pag_1509: Beekes_Página_1509.tiff===

    *DER 1. τόνος [m.] 'tension, cord, string, sinew', in the sense of 'tension of the voice'  also 'tone, accent, sound; effort, strength' (IA), as a second member in παλίν-τονος  'with backward tension, rushing backwards, elastic' (Hom., S. [lyr.], also Hdt., Ph. Bel., Hero Bel.), npdtovot [m.pl.} 'front ropes' (Hom., etc.), with -ίζω [v.] 'to pull up  by π.᾿; from the prefixed verbs e.g. διάτον-ος 'stretched, strained' (Thphr.), with  τικός 'diatonic' (of music), -atov [n.] 'crossbar, etc. (pap.). From τόνος: τον-ικός  'stretchable; related to tone' (Arist., Hell.), -aiog 'stretched' (Alex.), -ἰαῖος 'consisting  of a tone, measuring one tone' (Arist.), -ώδης 'tension-like' (medic.), -ἰζω [v.] 'to  provide with a tone' (gramm.), med. 'to be provided with a tone' (Eust.); χειρο-τον-ἕω [v.] 'to stretch out one's hand, vote, elect', with -ia (Att.), as if from yelpo-tévoc  (A. [lyr.]), originally a compound of χεῖρα télvev; τον-όω (ἐπι-, ovv-) [v.] 'to stretch,  strengthen, provide with a tone' (Ti. Locr., Hell.), with -wotg, -wtucdc (medic.). 2.

XXXXXτονή [f.] 'duration of a tone' (music). 3. τάσις [f.] 'tension, stretch, etc.', mostly from the prefixed verbs, e.g. ἔντασις : év-teivw (IA), τατός (Arist.), ἐντατός (Ρ].), etc. 'stretchable', τατ-ικός 'giving a tension' (Orib.), almost only with prefix, eg. dtatat- ικός (Hell.). 4. τένων, -ovtog [π|.] 'sinew, neck-muscle, tendon of Achilles' (IL, epic Ion. poet., Arist.). 5. With reduplication tetavoc 'stretched, tense, tight, lank' (Hp., Thphr.), 'tight, lank-haired' (Hell. pap.) = τετανό-θριξ (PL.). τέτανος [m.] 'catalepsy, tetanus' (Hp, PL, Arist, etc.), with τεταν-ικός 'suffering from catalepsy', -ώδης 'cataleptic' (medic.), -6w [v.] 'to stretch out, make lank, smoothen' (Dsc.), -wOpov [n.] 'skin-smoothening agent' (Dsc.), τωμα [n.] 'id' (medic.). 6. τεινεσμός [m.] 'constipation' (medic., Nic.), with -ὦδης (medic.), after πιεσμός (the variant with tiyv- (Bechtel 1921(3): 333f.) remains to be explained. 7. *tévoc [n.] in ▶︎ ἀτενής; from the verb e.g. διατεν-ἤς 'stretching out' (Thphr.), often with nominal first member, e.g. ἁλι-τενής 'stretching out unto the sea', also 'shallow' (Hell.); on ▶︎ εἰλιτενής s.v.

    *ETYM The system of Greek teivw derives from the root *ten- 'to stretch', found in  most branches of IE (forms in LIV'). Skt. preserved an old athematic aorist d-tan  'stretched', from IE *He-ten-t. In Greek, the full grade of the verbal root is preserved  in the primary derivative tév-wv, -ovtog (see Strunk 1967: 107), and in the s-stem  adjective ἀ-τενής, where *tévoc is formally identical with Lat. tenus, -oris [n.} 'string  with a noose' and Skt. tdénas- [n.] 'posterity' (only RV 5, 70, 4) from IE *ten-s-. Beside this root-aorist, Skt. had an s-aorist atamsit, med. atasi (zero grade), which  corresponds to Greek é-tetv-a from IE *Hé-tens-m1. Instead of the old vv-present in  > τάνυται, τανύω, Greek innovated a yod-present teivw, which agrees with Alb. nden  'to stretch', if from *en-ten-id. Among the nominal formations, we find Greek τόνος  beside Lith. tanas [m.] 'ulcer', Skt. tana- [m.] 'thread, tone' (with remarkable identity  of meaning), tana- [n.] 'posterity'.

XXXXXtelpea

    *VAR Τειρεσίας. -»τέρας.

XXXXXteipw [v.] 'to exhaust, wear out, distress, trouble' (IL, epic poet.).

    <IE *ter(H)- 'rub'>

    *VAR Only pres. and ipf. (Aeol. inf. perf. τέτορθαι Hdn. Gr.).

    *ETYM Full grade yod-present of the root *terh,,- which is also found in ▶︎ τέρην,  ▶︎ τέρυς, ▶︎ τετραίνω, ▶︎ τιτρώσκω, ▶︎ τρύω, ▶︎ τρίβω.

XXXXXτεῖχος [n.] 'wall, city wall, fortification' (IL.).

===Pag_1510: Beekes_Página_1510.tiff=== XXXXXτέκμαρ 1459

    *VAR Also τοῖχος [π|.] 'wall' (IL).

    *DIAL Myc. to-ko-do-mo /toiko-domos/.

*cOMmP To τοῖχος: τοιχ-ὡρύχτος [m.] 'butlar, house-breaker', with -ia [f], -éw [v.] (Att.); ἀργυρό-τοιχος 'with silver walls' (A. [lyr.]), év-toix-1o¢ 'on the wall' (Ὁ. H., Ruf. apud Orib.; uncertain X. An. 7, 8, 1). Compounds, e.g. τειχεσι-πλῆτα (8. πέλας); with transition to the o-stems e.g. τειχο-μαχ-έω 'to fight at the walls', -ia Ε (IA), -ἂς m. (Ar. [lyr.}), τος m. (App.); εὐ-τειχής 'with fair walls, well walled in' (Pi. E.), also εὐ-τείχ-εος (Il; metr. condit., Sommer 1948: 19), -ῆτος (h. Ven. 112: τειχέω).

    *DER To τοῖχος: τοιχ-ίδιον [n.) (late), -to¢ 'belonging to a wall' (Lebadeia), -ἰζω 'to  list, heel over', of a ship (Ach. Tat., Eust.). To τεῖχος: 1. Diminutive tety-vdpiov [n.]  (X.), -aptov [n.] (pap. I?; belittling), -iStov [n.] (Zonar.). 2. -ίον [n.] 'wall (of a house)'  (Od., Ar. Th. X.). 3. -wpa = φραγμός (AB; enlargement), -wtdc = Lat. vallaris (Rom. time). 4. -ιἰόεις 'walled in' (B 559 = 646), -ιοῦσσα [f.] island near Milete (Th.); also  -ἰόεσσα (Archestr.). 5. Tety-1Kd¢ = Lat. vallaris (στέφανος ~ = cordna vall; Rom. time). 6. τειχ-ίζω [v.] 'to build a wall, fortify with a wall' (IA since H 449, also Dor.),  often with prefix, e.g. mept-, ἀπο-, ἐπι-, with -ἰσις, -topa, -ἰσμός (also with mept-, etc.)  'wall-building, fortification' (Att.); τἰιστής [m.] 'mason, builder' (LXX, Lib.). 7. τέω =  «ζω (Hdt.), with -ητός 'fortified' (Att. TV*).

    *ETYM Greek τοῖχος corresponds exactly to Skt. deha- [m.] (also [n.]) 'body', with dehi [f.] 'wall, damm, hill, Av. pairi-daéza- [m.] 'surrounding wall (see  > παράδεισος), and Gm. words like Go. daigs [m.] 'dough', all from IE *d"oig'o- [m.]). ToB -tsaika 'shaper', from tsik- 'to form, build', and Arm. déz 'heap' are both  probably innovations (cf. Arm. dizanem, aor. dizi 'to heap up'). The formation of  τεῖχος < IE *d*éig'-s- [n.] is isolated, but the e-vocalism is also found in Osc. fethiss  [acc.pl.] 'walls', o-stem. The basic verb is preserved in Skt. deh- 'to spread, lute' as an  athematic formation déhmi; Latin has a nasal present in fingd 'to spread out on,  knead, build'. Greek ▶︎ θιγγάνω is unrelated.

XXXXXτέκμαρ [n.) 'sign, emblem', rarely 'goal, end' (Hes., Pi, A. E., A. R.), also 'symptom' (Hp., Aret.).

    <IE *k'ek- 'see, appear'>

    *VAR  Indeclinable. Also τέκμωρ [n.] 'goal, end', sometimes 'sign, proof (Hom.).

    *DER τεκμαίρομαι (also with ovv-, dia-, etc.) [v.] 'to determine, appoint' (Hom.), 'to  detect, conclude, deduce from signs' (post-Hom.), aor. τεκμήρασθαι (Il), fut. τεκμαροῦμαι (X.), aor. pass. ptc. ἐκτεκμαρθείς (Orac. apud Euseb.); act. texpaipw,  τεκμῆραι 'to indicate, testify' (Pi, A. Pr. [lyr.], Nic. Arat.). τέκμαρ-σις [f.]  'conclusion from signs, deduction' (Hp., Th.,, etc.), -τός 'deducible' (Cratin.), -τικός  'fit to conclude' (Poll.). From τέκμωρ: τεκμορ-εύω [v.] 'to testify one's loyalty to the emperor', with -etot  ξένοι (inscr.). From τεκμήρασθαι: τεκμήριον [n.] 'sign, feature, emblem, proof,  evidence, symptom' (IA) with -ἰώδης 'evidential, giving evidence' (Arist.), -1dw [v.]  'to provide a testimony, proof (Th.), -ἰόομαι [v.] 'to detect, conclude from signs'  (Hell.), with -iwotc [f.] 'testimony, proof (Air.).

    *ETYM Etymologically, τέκμαρ is connected with the Indo-Iranian group of Skt. caste,  caksate 'to see < *ke-k"k-toi, -e-toi, also caksus- [n.] 'eye, Av. caSman- [n.} 'id.',  where the latter also displays a suffix starting with -m-.

===Pag_1511: Beekes_Página_1511.tiff===

XXXXXτέκνον [n.] 'child, young animal, shoot' (IL). <1E* tek- 'beget, bear'>

    *COMP Many compounds, eg. τεκνο-ποιός 'begetting children', with -éw, -ia (IA),  εὔ-τεκνος 'with good or many children', also (Arist.) 'good to the young', with -ia,  -éw (trag., Arist.).

    *DER 1. Diminutive texv-iov (late), -idtov (Ar.); 2. -οῦσσα 'ich in children' (5. Tr. 308; cf. Kamerbeek ad loc.); 3. -6w (rarely with émt-, ovv-, etc.) [v.] 'to beget  children', usually of the man, -dopat [v.] 'to bear children', usually of the woman  (Hes. Fr. 138, Pi. trag., Arist.), with -ωσις [f.] 'production of children' (Th., Arist.),  'adoption' (Ὁ. S.), -wpa [n.] 'production, child' (A. Fr. 315 = 625 M.).

    *ETYM Usually connected with a Germanic word for '(free) follower, servant,  warrior, hero', also 'boy, youngling': ON pegn, OE peg(e)n, OS thegan, OHG degan  [m.], from PGm. *pegna-. This identification is not without problems, however, as IE  *tek-nd- would have yielded PGm. pekka-. Skt. ték-man- [n.] 'descendant' is only  attested in lexicographers and is better left aside. The word has several cognates in  Greek; see ▶︎ τίκτω.

XXXXXτέκτων, -ονος [m., f.] 'carpenter, craftsman, artist, initiator' (IL). IE *te-tk-n- 'carpenter'>

    *DIAL Myc. te-ka-ta-si /tektasi/ shows the regular reflex of the zero grade of the  suffix, see Guilleux BSL 92 (1997): 207-9.

    *COMP Rarely as a first member, e.g. τεκτόν-αρχος epithet of μοῦσα (S. Fr. 159); very  often as a second member, e.g. apyt-téxtwv [m.] 'builder, contractor, architect' (IA).

    *DER 1. téxtatva [f.] 'craftswoman, initiator' (Hes. Th. apud Chrysipp. Stoic., Call. Fr. anon.). 2. τεκτο-σύνη [f.] 'art of building' (e 250, E. [lyr.], AP), also with apyi- 'id'  (Pisidia). 3. Τεκτον-ίδης [m.] patronymic (@ 114). 4. τεκτον-ικός 'belonging to a  carpenter, skilled in building', also with ἀρχι- 'belonging to the architect or to the art  of building' (Pl, Arist.). 5. -eiov [n.] 'carpenter's workshop' (Aeschin., Delos). 6. textov-evw [v.] 'to carpenter' (Hero), also with ἀρχι- 'to plan, construct', with -evpa  [n.] 'construction' (Bito). 7. textov-éw [v.] 'to carpenter, be a carpenter' (Ph.), with  -ta [[] (Thphr. [?], AP); also with ἀρχι- 'to be a builder, construct' (Ar., Hell.), with  -(a, -ημα [n.] (Hell.). Older denominative τεκταίνομαι [v.] 'to carpenter, manufacture, invent, machinate'  (Il.), aor. τεκτ-ήνασθαι, fut. -ανοῦμαι, Hell. and late also -aivw (also with prefix, e.g. παρα-, ovv-, ἐπι-); ἐπιτεκταντῆρες (-texv- cod.) οἱ napackevaorai 'providers' (H.). See ▶︎ TEXV!}.

    *ETYM Old expression of carpenting and building, identical with Skt. téksan- [m.]  'carpenter' and Av. tasan- [m.] 'builder, creator', going back to an n-stem built on  the reduplicated root *tetk-. On the feminine type téxtatva versus Skt. taksni-, see  Peters 1980a: 158f. Several languages preserve the basic reduplicated verbal formation  *te-tk-: Skt. taksati 3pl, OAv. tdast 'to timber, create', Latv. tesu, test 'hew', iterative  Lith. tasau, -yti, OCS teso, tesati 'id.' Hitt. taks-' 'to devise, produce, etc.' is probably  an s-present, while Lat. tex6 'weave, twine', also 'build, timber', is ambiguous  between *teks- and *tetk-; see De Vaan 2008 s.v. Greek replaced the verb with the  denominative textaivopat.

===Pag_1512: Beekes_Página_1512.tiff=== XXXXXτέλλομαι 1 1461 τελαμών, -ὥνος [m.] 'carrying-strap, belt, strap, binding, bandage' (1]., epic Ion.), as an expression of architecture 'column' (Hell. late Pontic inscr.), also 'base of a column' (Argos V*)? Plur. telamones 'male figures used as supporting pillars, ἄτλαντες᾽ (Vitr.). Also as a mythical PN (perhaps originally the bearer of the vault of heaven).

    *DER τελαμων-ίδιον [n.] 'small bandage' (late medic.), -ἰζομαι [v.] 'to be bound'  (Hell.). Patronymic Τελαμώνιος (Αἴας; 1]., etc.).

    *ETYM The original meaning is 'bearer' and, like τλήμων, τελαμών is an agent noun  to the verb for 'bear' seen in τλῆναι, ▶︎ taAdooat, with a full grade root like in  τελάσσαι- τολμῆσαι, τλῆναι (H.). It has been compared with a Celtic word for 'sling,  trap', e.g. Olr. teilm (tailm DIL), MW telm, for which a reconstruction PCI. *telmi- is  possible.

XXXXXτελέθω

    *VAR τελετή. = TEAL

XXXXXτελευτή [f.] 'end, end of life, fulfillment, closure, termination' (1].). <?>

    *COMP Some compounds, eg. ἀ-τέλευτος 'endless' (A. [lyr.]); also προ-τελευτή [f.]  'early death' (Vett. Val.), back-formation from προ-τελευτάω.

    *DER τελευτ-αἴος 'located at the end, outmost, last' (IA, also completed in Pi.); -ἄω  [v.] (also with ἀπο-, éx-, προ-, etc.) 'to end (life), fulfill, conclude', with ἀποτελεύτ-nots [f.] 'conclusion, result' (PI.).

    *ETYM An isolated verbal noun, which seems to presuppose a verb *teAetw (like  κελεύω); the pair τελευτή: τέλος recalls ▶︎ kpatevtat: κράτος. A remarkable similarity  is found in ToB klutk- 'turn', etc., which can be derived from a Pre-Tocharian root  *k*louT- vel sim., to which a-suffix -sk- was added. However, genetic relation to  Greek τελευτή is highly unlikely. See ▶︎ τέλομαι, ▶︎ τέλος.

XXXXXτέλθος [n.] 'payment, tribute, debt' (Call.).

    *VAR  Also τέλθος: χρέος 'obligation, debt' (H.).

    *ETYM A transformation of ▶︎ τέλος 2 after ἄχθος, βρῖθος, πλῆθος.

XXXXXτελλίνη [f.] name of a testacean, 'Euptdprov (Hp., Dsc.).

    *VAR Also τέλλιν [acc.] (Epich. 43; uncertain 114).

    *ETYM Clearly a Pre-Greek formation, with palatal ' and the suffix -ἰν-.

XXXXXτέλλομαι 1 [v.] with περι- 'to turn around in circles' (I1.). 'ΑΚ In absolute participial constructions, eg. περιτελλομένων ἐνιαυτῶν 'in the cycle of years', -évov ἔτεος, -Evatc ὥραις (epic poet.); the finite forms are said of constellations, with adaptation to ▶︎ τέλλω 2, -ομαι in ἀνα-τέλλω, εἰς. (Alc., Arat.). Also act. περιτέλλῃ (Arat.), of the sun.

    *DER As a simplex in τελλομένου ἕτεος (A. R.). Also finite forms in the sense of 'to  change, originate, become', like ἐς χάριν τέλλεται (Pi.); perhaps this is the same word  as (ἀνα-)τέλλω, -opat 'to rise, spring up': γένος ... φυτευθὲν ... τέλλετο (Pi.); see  > τέλλω 2.

===Pag_1513: Beekes_Página_1513.tiff===

    *ETYM The corresponding expression περιπλομένων ἐνιαυτῶν [ptc.aor.] (Hom.,  Hes.) shows that τέλλομαι is a Ionic yod-present beside the Aeolic root present in  > πέλομαι, from IE *k'el-. See ▶︎ τέλομαι and ▶︎ τέλλω 3.

XXXXXτέλλω 2 [v.] 'to make rise or spring, produce', intr. 'to rise, spring, originate', of constellations, plants, waters, etc. (IL, epic Ion. poet.), rarely med. 'to shoot up high' (Pi.).

    *VAR Aor. τεῖλαι, -ασθαι, perf. med. τέταλμαι, act. τέταλκα (Arist.).

    *COMP Almost only with prefix: A. ἀνα-τέλλω (also ἐξ-, ἐπ-, mpo-, συν-ανατέλλω,  etc.), ὑπερ-τέλλω, -ομαι 'to rise up' (Hdt,, E.), ὑπο-τέλλομαι 'to rise, originate' (Arat.,  A. ΕΟ B. ἐπι-τέλλω, -ομαι 'to assign, impose, order' (epic poet. IL, late prose), intr. 'to rise' of constellations, etc. (epic Ion., Arist., Plb.); ἐν-τέλλομαι (also with mpoo-  ev-), rarely -τέλλω 'to assign, order' (IA). Rarely as a simplex: ἡλίου τέλλοντος (S.),  ἶρις τέλλει 'springs, emerges' (Nic. Fr. 74, 32; cf. ▶︎ τέλλομαι 1), also med. ἠοῦς  τελλομένης (A. R.), τέλλεται of rising stars (Arat.).

    *DER 1. ἀνα-τολ-ή (also with ἐπ-, ovv-) [f.] '(sun)rise, east' (Wt 4 [ἀντολαί plur.]);  ἐπιτολ-ή [f.] 'rise of a constellation' (Hp., Th, E., Arist. etc.); ἐντολ-ή [f.]  'assignment, order' (Pi, Hdt, Decr. apud D.), with -ίδιον, -ἰος, -ιἰκός, -ἰκάριος,  -ιμαῖος, -εὖς (late). 2. ἔνταλ-μα [n.] = ἐντολή (LXX, NT). 3. See ▶︎ τέλος.

    *ETYM The forms τεῖλαι, τέταλμαι, τέταλκα were innovated from the present τέλλω  after the pattern of στέλλω and other verbs. As a yod-present, *té)-1w 'to raise, rise'  and 'to assign' belongs to ▶︎ taAdoouu, etc., thus originally *telh,-ie/o- (with loss of the  laryngeal in accordance with Pinault's Law)? Or is it rather the same verb as  > τέλλομαι 1?    τέλλω 3 [v.] 'to achieve, perform', = teAéw. 4 IE ἜΚ" εἰ- 'turn'>

    *VAR Inf. teAAev (Gortyn), aor. ἔτειλαν (ὁδόν) 'they completed (the road, journey)  back' (Pi.).

    *COMP συν-τέλλω = συν-τελέω in [συν͵]τελλοντα (Argos V*; not quite certain).

    *ETYM Factitive of ▶︎ τέλλομαι 1, with the same development of meaning as found in  ▶︎ τέλος 1 *turning', 'end, completion'.

XXXXXτέλμα [n.] 'puddle, swamp, marsh, mire, mortar, dung' (IA). 4?

    *DER τελματ-ώδης 'swampy' (Arist., D. S.), -taiog 'forming a swamp, living in a  swamp' (Arist.), -dopat [v.] 'to become swampy' (Str.); also teApic, -ῖνος [m.] 'mire,  dung' (EM, H.); cf. ῥηγμίς (to ῥῆγμα), also ▶︎ Bic.

    *ETYM Unexplained; cf. on ▶︎ σταλάσσω. Arm. tetm, titm 'mire, dung' is a loan from  Greek (Pedersen K Z 39 (1906): 374).

XXXXXτέλομαι [v.] = ἔσομαι, ἔσται (Crete).

    *VAR 358. τέλεται, also with ovv-. τένται 'id' (Cyrene), from "τέλ-ται.

    *DER Extension in -0-: τελέθω [v.] 'to come up, appear, become, be' (II. epic poet.,  also Ion. and Dor. prose); on the terminative meaning see Chantraine 1942: 327. Old  primary formations ▶︎ τέλος 1 and τελετή [{1] 'ceremonial rite, consecration' (Pi., IA),  with τελετ-άρχης [m.] 'head of the teAetai' (late), τελετής = τελεστής 'who performs  a consecration' (Hell. cf. on Euphron. 1 [Coll. Alex. 177]); cf. Lat. cultus to cold, Skt.

===Pag_1514: Beekes_Página_1514.tiff=== XXXXXτέλος 1465 οάγαμα- [n.] also '(liturgical) action, religious ceremony' (to cérati, -te = colit, τέλεται); see also ▶︎ τέλλω 3 and τελέω (to ▶︎ τέλος 1).

    *ETYM Identical with Acol. ▶︎ πέλομαι, so originally 'I become' with future meaning. The form *té\-tat is an old athematic formation acc. to Meillet BSE 32 (1932): 198  (comparing ἔσται), but this is improbable. It was rather formed from τέλομαι after  the synonymous pair ἔσομαι: ἔσται (Fraenkel Glotta 20 (1932): 8off.). Syncope from  τέλεται, as assumed by Szemerényi 1964: 165ff., is also improbable. The pair τέλος :  τελετή recalls γένος : γενετή (where the latter may have a reflex of the laryngeal from  *genh,-).

XXXXXτέλος [n.] 1. 'end, limit, goal, fulfillment, accomplishment, determination; executive function, office; initiation, etc. (IL). 2. 'duty, tax, toll, expense, cost' (IA). 3. 'division of an army, troops, military unit, squadron of ships' (IL, IA). «1Ὲ *telh,- 'lift, carry'>

    *DIAL Myc. te-re-ta (Morpurgo Davies 1963 sv.).

    *COMP As a first member in τελεσ-φόρος 'bringing τέλος᾽, epithet of ἐνιαυτός  (Hom.), of Ζεύς (h. Hom.), of apa, εὐχαί, etc. (trag.), of χῶραι (Thphr.), etc., with  -pop-ia, -€w, -ησις (Hell.); τελ-ώνης [m.] 'tax-collector' (Att. Herod., Hell.), with  τώντιον, -ία, -ἰκός, -eiov, -Ew, -ησις (most Hell. and late). Very frequent as a second  member, partly in back-formations of τελεῖν, eg. ἀ-τελής 1. 'endless, unfulfilled,  incomplete' (since p 546), opposite ἐν-τελής 'entire, complete' (Att. A.); 2. 'without  duty, tax-free' (IA), with ἀτέλ-εια, -ein [f.] 'incomplete state' (Arist.), 'exemption  from taxes' (IA); πολυ-τελής 'of many expenses, thriftless, costly' (IA); εὐ-τελής  (referring to τελεῖν) 'easy to pay, cheap, small, economical' (1A); ἐκτελής 'complete,  ripe' (Hes., A., E.) from ἐκ-τελέω (Il.). With a suffix -to-: ἀ-τέλεσ-τος (may also  belong to τελεῖν) 'endless, incomplete' (Hom.), 'without initiation, uninitiated' (E.,  Pl.).

    *DER 1. τέλειος (Il.), -εος (post-Hom.), -ηος (Crete), -εως (Cos) 'concerning the end  or goal, etc, fulfilled, full-grown, etc.'; the formation could be *teheo-toc, ἔτελεσ-  Foc, or τελειιιος, and is much-discussed; hence τελε(ι)-ότης [f.] 'completeness'  (Democr., Arist.), τελε() -όω [v.] 'to complete, finish', med. and pass. 'to be fulfilled,  reach maturity' (IA), also with ἀπο-, éx-, etc; thence -woic, -ωμα, -ωτής. 2. τελήεις,  epithet of ἐκατομβαί (Hom.), also of οἰωνοί (h. Merc.), of ἔπεα (Tyrt.), of Ὠκεανός  (Hes. Th). 3. τελικός 'belonging to the end' (Hell.), avv- 'forming a community  (ovvtédea) (Plb.), 'payed jointly' (late); ὑπερ-συν-τελικός (χρόνος) 'pluperfect'  (gramm.). 4. teAeota [m.] 'official' (Elis VI); to ▶︎ τελεστής s.v. 5. Denominative verb tedéw 'to finish, complete, initiate; to discharge, pay, spend'  (IL), epic also -είω, aor. tehéo(o)at, pass. τελεσθῆναι, fut. τελέσ(σ)ω, epic also -€w,  Att. -@, perfipass. τετέλεσμαι (IL), to which act. τετέλεκα (Att.), also -ηκα (Hell. pap.), -ἡμαι (Cret.); very often with prefix, eg. amo-, δια-, ἐκ-, ἐπι-, ovv-. From  τελέω: τέλε-σις (ἀπο-, Ovv-, etc.) [f.] 'completion, conclusion' (Arist., Hell.); τέλεσμα  [n.] 'payment, tax' (Ὁ. S, pap., inscr.), also to prefixed verbs (eg. with amo-)  'completion, goal, result' (Arist.); τελεσ-τής [m.} 'initiating priest' (late), Ὀρφεο-  τελεστής (Thphr.); with ovv- (to ovv-teAgw) 'member of a union of tax-payers'  (Cod. Just., εἴς); -τικός 'concerning the initiating priest or the initiation' (Ρ].), 'fit to  perform' (Arist.), also with ἀπο-, ém-, ovv-; τελεσ-τήρ [m.] 'initiating priest'

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(Troezen II*), -twp epithet of Apollo (AP), also as a ΒΝ; -τήρια (n.pl.] 'sacrifice for succeeded undertakings' (X., Ael.), -τήριον 'place of initiation' (Plu.); -tpa [n.pl.] 'costs of initiation' (Hell. inscr.); -τρια [{1 'priestess of initiation' (Suid.). Lengthened present teAickw (ovv-) = τελέω (Hell.). In compounds, teAéw occurs as a first member, e.g. τελεσι-ουργός 'completing the work', with -ia, -éw, -ημα (PL, Arist.).

    *ETYM Two etymologically different words seem to have merged in τέλος: in the  sense of 'end, goal', τέλος can be derived from ▶︎ τέλομαι, ▶︎ πέλομαι as 'turning  point (of the race-course, the field)'; beside it stands πόλος 'hinge, etc.', like γένος :  γόνος. Given the broad root meaning of *k'el- (cf. Lat. cold, Skt. cdrati which also  occur as 'to commit, complete, etc.), a different original meaning may also be  envisaged. In the sense of 'delivery, tax', τέλος fits excellently with ▶︎ τέλλω 2,  ▶︎ τελαμών, ▶︎ ταλάσσαι, τλῆναι 'to lift, carry, yield', like φόρος 'tax' with φέρω. For  τέλος as 'division of an army', connection with Skt. kula- [n.] 'generation, family,  crowd', Ru. ¢céljad 'crew' has been suggested, but this is neither formally nor  semantically convincing. Frisk compares the German military expression Aushebung  'levy, conscription', in order to argue for derivation from the group of taAdooa. In  view of the striking similarity of the expressions τείνειν τέλος and τιταίνειν τάλαντα  Αἴ 101 εἰ δὲ θεός περ ἶσον τείνειεν πολέμου τέλος, Hes. Th. 638 ἶσον δὲ τέλος τέτατο  πτολέμοιο, and X 209 καὶ τότε δὴ χρύσεια πατὴρ ἐτίταινε τάλαντα), Holwerda  Mnem. 4:6 (1963): 337ff. connects both τέλος and τάλαντα with the balance and  explains them as 'tongue of a balance', librae iugum. This seems very convincing. However, in the meaning 'tongue of a balance', τέλος must not be taken with  τέλομαι, πέλομαι as 'quod verti potest' (with H.), but with τάλαντα as 'levy'.

XXXXXτέλσον [n.] 'end of the field', where the plough is turned (ἀρούριηης N 707, 2544, νειοῖο Σ 547).

    *DER τέλσας: στροφάς, τέλη, πέρατα 'turnings, ends' (H.).

    *ETYM Probably corresponds to Hitt. guls-* 'to carve, engrave, inscribe', Skt. kars- 'to  pull, drag, plow', and Av. kars- 'id'; the retention of -λσ- is regular if the accent was  on the preceding syllable. Forbes Glotta 36 (1958): 260f. does not accept this  phonological rule, and therefore reconstructs *teA-ti-o- from the root of τέλος,  which is highly unsatisfactory and unnecessary.

XXXXXTéA@ovoa [f.] name of a source in several places in Greece. 418 *d"elb'- 'dig'>

    *ETYM Neumann explains the form as a ptc. of the root *d'elb"- 'to dig', as in OHG  bi-telpan, MoE delve, MoDu. delven 'id.'.

XXXXXτέμαχος = TEL VW.

XXXXXτέμενος [n.] 'separated piece of land, precinct, holy area' (Il. epic Ion.). «1Ὲ *temh,- 'cut, separate'>

    *VAR Myc. te-me-no.

    *COMP Rarely as a first member, e.g. τεμεν-ουρός [m.] 'guard of at.' (Cnidos).

    *DER 1. τεμέν-ιος 'belonging to the τ᾿ (S, Chios IV*), -ia [f.] epithet of Ἑστία  (Erythrae III*); ἐντεμέν-ιοι θεοί (Milete, Priene). 2. -ucdg 'id' (Anaxandr.[?], St. Byz.,  EM). 3. -ίτης [m.] epithets of various gods, eg. Ἀπόλλων, Ζεύς (Th., inscr.), fem.

===Pag_1516: Beekes_Página_1516.tiff=== XXXXXτέμνω 1465 -ἴτις name of a height near Syracuse (Th.). 4. -ίζω (also with év-, Poll.) [v.] 'to establish or initiate a τ΄ (Pl, Ὁ. H.), with -ἰσμα (n.] (Ὁ. C.); προ-τεμένισμα 'outer court of a temple' (Th. 1, 134, Hld.).

    *ETYM Traditionally connected with τέμνω (eg. Ζ 194 τέμενος τάμον, and cf. πᾶς 6  μεμερισμένος τόπος τινὶ εἰς τιμήν κτλ. H.), which seems both formally and  semantically satisfactory: a suffix -νος (like in κτῆ-νος, ἔρ-νος, etc.) was added to the  disyllabic root *temh,-. Manessy-Guitton IF 71 (1955): 14ff. (with extensive treatment  and bibliography) does not accept a suffix -nos-, and considers Oriental origin: Akk  temennu 'foundation charter', Sum. temen 'id'. The old connection with τέμνω  would then be folk-etymological. This is not very probable.

XXXXXτέμνοντα [ptc.acc.sg.m.] - ἀμέλγοντα 'sucking up' (H.).

    <IE *k"em- 'gulp'>

    *VAR Also ἔτεμεν: ἤμελγεν (HL), τέμει (N 707). ;

    *ETYM Connected to an IE word for 'gulp, swallow' in Skt. a-camati 'to gulp', εἴς. Molc. hvéma 'id' (most recently by Strunk Glotta 68 (1990): 49-61).

XXXXXτέμνω [v.] 'to cut, cut up, split, destroy' (Hom.).

    <IE *temh,- 'cut'>

    *VAR Epic Ion., Dor. τάμνω (on τέμει N 707 see on ▶︎ τέμνοντα), aor. τεμεῖν, epic  Ton., Dor. tapetv, fut. τεμῶ, Ion. τεμέω; τμη- (Archim. tya-) in the aor. pass. τμη-  θῆναι, perf.pass. τέτμη-μαι (Od., Pi.) and act. -xa (Att.), verbal adj. τμητός (Att, A. S. [lyr.]), ἐύττμητος (Hom.).

    *COMP Very frequent with prefix, e.g. ἀπο-, ἐκ-, ἐν-, KaTa-, περι-, OVV-.

    *DER A. With o-grade 1. tour (Dor. -a) [6] 'cutting, cut, cut off part, stump' (I1.), also  with ava-, ἀπο-, ἐκ-, mept-, etc. (from ἀνα-τέμνω, etc.). 2. τόμος [m.] 'section, piece,  part of a literary work, scroll of papyrus, volume' (com., inscr., pap.); often to the  prefixed verbs with adjectival function, eg. ἀπότομτ-ος 'cut off, steep, craggy' (IA),  with fem. -άς (Ὁ. S., J.), -(a [f.] 'cragginess' (Hell.). Adjective τομός 'incisive, sharp'  (S., PL), often as a second member in univerbations, eg. δρυ-τόμος 'cutting wood'  (IL). 3. τομ-εύς (ἐκ-, περι-, ὑπο-, ἀπο-) [m.] 'cutter, blade, knife', mathematical  'sector' (Trag. Adesp., Pl. Alc., X., Arist. Hell.); on τομεύς, τομή, τόμος and τμῆμα as  mathematical (geometrical) terms see Mugler 1958-1959: s.vv. 4. τομ-ίας (usually  with éx-) [m.] 'who has been cut' (IA), with -taiog (PMag. Par, gloss.). 5. τομ-άς [f]  'excavation, clearance' (Arc. IV*). 6. -ic [f.] 'knife' (XX). 7. τόμ-ιον, plur. τὰ τόμ-ια  'cut victim, cut out parts of a victim, cut' (Att. etc.), τόμτιος = -ἰας (pap.). 8. τομ-  atog 'provided with a cut, cut off (A., E.). 9. -ικός, only with ἀνα- (to ἀνατομ-ή)  'belonging to the anatomy' (Gal.); also with nominal first member, e.g. λατομ-ικός  (to Aatop-ia, λατόμ-ος) 'belonging to a quarry, quarry-worker' (Ὁ. S.). 10. -άριον  [n.] 'small volume' (Stob., Eust. EM). 1. Denominative verbs: -4w (only pte. τομῶντι (dat.], of πήματι) 'needing cutting' (S. Aj. 582); ἐκ-, συν-τομίζω = ἐκ-, ovv-  τέμνω (PMag. Par., Suid.); ἐκτομ-άζω 'to castrate' (gloss.). B. With zero grade < *tmh,-: 1. τμῆ-μα (also with ano-, περι-, etc.) [n.] 'section, part'  (Hp., PL, Att. inscr., etc.), -μάτιον (Eust.), -ματώδης (Hp. Loc. Hom.). 2. -σις (also  with ἀπο-, ὑπο-, etc.) [f.] 'cutting, destroying' (Pl, Arist.). 3. -τήρ [m.] 'cutter'  (Nonn.); -τής as an explanation of éxtopets (H.); -τικός (ἀνα-) 'cutting, stabbing'  (PL, Arist.). 4. τδὴν 'incising' (H 262).

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C. With full grade: τέμαχος [n.] 'piece, especially of salted fish', diminutive -ἰον [n:] (IA), with formation like σέλαχος, στέλεχος, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 403 and 421). Hence tepay-itng (ἰχθῦς) [m.] 'sliced and salted fish' (com., pap.), -i{w (ano-) [v.] 'to slice for salting, pickle', with -ἰσμός, -ἰστός (late). D. From the aorist tapeiv: ταμεσί-χρως 'cutting the skin' (11... Cf. also ▶︎ τέμενος, ▶︎ ταμία, ▶︎ ταμίας, ▶︎ τάμισος.

    *ETYM The nasal present τάμνω << PGr. *tamnémi < PIE *tm-neh,-mi is original, as  is a root aorist 3sg. *etemet < *h,e-temh,-t, which was replaced by a thematic aorist  ἔτεμον (Hardarson 1993b: 157-8, 160-1, 166). This situation was levelled in various  ways in the dialects: Att. innovated with the present τέμνω, while epic Ion. and Dor. secondarily created the aorist ἔταμον. Extensive treatment by Forssman Glotta 44  (1966): 5ff. The monosyllabic τέ-τμη-ται, τμη-θῆναι, etc. agree with βέβληται,  βληθῆναι et al. A pre-form τμᾶ- seems to be confirmed by the forms in Archim. and  by τμᾶξαι (see > τμήγω); on the other hand, τέτμηνται is unambiguous in Pi. I. 6, 22,  and is also to be found in the lyrical parts of the tragedians (Forssman 1966: 158ff.). This means that the root was *temh, (thus also LIV' s.v.). Celtic has the original athematic nasal present in Olr. tamnaid 'to cut off < *tm-n-  (e)h,-; in Latin, this was also thematicized to (con-)temné 'despise', perhaps via 'cut  up, mutilate'. A nasal present is also found in Balto-Slavic, eg. ORu. tjati, sg. tonu  'to beat', Lith. tinti, 1sg. tints'to sharpen', See also ▶︎ tévéw and > τμήγω.

XXXXXτέναγος [n.] 'shallow water, shallow spot, shoal' (Pi., Hdt., Th., Arist.).

    <IE *tenh,g-  'shallow water'>

    *DER tevay-w6n¢ 'full of shoals, shallow' (Hell.), -itic [f.] 'id' (AP), -ἰζω (Str. Plu.),  τόομαι (Xenocr. apud Orib.) [v.] 'to form a t., be shallow'.

    *ETYM Formation like the opposite πέλαγος, and perhaps influenced by it. Bezzenberger BB 18 (1892): 267 compared Latv. ρας < *tyh,g- 'deep spot between  two shallow places', but in view of the root structure, this seems highly unlikely.

XXXXXτένδω [v.] 'to gnaw at' (Hes. Op. 524; v.l. tévOw [see τένθης]; conj. AP 9, 438, 1). <IE *tend- 'split, cut of ΡῈ»

    *ETYM An old primary thematic present; Latin has an iterative tondeé 'shave'. Celtic  has several cognates, eg. MIr. ro-s-teind 'he split it (the nut)', pres. teinnid, tennaid  'splits, breaks', tonn (< *tond-d) 'skin'. Traditionally connected with téuvw as IE  *tem-d- (where one could assume that root-final *d became *h,), but this leaves the  -m- unexplained. Fur. connects τένθης and thinks the verb is rather Pre-Greek.

XXXXXτένθης [m.} 'glutton, gourmand' (com.). 4 PG>

    *COMP As a second member in λιχνο-τένθης 'lickerish glutton' (Poll.).

    *DER Primary verb τένθει [3sg.pres.] (ν.1. Hes. Op. 524 acc. to sch. Ar. Pax 1009, Suid. s.v. tEevOcuc); τενθ-εύω [v.] 'to be a glutton' (Poll.), -eia [f.] 'gluttony' (Ar., Alciphr.);  προτένθ-αι [m.pl.) 'participant of the celebration of Δορπία᾽ (at the first day of the  Apaturiae), also 'forestaller' (com.), sing. 'greedy' [adj.] (Ael.), with -evw [v.] 'to  forestall, anticipate' (Ar.), -evopat 'id. (Eust.).

    *ETYM Acc. to Bechtel 1921, 1: 310, τόνθων: παρὰ Kopivvy, ἐπὶ νωτιαίου (cod. votiBiov) Kpéws TO ὄνομα 'spinal meat' (H.) also belongs here, which Frisk analyzes

===Pag_1518: Beekes_Página_1518.tiff=== XXXXXτέρας 1467 as belonging to "τόνθος, like γρόνθων : γρόνθος. Instead, we should envisage ta connect τένθης with ▶︎ τένδω, in which case the variation δ 8 points to Pre-Greek origin (Fur.: 196, 88). The words have nothing to do with the IE root *tem(h,)-.

XXXXXτενθίνοι [π.] - λίθοι πλατεῖς 'flat stones' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Doubtful hypothesis by Mayrhofer Wien. Stud. 67 (1954): 162: it would  originally mean 'hewed' > 'smooth', and belong to Skt. gandhd- [m.] 'smell'  (originally *'to stab, blow, cut'). No etymology.

XXXXXtevOpr Sav, -όνος [f.] 'wasp, forest-bee' (Arist. Dsc.).

    *DER Also τενθρήνη [f.] 'id' (Nic.), τήνιον [n.] 'nest of τ᾿ (Arist.), -ην()ώδης 'like a  honeycomb, perforated' (Hp., Plu., Democr. apud Ael.).

    *ETYM See ▶︎ ἀνθρηδών, ἀνθρήνιη, as well as ▶︎ πεμφρηδών, and perhaps also ▶︎ θρῆνος. The variant forms clearly show the Pre-Greek character of the word. Fur.: 196  suggests to connect ▶︎ τένθης.

XXXXXτένων --τείνω.

XXXXXτέραμνα [n.pl.] 'house, residence' (E., almost only lyr., also Artem.).

    *VAR Also τέρεμνα; sing. -άμνῳ [dat.] (Maiist. 12). Here also tépapvot- oteyavoi,  σκιαί, σκηνώματα 'covered, shadowy place, tents' and τέραμνος: κυψέλη 'vessel,  chest, box' (H.).

    *ETYM Previously connected with an IE word for 'beam, building, habitation' found  in several European languages, eg. U tremnu 'tabernaculo', Lat. trabs 'beam' (with  taberna 'shed, habitation' from older *trab-), OW treb 'living', Lith. troba 'house,  building', to which probably also belong Gm. words like OS thorp, OHG dorf  'village'. However, these words cannot be related to τέραμνα, which would  presuppose a pre-form *terh,b-no-, while the other languages point to a root *treb-  (thus De Vaan 2008 and Matasovic 2009). The form tépejtva, often explained by  progressive vowel assimilation, rather points to substrate origin. We should  definitely compare 8epanvy, which occurs both in the meaning 'servant, maid' and  as 'house, residence' (see ▶︎ θεράπων). Because of the alternations a/e and 0/t, B/n,  the word is Pre-Greek (likewise Fur.: 351).

XXXXXτεράμων, -ονος [adj.] 'soft by boiling', of pulse, etc. (Thphr., Phot.). <?>

    *DER τεραμό-της [f.] 'softness' (Thphr.).

    *ETYM For τεραμότης, cf. μειότης to μείων. The word is probably secondary to  ἀτεράμων 'hard, tough', like πήμων to ἀπήμων (see > πῆμα), or like tépajtvov:  ἁπαλόν, éyavov 'weak, boiled' (Phot., Suid.) to atépapvoc. See ▶︎ ἀτέραμνος and  > τέρην.

XXXXXτέρας [n.] 'sign, emblem; wonder, monster' (Il, epic poet., IA prose).

    <IE? *k'er-  'magical sign, omen'>

    *VAR Gen. -αος and -εος (Hdt.), plur. -aa (-4, -a), -ea (metrically lengthened  teipea), Hell. -ατος, -ata, etc.

===Pag_1519: Beekes_Página_1519.tiff===

    *COMP Often as a first member, eg. τερατο-λόγος 'telling wonders, wonderful (PL,  Philostr.), with -ia (Isoc., etc.), also -€w [v.] (Arist.), -ημα (late); τερα[σ]-σκόπος  (tepato-) [m.] 'interpreter of signs' (Pi. trag.).

    *DER 1. τερατ-ώδες 'miraculous, meaningful' (Att.), 2. -iag [m.] 'performer of  miracles' (Ὁ. S.), 3. τ-πκῶς 'wonderful' (Epicur.). 4. τεράσ-τιος 'bringing omens, of  bad omens, remarkable' (Hell; like Σεβάστιος to σεβασ-τός, also Tepdotios). 5.

XXXXXτέρασμα [n.] 'miracle' (Plu.), cf. φάντασμα, etc. 6. Denominative verbs: a. tepat- evouat (also with ἐπι-, ἀπο-, etc.) 'to talk marvels' (Att. Hell.), with -eia [f.] (Att. Hell.), -evpa [n.] (Ar, Ὁ. H.); b) -dopat [v.] 'to stare at as a wonder' (Timo); c) τεράζω (-άζω Hdn. Gr.) [v.] 'to interpret signs' (A. Ag. 125 [lyr.]); 7. τερατ-ισμοί [m.pl.] 'wonders' (Lyd.). 8. Τειρεσίας [m.] PN, taken to stand for *Tepet-iag with metrical lengthening.

    *ETYM Archaic word in -ac (cf. ktépac, βρέτας, σέλας, etc.). Connected with ▶︎ πέλωρ  (and téAwp) 'monster' (if this is from *k'er-6r by dissimilation; s.v.). Perhaps these  words can be connected in turn with Lith. kéras 'magic, sorcery', Ru. cdry 'magic',  Skt. kr- 'to make, perform', etc. (see LIV' s.v. *k'er- '(ab)schneiden, schnitzen'); note    that this presupposes that -ac was secondarily added within Greek, since the root is  anit. τερέβινθος —tépptvOoc.

XXXXXτερείτης [m.] a musical instrument in Egypt (BGU 1125, 4).

    *ETYM May be a loan from Egyptian.

XXXXXtepetitw [v.] 'to twitter, chirp, hum' (Phryn. Com, Arist., Thphr.).

    *COMP Rarelywith ovv-, ὑπο-.

    *DER τερέτ-ισμα [n.] (Arist., Hell.), -ἰσμός [m.] (late) 'twittering, etc.'.

    *ETYM It is generally assumed that this word is onomatopoeic.

XXXXXtépetpov [n.] 'auger, borer' (Od., Att. inscr., LXX, Plu.).

    <IE *terh,- 'bore'>

    *DER Diminutive -tpiov (Thphr.). With a suffix -ηδον-: τερηδών, -δόνος [f.] 'borer,  caries' (Hp., Ar, Arist.), with -δονίζομαι [v.] 'be consumed by caries', -δονισμός [m.]  (Dsc.); cf. τενθρηδών, ἀλγηδών, and see Gil Fernandez 1959: 115.

    *ETYM A primary instrument noun formed with the suffix -tpo- from the disyllabic  root *terh,- seen in τέρεσσεν' ἔτρωσεν, ἐτόρνωσε 'pierced' (H.), tepéow (Eust.), zero  grade τρῆσαι. In the same meaning, we find Olr. tarathar < *-tro-, Lat. tere-bra <  *-sr-. See ▶︎ τετραίνω and > teipw.

XXXXXτέρην [adj.] 'tender' (II., epic poet.).

    <IE *ter-n- 'tender, soft'>

    *VAR Fem. -etva, ntr. -ev.

    *COMP As a first member in τερενό-χρως 'with tender skin' (Anaxandr., Opp.). Comparative tepév-tepog (Antun.), tepevw-tepoc (Lyr. Adesp.), fem. τερεινο-τέρῃη

    *ETYM An adjectival n-stem like ἔρσην, ἄρσην, identical with Sabin. terenum 'soft  (ascribed to Favorinus by Macrobius [late 4" c. AD]) save for the thematic vowel. Lat. tener, -era, -erum 'tender' also belongs here, if transformed from *terenos after  tenuis (see De Vaan 2008). See ▶︎ tépuc and ▶︎ τεράμων.

===Pag_1520: Beekes_Página_1520.tiff=== XXXXXτέρμινθος 1469

XXXXXτερθρεύομαι [v.] 'to speak subtly' (D., Arist., Plu.). <?>

    *DER tepOp-eia [f.] 'sophistic reasoning, hairsplitting' (Isoc., Phld., Ὁ. H.), also as  military expression = ἡ στρατεία ἡ ἐν τοῖς μέρεσιν καλουμένη (Phot., Suid.; similarly  EM 753, 5), -εὐμασι- φλυαρίαις 'nonsense' (H.), -evc¢ [m.] as a PN (Hermipp.).

    *ETYM Can hardly be separated from tép8pov 'topmost end, point', though a  convincing argumentation for the semantic development is lacking. Prellwitz points  to petewpoddyoc; one could also compare MoHG spitzfindig , MoFr. pointiller 'to  cavil'. One may also think of ▶︎ τονθορύζω 'mumble, speak inarticulately'.

XXXXXτέρθρον [n.] 'top end (e.g. of the sail-yard), summit, highest point' (h. Merc. 322, Emp., Hp., E. Fr. 371, Poll.). <2

    *DER τέρθριοι (κάλοι) [m.pl.] 'ropes at the end of the sail-yard' (Ar. Eq. 440, Erot.,  Gal.), tep8pia πνοή (5. Fr. 333) = ὀπισθία πνοή. Glosses τερθρωτήρ' ὅπου ὁ πρῳρεὺς  προορᾷ τὰ ἐν τῇ θαλάσσῃ 'place whence the prow officer keeps watch of what  happens at sea' (H.) and τεθρηδών-: πρῳρεύς 'prow officer' (H.).

    *ETYM A suffix -6po- with the root tep- 'reach the other side' has been assumed, but  this root ended in *-h,, thus the connection is impossible (see ▶︎ τέρμα).

XXXXXτέρμα [n.) 'finish (of a race-course), end, highest point, supreme power' (Il, mostly epic poet.).

    <IE *terh,- 'cross'>

    *COMP As a first member in τερμο-δρομέω 'to run to the finish' (Man.), teppat-  οὔχος H. as an explanation of βαλβιδοῦχος. Often as a second member, e.g. ἀ-  τέρμων 'without an end, boundless' (A., E., Arist.), derived from τέρμων.

    *DER 1. τέρμ-ιος 'at the end, final' (S.); cf. στόμιος from στόμα; 2. -τεύς [m.] epithet of  Zeus (Lyc.), after IToAt-evc; 3. -ἰόεις epithet of ἀσπίς (H 804), of χιτών (τ 242, Hes. Op. 537), mg. unclear (ποδηνεκής 'stretching to the feet', acc. to the ancients);  formation like τειχιόεις; hence τέρμις: πούς 'foot? H; on Myc. te-mi-dwe-te, -ta see  Auro Jorro s.v; 4. -άζω [v.] 'to limit' (Tab. Heracl., Thermon IIJ*), with -αστῆρες  [m.pl.] 'boundary officials' (Epid. IIT); 5. -ati€w (seldom prefixed with ano-, é-)  'id' (Str, S. E, Vett. Val.). Besides τέρμων, -ονος [m.] 'end, boundary, edge' (A., E., Hell. and late prose); cf. μνῆμα to μνήμων, etc. with tepp-dviog 'at the end' (A. Pr. 117 [lyr.}), -ovitw [v.] 'to  delimit', τονισμός 'delimitation' (Epid. III*); τερμο-σύνᾷ [f.] (Trag. Ades p. 509 [lyr.]),  nonce formation.

    *ETYM The n-stem in τέρμα and téppwv corresponds to that of Lat. termen, -inis [n.],  also ter-m6, -6nis [m.] 'frontier stone, marking stone, frontier' (see De Vaan 2008 for  further forms), as well as that of Skt. (RV) su-tdrman- 'carrying over, saving' (of a  ship); Lat. terminus and U termnom-e 'ad terminum' show thematic enlargements. The basic verb is preserved in Skt. tdrati, tirdti (*terh,-) 'to carry across, transfer'. See  on »tép8pov, which is probably unconnected. On Hitt. tarma- 'nail, peg', see  > τόρμος.

XXXXXτέρμινθος [f.] 'turpentine tree, Pistacia Terebinthus' (Hp., Arist, Thphr. LXX). ,

    *VAR Secondarily τερέβινθος, metathesized τρέμιθος (Nic. Th. 844).

===Pag_1521: Beekes_Página_1521.tiff===

    *DER τερμίνθ-ινος (τερεβ-) 'belonging to the turpentine tree' (X., Diocl. Fr., Thphr.)  fem. -ic, haplological for -tvic (Nic. Al. 300); τερεβινθ-ώδης 'rich in turpentine trees'  (AP), -itw [v.] 'to be like turpentine' (Dsc.). Τερμινθεύς (Lyc.), Τερβ- (Milete II*)  epithet of Apollo as a god of medicine, Τρεμιθοῦς TN (Cyrus; Ptol., St Byz.).

    *ETYM The younger form τερέβινθος was perhaps influenced by ἐρέβινθος (Giintert  1914: 138), rather than dissimilated from p ... v. Fur.: 219 assumes variation B/ μ. The  word is Pre-Greek; this is confirmed by the suffix -1.v80c.

XXXXXτερμιόεις

    *VAR τέρμων. Ξ'τέρμα.

XXXXXτέρνακα [3] - τῆς κάκτου τοῦ φυτοῦ καυλόν 'stalk of the cactus plant' (H.).

    *ETYM Formation like δόναξ, etc., explained by Frisk from earlier *tépvov, -oc,  which would have an e-grade compared to the zero grade in Skt. trna- [n.] '(blade) of  grass, straw, herb', Go. paurnus 'thorn', MoHG Dorn [m.], OCS trono ᾿ἄκανθα᾽  (from IE *trn-o-, -u-). A problem with the etymology of these words is that the root  *terh,,- 'to pierce' is set. Etymologies between Greek and Sanskrit plant names are  often wrong, and the word could be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXτέρπομαι [v.] 'to satiate, refresh, delight' (IL).

    *VAR Aor. ταρπῆναι, ταρφθῆναι, τερφθῆναι, epic also ταρπώμεθα [ipl.subj.],  reduplicated τετάρπετο, τέρψασθαι, fut. τέρψομαι. Also active τέρπω, τέρψαι, τέρψω.

    *COMP Also with é7-, κατα- et al Compounds: ἀ-τερπ-ής 'unpleasing' (1].), opposite  ἐπιτερπ-ής (h.Ap.); uncertain atépnov ὀιζύος (Z 285); ἄ-τερπνος ᾿ἄγρυπνος᾽  (Stesich., Ibyc.). As a first member probably in tepm-Képavvoc epithet of Zeus, 'who  delights in thunder and lightning' (Hom., Hes.); tepyi-uBpotos 'rejoicing people'  (Od., h.Ap., etc.).

    *DER 1. τερτι-νός 'delightful, joyful' (θ 45 [v. 1}), with -νότης [f] (LXX); recent  superlative τέρπ-νιστος (Call.). 2. τέρψις [f.] 'delight, enjoyment' (Hes., mostly  poet.). 3. τερπ-ωλή [f.] 'id' (σ 37, Archil, Thgn., late prose). 4. tépitea or -ἡ (dat. -eot) [n.pl.] 'id' (epigr. Itanos I*-IP). Proper names, eg. Τέρπ-ανδρος, with short  forms Τέρπης (AP), Τέρπων, name of satyrs (vase inscr.). ΠΠολύ-τερττος (Corinth  VI'; Threatte Glotta 45 (1967): 186ff.), patronymic Τερπ-ιάδιης (x 330); Εὐ-τέρπη,  Τερψι-χόρη (Hes.).

    *ETYM Skt. present tarpati 'to be satisfied' is an innovation (ep.) for earlier tfpyati,  trpnoti, trmpati (see Mayrhofer EWAia 1: 634f.); the Greek root present τέρπομαι  may also be an innovation for an earlier yod-present. The intransitive aorist tap7t-  ἦναι probably replaces earlier *tpan-fjvai (which fell together with the same  formation from ▶︎ tpézw 'to turn'). LIV s.v. 1. *ferp- 'sattigen' compares the thematic  root aor. Skt. d-trp-at with Hom. ταρπώμεθα. Other cognates are Lith. tafpti, 188.

XXXXXtarpstu 'to prosper', and probably also the Gm. group of Go. baurban, OHG durfan 'to need', which is semantically more problematic, but possible acc. to Seebold and Ktimmel apud LIV'.

XXXXXτέρσομαι [v.] 'to dry', both trans. and intr. (Hom., Hp.).

    *VAR Aor. τερσῆναι (P 519), -ἤμεναι (ζ 98), act. τέρσαι (Theoc., Nic.), τέρσαιο (Nic.)  [2sg.opt.med.], pres. tepoaivw, -ομαι (Hell. epic), with 3sg.aor. téponve (P 529).

===Pag_1522: Beekes_Página_1522.tiff===

    *ETYM Traditionally, τέρσομαι is identified with Go. *ga-pairsan, but only gapaiirsana [pret.ptc. acc.sg.f] (of handu = ἐξηραμμένην χεῖρα) is attested, which  may also belong to ga-patirsnan 'ξηραίνεσθαι, On the retention of -po-. <  intervocalic *-ys-, see Manolessou and Pantelidis 2008. A zero grade yod-present is  found in Skt. tfsyati, Go. baursjan 'to thirst', and a causative *tors-eie- in Skt. tarsdayati, Lat. torreé, OHG derran 'to scorch'. Greek has several nominal formations,  eg. »ταρσός with τρασιά. In Greek, τέρσομαι was replaced by the denominatives  αὐαίνομαι, -w (from αὖος), Enpaivouat, -w.

XXXXXtépus [adj.] 'soft, weak' only in τέρυ' ἀσθενές, λεπτόν 'weak, small' (H.), tépvac ὕπτους: οὕτω λέγονται ὅσοι ἀδδηφάγοι εἰσί. ἔνιοι τοὺς ἀσθενεῖς 't. horse are called those which are greedy; some: the weak ones' (H.). IE *fer-u- 'tender, weak'>

    *DER Besides τερύνης: τετριμμένος ὄνος, καὶ γέρων ἢ δυσανάληπτος γέρων 'beaten  off donkey, also an old man, who is in a bad shape for recovery'; τερύσκεται- νοσεῖ,  φθίνει 'is ill, declines'; τερύσκετο: ἐτείρετο 'was tired off (H.).

    *ETYM The gloss τερύνιης may be compared with Skt. téruna-, Av. tauruna- 'young,  tender', from IE *teru-no-. Beside disyllabic tepv-, we find tpv- in ▶︎ τρύω; cf. also  ▶︎ τιτρώσκω. An s-stem is seen in κυκλο-τερής 'rounded' (cf. ▶︎ κύκλος), for the  meaning of which cf. Hdt. 4, 36: τὴν γῆν ἐοῦσαν κυκλοτερέα ὡς ἀπὸ τόρνου 'the  earth being round, as if from at.'.

XXXXXτέρφος -"στέρφος.

XXXXXτέρχνος [n.] 'sprout, twig' (Max., AP, H.); 4 PG(V)>

    *VAR Also tpéx voc. Cypr. te-re-ki-ni-ja 'fruit', if this stands for tépy wa.

    *ETYM Formation like ἔρνος, κτῆνος, etc. Niedermann IF 26 (1909): 46f. pleaded for  connection with τρέχω 'to run'. In tépyvea = ἐντάφια 'ptng. to burial' (H.), we may  be dealing with a specialization of the meaning 'fruits cf. καρποί, Kaprtwpa, -worc,  which also denote fruits as offerings, κάριτωσις: θυσία Ἀφροδίτης ἐν Ἀμαθοῦντι  'sacrifice for Aphrodite in Amathous' (H.). Fur.: 351 compares tapyaviov: ἐντάφιον,  and therefore suggests a Pre-Greek word. τέσσαρες, -a [num.] 'four' (Hom.). <IE *k'etuer- 'four'>

    *VAR Att. τέτταρες, Ion. Arc. Hell. τέσσερες, Dor. NWGr. tétopec, Aeol. (Hom.)  πίσυρες, Lesb. néo(o )upec, Boeot. πέτταρες.

    *DIAL Myc. ge-to-ro-we /k'etr-wes/ 'with four ears',

    *COMP As a first member in Hom. τεσσαρά-κοντα, Att. tetrapd-Kovta, Ion. Hell. teooepa-Kovta, Dor. τετρώ-κοντα 'forty'; also in τεσσαρά-βοιος 'worth four oxen'  ( 705), etc. Very frequent tetpa-, eg. τετρά-κυκλος 'four-wheeled' (Hom., etc.),  τετρα-κόσιοι, Dor. -κάτιοι 'four hundred'.

    *DER Hence the ordinal τέταρτος, epic also tétpatoc, Boeot. πέτρατος 'fourth' with  tetapt-aiog (Theoc. tetépt-atoc) 'arriving at the fourth day' (IA), as a kind of fever  (msc., scil. πυρετός) 'Quartana'. Collectives: τετράς (Boeot. metpac) [f.] 'period of  four days, quaternary', usually fourth day of the month' (h. Merc., Hes.); τετρακτύς,

XXXXXτῦος [f.] 'quaternary' (Pythag.). Numeral adverb τετράκις (€ 306; Boeot. m-), post-

===Pag_1523: Beekes_Página_1523.tiff===

Hom. also -κι 'four times'. Further adverbs: τέτρα-χα, -χῆ, -χόθι, -χῶς, etc. (IA); also -χθά (Hom.); adjective τετραξός (Arist.), -ασσός (late pap.), like διξός, δισσός, etc.

    *ETYM The inflection of the IE numeral for 'four' can be reconstructed on the basis of  the forms found in the separate languages. Among the Greek forms, the following  are important for the reconstruction: nom.pl. *k'etuor-es in tétopec (with τ instead  of oo/tt after τέτρασι); identical with this are Arm. Cork', ToA stwar, ToB stwer, Skt. catvarah (with 4 < o by Brugmann's Law); Lat. quattuor has a secondary a in the  initial syllable. Then, the acc.pl. *k'etur-ns in méovpac, corresponding to Skt  caturah, Lith. keturi, Go. fidur- in fidur-dogs 'tetaptaioc, of four days'; from this  stem form, a new nom. πέσυρες was created (it has been assumed that πίσυρες is a  variant of this form with reduced vowel). The locpl. *k'etur-su (Skt. catursi) is  continued in the dat. tetpdot. The ordinal *k'etuy-to- in tétpatoc, τέταρτος  corresponds to Lith. ketviftas, ToA Start, ToB Starte beside Skt. caturthdh. The e-  grade of τέσσερες may be compared with that in the Balto-Slavic collective, Lith. ketveri, OCS ¢éetvere, < IE *k*etueres; its origin is unknown (τέσσερες did not arise  from τέσσαρες by vowel assimilation). For tetpwkovta, Kortlandt MSS 42 (1983):  100 assumes that the laryngeal feature that arose from the initial *d- of the second  member was colored to *h,, because of the preceding *u in *k'eturdkomt. Lillo MSS  49 (1988): 71-73 assumes that in Doric, the t of the accus. was extended to the nom.,  giving tétopec. See ▶︎ τράπεζα and ▶︎ τρυφάλεια.

XXXXXtetaywv [v.] 'seizing, grasping' (A 591, O 23).

    <IE *teh.g- 'touch'>

    *ETYM A reduplicated aor. ptc., like ἀμ-πεπαλών (see ▶︎ πάλλωλ Cognate with Lat. tango 'touch', perf. tetigi, OLat. subj. tagam. For further combinations, see LIV' s.v.

XXXXXTETAVGS

    *VAR τέτανος. > TEivw.

XXXXXτέταρος [m.] 'pheasant' (Ptol. Euerg. 2 J). «τὰν Orient.>

    *VAR  τατύρας: ὁ φασιανὸς ὄρνις 'id.' (H.; also in Pamphil. apud Ath. 9, 3874).

    *ETYM LSJ remarks that the word is a loan from the Orient, referring to MP tedzrev  'pheasant'. They further compare Lith. teterva 'black grouse'; cf. on ▶︎ τέτραξ. Ath. 14,  654¢ states that tétapoc was imported from Media.

XXXXXτετίημαι [v.] 'to be sad' (Il.). <?>

    *VAR Perfect denoting the result of an event, in 2du. τετίησθον (© 447), further only  the ptc. τετιημένος (Hom., Hes. Th. 163), also act. τετιηώς, dat. -ότι plur. -ότες (1].λ.

    *ETYM Isolated within Greek, but possibly related to the root *k'ei- 'to perceive, care'. LIV? s.v. assumes that the Greek perfect, with original meaning *'am aware', was  built on the basis of an unattested aorist *é-tiyv 'noticed'. For the meaning, cf. from  the same root Lat. ciira 'anxiety, care' < *k'ois-h,-. Within Greek, cf. ▶︎ typéw.

XXXXXτετμεῖν [v.] 'to find, reach, obtain' (II., epic). <?>

    *VAR Ind. τέτμεν, ἔτετμεν, TETLLOV, Subj. τέτμῃ, etc.

    *DER Here perhaps the unclear form τέμει (N 707), cf. Chantraine 1942: 309.

    *ETYM A reduplicated aorist like me-pv-eiv, among others. Without a convincing  etymology. There is no convincing semantic argumentation for the formally obvious  connection with τέμνω 'cut'. ToAB fdm- 'to be born', caus. 'to generate', which was

===Pag_1524: Beekes_Página_1524.tiff===

first compared by Van Windekens Phil. Stud. 11: 175f., deviates strongly in meaning as well. For argumentation in favor of this connection, see LIV' s.v. tem- 'erreichen'.

XXXXXtetpaivw [v.] 'to pierce, perforate' (A. [lyr.], Hdt.). «1Ὲ *terh,- 'rub'>

    *VAR  Aor. τετρῆναι (Hom.), tetpavat (Att. inscr.), med. τετρήνασθαι (Ar., Gal.),  pass. τετρανθῆναι (Lyc. AP), fut. tetpavéw (Hdt.), -νῶ (IV*); further aor. τρῆσαι  (Hp., Pl., Hell. and late), med. -σασθαι (Gal.), pass. -θῆναι (Trypho apud Ath., Gp.),  fut. τρήσω (Lyc.), perf. med. τέτρημαι (IA), with secondary pres. τιτράω, τίτρημι,  titpaivw (Hell. and late), to which aor. τιτρᾶναι (Thphr.).

    *COMP Mostly with prefix, especially dta-, συν-.

    *DER 1. τρη-τός 'pierced' (Il.), ἄ-τρη-τος (Pl., Arist.), from the prefixed compounds  e.g. παράτρητος (medic.). 2. τρῆμα (διά-, παρά-, ἔκ-) [n.] 'hole, opening, eye of a  needle, dot on a die' (IA), with -άτιον (Hera), -ατώδης 'perforated', -ατόεις 'id.'  (AP), -atilw [v.] 'to dice', -atixtag (Dor.), -ατῖται [pl.] 'dice-player' (Sophr., Poll.,  H.). 3. τρῆσις (διά-, σύν-, etc.) [f.] 'perforation, opening, hole' (IA).

    *ETYM The verbal forms τέτρημαι, τρητός, τρῆμα correspond with βέβλημαι, βλητός,  βλῆμα; τέτμημαι, τμητός, τμῆμα, etc. The disyllabic root is preserved in tépe-tpov,  like in βέλε-μνα. The root present of this root is preserved in Lat. teré 'rub'. The  presents tetpaivw, tetpavéw, as well as the aorist τετρᾶναι, must be innovations,  apparently after the verbs in -aivw. The comparison with Lith. trina 'rub' is not  reliable, given the strong productiviy of nasal presents in Lithuanian. Also  remarkable in tetpaivw, etc. is the e-vocalism of the reduplication syllable, which  seems to have been taken from the perfect and fits better for an aorist than for a  present; cf. the incidental aorists tétopev, τετορήσας (see ▶︎ topeiv). Cf. ▶︎ teipw.

XXXXXTETPALLOG

    *VAR τετραμαίνω. =TPELLW.

XXXXXτέτραξ [m.] name of 'a bird', after Thompson 1895 s.v. 'black-cock' or 'guinea-fowl', after Benton JHS 81 (1961): 48 ff. (w. extensive treatment) 'large bustard' (Epich., Ar., Hell. a. late).

    *VAR Also -ακος, -αγος.

    *DER τετράζω [v.] 'to cackle' (Alex. Mynd.). Also τέτριξ, -ἰγος [f.] (Arist),  identification uncertain (Thompson s.v.). Further glosses: tetpdwv- ὄρνις ποιός  'kind of bird' (Lat. tetrd6 Plin.), tetpddwv- ὄρνεόν τι. Ἀλκαῖος 'id. (Alc.)' , tetpaiov:  ὀρνιθάριόν τι. Λάκωνες 'small bird [Lac.]'; tatupac: ὁ φασιανὸς ὄρνις 'pheasant', etc. (see ▶︎ τέταρος).

    *ETYM For the suffix of tétpat, -ἰξ, cf. the bird names ▶︎ κόραξ, ▶︎ πέρδιξ, et al. Similar  birdnames are Lith. teterva 'blackcock, gray hen', tétervinas 'blackcock, bustard', Ru. téterev 'blackcock', ON pidurr 'capercailzie', Skt. tittird- 'partridge'. Originally  onomatopoeic.

XXXXXtetpaxivn [f.] 'Opidak' (Hippon. fr. 168 M). «τὴν Phr.?>

    *ETYM Cleitarchus identified the word as Phrygian. Complicated explanation by  Haas Ling. Balkan. 2 (1960): 57f.

XXXXXτέττα — TAT.

===Pag_1525: Beekes_Página_1525.tiff===

, -ἰγος τέττιξ, -ἴγος [m.] 'tree-cricket, cicada' (IL); metaph. ἃ hair-pin with the shape of a cicada (Att.).

    *VAR Gen. also -ixoc (Hdn. Gr.).

    *COMP  As a first member in τεττιγο-μήτρα [f.] 'subterranean larva of the cicada'  (Arist.).

    *DER τεττίγιον (H. s.v. κερκώπη), also name of a coin (Delos ΠΣ τεττιγ-όνιον [n.]  designation of a small mute cicala (Arist., Plin.), with suffix after and-, χελιδ-όνιον;  -ότης [f.] 'state of a cicada' (comm. Arist.), -ώδης 'like a cicada' (Luc.).

    *ETYM Onomatopoeic; cf. τιτίζω s.v. ▶︎ τιτιγόνιον and Gil Fernandez 1959: 130f., 190.

XXXXXτευθίς [f.] 'kind of cuttlefish' (Semon., Ar., Thphr.).

    *VAR Gen. -idoc, -i60c. Variant θεῦτιν [acc.]' (Hippon. ex H.). Also τεῦθος [m.] a  bigger kind of cuttlefish (Arist.); τευθιάς [f.] (Philox.).

    *DER τευθίδ-ιον [n.] (com.), -ώδης 'like a t.' (Ath.); details in Thompson 1947 s.v. The TN Τευθίς (Arcadia, -éa Achaia) has also been compared.

    *ETYM Several attempts have been made to explain the word in IE terms, but none of  them convinces: Pok. 264f. posited IE *d'eu-d"., comparing Skt. dédhat- 'shatter,  turbulent, raging', etc., and assumed a meaning 'making the water muddy,  entangling' for Greek, which hardly makes sense. Schindler KZ 81 (1967): 71, with  some reservations, gives the same reconstruction and assumes an original color  term, like in the plant name τεύθριον = πόλιον, ἐρυθρόδανον. Semitic etymologies  have been proposed by Lewy 1895: 18, Lewy RhM 80 (1931): 108, and Grimme Glotta  14 (1925): 17. The word could be Pre-Greek, in view of the variant and the meaning. Tovar MSS 10  (1957): 71-83 convincingly argued that Myc. te-u-ta-ra-ko-ro should be interpreted as  tevOp-aydpog 'collector of orchils', a plant from which colors were produced,  Roccella tinctoria. See ▶︎ τεῦτλον.

XXXXXτεύθριον [n.] plant name, 'tree-germander' (Dsc.). <?>

    *ETYM See »τευθίς.

XXXXXτευμάομαι [v.] 'to erect, build' (Antim.; on Call. Fr.567 cf. Pfeiffer).

    *VAR Only τευμήσατο; τευμᾶται- τεχνάζει 'builds' (H.).

    *DER Further τευτάζω (also med.), perf. τετεύτακα [v.] 'to be regularly occupied with  sth' (com., Ρ].), also -ἄσσω (Orac. in Ath. Mitt. 25, 399); thence tevtacpdc:  otpayyeia 'hesitation, loitering' (H.).

    *ETYM From *tevpa (or Ἰτεῦμαϑ), which might be identical with Av. Siiao-man- [n.]  'deed, work', IE *kieu-mn-. The primary verb is seen in ▶︎ σεύομαι. The form τευτάζω  was probably extended from a verb in -tw, -taw, which ultimately belongs to  > σεύομαι as well.

XXXXXτεῦτλον [n.] 'beet, Beta maritima' (Hp., com., Thphr,, pap.).

    *VAR Ion. Hell. σεῦτλον.

    *COMP As a first member in τευτλο-φακῆ [f.] 'mix of beet and lentils' (medic.).

===Pag_1526: Beekes_Página_1526.tiff=== XXXXXτέφρα 1475 ΦὈῈᾺ τευτλ-ίον (Ar. Diocl. Fr., Thphr., pap. also with initial o-); τἰς (Thphr., Diph.);

XXXXXΤευτλοῦσσα [f.] 'beet-island', island on the coast of Caria (Th.).

    *ETYM The proposal by Tovar MSS 10 (1957): 77ff. to derive it from IE *d*eu- 'walk,  run' and assume an original meaning 'juicy' (cf. s.v. ▶︎ tevOic) should be rejected. Acc. to Frisk, the interchange t-/o- may represent an artificial Atticism or Ionicism. However, it may instead be a Pre-Greek variation, representing a palatalized dental  *P,

XXXXXτεύχω [v.] 'to manufacture, accomplish, produce', of manual labor, building and cutting; 'to prepare', often of food and drinks; 'to arrange, cause' (1]., epic poet.). IE *d'eug'. 'hit the mark, meet'>

    *VAR  Aor. τεῦξαι, -ασθαι, reduplicated τετυκεῖν, -ἔσθαι (with analogical -«-), aor. pass. τυχθῆναι, fut. tev&w, -ομαι, pass. τετεύξομαι, perf.ptc. tetevxwe (μ 423, with  passive mg.), ind. tétevya (late), tetevyatou (N 22), τέτυκται, plpf. (é)tetebyato,  (ἐ)τετύμην.

    *DIAL Myc. perf.ptc. te-tu-ko-wo-a /t*et"uk-wo'a/.

    *COMP Also prefixed with ἀμφι-, ém-, κατα-, etc. Compounds, eg. τευχεσ-φόρος  'wearing armor (A., E.), τευχο-πλάστις [f.] 'manufacturing vessels' (Lyc.); ἀ-τευχής  'without armor (E., AP); referring to the verb: νεο-τευχής = νεό-τευκτος (E 194).

    *DER 1. Verbal adjective τυκτός 'wrought, accomplished' (Hom., Theoc.), εὔ-τυκτος  'well-formed' (Hom., B.); τευκτός 'id' (Antiph., H., Suid.). νεό-τευκτος 'newly  wrought (® 592). 2. τεῦχος [n.] (mostly plur. -ea, -1) 'device, weapon, equipment'  (epic), sing. 'tool, vessel' (trag., X., Arist.), 'papyrus case' (pap.), also of the human  body (Hp., Arist.). Thence τευχ-ηστής (ἀνήρ) 'armed warrior' (A, Call., A. R.),  -ηστήρ 'id? (A.), τήεις 'armed' (Opp.), -pns 'id' (Orph.), -ἴτις [f.] plantname,  σχοῖνος Ἀραβική (Dsc.), -ités (Plin.). 3. τεύχημα [n.] (A. Fr. 375 = 6 M.), either from  τεῦχος or from tevyéw, which is found in τετευχῆσθαι 'to be armed' (x 104) for  expected ᾿"τετευχέσ-(σ)θαι, like τευχησ-τής, -τήρ (which replace tevxeo- after  ὠμηστής, ὀρχηστής, etc.); ἀ-τεύχ-ητος 'without armor' = ἀτευχής (AP, Hell. epic). 4. τεύκ-τωρ, -ορος [m.] 'manufacturer, creator' (Man.), -τήρ [m.] 'id' (H., Phot,  Suid.). 5. τεῦγμα [n.] 'work' (Dosiad. Ara), τεῦξις: κατασκευή, ποίησις 'manufacture,  production' (H.), also τύξιες [pl] 'arts' (Athens ΠΡ), τύξιν: τεῦξιν, παρασκευήν  'equipment' (H.). 6. Τυχίος [m.] PN, who fashioned the shield of Aias (H 220: Τυχίος  κάμε τεύχων).

    *ETYM Beside the thematic root present τεύχω (aor. τεῦξαι) 'manufacture', Greek has  the nasal present τυγχάνω (with them. aor. τυχεῖν) in the more original meaning 'hit  the mark, meet'. Both verbs are derived from the root *d'eug"- 'hit', to which belong  the Skt. stative duhé 'gives milk', Go. daug 'is fit' (see LIV? s.v. for further cognates). See "τυγχάνω.

XXXXXτέφρα [f.] 'ash' (Il.).

    *VAR Epic Ion. -pn.

    *COMP Few compounds, e.g. ἔν-τεφρος 'ash-color' (Dsc., Ath.).

    *DER Many adjectives, mostly indicating colors: τέφρ-ινος (Hp.), -atog (Ael.), -ακός  (beside σποδιακός), τὰ τεφρακά 'ash-colored ointments' (Aet.), -ός (Arist, Herad.),

===Pag_1527: Beekes_Página_1527.tiff===

τὸ τεφρόν 'ash-colored ointment' (late medic.), -άς [f.] 'kind of cicada' (Αε];; after the color, Gil Fernandez 1959: 100), -ήεις (Nonn.), -ώδης 'ash-like' (Thphr., Str.). Verbs: tepp-dopai, -dw (also with kata-, ἀπο-, ἐκ-) 'to be incinerated; incinerate' (Hell.), with -woig [f.] (Dsc., sch.); -ίζω [v.] 'to be ash-colored' (Dsc., Aret.), ἐτέφρισεν' ἐνέπρησεν 'incinerated' (H.).

    *ETYM Formation like πέτρα, ἕδρα, χώρα, λαύρα, etc. derived from a root for 'burn'  seen in Skt. déhati, Lith. degu, ToAB tsdik-, etc. IE *d*eg'*-. This is confirmed by the  gloss »θέπτανος: ἁπτόμενος 'kindled' (H.). Like τέφρα, Lat. febris 'fever  presupposes an r-stem.

XXXXXτέχνη [f.] 'craftsmanship, handicraft, businegs, art; artifice, trick' (IL).

    <IE *tek-  'produce', *te-tk- 'build, timber'>

᾿ ᾿

    *COMP  As a first member e.g. τεχνο-γράφος [m.] 'performer of rhetoric' (Arist., D. H.); often as a second member, e.g. ἄ-τεχνος 'artless, inapt' (IA), also -τέχνης, e.g. πολυ-τέχνης 'skilled in many arts' (Sol.).

    *DER 1. Diminutives: teyv-iov [n.] (Ρ]., middle com.), -ὕδριον [n.] 'id' (PI. Resp. 4756), -ὕφιον [π.] 'workshop' (Suet. Aug. 72). 2. -itn¢ [m.] 'craftsman, artist' (1A),  with fem. -itic, -ιτι-κός, -ttevw, -tteia, -itevpa. 3. Adjectives: -τἰκός 'experienced in  art, practical, artistic, technical' (Epich., Pl.), -ijet¢ 'cunningly wrought, artificial  (Od., Q. S.), -ἦμων 'id' (Opp., AP), -ητός 'artificial' (Hp., Plu; from τεχνάομαι),  τ-ητικός 'id' (Plb.). 4. -οσύνη [f.] = τέχνη (AP). 5. Verbs: a. τάομαι (often with prefix,  e.g. ἐπι-, ἐκ-, Mpo-) 'to manufacture by art, contrive or execute cunningly' (IL), with  τημα, -nor, -H twp, (-17r6¢?); b) -άζω (often med., also with ém-, etc.) 'id' (1A), with  τ-ασμα, -ασμός; c) -dw (mpo-) [v.] 'to initiate into an art' (Gal.), with -ωσις.

    *ETYM Derived from *tek-sneh,- (for the suffix, see ▶︎ πάχνη, »λάχνη, ▶︎ λύχνος). Sometimes, a basic form *text-ova is suggested (Skt. taksati, etc.), from the  reduplicated IE root *te-tk- 'to build', whence ▶︎ textwv is derived.

XXXXXτέως [conj.] 'this long' (II.).

    <IE *to- demonstrative pronoun; *teh,-u-o->

    *VAR Epic τῆος (written τείως, τέως, τεῖος).

    *DER τάως: τέως. Κρῆτες (H.), for "τᾶς from earlier *taoc, after τέως; cf. ἃς = ἕως.

    *ETYM From PGr. "τᾶρος, identical with the Skt. demonstrative tavat (stem fd-vant-)  'that far', except for the unclear final consonant (see ▶︎ ἕως).

XXXXXτῆ [interj.] always with the ipv.: 'there! here! take this!' (Hom.). «IE *to- demonstrative pronoun>

    *ETYM The old instrumental of the demonstrative pronoun *to- (see ▶︎ to-), identical  with Lith. té 'id' < IE *teh,. The plur. τῆτε (Sophr.) was made after reanalysis of τῇ as  an imperative. See ▶︎ τῆνος.

XXXXXτήβεννα, -ος [f.] designation of a garment of a distinguished person, Lat. toga (Hell. and late),

    *VAR Also τημενίς.

    *COMP τηβεννο-φορέω [v.] 'to wear ἃ τ᾿ (Larissa 115).

    *DER τηβενν-ίς (Poll. cod. tnuevic), -ἰκός 'consisting of a τ΄ (Str.), -elog 'belonging  to at.' (Suid.).

===Pag_1528: Beekes_Página_1528.tiff=== XXXXXτῆλε 1477

    *ETYM In antiquity, the word was derived from the Arcadian PN Τήμενος, Τήβεννος. Fur.: 220, 387 showed that the word is Pre-Greek (variation B/u. and v/vv).

XXXXXτήγανον -'τάγηνον.

XXXXXτήθεα [n.pl.] designation of ἃ sea-animal, probably a 'sea-squirt, ascidia' (P 747).

    *VAR Also -n (Nic., Poll.), sing. τος (Arist. Fr. 309), also τήθυον (v.L -eov; Arist.).

    *DER Diminutive τηθυνάκια [pl.] (Epich. 42). Frisk comments that the form is  doubted by the editors, but that the form, if correct, can be derived from *tn8bvn (cf. χελύνη) after ὀστράκια et al. With some reserve, one may connect the sea-goddess  Τηθύς.

    *ETYM Extensive treatment by Kalén 1918: 2off., 98ff.: starting from the form τήθυον,  he assumes earlier *Or|-8vov and connects the word with θῆσθαι 'to suck' and *6vov  'bag' (whence ▶︎ θύλακος), This explanation is nonsensical and typical of older Greek  etymologies. Probably a Pre-Greek word, with variation v/e. On the facts, see  Thompson 1947 s.v. ▶︎ τήθυον.

XXXXXτήθη (f.] 'grandmother' (Att.). «1Ὲ déd'é 'grandmother'>

    *VAR Also -1.

    *DER ty Bic, -ίδος [f.] 'father's or mother's sister, aunt' (Is., D., Hell.), τηθία 'old  woman' (Eust.); προ-τήθη [f.] 'great-grandmother' (Ὁ. C,, Poll.), ἐπι-τήθη [f.] 'id,'  (Theopomp. Com., Poll.).

    *ETYM One may compare Illyr. deda 'nurse' (Krahe IF 55 (1937): 121f.), Slavic words  like OCS dédo [m.] '1pdyovoc', Ru. ded 'grandfather', Lith. déde, dédé, dédis 'uncle'.

XXXXXτήκω [v.] 'to melt, dissolve, consume' (Il.).

    *VAR Dor. τάκω; aor. τῆξαι, -ασθαι, fut. τήξω; often intr. τήκομαι 'to melt down,  dissolve, decay', whence aor. τακῆναι, also τηχθῆναι, fut. τακήσομαι, also τήξομαι,  perf. tétnka (Dor. tétaxa), late τέτηγμαι

    *COMP  Often with prefix, e.g. ovv-, κατα-, Ev-, ἐκ-.

    *DER 1. τῆξις (σύν-, ἀπό-, ἔκ-, etc.) 'melting' (Hp., Arist., Hell.). 2. σύν-, mepi-tnypa  [n.] 'that which is melted together, fading away' (Arist.), 'dross' (Chrysipp.). 3. τηκεδών, -dvoc [f.] 'emaciation, decay, melting' (A 201, Hp., PL). 4. τηκ-τός  'meltable, liquid' (Pl. E., Arist.), -τικός (ovv-) 'dissolving' (Arist., Dsc.). With zero grade: 5. tax-epdc 'melting, liquid, soft, tender' (Hp., com.; cf. φανερός,  σφαλερός, etc.), with -έρωσις [f.] (medic.); also -ηρός 'id.' (Dsc.). 6. Uncertain τάκων  (-4-), τωνος [m.] name of spiced food, 'sausage, lump of meat'? (Poll. 6, 53 from  Crates Com.).

    *ETYM The forms τέτηκα (τέτᾶκα) and τἄκῆναι point to a root *teh,k- (cf. LIV? s.v.). Leaving aside the root-final -κ- of Greek, we may compare verbs in other languages:  OCS tajo, tajati 'to melt', with talv 'melting, fluid, taxepdc'; further, Arm. t'a-nam,  aor. t'a-c'i 'to moisten', -c'ay 'to get wet'; Olr. tdm 'death, pest'. Latin has a root  enlargement in *-b"-; fabés [f.] 'corruption, putrefaction', tabésco 'to melt, decay', etc.

XXXXXτῆλε [adv., prep.] 'in the distance, far away' (II. epic). <IE *k'el- 'Ὁ

===Pag_1529: Beekes_Página_1529.tiff===

    *COMP Very often as a first member, eg. τηλε-κλειτός far-famed' (epic II.), PN  Τηλέ-μαχος, originally 'fighting from afar' (opposite ἀγχέ-μαχος; also Arc. Τηλί-  μάαχος after ἀγχί-μαχος).

    *DER Adverbs τηλ-οῦ, -όθι 'id.', -68e(v) 'from, in the distance', -όσε 'in the distance,  far away'; also τηλε-δαπός 'from a far country, far off, distant' after ποδ-απός,  ἀλλοδαπός, etc. (all IL, epic); unclear is τήλεμος (Theognost. Can.), perhaps after  τῆμος, ἦμοςξ Comparative forms τηλο-τάτω (Od.), -tépw (Hp., Arat.), -tepoc (AP),  τήλιστα (Orph; nonce formation after ἄγχιστα). Further Aeol. πήλυι (-ot) [loc.] =  τῆλε, τηλοῦ, with Boeot. Πειλε-στροτίδας PN.

    *ETYM Hardarson KZ 108 (1995): 205f. proposed that it is a locative *k'élh, from the  root of ▶︎ πέλομαι. It is doubtful, however, tHat the word contained-a laryngeal. For  the semantics, cf. τέλος 'end, goal, etc.' from the same root. τηλεθάω -'-θάλλω.

XXXXXτηλία [{ 'table or board with an elevated edge', of the table of a baker, the stage on which game-cocks fight, a gaming table (com., Aeschin., Arist., pap.), also of a sieve (Ar. Pl. 1037, sch. ondia); unclear Ar. V. 147 (of a flue?). Uncertain caA[ia] 'sieve' (Suppl. Epigr. 1, 414, Crete V-IV*). On the mg. Chantre RPh. 68 (1994): 77-86.

    *ETYM A technical expression in -ia, like σχεδία, κλισία, ἑστία, etc. In the sense of  'hoop of a sieve', tnAia and onAia are often connected with σήθω, δια-ττάω 'sieve',  but the derivation is unclear. In the meaning 'table, board', the connection with  words for 'plane, surface, etc.' (Skt. tala- [n.] 'plane', Lat. telliis 'ground') is still given  by Pok. 1061, but this cannot be upheld as Greek would have a lengthened grade  formation. Also, as Scheller 1951: 62ff. remarks, the special character of the table is  not sufficiently accounted for in this way. Therefore, Scheller considers the meaning  'hoop of a sieve' or 'sieve' as original, and assumes a development to 'table (for  gaming, baking, etc.). For such a technical word, substrate origin is likely, and since  the variation t/o is typical for Pre-Greek words, we must assume such an origin.

XXXXXτηλίκος [adj.] 'of such an age, this old, this young, this large' (Il, epic).

    <IE *to-  demonstrative pronoun>

    *VAR Dor. ta-.

    *DER τηλικόσδε, τηλικοῦτος (after ὅδε via τηλικόν-δε, etc., οὗτος) 'id' (Att.).

    *ETYM Derived, via a suffix -κ-, from IE *teh.li- in Lat. tdlis (beside OCS tolv 'so  much', pointing to *toli-), which is the demonstrative *ta 'thus' (see ▶︎ to-) with a  suffix -li-. The form seems to correspond with MInd. térisa- 'such a one, of that  kind', but this is derived from Skt. tadfsa- (Mayrhofer EWAia s.v. tadfs-). Cf. ▶︎ πηλίκος and ▶︎ ἡλίκος.

XXXXXτῆλις, -εως, -τος [f.] 'fenugreek, Trigonella' (Hp., Thphr., pap.). <?>

    *DER τήλτ-ινος 'of fenugreek', -ov (μύρον) [n.] (Hell.); -ίνη = κύτισος (Ps.-Dsc.;  Stromberg 1940: 43f.), -ίτης οἶνος (Gp.); on ▶︎ ἐπι-τηλίς s.v.; cf. also on ▶︎ τᾶλις.

    *ETYM This plant name has no certain explanation. The older dictionaries compare  Skt. tala- [m.] 'wine-palm', Lat. tdlea 'stave, cutting', OLith. talokas 'adult daughter,

===Pag_1530: Beekes_Página_1530.tiff=== XXXXXτήνελλα 1479 younger girl', but such wild guesses have been abandoned in more recent days (cf. Mayrhofer EWAia and De Vaan 2008).

XXXXXτηλύγετος [adj.] epithet of children of unknown mg. and origin (1]., epic).

    *ETYM The ancients connected both τέλος 'end' ('latecomer', sch. T on I 482) and  τῆλε (born far away', E. IT 829 [lyr.], Simm., H. in τηλυγέτων ἀποικιῶν: τῶν μακρὰν  ἀπεχουσῶν; but τηλύγετος: ὁ τηλοῦ τῆς ἡλικίας τοῖς γονεῦσι γεγονώς, ἐπὶ γήρᾳ παῖς  μονογενής). For the formation, cf. ▶︎ ἀτρύγετος and ▶︎ Ταὔγετος. Janda Glotta 66  (1988): 20-25 connects the second member with ▶︎ λύζω 'hiccup, swallow' as 'in der  Ferne schluchzend'; not very convincing. Vine 1998: 64-66 connects λυγρός 'painful'  and analyzes the word as "τηλε-λύγετος 'having mysery/pain at a distance'.

XXXXXτημελέω [v.] 'to take care, watch, look after' (E., Pl. Lg. 953a, D. H., Plu.). <?>

    *VAR Aor. -ῆσαι

    *DER τημέλεια [f.] 'care, attendance' (Hp. Ep.), -ia (f.] (sch.), τημελητής: ἐπιμελητής  'manager (H.). With privative prefix ἀ-τημέλητος, -τως 'careless, uncared for,  neglected' (A. Ag. 891, X.), ἀ-τημελής, -ἔως, -ὥς 'id. (E. Fr. 184, A. R., Ρ].), with  ἀτημέλ-εια (Plu.), -in (A. R.). Backformation τημελής, -ἐς (H., Phot. Suid.), -éwe,  -ῶς (Aglaias, Max. Tyr.).

    *ETYM Without a certain explanation. The semantic and formal similarity with  μέλομαι gave rise to several unsuccessful attempts to connect τημελέω  etymologically. Not related to Lith. témyti(s) 'note, imprint in the memory' (a Slav. LW), Ru. tjdmit' 'understand'. Pisani RlLomb. 77 (1943-44): 564ff. suggested that  τημέλεια (whence τημελέω) arose from "τηλε-μέλεια by syllabic dissimilation, orig. 'to care from afar', which is semantically unconvincing.

XXXXXτήμερον [adv.] 'today' (IL, Att). «1 *ki- this'>

    *VAR Epic Ion., Hell. σήμερον; Dor. σάμερον.

    *DER σημερινός 'present' (Call.).

    *ETYM From *xt-Guepov (cf. ▶︎ αὔριον), a univerbation of pronominal κί 'here, this'  (see ▶︎ ἐκεῖ) and ἡμέρα, ἀμέρα 'day', perhaps via an adjective *x1-duepos 'belonging to  this day'.

XXXXXτῆμος [adv.] 'there, then, at that time' (IL, epic poet.), secondarily 'today' (A. R.), after ἦμαρ, ἡμέρα.

    *VAR Dor. τᾶμος.

    *DER Nominalized τὸ τᾶμον (scil. ψάφισμα) 'the present decree' (Thess.); extended  τημοῦτος (Hes. Call., Nic.), τημόσδε (Theoc., Call.) 'id.'.

    *ETYM Like τέως < PGr. *ta-Foc, from the pronoun to-, τᾶ-, with a suffix -μ- also  found in OCS tamo 'there', and which may be somehow related to Skt. and Hitt. -mant- (μος to Skt. -mat, like *ta-foc to Skt. td-vat). Beside τῆμος, τᾶμος stands the  relative ἦμος, Guos 'as, while' (I, epic poet., rare in Hp. and Hdt.).

XXXXXτήνελλα a ritual exclamation, taken from the cult of Demeter in Paros by Archilochos, acc. to sch. Ar. Av. 1764, and used in a poem (τήνελλα καλλίνικε χαῖρ᾽ ἄναξ

XXXXXἩράκλεες [Fr. 119]). <?>

===Pag_1531: Beekes_Página_1531.tiff===

    *DER Thence τήνελλα καλλίνικος 'hurray! hail!' to ἃ victor (Ar.), and τήνελλος 'to  whom one says τήνελλα᾽ (Ar. Eq. 276).

    *ETYM Origin unknown.

XXXXXτηνίκα [adv.) 'then, at that time' (S., A. R., Theoc.). <1E *to- 'there'>

    *VAR Dor. (Theoc.) tavika.

    *DER τηνικ-αῦτα (JA), -ade (Pl. Plb., Ph.) 'id' (after ἐνθ-αὗτα, -a6e).

    *ETYM From the demonstrative pronoun »to-, with the same unclear formation as  ▶︎ ἡνίκα.

XXXXXτῆνος [pron.demonstr.] Doric for ἐκεῖνος (Epich. Sophr., Theoc., inscr.).

    <IE *to-  'that'>

Ἶ ΦὈΕΚ την-εῖ = ἐκεῖ (Epich., Theoc., Delph., etc.). -όθι 'then' (Theoc.), -@ (Theoc.) and -W0e(v) (A. R, Theoc., AP) = ἐκεῖθεν; to thv-et (old loc.), -@ (abl.) Schwyzer: s4of.

    *ETYM Formation like ▶︎ ἐκεῖνος, so from *té-evoc or ti-evoc, from the  demonstrative ▶︎ to- (cf. τῆ).

XXXXXτηρέω [v.] 'to observe, guard, watch, keep an eye on, provide' (h. Cer, Thgn., Alcm., Pi., Att.). «Ὁ, IE? *k'eh,(-i)- 'observe'>

    *VAR Boeot. δια-ταρέω [115] is hypercorrect; see Thumb-Scherer 17.

    *COMP Often with prefix, e.g. napa-, ἐπι-, dta-, ovv-.

    *DER 1. τήριγσσις (napa-, ἐπι-, δια-, ovv-) [f.] 'observing, guarding, custody' (Att.,  Hell.), with παρατηρή-σιμος (CH. on ἀποφράδας). 2. -μια (παρα-) [n.] 'observation'  (Ὁ. H., A. D.). 3. ττής (παρα-, ἐπι-, τοπο-, κνισο-) [m.] 'guardian, watcher' (Hell.),  -σία (only katpo-, τοπο-) [f.] 'the observation of the right time or place' (Aristeas,  late). 4. -τήριον = Lat. servatorium (gloss.). 5. -tpa [n.pl.] 'custodial costs' (pap. ITIP). 6. -τικός (mapa-, ἐπι-, δια-, συν-) 'observing, keeping' (late). Also 7. émtnp-ia [f.]  'attention, care' (Pamphyl.; from émtnp-éw). 8. τηρός [m.] 'guardian' (A. Supp. 248;  probably back-formation).

    *ETYM Since the hapax τηρός is most probably a back-formation, the prehistory of  τηρέω remains obscure. Relationship with Skt. cayati [v.] 'to observe, feel shame or  anxiety' and OCS ¢ajg, -ati 'éAm Cw, προσδέχομαι, προσδοκῶ᾽ < IE *k'éi- has been  assumed, but this is unsatisfactory, as Greek shows no trace of the root-final *-i-. On  Skt. cara- 'messenger, watcher', which was earlier wrongly identified with τηρός, see  Mayrhofer KEWA s.v. (it belongs to car- 'be around' = πέλομαιλ.

XXXXXτητάομαι [v.] 'to lack, be in want, be robbed' (Hes. Op. 408, S, E, Pl, Arist.).

    <IE  *teh,-(i)- 'steal, rob'>

'ΑΚ Dor. tat- (Pi.). Only present, especially τητώμενος [ptc.].

    *DIAL Myc. ta-ti-qo-we-u, see Plath 1999: 511-519.

    *DER Beside τήτη: ἀπορία, ἔνδεια, στέρησις 'difficulty, lack, loss'; τήτει: σπάνει 'Tack'  (H.) (like χήτει).

    *ETYM From the root *teh,- 'to steal'. As tt (which is only attested lexically) may  be a back-formation, τητάομαι is probably a verb in -taw. However, either way we  have to reckon with a nominal dental stem, as seen in OCS tatv [m.] 'thieve', etc. (IE  *teh,t-i-); see ▶︎ τηὔσιος.

===Pag_1532: Beekes_Página_1532.tiff=== XXXXXτίγρις, -ἰος, -ίδος 1481

XXXXXτῆτες [adv.] 'this year' (Att. com.). «1Ὲ ki- + uet-es- 'year'>

    *VAR Ion. σῆτες (EM), Dor. Hell. σᾶτες (Gela PCair. Zen. ITP; cf. Mayser 1906-1938,  I; 3: 126), also tatec, τῆδες, τῆτα (sch., Eust., Suid.).

    *DIAL Myc. za-we-te /zawetes/.

    *DER τητ-ινός (Luc. Lex., Hdn. Gr. Phryn., Poll.), σατ-ινός (PCair. Zen. EM) 'of this  year, this year's'; also σητ-άν(ελος (Ion., Hell.), σατ- (sch.), τητ- (Poll. v.l) 'id? (of  produce of the fields; for the suffix cf. ἐπηετ-ανός, κριθ-, σιτ-ανίας); to this ont-av-  wdn¢ 'id. (Hp. apud Gal.), σητείους: νέους 'young, recent' (H.).

    *ETYM The petrified ntr. accus. of an adjective (cf. tpi-etec), built on Fétoc and the  demonstrative *ki- (see ▶︎ ἐκεῖ). The expected form *kt-(F)ete¢ seems to have been  replaced at an early (pre-Mycenaean) date by *kidwetes, after the precursor of  semantically related σήμερον, τήμ-, σάμ-, giving Myc. za-we-te, Class. σῆτες, τῆτες,  τᾶτες.

XXXXXτηὕσιος [adj.] 'idle, vain' (γ 316 = 0 13, h. Ap., Alem, B, A. R., Theoc.).

    <IE *teh,-(iu-)  'thief >

    *VAR Dor. taiiotog; also ταύσιμον: μάταιον 'idle' (H.) (for -ctov?).

    *ETYM An isolated poetic adjective. If it originally meant 'deceptive', it belongs to a  word for 'thief in Skt. tayu-, Av. taiiu-, which are derived from a primary verb  preserved in Hitt. idie/a-' 'to steal', OCS tajiti, 1sg. tajo 'to hide, conceal'. Neumann  1961: 65 connected the gloss teyodv- Λυδοὶ τὸν λῃστήν (H.) with this root, but it is  now supposed that */ would give Lyd. d, not y, in this position. The suffix -σιος may  have been added directly to a noun "ταῦς after the pattern of δημόσιος from δῆμος  (cf. also synonymous ἐτώ-σιος), so an intermediate form 'tai-ta(c) seems  unnecessary. See ▶︎ τητάομαι.

XXXXXtiapa [f.] designation of a Persian headdress, 'tiara, turban' (Hdt., A., X.). «τὰν Orient.>

    *VAR  Also τιᾶρας, Ion. τιήρης [m.], τιάρις (H.).

    *COMP τιαρο-ειδής 'like a tiara' (X.), περι-τιάρα, -ptov 'round headgear' (Tz. with  sch, etc.

    *ETYM Oriental foreign word of unknown origin. Rejected explanations from IE are  given by Bq. Lat. LW tiara, tiaras.

XXXXXτιβήν, -ῆνος [m.] 'tripod' (Lyc., EM), τίβηνος: λεβης, τρίπους 14. (H.).

    *ETYM Fur.: 189 connects θῖβις, θίβωνος 'basket', which he derives from a Hebrew or  Egyptian word. He remarks that the suffix -nv points to Anatolian origin, which may  perhaps indicate that the word is Pre-Greek.

XXXXXτιγγάβαρι --κιννάβαρι.

XXXXXτίγρις, -t0¢, -150¢ [f.] 'tiger' (Arist., Thphr., middle com.).

    *COMP ἱππό-τιγρις 'kind of large tiger' (Ὁ. C.), τιγρο-ειδής 'tiger-colored' (Ὁ. C.).

    *DER Also the HN Τίγρης, -ητος [m.] (Hdt, X, Arr, etc.), also Τίγρις, -ἰος, -ews,  -W6oc (Arist., Plb., Str., Plu.).

    *ETYM Oriental LW, first from Iranian. Acc. to Varro (L. L. 5, 100), the word is  Armenian, while acc. to D. P., Eust., and others, it is Median, with the original mg.

===Pag_1533: Beekes_Página_1533.tiff===

'arrow. This means that it can be equated with Av. tigri- [m.] 'arrow, as well as tipra-, OP tigra- 'pointed' (cf. Skt. tigmd- 'id.'), etc. (from the root of Greek ▶︎ στίζω). On the hydronym, which is OP ἐργᾷ, we may compare Varro ('vehementissimum flumen') and Ὁ. P. (ποταμὸς ὥκιστος ἀπάντων᾽ 'the fastest river of all'). We have to reckon with folk-etymological adaptation of a foreign word to Iranian (cf. MP, Akk. Digqlat 'Tigris'). From Greek came Lat. tigris, etc.

XXXXXτιθαιβώσσω [v.] epic word of agriculture, originally popular: of bees (v 106 'to collect honey'?), of hens (Nic. Th. 199 'to brood, feed, tend'?), watering the field (Lyc. 622 'to make fertile, nourish'?), of a quiver (Antim. in PMilan. 17, 37 'to stuff, store up'?). «ἢ» %

    *ETYM Formation in -ώσσω, perhaps reduplicated. Fur.: 209 compares Lyc. tideimi-  'son, child', CLuw. titaimma/i- 'id', and assumes a Pre-Greek word. This conclusion  is mistaken, as the Anatolian words have a secure IE etymology: the root is *d"eh,- 'to  suck',

XXXXXτιθασός [adj.] 'tamed, domestic, cultivated, mild' (A. Eu. 356 [lyr.], 5. Fr. 866, Pl, Arist.).

    *DER τιθασ-εύω (also with éx-, mpo-) [v.] 'to tame, cultivate' (PL, D., X., Arist.), with  -eia [f.] 'taming' (PL), -ευσις [f.] 'id' (Plu.), -edpata [n.pl.] 'arrangements for  taming' (Porph.), -ευτής [m.] (Ar.), -εὐτωρ [m.] (Opp.) 'tamer, domesticator',  -ευτικός [adj.] 'fit for taming, easy to tame' (Arist.); ἀ-τιθάσευτος 'untamed, wild'  (Hell.), also ἀ-τίθασος 'id.' (Ph.). Backformation τιθαὶ ὄρνιθες (Arat. 960), τιθὰς  ὄρνις (AP 9, 95).

    *ETYM The word τιθασός differs from other words in -acog in its oxytone accent and  in its adjectival function (these are probably interconnected). The traditional  connection of τιθασός with θῆσθαι 'suck', τιθήνη 'nurse', etc. must be rejected, not  only because of the weak semantics, but also because words in -acoc generally have  Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXτίθημι [v.] 'to put (away), lay (down), fix, make; to place, set up, establish, create' (Hom.). «1Ὲ *d'eh,- 'put, lay down, create'>

    *VAR  Aor. ἔθηκα, Boeot. ἀν-έθε (doubted by Forssman MSS 23 (1968): 7ff. but now  found in two Phocian dedications, see Jacquemin, BCH Supp. IX (1984) 764 [p. 150]  and 769 [p. 152]); plur. ἔθεμεν, fut. θήσω (all Il), aor. pass. ἐτέθην (Att.), perf. τέθηκα, -εικα, med. -ειμαι (IA, Hell.).

    *COMP Frequently with one or two prefixes in different mgs., e.g. ἐπι-, KaTa-, OVV-,  TIpo-, Mpoo-, ὗπο-.

    *DER Many derivatives are treated under separate entries: ▶︎ θέσις, ▶︎ θεσμός, ▶︎ θέμις,  ▶︎ θέμεθλα, ▶︎ θεμέρη, ▶︎ θήκη, ▶︎ θωή, ▶︎ θωμός. Further derivatives are: 1. θῆμα [n.],  almost only from prefixed verbs, e.g. ἀνάθη-μα [n.] 'sth. positioned, votive offering'  (Od.), with -ματικός (Plb.). 2. θέμα (with zero grade) [n.] 'proposition, input, theme,  etc. (Arist., Hell.), with θεμ-άτιον, -ατικός, -ατίτης, -ατίζω, -ατισμός; ἀνά-, ἐπί-θεμα,  εἴς, from ἀνα-, ἐπι-τίθημι, etc. 3. θημών, -ὥνος [m.] 'pile' (ε 368, Arist, Opp.),

XXXXXθημωνοιά [f.] 'id.' (LXX et 41... 4. θέ-της [m.], as a simplex only in Is. 10, 24 'who pawns and Pl. Cra. 389d (nonce formation), especially frequent in univerbations,

===Pag_1534: Beekes_Página_1534.tiff===

eg. ἀγωνο-θέ-της (: ἀγῶνα θεῖναι) 'arbiter at a contest' (IA), with -θέτις, -θετικός, -θετέω, -θεσία. 5. θετήρ' τολμητής, πράκτης 'who wages' (H.), διαθε-τήρ 'arranger' (PL. Lg., Them.); διαθέ-της Hdt. et al., ἀγωνο-θε-τήρ = -τῆς (verse-inscr. Catana). 6. θετός 'adopted' (Pi., IA); often of the prefixed verbs, e.g. ἐπίθε-τος 'added, artificial (Att.); Or7tov. βωμόν 'step, base, altar' (H.). 7. θετικός (to θέσις) 'belonging to a θέσις, ie. concerning adoption, disputation, etc.' (Arist., Hell.); συνθε-τικός (to σύνθεσις), etc. 8. -θε-σίαι, -ia in ovv-, ék-, ἐπι-θεσία(ι) 'agreement, assignment, etc.' (11.

    *ETYM This important inherited verb was inherited from the PIE root *d"eh,-, which  assumes a wide range of meanings: 'put, lay down, make, create, etc.'. The following  survey is limited to forms and words that are directly relevant for Greek. The active  root aorist in Boeot. ἀν-έθε corresponds to Skt. ddhat, OP add, Arm. ed, IE *h,e-  d'eh,-t. The k-aorist θῆκε (Hom.) is also found in OLat. féced, perhaps already Myc. te-ke (meaning uncertain), from IE *d'eh,k-et. The middle root aorist ἔθετο is  matched by Skt. adhita, from IE *h,e-d"h,-to. The reduplicated athematic present  τίθημι is found in Skt. dddhami, Av. dadgmi < IE *d"i-d'eh,-mi, etc., where the Greek  reduplication vocalism is probably older (IIr. may have taken its da- from the 3pl.). The verbal adj. θετός is formally identical with Skt. hitd- (for *dhitd-) 'put,  designated, fit, etc.', as well as with Lat. féced from IE *(-)d"h,-t6-; the gloss θητόν  [acc.sg.] is formally identical with Av. OP data- [n.] 'law', Lith. détas 'put'. Greek  θῆμα formally corresponds to Skt. dhaman- [n.] 'seat, place, statute, law, etc.', Av. daman- [n.] 'place, creation', IE *d"eh,-my; θετήρ, to Skt. dhatdr-, Av. datar- [m.]  'contriver, creator', Lat. con-ditor 'contriver, founder'. The perfect τέθη-κ-α is a  Greek innovation (like ἕστηκα), in opposition to Av. dada, Skt. dadhdu. The forms  τέθεικα, τέθειμιαι were created analogically after εἶκα, εἶμαι. Details on the Greek  morphology and inflection are found in Schwyzer: 686ff., 741, 761f., 774f., and 782. Cf. further forms with comments in LIV' s.v. *d"eh,- 'stellen, legen, setzen; herstellen,  machen'.

XXXXXτιθήνη [f.] 'wet nurse' (IL, Pi, 5. [lyr.], also Pl, Arist.). «1Ὲ *d"eh,- 'suck'> '

    *VAR Dor. (Pi) -a.

    *DER τιθην-ἕομαι (sometimes with dva-, ἐκ-, duv-ek-, rarely -éw) [v.med.] 'to be wet  nurse, suckle; to raise, foster' (h. Cer. Thgn., 5. [lyr.], also Hp., X., LXX), also -evouat  (H.), with -ησις, -ημα, -ητήρ, -ητήριος (PL, E., Thphr., AP), -ίαι, -eiat [f-pl.] (LXX,  Opp.), -ευτῆρες (conj. orac. Sibyll.). Innovated aorist ἐτιθήνατο (Luc. Trag. 94), as if  from "τιθαίνομαι. τιθηνός [m.] 'foster father' (LXX, Nic. Plu.), also adj. 'fostering,  feeding' (E., Lyc.). Short forms with expressive gemination: τίτθη [f.] 'wet nurse'  (Ar, Pl, Thphr.), also 'mother's breast' (Arist.), with τιτθεύω (ék-) [v.] 'to suckle,  give the breast' (D., Arist.), -eia [f.] (D. Sor.); τιτθός [m.] 'mother's breast', also of  the breast of the man (Hp., Att.), with -iov, -i5tov (com.), τίζομαι (Aq.).

    *ETYM Reduplicated formation of children's language, derived from the middle aorist  θῆσθαι 'to suck'. For the suffix -v-, cf. γαλαθηνός (see ▶︎ yoAa).

XXXXXτιθύμαλλος [m.] 'milkweed, Euphorbia Peplus' (com., Thphr., Dsc.).

    *VAR Plur. also -a (AP).

    *DER -ic [Ε] designation of several plants (Dsc., Ps.-Dsc.); see Strémberg 1940: 19.

===Pag_1535: Beekes_Página_1535.tiff===

    *ETYM Probably a reduplicated fomation; cf. θυμελαία. As all words in -αλλος are  Pre-Greek (see Beekes 2008: 4off.), the same holds for this one.

XXXXXΤιθωνός [m.] Son of Laomedon, abducted by Eos (1]., Hes., et al.). < PG(v)>

    *ETYM Fur.: 191 compares titw = ἡμέρα (sch. Lyc. 941), also = ἠώς, ἢ αὔριον (H.);  because of the variation τί 0, the word is Pre-Greek.

XXXXXtixtw [v.] 'to beget; to produce, generate, cause' (Hom.).

    <IE * tek- 'produce'>



    *VAR Aor. τεκεῖν, τεκέσθαι, fut. τέξω, often (and more original) -ομαι [med.] call  Hom.), inf. texetoQat (h. Ven. 127, verse-final), perf. τέτοκα (Hes.), intr. ἐντετοκυῖα  (Ar.), pass. aor. τεχθῆναι (Hp., LXX), perf. τέτεγμαι (late).

    *COMP Also with ano-, ἐκ-, év-, etc.

    *DER 1 τέκος [n.] 'child, cub' (IL, epic poet). 4 2. τόκος [m.] 'bearing, birth, offspring'  (Il.), 'interest' (Pi, Sophr., Att.), with several derivatives: 3. τοκάς [f.] 'female giving  birth', mostly of animals (since ξ 16). 4. toxic [f.] 'id' (Hell. pap.). 5. τοκαδεία [f]  'poultry farming', to *roxadebw (pap.). 6. toxapidiov- usurula (gloss.). 7. Lat. tocullid  'usurer' from Hell. *toxvAAiwv or "τὰ τοκύλλια (Leumann Sprache 1 (1949): 207). 8.

XXXXXτοκήεσσα [f.] 'woman giving birth, fertile' (Hp.). 9. toxetov [n.] 'hatchery' (Hell. pap.). 10. τοκ-εῖς (epic -fe¢) [m.pl.] 'parents' (11), sing. -evc 'begetter, father' (Hes., A.). 11. τοκεῶνες [pl.] 'id.' (Heraclit. 74), cf West Class. Rev. 81 (1967): 127f.). 12.

XXXXXτοκετός [m.] = τόκος (Hp., Arist.), cf. παγετός to πάγος et al. 13. τοκίζω (also with éx-, etc.) [v.] 'to lend with interest, practise usury' (Att. Hell.), with -ἰσμός, -ιστής, -ίστρια. 14. τοκάω [v.] 'to be close to delivery' (Cratin.). 15. From the present stem τικτικόν (φάρμακον) [n.] 'drug for women giving birth' (Ar. Fr. 872). 16. ▶︎ ἐπίτεξ [f.] 'before delivery, near delivery'; after it καλλί-τεξ = καλλί-τεκνος (Hp. Epin.). --17. As a second member in several univerbations, e.g. μονο-τόκος 'giving birth to one cub' beside εὔ-τοκος 'having an easy birth, giving birth easily' (Arist.) wiht wovo-, εὐ- TOKEW, -ia, etc. On ▶︎ τέκνον, 566 S.V.

    *ETYM Belongs to the old root *tek- 'to produce', which appears in reduplicated form  in *te-tk- (Skt. 3sg. tasti 'fashions', 3pl. taksati, etc.). Apparently, Greek is the only  language that kept the root in its simple form.

XXXXXτίλλω [v.] 'to pluck, tear, pick' (Il; rare in Att. prose). <?>

    *VAR Aor. τῖλαι, -ασθαι, fut. TA®, -obpat (com, etc.), aor. pass. τιλθῆναι (Ar.),  τιλῆναι (LXX, pap.), perf. med. τέτιλμαι, especially the ptc. τετιλμένος (Ar., LXX),  act. τέτιλκα (Hell.).

    *COMP Also with napa-, ἀπο-, mept-, etc. As a second member in νάκο-τιλτος 'whose  fleece has been plucked, from whom the wool has been plucked off, also -τίλτης,  -τιλτέω (com.); to this, as back-formations, the verbs θρυο-τίλλω 'to pluck bulrush',  ὁλο-τίλλω 'to pluck entirely' (only pte. pres., account PLond. IP).

    *DER 1. τιλμός (ἀπο-, napa-) [m.] 'plucking' (A. [lyr.], Hp., Men. pap.). 2. τίλμα  (ἀπό-, διά-) [n.] 'something plucked, something torn, sprains' (medic., Herod.,  Theoc.), with -μάτιον (medic.). 3. τίλσις [f.] 'plucking' (Arist., pap.). 4. tiAtpov [n.]  'plucking fee' (late pap.). 5. παρατίλ-τρια [f.] 'plucker', designation of a female slave  (Cratin., Philostr.). Backformations tidot [m.pl.] 'the fine hairs of the eyebrows'  (Poll.), τιλλά- πτερά 'wings' (H.) (leg. mtiAa?).

===Pag_1536: Beekes_Página_1536.tiff===

    *ETYM A verb τίλλω (from *ttA-1w) cannot be an old primary formation. If not a  loan, it must be a denominative from "τίλος, *tiAov, vel sim. There are no cognates  outside Greek. Frisk suggests a pre-form *ntiAAw, which would belong to πτίλον, via  dissimilation in the compounded forms napa-, περι-, ἀπο-(π)τίλλω.

XXXXXτῖλος [m.] 'thin stool, diarrhoea' (Sophr., Poll.). <?>

    *COMP ἱππό-τιλος 'horse diarrhoea' (Hippiatr.).

    *DER ttAdw (often with prefix, e.g. kata-, ἐν-, προσ-, amo-) [v.] 'to have a thin stool,  to have diarrhoea' (Ar., Hippon., Hippiatr.), with τίλημα [n.] (EM). Here probably  also tiAwv, -ωνος [m.] name of a fish in the Thracian Sea Prasias (Hdt., Arist.), see  Stromberg 1943: 61f 5 cf. also ὀπισθυ-τίλη, Boeot. ὀπιτθο-τίλα [f.] 'squid' (Stratt., H.),  perhaps after ▶︎ σπατίλη.

    *ETYM No etymology. The comparisons with Arm. f'rik' 'mist, dung', if from *tiHr-,  OE pinan 'be(come) wet, moist', OCS tina, Ru. tina 'mud, dirt' < *tiHn-, etc. remain  speculative, since there is no evidence for a root *tiH- or *tH-i- in this meaning. The  same holds for the connection within Greek with ▶︎ tigoc. The word ▶︎ τήκω is not  related, either.

XXXXXτίλφη -''σίλφη.

XXXXXtii [{1] 'estimate, price, value, honor, honorary office' (Il.) 'compensation, penalty, retribution' (Hom.).

    *VAR Dor. -ά,

    *COMP Many compounds, e.g. ▶︎ τιμωρός, ἄ-τιμος 'honorless, rightless, despised' (II.),  seldom 'without compensation' (7 431), 'unpunished, unavenged' (A., Pl.), with ἀτιμ-  ia, -in [f.] 'dishonor, defilement' (since v 142), -άω [v.] 'to dishonor, disdain' (IL, epic  poet., also epic prose), -άζω (Il), -ωθῆναι, -ὥσαι, -όομαι, -dw [v.] 'to dishonor,  ostracize' (IA), to which atip-nroc, ἀτιμ-αστήρ, -ωσις, etc.

    *DER 1. τίμ-ιος [adj.] 'appreciated, honored, valuable, precious' (since k 38), with  -ἰότης, -ἰόομαι; as a first member in τιμι-ώρα [f] 'expensive time, high prices' (Hell. and late inscr. and pap.). 2. -ἥεις (epic -ῆς, Dor. -άεις, Pamph. -dfeoa [f]) [adj.]  'appreciated, honored' (Hom., Pi.). 3. -aiog 'highly appreciated' (Diocl. Com.), PN  Τίμαιος. 4. -ίλος 'honorable' (Cypr.). 5. -ίδαι [m.pl.] 'judges of the games' (Arc.-  Cypr.). 6. Denominative verb τιμάω (often with ἐπι-, mpo-, ἀπο-, év-, ἐκ-, etc.) [v.] 'to  estimate, appreciate, honor, appraise' (I1.), with τίμ-ημα, -ησις, Dor. -ασις, Arc. -acia  (Chantraine 1933: 84), -ητής, Boeot. -ατάς, -ητήρ, -ητήριος, -ητικός, -ητεύω, -ητεία;  from the prefixed verbs e.g. ἐπιτίμ-ησις [f.] 'blame, reproach', -ημα -ητής, etc. From  τιμάω (and from τίμιος) the back-formation τῖμος [m.] 'value, price' (Archil.,  Herod., A., Com. Adesp., late prose), with τιμοῦς (< -detc) in τιμοῦντας: τιμίους  ὄντας 'ones who are valued' (H.), τιμούστερος (Olbia III*); τετίμονται (Elis) from  τιμόω, which may be explained as a denominative from τῖμος, but also as analogous  to ἀτιμόω. Further many PNs, eg. Τιμα-, Τιμη-, Τιμο-, Τιμησι-κράτης, Ἔργό-τιμος,  Τίμαιος, Τίμων, εἴς.

    *ETYM See »τίω.

XXXXXτιμωρός [adj.] 'protecting, protector, avenging, avenger' (Hdt., Att.).

===Pag_1537: Beekes_Página_1537.tiff===

    *VAR Dor. τιμάορος (Pi, trag.), Hell. epic τιμήορος (A. R.).

    *DER Tipwp-ia, -in, -Ew, -ἔομαι, -ησις, -ημα, -ητής, -ητήρ, -ητικός, -ίζομαι.

    *ETYM Originally 'preserving or guarding τιμή", from *ta-Fop-oc, ἃ univerbation  of ▶︎ τιμή and ▶︎ ὁράω.

XXXXXτινάσσω [v.] 'to sway, shake, quake' (IL, epic Ion. and Aeol. poet.). <?>

    *VAR Aor. τιν-άξαι, -αχθῆναι, fut. -άξω, perf. med. τετί-ναγμαι.

    *COMP Also with éx-, év-, ἀπο-, δια-, etc.

    *DER τιναγ-μός (ék-, év-, ava-) [m.] 'shaking, quaking' (LXX, Hell. and late pap.),  also -μα (ἀπο-, év-) [n.] 'shake' (LXX, AP), τινάκ-τωρ [m.] 'shaker', of Poseidon (S. lyr.], Nonn.), -tetpa [f.] of the trident of Poseidon (A. Pr. 924); ἐκτιναγμός also  '(suddenly) departing, sale of a product' (pap.); cf. ἐκτινάξαι: ἀποκινῆσαι 'drive away'  (H.) and ἀποκινεῖν: τὸ ἀπέρχεσθαι καὶ ἀποτρέχειν 'run away' Suid. Also -axtpov [n.]  'winnowing fan' (pap. III), -αξις [f.] 'pushing away' (Heph. Astr., EM).

    *ETYM Without a certain explanation. Acc. to an old hypothesis by Fick, τινάξαι, -Ew  may have been dissimilated from *kiva&ai, -ξω (from ▶︎ kivéw, κίνυμαι), from which  τινάσσω (after πατάσσω, ἀράσσω, etc.) was later created.

XXXXXτινθαλέος [adj.] 'boiling hot' (Nic, Nonn.).

    *COMP δια-τινθαλέος 'id' (Ar. V. 329; cf. διά-θερμος).

    *ETYM Formation from ν τινθός after avadéoc, etc. The meaning of »τινθός is  unclear: perhaps 'hot steam', of a kettle (Lyc. 36)? It has been compared with τιντόν-  ἑφθόν 'boiled' (H., but alphabetically incorrect). The variation 1/8 in the gloss (if it is  reliable) points to a Pre-Greek word (Fur. 191).

XXXXXtivOupitw [v.] 'to twitter' (Call.).

    *ETYM Onomatopoeic; cf. τιτίζω (s.v. ▶︎ τιτιγόνιον) and ▶︎ ψιθυρίζω. The prenasalized  consonant and perhaps the suffix -vp- may point to a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXtivw [v.] act. 'to pay, settle, atone', med. 'to make (oneself) pay or atone, punish, avenge'.

    <IE *k'ei- 'punish, avenge'>



    *VAR Ion. 1, Att. i; also τείνυμαι (Hom. Hes., Hdt.), Cret. ipv. ἀπο-τεινύτω (V*), Hell. and late (ἀπο-)τείνυμι, -τίννυμι, -τιννύω, Arc. ἀπυ-τειέτω; aor. τεῖσαι (Aeol. πεῖσαι),  -ασθαι, fut. τείσω (Cypr. πείσει), -ομαι (Hom.), aor. pass. τεισθῆναι, perf. τέτεισμαι  (Att.), act. τέτεικα (Hell.).

    *DIAL Myc. ptc. med. ge-ja-me-no /k'ei"ameno-/ (interpreted as a sigmatic aorist by  LIV?, as opposed to Lejeune 1958-1963: 305-6, 300° and DELG s.v.).

    *COMP Also with prefix, especially ano- and ἐκ- (also mpoo-ano-, προσ-εκ-, etc.).

    *DER τίσις [f.] 'payment, compensation, penitence, punishment, revenge' (IL, epic  Ion. poet.); from éxtivw: ἔκτισις (also -el- after τεῖσαι, teiow), Arc. ἔστεισις [f.]  'payment, atonement' (Att. Hell. and late), ἔκτεισμα [n.] 'id' (PL, Hell); from  ἀποτίνω: ἀπότισις [f.] 'repayment' (Ath.), ἀπότεισμα [n.] 'id' (Amorgos). Also τιτὺς  in τιτυρξος [gen.] 'amends' (Gortyn); titac [m.] 'avenger, avenging' (A. Ch. 67 [lyr.]),  Dor. for *ti-t1¢; also designation ofan official (Gortyn), titat εὔποροι, ἢ κατήγοροι  τῶν ἀρχόντων 'resourceful; accusers/prosecutors of rulers' (H.); also ἀ-τίτας 'non-  payer' (A. Eu, 256 [lyr.]).

===Pag_1538: Beekes_Página_1538.tiff===

    *ETYM The difference between the Ion. and Att. presents shows that τίνω goes back  to a thematicized nasal present ἔτινξω. Dialectally and in Homer, Greek preserves  the athematic formation τείνυμαι (mostly written tIv(v)-; see Wackernagel 1916: 77ff. with important details), which has a secondary full grade replacing ἔτίνυμαι (perhaps  after aor. τείσασθαι, fut. τείσομαι); Arc. ἀπυ-τειέτω was also built on the latter forms. Later attestations are τεισθῆναι, τέτεισμαι, τέτεικα (all innovations). Regarding  cognates of the Greek verb, it is now customary to distinguish three roots *k'ei-: 1. 'to observe' (whence probably Gr. ▶︎ tiw), 2. 'to gather, pile up' (whence perhaps Gr. ▶︎ ποιέω), and 3. 'to punish, avenge' (see LIV'), The original Greek nu-present  *tivutat has a formal counterpart in Av. cinuuant- [ptc.pres.act.] 'penitent (?) <  *k*i-nu-ent-. Others connect *k'ei- 1. and 3,, assuming a semantic development 'to  observe, animadvertere' > 'to avenge, punish'. This allows comparison of Skt. thematic cdyate 'avenge, punish' (which would be Gr. *teietat = IE *k'ei-e-toi; cf. Arc. ἀπυ-τειέτω [act.]), to which the act. Av. ci-kaiiat 'should pay/mend,  ἀποτεινύτω᾽ (with reduplication; cf. Skt. cikéti 'observes') is related. In Anatolian, we  may now compare Lyc. A ttiti, B kikiti 'to fine'. More cognate Avestan forms are  given by LIV? s.v. The ti-stem in τίσις is compared with Skt. épa-citi- [f.] 'requittal',  IE *(-)k"i-ti-. Within Greek, the o-grade h,stem ▶︎ ποινή 'penalty' is related,  corresponding to Lith. kdina 'price', and found in Av. kaénd- 'punishment', IE *k'oi-  πῆς.

XXXXXτίπτε (adv.] 'why then? (Hom., A. Ag. 975 [lyr.]).

    *ETYM Various explanations have been given throughout time. Szemerényi assumed  syncope from ti ποτε (Szemerényi 1964: 218f.); Kretschmer compared τίπτε with Lat. mihi-pte, sud-pte, etc. others equated ἔτιτ-πε and Lat. quippe (e.g. Schwyzer: 266). Recently, Lillo Glotta 70 (1992): 15-19 brilliantly solved the problem by arguing that  the word represents *k'id-k'e (thus an older variant of ti te), giving *k*itk'e >  *kvik'te > τίπτε.

XXXXXτίς [pron.] 'who, which, what?'.

    *VAR Ntr. ti, gen. τέο (Ion.), τοῦ (Att.), younger τίνος; dat. τέωι, τῶι, τίνι; acc. τίνα,  etc.

    *DIAL Thess. xic, Arc. and Cypr. otc, El. and later Lac. tip. Myc. displays the old  labiovelar in jo-qi = later ét(1)..

    *DER Enclitic τις, τι, etc: indefinite pronoun 'some(one), whoever, etc.'.

    *ETYM Identical with Lat. quis, quid, Hitt. kuis, kuit, etc., from IE *k'i-s, ntr. k"i-d. The gen. τέο corresponds to OCS ¢eso, Go. Hvis 'whose', from IE *k'e-so. Av. cahiia  received the nominal ending *-sio. In Greek, the dat. τέωι, τῶι was formed after τέο,  τοῦ. The accus. τίνα added the ending -a to older *tiv (= Hitt. kuin, Av. cim, etc.),  just like év-a, Ζῆνα, etc. From this point, the forms tiv-oc, tiv-t, etc. with stem-final  -v- spread (already Hom.). The old ntr.plur. *k'ih, is found in ἅ-σσα, ἅ-ττα © ἅ-  τινα), and in ἄσσα, ἄττα. It arose by reanalysis of ὁπποῖά σσα as ὁποῖ᾽ dooa, etc. As  an independent element, it was preserved in Boeot. ▶︎ τά, Megar. σά 'why, how?'.

XXXXXτιταίνω --τείνω.

===Pag_1539: Beekes_Página_1539.tiff===

XXXXXτίτανος [[1] 'chalk, plaster, crayon, marble-scrapings' (Hes. Sc. 141, Arist., Str., medic.).

    *VAR  In Η: titavog and tétavoc κονία, χρίσμα, ἄσβεστος 'dust, plaster, unslaked  lime'.

    *DER τίτανις ([f.] (medic.); τιτανωτὴ χρόα: γυψωτὴ ἢ AevKdxpoog 'of pale  complexion', τιττανωμένας: γεγυψωμένας 'rubbed with chalk' (H.).

    *ETYM Like most expressions for 'chalk', the word must be a loan. A different  hypothesis is offered by Reichelt IF 40 (1922): 47, who connects Skt. Svitnd- 'whitish',  as well as the TN Titavn, Aeol. Lac. Πιτάνη, and (with different anlaut) κίττανος: ἡ  κονιακὴ τίτανος (H.) (assuming a cross with κόνις!) However, given the variation  e/t, the word is probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXτίτθη

    *VAR τιτθός, --τιθήνη.

XXXXXτιτιγόνιον [n.] name of an insect, like the τέττιξ (Epil. Com., Paus. Gr., ΕΜ, Eust.). <?>

    *DER Backformation τιτίς, -ίδος [f.] name of a small bird, also 'vagina' (Phot.). Besides the birdnames τίτυρος, τιτύρας (H.).

    *ETYM Presupposes "τιτιγών (cf. τρυγών, χελιδών, ἀηδών, which all have by-forms  in -éviov). Zenodotus read τετριγῶτας (B 314) as titilovtac, assuming an  onomatopoeic verb tititw 'chirp'.

XXXXXτίτλος [m.] 'title, inscription' (NT, Lyd.), 'tattoo' (sch. Hermog.).

    *VAR Also [f.].

    *ETYM A loan from Lat. titulus.

XXXXXτιτρώσκω [v.] 'to wound, harm, damage' (IA).

    *VAR Also τρώω (φ 293); aor. τρῶσαι, fut. tpwow (IL), pass. aor. τρωθῆναι, perf. τέτρωμαι (Pi, IA), act. τέτρωκα (late).

    *cOMP Also with prefix, eg. kata-, éx-, the last in the sense of 'to have a miscarriage',  with the athematic root aorist éétow- ἐξεβλάβη, ἐξεκόπι ἡ κύησις 'the conception is  terminated' (EM), subj. ἐκτρῷ.

    *DER 1. τρῶ-σις [f.] 'wound' (Hp, Arist. Thphr., Plu.). 2. -σμός [m.] 'miscarriage'  (Hp., Dsc.). 3. -ua (Ion., Dor. [Theoc. 21, 50]), Att. τραῦμα [n.] 'wound, damage, leak  (on ships), setback, defeat', with diminutive -μάτιον, -ματίας, -ἰης [m.] 'wounded,  injured' (Pi., 1A), -ματικός 'belonging to injuries' (Dsc.), -ματιαῖος 'wounded' (pap.),  -ματίζω 'to wound' (IA), -ματισμός [m.] (Ruf.). 4. -τός 'vulnerable' (P 568). To this,  semantically independent, ἔκτρω-μα, -σις, -σμός 'miscarriage' (Hp., Arist.), with  τ-ωτικός (Plu.), -ματικός, -ματιαῖος, -ματισμός (gloss.).

    *ETYM Because of the -v- in Att. τραῦμα, τρω- used to be explained as from a long  diphthong tpwv-, and connected with ▶︎ tépuc. Alternatively, Att. τραῦμα has been  considered an innovation after θραῦμα, Opatw. In this case, τιτρώσκω should be  derived from a root *terh,- (cf. LIV' s.v.), It rather seems, however, that influence of  θραῦμα is most improbable. Moreover, introduction of vocalism -av- in a root Tpw-  would be incomprehensible. We have to start from a root tpw-/ tpav-, which cannot  be explained in IE terms. In Pre-Greek, however, a variation av/ ὦ is found: see Fur.:

===Pag_1540: Beekes_Página_1540.tiff===

237, 242, 301", 387 (κασαύρα, -άς ' κασωρίς; σαῦσαξ / σώσικες; τραύξανα / τρώξανον, as well as ▶︎ θαῦμα θῶμα). This means that the word is Pre-Greek; the connection with Skt. furd- 'wound, ill should then be discarded, and connection with teru- (» tépuc) 'soft, weak' is semantically unconvincing. Peters 1980b: 328ff. tries to revive Martinet's theory of labialized h,, but this theory is now generally rejected. The root terh;- in LIV' should therefore be deleted. For terh,- 'to pierce', see ▶︎ teipw, ▶︎ τετραίνω, ▶︎ τεράμων, ▶︎ TEPETPOY, etc. τιτ(τ)υβίζω [v.] 'to twitter', said of swallows and other birds (Ar. Babr.), 'to cluck', said of partridges (Thphr. Fr. 181). 4 ONOM>

    *COMP Also with ἀμφι-.

    *ETYM An onomatopoeic word, like Skt. tittird- 'partridge', tit(ibha- bird name  'Parra jacana', Lith. fitilvis 'sanderling', tilvikas 'snipe, sanderling, (German)  Brachhuhn'. These words are similar, but independent formations.

XXXXXτίτυρος [m.] 'he-goat' (sch. Theoc. 3, 2; -ἰς Phot.), 'bell-wether' (Dor. Serv. ad Verg. E. Prooem.), = Σάτυρος (Ael.), but Τίτυροι are distinguished from Σάτυροι and Σιληνοι (Str. 10, 3, 15); also designation of a short-tailed ape (Thphr, cf. ▶︎ σάτυρος); name of a shepherd (Theoc., Verg.), father of the poet Ἐπίχαρμος (Suid.), Τιτυρεία γυνά (Larissa III*). Also glossed as κάλαμος 'reed, etc.' (H.).

    *VAR Also ti- (metrical lengthening?).

    *DER τιτύρ-ινος (αὐλός) 'shepherd's whistle' (Ath., H.); -ἰστής [m.] 'whistler' (App.),  after κιθαριστής, etc. On τίτυρος = ὄρνις 'bird' see ▶︎ τιτιγόνιον.

    *ETYM Fur.: 184 compares διθύρ-αμβος, which would contain a variant of τιτυρ- with  a Pre-Greek suffix -αμβος. Previous proposals include connection with ▶︎ σάτυρος,  from IE *ta- 'swell' (LIV' s.v. *teuh,-), by Solmsen IF 30 (1912): 32ff. This is rejected  by Nehring Glotta 14 (1925): 158ff., who considers both words to be loans from Asia  Minor. Deroy Par. del pass. 17 (1962): 421ff. connects -τυρος with ταῦρος 'bull'  (which would also stem from Asia Minor). See ▶︎ διθύραμβος. '

XXXXXτιτύσκομαι [v.] 1. 'to aim' with weapons, etc; also mentally 'to aim at, strive for' (Hom., Theoc., AP); 2. 'to make ready, prepare, harness' (Il.), in this mg. post-Hom. -boxw (B. Arat., Lyc., etc.). «1ῈῸ *d"eug"- 'hit the mark, meet'>

    *VAR Only present and imperfect.

    *DER Also τετύσκετο- κατεσκευάζετο 'prepared', τετύσκων- ἐμφανίζων 'manifesting'  (H.) (cf. also tetuxeiv, -ἔσθαι s.v. ▶︎ τεύχω).

    *ETYM Reduplicated ox-present from ▶︎ τεύχω, ▶︎ τυγχάνω, from ἔτι-τυχ-σκομαι (or  Ti-tvk-?). On the use in Hom., see Triimpy 1950: ποῖ.

XXXXXτιτώ --Τιτᾶνες.

XXXXXτίφη [f.] 1. 'close-grained wheat, einkorn, Triticum monococcum' (Arist., Thphr,, etc.). 2. name of an insect = oiAgn, τίλφῃη (Poll. Phryn., Ael.). 3. mg. unclear in Ar. (Ach. 920, 925), acc. to sch. Rav. ad loc. and Suid. s.v. θρυαλλίς = σίλφη. <1. ? 2. PG? 3. ἢ»

    *DER τίφινος [adj.] 'belonging to the einkorm' (Gal., Orib.).

    *ETYM 1. and 3. unknown. On 2., see Fur.: 167, 249, 261: Pre-Greek assibilation, thus  from *?'. Further related to Lat. delpa.

===Pag_1541: Beekes_Página_1541.tiff===

XXXXXτῖφος [n.] 'soggy place, marsh, pond' (Theoc., A. R., Lyc.). «Ὁ

    *DER τιφώδης 'soggy' (Str.), τίφια ὄρνεα- τὰ ἐν τοῖς ἕλεσι γινόμενα 'which are born in  the marsh-meadows' (H.).

    *ETYM Frisk and others analyze it as ti-poc (gender like in ἕλος, τέναγος), and  connect ti-Aoc, τή-κω with a labial suffix, comparing Lat. tabés, This is phonetically  impossible, and the etymology simply remains unknown. See ▶︎ τῖλος.

XXXXXτίφυον [n.] 'Scilla autumnalis, squill' (Thphr.).

    *ETYM The variation in τίφυον / ▶︎ ipvov points to Pre-Greek origin (Fur.: 391).

XXXXXtiw [v.] 'to honor, estimate, appreciate' (Il, epic poet.). *y

    *VAR The epic interchange τ] i is metrically conditioned; later only tiw. Aor. τῖσαι,  fut. tiow, perf. ptc. pass. τετιμένος.

    *COMP  Rarely with προ-, nept-. noAv-ti-tog 'highly honored' (Orac. apud Hdt. 5, 92), a-ti-etoc 'unhonored' (A. flyr.]), 'not honoring' (E. [lyr.]), also a-tiet (Thgn. 621), perhaps nonce formation  opposed to preceding τίει; after this ἀτίουσι (Orph. L. 52). On ▶︎ ἀτίζει, see s.v.

    *DER On > tin, see s.v.

    *ETYM The connection with tivw 'to punish' depends on the reconstruction of the  root of tiw. On the basis of Slavic material cognate with tiw (OCS Cajati 'to expect,  hope for', SCr. cajati 'to wait'), Derksen 2008 opts for a reconstruction *k'eh,i-, with  internal laryngeal. The same would work well for OCS kajati se 'to repent', in spite of  semantic doubts by Derksen 2008 sv. The Skt. verb 3pl. act. cdyanti, ptc. med. cayamdna- (RV) 'to observe, honor', cayti- [adj.] 'showing reverence', etc. are also  easily explained from a root *k'eh,i-, whereas a reconstruction without laryngeal  would force one to assume a so-called Narten present for PIE, a type for which most  evidence has now disappeared. If we look at Greek, the alternation between i andi in  Homer could also be explained by an alternation *k'eh,ie/o- / *k'h,ie/o- (note that  -τῖτος is long as well, which could be from a metathesized *k'h,i-to-), where the  latter form would give tie/o-, while in the former, *téje/o- may have been replaced by  tie/o-. Moreover, tin is best explained as from a root with laryngeal, instead of  assuming a suffix *-smeh,-. The root formed an i-present *k'eh,-i-, and a vestige of  the old root *k'eh,- may be found in Gr. ▶︎ τηρέω. For the shift meaning in Greek, Lat. observdre 'to observe, honor, etc.' has been  compared.

XXXXXτλήμων

    *VAR τλῆναι. --ταλάσσαι.

XXXXXτμήγω [v.] 'to cut, cleave, divide' (Il, epic).

    *VAR Aor. τμῆξαι, -ασθαι; Aeol. τμᾶξαι (Pi, Balb.), fut. τμήξω, them. aor. διέτμᾶγον  [1sg.] (n 276), pass. (διε)γτμάγεν [3pl.] (Hom.), Hell. and late τμηγῆναι.

    *COMP Also with prefix, especially ἀπο-, dta-.

===Pag_1542: Beekes_Página_1542.tiff=== XXXXXτόκος 1491

    *DER ἀπο-τμήξ, -ἤγος [adj.] 'cut off, steep' (σκοπιή, A. R. 2, 581; cf. ἀπορρώξ); also  -τμηξις [f.] 'cutting off (late), τμῆγος: ... βούτμημα 'furrow' also τμήγας: γατόμος,  ἀροτήρ 'cleaving the ground, plougher' (H.).

    *ETYM Enlargement of τμη- in τμη-τός, -θῆναι, etc. (from ▶︎ τέμνω), after several  models. The short vowel in τμάγεν (to ἐτμάγην) recalls ἐρράγην, ἐάγην. Perhaps this  was the origin of the hapax διέτμαγον. Further, τμῆξαι, τμήξω were built on ῥῆξαι,  ῥήξω, etc. see Chantraine 1942: 392 and 4oo. Giintert 1914: 132 supposes a cross with  θήγω (θάγω) 'to whet'; Chantraine 1942: 330 attempts to find a semantic  differentiation from ▶︎ téuvw. The Doric forms with tua must be secondary; see the  discussion in DELG s.v.

XXXXXto- [pron.] 'this, that; the' (Hom., epic poet., Dor.).

    *VAR In acc. τόν, fem. τήν (Dor. τάν), ntr. nom.acc. τό, plur. nom. τοί, fem. ταί, ntr. nom.acc. τά, etc.

    *ETYM Inherited demonstrative pronoun, used in post-Homeric Greek as the article,  and in Homer as a demonstrative and anaphoric pronoun. Ionic-Attic replaced the  old nom. toi, tai with oi, ai, after the nom.sg. ὁ, a. The formation is identical with  Skt. acc.sg. tam, tam, tdd, nom.pl.m. té, etc. and with Gm. forms like Go. acc. msc. pan-a, fem. po, ntr. pat-a, plur. pai. A new nom.sg. was created in Lith. tas, ta, OCS  to, ta, to, etc. See ▶︎ ὁ, ἡ.

XXXXXtot [encl.pron.] 'to you', dat.sg. corresponding to IA σοί (epic Ion., Dor. Aeol.), from ▶︎ σύ. «1Ὲ *tu- 'you'>

    *VAR Dor. also accented τοί.

    *DER Hence Att. tot as an enclitic pcl. 'indeed, truly, etc.', Also at the beginning of a  sentence and with orthotonic accent, toi yap, τοιγάρ (epic poet.).

    *ETYM The atonic particle corresponds to Skt. te. For the stressed sentence-initial  particle, connection with the demonstrative to- has been proposed; see Schwyzer  1950: 580ff., who also discuss strengthened τοιγάρτοι, τοιγαροῦν, as well as τοίνυν,  μέντοι, etc.

XXXXXτοιθορύσσω --τανθαρύζω.

XXXXXτοῖος [demonstr. pron.] 'such, such as' (especially poetic, Il.+).

    *VAR fem. toia (Ion. -n), ntr. τοῖον.

    *DER τοιοῦτος, τοιόσδε 'id. (esp. IA prose) built on οὗτος, ὅδε.

    *ETYM Greek formation built on the pronominal stem to-. The origin is disputed:  *tosio- (< gen.sg. *tosio) or *toiso-? The second option is chosen by W. Petersen  TAPA 46 (1915): soff., who starts from the gen.pl. toiwv = Skt. tésam, ON peira, from  PIE *toisom to *to-, Gr. ▶︎ to-. Thence, the other case forms, e.g. τοῖοι, τοῖος, etc. In  the same way, ποῖος, οἷος could have been derived from ποίων, οἵων (= Skt. késam,  yésam); after this also arose the other words in -otoc.

XXXXXτοῖχος = *TELXOG.

XXXXXτόκος = TIKTW.

===Pag_1543: Beekes_Página_1543.tiff===

XXXXXτόλμη [[1 'boldness, courage, daredevilry, dauntlessness, brashness' oe

    *VAR -μὴ is rare; usually τόλμᾶ (IA), cf. below on τολμήεις, -μάω; Dor. τόλμα (Pi).

    *COMP ἄτολμος 'without daring, daring nothing' (Pi, IA), πάντολμος daring  everything' (A., E.); ἀπότολμος 'dauntless, courageous' (late) from ἀποτολμάω,

    *DER 1. τολμήεις, Dor. -άεις 'courageous, dauntless, enduring' (Hom., Pi.). 2. τηρός  'id? (Att.), -npia [61] (Hell. pap.). 3. Denominative -aw [v.] 'to show courage, bring  oneself to courage; to act in spite of oneself, endure' (Il.), Hdt. -€w, aor. -foat, εἴς,  also with ano-, ém-, κατα-, etc. Thence -ημα [n.] 'venture, risk' (Att), -ησις [f.]  'reckless deed' (Pl. Def.), -ητής [m.] 'daredevil' (Th., Ph.), more popular -ητίας 'id.'  (Com. Adesp.), -ητικός = -πρός (late). 4. Hypocoristic τόλμιλλος [m.] 'daredevil  (Theognost. Can.). ᾿

    *ETYM PIE *tolh,-m(e)h,- > PGr. *tolmda-. The root-final *h, of the PIE pre-form was  lost before it could vocalize to *a. Traditionally, this loss is ascribed to the influence  of the *o in the root, a change known as 'De Saussure's Law'; cf. Beekes 1969: 238-  242. Van Beek 2009 now disconnects the laryngeal loss from the presence or absence  of the o-grade, and ascribes it to the environment *- VLHNV-. The usual form τόλμα  arose as a back-formation from τολμάω. See ▶︎ ταλάσσαι.

XXXXXτολύπη [f.] 'a clew of wool or yarn', also metaphorically of onion bulbs, pumpkins, ball-shaped cakes (Ar. Lys. 586, Eub., 5. Fr.1102, LXX, AP, etc.).

    *DER τολυπεύω 'to wind wool or yarn into a clew' (Ar. Lys. 587 [anap.], ambiguous τ  137), mostly metaph. 'to instigate, accomplish with difficulty, undergo' (epic poet. Il.), also with éx-; hence toAvnevpa [n.] = τολύπη, -ευτικός (Phot., Suid., H.).

    *ETYM Maurice RPh. 65 (1991) connects τυλυφάντης 'cushion-cover-weaver', which  he relates to Myc. tu-ru-pte-ri-ja, assuming influence of κορύνη or τορύνη to  account for the vocalism. Fur.: 340 compares Luw. taluppi 'clump of dough' (and  MoFr. talouppe);, the word may have o < a before v. A recent attempt at an analysis  has been made by Melchert Orpheus 8 (1998): 47-51: there is a Hitt. verb tarupp-* 'to  gather, collect', with the rare variant talupp- (2x); cf. Kloekhorst 2008: 850. The o  may come from a before u, like in Pre-Greek. The word must belong to the Pre-  Greek substrate, (a language cognate to) which must have spoken in large parts of  Anatolia as well. This may explain why a similar word is found in Anatolian.

XXXXXτόμουροι (-ovpot) [m.pl.] designation of the priests of Zeus in Dodona by Strabo 7.7.11, who cites it as a v.l. in 1 403; voc.sg. τόμουρε: μάντι (Lyc. 223). Acc. to H. = προφῆται, ἱερεῖς, οἰωνοσκόποι, διάκονοι 'interpreters (of the oracle), priests, augurs, officials (of a temple)'.

    *ETYM Unexplained. Strabo (l.c.) interprets the word as *toudp-ovpol = τομαρο-    φύλακες 'guardians of the mountain Τόμαρος (Tuapocy near Dodona. Possibly a  Pre-Greek term.

XXXXXτονθορύζω [v.] 'to murmur, speak inarticulately, gurgle' (A. Fr. 298 = 630 M., Ar. Herod., Luc., Opp.). 4 PG>

    *VAR Aor. -toau, fut. -ύξω; pres. also τονθορίζω and τονθρύζω.

    *COMP Rarely with ὑπο-, dta-.

===Pag_1544: Beekes_Página_1544.tiff===

    *DER τονθ(ο)ρυσμός [m.] 'murmuring' (Phryn.), τονθρυστής = γογγυστής (Aq.);  backformation τονθρύς: φωνή 'voice' (H.).

    *ETYM Expressive reduplicated formation in -θορ-, with dissimilation to t- in the  initial syllable. It belongs to ▶︎ θόρυβος, »θρυλέω, ▶︎ θρέομαι, whereas the suffix is the  same as in yoyyt{w, γρύζω, ὀλολύζω, etc. Gr. tovOoAvyéw 'to gargle, cluck'  (Pherecr.) has a similar meaning. On τοιθορύσσειν, see under ▶︎ τανθαρύζω. = The  formation, with prenasalization, is clearly Pre-Greek (Fur.: 382).

XXXXXτόνθων [3] - παρά Κορίννῃ ἐπὶ vwtiaiov (votiBiov codd.) κρέως ὄνομα 'name of the flesh on the spinal vertebrae (Corinna) (H.) Ξ fr. 685 P. «ἢ»

    *ETYM Bechtel 1921, 1: 310 supposes that it denotes a special delicacy, connecting  tévOw 'to be a glutton' (see ▶︎ τένθης).

XXXXXτόνος > TELVW.

XXXXXτόξον [n.] 'bow', plur. 'shooting device(s), (bows and) arrows' (Il.). On the plur. see Schwyzer 1950: 43 and 51, Chantraine 1953: 31f. < PG>

    *DIAL Myc. to-ko-so-ta = τοξότας, to-ko-so-wo-ko.

    *COMP τοξοφόρος [m., f.] 'bearing the bow, bowbearer', epithet of Apollo, Artemis  and others (epic poet. © 483, also Hdt.), τοξόκλυτος 'famous for the bow' (Pi. B.),  also κλυτότοξος 'having a famous bow', epithet of Apollo (Hom., B.), ἀγκυλότοξος  'having a crooked bow (IL, Pi.).

    *DER 1. τοξ-ότης, Dor. -ότας [m.] 'archer' (Il.), -ότις [f.] (Call. et al.), meaning  unclear in Plb. 8, 7, 3 (not with LSJ 'loophole for shooting arrows'); also plant name    ᾿ξ ἀρτεμισία (Poet. de herb.). 2. -ἴτις [f.] (vevpa) 'bowstring' (Hero, Ph. Bel.), epithet  of Artemis (Cos); uncertain -ἰτησία = ἀρτεμισία (Ps.-Dsc. 3, 113; read -itic?). 3. -tac in  Tottov βουνός: τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος τοῦ ἐν Σικυῶνι 'of Apollo in Sicyon' (H.). 4. -fa [f.]  name of a goddess (mentioned beside Ἄρτεμις; Gortyn). 5. -oobvn [f.] 'archery,  bowmanship' (N 314, E. [lyr.]). 6. -tavoi [pl.] 'people born under the sigth of τοξότης  (Sagittarius (Cat. Cod. Astr.). 7. -εὖς [m.] myth. PN (Hes. Fr. 110, 4), hypocoristic  like Τόξος (Corinth. vase). 8. Diminutive -dapiov [n.] (Luc. et al.). 9. -ἰκός 'belonging  to the bow, the archer', -ucn (τέχνη) [f.] CAtt.), τ-τκόν (φάρμακον) [n.] 'arrow poison'  (Arist., Str. et al.); also for "τοξοτικός. 10 -ωτός = arcuatus (gloss.). 11. Denominative  verb τοξ-εύω 'to shoot with bow and arrows' (Il.), also kata-, ἀπο-, ἐκ-, etc. Thence τευμα [n.] 'projectile, arrow' (IA), -ευσις [f] 'shooting with bow and arrows' (Lib.),  -eia [f.] 'id' (Hell. and late); -ευτής [m.] 'archer' ('¥ 850 et al.), also -ευτήρ [m.]  (Arat, Nonn.); mostly referring to the constellation (metri causa for -ότης, -ευτής),  [f.] -εὐτειρα (Opp.), -ευτική [f.] 'archery' (Gal.). 12. τοξ-άζομαι 'to shoot at someone  with bow and arrow' (Hom., Opp.), -άζω 'id' (Heracleit. All.), also with ém-; derived  from plur. τόξαϑ

    *ETYM Gr. τόξον replaces inherited βιός: in Homer, τόξον is already the more usual  word for 'bow'. As the Iranians, and especially the Scythians, were famous archers,  one might suspect τόξον to be a loan from an Iranian language; compare MoP tays  'bow, arrow' and Scythian PN Τόξαρις, Τάξακις. However, the Mycenaean  attestations disprove this possibility. Thus, τόξον could be of Pre-Greek origin. Latin  taxus 'yew-tree' could also be related, but it cannot be a borrowing from Greek.

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XXXXXτοπάζιον [n.] 'topaz', probably also of chrysolite and of other stones (LXX, Str., Ὁ. S., Apoc.).

    *VAR  Also -αζος {m.] (AP, J., Orph. et al.), -aCov {n.] (Eust.).

    *ETYM A loanword which (according to Iuba in Plin. HN 37, 108) was taken from the  language of the Trogodytes, and named after an island of the same name in the Red  Sea (likewise HN 6, 169). The form ταβάσιος, -ἰς (PHolm.) presents another variant. Fur. 155, 344 assumes that the variation ταβάσ- / τοπάζ- points to a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXτόπος [m.] 'place, region, space; subject of a speech, etc.' (IA since A.).

    *COMP τοπάρχης {m.] head of a district, esp. in Egypt; thence -éw {v.] -ia [f.] (LXX,  pap., etc.); ἄτοπος 'not at its place, out of place, unusual', ἐντόπιος 'situated in the  region, indigenous' (P1., etc.).

    *DER 1. τοπικός 'local' (Arist, pap., medic. et al.). 2. τιον [n.] 'place (of burial)'  (PLond., inscr. Asia Minor). 3. -ἴτης {m.] 'inhabitant of a place' (St. Byz.). 4. -elov  (-Hiov) [n.] 'cord, rope' (com, Call, Hell. inscr.). Denominative verbs: 5. τοπάζω 'to  aim at a place or a point, suspect, guess' (Att.), also with bito-; thence τοπαστικός  'inventive, sharp-witted' (Men.), ὑποτοπασμός [m.] 'suspicion' (J). 6. τοπίζω 'to  localize', -ἰσμός {m.] 'localization' (comm. Arist.), ἐκτοπίζω 'to remove', thence  -ἰσμός, -ἰστικός (Arist, Hell. and late). 7. ὑποτοπέομαι, -éw (-ebw) 'to suspect,  surmise' (Ion., Th., Ar...

    *ETYM The broad semantic range renders etymologizing difficult. The noun can go  back to PIE *top-o- or *tok¥-o-. A connection with PIE *tek'- 'to run, flow' is  semantically difficult. The root *tep- 'to hit, stick, smear' (whence OCS teti, 1sg. tepo  'to beat', Lith. tépti 'to smear, grease') could yield a noun *top-o- 'stain, spot', which  then developed to 'spot, place'; compare the similar semantic change which took  place in MoE spot or MoHG Fiecken (a suggestion by M. de Vaan; p.c.). Alternatively, Meier-Briigger Glotta 74 (1997/8): 99f. has derived τόπος from *tep- 'to  be hot', supposing an original meaning 'hot place, hearth' > 'any place'.

XXXXXτοράλλιον [n.] 'bed-cover' (Dura-Europos)

    *VAR  with metathesis τολάριον.

    *ETYM Possibly borrowed from Lat. toral(), according to LSJ.

XXXXXτόρβηλος [adj.] - μεμψίμοιρος 'criticizing, querulous' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Specht KZ 59 (1932): 34 explains it by dissimilation from *t6APrAoc, which  could belong to the isolated form τέλβεσθαι' μεμψιμοιρεῖν, ἐπικαλεῖν 'to grumble,  complain' (H.). These forms could go back to a root *telg'-, but no cognate forms are  known.

XXXXXτόργος [m.] 'vulture' (Call. Fr. 204, Lyc.), topyoc ὑγρόφοιτος 'swan' (Lyc.). <?>

    *ETYM Word belonging to learned Alexandrian poetry, without a convincing  etymology. A connection with Germanic 'stork' (ON storkr, MoHG Storch) seems  gratuitous. Thompson 1895 s.v. compares Coptic t(o)re, Ore 'kite'.

XXXXXτόρδῦλον [n.] name of an umbelliferous plant, 'hartwort, Tordylium officinale' (Ruf. apud Orib., Gal. Plin.).

    *VAR -ύλιον (Dsc.), -ῖλον (Nic. [-εἰ-], Dsc.), -(ALov (Dse. v.1.).

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    *ETYM Unknown etymology. Pur.: 367 compares ὄρδειλον (Nic. Th. 841), which is  perhaps a mistake for t-. It cannot be explained as an old variant without t- pointing  to Pre-Greek origin, pace Pur: 391.

XXXXXtopetv [v.aor.] 'to pierce' <1E *terh,,- 'rub, bore, pierce'>

    *VAR  Etope A 236, τορεῖν: τορῆσαι, τρῆσαι, τεμεῖν (H.). Reduplicated in tétopev:  ἔτρωσεν 'to damage', τετόρῃ: τρώσῃ 'wounding' (H.); thence ptc. τετορήσας (h. Merc. 119; verse-final), fut. τετορήσω 'to pierce with tones, proclaim with shrill tones'  (Ar. Pax 381, parodizing, see Schwyzer: 783), perf. ptc. τετορημένος (Nonn.). Also s-  aor. Topijoa = τορεῦσαι 'to stitch, chase, form' (Arat., AP, Sardis), also with ἀντι- 'to  pierce, pervade, penetrate' (E 337, K 267), fut.ptc. dvtitoprjowv (h. Merc. 178), pres. ptc. avtitopodvta (ibid. 283); aor. pass. διατορηθῆναι (Anon. apud Suid.). Verbal  adj. τοριγτός 'vulnerable' (Lyc.).

    *DER τορεύω, -εῦσαι 'to carve, emboss, form' (5. Fr. 315, Hell. and late.), also with  δια-: wdiv τορεύειν (Ar. Th. 986 [lyr.]) 'to carve a song' (?). Hence τορευ-τός  'chased, engraved', -τής [m.] 'chaser, engraver', -τική (τέχνη) 'the art of engraving',  -μα {n.] 'chased or engraved work', -oic = caelatura (gloss.), -ela [f.] 'engraving',  -eiov [n.] 'chased work' (all Hell. or late). τορεύς [m.] 'borer' (Philyll. apud Phot. AP), probably a backformation from τορεύω, not from τόρος 'id' (Att. inscr. ΓΝ", H.,  Eust.). Both τόρος and Sid topos 'piercing, pervading, loud; pierced' (A., S., Plu.,  Luc.: &ta-tetpaivw) could be derived from topetv. Read διατορία in Thphr. HP 11, 4.

    *ETYM The meaning of the verb fits perfectly with that of the PIE root *terh,- 'to  drill', but the o-grade in aor. is problematic. It has been proposed that it developed  through metathesis of a sequence *-ero- > -ore- (similarly for ▶︎ πορεῖν, ▶︎ μολεῖν,  ▶︎ θορεῖν). This would mean that there was a root aorist *tero- < 'terh, (cf. ▶︎ τιτρώσκω), but this remains speculative. Alternatively, we could be dealing with  real o-grade verbal formations. Epic ἀντι-τορῆσαι, -τορήσων, -topotvta are  innovations. DELG adduces Skt. tard- 'piercing, which resonates' and perhaps Olr. tairm 'sound'. See further ▶︎ τορός, ▶︎ tetpaivw, ▶︎ teipw, and ▶︎ tépuc.

XXXXXτόρμος [m.] 'socket, nave, peg' (Hdt., Ph. Bel., Hero Bel., Hell. inscr.). <1 *torh,,-mo- 'piercing, boring'>

    *DER τορμ-ίον [n.] 'small peg' (Ph. Bel.), -τκά [n.pl.] 'mortises' (Hero Bel.); τόρμη [f.]  = πλήμνη, καμπή, καμπτήρ, vdooa, ὕσπληξ, δρόμος (Ael. Dion. H., Suid.); the  meaning of the variant τόρμᾶ (Lyc. 262) is unclear: πλήμνη or vbooa? (sch. = τὸ  χάραγμα τὸ ἀπὸ τοῦ τροχοῦ 'trace of a wheel'). Glosses: ἐκ τορμῶν' ἀπὸ τοῦ  καμπτῆρος ἢ τοῦ σύμπαντος δρόμου 'from the turning point, or the whole course',  ἐκτορμεῖν' ἐκτετράφθαι τοῦ δρόμου 'to be turned off the road' (H.).

    *ETYM A derivative of the root *terh,,-; of. ▶︎ topetv. Cognates: Hitt. tarma- 'nail, peg',  CLuw. tarma/i- [c.] 'nail, peg' < *tor(h,)-mo-; the appurtenance of ON parmr [m.],  MoHG Darm < PGm. *barma- is less certain. For the non-vocalization of the  laryngeal in PIE *torh,,-mo-, see on ▶︎ τόλμη.

XXXXXτόρνος [m.] 'carving knife, lathe, turning-lathe, pair of compasses, circle' (Thgn., A). IE *torh,,,-no- 'turner, borer'>

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    *COMP ἔντορνος 'processed with ἃ turning-lathe, turned, revolved' (Ρ]., Arist. inscr.), whence évtopvia [f.], -evw [v.] (Hero).

    *DER 1. τορν-ίσκος [m.] 'turning-lathe' (Ph. Bel., Delos). 2. topv-ia σταφυλή (Poll.)  kind of grape. 3. topv-dopau, -dw 'to draw a circle, measure precisely' (Ὑ 255, € 249,  Ὁ. P., Tryph., H.), τωτός 'revolved, turned' (Hdn. Gr.), ἀποτορνῶσις [f.] 'rounding  off (Heliod. apud Orib.). 4. topv-ebw [v.] 'to spin round, turn' (E. [lyr.], Ar. Pl),  also with ἀπο-, xata-, περι-, etc. Thence -evya [n.] 'turning motion' (E. HF 978),  plur. 'turner's chips' (Hp., Hell. inscr.), -εἰα [f.] 'curved timber for shipbuilding'  (Thphr.), -evtdg 'turned, fit for turning' (Hell.), -ευτής [m.] 'turner' (Att. inscr.),  -ευτήριον [n.] 'turning-lathe' (Thphr.). With.a prop vowel -ο-: τόρονος (cod. -6voc)-  τόρνος. Ταραντῖνοι (H.); τορονευτός = tetopveupévoc (Lacon. in Edict. Diocl.).

    *ETYM An instrument noun with PIE suffix *-no- from the root of teipw, tetpaive,  topetv, etc. For the semantics, compare κυκλο-τερής 'turned around, round as a  circle', κύκλου τόρνος (X.), κυκλοτερὲς τορνεύσασθαι (Pl), and also Lat. teres, -etis    'rounded off, smooth' to teré 'to rub'. For the non-vocalization of the laryngeal in  PIE *torh,,-no-, see on ▶︎ τόλμη.

XXXXXτορός [adj.] 'loud, shrill, perceptible, clear', of the voice; also 'fast, agile' (A, E., Ar., Emp., PL, X.).

    *ETYM Adjectival o-derivative of the root PIE *terh,,- 'to pierce, bore'. The semantic  change of 'piercing' to 'loud, shrill' is also found in the aor. and fut. stem tetopro-;  see ▶︎ topelv. Connection with Lith. taryti 'to say, speak', Hittite ter-*' / tar- 'to speak,    state' < PIE 'ter-/tr- is therefore unwarranted. Cognates: Skt tard- 'piercing'  (Mayrhofer Sprache 10 (1964): 193f.).

XXXXXτορύνη 1 [f.] 'stirring spoon, stirring ladle' (Sophr., Ar., Pl.).

    *VAR Dor. -a (0 Ar., 0 AP 6, 305).

    *DER topvvaw [v.] 'to stir' (medic, Eub.), also ouv-; τορύνω (Ar. Eg. 1172) is  probably a backformation to the noun (different Schwyzer: 491: τορύνη a  backformation from τορύνω).

    *ETYM The origin of the suffix -bvn is unclear; compare kopbvy 'club', σιβύνη 'spear',  χελύνη 'lip, jaw', etc. Semantically, one could connect the Germanic verb * buer- 'to  stir', e.g. OE pweran, OHG dweran, OE pwiril, OHG dwiril 'stirrer' < PGm. *bwer-  ila-. Yet formally this etymology is implausible, since it would require a zero grade  *tup-bv1, whence τορύνη with dissimilation. Derivation from the root of ▶︎ telpw is  semantically difficult. Lat. trua 'stirring spoon' has the same meaning, but the form  cannot be reconciled with that of τορύνη. Since there is a PG suffix -ῦν-, τορύνη  could be Pre-Greek. Its ο could continue original *a before a following ἔμ.

XXXXXτορύνη 2 [f.] ' σιτῶδές τι 'cereals' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM No etymology. See ▶︎ πύρνος.

XXXXXτόσος [demonstr. pron.] 'as large, as much' (II. epic poet.). <1E *to-ti>

    *VAR Epic also τόσσος; in prose only subst. τόσον [n.].

    *DIAL Myc. to-so.

===Pag_1548: Beekes_Página_1548.tiff=== XXXXXτράγος 1497

    *DER τοσ(σ)οῦτος, τοσ(σ)όσδε 'id' (Il), τοσσ-ἥνοςος 'id.' (Theoc.), after τῆνος;  -Atiog 'id' (A. R, AP), -άκι (Hom., Simon.), τοσάκις (Polyaen.) 'so many times',  -avtakic (And., Pl., Arist.).

    *ETYM From PIE *toti-o-, built on the PIE adverb * foti 'so many' (in Skt. tdti, Lat. tot,  toti-dem 'so many'). The Greek formation probably first arose as a plural t60(o)ot 'as  many', whence the sing. τόσ(σ)ος 'as large'.

XXXXXτόσσαι [v.inf.] 'to meet, get into, happen to' (Pi, Fr. 22). <?>

    *DER Aeol. ptc. τόσσαις for "τόσσας (Pi. P. 3, 27), ἐπι-τόσσαις; 38g. ind. ἐπέτοσσε =  ἐπέτυχε (Pi. P. 10, 33; 4, 25).

    *ETYM No certain etymology. Because of the semantic agreement with τυχεῖν, Pisani  RiLomb. 77 (1943-44): 565 regards τόσσαι as a false Ionisation of Boeot. "τόξαι for  Ἐτύξαι = τυχεῖν. Cf. Schwyzer: 755'.

XXXXXtote [adv.] 'at that time, then' (IA Arc.).

    *VAR  Acol. tota, Dor. τόκα 'then'; τοτὲ (μὲν ... τοτὲ δὲ) 'sometimes'.

    *ETYM Demonstrative (τότε) and indefinite (toté) adverbs, derived from  demonstrative ▶︎ to- with different particles. See ▶︎ ὅτε and ▶︎ πότε.

XXXXXτούρπαινα [f.] the fish 'torpedo' (Al. Trall.,, Paul. Aegin.). «LW Lat.>

    *ETYMA loanword from Lat. torpédo 'torpedo, crampfish, electric ray'.

XXXXXτοῦτις [?] - ὁ κόσσυφος 'blackbird' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXτόφρα [demonstr. adv.] 'up to, during, so long, meanwhile' (epic poet. Il.+). <1E *to- demonstr. pron.>

    *ETYM From demonstrative to- with an unclear extension; see ▶︎ ὄφρα with  references.

XXXXXτράγος [m.] 'he-goat, buck', also metaphorically 'smell of a he-goat' (epic Ion. poet. | 239+, Hell. and late prose), often 'puberty', 'lechery' (Luc.); name of a fish = male μαινίς (Arist. etc.); several plant-names, e.g. = ἐρινεός in Messenia (Paus.), 'spelt' (Dsc. and others), name of a constellation of the Dodekaoros (Cat. Cod. Astr.), comet's name (Lyd. Ost.).

    *COMP tpayonwywv [m.] plant name 'goatsbeard, salsify'; Bobtpayoc [m.] 'ox-goat',  a fabulous creature (Philostr.), ἐπίτραγοι [m.pl.] 'lush but infertile shoots of the vine'  (Ὁ. H,, Poll., EM), ἐπιτραγίας [m.] an unfertile and very fat kind of carp (Arist; see  below on τραγάω for the semantics);'Emtpayia [f] epithet of Aphrodite (Plu. Thes. 18, Att. inscr. from Imperial times).

    *DER 1. tpay-ioxog [m.] 'small he-goat' (Theoc., AP), fish name 'kipper' (Marc. Sid.),  also a kind of ornament (Delos 115). 2. -atva [f.] 'hermaphrodite' (Arist.). 3. -1x6c  'goat-like' (Plu, Luc.), short for τραγῳδικός 'belonging to the tragedy, tragic' (IA;  like κωμικός = κωμῳδικός), thence -ἰκώδης μῦθος (Palaeph.); -ἰκεύομαι 'to speak as  in a tragedy' (sch.). 4. -e(\)oc 'of a-he-goat' (late), -eir) (Theoc.), -éa (Thphr.), -ἢ  (Poll, Eust.) [f.] (sc. Sopa) 'goatskin'. 5. -ἰνος = -ξιος (AP). 6. Τράγιος [m.] month  name in Thessaly (inscr.); -ov [n.] plant name (Dsc.). 7. -ανός (H.) as an

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explanation of χόνδρος. Denominative verbs: 8 τραγίζω (ὑπερ-) 'to break one's voice, speak roughly' (Hp., Arist.), 'to smell like a goat' (Gal., Dsc.). 9. τραγάω 'to break one's voice' (Gal. etc.) 'to grow over-luxuriant, to grow only leaves and shoots without yielding fruit', of vines (Arist. Thphr.).

    *ETYM Literally 'gnawer, eater of sweets', agent noun of tpayetv; see ▶︎ tpwyw. There,  it is concluded that the group of tpwyw is of Pre-Greek origin, but the formation of  tpayetv may be an inner-Greek creation. See ▶︎ αἴξ,» ἀρνειός, ▶︎ Κάπρος, ▶︎ κριός, and  ▶︎ τραγῳδός.

XXXXXτραγῳδός [π|.} 'singer and dancer in the tragic choir, tragic actor' (Att. Hell. and late), very rarely and mostly uncertain 'poet of tragedies'; οἱ τραγῳδοί also 'rendering of a tragedy'.

    *VAR  Boeot. τραγαρυδος (Orchom. I', archaizing).

    *DER 1. τραγῳδ-ἕέω 'to act as a tpaywdde, treat in a tragedy, to display or relate with  tragic pathos', whence late -nua, -ητής, -ητός. 2. -ia [[] 'tragedy', also 'elevated  poetry, grand display' (PL, Hell. and late), 3. -τπκός 'like a tragic actor' (Ar.). 4. -dptov  [n.] diminutive of -ia (Ὁ. H.). 5. -εύς = -ός (sch.).

    *ETYM Probably formed after the'pattern of ▶︎ ῥαψῳδός; further etymology uncertain. Traditionally derived from τράγος 'buck', which would have been given as a prize to  the winner in the oldest dramatic Agon; thus also Else Herm. 85 (1957): 17ff. with ref.

XXXXXtpaxta [n.pl.] 'layers of a cake, καπύρια᾽ (Ath.); τράκτον [sg.] 'white, bleached wax' (EM) = τρακτὸς κηρός (ate med.)

    *DER τράκτ-ωμα [n.] 'plaster of white wax' (Hippiatr.), - αἴζω 'to bleach or whiten like  wax' (EM); τρακτεύω 'to manage', whence -ευτής, -ευτικός (Cod. Iust., Lyd. Mag. et  al.), τρακταΐζω [v.] 'id.' (Men. Prot.).

    *ETYM A loanword from Lat. tractum 'piece of dough for making cake', tractare 'to  handle'.

XXXXXτράμις [f.] 'the narrow space between the legs between the anus and the genitals: the perineum' (Archil., Hippon., Ar, Ruf., Luc), acc. to H. = τὸ τρῆμα τῆς ἕδρας, ὁ ὄρρος. τινὲς ἔντερον, οἱ δὲ ἰσχίον 'the hole of the seat, the rump; the innards, the hip-joint (or the flesh around ity

    *DER διάτραμις = λισπόπυγος (Stratt.).

    *ETYM Frisk explains it as a zero grade verbal noun in *-mi-, from the same root as  τόρμος 'socket, peg' (from ▶︎ teipw, ▶︎ tetpaivw.). This is formally difficult, because  that root probably had a final laryngeal. It could well be a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXτράμπις, -ίδος, -ἰος [f.] according to sch. Lyc. BaxpBapikdv πλοῖον᾽ -(Lyc., Nic. [ν.1. -Bic)). < PG>

    *VAR vil. τράμβις.

    *ETYM Probably a loanword. Fur.: 165 thinks it is a variant of τράφηξ, τρόφηξ,  τράπηξ, τρόπηξ 'bar, beam, board, handle'. In that case, τράμπις could be a Pre-  Greek word.

XXXXXτρᾶνής [adj.] 'clear, distinct, definite, sure' (trag, Ὁ. H., Ph, Plu). ne

===Pag_1550: Beekes_Página_1550.tiff=== XXXXXτραπέω 1499

    *VAR Late also -ός, often adv. -ὥς, -όν.

    *COMP περίτρανος 'very clear' (Hell. and late).

    *DER τραν-ότης [f.] 'clarity' (Ph., Plu., etc.), -6w [v.] 'to make clear, attract attention',  also with dia-, éx-; thence -@pata (γλώσσης) [pl.] 'perceptions' (Emp. 4, 11), -ωτικός  'serving for brightening' (Theol. Ar.).

    *ETYM From PIE *trh,-n-, from the root *terh,- 'to pass, cross' (cf. E seeing through). Alternatively, it could have secondary long -@- for *é, in which case it derives from  the root *terh,- 'to pierce' (cf. E sharp sight). The s-stem adj. recalls σαφηνής, etc. (see  ▶︎ σαφής).

XXXXXτράπεζα [f.] 'table, plate, meal, dish, money changer's counter, bank' (Il).

    *VAR Dor. τράπεσδα (Alcm.), Boeot. τρέπεδδα (Orchom. III*).

    *DIAL Myc. to-pe-za /torpeza/.

    *COMP τραπεζοφόρος [m.] 'table-bearer' (Ar.Fr. 124), designation of a priestess of  Athena (Lycurg. etc.), τὸ τραπεζοφόρον [n.] 'serving table, sideboard' (Cic, Poll.,  etc.), ὁμοτράπεζος 'eating at the same table' (Hdt, PI., εἴς.

    *DER τ. Diminutive tpanét-ov [n.] (Late Attic), geometric 'trapezium' (Arist.+). 2. -εύς in κύνες τραπεζῆες 'table dogs' (Hom.), 'parasites' (Plu.). 3. -ίτης, Dor. -itac,  Boeot. τρεπεδ(δ)ί-τας [m.] 'money changer, banker' (Late Att. Hell. and late);  thence -itikdc, -ἰτεύω, -ἰτεία, [f] -ἴτις (pap. VIP), -εῖται κύνες = -ῆες κ. (dn. Gr; -e1-  probably itacistic), -itnv Πάριν: tov παραβάντα τὴν τράπεζαν 'who stood beside the  table' (Trag. Adesp. 270), évtpanetitng = παράσιτος (Suid., Zonar.). 4. -ia [f]  'carpentry' (Thphr.). 5. -ότης [f.] 'tableness, the idea of a table' (Pl. apud D. L.). 6. τήεις 'belonging to the table' (Nic, Opp.). 7. -ώδης 'trapezoidal' (Str. etc.). 8. -w(v):  ἱέρειά τις Ἀθήνησιν 'a priestess at Athens' (H.) (= τραπεζοφόρος above). 9. -dopat,  τόω 'to be dished up, dish up' (S. Fr. 611, Hell. and late inscr.); thence -wpata [pl.]  'offerings' (Pergamon 115). τωσις [f.] 'serving' (Plu.). 10. Τραπεζοῦς, -οὔντος [f.] town  in Arcadia and on the south coast of the Black Sea; χώρα TpaneCovvtia (Paus.+).

    *ETYM PIE *k'tur-ped-ih,- 'having four feet' > PGr. *t(w)r-ped-ja-. Compound of a  zero grade of PIE 'four' (*k'tur) with the word for 'foot', plus a derivational suffix  *-ih,-. Myc. to-pe-za /torpeza/ shows the vocalization with o instead of a that is  regular in that dialect. Folk-etymological connection with 'three' yielded τρίπεζαν'  τὴν τράπεζαν. Βοιωτοί (H.), whence Boeot. τρέπεδδα. A different reflex *k'tru- >  tpu- is found in ▶︎ τρυφάλεια, which agrees with Av. caOru-, OW petru-, Lat. quadru-  'four-'. See ▶︎ τέσσαρες.

XXXXXτραπέω [v.] 'to press (grapes) ( 125, Hes. Sc. 301, Anan.), tpamijv- Anvonatetv 'to treat the wine-press', tpanéovto (also [Aeol.?] τροπέοντο): ἐπατοῦντο (Endtovv) 'were treading' (H.). <1 *trep- 'tread'>

    *VAR Only pres. and ipf.

    *DIAL Myc. jo-te-re-pa-to = ὡς τρέπαντο athem. aor. (Taillardat REGr. 97 (1984): 365-  373). .

    *DER τραπητός: ὁ οἶνος 'wine'; οἱ τραπηταί 'wine-pressers' as an explanation of  πατηταί (H.). With o-grade τροπήϊον [n.] '(wine-)press' (Hippon.), πρότροπος

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(οἶνος) 'wine before the pressing' (medic. etc.), Οἰνο-τρόποι [f.pl.], epithet of the three daughters of Anios (Lyc. 580). See on ▶︎ ἀτραπός.

    *ETYM Literally 'to tread (out), a zero-grade iterative present *trp-eie/o- of a PIE root  *trep- 'to tread'; cf. LIV' s.v. With an e-grade, we find eg. Lith. trepséti 'to scratch  (with the feet), trample'; with o-grade, Lith. trapinéti 'to push with the feet', Ru. tropat' 'to stamp, trample, knock', formally identical with the Gm. group of OS  thrabon, MHG traben, etc. Cf. ▶︎ tpénw.

XXXXXτράπηξ --τράφηξ.

XXXXXτρασιά 'ταρσός. 7

XXXXXτραυλός [adj.] 'suffering from a speech disorder, with deficient speech', for instance 'lisping, stammering', metaphorically of swallows 'chirping' (Hdt., Hp., Call. com., Arist., AP, etc.).

    *COMP τραυλόφωνος 'with lisping speech' (H. s.v. Βάττος, beside ἰσχνόφωνος; from  Hdt. 4, 155), ὑπότραυλος 'lisping something' (Hp.), ποικιλότραυλα (Theoc., of the  μέλη of the κόσσυφοι); PN TpavaAn (Lucr.).

    *DER τραυλ-ότης [f.] 'speech disorder' (Arist., Plu.), -i€w (ὑπο-) 'to speak deficiently,  etc. (Ar. Arist., Luc.), whence -ἰσμός (Plu.); also -ωσις [f.] (Gal.).

    *ETYM The suffix -Aoc is also found in other expressions for physical and psychical  defects, such as τυφλός, χωλός, σιφλός. Unclear etymology. Wackernagel 1897: 16f. connects it as *trs-u- = Go. paursus 'Enpdc, to which ▶︎ ἀτειρής from *a-tepo-t¢  could belong as well. Yet the loss of σ in tpavAdc and in ἀτειρής is improbable beside  τρασιά and τέρσομαι. Alternatively, does it belong to τραῦμα (see on > tiITpwdiw)?  The word might well be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXτραῦμα --τιτρώσκω.

XXXXXτραύξανα [n.pl.] 'dry wood, brushwood' (Pherer.).

    *VAR  Also τραύσανον' ξηρὸν πᾶν ἢ φρύγανον 'all dry items or firewood' (H.) (on σ  for ἔξ see Schwyzer: 211).

    *ETYM Acc. to Frisk, it may replace τρώξανα (see ▶︎ τρώγω) after θραύω. However,  the variation av : w betrays a Pre-Greek word (Fur.: 286). It is improbable that the  -av- was taken from θραύω; cf. on τραῦμα s.v. τιτρώσκω. The meaning of τραύξανα  does not warrant a derivation from τρώγω.

XXXXXτράφηξ, -ηκος [m.] meaning uncertain. According to H. (similar EM, sch. Lyc. etc.), it means χάραξ, σκόλοψ. ἔνιοι τὸ δόρυ, ἄλλοι TO τῆς νεὼς χεῖλος; acc. to EM also = τὸ ξύλον ἔνθα τιθέασι τὸν ἄρτον. Rare in literary language: Bito (beam, pole'), Lycophr. 641 (beam, plank' ?), 1001 ('spear'?), Att. inscr. IV* ('board of a ship'). «ΡῈ»

    *VAR In H. also: τράπηκι: δόρατι (from Lyc. 1001?); also with o-vocalism: τρόφηξ  (cod. -φῆς}: χάραξ, σκόλοψ (cod. σκώληξ), τρόπηκος: μερὶς τῆς κώπης ὁ τρόπηξ, οὗ  ἐπιλαμβάνονται οἱ ἐρέσσοντες: ὥστε ἀπὸ μέρους τὴν κώπην.

    *ETYM Instrument name in -ηξ (cf. οἴαξ, πήληξ, etc.). In theory, one might connect  Lat. trabs 'beam', but this cannot be substantiated. It is a loanword, according to

===Pag_1552: Beekes_Página_1552.tiff=== XXXXXτρᾶχύς 1501 Porzig ZII 5 (1927): 269, especially in view of the suffix. The variation a/o and 7/¢ is frequent in Pre-Greek words. Fur.:.165 also compares τράμπις, τράμβις 'foreign ship', in which case we have prenasalized variants as well. Thus, it is clearly a Pre-Greek word; the o cannot be explained from the noun τροπή, as Frisk surmised.

XXXXXτράχηλος [m.] 'neck, throat', sometimes including the head, also metaphorically (1A). eV AR Dor. (Epid.) -αλος.

    *COMP τραχηλοκοπέω 'to cut the throat' (Plu, Arr, etc; like Setpotopéw);  περιτράχηλος 'running around the neck' (ἅλυσις, pap. II?), whence περιτραχήλ-ιον,

XXXXXτίδιον [n.] 'necklace' (Hell. and late).

    *DER 1. τραχήλεια [n.pl.] 'meat scraps, originally of the neck' (Hp., com.). 2. -tov [n.]  'neck piece', 'the lower end of a spear' (EM, Harp.). 3. -ic: collare (gloss.). 4. -ιαῖος 'of  the neck' (Hippiatr., H., Eust.). 5. -ἰμαῖος 'id' (Str.). 6. -ιώδης 'stubborn' (EM), -ὦδης  'neck-like' (sch.). 7. -i{w (ἀπο-, mpoo-) 'to bend back, lay bare, turn the neck',  metaphorically of a ship 'to turn towards the wind', also 'to lay bare, expose;  overpower' (Hell. and late); thence -ισμός, -ἱστήρ (late). Further ἐκτραχηλίζω (of a  horse) 'to throw the rider over its head', metaphorically 'to precipitate into ruin'  (Ar. X, D., εἴς), whence -ιἰσμός (gloss.); παλιτραχηλίζω 'to be stubborn' (pap. ITT*). 8. τραχηλιάω 'to arch the neck proudly, accompany proudly' (LXX+).

    *ETYM Probably a Greek innovation, as opposed to inherited αὐχήν and δέρη 'neck'. Formally, one would like to connect τρέχω 'to run', τροχός, but the 'neck' is usually  denominated as 'turner, turn(ing)'; compare OCS vrate to vratiti 'to turn', probably  also Lith. kaklas, rather than 'runner'. Guilleux RPh. 73 (1999): 104 (see also DELG  Supp.) follows an article by Létoublon-De Lamberterie RPh. 54 (1980): 305-326,  which point to traces of an older meaning 'turn' for ▶︎ τρέχω. However, the word  may also be Pre-Greek, as Fur: 115° believes (the suffix -nAo- is frequent in Pre-  Greek). ι

XXXXXτρᾶχύς [adj.] 'rough, uneven, stony, bumpy', metaphorically 'severe, harsh' (IL). «1 d'th,-g-u- 'rough'>

    *VAR Epic Ion. τρηχύς.

    *DIAL Myc. PN ta-ra-ke-wi-[ja]? (Lejeune REGr. 75 (1962): 342).

    *COMP τραχύφωνος (-1-) 'with a coarse voice' (Hp., Ὁ. S. et al.), ὑπότραχυς (-η-)  'somewhat rough' (Hp. et al.).

    *DER 1. τραχύτης (-n-), Att. τραχυτής [f.] 'coarseness, unevenness, severity'  (Democr,, PL, X., Arist. etc.). 2. tpax-vvw [v.] 'to make rough, angry', sometimes 'to  be rough', pass. 'to be harsh, angry' (A., PL, Arist., etc.), also with ἀπο-, ἐκ- etc. Thence -υντικός 'making rough' (Arist. Dsc.), -voya [n.] 'roughness, hardness',

XXXXXτυσμός [m.] 'making rough' (medic. et al.). 3. τρᾶχος: duretum (gloss.). 4. Tpax-ὦματα [n.pl.] 'hardenings in the eye, trachoma' (Dsc., Gal., pap. III'; after γλαύκωμα etc.), τωματικός (Gal.). 5. τών, -@voc [m.] 'rough, stony area' (Str., D. H., pap. ΠΡ), Τράχων, -wvoc, name of a Syrian province and mountain (J., Str.); thence -wvitic (χώρα Ev. Luc.), -wvitat [m.pl.] J, Ptol., etc.). 6. Τραχίς (-iv), Tpnyic, -ivos [Ε], town in Thessaly (B 682+), whence -ίνιος, -tvic (IA).

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    *ETYM PIE adj. *d'rh.g*-u-? See ▶︎ θράσσω for reconstruction and cognates. Compare  also tépxry τάραξις, ἄταρ[α]χον' ἀχείμαστον (H.); cf. Schwyzer: 362.

XXXXXTpe ov.

XXXXXτρεῖς [numeral] 'three' (IA).

    *VAR Aeol. (gramm.) τρῆς, Dor. τρῆς (Thera), τρέες (Gortyn), ntr. τρία, gen. τριῶν,  dat. τρισί, Aeol. τρίσσι, lon. also τριοῖσι (Hippon.), acc. τρεῖς (IA), Old Attic tpic,  Dor. τριινς (Gortyn).

    *DIAL On Myc. ti-ri-se-ro-e, see Morpurgo Davies 1963.

    *COMP As a first member τρι-, e.g. τριήρης 'a.trireme'; τριάκοντα, Ion. tpu}- 'thirty';  -κόσιοι, Arc. -Kdotol, Dor. -κάτιοι 'three huridred', -κάς, -κάδος [f.] 'the number  thirty, a gathering of 30 persons, the thirtieth day of the month' (IA).

    *DER 1. τρίς [adv.] 'thrice' (IL), also τριάκις (Ar.+). 2. τρίτος [adj.] 'third' (11), Aeol. téptos, enlarged tpitatog (epic poet. Il.+), Aeol. téptatog (Pi; codd. tetp-); tpit-  aiog 'arriving at the third day, of three days, etc.' (IA), -ev¢ [m.] 'the third of a  μέδιμνος᾽, also -evw, -evpia, -ευτής, -eia (Hell. and late inscr.); -eia [n.pl.] 'the third  prize' (Pl. etc.). 3. Distributive adverbs tpi-xa, -χῇ, -χόθεν, -χοῦ, -χῶς, -χθά 'triple, in  three pieces, at three places, εἴς; tptoadc, τριττός, Jon. also τριξός 'threefold'. 4. τριάς, -άδος [f.] 'triad' (Pl, Arist. etc.), whence -adixdc, -αδίζω (late). 5. τρίτρα  [n.pl.] 'threefold payment' (Gortyn).

    *ETYM The nominative forms τρεῖς, τρῆς, τρέες go back to PIE *treies, whence also  Skt. trdyah, Lat. trés, etc. Acc. *trins > Go. prins, Gortyn. tpuvs (disyllabic after  τριῶν, -ot), contracted tpic. Ionic-Attic τρεῖς was based on the nominative. Neuter  τρία < PIE *trih,; cf. Skt. tri(-ni), Lat. tri-ginta (tria- innovation). The adverb τρίς  agrees with Skt. trih, Lat. ter (Plaut. terr < 'ters < *tris). The ordinal τρίτος is also  inherited; compare ToB trite, ToA trit. For the first member of compounds τρι- as in  τρί-πους, compare Skt. tri-pdd-, Lat. tri-pés 'three-footed'. Cf. ▶︎ τριττύς, ▶︎ τρίαινα,  and ▶︎ τριάζω,

XXXXXτρελλός [adj.] in MoGr. 'mad' (only in PNs, L. Robert 1963: 261f. <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXτρέμω [v,] 'to tremble (of fear), shiver' (Il.). <1 *trem- 'tremble'> 'ΑΚ Only pres. and ipf. (but Dor. τετρέμηκα EM).

    *COMP Also with ὑπο-, περι-, ἀμφι-,

    *DER τρόμος [m.] 'trembling, shivering, fear, fright (Il.), τρομός [adj.} 'trembling' (E. Fr. 876), also -ερός (Sapph., E., A. R. etc.), -ώδης (Hp., Str., Plu.), -αλέος (Eust.),  -πἰκός (gloss., Suid.) 'id'. Verb tpopéw (IL) = τρέμω, deverbative or denominative;  also with ὑπο-, mept-, ἀμφι-, etc; originally only pres. and ipf., the aor. τρομῆσαι is  late (LXX [v.L ἐτρόμασαν as if from τρομάζω], lit. pap. TIP). PN Τρόμης, -ητος [m.]  created for Ἀτρόμητος (Dem.), etc. Further τέτραμος [m.] 'trembling', with  reduplication and zero grade of the root; also τέτρομος after τρόμος (Hp.+). Thence τετραμαίνω [v.] 'to tremble', vl. τετρεμ- after τρέμω (Hp., Ar. Gal., etc.). Adv. ἀτρέμα, -ἄς 'without trembling, immovable, quiet' (IL), of uncertain origin, cf.

===Pag_1554: Beekes_Página_1554.tiff=== XXXXXἠρέμαζ(ς), tka; also ἀτρεμ(ελ (Ar.). Adj. ἀτρεμ-ής with -ία, -éw, -ίζω (especially Ion. poet. since Hes., Thgn.), -aiocg (Hp., E. [lyr.], Call. etc.).

    *ETYM A primary present, identical with Lat. tremd 'to tremble', Alb. trem 'to  frighten', ToA tdrm- (e.g. 3. pl. tdrmific) 'to be angry, be excited, tremble'; further,  ToB tremi [pl.] 'trembling' = Gr. τρόμοι. Lith. trernti, isg. tremiu 'to smite down',  trimstu, trimti 'to tremble, etc.. Cf. ▶︎ ταρμύσσω, ▶︎ τρέω.

XXXXXtpénw [v.] 'to turn, revolve, put to flight; to turn oneself, change, take flight, etc'.

    <IE  *trep- 'turn' >

«ΝΑΙ Dor. Ion. also tpanw, -opat, s-aor. τρέψαι, -ασθαι, them. aor. tpanetv, -έσθαι, fut. τρέψω (ἐπι-τραψῶ Crete), τρέψομαι, pass. (intr.) aor. τραφθῆναι, perf. τέτραμμαι (all Hom.), also τραπῆναι (A., etc.), τρεφθῆναι (E.), pte. ἐν-τρεπέντες (pap. II*), perf. act. τέτροφα, later τέτραφα (Att.).

    *COMP Very often with prefix: dva-, ἀπο-, ἐκ-, Ev-, ἐπι-, μετα-, Mapa-, περι-, etc. with  different shades of meaning

    *DER A. With -o-: 1. τρόπος [m.] 'turn; way, custom, attitude, character' (Pi. IA),  'beam' (Moschio apud Ath. 5, 208c; also MoGr., = δοκὸς τετραμμένος). Compounds,  e.g. πολύ-τροπος 'much-wandering' (etc, see ▶︎ πολύς), whence -1a (Hdt., Hp, etc.);  often from prefixed compounds, eg. ἐπίτροπος [m.] 'supervisor, steward,  administrator (IA). Thence τροπ-ικός 'belonging to the turn' (Arist. etc.), ἐπιτροπ-  ικός, -εύω, -εία, -ευσις, -εύσιμος, -ευτικός. Denominative tpon-dopal, -dw, also with  κατα- etc. 'to put to flight' (LXX, Ὁ. H. et al.). 2. τροπός [m.] 'turner', 'straps, by  means of which the rudder turned around the Aric while rowing' (Od., Opp.),  tpon-dopat 'to be provided with ἃ τροπός᾽ (A., Ar., Poll.), -ωτήρ [m.] = τροπός (Ar.,  Th. et al.). 3. τροπή [f.] 'turn (of the sun, of the enemy, etc.), change' (0 404+);  compounds, e.g. ἀποτροπ-ή [f.] 'avoidance, etc.' (Att.), whence -atoc, -ἰμος, -ia,  -ιάζω, -ίασμα, -ἰασμός, -ιαστής. Thence tpon-aiog 'causing the turning (of the  enemy), granting victory'; τὸ τροπαῖον, -atov 'victory monument' (Att.), scil. σημεῖον vel sim. 4. -tponia [f.] frequent in derivations, eg. évtpon-in = ἐντροπ-ή  'consideration, attention' (Hp.), -iat [pl.] (cunning) twists, intrigues' (h. Merc.),  wetatpon-iat [pl.] vicissitudes of fate' (Pi.); παλιντροπ-ίαι [pl.] 'changes of mind' (A. R.), to παλίν-τροπος. 5. -τρόπιον [n.] in derivatives, eg. ἐκτρόπιον name of an eye-  disease, 'everted eyelid' (medic.), ἡλιοτρόπιον plant name 'heliotrope' (Thphr. et al.),  'sun-dial' (Delos ITI? et al.). 6. τροπίας οἶνος (also év-, éx-) 'turned, sour wine' (Ar. et  al). 7. τρόπις, -ἰος (-\5a¢, -ews) [f.] 'ground beams of a ship, ship's keel' (epic Ion. since Od., Arist., etc.), properly 'turner'? Thence tpomdeta (also -ta) [pl.] 'id' (Pl. Lg. 803a, Pell., Phot.); ναῦς τετροπισμένη (: tponi(w) 'provided with a keel' (Hp.);  hypostasis ὑποτρόπιος 'located under the keel' (Opp., Orph.). 8. avatponevc [m.]  'overturner, destroyer' (to ἀνατροπ-ή, dva-tpénw; Antipho, Plu., D. Chr.). 9. Adv. -τροπάδην, Dor. -δᾶν, only from prefixed compounds, e.g. προτροπάδην 'directed  forward, with headlong speed' (P 304, Pi., Pl, etc.); τρόπα παίζειν name of a game  (Cratin., Poll.). 10. tponéw = τρέπω (2 224; Myc. to-ro-ge-jo-me-no?), iterative or  denominative; also with napa-, περι- (Hom.+), and nominal first member, e.g. κακοτροπέω 'to act badly'. 11. -τροπάζομαι only in ὑπετροπάσθην 'turned back, had  a relapse' (to ὑπότροπ-ος, ὑπο-τρέπομαι; pap. 11); also -τροπιάζω, with ὑπο- 'to

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have a relapse', -ιἰασμός (Ηρ.); with ἀπο- 'to avert', -ιασμός etc. (LXX, pap. εἴ al.). 12. With A-enlargement: τροπαλίζει- στρέφει 'turns', whence -ἰσμός: μεταβολή 'change' (H.); pte. ἐντροπαλιζόμενος 'turning round, turning back' (Il, Q. S.), ipf. μετατροσιαλίζεο 'you turned around' (Υ 190). 13. τροπᾶλίς (vl. -aAAic). -ίδος [fi] 'bunch' of onions (Ar. Ach. 813), τρόπηλις (Hdn. Gr.), τρι(τ)οπηλίς (H.), formation unclear. B. With -e-: 1. ἀπό-τρεψις 'aversion', ék- 'distortion', ἀνά- 'turn' (to ἀπο-τρέπω etc; Hp., Arist. etc.). 2. τρεπτικός 'causing a change or aturn' (late), mostly from prefixed verbs, e.g. προτρεπ-τικός 'challenging' (Att.). C. With -a-: 1. τραπ-έμπαλιν [adv.] 'turned backward' (: ἔμπαλιν τραπέσθαι, Pherecr.). 2. ττραπελος only with prefix, ει εὐτράπελος (: εὖ τραπέσθαι) 'turning easily, mobile, adroit, witty (Pi, Att), whence edtpaned-ia, -ίζομαι, -εύομαι; similarly with dvo-, ἐκ-, év-, etc; τραπελιζόμενος: συνεχῶς ἀναστρεφόμενος 'continuously upset' (H.). D. With lengthened grade: τρωπάω, -άομαι [v.] 'to turn, change', iterative verb, only in pres. and ipf.; also with ἀπο-, mapa-, é1t-, μετα-.

    *ETYM From PIE *trep-, *trp- 'to turn', caus. pres. *trop-éie/o-. Cognate forms: Lat. trepit 'vertit' (found only in Paul. Fest. p. 367, and perhaps a construction of  grammarians), Skt. (ep.) trapate 'feels ashamed, becomes timid', Hitt. terepp-' 'to  plough'; cf. LIV? s.v. *trep-. Semantically, ἐντρέπομαι 'to care about sth.', also 'to be  ashamed for 504. may be connected. The connection of Myc. to-ro-qe-jo-me-no  (meaning unknown; with q) and of Lat. torque6 is untenable. The verb tpanéw 'to  tread (out), press (grapes) should probably be separated from τρέπω 'to turn'. See  Mayrhofer EWAia s.v. trap.

XXXXXτρέφω [v.] 'to make fat, feed, bring up, care for', also 'to cause to curdle', of γάλα 'milk' (t 246) and of τυρός 'cheese' (Theoc. 25, 106, cf. τροφαλίς below).

    *VAR  Dor. τράφω, -Ὁμαι, s-aor. θρέψαι, -ασθαι, ἔθραψα (epigr. Crete II-III'), them. aor. tpageiv (mostly intr.), pass. (intr.) τραφῆναι (all 11.), θρεφθῆναι (rarely since  Hes.), ἐθράφθη (Eretria VI"), fut. θρέψω, -ομαι (ἢ. Ven., etc.), perf. τέτροφα (Ψ 237  etc., intr., also trans.), midd. τέθραμμαι (IA), whence tétpaga (PIb.), also τέτρεφας  (pap. III*, after τρέφω).

    *COMP Often with prefix, e.g. dva-, ἐκ-, συν-.

    *DER A. With -o-: 1. τροφή [f.] 'nurture, nourishment, care, race' (Pi., IA), also ava-,  ἐκ-, dta-, etc. 2. τροφός [f.], secondarily [m.] 'wet nurse, nourisher, caregiver' (Od.+);  replaced by τροφώ [f.] 'id' (late, Rhodos). 3. -τροφος with prefixed verbs, e.g. σύντροφος 'fed or brought up together, familiar' (IA); with nominal first member,  eg. vedtpogos 'recently fed, newborn' (A. [lyr.], Cratin.), κουροτρόφος 'bringing up  boys, nurse of the youth'; often as epithet of different goddesses (ι 27+). From τροφή  (and τροφός, partly also directly from τρέφω) are derived: 4. τροφεύς (ava-, oiwvo-)  [m.] 'feeder, caregiver' (Att.). 5. tpogiac [m.] 'brought up in the house, stall-fed'  (Arist, inscr. etc; antonym gopBdc). 6. tpogitic [f.] (συγγραφή, also γυνή, γῆ)  'concerning nourishment, taking care of feeding' (pap.). 7. tpdgiov [n.] 'food,  sustenance, diet' (medic. etc.). Adj.: 8. tpdq-tc 'plump, fat, large' (A 307 [κῦμα], Hdt.,  Lyc.); thence τροφιοῦται' παχύνεται 'grows fat' (H.). 9. τόεντα κύματα 'id.' (O 621, y

===Pag_1556: Beekes_Página_1556.tiff=== XXXXXτρέφω 1505 290), metrical enlargement; cf. τροφέοντο below. 10. -ἰμὸς 'feeding, fed, brought up', [m.] 'foster-father, ward, alumnus' (IA), [f.] -ijin 'housewife' (Poll.), -wotng [f.] (Eust.). 11. τικός 'concerning nourishment' (Gal. Poll.), ἱπποτροφικός (pap. IL*). 12. -w6n¢ 'serving as nourishment, nourishing' (Arist. et al.). -wdng 'coagulated, thick' (Hp.; in H.). 13. -ητικός 'belonging to sustenance' (pap. IIIP). Verbs: 14. -ebw 'to suckle, still' (LXX, pap.), -eia [f.] 'serving as a wet nurse' (pap. 15), -eta [n.pl.] 'pay for serving as a wet nurse and bringing up, sustenance' (Att.), 'boarding wages' (pap.). 15. -€w 'id.' (pap., also Gal.?), -wata [pl.] (medic.; uncertain); but ἱπποτροφέω (Att.) from ~ τος, Iterative τροφέοντο 'to swell' acc. to Aristarch. y 290 for tpogdevta. 16. -tpogia [f.] abstract to -tpogos, e.g. συντροφία 'joint upbringing' (Hell. and late), inmotpogia 'the keeping of horses, stud farming' (Simon., Pi, Att.). 17. With λ- enlargement tpoganic, -ίδος [f.] 'fresh cheese' (com., Arist.), also -άλιον [n.] (com.), τρυφαλίς (LXX, Luc., Hdn. Gr., H.; folk-etymologically after τρυφή), τράφαλλος (see below), -ic (H.). B. With -e-: 1. θρέμμα (ἀνά-) [n.] 'one brought up, alumnus, spawn' (IA), -άτιον, -ατικός. 2. θρέψις (ἀνά-, ἔκ-) [f.] 'breeding' (medic. 5. E. etc.). 3. θρεπτικός (ava-) 'nourishing (PL, Arist., etc.). 4. Opén-tpa [n.pl.] 'fostering wages' (IL, Q. S.), -τήρια [n.pl.] 'id.' (Hes., h. Cer.), 'nourishment, food' (S.), -τήριος 'nourishing' (A.), -τήρ [m.] 'foster-father' (inscr., AP), -τειρα [f.] 'nurse' (E., Opp., AP), -τρᾶ [f.] 'id.' (inscr.), -τήτωρ = -τήρ (pap. VIP). 5. Open-tapiov = θρεμμάτιον (late inscr. and pap.). 6. τρέφος [n.] = θρέμμα (δ. Fr. 154; ν.]. βρέφος). 7. -τρεφής, e.g. Avotpegrs 'fed by Zeus' (Il, Hes.). 8. PN Τρεφέλεως (Paros). C. With -a-: 1. τραφερός epithet of γῆ (Hom., h. Cer.), of ἄρουρα, κέλευθος etc. (Hell. and late epic), antonym ὑγρός, so 'dry, solid'; also of fishes 'plump' (Theoc.). 2. -τραφής, e.g. εὐτραφής 'well-fed, fat, plump' (Hp., trag., Arist., etc.). 3. ▶︎ τάρφεα, -Uc. See also on »θρόμβος.

    *ETYM Formally closest to τρέφω are two Lithuanian verbs: the full-grade yod-  present drébti, 1sg. drebii (= Latv. drébt 'to rain wet snowdrift') 'to throw a thick  fluid', and the zero-grade nasal present drimbu (inf. dribti) 'to fall down in flakes, to  plump down, etc.'. The semantics are not convincing, to say the least. 'Further, the  Greek words are close to some expressions for 'dregs' in Germanic, Slavic, and  Celtic: e.g. MLG draf, OHG trebir [pl.] 'dregs', MoE draff 'dregs', Ru. drobé (also  drob, dreba) 'dregs' (loan from German?), MIr. drab 'dregs' (all from IE *d"rob'-). The correspondence of ON drafli [m.] 'curdled milk' with τροφαλίς is certainly  accidental. The meaning of tpégw was given by Benveniste as 'favoriser (par des soins  appropriés) le développement de ce qui est soumis ἃ croissance'. This renders the  actual use of the Greek verb quite well, but it does not do justice to the original  concrete meaning, which can still be seen in τρέφειν γάλα (according to Benveniste,  'favoriser la croissance naturelle du lait, le laisser atteindre l'état ot il tend'), τρέφειν  τυρόν (also τροφαλίς), as well as in τρέφειν ἀλοιφήν (ν 410), τρέφειν ἅλμην (Cy 237). On the nasalized forms, see ▶︎ θρόμβος. The cheese name τράφαλλος must be Pre-Greek: in FS Kortlandt I demonstrated,  following Kuiper, that all words in -αλλ-(ος) are Pre-Greek (cf. ▶︎ ὄκταλλος). The  root has no IE cognates (see ▶︎ θρόμβος). A connection with θρόμβος is quite

===Pag_1557: Beekes_Página_1557.tiff===

possible, if we assume that τρέφω as a whole is Pre-Greek. Prenasalization is well- known in Pre-Greek; the 8 is not problematic, as Pre-Greek did not distinguish between aspirated, voiced and unvoiced stops. Thus, θρόμβος proves that the verb is of Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXτρέχω [v.] 'to run, hurry' (IL).

    *VAR Dor. (Pi.) τράχω, mostly pres. and ipf; aor. θρέξαι (Ν᾽ 409 et al.), iter. θρεξασκον (2599, 602), fut. (ἀπο-, εἰς.)-θρέξομαι (Ar.), simplex θρέξω (Lyc. 108),  uncertain θραξεῖται- ... πορεύσεται 'will be conveyed' (H.) (see Latte ad loc.).

    *COMP Very often with prefix, e.g. dva-, év-, ἐπι-, Mapa-, mept-, ovv-, ὑπο-. As a first  member in tpexédeutvog 'running to the feast? (Plu, Ath.), as a PN (Alciphr.); as a  second member in [εὐθ]υτρεχής 'running straight' (Att. inscr. 307-65), whence  ἐντρεχ-ἤς 'skilled, able' (PL, late) with -eta (late). See on »ὀλοοίτροχος.

    *DER 1. τροχός [m.] 'wheel, wheel of torture, circlet, (potter's) wheel, round cake, etc.'  (Il.), πρότροχος 'front wheel' (Ath. Mech.), ὑπότροχος 'with wheels underneath',  i.e. 'provided with wheels' (Hell.), diminutives tpdy-tov, -ίσκος, -ίσκιον, -ἰσκάριον. 2.

XXXXXτρόχος [m.] '(circular) course' (Hp., S., E.); τροχός [adj.] 'running, hurrying' (Pi.), 'circular' (Lyd. uncertain); often from prefixed verbs, e.g. περίτροχος 'running in a circle, circular' ('¥ 455, A. R., Call. etc.), «ov [n.] 'rim of a wheel' (Papp. Mathem.). 3.

XXXXXτροχή [f.] 'course' (Trag. Adesp.). 4. τρόχις [m.] 'runner, messenger' (A. Pr. 941, S. Inach.). With -e-: θρεκτ-ικός 'able to run' (after Moiris Att. for tpoxacttkdc), «ικώτατος: ὀξύτατος 'most sharp' (H.). Further derivatives: A. Adjectives: 1. tpox-atog (πούς) [m.] 'trochee' (Ρ]., Arist., etc.), -αἰκός 'trochaic', -aia (πανία 'spool') 'running' (AP). 2. -taiog (σφήν) 'belonging to a wheel of torture' (LXX). 3. -tpto¢ 'hurrying' (5. Fr. 219 beside βάσιμος). 4. -ερός (ῥυθμός) 'running' (Arist.). 5. -detc, -εός, -ἰός 'wheel-shaped, circular' (Hell. poet.). 6. -πκός (χαλκός) 'granulated' (pap.). 7. -ὦδης 'wheel-like' (Apollon. Lex.). 8. -αλός 'running in a circle, circular' (poet. since Hes. Op. 518), -αλεῖον [n.] 'globe, sphere' (Arat.), -αλισθεὶς δίσκος 'rolled' (Pherecyd.); εὐτρόχαλος = εὔτροχος 'running well, quickly' (Hes., Hell. epic.). B. Nouns: 1. tpox-té [f.] 'size of the wheel, track' (Hell. and late). 2. -ίλος [m.] 'stint, wren' (IA); technical 'sheave in a block and tackle' (Pl. R. 397a [v.l.], Att. inscr. 329- 8, Hero), -tAia (-éa, -eta), -ἰλεῖον, -ἰλίδιον; architectural 'hollow on the base of a columr' (Vitr.). 3. tpoxiac: πορ«ερίας 'gaits' (H.); also as epithet of χαλκός (Poll, cf. -τκός; antonym τυπίας). 4 τροχίτης οἶνος (Dsc.; uncertain). 5. τροχάδες: σανδάλια ἀπὸ αἰγείου δέρματος 'sandals of goat hide' (H.), τροχ-άδια (Edict. Diocl.), -αδάριος [m.] 'shoemaker' (Attica, Imperial times); διατροχάδες: εἶδος ποιήματος, ὡς ἱστορεῖ Πραξιφάνης 'kind of poetic work, as Praxiphanes informs' (H.). 6. τροχ-αντήρ [m.] 'round projection of the hip bone' (Gal., H.); -αντῆρες: πρὸς τὰ πηδάλια. καλεῖται τῆς πρύμνης μέρος 'towards the rudders; part of the stern' (H.), as if from tpoyatvw. 7. τρόχ-μαλος (pl. -ot, -a) 'round stone that has been ground smooth by water' (Thphr., Nic., Lyc.), from ἔτροχ-μός or a contamination of τροχαλός and ὁμαλός with oppositive accent? 8. -ωσις [f.] 'circular motion' (Lyc.), as if from ἔτροχόομαι; can also be enlarged from τροχός.

===Pag_1558: Beekes_Página_1558.tiff=== XXXXXτρέω 1507 C. Adverbs: τροχ-άδην 'running' (Epigr., A. D.), ἐπι- 'running rapidly, fluent' (Hom. et al.). D. Verbs: 1. iterative tpoy-dw 'to run', τόωντα (0 451), also with ἐπι-, περι-, συν-, ὑπο- (Hell. and late poetry). 2. τροχ-άζω 'id? (Hdt., X, E., Arist., Hell. and late), aor. -doal, often with prefix, eg. δια-, év-, ἐπι-, Mapa-, mpoo-, ovv-, by-form in -άω, whence -αστής, -αστικός, -ασμός, -ασμα. 3. τροχ-ίζω 'to break on the wheel, furnish with wheels' (Antipho, Arist, Bito, D. 5., etc.), τίζομαι 'to run (round) (Arist, v.l. -4Copat), quite rarely with kata- etc; περι-τροχισμός 'running round' (Antyll. apud Orib.). 4. -ἰάζω' roto, rotor (gloss.), τίασμα [n.] 'wheelwork' (Bito). 5. -εύομαι = rotor (Dosith.). 6. With lengthened grade: iterative (μετα-, περι-)τρωχάω (x 163, ζ 318, A. R., Q. 5. etc.).

    *ETYM Like the synonymous verb θέω, τρέχω was originally limited to the present  stem (the aorist being provided by δραμεῖν, as well as by ano-dpavat). The verb  τρέχω is isolated within IE, but τροχός 'wheel' agrees completely with Olr. droch  'wheel' (IE *d"rog'o-). A form with lengthened grade (like tpwx-dw) is probably seen  in Arm. durgn, gen. drgan 'potter's wheel' (originally a root noun); on the phonetics,  see Clackson 1994: 209%. The Germanic verb for 'walk' in Go. bragjan, etc., had  initial ἐ-, just like the Celtic group of MW and Co. tro 'change, time', Olr. traig 'foot'. See also ▶︎ tépy voc. The basic meaning of the verb is 'to run, hurry'. This is confirmed by the aor. δραμεῖν, and by several derivations and compounds: τροχίς 'runner, messenger';  τροχίλος 'birds that run'; tpexédettvoc 'who hurries to the feast'. The verb does not  mean 'turn', a notion that is difficult to combine with 'run, hurry'. As for the notion  'wheel', DELG notes that one generally thinks that a 'wheel 'runs' (Frisk explains  'Laufer'). (In Dutch, one says 'the wheel runs well' ['het wiel loopt goed'], not 'the  wheel turns well ['het wiel draait goed'].) We must reject Chantraine's suggestion  that the verb may have meant 'courir en rond'. Therefore, τράχηλος cannot be  derived from τρέχω.

XXXXXtpéw [v.] 'to flee full of fear, be afraid' (especially epic poet. Il.+), 'to live in exile' = φεύγω (Argos VI-V); ὁ τρέσας 'deserter' (Sparta), to which τρεσᾶς, -ἃ 'id.' (com.). Verbal adj. ἄτρεστος 'dauntless' (trag.). «IE tres- 'tremble'>

    *VAR Aor. τρέσ(σλαι, whence ὁ τρέσας 'deserter' (Sparta), to which τρεσᾶς, -ἃ 'id'  (com.). Verbal adj. ἄτρεστος 'dauntless' (trag.).

    *COMP Also with dta-, napa-, περι-, ὑπο-.

    *DER étepoev- ἐφόβησεν 'he put to flight' (H.). On the meaning, cf. Triimpy 1950:  2226f.

    *ETYM As an inherited verb, tpéw derives from *tres-e/o-; cf. Skt. trdsati 'to be afraid,  tremble', and PIE *trs-(s)ke/o- in Av. fra-tarasaiti, OP tarsatiy 'to be afraid, fear',  causative Skt. trdsayati 'to frighten, make tremble', Av. @rayhaiiete 'to frighten' <  *tros-eie-. A different position of the liquid is found in Italic: U ftursitu 'terreto,  fugato' < *tors-, an unexplained e-vowel in Lat. terreé 'to frighten'. Further, ἄτρεστος  matches Skt. (sam-ut-)trasta- 'frightened, trembling' < *tres-to- << PIE *trsto- (full  grade innovated after tpéw, trdsati), Av. tarsta- 'fearful' < *trsto-. Next to *tres- in

===Pag_1559: Beekes_Página_1559.tiff===

tpéw, we find *trem- in τρέμω, and trep- in Lat. trepidus (cf. ▶︎ tpanéw). Cf.> τρήρων.

XXXXXτρῆμα, τρῆσις, τρητός > TETPaivw.

XXXXXτρήρων, -ωνος [f.] epithet of πέλεια, -ειάς dove' (Hom. h. Ap., A. R.), also of κέπφος 'a water bird' (Ar. Pax 1067); also = περιστερά, metaphorically for 'woman' (Lyc.). IE *tres- 'tremble'>

    *COMP πολυτρήρων 'abundant in pigeons' (B 502, 582), whence evtpripwv 'id.'  (Nonn.).

    *ETYM Individualizing substantivization of τρηρός in τρη[ι]ρόν: ἐλαφρόν, δειλόν,  ταχύ, πλοῖον μικρόν 'light, wretched, quick, §mall ship' (H.). Because of the Doric  forms tpapév: τίρ]αχύ (H.), and ταρόν' ταχύ with dissimilation, we must start from  ἔτρασ-ρόν < *trs-ré- with a zero grade from the root of »tpéw. In the sense of  ἐλαφρόν, ταχύ, τρηρόν is usually (cf. Pok. 1095, 1100) connected with ▶︎ ὀτρηρός,  ▶︎ ὀτραλέος, but this is improbable.

XXXXXτριάζω [v.] in the language of sports 'to throw down thrice and thereby to win definitively', said of fist-fighters (Poll, EM, Zonar., H. et al.),

    *VAR -doow, -άττω, aor. -άξαι, pass. -αχθῆναι (ἀπο-).

    *DER τριακτήρ [m.] 'winner (in fist-fighting), atpiaxtoc 'undefeated' (A. Ag. 171  resp. Ch. 339, both lyr.); πεντετριάζομαι 'to be defeated five times' (AP). Aor. τριάσαι  in mathematics 'to multiply by three' (Theo Sm., Iamb.), atpiactog 'not admitting  triplicity (Dam.); τριαγμός, -oi (Harp. et al.), -ασμοί (Suid.) 'triad(sy, name of a  philosophical work of Ion of Chios.

    *ETYM Denominative of τρεῖς, ▶︎ τρία.

XXXXXτρίαινα [f.] 'trident', weapon of Poseidon (epic poet. Il.+); in medicine, designation of a cautery (Paul. Aeg.).

    <IE? *trei-es 'three', PG?>

    *COMP τριαινοῦχος [m.] 'wielder of the tpiaiva' (comm. PI.).

    *DER Denominative τριαινόω 'to shake (with the trident) (E., com.), also ovv-, etc.;  thence probably τριαινατῆρες: ἀντὶ τοῦ ἀροτριοῦντος (H.) (probably for *tpraivw-).

    *ETYM From τρεῖς, τρία after the instrument names in -atva, e.g. ἄκαινα, ἀρύταινα. Chantraine 1933: 109 considers a folk-etymological transformation after the numeral. Fur.: 189 compares tpivat, and asks whether the word for trident could be a  transformation of a Pre-Greek loan for an agricultural tool.

XXXXXτρίβω, -ομαι [v.] 'to rub, grind, wear down, exhaust, consume, wear off; med. 'to occupy oneself with'.

    *VAR Aor. τρῖψαι, -ασθαι (II.), fut. tpiyw, -ομαι (Od.), pass. aor. τρίβῆναι, τριφθῆναι,  perf. tétpyysat (IA), 3Ρ]. Ion. tetpipatai, act. tétpipa (Hell. and late).

    *COMP Very often with prefix, e.g. ἀπο-, dta-, ἐκ-, ἐπι-, KATA-, OVV-.

    *DER 1. τρἴβή [f.] 'grinding, wear, practice, occupation, pastime, delay' (IA), also δια-  , ἀπο-, etc. Thence several derived formations: 2. τρίβων, -wvoc [m., f.]: a. '(outworn)  simple cloak' (Att.), diminutives -wviov (Att.), -wvdpiov (Hell. and late); -ωνικῶς  'like an outworn cloak' (Ar. V. 1132 with allusion to meaning b); b. 'shrewd (person),  versed, skillful' (Hdt., E., com. etc.), verb τριβωνεύομαι, meaning unclear (Antipho).

===Pag_1560: Beekes_Página_1560.tiff===

1. τριβάς [f.] lecherous woman' (late). 4. τριβεύς [m.] 'rubber, massager, pestle, etc.' (Hell. and late). 5. τριβακός 'rubbed, devious, experienced' (Hell. and late; probably to τρίβων). 6. τρίβαξ [m., f.] 'shrewd person' (late). 7. τριβικός 'based on practice' (late), 8. τριβίδι(ο)ν (H.) as an explanation of 5idvé. 9. τριβαία [f.] 'mortar' (Suid., Zonar.). 10. τρίβανον [n.] designation of a measure of content (Gal., pap.), = λήκυθος (H.). Further derivatives: τ. τρίβος [f., m.] 'worn road, path' (Hdt, E, X, etc.), also = τριβή 'practice, wear, etc.' (h. Merc., A. [lyr.]), 'friction, friction surface' (Hp.). 12. τρῖμμα (secondarily -i-) [n.] 'which is rubbed, snippet, scrap' (Hp., inscr., Gal.), 'drink made of ground spices' (com., pap. etc.), 'shrewd person' (Ar.); diminutive -μάτιον (com., medic.); often from prefixed verbs, e.g. περίτριμμα 'cunning person' (Ar., D.), 'ointment' (medic.), ἐπίτριμμα 'plaster, make-up' (Joh. Chrys.); τριμμός [m.] 'worn road' (X. etc.), ἐπι-, συν-τριμμός 'grinding' (LXX). 13. τρῖψις (ava-, év-, σύν-, etc.) [f.] 'rubbing, wear, massage' (IA). As a second member: 14. -TpLYy, eg. ἀμφίτριψ 'crafty, misestimated' (Archil.), οἰκότριψ 'house-slave' (Ar. et al.), rather = ὁ οἶκον τρίβων as ὁ ἐν οἴκῳ τριβόμενος, so transitive like πορνότριψ, σκευότριψ, πεδότριψ etc; but note αἰγότριβες ἀτραποί 'paths worn out by goats' (Ὁ. H.). With transfer to the s-stems: 15. -τρϊβής, e.g. ἐντριβής 'skillful, experienced', ἀτριβής 'not rubbed, not traversed, inexperienced, undamaged' (Att.); ἀτρίβαστος of a horse 'not trained' (X. Eg. Mag. 8, 3: antonym oi τοὺς πόδας ἐκπεπονημένοι), as if from "τριβάζω, if not analogical after the numerous privatives in -actoc. 16. After the a-stems: -τρίβης, e.g. παιδοτρίβης, -ov [m.] = ὁ παῖδας τρίβων 'gymnastic master' with -ia, -in, -éw, -ucdc (1A). See ▶︎ ἀλετρίβανος.

   *ETYM The whole Greek system of forms is built on the present τρίβω with long  vowel, whence analogically with a short vowel aor. tpifijvat (after ῥιφῆναι, τυπῆναι,  etc.), τρίβος, -1 (after otiBoc, στίχος, etc.), etc. No exact agreement exists outside  Greek. Closest are Latin forms like perf. trivi with tritus, détrimentum, etc. ToAB  triw- 'to mix' (not 'to shatter') is far off in meaning. Does the Greek derive from  *trh,i-g'-? See also on ▶︎ teipw, ▶︎ τετραίνω, ▶︎ τιτρώσκω, and ▶︎ τρύω.
   

XXXXXτρίγλη [f.] 'trigla, gurnard', a fish (Epich., Sophr., Att. com., Arist., Hell. pap. etc.);

    *VAR Dor. -@, second. -& (-ἴ- and -i-).

    *COMP τριγλοφόρος 'catching gurnards' (AP), -βόλος 'id.' (Plu.).

    *DER Diminutives τριγλ-ίς [6] (Antiph. Arist.), -iov (n.] (Hell. pap., Gp.); thence  -itic [f.] 'kind of agin' (Dorio apud Ath.). Also τριγόλας [m.] name of a fish  (Sophr.).

    *ETYM From ▶︎ τρίζω, referring to the grunting sound from the friction of the gill  cover bones when the fish is taken out of the water. Cf. τριγλίζειν κατὰ μίμησιν ἐπὶ  τῶν γελώντων (H.). The by-form τριγόλας joined the nouns in -όλας, -όλης, eg. μαινόλας, -όλης (Bechtel 1921, 2: 245). Extensively on τρίγλη Thompson 1947 s.v.

XXXXXtpidaxvov [n.] 'large oysters of the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean' (Plin. 32, 63). «LW Orient.>

    *ETYM Explained by Pliny as 'eaten in three bites', but this is probably a folk-  etymological interpretation of a loanword; see Thompson 1947 s.v.

===Pag_1561: Beekes_Página_1561.tiff===

XXXXXτρίζω [v.] 'to buzz, gnash, squeak' (w 5, 7, Hp., Arist., etc.).

    *VAR  More usually perf. (with present meaning) tétpiya (II), late fut. τρίσω (Sm.),  τριζήσω (Aq.).

    *COMP Also with dva-, δια-, ὑπο-, etc.

    *DER τριγμός, τρισμός [m.] 'buzzing, gnashing, etc.', of animals (partridge, mouse,  fish), also of teeth and saws (Hp., Arist, Thphr., Plu.); see ▶︎ tpiyAn. Compare  τριξέλλας = gryllus (gloss.), and tpryovua vl. for τεττιγόνια (Arist.) in Gil Fernandez  1959: 124f.

    *ETYM Onomatopoeia like »otpi(y)t, Lat. strided 'to sizzle, drone, creak', and  probably also ToA trisk- 'to drone'. Cf. ▶︎ τρύζω.

XXXXXτριήρης = ἐρέτης. ᾿

XXXXXτριόρχης [m.] kind of hawk, perhaps 'buzzard, Buteo vulgaris' (Semon., Ar., Arist., Thphr,, etc.). <?>

    *VAR Also -ος.

    *ETYM Probably a loanword, adapted to tpt- and dpyic; cf. Ev-opyoc and ἐν-όρχης  (see ὄρχις). This would be an allusion to the folk-etymological meaning 'three-  testicled' = 'very lascivious' in Timae. 145 (Plb. 12, 15, 2). Details in Thompson 1895  5.0.

XXXXXτριοττίς -- ὄσσε.

XXXXXτρίπλαξ = δίπλαξ.

XXXXXτρίς, τρίτος = τρεῖς.

XXXXXτριττύς [f.] 1. 'third of ἃ phyle' (Att.); τριττύ-αρχος [m.] 'principal of ἃ t.', whence -apxéw (PI., inscr., Poll. et al.), also τρικτυαρχέω (Delos ΠῚ and 115). 2. 'sacrifice of three animals' (Call., sch.). 3. 'triad', of a threefold victory (Philostr.); τριτύς: τριάς 'number three, triad' (H.).

    *VAR  τριπτύς (Ceos), τρικτύς (Delos, see below), -ὕος.

    *DER τριττύα [f.] 'sacrifice of three animals' (Ister, Porph, doubtful Epich. 187, rather  to be read -κτύαλ; also τριττοίι)α (Athens V*), tprxtot<a> (Sophr. 3; uncertain) 'id.';  unclear: tpiktevav knvav (Delph. IV*), see on κηυα. Further tpikteipa (-eipa cod.)  θυσία Ἐνυαλίῳ. θύεται δὲ πάντα τρία καὶ Evopxa 'sacrifice to Enyalius, all three are  offered uncastrated' (H.); τριττοια (IG 1, 76), accent unknown, probably after  τριττός; thence -oa (IG 1', 5: 5 [Eleusis V*]) with loss of the t.

    *ETYM The form τρικ-τύς supposes a velar enlargement, as seen also in τρισσός,  τριττός, τριξός (from *tpty-16c); an original voiceless -Κ- is also conceivable, given  Skt. trikd- 'threefold'. This form would have been replaced by τριττύς on the model  of τριττός. The third variant τριπττύς might have been introduced after τρί-πτυχος  'threefold'. The variation more probably points to a Pre-Greek word (not in Fur.).

XXXXXτριφολῖνος [adj.] of οἶνος, from Trifolium in Campania (Ath. 26 e). «LW Lat

    *VAR Hellenized in τριφύλλινος (Gal. 14, 19).

    *ETYM From the toponym.

===Pag_1562: Beekes_Página_1562.tiff=== XXXXXτρὕγάω 1511 τριχάϊκες (1) [m.pl.] epithet of the Dorians (τ 177, Hes. Fr. 191).

    *ETYM Probably 'hair-shaking', from θρίξ, gen. τριχός 'hair', like κορυθ-άϊξ (χ 132)  'helmet-shaking': see for instance Leumann 1950: 65, in antiquity already Apollon. apud sch. t 177, EM. Since early times, the word was taken to refer to the three tribes  of the Dorians (thus already Hes. l.c.). Differently, Pisani Arch. glott. ital. 50 (1965):  iff,

XXXXXTpoin [f.] 'the land of Troy'; in the Iliad already used for the town, Ilios. <Lw Anat»

    *ETYM The word is no doubt derived from Τρῶες 'Trojans'. It has often been  remarked that Troia was the land, not just the city (eg. Page 1959: 294). It is  explicitly stated by Del Valle Mufoyerro Glotta 75 (1999): 68-81 that it did not  indicate the town, but this is clearly wrong (cf. the name-epithet formulae εὐτείχεος,  εὔπυργος, εὐρυάγυια, ἐξαλαπάξαι) and unnecessary; the meaning gradually shifted  to the town (going to Troy always included fighting for Ilios). The annals of Tudhaliya IV, from around the end of the 15" c., mention Wi-lu-Sa (=  flios) and Ta-ru-(u-)i-Sa at the end of an expedition to the north. This must be  understood as '[the city of] Wilusa and [the land of] Troy.' Ta-ru-(u-)i-sa must be  read /Triisa/. Thus the original form had Tri-, which surfaced in Greek as Tpw-.

XXXXXtponanic, τρόπις, τρόπος, etc. = τρέπω.

XXXXXτροφαλίς, τροφή, τρόφις, etc. = τρέφω.

XXXXXτροχός, τρόχος = τρέχω.

XXXXXτρύβλιον [n.] kind of drinking vessel of unknown shape and varying size (Ar., LXX, Ev. Matt.), also a measure of capacity (medic. etc.).

    *ETYM Usually explained as 'bowl, dish' or 'bottle, jug'. No etymology. Fur.: 367  compares τρίβανον and considers the word to be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXτρὕγάω [v.] 'to gather (especially of grapes), reap' (Il.). «ὃ

    *VAR Aor. τρυγῆσαι, fut. τρυγήσω.

    *COMP Rarely with dmo-, ἐκ-, mpo-, etc; τρυγηφόρος 'bearing corn or grapes' (ἢ. Ap.).

    *DER tpvyn [f.] 'vintage, harvest' (ἢ. Ap. 55, pap. ΠΡ, Ath., AP et al.), 'drought,  dryness' (Nic. Th. 368), probably a backformation to the verb. Further derivatives: 1. τρύγ-ητος [m.] 'vintage, harvest' Th, Thphr., LXX, pap., etc.), -ητικός 'belonging to  the vintage' (late pap.). 2. -ησις [f.] 'vintage' (pap. III', Plu.), -τήσιμος 'ripe for harvest,  vindemialis (EM, H., gloss.). 3. -ημα [n.] 'harvest' (of honey; Atticista ined.). 4. -ητήρ  [m.] (Hes. Sc.), -ητής [m.] (LXX, pap. et al.) 'winegrower, harvester', fem. -ήτρια (D.,  Poll.), -ητήριον [π.] 'wine-press' (gloss.); προτρυγητήρ, -τής name of a star which  rises shortly before the vintage (since end V*). 5. τρύγος [n., m.] = τρύγη (Et. Gud.,  H.). 6. PN Tpvy-aioc (Ar.), -ia name of a Bacchante (Nonn.). 7. διατρύγιος, of ὄρχος  (w 342), perhaps 'ripening at different times; but acc. to Schwyzer 1950: 449  'interspersed with fruit trees or vines'; Προτρύγαιος epithet of Dionysus (Ach. Tat.,  Ael.), θεοὶ IT. (Poll.); προτρύγαια' ἑορτὴ Διονύσου καὶ Ποσειδῶνος (H.). Also τρύγει,  τρυγεῖ, τρύσκει = ξηραίνει, -εται '[trans.] dries up, [intrans.] becomes dry' (Zonar.,

===Pag_1563: Beekes_Página_1563.tiff===

Theognost., H.), ἔτρυγεν- ἐξηράνθη, ἐπὶ λίμνης 'was dried' (about a pool of water) (H.); for the meaning, compare tpvyn and τρυγαβόλια' εἰς ἃ καρποὺς ξηροὺς ἀπετίθεντο 'in which dried fruits are stored' (H.).

    *ETYM No etymology, unlesss related to »tpv& The words ὀτρύγη (-χη cod.,  alphabetically misplaced): χόρτος, καλάμη 'pen, fodder, stalk or straw' (H., also  medic, apud Gal.?), and ὀτρυγηφάγος epithet of an ass (Archil. 97; in H. also 4-) are  unrelated: the traditional explanation from τρυγη-φάγος with prothetic 6- must be  rejected. It rather means ἀκανθο-φάγος; compare OE risci bita 'panicle-, bulrush-  biter' = 'horse'.

XXXXXτρύγοιπος [m.] 'must strainer' (Ar, Phryn., Poll. δ᾽ <?>

    *DER τρύγοιπέω [v.] (Suid.).

    *ETYM From »tpv& 'must' and a second member from a verb meaning 'to sieve'. Frisk connects -οιπος with Germanic *seip- 'to trickle', but this is connected by LIV?  with εἴβω 'to let flow'. Alternatively, one may derive -τοιπος from PIE *seik'- 'to pour'  as reconstructed by LIV', whence, among others, OHG sihan 'to sieve' is derived. Yet  see ▶︎ ἰκμάς 'moisture', where the root is reconstruced as *seik-.

XXXXXτρύζω [v.] 'to coo, murmur' (1311, Hp., Hell. and late epic).

    *VAR  στρύζω (Erot.); rare aor. τρύξαι.

    *COMP Also with ém-, etc.

    *DER τρυγών, -όνος [f.] 'turtle-dove' (Ar., Hell. and late epic), also as a fish name,  'stingray' (Epich., Arist.+); the naming motive is unclear: a euphemism? Diminutive τρυγόνιον [n.] (AP, Them.), also 'pigeonry' (Ps.-Dsc.), -tog [adj.] (Opp.); τρυομός  [m.] 'cooing, etc' (Hp. Gal, H.). Furthermore, tpvA(A)itw (év-) 'to chuckle, babble'  (Ar. Th. 341, Hp, Poll), whence -ἰομός (Hp.); for the suffix, cf. θρυλίζω (see  »θρῦλος).

    *ETYM Onomatopoeia in -ὕζω, like γρύζω, ἰύζω, etc.; cf. ▶︎ τρίζω.

XXXXXτρυήληζ(ς), -is [f.] 'ladle' (Luc. Lex. H.). «LW Lat>

    *ETYM From Lat. truella 'dipper, scoop', after τρύω and the instrument names in  τήλη, eg. ξυήλη. Was Gr. τρυπήλα τορύνη (H.) modelled on tpumdw?    τρύμη ([f.] (grated) hole' (sch.), metaph. 'shrewd, cunning fellow' (Ar. Nu. 448). <GR>

    *VAR  Also τρῦμα (sch.), -άτιον (EM); τρύμα (6) = πόνος (Theognost. Can.)

    *DER τρυμαλ-ἰά [f.] 'hole' (LXX, Ev. Marc., etc.), also with obscene meaning (Sotad.),  -iti¢: Appoditn CH.).

    *ETYM Verbal noun from > τρύω.

XXXXXτρύξ, -γός [f.] 'young unfermented wine with yeast, must' (Ion. since Archil., com. Theoc., Thphr., etc.).

    *COMP See ▶︎ Tpvyotnoc; also ὑπό-τρυγος 'yeasty' (Hp.).

    *DER 1. τρυγ-ία [f.] 'yeast (of wine), young wine' (Ph. Bel., medic. pap. IP), -iac  (οἶνος) 'id.' (LXX, pap. III? e.g.). 2. τρύγιος' tpvyia οἴνου ἢ ἐλαίου 'sediment of wine  or olive oil (H.). 3. tpvy-tvov [n.] 'pigment made of yeast' (auct. apud Plin.). 4. -ώδης 'yeast-like, yeasty' (Arist., medic. et al.). 5 -epdc 'id.' (Polyzel. Com. V-IV*).

===Pag_1564: Beekes_Página_1564.tiff=== XXXXXχω 1513

    *ETYM Without certain etymology. The traditional connection with τάργανον  'spoiled wine, wine-vinegar' is neither phonetically nor semantically convincing. The  formal identity with tovydw is remarkable, especially since both words refer to  viniculture and wine production. Possibly, τρυγάω originally referred both to the  harvesting and the first pressing of grapes, but was ousted from the second meaning  by tpanéw. Porzig ZI 5 (1927): 271f. pleads for Pre-Greek origin of both tapyavov  and τρύξ, as well as that of related tpvyn.

XXXXXτρῦπάω [v.] 'to bore (through) (1 384+)

    <IE *truH-p-?>

    *VAR Aor. τρυπῆσαι, etc.

    *COMP Also with éx-, dta-, etc; ék-tpumdw also intr. 'to slip out through a hole'  (ἐκτετρύπηκεν Ar. Ec. 337; from τρύπηξ).

    *DER 1. τρύπ-ημα, -ημάτιον [n.] 'bore-hole, hole' (com. Arist., Hero), with éx- also  'chippings made by boring' (Thphr.). 2. -ησις (ἐκ-, mept-) [f.] 'boring (through)'  (Hp., Arist., Thphr.+). 3. -ητής [m.] 'borer' (Pl. Cra.), -ητήρ [m.] 'pierced vessel' (Ph. Bel.). Further τρύπανον [n.] 'borer, push drill, trepan, strands of wood for making  fire' (since 1 385), whence -άνιον, -ανώδης, -ανικός, -ανίζω, -ανισμός (rare and late);  also -avn [f.] 'id'? (Hdn. Gr., H.), -avia [f.] 'thong of a push drill (Poll.). A back-  formation is τρύπη, τρῦπα [f.] 'hole' (Hdn. Epim., AP, Ἡ., Eust.). As a first member  in τρυπ-αλώπιηξ 'a fox which slips in through a hole', designation of a cunning  person (Com. Adesp.).

    *ETYM Probably related to ▶︎ tptw, whence also τρύχω; further afield are ▶︎ τρίβω,  > teipw, and ▶︎ tetpaivw. Because of the late and rare attestation of τρύπη, the verb  can hardly be denominative. It is more likely to be an old iterative formation. BSI. *trup-, *troup- has been compared, as in ORu. trupo 'trunk, (field of) corpses', Ru. trup> 'corpse', OPr. trupis 'log'; however, the circumflex vowel of BSI. (from PIE  *treup-; see LIV') does not match Greek -ῦ-, which is also found in τρύχω. A better  candidate is PSlav. *tryti 'to rub' < *truH-; see LIV? s.v. *treuH-. In that case, τρυπάω  would havea root enlargement *-p-. ~

XXXXXtpitavn [f.] 'tongue of a balance' (IA).

    *DER τρυτανεύω [v.] 'to weigh' (gloss.).

    *ETYM Noun in -τάνη from the verb τρύω; it probably refers to the opening in which  the tongue moves, 'foramen, intra quod linum vel lingua, de quo examinatio est'  (sch. on Pers. 1, 7 as an explanation of the borrowing Lat. trutina).

XXXXXτρυφάλεια [f.] name of a helmet (Il, x 183), literally 'provided with four φάλοι᾽, = κόρυς τετράφαλος.

    *ETYM Compound of tpv- 'four' (from the original zero grade of ▶︎ τέσσαρες, *k'tur-  > *k'tru-; see also ▶︎ τράπεζα) and φάλος, with a suffix -e1a-; originally an epithet of  κόρυς.

XXXXXτρυφή, τρύφος — θρύπτω.

XXXXXτρὔύχω [v.] 'to wear out, exhaust, afflict', med. 'to wear down, pine' (mostly epic Ion., poet. since II.).

    *VAR Almost only pres. and ipf. (fut. ptc. τρύξοντα p 387).

===Pag_1565: Beekes_Página_1565.tiff===

    *COMP Also with κατα-, etc.

    *DER tpbxo¢ [n.] 'rag, scrap, tattered garment' (S., E., Ar., Arist., Thphr.), diminutive  tpvy-lov [n.] (Hp. Aret.), adj. -ηρός 'ragged, worn' (E.), 'stringing, afflicting (Vett. Val.), after λυπηρός etc, -ινος 'ragged' (J., Gal. et al.). Denominative verb τρυχόομαι,  -6w (€K-) = τρύχομαι, -w in τετρυχωμένος (Hp., ΤῊ, etc.), τρυχ-ὠθῆναι (Hp.), -@oau,  -woetv (Th), -odta (Mimn.), -6w (Gal. Hdn.); thence -ώσεις [fpl.] 'afflictions'  (Max. Tyr.).

    *ETYM Formation like σμήχω, νήχω, yoxw, etc. Schwyzer: 702 and 685, Chantraine  1942: 330); see ▶︎ τρύω. See Mumm and Richter IJDLLR 5 (2008): 33-108 on the  enlargement -y-.

%,

XXXXXτρύω [v.] 'to wear down, exhaust' (IA).

    <IE *truH- 'rub'>

    *VAR Aor. τρῦσαι, fut. tpvow, mostly perf. pass. τέτρῦμαι with ptc. τετρυμένος.

    *COMP rarely with ἀπο-, kata-, etc. As a first member in τρυσάνωρ 'wearing down  mer (S.), τρυσίβιος 'wearing down life' (Ar.), τρυσίππιον [n.] 'mark, branded on a  disused horse' (Eup., Poll. EM), back-formation τρύσιππος [m.], name of such horse  (Theognost. Can.).

    *DER τρῦσις: νόσος, πόνος 'illness, labor'; τρυσίσ]όν' νοσερόν, λεπτόν, ἀσθενές 'of  illness, weak, feeble or sickly' (Η.); τρύος [n.] = πόνος (Call. apud Et. Gen.). Also  tpvoxer τρύχει, ξηραίνει 'wears out, dries' (H.).

    *ETYM The same zero grade as in τρῦμα, -μη, Tpdbmdw, τρύχω. The Balto-Slavic  cognates (OCS tryjg, tryti 'to rub', Lith. trinéti, 18g, tranii 'to spoil, putrefy, decay')  point to a root *treuH- cf. LIV. This obviates the need to explain Gr. -d- as taken  from the pf.pass. τέτρῦμαι. Cf. ▶︎ teipw, ▶︎ tetpaivw with further litt.

XXXXXτρώγω [v.] 'to gnaw, browse, eat', mostly of raw fruits (IA since ζ 90), later 'to eat' in general. «ΡΟ»

    *VAR Aor. tpayeiv (mostly with prefix, especially év-), younger κατα-τρῶξαι, fut. τρώξομαι, perf. pass. τέτρωγμαι.

    *COMP Often with prefix, especially in aor., e.g. Kata-, ἀπο-, παρα-, ἐν-,  ΕΚ A. With full grade: 1. τρῶγες [m.pl.] = θηρία τὰ ἐν τοῖς ὀσπρίοις (Stratt.);  'weevil' (LSJ s.v.; like θρίψ, πτώξ, etc.); as a second member e.g. in κυαμοτρώξ 'bean  eater' (Ar.); cf. tp@yac (nr. 3. below). 2. τρώκ-της [m.] 'gnawer, nibbler, beguiler,  knave' (ξ 289, 0 416, etc.); also name of a fish (Ael.), perhaps borrowed as Lat. tructa  (WH s.v.); as a second member e.g. in πτερνο-τρώκτης (Batr.); -tig [f.] (Tz.), -τικός  'greedy' (Ph., Tz.). 3. tpwy-An [f] 'hollow, hole' (Hp., Herod., Arist, LXX, Batr.),  diminutive -λύδριον (Hdn. Gr.), -λίτης [m.] name of a bird (Hdn. Epim., Eust.),  «λῖτις [f.] epithet of several plants = τρωγ(λ)ο-δύτις, -δυτική (Edict. Diocl. etc; see  below). As a first member in τρωγλο-δύτης [m.] 'hole-crawler', said of several  animals, e.g. foxes, snakes, also wren, whence -δυτέω, -δυτικός (Arist. et al.); -δύνων  [m.] mocking epithet of a mouse (Batr.). Further Ἐρωγο-δύται [m.p].] name of an  Ethiopian people (Hdt. 4, 183 codd. ABC, pap, in Str. et al. also written TpwyAo-),  whence -δύτις, -δυτικός (Ὁ. 8., Plu. et al.); cf. τρῶγας: τρώγλας (Η.λ 4. τρωγ-άλια  [n.pl.] (rarely sg.) 'sweets' (Pi, Fr. 124, Ar., Arist, Hell. inscr.). 5. -ava [η.Ρ]1 'id'  (Sparta IP). 6. -ματα [pl] 'id' (Philox.). 7. tp@E-1¢ (an6-) [f.] 'gnawing' (Hp. Arist.+),

===Pag_1566: Beekes_Página_1566.tiff=== XXXXXτυγχάνω 1515 whence -ἰμοὸς 'edible, in raw state' (Theoc.), τἰμαὰ [n.pl.] 'edible fruits' (Hp., pap.). 8. -ava [n.pl.] 'dry wood' (Thphr.) (cf. ▶︎ τραύξανα). 9. On ▶︎ τρωξαλλίς, -id0¢ [f.] 'locust', see s.v. B. With zero grade (from the aorist tpayeiv): 1. tpay-avog 'edible' (Hdn. Gr., EM), like ἐδανός. 2. -αλίζω = τρώγω (Ar. V. 674), after πυκταλίζω etc; -ddia = τρωγάλια (Theognost.). 3.-ἡματα [n.pl.] (rarely sg.) 'sweets, dessert' (com., X., Arist., etc.), whence -ημάτια, -ηματώδης, -ματίζω, -ημα-τισμός. On ▶︎ τράγος, see s.v.

    *ETYM The vocalic alternation in tpwy- : τραγ- is explained by LIV? 5.ν. *treh,- as ἃ  secondary zero grade tpay- for original *tpwy-. LIV? also connects ToAB frask-,  ToB tressém 'to chew', from a ΡΟ. root *tarsk-; see also Adams 1999: 319 5.ν. tresk. Yet the IE connection is very doubtful, and had better be abandoned (the secondary  zero grade is doubtful, and there is no root *treg-). In view of the vocalic vacillation  in τρώξανα, τραύξανα, and τρωξαλλίς, these are Pre-Greek words. As there is no IE  etymology for τρώγω, this word could also be Pre-Greek (though tpw&ava,  τραύξανα, and τρωξαλλίς are probably not derived from it).

XXXXXτρωξαλλίς [f.] 'locust' (Alex. Dsc., Plin. et al.)

    *VAR Also τροξαλλίς and τριξελλας.

    *ETYM = In Beekes 2008, 1 demonstrated that all words in -aAA- are of Pre-Greek  origin (with AA from palatalized |, ie. ΡῈ thus the word is Pre-Greek. There is no  reason to derive the word from τρώγω (note the difference in meaning}).

XXXXXτρωπάω — τρέπω.

XXXXXτρωχάωῳ -- τρέχω.

XXXXXτρώω > τιτρώσκω.

XXXXXτύβαρις [f.] designation of a Dorian salad = 'ἐν ὄξει σέλινα", ie. 'celery pickled in wine vinegar' (Poll. 6, 71). <?>

    *VAR Acc. -ἰν. '

    *ETYM Unexplained. Neumann 1961: 86f. argues against a connection with the  toponym Σύβαρις (thus Fick BB 22 (1897): 50) and instead, hesitantly, proposes to  connect τύβαρις with HLuw. tuwarsa- 'wine, vine' (whence also θύρσος). Fur.: 262 is  sceptical.

XXXXXτυγχάνω [v.] 'to achieve an aim or goal, to meet, come across, encounter accidentally', intr. 'to meet, get or acquire incidentally'.

    *VAR  Aor. τυχεῖν, epic also τυχῆσαι, redupl. subj. τετύχῃσι, opt. τετύχοιμι (late and  artificial), fut. τεύξομαι (all 11.), perf. τετύχηκα (since k 88), ptc. -ηκώς or -ώς (P  748), tétevxa (later Att. etc.), ἐτετεύχεε (Hdt.), tétvya (Aristeas etc.), med. aor. τεύξασθαι (LXX), pass. ἐν-ετεύχθην, perf. ἐπι-τέτευγμαι (Plb.).

    *COMP Very often with prefix, eg. év-, ém-, ἀπο-, cuv-. In compounds, as a second  member -τυχής, referring to τύχη and τυχεῖν, eg. εὐτυχής Tucky', δυστυχής  'unlucky', whence -ia, -€w, -ημα, -ησις (Pi, IA); very often to prefixed verbs, e.g. ἐπιτυχ-ής (to ἐπιτυχεῖν) 'successful', whence -ia, -in 'success, luck' (1A). Also -τυχος

===Pag_1567: Beekes_Página_1567.tiff===

(quite rare), e.g. Owitvxoc 'who attains (luck) late' (late). As a first member in PNs, e.g. Τυχ-άρετος, Tby-avdpoc.

    *DER 1. τύχῃ [f.] 'coincidence, incident, luck, fate, destiny', also personified like Lat. Fatum (since h. Cer. 420, Hes. Th. 360; appellative since Archil. and Pi.); τυχηρός  'coincidentally, fortunately' (A. [lyr.], Ar., Arist., etc.), -atog 'coincidentally' (Plu,, J.,  AP), τὸ Tvxaiov 'templum Fortunae' (D. C., inscr.),  Tvyaia = Τύχη (inscr. Palestine); ta Τυχεῖα 'festival in honor of Τύχη᾽ (Lampsakos); -ἰκός 'coincidentally'  (Plb., Phid., etc.), -άδιον [n.] diminutive (Eust.); -άζεσθαι: στοχάζεσθαι 'to aim (at)'  (H.) (τυχασάμενον Erot. = στοχασάμενον Hp.); ἐντυχαλός: ἐντευκτική 'affable' (H.). Τύχων, -wvoc [m.] epithet of Hermes (Magnesia III', Str., AP). 2. τεῦξις [f.]  'attainment' (Plu, Arr., S. E.), earlier and more often to prefixed verbs, e.g. ἐπί-  'attainment, obtainment' (Arist. etc.), v- 'meeting, visit, request' (PL, Arist., etc.),  ἀπο- failing, vain request' (Hell. and late), whence émt-, év-, ἀπο-τευκτικός, etc. 3. To  ἀπο-τυγχάνω, etc.: ἀπό-τευγμα 'failed enterprise' (Arist., etc.), 2v-tevypa 'encounter'  (Ὁ. S.), ἐπί-τευγμα 'success, luck' (Hell. and late); but τεῦγμα to ▶︎ τεύχω.

    *ETYM The nasal present τυγχάνω (*d"u-n-g'-), them. aor. τυχεῖν (*d"ug'-e/o-), and  their derivatives preserve the more original meaning 'hit the mark, meet', as opposed  to the thematic root present tevyw 'to manufacture'. They are derived from the root  *d'eug'- 'to hit', to which belong the Skt. stative duhé 'gives milk', Go. daug 'is fit'  (see LIV? sv. for further cognates).

XXXXXtut [adv.] - ὧδε. Κρῆτες 'thus (Cretan), iv tiv: ἐν τούτῳ 'by this' (H.). To this Aeol. tvide 'here' (Sapph.).

    *ETYM Formation after *nui seen in Arg. Cret. 6-mu1, loc. of πυ- = Skt. ki 'where?',  kii-tra 'where(to)?', Osc. puf 'where', etc. These derive from JE *k'u- which stands  beside k¥o- as in ▶︎ πόθεν, etc. Further, πῦς (Sophr.) and Rhod. ὅπυς arose from a  change of vt to υ (Schwyzer: 199), and added -c.

XXXXXτύκος [m.] 'tool for processing stones, blacksmith's hammer, pickaxe', also 'battle axe' (Hat. 7, 89: codd. κ and y; Poll. 7, 118 and 125).

    *VAR τύχος (Hell. inscr., H; in E. HF 945 τύχαις cod. for τύχοις or τύκοις).

    *COMP εὔτυκος (-x-) 'willing, ready' (B., A., Theoc., Call, etc.), whence εὐτυκ-άζου  (cod. -afov) εὔτυκ[τ]ον ἔχε, ἕτοιμον 'it stays ready, prepared' (H.) (hence to be  restored in A. Th. 150 [lyr.]), εὐτυκίζω (EM), εὐτυκῶς: ῥᾳδίως καὶ ta ὅμοια 'easy or  ready vel sim.' (H.).

    *DER τυκ-ίζω 'to work stone' (Ar. Av. 1138, Poll.), -iowata (tvy-) [n.pl.) 'stone  buildings, walls' (E.), also ἀπο-τυχίζω = ἀποπελεκάω (Paus. Gr., H.), also with éx-,  προσ- (Att. inscr. IV*); τυκ-ίον = τύκος (Eust.), τυκ-άνη [f.] 'thrashing equipment,  flail' (Theognost., Eust., gloss.), -awov [n.] 'id' (pap., gloss.). Also τυτάνη- ὄργανόν  τι, ᾧ χρῶνται εἰς τὸν ἀλοητὸν τοῦ σίτου 'tool which is used for threshing grain' (H.),  Tpvyavi} ἡ τὸν σῖτον ἀλοῶσα 'she who is threshing grain' (gloss.), after tpvyaw?

    *ETYM Traditionally, τύκος is derived from a PIE root *teuk-, as in OCS toknoti, Ru. tknut' 'to thrust' and, with a different ablaut, CS is-tukati 'to cut from metal, pour,  found', OCS tykati, Ru. tykat' 'to thrust', Latv. takdt 'knead, press'; cf. LIV' sv. *teuk-. The aspirated forms τύχος, -i{w are supposed to be due to the influence of

===Pag_1568: Beekes_Página_1568.tiff=== XXXXXτεύχω. Yet the consonant variation rather seems to demonstrate that the word is Pre-Greek; influence of tedyw is improbable, as its meaning is not specific enough.

XXXXXτύλη [f.] 'bulge, callosity, pad, cushion' (Sapph., com, pap., AP, etc.).

    *VAR  Also -0- (AP); τύλος [m.] 'bulge, callosity, hunch, nail, peg' (X., Ar., Nic., Hero,  Str., etc.).

    *COMP τυλ(ολυφάντης [m.] 'cushion weaver' (Hyp., pap. VI-VIIP), -ειἰδής 'bulge-,  callosity-like' (medic.), περίτυλος 'surrounded by τύλοι᾽ (Delos), 'callous' (Sor.).

    *DER 1. Diminutives tvA-iov [n.] 'small nail' (Hero et al.), -άριον [n.] to τύλη or  τύλος (pap. and inscr. III-VI?), -aivov [n.] 'small callosity' (Aret.), from *tbAaiva  after φλύκταιναξ 2. -eiov [n.] 'pad' (S. Fr. 468, Hell. pap.). 3. τύλαρος: μάνδαλος,  τυλαρώσας: μανδαλώσας (H.). 4. τύλ-ων, -ωνος [m.] 'provided with a callous skin'  (gloss.). 5. -όεις 'callous' (Nic.), -ώδης 'id? (Plu., medic.). 6. tvAdoua 'to get  callosities', -6w 'to make callous' (X, Theoc., medic. etc.), also with ano-, éx-, περι-  etc. Thence tvAwtdc, tetvAwpévoc 'knobbed' (Hdt.); thence (ἐκ-, περι-)γτύλωσις  (medic. etc.), adj. -ωτικός; -ωμα [n.] (Poll. H.). 7. τυλ-ίσσω, -ittw 'to make into a  bulge, twine into a ball, swathe (upy (com., Hp., Ev. Matt. Luc. Gal., etc.), almost  only prefixed, especially with év-; t0A-typa (H.) as an explanation of ἕλιξ, τυλιγμός  [m.] 'swathing' (sch.). Backformation ἐντύλη [f.] 'swaddling cloth' (pap. II*). Unclear  is τύλλος [m.] 'box, chest' vel sim. (Ὁ. C. 79, 20).

    *ETYM Because of its vacillating meaning and its short form, τύλῃ, -ος can easily be  provided with an etymology. Various cognates have been proposed: the Balto-Slavic  group of OPr. talan [adv.] 'many', Lith. tilas 'several, rather many', tulis 'nail on a  car, plug, nail of an axle, etc', OCS tylo, Ru. tyl 'neck', but these presuppose *tuH-;  Germanic ON pollr 'tree, peg', OE poll, MLG dolle, MoHG Dolle 'thole', MLG  (Westfal.) diille 'booty', all seemingly < PIE *tul-no-; also, Lat. tullius 'gush', W twl  'round elevation', Alb. tul 'piece of meat without bone, roe', Skt. tulam [n.] 'plume,  fan, bundle, etc.'. Greek σάλος 'unquiet movement of the sea, gulf of waves' (cf. Lat. tullius) has also been connected as *tuj(H)o-. Yet none of these IE words is a close  match for tvAn in form and meaning, so the word may rather be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXτύμβος 1 [m.] 'mound, burial mound, grave' (1].).

    *COMP τυμβοχόος 'raising a grave' (A.), τυμβοχο-έω 'to raise a burial mound' (Hdt,,  v.L. ® 323), -ἡ [f.] 'raising a burial mound' (v.l. Φ 323), ὀθνιότυμβος 'interred in a  foreign country' (Man.).

    *DER τ. Adj. τύμβ-(ελιος 'belonging to the burial mound' (Lyc., inscr.), -ίδιος 'id.'  (Orph.). 2. -ίτης λᾶας 'gravestone' (AP). 3. -iov [n.] diminutive (sch.). 4. τυμβὰς  γυνή: τυμβάδας ἔλεγον τὰς φαρμακίδας, ἀτιὸ τοῦ περὶ τοὺς τύμβους διατρίβειν Kal  τοὺς νεκροὺς ἀκρωτηριάζειν (H.). 5. -οσύνη name of ἃ wall in Constantinople, which  was made of tombstones (VIP). 6. τυμβεύω [v.] 'to bury', intr. 'to rest in the grave'  (S., E., Ar., etc.), ἐν-τυμβεύομαι 'to rest in the grave' (Ph.), whence -eia [f.] 'burial'  (Suid.), -evua [n.] 'grave' (S.), 'corpse' (E.). Several hypostases, eg. ἐπιτύμβ-ιος (A. S., Plu, AP etc.), -ίδιος (A. [lyr.] etc.) 'at or on the grave, belonging to the grave'.

    *ETYM Beside τύμβος, we find Corcyr. topos (VI"; the length is metrically ensured)  with the same meaning. The variation shows that the word is Pre-Greek (not

===Pag_1569: Beekes_Página_1569.tiff===

recognized by Fur.). Lat. tumutus 'earth-hil? and Arm. t'umb 'landfill, earthen wall' may contain the same Pre-Greek/Mediterranean word. It is possible that Celtic forms such as MIr. tomm [m.] 'small hill, MW tom [m., f.] 'dung, mound' belong here, as well.

XXXXXτύμβος 2 [m.] in ὦ top Be, referring to an old man (Ar. Lys. 372), γέροντα τύμβον (E. Med. 1209), γέροντος ... τύμβου (Heracl. 167); τυμβογέρων: ἐσχατογήρως Kal παρηγμένος τῇ διανοίᾳ (Η., Ar. Fr. 35, Com. Adesp. 1172 et al.); παρτετύμβει:- Tapagpovel, ἡμάρτηκεν (H.); τετυμβωμένος = decrepitus (gloss.).

    *ETYM Clearly a metaphorical use of τύμβος 1.

XXXXXτύμπανον [n.] 'kettledrum, hand drum' (IA Hom. 14, 3), also metaphorically as a technical expression, 'instrument of torture' (Ar. etc.), 'water wheel' (Plb., pap.), 'drum in a machine' (Hero; also -ος [m.]), etc. 4 PG(v)>

    *VAR Also τύπανον.

    *COMP τυμπανοτερπής 'delighting in drums' (Orph.,) φρεατοτύπανον [n.] 'water  wheel' (Plb.). '

    *DER 1. τυμπάν-ιον [n.] 'machine drum' (Hero), designation of a hair style (Str.), etc. 2. -eb¢ [m.] 'cylinder' (Hero). 3. -άριος [m.] 'drummer' (pap. VIP). 4. -iac, Ion. -ing  (ὕδρωψλ) [m.] 'kind of dropsy (by which the stomach is stretched like a drum)', or  'who is afflicted by dropsy' (medic.). 5. -ἰτης [m.] 'kind of dropsy' (medic.). 6. -ἰκός  'afflicted by dropsy' (Alex. Trall.). 7. -όεις bSpwy (Nic.). 8. -ὠδης 'kettledrum-like'  (Sor.). 9. tupnavitw 'to beat the kettledrum, to drum' (com., LXX, Str. εἴς), also =  ano- (Ep. Hebr. Luc.); thence τυμπαν-ισμός [m.] 'drumming' (Ar. etc.), -ἰστής [m.]  'drummer' (Str. pap.), plur. name of a play by Soph., -iotpia [f.] (D., Luc.);  ἀποτυμπαν-ίζω 'to stretch on the wheel, to torture, beat' (Lys., D., Arist. pap., etc.),  τισμός (Cat. Cod. Astr.). 10. τυομπανόομαι 'to be stretched like a drum' (Hippiatr.).

    *ETYM Formation like ὄργανον, etc. Traditionally (eg. EM 771) connected with  τύπτω (whence the spelling τύπανον), with a nasal of PIE or secondary origin. Others have regarded it as a Semitic loanword (cf. Aram. tuppa, Hebr. top, etc. 'to  beat the drum'), with folk-etymological adaptation to τύπτω and the instrument  names in -avov. Fur. 287 suggests that the instrument, used in the cult of the Magna  Mater and Dionysus, rather comes from Asia Minor. The variant may also point to  Pre-Greek origin (prenasalization).

XXXXXτυννός [adj.] 'small, inferior' (Call., Theoc. et al.). <?>

    *DER τυννοῦτος, -i 'this small' (Ar.), after τηλικ-οῦτος.

    *ETYM The geminate -vv- is possibly hypocoristic; cf. ▶︎ τυτθός.

XXXXXτύντλος [m.] 'faeces, mud' (Men., sch. Ar. Pax 1148). <2

    *DER τυντλ-ώδης 'muddy, turbid', of speech (Com. Adesp.), -άζω (Ar.) of vines,  which is explained in various ways: πηλοπατέω, ἐπιρραίνειν πηλῷ, etc. (see LSJ).

    *ETYM Unexplained; a contamination of τύρβη and ἄντλος seems improbable.

XXXXXτύπτω [v.] 'to poke, stab, beat with a weapon or a stick'. On the suppletive system τύπτω : ἐπάταξα : πέπληγα, see Kélligan 2007: 303ff.

===Pag_1570: Beekes_Página_1570.tiff=== XXXXXτύραννος 1519

    *VAR Aor. τύψαι, also tuneiv (E. [lyr.]), τυπτῆσαι (late), pass. τυπῆναι, also τυφθῆναι  and τυπτηθῆναι (late), perf. pass. τέτυμμαι (all H1.), fut. τυπτήσω (Att.), τύψω (late),  perf. act. τετύπτηκα (Philostr., Poll.), τέτυφα (Theodos.), ptc. τετύποντεςξ (Call.).

    *COMP Also with mpo-, κατα-, etc.

    *DER A. τύπος [m.] 'blow, beat; impression, embossed work, relief, outline, form;  image, example, type' (post-Hom.). Often as a second member, eg. ἀντίτυπος  'causing a counter-blow, striking back, echoing, obstinate, harsh; containing or  matching an image', as a subst. [n., m.] 'image' (IA); thence ἀντιτυπ-ία, -έω, -ής,  -totc. From τύπος are derived: 1. diminutive tum-iov, -idtov [n.] 'small example'  (Hell. inscr.), -άριον [n.] 'small figure' (Tz.). 2. -ἰς [f.] 'club, hammer' (A. R,, Call. εἴς), τάς [f.] 'id? (S. Fr. 844, H.). 3. -ετός [m.] = κοπετός (Ὁ. H.), -ητός 'id.' (epigr.). 4. τύπης: πλήκτης (H. Theognost.; probably for -tn¢). 5. -ίας χαλκός 'hammered  copper' (Poll; antonym tpoyiac). 6. -τκός (adv. -ικῶς) 'figurative, exemplary' (Plu.,  Gal., Ep. Cor. etc.), -ὦδης 'comprising the main features, in outline' (Arist., Str., etc.). Verbs: 7. τυπ-όομαι, -6w, very often with prefix, e.g. dva-, ἀντι-, ék-, ἐν-, ὑπο-, 'to  receive an impression, be formed; to form, mould, model' (IA), whence -wotc, -ωμα,  -ωτής, -ωτός, -ωτικός (ἀνα-, εἴς). 8. τυπ-άζομαι = -όομαι (Opp.); τυπάζειν- κόπτειν,  τυπαστήριον- τὸ τῶν ἀλιέων στυμνίον (Η.). B. τυπή [f.] 'blow, thrust' (E 887, A. R., Nic.); τύμμα [n.] 'blow, stab, wound' (Hp., A,  Arist., etc.); τύψις [m.] 'striking, wound' (J., Nic.), with ὑπό- technical expression of  unclear meaning (Delos 115). C. Also ἐντυπὰς κεκαλυμμένος 'emerge in outline', ie. 'enshrouded tightly, closely' (Q 163; similarly A. R., Ὁ. S. = ὥστε τὸν τύπον τοῦ  σώματος φαίνεσθαι H.), and ἐντυπαδία: ὅταν τῷ ἱματίῳ τὴν χεῖρα πρὸς πρόσωπα  κατειλημμένος στήσῃ (H.), but cf. Latte ad loc. cf. ἔν-τυπος 'embossed, coined'  (ἀργύριον Poll.), 'able to be impressed' (Phot.), ἐντυπόομαι 'to be imprinted', -dw 'to  imprint' (Arist, Hell. and late), ἐντετύπασται 'he is enshrouded' (Pisidia). With  verbal reference προτυπής 'pressing forward' (Plot. H. R.); ὀροτύπος 'beating the  mountain' (ὕδωρ; A. Th. 85 [lyr.]), dpet- (6peo-, ὀροι-)τύποι [pl.] 'mountain worker',  and -ia, -in (Hp., Thphr., Nic. et al.). Blanc RPh. 70 (1996): 199-210 thinks that the  first element comes from ὀρεὺς 'mule', which were lashed on to make them advance. On > TULLTAVOV, 866 S.v.

    *ETYM Built on PIE *(s)teup- 'to push, beat', as attested in Lat. stuped 'to be(come)  numb, amazed', stuprum 'dishonor', Albanian shtyp 'to crush', etc; probably also  ▶︎ στύπος. See LIV' s.v. *(s)teup-.

XXXXXτύραννος [m.] 'absolute ruler, monarch, tyrant', rarely fem. 'lady, princess', also adj. 'dictatorial, imperious, ruling' (h. Mart., Pi., IA, etc.).

    *COMP μισοτύραννος 'hating tyrants' (IA), τυραννοκτόνος [m., f.] 'killing tyrants'  (late).

    *DER 1. τυρανν-ίς (scil. dpxn?) [f.] 'autocracy, despotism, tyranny' (Pi, IA since  Archil.). 2. -ia [f.] 'id'? (Xenoph,, late pap.). 3. -eiov, often plur. -εἴα 'residence of an  autocrat' (Str. Ὁ. S, J., Plu, etc.). 4. -ἰκός 'of an autocrat, violent, tyrannical' (since  A.). Verbs: 5. -evw (after βασιλεύω), -ἔω (rarely with συν- etc.) 'to be an autocrat, to  rule (absolutively) (IA). 6. desiderative -ησείω 'to strive after tyranny' (Sol. apud D.

===Pag_1571: Beekes_Página_1571.tiff===

L.). 7. -ιἰάω 'to be greedy for power, pursue tyranny' (J., D. L. et al.). 8. -ἰζω 'to take the part of tyrants' (D.).

    *ETYM A Pre-Greek word. None of the alternative hypotheses is plausible.

XXXXXτύρβη [f.] 'confusion, noise, tumult' (Hp., Isoc., X., Plb. etc.);

    *VAR  σύρβη (Suid., Eust.)

    *DER Adv. τύρβᾶ (σύρβα H.) 'pell-mell' (A. Fr. 31, 3 = M. 61 8, 3; acc.sg.?). Hence  τυρβάζω (dva-) 'to stir up, confuse, revel' (Ar. et al.), -acia [f.] (Poll., H.), τασμα  (uncertain; late). Unclear τύρβησις: ἡλιβατὸν ἀέρα and Τυρβηνός: ἐπίθετον τοῦ  Ἀπόλλωνος (H.). Also συρβάβυττα (?) 'higgledy-piggledy' (Ar. Fr. 866); συρβηνεύς  = αὐλητής (σύρβη yap 7 αὐλοθήκη) ἢ ταρᾳχώδης (H. = Cratin. 84), συρβηνέων  χορός (Ath., Suid.).

    *ETYM The variation τύρβη - σύρβη points to a palatal /t/ and therefore to a Pre-  Greek word (not in Fur.). A connection with Lat. turba 'confusion, noise, crowd,  troop' and turma 'troop, squadron, crowd' is difficult. Latin turba might be a  loanword from Greek, cf. E-M.

XXXXXτῦρός [m.] 'cheese' (Il.). 41Ε *teuH- 'swell'>

    *COMP τυρόκνηστις [f.] ''cheese-grater, cheese-knife' (Ar., Delos III* etc.) (see on  -Kvaiw); πολύτυρος 'rich in cheese' (Pherecr.). See also ▶︎ βούτυρον (-ος).

    *DER 1. Diminutive tup-iov [n.] (com., pap. etc.), -iokog (late), -άσιον [n.] (pap. ΠΠ';  or 'tool for preparing cheese'?). 2. -ακίνᾶς [m.] (Dor.) 'kind of cheese-cake' (Philox. V-IV*), presupposes earlier *-dkivoc, after ὀμφάκο-ινος, etc. 3. -ίτης (πλακοῦς)  'cheese-cake' = Lat. scriblita (gloss.). 4. -όεις, -obc, Dor. -ὥς, fem. -οὔῦσσα, -ὥσσα  (scil. ἄρτος, πλακοῦς) 'cheese-like, made of cheese' (Sophr., Theoc. et al.), -ώδης 'id'  (Hp., Cos IV-III?, Plu.). Verbs: 5. tup-edw 'to make cheese', metaphorically 'to  concoct' (Com. Adesp., D., Arist. etc.), also with év-; -εύματα [n.pl.] 'curdled food,  cheese' (E.), 'intrigue' (Com. Adesp.), -eia [f.] 'id', also 'making cheese, cheese-press'  (Tab. Heracl. Mycale IV', Arist. etc.), -evotg [f.] 'making cheese' (Arist.), -ευτήρ [m.]  'maker of cheese' (of Epptjc, AP). 6. -éw 'to make cheese' in aor. ἐτύρησας (Alcm.). 7. -dopat, -dw 'to become cheese', also with ἀπο-, ém-, ovv- (Ar., LXX, Dsc., etc.),  whence -ωτός, -ωσις (late).

    *ETYM Cognate with Av. tairi- [n.] 'cheeselike milk, whey', tdiriia- 'curdled, of milk'  perhaps also with MInd. (Apabhr.) tira- 'cheese'. Further connections are disputed. Phonologically, τῦρός can be derived neither from PIE tyer- 'to stir' (see ▶︎ ὀτρύνω,  ▶︎ τορύνη, ▶︎ τύρβιη), nor from PIE *twerH- 'to hold, fence in' (whence Lith. tvérti  'seize, fence in' etc.). Phonologically unproblematic, and semantically possible, is a  derivation as *tuH-ré- to PIE *teuH- 'to be strong, swell' whence, for instance, RuCS  tyti 'to become fat'.

XXXXXτύρσις, -106, -ίδος [f.] 'tower, keep, turret; palace, castle, fortified town' (Pi., Hp., X., Hell. poet. etc.); in H. also téppic: πύργος, ἔπαλξις, προμαχών and τύρσος: τὸ ἐν ὕψει οἰκοδόμημα. < PG>

    *VAR Plur. -e1c.

    *DER Diminutive tuppidiov [n.] (Sicily).

===Pag_1572: Beekes_Página_1572.tiff=== XXXXXτύφοι 1521

    *ETYM A loanword from a Mediterranean language (Kretschmer Glotta 22 (1934):  uioff. with many details), borrowed into Latin as turris. On the several attempts to  derive τύρσις, turris as a borrowing from an IE language (e.g. Illyr. TN -dorgis like  Iyr. Bov-dopyic etc., Lyd. TN Tippa, Tipoa with Τυρσήνοί and *Turs-ci > Tusci  beside Etrusci), see Heubeck 1961: 65f.

XXXXXτυτθός [adj.] 'small, tender, young', e.g. τυτθά κεάσαι 'to chop into small pieces'; adv. τυτθόν, -ά 'a little, a bit, hardly, just barely' (epic poet. since I].). «

    *ETYM A nursery word with hypocoristic gemination and aspiration. With a similar  form and meaning, compare MoSw. tutta 'little girl', with a different meaning OHG  tut(f)a 'nipple' etc. Cf. ▶︎ τυννός.

XXXXXtute [f.] " ή γλαῦξ 'the little owl (H.).

    *ETYM Onomatopoeic, rendering the cry of the owl; cf. Plaut. Men. 653 noctuam,  quae 'ti, ti? usque dicat, also Lat. tutubare 'to cry, of an owl', Lith. tutuoti, tututis  'first flute, pipe', name of a bird, 'crow, hoopoe' vel sim., MoHG tuten etc. Similarly  in Greek tottic: 6 κόσσυφος, ταύτασος' ὄρνις ποιός (H.).

XXXXXτύφῃη (0?) [f.] name of a plant used for padding cushions and beds, 'Typha angustata' (Thphr., Str., Dsc.), designation of a head-covering (Tz, cf. Lat. tifa). «1Ὲ *tuH-b'- 'hump, bump'?>

    *DER -ἥἤρης [adj.] 'made of τ. (AP).

    *ETYM Gr. τύφη is often regarded as cognate with Lat. tuber, -eris [n.] 'hump, bump,  tumour', and Gm. words such as ON pufa [f.] 'hill in grassland', OE puf [m.] 'tuft,  bundle of feathers'; they may or may not be derived from PIE *teuH- 'to be strong,  swell. Yet the meaning of the Greek word is sufficiently 'different to render its  connection with the other words purely hypothetical. Also, the length of the -v- is  uncertain.

XXXXXτυφλός [adj.] 'blind, dark, blocked, clogged' (since Z 139). «IE d"eub- 'foggy'>

    *COMP τυφλόστομος 'with blind mouth' (Str.), ὑπότυφλος 'half-blind, weak-sighted'  (Plu. εἴς.

    *DER 1, many animal names, such as snakes: τυφλ-ίας, -ὧψ, -ivog, -ἰνης (MoGr. dial. -itrs), and fish: -ivoc, -ἤν, -tvidtov. 2. -ότης [f.] 'blindness, obstruction' (Democr.,  PL, Gal., Plu.). 3. τώδης (H.) as an explanation of βλάνος. 4. τυφλ-όομαι 'to go blind',  -6w 'to blind, obstruct' (Pi, IA), also with ἀπο-, ἐκ- etc; -ωσις (ἀπο-, ἐκ-) [f] 'loss of  sight' (IA). 5. τυφλ-ώττω 'to go blind, be blind' (Hell. and late).

    *ETYM τυφλός belongs to the numerous adjectives in -Adc that indicate physical or  psychical defects, e.g. σιφλός, χωλός, τραυλός, δειλός (Chantraine 1933: 238). No  exact correspondence exists outside Greek. The root could be the same as in Olr. dub 'black' < *dub"-u-, and Go. daufs, ON daufr, OHG toub 'deaf < PIE *d"oub'-o-. The original meaning seems to have been 'obstructed, clogged, dark'. Due to the  short u in Celtic, the adjective cannot be derived from the verbal root PIE *d'uh,- (cf. > τύφομαι 'to smoke').

XXXXXτύφοι [m.] - σφῆνες 'wedges' (H.). «εξ *d'eub"- 'peg, wedge'>

===Pag_1573: Beekes_Página_1573.tiff===

, -w

    *ETYM In theory, one might connect Germanic words such as MLG dével, MHG  tiibel, MoHG Débel, Diibel [m.] (with LG initial), MoE dowel 'spool, peg, tap, nail' <  PGm. *dub-ila-; with gemination MoSw. dubb, MoNw. dobb 'iron bolt', and verbal  forms: ON dubba 'to equip; to dub someone knight', OE dubbian 'to dub someone  knight'. Thus, one might reconstruct PIE *d"ub"- 'to hit'. Yet the isolated position of  the Greek gloss calls for caution: the technical meaning 'wedge' may have arisen in  various ways. τύφομαι, -w [v.] 'to smoke, smoulder, glow', act. 'to make smoke, fume, singe, burn  slowly' (IA). «IE *d'uH- 'smoke, steam'>

    *VAR Aor. tipijvat (Ar. etc.), θῦψαι (Plb., Η., Suid.), fut. τυφήσομαι (Men.), perf. τέθυμμαι, τετύφθαι (PI., Poll.), plpf. ὑπετέθυπτο (Apolloph. Com. V°),

    *COMP Also with ἐπι-, ὑπο-, etc.

    *DER 1. τῦφος [m.] 'kind of fever' (Hp.), 'conceit, stupidity, fallacy, folly' (Hell. and  late); as a first member in τυφογέρων 'feeble-minded old man' (Ar.). Thence tug-  ώδης 'feverish' (Hp.), 'befogged, bloated' (Vett.Val.); -όομαι (mostly perf. τετύφωμαι), -όω 'to be befogged, foolish, bloated', act. 'to befog, delude' (Att., Hell. and late), rarely with éx-, ὑπο-, émt-; -wots [f.] 'befoggedness' (Tz.); backformation  ὑπότυφος 'bloated' (Ion Chius). 2. τυφεδών, -όνος [f.] 'stupidity' (Call. et al.),  -εδανός 'stupid' (Ar. V. 1364). 3. ὑπόθυψις [f.] 'spurring on, incitement' (P1b.), θῦψις  'fuming, singing' (Suid.). 4. Τυφ-άων, -dovoc (h. Ap., Hes. etc.), τῶν, -@vog (Pi. et  al.); -ώς, gen. acc. -@ (Pi. A. Ar., Hdt.) [m.] 'whirlwind', personified 'Typhon,  Typhos'; also -ωεύς, -wéoc [π|.] 'Typhoeus' (B 782f., Hes. Th. 821, h. Hom. A. R. etc.);  hence adj. -αόνιος, -aovic, -wvioc, -ωνικός (late).

    *ETYM All verbal forms seem to be based on the present. There are no exact  correspondences of τύφ- outside Greek. It is thought to be derived from the PIE root  *dyeh,- | *duh,- 'to smoke' (see ▶︎ θύω, also ▶︎ θυμός and ▶︎ θύμος) by means of an  enlargement *-b'-. See LIV' s.v. *d*ych,-. ▶︎ τυφλός is probably unrelated, but see s.v.

XXXXXτύχη -- τυγχάνω.

XXXXXτωθάζω [ν}] 'to mock, sneer, jeer' (1A); also θωτάζει: ἐμπαίζει, χλευάζει, ἐπιθωτάζοντες: ἐπιχλευάζοντες (H.). <?>

    *VAR Aor. τωθάσαι, fut. -άσομαι.

    *COMP Also with ἐπι- etc.

    *DER τωθ-ασμός (éni-) [m.] 'sneering, mockery, banter' (Arist, Plb. Ὁ. H. etc.),  -dopata [pl.] 'id' (Suid.), -αστής [m.] 'scorner' (Poll. H.), -αστικός 'mocking,  sneering' (D. H., D. L., Poll.).

    *ETYM Unexplained.

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Y 0 [prep., pref. ]

    *VAR Cypr. in ὑ τύχα = ἐπι τύχῃ (also i(v) τύχαι, also ὕ-χηρος [f.] 'handsel',  corresponding to Att. τὰ ἐπίχειρα. '"

    *ETYM Traditionally, ὑ is identified with Skt. ut-, ud- 'upwards, up', Go. ut  'out(wards), MoHG aus, etc. < PIE "μά. The analysis of ὕχηρος seems certain, but  for ὑ τύχα, other analyses are possible (Cypr. bv = Ov 'ava', Risch Kratylos 10 (1965):  92; or from earlier σὺν τύχᾳ, Thumb-Scherer 1959: 172). The same preposition has also been claimed to be present in the expression vfaic Cav  u-wa-i-se za-ne '51a βίου (2) (ICS 217, 10), but this is rather doubtful; see for instance  the analysis of Weiss MSS 55 (1994): 15if., positing *h,iu(u)-h,ei-s- 'bis in [alle]  Ewigkeit' for u-wa-i-se. See further ▶︎ ὕσπλη(γ)ξ, ▶︎ ὕστριξ, ▶︎ ὕστερος.

XXXXXὕαινα [f.] 'hyena' (Hdt, Arist. et al.), also the name of a sea-fish 'Charax puntazzo' (Numen. apud Ath, Ael.); with the same meaning also ὑαινίς [f.] (Epich.); see Thompson 1947 s.v. and Strémberg 1943: 100f. « GR?>

    *DER ὑαίν-(ελος 'of the hyena' (Plin., Cyran.), -itr¢ [m.] designation of a stone  (probably after the color).

    *ETYM Derived from ὗς 'swine' on the model of λέαινα, AbKatva, etc. DELG thinks  that the animal resembled a swine by its airs and its bristly hair. Yet the hyena is a  species of its own and looks more like a dog than a sow; could it bé that ὕαινα  replaces aloanword or a Pre-Greek word?

XXXXXὑάκινθος [m., f.] 'hyacinth' (E 348, Sapph., Thphr., Theoc., Paus. et al.); designation of a blue cloth or a blue color (LXX, Ph., J, pap.); also of a precious stone (late). 4 PG>

    *DER ὑακίνθο-ινος 'of the hyacinth, hyacinth-colored' (Od., E., X., Samos IV', etc.),  -wéng 'hyacinth-like' (Dsc.), -i€w [v.] 'to resemble a hyacinth' (Plin.). Also the name  of a Laconian youth, who according to legend was killed by Apollo with an  unfortunate throw of the discus. He probably was a Pre-Greek god who was  superseded by Apollo, and sank to be a mere hero; but he also merged with this god  to become Ἀπόλλων Ὑάκινθος (-80c). Thence τὰ Ὑακίνθια (Cret. Fax-), name of a  Doric festival (Hdt, Th, X.), Ὑακίνθιος (Cret. Bax-) [m.] Doric month-name  (Sparta, Rhodos, Thera, Crete, etc.). On the Ionic sound substitution ἰη Ὑάκινθος for  original FaxtvOoc, see Schwyzer: 224.

    *ETYM A clear Pre-Greek word, cf. Fur: 242, 377 (but not with a prothetic u-!). It is  disputed whether ὑάκινθος is related to Lat. vaccinium 'blueberry, whortleberry';  Deroy Glotta 35 (1956): 185ff. and Meillet MSL 15 (1908-1909): 162 consider both

===Pag_1575: Beekes_Página_1575.tiff===

words to be independent loans from a Mediterranean language, to be connected with Lat. bdca 'berry and Gr. Βάκχος.

XXXXXὕαλος [f., m.] 'transparent stone, eg. alabaster, crystal, amber' (IA), 'glass' (Pl. Arist. etc; in Hdt. χυτὴ λίθος). «ΡῈ»

    *VAR Also ὕελος.

    *COMP ὑαλουργ-ός (veA-) [m.] 'glass-maker' (Str., pap.), whence -ικός, -eiov (late). Also ὑάλη 'id. (H., Phot., Suid.)

    *DER 1. ὑάλ-ινος (ὑέλ-) 'glassy' (Corinn, Hp. Ar., inscr., etc.), -eoc, -οὖῦς 'id,  transparent like glass' (Str., pap., AP etc.), -ιἰκός 'serving for glass- making' (J.), -ἶτις  (ἄμμος, γῆ) 'id' (Thphr., Str.), τόεις 'glass-colr' (AP), -ὦδης 'glass-like' (medic.). 2. bad-a¢ [m.] 'glass-maker' (late inscr.); -wya [n.] name of an eye-disease of horses  (Hippiatr; cf. yAabkwpta); diminutive ὑέλιον [n.] 'mirror' (Suid.); hence (or from  ὕελος) ὑ(ε)λι-άριος [m.] (Asia Minor). 3. baA-itw (veA-) [v.] 'to have glass-color'  (Dsc., Ph. Byz. et al.).

    *ETYM A Pre-Greek word, cf. Fur. 351; it may have had palatal Ρ', cf. the variant  ὕελλος. This may also explain the coloring of the preceding a to e. The ancient  grammarians, such as Phryn., call ὕαλος Attic, and ὕελος Hellenistic. There is a  remarkable similarity with the first member of the North-European name for amber,  suali-ternicum (called 'Scythian' by Plin. HN 37,33). A similar identity of the words  for 'glass' and 'amber' is found in OGm. glésum [Plin., Tac.] 'amber' and OHG ρίας.

XXXXXὑβός [adj.] 'hunchbacked' (Hp., Theoc.). «ΡΟ»

    *VARcodd. ὕβος (for b-?) [m.] 'hunchback, hump', of a camel, a Cyprian ox (Arist.),

XXXXXdpe [νος (Theoc. 5,43), perhaps metrically conditioned.

    *DER ὑβόομαι 'to become hunchbacked' (Gal.), bB-wpa [n.] 'hump' (or enlarged  from bBoc?), -ωσις [f.] 'hunchbackedness' (Hp., Gal.).

    *ETYM The element -β- in ὑβός is reminiscent of words like στραβός, κλαμβός, and  other words for corporeal defects (Chantraine 1933: 261); ὑβός may have been  influenced by these. A convincing etymology has not been found. Petersson 1918: 74  compares Lith. subiné 'hindmost, back, bottom', which would have been derived  from *subas = ὗβος. The word may well be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXὕβρις, -ἰος, -εος, -ews [f.] 'arrogance, haughtiness, exorbitance, violence, offence, abuse' (Il.).

    *COMP ὑβρίγελως [m.] 'arrogant laughter' (Man.), μίσυβρις 'having arrogance

    *DER ὑβρίζω, Dor. (Theoc.) -ίσδω, aor. ὑβρ-ίσαι, pass. -ἰσθῆναι, etc. 'to be arrogant or  unbounded, to exert violence, offend, abuse' (IL), often with prefix, eg. ag-, év-, ἐξ-,  ἐφ-, kaQ-. Derivatives: 1. ὕβρ-ισμα (év-) [n.] 'arrogant action, etc', also object of it  (Hdt., E., D., Plu. etc.). 2. -ἰσμός [m.] 'id' (A. Fr. 179 = 485 M.). 3. -torg (only with  ἀνθ-) [f.] 'counter-abuse' (comm. Arist.). 4. τ-ιστής (ἐφ-) [m.] 'violator, offender' (N  633 [cf. -ἰστήρ], Od., etc.), fem. -ἰστις (EM); -ἰστήρ [m.] 'id' (ν. N 633, Opp., Nonn.,  AP), fem. -iotpia (LXX). 5. -totos 'arrogant, scoffing' (Pherecr., Pl. Com.), grades of  comparison -ἰστότερος, -ἰστότατος (Hdt. 3, 81 [v.]. -ιστικώτερον), Att.). 6. -ἰστικός  'id? (Att, Arist, etc.). 7. ἐφύβριστος 'contumelious, disgraceful (LXX, Plu, Man.

===Pag_1576: Beekes_Página_1576.tiff=== XXXXXὑγρός 1525 Vett. Val. εἴς.). Also ὑβρίς, -ίδος [f.] name of a nocturnal bird of prey, perhaps 'eagle-owl, Strix bubo' (Arist., H.).

    *ETYM No certain explanation. The -B- and initial b- hardly look IE, so the word  could well be Pre-Greek. Frisk is sympathetic to the connection with the prefix /  preposition ▶︎ v-, but this means nothing. Nikolaev Glotta 80 (2002): 211-230 assumes  that ὕβρις contains the root of ἥβη and, with many additional assumptions,  reconstructs *ioHg'ri-. But as the Wetter-rule that he assumes is probably wrong, we  would expect *wBpi-, and the construction must be rejected. Note that ἥβη is always  a positive notion, whereas ὕβρις certainly is not.

XXXXXὕγγεμος = γέντο.

XXXXXὑγιής [adj-] 'healthy, unharmed, beneficial' (since © 524).

    *COMP ὑγιο-ποιέω 'to heal' (Ὁ. S.).

    *DER 1. Adjectives: ὑγι-ηρός 'healthy, beneficial' (Pi., IA), -npéotepoc (Hdt.) (after  ὑγιέστερος); ὑγί-εις 'id.' (Pi.); ὕγζελιος 'id.' (pap. II-III, gloss.); ὑγι-ώτερος (Sophr.). 2. Abstract ὑγιεία, -ειᾶ, Ion. -είη [f.] 'health', also personified (Simon., Pi, IA), -εινός  'benificial to the health, belonging to health, beneficial (IA), Hell. byeia, -ia, PN  (Hell. and late)"Yy(e)ioc = Lat. Hyginus; quite rarely -ότης [f.] 'health' in logic (S. E.). 3. Further nouns:"Y yiatijs [m.], epithet of Dionysus (Ath, Eust.); ὑγείδιον [n.] name  of several unguents (Gal.). 4. Verbs: a. byt-aivw 'to be healthy, be in good health'  (IA), also δι-, ἐξ-, ovv-; -avoig [{ 'healing' (Arist. etc.). Ὁ. -άζω 'to heal', -άζομαι  (ἀφ-, 8&-) 'to be cured' (Hp., Arist. Hell. and late), -άσματα [n.pl.] = ἀκέσματα (AB),  -aotrpiov [n.] 'hospital' (pap. ΠΡ, gloss.), -αστός 'curable' (Arist.), -αστικός 'serving  for healing' (Arist, Str., Gal. etc.); ἀφυγι-ασμός [m.] 'healing' (lamb.). c. ὑγι-ῶσαι 'to  heal' (Hp.), perhaps false for γυιῶσαιξ

    *ETYM Traditionally explained as a compound of PIE *h,su- 'well, good' (see ▶︎ ἐύς)  and 'to live' (see ▶︎ (ww and ▶︎ βίος). with s-stem inflexion: IE *h,su-g'ih,-es-. Initial b-  instead of εὐ- would be due to laryngeal loss in the compound. A close  correspondence seems to be found in Av. hu-jiiaiti- [[1 'a good life'. However, Weiss  MSS 55 (1994): 151f. much more convincingly assumes that it derives from *h,iu-  g*ih,-es- 'having eternal life'; he compares Lat. i#gis 'constant' and Av. yauuaé-ji-  'living forever'.

XXXXXὑγρός [adj.] 'wet, moist, watery, fluid; weak, soft, flexible' (I.). «IE *ug-ro- 'moist'>

    *COMP ὑγρομελής 'with flexible limbs' (X., Poll.), κάθυγρος 'soaked' (Hp. Thphr. etc.).

    *DER 1. Subst. ὑγρότης, Dor. -ότας [f.] 'moisture, weakness, etc.' (IA, Ti. Locr.);  τ-ηδών, -ηδόνος [f.] 'id? CHp.); -ἰην: τὸ οὖρον. Διονύσιος (H.). 2. Verbs: a. byp-aivw  'to wet, water' (IA), very often with καθ-, di-, 2&-, etc; -ανσις [f.] 'wetting' (Gal. etc.),  -αντικός 'wetting' (Diph. Siph. apud Ath. etc.); καθυγρασμός [f.] 'wetting' (late  medic.). Ὁ. τάζῳ 'to be, become wet or moist' (Hp.), -aoia [f.] 'moisture' (Arist.,  Thphr. etc.), -ασμα [n.] 'id' (Hp.); may also be connected with -aivw. c. -woow 'to be  wet, moist' (A. Ag. 1329).

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    *ETYM Possible cognates include ON vokr, acc. vokvan 'moist, wet' < PGm. *yakya-  < PIE *yog-yo- or *yog'-o-; and Lat. avidus, tidus 'id.', which can go back to PIE  *ug'-, *ue/og'- or *uh,-, see de Vaan 2008. Thus, all forms may go back to a root  *u(e/o)g'-.

XXXXXὕδερος [π|.] ''dropsy' (Hp., Arist.). «IE? *udero- 'belly'>

    *VAR Also ὅδερος: γαστήρ (H.), with dialectal 6- for b-? Differently Giintert IF 27  (1910): 48 rather for ὕδερος, because of the spiritus asper. Also ὕδερος εἰς ἀμίδα  'diabetes' (Gal.).

    *DER Adj. ὑδερ-ικός, -ὡδης, -ἰιώδης 'dropsical'; verbs -aivw, -πἰάω (with -iacic), -aw  'to suffer from dropsy' (all medic.). %

    *ETYM Cognate with Skt. uddra- [n.], Av. udara- 'abdomen, belly', Lat. uterus 'belly,  womb' (tr < *dr in oblique cases), OPr. weders 'belly, stomach', Lith. védaras  'sausage, intestines' (with long vowel from Winter's Law). Gr. ὕδερος must separated  from ὕδωρ 'water', since a full grade ὕδερ- is further unknown in Greek. The  semantic shift from 'belly' to 'dropsy' is unproblematic: Skt. uddra- is also used in  the sense of 'pathologically swollen belly'.

XXXXXὑδέω [v.] 'to sing, glorify' (Hell. epic, conj. in E. Hyps. 3, 15). 41Ε *h,ued- 'speak'>

    *VAR -eiw metrically conditioned; also ὕδω, ὕδειν (Suid. etc.).

    *DER ὕδη: φήμη, ᾧδή (Theognost. Can. 19), ὕδης: συνετός, ἢ ποιητής (HL).

    *ETYM Without ascertained etymology. It would be attractive to assume that ὑδ- is  cognate with ▶︎ αὑδή 'voice', and with Skt. vddati 'to speak', ppp. uditd. Yet there is  no good explanation for the different reflexes in Gr. /hud-/ vs. /aud-/.

XXXXXὕδνον [n.] name of a mushroom, 'truffle' (Hell. and late). «PG»

    *COMP ὑδνόφυλλον:' ἡ ἐπὶ τοῖς ὕδνοις φυομένη πόη (H.) (Pamphil. apud Ath. 2, 62d).

    *ETYM The word has hesitantly been connected to ὕδωρ as 'juicy' (Pok. 79), to ὕει  'rains' as 'rain-plant', and to ὗς 'swine' as 'sow-bread'. Under »ἵτον, I have argued  that we must assume a Pre-Greek word, in view of the variants ὕτνον, oidvov,  oitvov, adduced by Fur.: 110, 184.

XXXXXὕδρα [f.] 'water-snake', especially Agpvaia ὕδρα (Hes., Herod., S., E., Pl.); ὕδρος [m.] 'id., Coluber nutrix' (B 723, Hdt., Arist., Call. etc.); ὕδρα / ὕδρος (Hell. and late since Eudox. apud Hipparch.) 'the constellation Hydra'. 41 *ud-r6- 'of the water'>

    *VAR  Ion. -1.

    *ETYM PIE name for a water-animal, especially 'otter': Skt. udrd- [m.], Av. udra- [m.]  'otter', OHG oftar 'id.', Lith. adra [f.], Ru. vydra [{1 'id' (with *% from Winter's  Law); Lat. dutra [[1 'id'? with additional ἰ- by folk etymology. Cf. ▶︎ ὕδωρ, ἔνυδρις.

XXXXXὕδωρ, -ατος [n.] 'water' (IL).

    *DIAL Myc. u-do-ro /udros/ or /udron/ designation of a bucket-shaped pot.

    *COMP ὑδροφόρος [m., [1] 'water-bearer', ἄνυδρος 'without water' (IA); ὑδατοτρεφής  'fed by water' (p 208), ἀνύδατος 'without water' (Man.), etc; rarely ὑδασι-«σ»τεγής  'protecting from water, waterproof (AP 6, 90). Hypostases: évvdptc (-ic) [f.] 'otter'  (Hdt., Ar. Arist.), Μεθύδρ-ιον [n.] town in Arcadia, 'between the rivers' (Th.), -ἰεύς  {m.] 'inhabitant of M.', gen.pl. Μετυδριήων (Orchom.).

===Pag_1578: Beekes_Página_1578.tiff===

    *DER A. Stem ὑδρ-: Nouns 1. ὑδρία [f.] 'water-bucket, urn' (Att, Locr. V*),  diminutive -ίσκη, -ίον, -i6tov (Hell. and late). 2. -ινεῖον [m.] 'id' (pap. I-III'), to  *bdpivoc or *bdpivoc). 3. τότης [f.] 'moisture' (Procl.). 4. -wya [n.] = -evpa (Eg. inscr.), enlarged or from *-dopat. 5. ddpavac [acc.pl.] 'vessel for lustration water'  (Andania 15), rather from ὑδράνη than from ὑδράν (cf. Η.: ὑδράνη: τὸ ἀκραιφνὲς καὶ  καθαρόν; ὑδράν: εἰς θυσίαν ἀκραιφνές. Ῥίνθων; ὑδρανός: ὁ ἀγνιστὴς τῶν  Ἐλευσινίων). 6. Ὑδρ-οῦς, -οὔντος [m.] town on the Ionic Sea in Calabria. 7. -ὧν,  -@vog [m.] month-name (Ptol.). Adjectives: 1. ὑδρ-ηλός 'watery, wet' (epic poet. since | 113, also Hp.). 2. -ηρός 'id,  (Sophr., Trag. Adesp., etc.). 3. -ὦδης 'id' (Thphr.). 4. -atocg 'belonging to water'  (Olymp. in Phd.); obdpaia: ὑδρία, μέτρον τι, Ἀττικοῦ μετρητοῦ ἥμισυ (H.), Lacon. or  Boeot.? 5. -toc 'of water' (Hero). 6. Unclear ὑδραλής: μετάβολος, also ὄφις ὕδατος  Verbs: 1. ὑδρ-αίνομαι, -aivw (ἀφ-} [v.] 'to bathe, water, wet' (Od., E. [almost only  lyr.]), -avtixds (pap. III?). 2. -εύομαι, -etw [v.] 'to scoop, fetch water' (Od.), quite  rarely with ἐφ-, mpoo-; thence -elov (-ἠΐον), -ela, -ευμα, -ευσις, -εύς, -ευτής, -ευτικός. B. Stem ὑδατ- (on the whole younger than ὑδρ-): Nouns 1. ὑδάτιον [n.] 'little water,  little rain, rivulet' (PI. Arist. Thphr, etc.). 2. -ἰς [f.] 'blain' (medic.). Adjectives: 1. -ώδης 'watery, dropsical' (Hp., Arist., Thphr. etc.). 2. τινος 'belonging  to water, watery, water-clear, flexible' (Hell. and late). 3. -1xd¢ 'of water, watery'  (Thphr., pap. IIP). 4. -detc 'watery, transparent like water' (AP, Nonn.». 5. -εινός 'wet,  moist' (Hp.). 6. -ηρός 'containing water' (A. Fr. 96 = 44 M.). Verbs. 1. ὑδατόομαι (ἐξ-) [v.] 'to be / become watery, dropsical', ἐξυδατόω [v.] 'to  turn into water, dilute with water' (Hp., Thphr. εἴς), -wotc [f.] (medic.). 2. -ίζω only  in δι-ὑδατίζω 'to give to drink' (sch.), ἐξυδατισθέν: ὡς ὕδωρ (H.), ὑδατισμός  [m.]'murmur of water' (medic.). C. Other formations: 1. ὕδος [n.] (Call. Fr. 475), dat. -e. (Hes. Op. 61) 'water'. 2. ὑδ-  αλέος 'dropsical' (Hp.), -αλίς: ὑδρωπιῶν (H.). 3. -αρής 'watery, diluted', especially of  wine (IA); τὸ ὑδαρόν (H.) as an explanation of bdapéc; ἐξ-υδαρόομαι, tow [v.] 'to  become water, make into water' (Arist., late). See also ▶︎ bSpa, ▶︎ ὕδρος and ▶︎ ὕδερος.

    *ETYM A PIE r/n-stem for 'water'. In Greek, the n-stem was enlarged with a *f, hence  *ud-y-t- > gen. ὕδατ-ος, etc. The denominative ὑδραίνομαι might continue older  ἴύδαινω = Skt. udanydti 'to water'. Cognates: U utur [n.] (< *ud-Gr), abl. une (< *ud-n-), Latin unda 'wave, sea, river' <  *ud-n-; Alb. ujé 'water', Hitt. ydtar / yitén- [n.] 'id? (see Kloekhorst 2008 s.v.); Skt. gen. udnds, loc. uddn(i), adj. anudrds 'without water; Go. wato, gen. watins, ON  vatn, OS watar, MoHG Wasser; OCS voda, Lith. vandué 'water'. The rare s-stem in  ὕδος, dat. ὕδει is also found in the zero grade in Skt. ifsa- [m.] 'source, spring' < *ud-  S-0-,    ὕει, ὑετός -οὕω.

XXXXXπὍυραις Gav

    *VAR Cypr,, written u-wa-i-se za-ne (ICS 217, 10). τ ὑ.

XXXXXὕθλος [m.] 'idle talk, prank' (PI. D., Porph., Jul.). <?>

    *COMP ὑθλορρήμων 'talking idly' (Tz.).

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    *DER ὑθλέω [v.] 'to prate' (Ar., Ephipp., Phid., Luc.), also with ἐξ-, ouv-. Cf. ὑσθλός:  σαλός, φλύαρος 'silly talk, nonsense' and ὑλλεῖ: θρυλλεῖ, λέγει, also ὑλάει- θρυλλεῖ,  ὑλακτεῖ, λέγει, θρηνεῖ 'babbles, barks, says, laments' (H.).

    *ETYM No etymology. The word may contain the suffix -θλο- (as in ἄεθλος etc.), but  there is no good explanation for initial ὑ-.

XXXXXὑιήν [1] - τὴν ἄμπελον 'vine' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXυἱός [m.] 'son' (IL). <1E *suH-i(e)u- 'son'>

    *VAR  Also ὑός (Att.); older vite (Lac. Gort, etc., Old Att. also bc, bc); οὐ]. forms:  gen. υἱοῦ (Corc. VIF [epigr.], x 238, etc.), υἱέος (IL), υἱῆος (Hell. and late epic), υἷος  (Hom., Thess.), acc. ὑζι)όν, υἱύν, viéa, via, nom.pl. ὑ(ι)οί, υἱέες, υἱεῖς, υἱῆες, υἷες, etc.

    *DIAL Myc. i-jo /*ios/, perhaps i-ju (i-*65) /*ius/, dat. i-je-we /*iewei/, i-we /"iweil/. Most recently -u-jo (TH Fq 229: ra-ke-da-mo-ni-jo-u-jo) /ajoil.

    *COMP υἱοθεσία [f.] 'adoption' (Hell. and late); univerbation of υἱὸν θέσθαι.

    *DER 1. Derived fem. vm 'daughter' (Sammelb.. IP), also va (Mytilene I?[?]). 2. Diminutive ὑΐδιον [n.] (Ar.), υἱάφιον [n.] (gloss.). 3. Denominative vidw, -όομαι [v.]  'to adopt as a son', -wotc [f.] 'adoption' (late). 4. As 'grandson': a. υἱωνός (Hom.,  Theoc., Plu. late inscr. and pap.), plur. υἱωνεῖς: υἱῶν υἱέες (H.), after υἱεῖς; fem. viwvi 'granddaughter' (J., gramm.). Ὁ. b(1)d00¢ (PL, X. D., Arist. etc.), b(1)dev,  (Isoc., H.); fem. didn (pap. I*, Poll. H.).

    *ETYM The o-stem in υἱός is secondary against the v-stem in vic; perhaps it arose by  dissimilation. The (proterodynamic) inflexion of υἱύς shows the full grade *-eu- of  the suffix in υἱέος, υἱέι and υἱεῖ, υἱέες and υἱεῖς, du. viée, υἱεῖ, and the zero grade *-u-  (which would point to hysterodynamic inflection) in υἷος, vit (with Aeolic retraction  of accent?), viéc, vie. The generalized zero grade is limited to the epic, with the  exception of Thess. gen. huioc. The acc. viéa, υἱέας as well as vibv, υἱύνς (Gort. etc.)  must be innovations. The same preform PIE *suH-iu- yielded ToB soy, ToA se, gen. seyo 'son'. Most other  languages have a different suffix in *suH-nu-: Skt. sinu- 'son', Av. hunu- 'offspring',  Lith. suntis, OCS synv, Go. sunus, OHG sunu 'son'. These nouns are probably  derived from PIE *suH- 'to bring forth' as in Skt. site 'to give birth', siita- 'son'; Olr. suth 'fruit < *su(H)-tu- 'birth, fruit'. Thus, PIE *suH-iu-, suH-nu- must be  interpreted as 'produce of the body'. The absence of the suffix *-¢er- in 'son', as opposed to the words for father, mother,  daughter, brother', is striking; perhaps PIE *swH-n/iu- replaced a different word for  'son', e.g. the one continued in Skt. putrd-, Av. pudra-.

XXXXXὕκης [m.] name of an unknown fish (Antim., Philet., Call.), acc. to Zenod. Cyrenaean for ἐρυθρῖνος; acc. to Hermipp. = ἰουλίς (see Ath. 7, 3046, 320d, 327b and c). <?>

    *VAR ὕκας ἀγελιγΐδας [acc.pl.] (Numen.); also ὕκος (H.).

    *ETYM No etymology.

XXXXXὑλακόμωροι [adj.] epithet of κύνες (E 29, π 4), thence μόθος ¥., also of dogs (Nonn. D. 36, 197). ,

===Pag_1580: Beekes_Página_1580.tiff=== XXXXXὕλη 1529

    *ETYM The initial ὕ- is due to metrical lengthening. Formed in emulation of  ▶︎ ἐγχεσίμωροι, »ἰόμωροι, so probably 'famous for barking'. The first element  probably represents a noun ὑλακή, which Porzig 1942: 239 explains as an artificial  formation for metrically impossible *bAakto-. See ▶︎ ὑλάω.

XXXXXὑλάω [v.] 'to bark', of dogs (Od., Theoc.), metaphorically of Cassandra (Tryph.), of a man (S. Fr. 61 conj. for ὑλακτῶλ.

    <IE *ul-, ONOM, PG?>



    *VAR Only pres. and ipf; med. ipf. tAdovto (m 162, verse-final). Usually with  enlargement -κτ- in bAaktéw 'id.', only pres. and ipf. except aor. ὑλάκτησα (Luc. Nec. 10), also with prefix, e.g. ἐξ-, περι-, mpoo- (since Σ 586; mostly late).

    *DER ὑλακτικός 'prone to barking' (Arist. Luc. Ph.), προσυλάκτησις [f.] 'the  reviling' (Simp. in Ph.); epic ptc. ὑλακτιόωντες (Q. S.), as if from ᾿ὑλακτ-ιιάω  (metrically conditioned). Furthermore ὑλάσκω 'id. (A. Supp. 877 [lyr.], uncertain),  aor. ὑλάξαι (Ὁ. C.), pres. ὑλάσσω (Chariton, Eust.). Nouns with velar suffix: 1. ὑλακή [f.] 'the barking' (poetic in Pl. Lg. 967d, A. R., AP,  Plu., Luc.), μαψυλάκᾶς [m.] 'who barks or cries in vain' (Sapph., Pi.), ὑλακτ-όεις  'barking' (Opp.), -όωντες 'id' (Opp.), patronymic Ὑλακ-ίδης (€ 204), as if from  *YAak (= Hylax ... latrat, Verg. Buc. 8, 106); on ▶︎ ὑλακόμωροι, see s.v. 2. ὑλ-αγμός  [m.] 'the barking' (® 575, X., Arist. etc.), kuv- (Stesich.); bA-ayya [n.] 'id' (A., E.),  from *bAdfw? Also ὕλασμα [n.] (Cyran.). On the hero'YAac, see Kretschmer Glotta  14 (1925): 33}

    *ETYM Probably an onomatopoeic word for 'howling, barking', compare Lat. ululdre  'to howl, ulula 'owl, Skt. ululi- 'crying loudly', ulaka- [m.] 'owl', Lith. ulvioti 'to  howl', etc. and in Greek ▶︎ ὀλολύζω. For -άω, one may compare the semantically  close verbs Bodw, yodw, etc. The suffix -(a)kt- is regarded as expressive by Frisk (see  > πυρακτέω), but it may have been a Pre-Greek suffix; in fact, the word as a whole  may have been Pre-Greek.

XXXXXὕλη [f.] 'forest, wood, timber, firewood, shrubbery' (II.), 'stuff, matter' (Arist., Plb., medic., εἴς. also = τὸ καθίζον τοῦ οἴνου ἢ τοῦ ὕδατος (Phot.), 'sediment, mud, slime, bodily secretion' (Ar. Fr. 879, UPZ 70, 9 [II*], Hell. and late medic.); cf. ▶︎ bAtc.

    <IE? *suol-h,- or *h,eus-l-h, 'firewood'>

    *COMP ὑλοτόμος [adj.] 'felling wood', [m.] 'woodcutter' (IL.), ὑλαᾶτόμος 'id.' (Theoc.),

XXXXXὑληκοίτης [m.] 'having his camp in the woods' (Hes.), ὑληωρός [m.] 'forester' (A. R., A.P), ὑλωρός 'id, (Arist.), -wpéw [v.] (Thess.V*); thence ὑληώρεας εὐνάς [acc.pl.] (Nic. Th. 55), ὑληρεύς: νομεὺς ἐν ὕλῃ φυλάττων H.; ὑλομήτρα' εἶδος σκώληκος (H.). As ἃ second member in ἔνυλος 'provided with matter, material' (Arist., late).

    *DER 1. Adj.: ὑλήεις, Dor. -άεις 'rich of wood, woody' (epic poet. IL), -ώδης 'id' (Th. S., X. etc.), 'muddy' (Dsc, Plu. et al), -yoc 'belonging to the wood' (E.), -ικός  'bodily, material' (Arist. etc.), -aioc 'woody, wooded, in the forest, material' (Hell. and late), Ὑλαίη [f.| name of a wooded region on the Borysthenes (Hdt.), -@oc  'belonging to matter' (Orph. Fr. 353); -ειῶτα [voc.] epithet of Πάν (AP 6, 106; after  Πὰν ὀρειώτας AP 9,824). 2. ΡΝ Ὑλεύς name of a dog (X.). 3. ὕλημα [n.], mostly pl. 'bushes', -ηματικός [adj.] (Thphr.). 4. Verbs: a. ὑλάζομαι, aor. -άσασθαι 'to fetch  wood' (Att. inscr., Poll. H.), -ασία [f.] 'the fetching of wood' (Att. inscr.), -άστρια [f.]

===Pag_1581: Beekes_Página_1581.tiff===

'wood-fetcher' (Phot.). Ὁ. ὑλίζω, -ioat, pte.pf. -ἰσμένος 'to clean, clear, filter' (Cratin. 354, PL. Ti. 69 a, Archyt., LXX, Dsc., pap., etc.), also with prefix, esp. 51-; -totrp (6t-) [m.] 'filtering-cloth, sieve' (medic, pap.), -ἰιστήριον (δι-) [n.] (pap. sch. H.),

XXXXXδιύλισμα [π.] 'clarified fluid' (Gal.), -ἰσις [f.] 'clearing filtering' (Suid.), τισμός [m.] 'clearing, cleaning' (Clem. Al.), ἀφύλισμα γάλακτος as an explanation of ὀρὸς γάλακτος H., -ἰσμὸς χωμάτων, παρ- ~ τενάγους 'removing the mud, cleaning' (pap.).

    *ETYM The meaning 'mud' can easily be explained by a recent development from  'matter' to 'solid matter, dregs, secretion' as against clear wine and pure water, as  appears already from the explanation by Phot. as τὸ καθίζον τοῦ οἴνου ἢ τοῦ ὕδατος. The earlier etymologies connecting ὕλη with Lat. silva or with ξύλον must 'be  rejected. If the original meaning was 'firewood', one may follow Vine 1999b: 573 in  deriving ὕλη with Cowgill's Law (*o > Gr. v in certain environments) from PIE  *suol-h,-, to the root *suel- 'to smoulder'; see LIV? s.v. *syel-. Alternatively, starting  from the same meaning, connection with ON usli [m.] 'glowing ashes', from *h,eus-l-  h, to the root of etw, Lat. ἄγετε 'to burn', εἴς. may be envisaged (Wackernagel 1916:  185).

XXXXXὕλιγγες [?] - λόγχαι 'troops of spearmen, vel sim.' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXὑλίμη [F.] - μάχη τις (Η.). <>

    *ETYM Kronasser Sprache 6 (1960): 178 compares Hitt. Sulli- 'fight, quarrel', Sulliazi  'to fight, quarrel'; if a derivative *Sullima- 'fight' existed in Hittite, this could have  been the source of the Greek word.

XXXXXdduc [f.] 'mud' (pap. IV-III*, LXX, EM). <?>

    *VAR Also ὕλις.

    *ETYM Frisk suggests that bAic might have arisen from ἰλύς 'mud, slime' by way of  contamination with ὑλίζω, ὕλη 'mud' (cf. IG 1', 94: 20; 23 beside 2", 2498: 9). This  solution does not inspire much confidence.

XXXXXὕλλος [m.] 'the Egyptian ichneumon (glossed by LSJ as 'tracker'), Pharao's rat' (Tim. Gaz.); name of a fish (Cyran.). «τὸν Egypt.?>

    *ETYM The meaning suggests a loanword. The hypothetical connection with ὕδωρ    'water' as ᾿ὕδ-λος, which is found in older literature, must be given up as it finds no  support whatever.

XXXXXὑμεῖς [pron.pers.] 'you (ply (IL). 41Ε nom. iuH, acc. usmé, loc. usmi 'you (ply; gen./acc. uos, *uds>

    *VAR Acc. ὑμᾶς, Ion. ὑμέας; Dor. ὑμές, acc. ὑμέ; Aeol. ὕμμες, acc. ὕμμε.

    *DER Possessive adjective ὑμέτερος, Dor. also ὑμός, Aeol. ὕμμος 'your'.

    *ETYM The acc. ὑμέ, ὕμμε go back to *usme, and the nom. ὑμές, ὕμμε arose by  analogy with the nominal inflexion; later also ὑμεῖς < *-€ec, and a new acc. ὑμέας,  ὑμᾶς were created. Furthermore, the gen. ὑμῶν, ὑμέων, ὑμμέων, and dat. ὑμῖν, ὑμίν,  bupl(v) were formed.

===Pag_1582: Beekes_Página_1582.tiff=== XXXXXὕμνος 1531 Cognate forms: Skt. nom. yitydm, acc. yusman, vas, OCS nom. vy, acc. vase, Hitt. nom. sumés, acc. sumds, etc. The PIE basis us-(s)me contains the zero grade of the full grade seen in Lat. vos, Skt. vas (encl.), etc. < PIE obl. yds.

XXXXXὑμήν 1, -ένος [m.] 'thin or weak skin, film, membrane, sinew' (Hp., Arist., Thphr., A. R., etc.). {1Ὲ *siuH-mn- 'thread, sinew'>

    *COMP ὑμενοειδής 'membrane-like' (Hp., Arist., etc.).

    *DER Diminutive tpév-tov [n.] (Arist. etc.), -ώδης 'provided with a film, membrane-  like (Hp., Arist.), τινος 'consisting of a film' (Clearch.), -όομαι [v.] 'to turn into a  film' (Hp., Gal.), -6w 'to cover with a film' (comm. Hp. VIIP); ἐξυμεν-ίζω [v.] 'to  remove a film', -totnp [m.] 'knife for flaying' (medic.).

    *ETYM Except for the quantity of the v-, the Greek word is formally matched by Skt. sytiman- [n.] 'band, throng, bridle'. For the verbal root, compare Lat. suere, siitum 'to  sew', Go. siujan, Lith. sitti 'id.'< PIE *siuH-C- from earlier *siH-u-C-, cf. Skt. sivyatu  'to sew. Formerly, Hitt. Sumanza- 'rope, snare' used to be compared too, but  Melchert 2003 has shown that the word means '(bul)rush' and must be posited as  Sumanzan- (cf. Kloekhorst 2008 s.v.); it is therefore unrelated to ὑμήν.

XXXXXὑμήν 2, -ένος [m.] 'wedding-cry', secondarily 'god of wedding', 'hymen' (trag., Ar., Theoc., Opp., Ovid., etc.), usually in connection with ὑμέναιος 'id.', also 'wedding' (2 493, Hes. Sc., Pi. trag., Ar., Catull. etc.), Aeol. ὑμήνᾶος (Sapph., Cyrene), ὑμήναιος (Call.), e.g.' Ὑμὴν ὡὙμέναι᾽ ἄναξ (E. Tr. 314).

    *VAR  Also ὑ- metrically lengthened; voc. ὑμέν Call. Fr. 473 Pf.

    *DER ὑμεν-ήϊος epithet of Dionysus (AP), -αἰκὸν μέτρον (Serv.); ὑμεν-αιόω [v.] 'to  strike up the tptévatog (A. Pr. 557 [lyr], 5. Fr. 725, Plu.), 'to marry' (Ar. Pax 1076),  also with ἀν-, ovv-.

    *ETYM Frisk insists on the identity of the wedding-cry with ▶︎ ὑμήν 1 in the sense of  'membrana virginalis'. A different, non-IE (Pre-Greek) origin of the wedding-cry is  assumed by Muth Wien.Stud. 67 (1954): ff. Similarly Fur.: 383, but without further  argumentation. Ἂ

XXXXXὕμνος [m.] 'song, chant, hymn, elegy' (θ 429).

    *COMP ὑμνῳδ-ός [m.] 'hymn-singer', whence -ia, -éw (A., E., PL, etc.), πολύυμνος  'with many songs, much sung of (h. Hom. 26, 7, Anacr., E. etc.).

    *DER 1. diminutive ὑμν-άριον [n.] (Lyd. Mens.), adjective -ώδης 'full of lauds,  praising' (Philostr.), -txdg 'consisting of hymns' (Didyma II-IIIP). 2. ἐφύμνιον [n.]  'refrain' (A. R., Call. etc.), -ιάζω [v.] (Eratosth.). 3. ὑμνέω [v.] 'to sing (a song), praise,  glorify in a chant' (Hes., h. Hom., Alc. Sapph., IA, etc.), often with prefix, e.g. ἐφ-,  av-, καθ-, 2€-; ὑμνητής [m.] 'glorifier' (PL, Att. inscr.), -τήρ 'id.' (AP, Opp.), fem. -tpta (Attica, Pergam.), -στρια (Pergam.), -tpi¢ (Poll. v.l.), -σις [6] 'the praising'  (LXX, Ὁ. S.), -ττικός 'praising' (Str.).

    *ETYM No certain etymology. It could be derived from ὑμήν < *siuH-mn 'tie, seam' as  *siuH-mn-o- 'construction of song(s) (compare formally λιμήν : λίμνη, etc.,  semantically MoHG Liedgefiige). This explanation can be supported by an antique  conception (eg. ὑφάνας ὕμνον in B.), but a derivation of ὕμνος from the root of ὑφ-  ή, be-aivw is phonetically difficult (only PGr. *bn, g'n > μν, not e.g. PGr. *p*n).

===Pag_1583: Beekes_Página_1583.tiff===

, -EWs, -10¢ Alternatively, ὕμνος could be connected with ὑμήν 'wedding-cry', cf. Maas Phil. 66 (1907): 590ff. The word was also considered to be a Mediterranean loanword, for instance by Autran 1938: 33, and by Fur.: 383. The latter regards ὕμνος as Pre-Greek without further comment; Pre-Greek origin may be suggested by the sequence -μν-. Yet, another solution would be to connect ὕμνος with Skt. saman- 'song of praise' (< sh,omen-) and Hitt. ishamai- 'song, hymn' to PIE sh.- 'to bind'; ὕμνος would then require a preform sh,omn-os, Mallory & Adams 1997: 5204. Vine 1999b: 576 reconstructs suon(H)-mo- with development syon- > syun-, analogous to that of TyoR-. This seems phonetically preferable to sh,ormn-o-, on account of the conditioning of the change of *o to Gr. v, on which see Vine op.cit.

XXXXXὕνις, -ews, -ἰος [f.] 'ploughshare' (Hell. and late pap., Corn, Babr. Plu, AP, etc.)

    *VAR  Rare variants ὕννις (sch. Hes. Op. 425, H.), ὕννη CH.), acc.pl. ὕννας (Aesop.);  ὑννιμάχος 'fighting with a ploughshare' (Max. Tyr.).

    *DER Diminutive ὕνιον (pap. ΓΝ).

    *ETYM Already in antiquity (Plu. 2, 670a), bvic was connected with ic 'swine'. The  ploughshare would have been compared to a swine browsing the earth. A parallel  case is provided by W swch 'swine-snout' and 'plough-share'. Brugmann IF 28 (1911):  366ff. unconvincingly explains ὕνις as a compound of ὗς and a word for 'snout' (to  MHG snouwen 'to snuffle'), with the ending after ὀφνίς, so from IE *su-sn-i-; then  the geminate would have to be old. Fur.: 387 regards the word as Pre-Greek on account of the incidental gemination.

XXXXXὕπαρ [n.] 'vision', as opposed to ὄναρ 'deceiving dream' (τ 547, v 90), 'true and visible appearance, reality, being awake', often as an adverb 'while being awake, in reality, really' (Pi., IA, Epid., etc.). <1E *suep-6r 'sleep'>

    *VAR Indeclinable.

    *ETYM Originally 'sleep, dream'; the opposition to ὄναρ 'deceiving dream' > 'dream',  led to the meaning 'true dream', whence 'reality' (Frisk Eranos 48 (1950): 131ff.). Cognate with ▶︎ ὕπνος, which points to a PIE r/n-stem. The r-stem further appears in  the denominative Hitt. supparija-'to sleep' < *sup-r-ie/o-, and in Lat. sopor < *suep-  6s or *sue/op-r. Gr. ὕπαρ may regularly go back to *sup-r for an earlier nom.acc. *suep-r,

XXXXXὕπατος [adj.] 'the uppermost, highest' (IL, epic Ion. poet.). Also as a msc. noun = Lat. consul.

    *VAR With metrical enlargement ὑπατήϊος 'id.' (Nonn.).

    *COMP ἀνθύπατος = proconsul, etc. (Plb., D. H. etc.).

    *DER (ἀνθ-)ὑπατ-ικός, -ebw, -eia (Str, Ὁ. S, ἢ. H, etc), ἀνθυπατ-ιανός =  proconsularis (lust.).

    *ETYM Superlative to ▶︎ ὕπο, Instead of the original suffix -mo-, as found e.g. in Skt. upama-, Lat. summmus < *sup-mo-, we find -to- after ἔσχατος, δέκατος, μέσσατος,  etc. Cf. > ὕψι, ▶︎ ὕψος.

XXXXXὑπεμνήμνκε (X 491) -'"ἠμύω.

===Pag_1584: Beekes_Página_1584.tiff=== XXXXXὑπερφίαλος 1533

XXXXXὕπερ [adv., prep.] as an adverb 'over, above measure' (very rare); preposition with acc. and gen. (Arc. also dative [Tegea ITI*]): 'over, beyond' (local and temporal), 'above, protecting from or against, because of (Il).

    *VAR  ὑπέρ (metrical lengthening ὑπείρ). Dialectal forms: Lesb. inep (gramm.),  Pamph. trap (-ap for -ep phonetic, or after πάρ), Arc. onép, Boeot. οὑπέρ.

    *DER 1. ὕπερον [n.} (-ος [m.]}) 'pestle' (Hes. Op. 423), bnépa, plur. -αἱ [f.] 'upper ropes  on the sails, steering-ropes' (ε 260 etc.). 2. comparative forms: ὑπέρτερος 'located  above, upper, higher', -tatoc 'upper, highest' (I. epic poet., also late prose); -wtatoc  'id. (Pi.), from the adj. *imepog (cf. below).

    *ETYM Cognate forms are Skt. updri, Av. upairi 'above, over', OP upariy 'over,.on',  Arm. i ver 'up, above', Go. ufar, OHG-ubir 'over'; also Lat. super 'above, over'. The  adjective ὕπερος is matched by Av. upara- 'upper', Skt. upara- 'below, under, later',  Lat. superus, Osc. supro- 'upper'. ▶︎ ὕπο.

XXXXXὑπερδεής [adj.] only in ὑπερδέα δῆμον ἔχοντας (P 330), with hyphaeresis for -deéa. Meaning uncertain.

    *ETYM Perhaps 'highly inadequate' to δέομαι 'to lack' (Apollon. Lex. ΗΔ, inflected  after the s-stems. Yet, Eust. ad loc. connected it to δέος 'fear'. Cf. Chantraine 1942: 74  and Sommer 1948: 108.

XXXXXὑπερήνωρ [adj.| 'arrogant' (Hes., E.).

    *DER ὑπερηνορέη (A. R.).

    *ETYM A compound in -ἤνωρ, see ▶︎ ἀνήρ.

XXXXXὑπερήφανος [adj.] 'overbearing, haughty, arrogant', rarely positive 'outstanding' (Hes., Pi, B., A. Pr. 405 [lyr.], Att. prose, εἴς «ἢ

    *VAR Dor. (Pi., B.) -άφανος, -ηφάνως [adv.].

    *DER bnepygav-ia, -ἰη (ka8-) [f.] 'haughtiness, pride' (Sol, Att. prose, etc.). Enlarged ὑπερηφανέοντες [m.pl.] 'wanton' (A 694), after ὑπερηνορέοντες etc. Denominative  verb ὑπερηφανέω (also -ebw) 'to be haughty, treat haughtily' (Hell. and late), rarely  with καθ-, ἀνθ-.

    *ETYM Origin unknown. The compositional vowel -ἢ- may have been taken from  ὑπερήνωρ etc. the ending -avoc can be suffixal. All of the solutions proposed (see  Frisk s.v.) involve difficult ad hoc-hypotheses.

XXXXXὑπέρινος -οἰνάω.

XXXXXὑπερκύδας -'κῦδος.

XXXXXὑπέροπλος [adj.] 'presumptuous, arrogant, excessive, immense' (IL, epic poet.).

    *VAR Superl. ὑπεροπληέστατος (A. R. 2, 4), as if from an enlarged *bmeponAretc.

    *DER ὑπεροτιλ-ία, -in [f.] 'presumptuousness, arrogance (A 205, Rhian., Theoc.),  -ἰζομαι (only in aor. opt. -ἰσσαιτο p 268) 'to treat presumptuously or arrogantly; to    despise' (acc. to Apollon. Lex.).

    *ETYM Literally *'whose ὅτιλα are superior' = 'superior (in battle), presumptuous'.

XXXXXὑπερφίαλος [adj.] 'superior, arrogant, excessive' (Il, epic poet.).

===Pag_1585: Beekes_Página_1585.tiff===

    *VAR Adv. -we.

    *ETYM Probably contains a suffix -αλος, but the further analysis is unclear. The old  onnection to φιάλη 'dish' is semantically uncompelling. The adjective is usually  connected with ὑπερφυής 'extraordinary' and Lat. superbus, compounds with a  second member in PIE *-b'(h,)u- 'being, arising'. With a dissimilation of v - v to v -  ι, ὑπερφίαλος could stem from "ὑὑπερφύαλος (Mastrelli Stud. ital. fil. class. 32 (1960):  109, De Lamberterie 1994), compare ὑπερφυής 'enormous' and ὑπέρφευ 'excessively'.

XXXXXὑπερῴα [f.] 'palate' (X 495, Ηρ. Arist. Plu.).

    *VAR Ion. -ῴη.

    *DER Beside it ὑπερώϊον, -@ov [n.] 'upper story, upper chamber, attic, garret' (Hom.,  Ar., inscr., pap., LXX, Act. Ap. εἴς. Adjective ὑπερώϊος, -@oc 'belonging to the  ὑπερῷον, situated upstairs, living upstairs' (LXX, Hell. and late inscr., D. H., Plu. etc.).

    *ETYM From ▶︎ ὑπέρ; but the formation not explained. It would be easiest to start  from an adverb *unépw (cf. ὑπερώτατος Pi.), formed like ἄνω, κάτω.

XXXXXὑπήνη [f.] 'moustache', secondarily 'beard' (A. Fr. 27 = 58 M. com, Arist. etc.).

    *COMP ὑπηνόβιος 'living off his moustache', ie. 'acting arrogantly' (Pl. Com.),  ἀνύπηνος 'without a moustache' (Eust., H.).

    *DER ὑπηνήτης [m.] 'the beardy one' (O 348 = κ 279, AP, late prose).

    *ETYM For 'beard', Greek has an innovation formed on the basis of PIE 'chin' in  γένειον; further it has ▶︎ μύσταξ, Both πώγων 'beard' and ὑπήνη are without  etymology. The older connection with a word *ano/a- 'face' (to Skt. dnd- 'face,  mouth, nose' to the root *h,nh,- 'to breathe') is revived by Adams Glotta 64 (1986):  16f., who posits *upo-dno/eh,-. Yet, this etymology is semantically unsatisfactory and  formally difficult; see ▶︎ ἀπηνής and ▶︎ πρηνής for the formal problems. Alternatively, the word has often (and understandably) been considered to be Pre-  Greek (with folketymological conection with 70). Pre-Greek indeed has a suffix  -yvt).

XXXXXὑπηρέτης [m.] 'servant, helper, mate, aide' (Att., Hdt, etc.).

    *VAR Dor. (since IV*) -τας.

    *COMP apx(Quanpétng [m.] 'chief minister' (late inscr. and pap.).

    *DER 1. ὑπηρ-έτις [f.] 'servant (fem.) (E, Pl, et al.). 2. -ετικός 'belonging to the  servant, serving, assistant, subordinate'; -όν (scil. πλοῖον), -ὁς KéAng 'little boat,  express boat' (Att, etc.). 3. ὑπηρ-εσία, often plur. -εσίαι [f.] 'crew, staff, service' (Att,  Hell. and late). 4. ὑπηρ-έσιον [n.] = -ετικὸν πλοῖον (Eratosth. apud Str.). 5. ὑπηρ-  etéw [v.] 'to be a ὑπηρέτης, to serve, aid, obey' (IA), also with ovv-, ἐξ- etc; ὑπηρ-ἕτημα [n.] 'attendance' (Att.), -ἔτησις (ἐξ-) [f.] 'service' (Arist. pap. etc.). 6. ὑπηρ-etevw [v.] 14. (Messen., Cos), -eteia [f.] (App. Anth.).

    *ETYM A compound of ὑτι- and ▶︎ ἐρέτης 'rower', originally a sailors' expression. The  literal meaning cannot have been 'under-rower'; rather, ὑτι- is a hypercharacterising  prefix stressing the opposition to the higher κελευστής; cf. ὑπο-δμώς = Swe. On the  meaning and spread of ὑπηρέτιης and its cognates, compare Kretschmer Glotta 18

===Pag_1586: Beekes_Página_1586.tiff=== XXXXXὑπόβρυχα 1535 (1929): 77f. and Fraenkel 1910: 190 (different on details). Gr. ὑπηρέσιον is an independent formation meaning 'cushion for rowers', metaphorically 'riding cushion' (Att. Hell. and late); it is probably a hypostasis ('lying under the ἐρέτης).

XXXXXὑπισχνέομαι [v.] 'to promise' (Att. Hdt.). «Gre

    *VAR Older ὑπίσχομαι (epic Ion., Delph. εἴς), aor. ὑποσχέσθαι (1].), fut. ὑποσχήσομαι, perf. ὑπέσχημαι (Att., etc.).

    *ETYM In Attic and Hdt., the v-formation ὑπισχνέομαι replaced ὑπίσχομαι due to the  antonym dpvéopat, acc. to Wackernagel 1916: 217f. See ▶︎ ἔχω 1.

XXXXXὕπνον [n.] 'a kind of lichen' (Aet.). < ?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXὕπνος [m.] 'sleep' (I1.). <1E *su(e/o)p-no- 'sleep'>

    *COMP ὑπνο-δότης, fem. -δότειρα 'giver of sleep' (A. and E. [lyr.]); ἄυπνος 'sleepless'  (IL), whence aurtv-ia, -éw, -οσύνη. Hypostasis ἐνύπνιος (to ἐν ὕπνῳ) 'occurring in  one's sleep' (A,, etc.), -tov [n.] 'dream' (since B 56 = € 495; cf. below).

    *DER 1. Adjectives: ὑπν-ικός 'somniferous' (Hp., Aret. etc.); -ώδης 'sleepy, sleeping,  somniferous' (E, Pl, Arist, εἴς), -wdia [f] (Iamb.); -ηρός 'sleepy' (Hp.), -ηλός  'sleepy, somniforous' (Nic., late prose), -αλέος 'id.' (Pi. Pae. 8, 34 [3], Nic. etc.). 2. Verbs: a. ὑπν-όω (καθ- etc.) 'to lull to sleep, fall asleep' (Ion. Hell. and late), -ωτικός  'sleepy, lulling' (Hp., Arist. Plu, etc.), καθύπνωσις [f.] 'falling asleep' (Arist.); b. ὑπν-  woow, Att. -wttw (ag-, ép-) [v.] 'to be sleepy' (IA); c. ὑπν-ίζω [v.] 'to fall asleep'  (Phryn.); but ἐξυπν-ίζομαι, -ίζω 'to wake up' from ἔξυπνος; 4. birv-éw = -όω (Anon.,  Fig.). 5. b1v-ww, almost only ptc. -wovtac, -wovoa, etc. (Il. epic), ipf. -weoxe (Q. S.)  'to sleep'.

    *ETYM Gr. ὕπνος goes back to PIE *sup-no-, as do Alb. gjumé and OCS sons, Ru. son  'sleep'. With a different root ablaut, we find PIE *suop-no- in Arm. k'un, Celtic (OIr. stan, MW hun) and Baltic (Lith. sapnas), and *syepno- in Germanic (ON svefn) and  Tocharian (ToA spdim, ToB spane). Indo-Iranian (Skt. svdpna-) and Lat. somnus  could reflect either *suepno- or *suopno-. The presence of three different ablaut  grades may point to an older athematic n-stem. For a complementary r-stem, which  points to an older PIE r/n-stem, see ▶︎ ὕπαρ. The nouns were probably formed on the  basis of the corresponding verbal root *suep-/ *sup- 'to fall asleep', cf. LIV' sv. *suep-.

XXXXXὕπο, ὑπο [adv., prep.] 'under, underneath; (from) under, below, down (to), by, because of (I1.).

    *VAR  With gen., dat., acc. Epic poet. also ὑπαί, Aeol. etc. dita, Ion. also humv (Cumae  V*), Arc. οπυ.

    *DIAL Myc. u-po.

    *ETYM Cognate forms: Skt. wpa, Av. upa 'towards, near, to, etc.', Go. uf 'on, under',  Olr. fo 'under', all < PIE *upo. With additional *s-, Lat. sub (as in super : ὑπέρ). Greek ὑπαί after napai, katai, and bra after κατά, μετά etc. ὑπόβρυχα -'βρύχιος.

===Pag_1587: Beekes_Página_1587.tiff===

(ι)ος ὑπόγυζι)ος Ξἐγγύη) ὑποδεξίη --δέχομαι.

XXXXXὑπόδρα (ἰδών) [adv.] 'glancing from below, with a glance from below' (Hom., Hes.). IE *derk- 'see'>

    *VAR ὑποδράξ 'id' (Call., Nic.), after ὀδάξ, ἀναμίξ, εἴς,

    *ETYM From *imé-Spax < *upo-drk- 'having a glance from below', formally identical  to Skt. upa-drs- [f.] 'sight, look'; for the verb, cf. ὑποδέρκομαι. Greek ὑπόδρα  represents the original neuter of the compound, used as an adverb.

XXXXXὑπολαΐς = Adac. τ

XXXXXὑποπετρίδιος [adj.] 'winged'.

    *VAR In ὑποπετριδίων ὀνείρων 'winged dreams' (Alcm.); variant ὑποπτερίδιος  (Dionys. apud EM 783, 20f.).

    *ETYM Derived from ὑπόπτερος 'winged' (Pi. Ion. Att), see ▶︎ πτερόν, the IE  cognates of which go back to PIE *petr-. Therefore, the Alcman variant bitonetp-  (610¢ could in theory preserve the PIE sequence *petr-. Yet, since this would require  separating ὑποπετρίδιος from all other Greek attestations of mtépov and_ its  derivatives, the Aleman form may be due to an idiosyncratic development of  *DMOTITEP-.

XXXXXὕπτιος [adj.] 'ying on one's back, bent backwards, reverse, downside up' (Il), 'flat' (Hadt., etc.), metaph. 'inoperative, supine' (late), 'passive', of verbs (as opposed to ἀνύπτιος) 'not passive' (Ὁ. L.), παρύπτιος as a geometrical term beside ὕπτιος (Papp.); τὰ ὕπτια also 'belly', 1.6. the upper side when lying ὕπτιος.

    <IE *upo 'below'>

    *DER ὑπτι-ότης [f.] 'reverse position, flat shape, slackness' (Thphr, Str. etc.). Verbs: 1. ὑπτι-άζω 'to bend (oneself) back, stalk along, be slack' (Att. Hell. and late), also with  ἐξ-, etc; τασμα [n.] 'bending back, bent back figure' (A.), -ασμός [m.] 'bending back,  aversion' (Hp., late prose). 2. ὑπτι-όομαι [v.] 'to turn back, be upset, supine, slow'  (A,, late prose), -wotc [f.] 'slowness, aversion' (late medic.). 3. ὑπτι-άω (ptc. -όωσα,  subj. 355. τάῃσι) 'to bend oneself back' (Arat.).

    *ETYM Derived from *upo 'below' with the suffix PIE *-tio-, which was productive in  Greek as -tto- (cf. αἴτιος, ἄρτιος, σκότιος, νύκτιος). Compare Lat. supinus 'lying face  downwards' < *sup-ino-, subtus 'underneath, below' (on the model of intus).

XXXXXὕραξ, -ακος [m.] 'shrew-mouse' (Nic. Al. 37).

    *ETYM The word is close in form to Lat. s6rex, -icis [m.] 'id', and is probably related  to it. The suffix -a& is Pre-Greek, like (probably) the word itself; the Latin word may  come from the same source. On Lat. o beside Gr. v, cf. Fur. 361. The older  connection with Latin susurrus 'humming, whisper, etc.', Gr. ὕρον: σμῆνος. Κρῆτες  'beehive, swarm of bees (Cret.) (H.), and the PIE root *suer- 'to resound' is  semantically unconvincing, as is the supposed ablaut Gr. *sur- : Lat. sudr-. Still, the  IE etymology is defended by Vine 1999b: 572f., arguing for the possibility of an o-  grade *suor- in Greek.

XXXXXὑράξ [adv] - μίγδην, ἀναμίξ 'promiscuously' (H.), see also on θιλύρα.

===Pag_1588: Beekes_Página_1588.tiff=== XXXXXὕσκλος, ὕσχλος 1537 'ΑΒ Also ὑρράξ or ὕρραξ, if the word is Aeolic (Theognost. Can. 23).

    *ETYM Perhaps a variant of εὐράξ (DELG)? There is no connection with ▶︎ ὕραξ.

XXXXXὑριχός -»"σύριχος.

XXXXXὑρτήρ [3] πλυνεύς 'cleaner of clothes' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXbpxn [f.] 'earthen vessel used for salting fish, etc.' (Ar., Hell. pap., Poll., sch.).

    *ETYM A technical word, Aeolic acc. to Poll. and others. Lat. orca 'large-bellied vessel,  tun', whence urceus 'pot, pitcher', may have been borrowed from Greek, as may Lat. urna 'water-, ash-pot'. Alternatively, both languages may have independently  borrowed them from a Mediterranean language (thus also Fur.: 361, etc.).

XXXXXbc, ὑός [m., f.] 'swine, sow, boar' (Il); ὗς (θαλάττιος) name of a fish (Epich., Archestr.). 4 IE *suH- 'swine'>

    *cOMP ὑφορβός [m.] 'swineherd' (Od, etc.), ὑφορβέω [v.] (Chios V-IV*); also  ὑοφορβός, whence -ia, -ἰον (Hell. and late); ὑσπέλεθος [m.] 'swine excrement' (D. C,, Poll.), ὑσπολεῖν: συβωτεῖν (H.), Ὕσπορος [m.} name of a river (Nonn.), perhaps  folk-etymology after Βόσπορος, cf. Maas KZ 52 (1924): 305.

    *DER 1. Diminutive vidiov (ὕδ-) [n.] (X. etc.). 2. adj. ὕειος 'of the swine' (IA), δικός  'id' (X., Hell. and late); pejorative ὑηνός 'hoggish, piggish', bia [f.] 'piggish, loutish  creature', béw [v.] 'to be piggish, dumb', ὑεύς [m.] 'piggish, base person' (Att.);  ὑώδεηης 'swinish' (Plu.), fem. -wéia (Ath.). 3. ὑών [m.]} 'pigsty' (Hell. pap.). 4. ὑίζω 'to  cry like a pig', whence -topdc (Poll.). 5. Ὑστήρια [n.pl.] name of an Aphrodite festival  in Argos (Zenod. apud Ath. 3, 96a). See further ▶︎ Ὑάδες, ▶︎ ὕαινα, ▶︎ ὕκης, ▶︎ ὕνις.

    *ETYM A PIE word *suH-s for the swine and wild boar. Cognate forms: Lat. sis, U si-  < *sit-, OE sit, OHG sa, Av. πᾶ-. With additional suffixes Skt. sikard- [m.] 'wild  boar', OHG swin = MoHG Schwein, OCS svino [adj.] 'pig-', svinija 'pig, swine', ToB  suwo, etc. Cf. ▶︎ σῦς, ▶︎ χοῖρος and ▶︎ χλούνιης.

XXXXXὕσγη [f.] name of a shrub, probably 'kermes oak, Quercus coccifera' Suid' also Paus. 10, 36, 1 [conj.]).

    *VAR Variant ioyévn (Edict. Dioclet. 24, 9-12), ἰσγίνη (ibid. 19, 8).

    *COMP ὑσγινοβαφής 'colored with ὕσγη᾽ (X., Clearch,, et al.); ὑσγινόεις 'ὕσγιγ-  colored' (Nic.), with metrical shortening?

    *DER boyivov [n.] name of a red pigment taken from the toyn, also 'red cloak' (Nic.,  AP (both witht due to metrical lengthening], pap., Plin., Dig. etc.).

    *ETYM Pausanias (lc, where the codices have ὗς [before γίνεται; probably  haplography}) calls the word Galatian (Celtic?), identical to κόκκος 'kermes oak'. Pur.: 367 regards the word as Pre-Greek, because of the variants in ioy-.

XXXXXὕσκλος, ὕσχλος [m.] 'a device (ἀγκύλη, βρόχος) on sandals used to fasten the straps' (Phryn. PS, Poll., H., Theognost.). «ΑΚ ἐννήυσκλοι: ὑποδήματα Λακωνικῶν ἐφήβων 'sandals of Laconian ephebes' (H.), ἕπτυσχλοι: ἀνδρεῖον ὑπόδημα (H. = Hermipp. 67).

    *ETYM In view of the variants, the word is clearly Pre-Greek.

===Pag_1589: Beekes_Página_1589.tiff===

XXXXXὑσκυθά [2] - ὑὸς ἀφόδευμα (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXὑσμίνη [f] 'battle, fight' (II, epic, lyr.). «IE? *Hiud'-(s)mo-, PG?(S)>

    *VAR Dat. also -ἶνι (μάχεσθαι [verse-final] B 863, Θ 56).

    *DER ὑσμιναταί [m.pl.] name of a phyle (Epid.).

    *ETYM If the word was inherited from PIE, we have to posit a basis *boudc (with  analogical -ouo- for *-pjo-?) which can be compared with Skt. yudh-md- [m.]  'warrior', to Ilr. *Hiud'- 'to battle' from PIE *Hieud"- 'to move'. Gr. ὑσμίνη can be  explained as a derivative in *-in- (cf. ῥηγμῖν-, otapiv-), remade into an d-stem. Another derivative of *boudc might be the Ρ ὝΎσμων (Elis). Alternatively, ὑσμίνη  could equally well be a loanword from Pre-Greek, given its suffixation.

XXXXXὕσπληξ, -ηγος [f., m.] 'triggering device for releasing footracers, for catching birds and animals, etc.' (Att. inscr. [end V*], Pl. Phdr. 254e, Hell. and late). It is unknown what the device actually looked like (a snare, small stick, or rope?).

    *VAR Dor. (Epid.) -ἄκος; also (rarely) -ηγξ, -ηγγος, Dor. (Theoc.) -ayé.

    *ETYM Traditionally analysed as a compound of ▶︎ πλήσσω and ὑσ- in ▶︎ ὕστερος, but  the use of suffixless bo- would be unique, and the semantics are hardly convincing. If  this is indeed a compound with ▶︎ πλήσσω, the first part may reflect ὗς 'swine' (as  already suggested by Eustathius Episcopus Thessalonicensis in a comm. to Dionysius  Periegeta). In that case, the animal trap would reflect the oldest meaning. In view of  the variant with prenasalization, however, Pre-Greek origin seems the most likely  option (see also Jtithner Die Antike 15 (1939): 251).

XXXXXὕσσακος [m.] only ὑσσάκους: πασσάλους (EM 785, 7, Phot.); gen.pl. -ἀκων 'cunnus' (Ar. Lys. 1001); also ὕσσακος: ὑστακός (H.), = πάσσαλος (Theognost. Can. 24), ὕσταξ: πάσσαλος κεράτινος 'penis made of horn' (H.).

    *VAR Also -ak? (cf. s.v. booak).

    *ETYM Probably a Pre-Greek word, given the suffix -ακός or -ak. In the sense of  πάσσαλος, it can hardly be separated from ὑσσός 'javelin'; as a vulgar expression in  Ar., ὕσσακος perhaps alludes to ὗς as a substitute for χοῖρος, which is often used for  'cunnus' in comedy.

XXXXXὕσσαξ [?] 'sex of the woman' (Ar. Lys. 1001, gen.pl. ὑσσάκωνλ.

    *ETYM Ernout BSL 41 (1940-1941): 121' derives it from bc, with the suffix -ax-; but this  etymology is obviously wrong, as it would have given *bak. The word is no doubt a  variant οὗ» ὕσσακος.

XXXXXὑσσός [m.] 'javelin', Lat. pilum (Plb., Ὁ. H., Str, Plu.). <?>

    *ETYM Technical word of uncertain origin; no IE etymology is available. Bechtel BB  30 (1906): 271f. derives it from Carian, comparing PNs like Ὕσσισις, Ὕσσωλος,  Μαύσσωλος, Lewy KZ 55 (1928): 30f. compares Assyr. ussu, Hebr. πᾶς 'arrow'. The  word could well be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXὕσσωπος [f.] 'hyssop, Origanum hirtum' (inscr. Ceos V*, Hell. and late).

    *VAR Also bo-. Also -ov [n.].

===Pag_1590: Beekes_Página_1590.tiff=== XXXXXὕστριξ, -ἰχος 1530

    *DER ὑσωπίς: ἡ σάμψυχος (H.); ὑσ(σχυπίτης (οἶνος) 'wine prepared with hyssop'  (Dsc., Plin., Colum., Gp.).

    *ETYM A loanword from Semitic, compare Hebr. éz6b (Lewy 1895: 38 with  references).

XXXXXὑστακός, ὕσταξ -- ὕσσακος.

XXXXXὑστάς - π[λ]αστὰς ἀμπέλων 'row of vines; ὑστάδα' ἡ δασεῖα ἄμπελος 'dense(ly planted) vine' (H.). Cf. παστάδες: ... τῶν ἀμπέλων οἱ συστάδες 'vines standing close together' (H.).

    *ETYM Probably a dialectical (Cypr.) form of συστάς, plur. συστάδες [f.] 'vines  planted closely together (but not in rows) (Arist. etc.), metaphorically of water  cisterns (Str.), which derives from συνίσταμαι, as παστάς from παρίσταμαι.

XXXXXὑστέρα [f] 'womb, uterus', also 'ovary' (Ion., Pl. Ti. g1c, Arist., εἴς.

    *VAR Ion. -pr.

    *DER ὑστερικός 'concerning the womb, suffering from one's womb, hysteric' (Hp.,  Arist., Gal. etc.)}; compare MoGr. totepitic 'hysteria'.

    *ETYM Feminine (scil. μήτρα 'womb') of the comparative ▶︎ ὕστερος 'outer'. The  semantics can be explained from a shift *'outer, protruding' > 'belly'. A close cognate  is ὕστρος: γαστήρ (H.) < *ud-tro-. With a suffix PIE *-ero- instead of *tero-, we find  the same meaning 'belly' in Skt. uddra- [n.] 'belly', Gr. ▶︎ ὕδερος, Lat. uterus < PIE  *ud-ero-.

XXXXXὕστερος [adj.] 'ulterior, posterior', superl. ὕστατος 'latest, last' (Il).

    <IE *ud-tero-  'higher, outer'>

    *VAR Adv. ὕστερον, -a, ὕστατον, -a (Il), -Epwe, -άτως (late and rare).

    *COMP ὑστερόποινος 'bringing later punishment, punishing later' (A. [lyr.]).

    *DER 1. ἡ botepaia (ἡμέρα) 'the next day' (IA). 2. botep-ew [v.] 'to be late, miss the  right time, be inferior or in want' (IA), often with kaQ-, also ἀφ-, ég-; thence botep-  pa, -ησις 'lack, want' (LXX, NT), -ησμός 'arrear, debt' (pap.), -17t1kd¢ 'happening  later', of fever (Gal.). Ὁ. ὑστερίζω [v.] 'to be late, lag behind' (also ἐφ-, ka-).

    *ETYM Identical with Skt. tittara- 'upper, higher', also 'behind, later', derived from  PIE "μά 'on high, up, out'.

XXXXXὑστιακόν [n.] 'drinking cup' (Rhinth. 3 = Ath. 500f.).

    *VAR ὑστιακκός - ποτήριον ποιόν, ᾿Ιταλιῶται (H.); botic (ms. ὑετίς) ὑδρίς. Ταραντῖνοι (H.).

    *ETYM In view of the variant in -κκ- the word may be Pre-Greek (Fur.: 150).

XXXXXὕστριξ, -ἰχος [m., (1 'porcupine, hedgehog' (Hdt., Arist. Ael.), plur. metaphorically 'swine-breasts' (Pl. Com.).

    *VAR Gen.pl. botp-iyywv (Opp.), as if from ὕστριγξ.

    *DER ὑστριχίς, -ίδος [f.] 'cat-o'-nine-tails', for punishing slaves (Ar,, etc.).

    *ETYM Uncertain etymology. Often analysed as ὕσ-τριξ, from θρίξ, τριχός 'hair' and  bo- like in ▶︎ ὕστερος, so 'with rising hairs'. The ancients (e.g. Pl. Com.) connected it

===Pag_1591: Beekes_Página_1591.tiff===

with ὗς 'swine'. To my mind, however, the nasalization proves Pre-Greek origin. » ὕσπληξ.

XXXXXὑύζω [v.] 'to make the sound u-v', of owls (Poll.). ΦΟΝΟΜ»

    *ETYM An onomatopoea. Varia lectio for ἰύζω, according to LSJ.

XXXXXὑφαίνω [v.] 'to weave, warp, devise, produce' (II.).

    *VAR Aor. ὑφῆναι (Od.), bpavat (B. [Dor.], Hell. and late after tetpavat etc.), pass. ὑφανθῆναι (IA), fut. ὑφανῶ (Att.), perf. pass. ὕφασμαι (IA), act. ovv-, map-, ἐξ-  ύφαγκα (Ὁ. H. etc.),

    *DIAL Myc. e-we- pe-se-so-me-na /ewepsésomena/ 'which are to be woven', see Beekes  1969: 67. %

    *COMP Often with prefix, e.g. év-, ἐξ-, ovv-. As a second member: 1. adjectives in  τυφής, 6.5. συνυφής 'woven together' (to συνυφή, συνυφαίνω, Arist.), fem.pl. συνύφειαι 'cells of a honeycomb' (Arist; uncertain reading), παρυφ-ής 'equipped  with an edging (παρυφήν᾽ (Ar. Fr. 320, 7, Poll., Phot.), fem. -i¢ 'garment equipped  with an edging' (Men. Poll.); ἠμιυφής 'half-woven' (Att. inscr. IV*). 2. nominal  -upos, e.g. λίνυφος (Atv6-) [m.] 'cloth-weaver' (pap. inscr.).

    *DER 1. ὑφαντός (τρι-, ἀν-, év-, etc.) 'woven' (Od.). 2. ὑφάν-της (συν-, ταπιδ-, etc.)  [m.] 'weaver' (Att. Arist. pap. inscr.), -ττρια [f] (late; -tpa [f.]), whence -τικός, ἡ  ὑφαντικὴ (τέχνη) 'belonging to the weaver, weaving' (Att. etc.). 3. ὑφαν-τάριος 'id'  (Cyzicus). 4. ὕφασμα [n.} 'weaving, fabric' (y 274), also ἐξ-, év-, etc; hence -μάτιον  (H.); ὕφαμμα (Att. inscr. IV*). 5. ὕφανσις (ovv-) [f.] 'weaving' (PL, Gal, Poll.). 6. ὕφαν-τρον [n.] 'weaver's wage' (pap.). 7. ὑφαν-τεῖον [n.] 'weaving mill' (pap. III');  -τών (2) 'id' (pap. ΠΡ). Epic byforms: ὑφάω in ὑφόωσι (η 105), ὑφανάω in  ὑφανόωντας (Man. 6, 433). Further nouns, probably back-formations: 1. ὑφή (παρ-, ovv-, ἐφ-, yuvatko-) [f.]  fabric' (trag, Pl, Arist. Hell. and late). 2. ὕφος [n.] 14. (Pherecr., Eub, Hell. and  late).

    *ETYM The Myc. form may prove that the root was *h,yeb"-. The chronology of the  attestations suggests that ὑφαίνω is not a denominative from ben, ὕφος, but was  transformed from an older primary present, a nasal present (cf. the Skt. forms) or  from a nominal form in *ub'-n- (thus LIV). Gr. ὑφή, ὕφος may be explained as PIE  derivatives, or as back-formations within Greek. The hapax legomena ὑφόωσι,  ὑφανόωντες are incidental formations of the epic language. Cognate forms: Skt. pres. ubhnati, inj. s4m unap, pres. umbhati 'to bind, fetter',  urnd-vabhi- 'spider' [m.], YAv. ubdaéna- [adj.] 'consisting of woven texture'; Alb. ven 'weave (also from a nasal present?); OHG weban 'to weave, twist, spin'; ToA  wadp-, ToB wap- 'to weave'.

XXXXXὕφεαρ, -eapos [n.] Arcad. name of the mistletoe, 'Viscum album' (Thphr., H. who has deaiap). <?>

    *ETYM Traditionally derived from Cypr. »t- and *péfap, which would be a verbal  noun to ἔφυν 'grew', following the explanation in H.: τὸ ἐπιφυόμενον ταῖς πεύκαις  καὶ ἐλάταις 'what grows on firs'. This is quite doubtful, as a full grade φευ- from this,  root has further not been demonstrated in Greek with certainty (cf. on ▶︎ συφεός).

===Pag_1592: Beekes_Página_1592.tiff=== XXXXXὕω 1541 Perpillou therefore assumed that the word underwent dissimilation from *u-p"uwar (doubtful); the note by Nikolaev Glotta 80 (2002): 221-230 is hardly acceptable. Connection with ▶︎ σῦφαρ 'wrinkled skin' (Pisani RILomb. 73:2 (1939-40): 27) is implausible, too.

XXXXXὕψι [adv.] 'up, above; aloft, upwards; high' (Hom., Hes.). <1E *up-s- 'above'>

    *COMP E.g. in ὑψιβρεμέτης 'high-thundering', of Zeus (Hom., Hes.), ὑψαύχην 'with  the neck high, proud' (E, Pl. Phdr. 253d, AP, late prose), whence byavyev-éw, -ίζω  'to bear the neck high, to strut' (Hell. and late).

    *DER 1. adverbs by-ov, -όθι, -όσε, -όθε(ν) 'above', 'upwards, from above' (IL, epic  poet.). 2. superl. ὕψιστος (Pi., trag., A. R. etc., also late prose), compar. -(wv (Pi. Fr. 213), τίτερος (Theoc. 8, 46); also superl. -otatw [adv.] (B. Fr. 16, 6). 3. ὕψος [n.]  'height' (Hdt. Emp., Att. since A., Hell. and late), ὑψ-ήεις 'high' (Nic, AP), after  αἰγλήεις, etc. ὑψ-όω 'to raise, elevate' (Hell. and late), ptc. ὑψεύμενος (Hp.), also  with ἀν-, ἐξ-, etc; hence -ωμα, -ωματικός, -wotc, -ωτής, -ωτικός. 4. ὑψηλός 'high'  (IL.). 5. short names:"Yyevc [m.] (Pi), Ὑψώ [f.] Ξ- Ὑψιπύλη (Ar. Fr. 225, ΕΜ, Suid.).

    *ETYM Old locative in *-i, as in ἦρι, ἄρτι, ἄντι, etc., derived from the adverb *up(-) as  seen in ▶︎ ὕπατος, ▶︎ ὕπερ, ▶︎ ὕπο. The enlarging -o- has a parallel in Aeol. ὄψι, Hom.,  etc. ὀψέ 'late', in Gy beside ἄπ-ο, etc. In Latin, too, it was productive: ab(s)-, ec/ex-,  sub(s)-. An additional *s to PIE *up- is also found in Celtic, e.g. Olr. ds 'above, over'  < *oupso-, Olr. tasal 'high', W uchel, Gaul. Uxello- 'high' < *oupselo- 'higher',  perhaps with the same I-suffix as in Gr. ὑψηλός < *up-s-él-? Also in Slavic, eg. Ru. vyse 'higher' <*Hups- (see Derksen 2008: 535), OCS vysoke 'high'.

XXXXXbw [v.] 'to rain', mostly impersonal 'it is raining', also 'to cause to rain, send rain} passive ὑόμενος (ζ 131), ὕεται, ὑσθῆναι (Hdt. etc.), ἐφυσμένος (Χ.) 'to be affected by rain, get rain'. 'ΑΚ Only 388. pres. ipf. bet, de (Il.),3Ρ]. ὕουσι, of νεφέλαι (Luc.), aor. boat (Pi, Hdt., etc.), ipv. boov (ὦ Zed, prayer by M. Ant.), fut. boet (Cratin.), ipl. ὕσομεν, of the clouds (Ar.).

    *DER ὑετός [m.] 'rain' (M 133), ὑέτ-ιος 'rainy, bringing rain' (Ion., Arist. Hell. and  late; Hdt. 2, 25 codd. ὑετώτατοι), -ώδης 'id.' (J.), -ἰα [f.] 'rainy weather' (Hell. and  late), ὑετ-ίζω [v.] 'to send rain, rain upon' (LXX, pap.).

    *ETYM Present in *-ie/o- to the PIE root *suh,- 'to pour, scatter'. Cognate forms: Hitt. Subha- / Juhh- 'to scatter', iShuuyai-' / ishui- 'to throw, scatter, pour' (Kloekhorst  2008: 396, 773), ToA 3pl. swifc, ToB 355. and pl. suwam 'it rains', ToA swase, ToB  swese 'rain'; Alb. shi 'rain' < *su#-, OPr. suge (= suje) 'id.'. Compare LIV' s.v. *sh,eu-. For other IE expressions for 'rain', see on ▶︎ οὐρανός, > Epon and ▶︎ πλέω.

===Pag_1593: Beekes_Página_1593.tiff===

===Pag_1594: Beekes_Página_1594.tiff=== XXXXXΦ

XXXXXφαγεῖν [v.aor.] 'to eat, consume, swallow' (IL), late and MoGr. also metaphorically 'to swallow, endure'.

    *VAR Fut. φάγομαι (Hell. and late).

    *cOMP Also with κατα-, év- etc. In compounds ὠμοφάγος 'eating raw flesh', of  animals, also of wild peoples (Il.), wpogayéw [v.], -ia, -tov; παματοφαγεῖσται  [inf.med.] 'to be affected by confiscation' (Locr.), from *napato-pdyoc. Hence by  reanalysis φάγος [m.] 'devourer, glutton' (Ev. Matt, Ev. Luc.). Rarely as a first  member: φαγανθρώπων: ἀκαθάρτων (H.), reversal of ἀνθρωποφάγων;  φαγολοίδορος 'bearing insults' (gloss.), φαγέ-σωρος 'gluttonous', whence -owpitic  γαστήρ (Com. Adesp.). Hypostasis προσφάγιον [n.] 'side dish, cheese'.

    *DER 1. φαγ-ἂς [m.] 'devourer' (Cratin.), kata- 'id.' (A. Fr. 428 = 709 M.), katw-  (nick)name of a bird (Ar. Av, 288). 2. pay-édatva [f.] 'cancerous ulcer' (Hp., trag.,  D,, etc.), 'gluttony' (Gal.), whence -εδαινικός 'cancerous', -εδαινόομαι, -dw 'to suffer  from cancer', -wpa (medic., Plu. Poll. etc.); to *payedwv. 3. Also φάγαινα- ἡ μετὰ  τὰς νόσους πολυφαγία (Ammon. Diff), acc. to H. also = φαγέδαινα. Further φάγων, τωνος [m.] 'glutton' (Varro, Vopisc.); also φαγόνες: σιαγόνες, γνάθοι 'jaws' (H.). 4. φάγ-ημα [n.] 'food, dish' (late), mpoo- 'side dish' (Aesop.). 5. -ήσια (scil. ἱερά) [n.pl.]  'eating festival', -ησιπόσια 'eating and drinking festival' (Clearch.). 8. φάγυλοι:  μαστοί, μάρσιπποι (H.), φαγύλιον' μαρσίππιον (Phot.). On ▶︎ φάγιλος, see s.v.

    *ETYM Gr. φαγεῖν funtions as an aorist to ἐσθίω. Cognate forms: Skt. bhdjati pres. 'to  distribute, assign', med. -ée 'obtain, participate in, enjoy'; bhaktd- [n.] 'portion, meal,  food', bhaksd- [m.] 'food, drink, delight'. PIE *b'eh,go- [m.] > Skt. bhdga- [m.]  'prosperity, well-being, happiness', Av. baga-, baya- [n.] 'share, (favourable) lot', OP  baga- 'god'. The short vowel of Ilr. *b"aga- is expained by Lubotsky's Law (Lubotsky  MSS (1981)) from the loss of the laryngeal in front of a voiced stop plus another  consonant; this condition would have been given, for instance, in athematic verb  forms, and in bhaks-, Av. baxs-. ToB pdke, ToA pak 'part, piece' might reflect a  borrowing from Middle Iranian (Adams 1999: 363), and the Slavic cognates (e.g. OCS bogats, Ru. bogatyj 'rich', OCS bogs, Ru. bog 'god') must also be loanwords  from Iranian, since they do not show reflexes of Winter's Law. See ▶︎ Bayatoc.

XXXXXφάγιλος [m.] = ἀμνός 'lamb' (Arist. Fr. 507).

    *ETYM Derived from »qayeiv and referring to the age of the lamb, scil. when  becomes edible.

XXXXXayvos 'salvia' (gloss.), cited by Fur.: 124.

===Pag_1595: Beekes_Página_1595.tiff===

    *ETYM Cf. ▶︎ σφάγνος.

XXXXXφάγρος 1 [m.] Cretan word for ἀκόνη 'whetstone', acc. to Simias (fr. 27) apud Ath. 6, 3276. «Ὁ "

    *ETYM Might be formally and semantically identical with Arm. bark 'bitter, sharp of  taste, vehement, angry', if from PIE *b*h,g-ro- 'sharpening'; but see ▶︎ ok dc.

XXXXXφάγρος 2 [m.] name of a fish, perhaps 'sea bream, Pagrus vulgaris' (Hp., com., Arist., etc.). ΡΟ»

    *VAR  Variants πάγρος (Hdn. Gr. 1, 203); φάγωρος: ἰχθῦς ποιός (H.), φαγρώριος  (Str.), dissimilated from *payp-? Also πάγουροςξ

    *ETYM Probably identical with ▶︎ φάγρος 1, because of the pointed shape of the body,  or the sharp teeth. Acc. to Isidorus, the Greeks called this fish fagrus 'quod duros  dentes habeat, ita ut ostreis in mari alatur'. The variants 1-/@- and -poc/-wpog show  that the word is Pre-Greek (Fur. 165). Differently Taillardat in DELG Supp.

XXXXXφαδάσαι [v.] - γνάψαι 'to card' (H.).

    *ETYM Read φαδειράσαι, derived from padi = trama, κρόκῃ, πηνίον 'woof, weft',  whence the denominative verb φαδιάζειν; padi is the popular form of ὑφάδιον (see  > ὑφαίνωλ.

XXXXXode, φαέθων, etc. +pdoc.

XXXXXφαζάληῃ [f.] - πάθος σωματικόν, ὃ γίνεται τοῖς ἐρυθρὰν θάλασσαν πλέουσι (H.). «Ὁ

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXφάζαινα [f.] a disease of horses (Hippiatr.).

    *ETYM Clearly a Pre-Greek word in -atva (Fur.: 172").

XXXXXφαίδιμος [adj.] 'shining, noble', often as an epithet of Ἕκτωρ, Ἀχιλλεύς, and others (Il., epic poet.), also as a PN; metrically enlarged -ἰμόεις (N 686). «1ὲ *g'"(e)h,id- 'bright, clear'>

    *DER φαιδρός 'bright, clear, cheerful, joyous' (Pi, Sol., A., etc: Φαίδρη A 321); in  compounds eg. in φαιδρόνους 'with a joyous mind' (A.), φαιδρωπός 'with a bright  look' (A. E.). Hence 1. φαιδρ-ότης [f.] 'brightness, cheerfulness' (inser, Plu. etc.). 2. τόομαι 'to be cheerful' (X.). 3. -Svw 'to make clear, clean, wash; to cheer up, refresh'  (mostly poet. since Hes. Op. 753), rarely with ἐκ-, éu-, ἀπο-: thence τυντής [m.], lit. 'purifier', of the statue of Zeus in Olympia (Paus., Poll.), but usually φαιδυντής, -ταί  (El. and Att. inscr; cf. below); fem. φαιδρύντρια (A. Ch. 759). Isolated is φαίδει- ὄψει  (H.), probably from *@aidoc [n.].

    *ETYM We find a stem φαιδ- with various suffixes: φαιδ-ρός, φαίδ-ιμος, *patd-oc; for  a similar system, compare eg. κυδρός : κύδιμος : κῦδος, etc. Another derivative must  have been ἔφαιδ-ύνω (compare αἰσχρός : αἶσχος : αἰσχύνω), which has left a trace in  φαιδυντής, and may have been replaced in the transmission by φαιδρύνω. However,    - formations such as φαιδρύντρια and φαιδρόνους (for *paidi-vouc) in A. testify to the  productivity of the adjective φαιδρός. Cognate forms are Lith. gaidrius 'bright, clear',  gaidra 'cloudless heaven, clear weather', also giédras, -τὰς 'id. < PIE * "heh. id-.

===Pag_1596: Beekes_Página_1596.tiff=== XXXXXφαίνω, -ομαι 1545

XXXXXφαίκανον [n.] = πήγανον 'rue, Ruta graveolens' (H.).

    *ETYM Probably foreign, acc. to Schwyzer: 490. The word is probably Pre-Greek;  compare φαικός.

XXXXXφαικός [adj.] synonym of λαμπρός (S. fr. 1107 P., H.).

    *DER φαικῶς: λαμπρῶς (H.); φαικάς, -ddoc, also φαικάσιον (Eratosth.) 'white shoes',  also shoes of farmers (H.), borrowed into Latin as phaecasia. Here probably PN  Φαικίας, Φαικίνας, Φαικύλος, Daikwv (Bechtel 1917b: 495).

    *ETYM A variant of φαιόςξ Fur.: 32874 separates the two, in view of the difference in  meaning.

XXXXXφαιλόνης = pavoArg.

XXXXXφαινόλης [m.] 'thick upper garment, cloak' (pap. since I?, Arr., Ath.). 4GR?>

    *VAR Dor. φαινόλα (Rhinth.); also paivovAa, παίνουλα, πένουλα (Edict. Diocl.).

    *DER Diminutive φαινόλιον [n.] (pap. ΠΡ). With metathesis φαιλόνης, φελ- (2 Ep. Ti. 4, 13), and the more usual φαιλόνιον (pap.), probably after the instrument nouns in  -όνη, -όνιον; MoGr. φαιλόνι (peA-).

    *ETYM Formation like μαινόλης 'raving', σκωπτόλης 'mocker', etc. (Chantraine 1933:  237f.), but since it refers to an instrument, the semantics are deviant. An old  feminine formation (like μαινόλις etc.) is found in φαινόλις, an epithet of ἠώς, αὔως  (h. Cer., Sapph.), in the sense of 'bright, illuminating' clearly belonging to gaivw. It is  unclear why the cloak was referred to as 'the illuminating / shining one'. Borrowed  as Lat. paenula.

XXXXXφαίνω, -ομαι [v.] 'to show, make visible, bring to light, make known', med. and act. intr. 'to become visible, come to light, appear' (Il.),

    *VAR Reduplicated παμ-φαίνω, ptc. -pavéwoa, -gavd-wvta (Il, epic poet.),  παμφανάᾳ: λάμπει (H.), aor. φῆναι (Dor. pavan), intr. φανῆναι (all 1].), fut. pavéw,  -@ (since T 104), -€opat (since μ 230), -ἦσομαι (Hdt. et al.), Dor. -ησέω (Archim.),  πεφήσεται (P 155), perf. med. πέφασμαι, 3sg. πέφανται (I].), act. intr. πέφηνα (IA),  Dor. népava (Sophr.), trans. népayka (later Att), aor. med. trans. φήνασθαι (IA),  intr. and pass. φανθῆναι (Att.).

    *COMP Very often with prefix, eg. ἀπο-, ék-, év-, é7l-, κατα-, προ-, ὑπο-. Compounds: as a first member e.g. in gatvounpides (Ibyc.), sing. pavounpts (Poll.)  [f.] 'showing the thigh, with visible thighs'; PNs, eg. Φαινέλαος, Φαννόθεμις,  Φανότιμος. As a second member, adapting to the s-stems, e.g. τηλεφανής 'far-seen,  conspicuous' (poet. since w 83); innumerable PNs, e.g. Ἀριστο-φάνης; very often  from prefixed compounds, e.g. ἐμφανής 'visible, apparent, evident' (IA) (to  ἐμφαίνω), whence -εια, -ia, -ίζω, -ἰσις, -ίσιμος, -ἰισμός, -to TIC, -ἰστικός.

    *DER 1. φαν-ερός 'visible, apparent, clear' (Pi, IA), whence -ερ-ότης (late), -όομαι  (Hadt.), -dw (late), -woic. On φανερός meaning 'quidam' in Byzantine Greek, see  Tabachovitz Eranos 30 (1932): o7ff. 2. Φάνης, -ητος [m.] name of an Orphian god  (Orph.). 3a. φά-σις [f.] 'announcement' (Att.), 'appearing, appearance' (Ti. Locr.,  Arist., Hell.+); frequently from prefixed compounds, eg. πρόφασις [f] 'alleged  motive, pretence' (Thgn., IA), whence -σίζομαι (Thgn., IA), -σιστικός (LXX, Ph.);

===Pag_1597: Beekes_Página_1597.tiff===

, -ομαι ἔμφα-σις [f.] 'appearance, reflection, clarification, emphasis' (Arist., Hell.+), -τικός 'emphatic (Demetr. Eloc. etc.). Ὁ. φάνσις [f] 'appearance' (very rare and late), ἀπόφαν-σις [f] 'declaration, statement' (Arist., Hell+; beside ἀπόφασις), whence -τικός (Arist. εἴς, ἀνάφανσις [f.] 'appearance' (late), ἄμφαν-σις 'adoption' (Leg. Gort.), -t6¢ 'adopted' (ibid.). 4. ἀμφαντύς [f.] 'id' (Leg. ΟοΥ 5. φάσμα [n.] 'appearance, omen' (Ion. poet., Arist. etc.). 6. Verbal adj.: a. -pavtoc, often in compounds: ἄφαντος 'invisible' (Il., epic poet., late prose), νυκτίφαντος 'appearing in the night (A. E.); πρόφαντος 'announced, revealed' (Pi., Hdt., S. etc.), to mpo- φαίνω; secondarily φαντός as a simplex 'visible' (Orph.). Also Ὁ. -gatoc in ἀπαρέμφατος (to παρ-εμ-φαίνω), scil. ἔγκλισις, lit. 'not showing anything alongside', as a grammatical term = Lat. modiis infinitivus (Ὁ. H.,, etc.), opposed to παρεμφατικός, also ἀν-, κακ-έμφατος, etc. (late), also πρό-, ὑπέρ-φατος (Pi.). 7. -φάντης [m.] in univerbations, eg. ἱεροφάν-της (ipo-) 'who explains holy practices', 'senior priest' (IA), whence -τις, -téw, -τία, -τικός. 8. -φα(ν)τικός to prefixed compounds, e.g. ἐμφα(ν)τικός 'expressive, demonstrative' (Hell.+). 9.

XXXXXφάντωρ [m.] 'one who displays' (Att. epigr. ΠΡ), ἐκφάν-τωρ, -τορία, -τορικός (late); also in univerbations, eg. iepo-pavtwp (Suid.), -φάντρια [f.] (Rom. inscr. IV?). 10. Denominative (to derivations in -t-): φαντάζομαι [v.] 'to become visible, appear' (IA), occasionally with ἐκ-, év-, kata- etc, act. -άζω 'to make visible, present' (late), whence φάντασ-μα [n.] 'appearance' (trag, Pl, etc), -μάτιον (Plu.), -μός 'id.' (Epicur.), -1¢ (ἐμ-) [f] 'sight, appearance' (Pl. εἴς, -ia [f.] 'sight, imagination, fantasy (Pl, Arist. etc.), whence -ἰώδης, -Ἰάζομαι, -ἰόομαι, -ἰόω, -ιαστικός; φαντασ- τός (Arist. et al.), -τικός (Pl, Arist, etc.) 'able to produce the appearance'. 11. Adverbs: -φαδόν in ἀμφαδόν 'publicly, openly' (Hom.), adj. -δός (τ 392, A. R.), -διος (€ 288), adv. -dinv (H 196, Thgn., et al.); -φανδόν in (ἐξ-)ἀναφανδόν 'id.' (Hom.); δια-, ἀμφάδην, Dor. -dav 'id' (Archil, Sol, Alcm.), ἐκφάνδην 'id' (Philostr.); ἀναφανδά (Od., A. R.). Hence, from the present stem, the jocular adverb φαινίνδα παίζειν 'to play ball' (Antiph. Com. etc.). On φανή [f.] 'torch', see on φανός (s.v. ▶︎ φάος).

    *ETYM Derived from the PIE root *b*h,- 'to shine, appear, seem'. A primary verb is  found in Skt. bhda-ti 'to light, shine', noun bhdnti-, Av. banu- [m.] 'splendour' a  nominal n-suffix is also found in Olr. ban 'white', ToA pani, ToB peniyo [m.]  'splendour', and in Germanic: OE bénian, LG bohnen 'to polish, scrub'. Most of the Greek forms are formed on a verbal stem φαν-, whence φαίνω < *p'an-  ie/o-, Acc. to LIV, this goes back to a PIE nasal present *b"-n-(e)}h,-, whence with  thematization Proto-Greek *pave/o-. Cognate nasal presents are (continued in)  Arm, banam 'to open, reveal', nasalless aor. baci, Alb. Gheg δά), Tosk bénj 'to make,  do' < *ban-. A verbal form without stem-final nasal is the hapax legomenon  πεφήσεται; it is also found in zero grade φάσις, -patoc, -φατικός and φάσμα. Some  of these may also have been formed analogically: for φάσμα, compare ὕφασμα to  ὑφαίνω, for φάσις, -gatoc, compare βάσις, -βατος to βαίνω; and πεφήσεται could  have been supported by Brjoeta to Baivw. Alternatively, φάσις, -φατος reflect  nasalless forms in *b"h,-, and πεφήσεται < PIE *b'eh,-. The H.-glosses πέφιγ ἐφάνη ἢ  πεφύκασι and φάντα' λάμποντα are not very reliable. See ▶︎ φάος, ▶︎ φημί.

===Pag_1598: Beekes_Página_1598.tiff=== XXXXXφακός 1547

XXXXXφαιός [adj.] 'grey, dark grey, blackish', also of dark colors in general (Ρ]., Arist., Hell.+), metaphorically of the voice (Arist.). 42>

    *COMP φαιοχίτωνες [fpl.] 'having dark chitons' (A.), λευκόφαιος 'whitish grey' (pap.,  Ath,, Poll.).

    *DER φαιότης [f.] 'dark grey color', ὑποφαιόω (to ὑπόφαιος) [v.] 'to color grey' (late). The ethnonym Φαίακες, Φαίηκες has also been compared to this adjective (cf. Bjorck  1950: 260f.). Furthermore φαικός = λαμπρός (5. Fr. 1107, H.), φαικῶς: λαμπρῶς ... (H.), influenced in form and meaning by λευκός. Hence φαικ-άσιον [n.] (Hell.+), -άς  [f.] (AP) designation of a white (Ὁ) shoe? Here also φαωτός (of χλαῖνα Delph. IV*),  or to φάοςξ

    *ETYM φαιός has been compared with Lith. gafsas 'beam of light, redness in the sky',  and reconstructed as PIE *g'*aiso- or *g*"aiso- (compare φαιδρός : Lith. gaidris);  neither is possible in the current reconstruction of PIE (at the most, *g'"eh,i-so-). Other reconstructions which have been proposed are *paifoc and *patofoc. Lith. gaisas has also been derived from *gaid-sas (cf. gaidrus), but apparently without any  support. In short, the etymology of φαιός is unknown.

XXXXXφαιρίδδω [v.] = σφαιρίζω (H.).

    *ETYM For the form, see Schwyzer: 1, 334. It must be a dialectal form of σφαιρ-.

XXXXXΦαιστός [2] town in Crete, in the Peloponnese, in Thessaly (Plu.). «ΡΟ» ΑΚ Φαῖστος is a PN, a Trojan (E 43ff).

    *DIAL Myc. pa-i-to.

    *DER Φαίστιος inhabitant of Phaistos. ;

    *ETYM A Pre-Greek name (DELG); strangely enough the name is not mentioned in  Fick 1905, except on p. 15, where no interpretation is given.

XXXXXφάκελος [m.] 'bundle' (Hdt, ΤῊ. E. Cyc. 242, Arist., Hell).

    *VAR  Also φακελλος (Arist.).

    *COMP ὁλοφάκεϊλος] [adj.] 'forming a whole (unbroken) bundle' (pap. ΠΡ).

    *ETYM The suffix is reminiscent of πύελος, σκόπελος etc. (Chantraine 1933: 244), but  the variant in -AA- proves that this word is Pre-Greek. Fur.: 173 further compares  φάσκωλος and βάσκιοι, βασκευταί- φασκίδες. Solmsen 1909: 7' hesitatingly  compared σφάκελος 'gangrene, spasm' (which is quite possible if the word is Pre-  Greek); the common meaning would be 'drawn together, tied together'.

XXXXXφακιάλιον [n.] 'face-cloth, headscarf, towel' (late pap. etc.). «LW Lat>

    *VAR  Also -ιάριον, -ἰόλιον, πακιάλιον.

    *ETYM Loanword from Lat. facidle; details in Georgacas Glotta 6 (1958): 187.

XXXXXφακός [m.] 'lentil', often metaphorically of lentil-like objects, e.g. 'hot-water bottle, birthmark, freckle' (IA).

    *COMP φακοειδής 'lentiform' (Arist., Str. εἴς. ΝΞ

    *DER 1. φάκειον [n.] 'decoction of lentils' (Hp.). 2. vos 'prepared with lentils', -ινᾶς  [m] 'seller of lentil-products', φακινο-πώλιον [n.] 'shop with lentil-products' (pap. εἴς 3. pak-w6n¢ 'lentil-like, full of lentil-like spots' (Hp. etc.). -w10¢ 'lentiform  (medic.), -ώσεις [F.pl.] 'formations of freckles' (Heph. Astr.). Also 4. paxéa (Epich.),

===Pag_1599: Beekes_Página_1599.tiff===

φακῆ (Ar., Hell.+) [f.] 'dish made of lentils, lentil soup'; φακεψός, ree [m.] 'cooker of lentil (soupy (Hell. and late pap.). 5. nickname Φακᾶς [m.] (Suid. s.v. Διοσκορίδης). On ▶︎ ἀφάκη, see s.v.

    *ETYM Possibly Pre-Greek, if ἀφάκη, ἄφακος 'vetch' can be connected. Phonetically,  φακός agrees well with Albanian bathé 'broad bean' < earlier *ba/ok-. For the  ending, cf. ἄρακος. The initial syllable @a- also occurs in Lat. faba < *b'ab'a, Ru. bob,  OPr. babo 'bean', and Gr. ▶︎ φάσηλος.

XXXXXἸφάκται Ξ'φάκτον.

XXXXXφακτωνᾶριος [m.] 'head of a compamy of charioteers with the colors of his faction of the circus'. *

    *VAR Also φακτονάριος.

    *ETYM From Lat. factionarius.

XXXXXφάκτον 1 [n.} 'act, action, fact' (Leo Mag., Priscian.). «τὰν Lat.>

    *ETYM From Lat. factum, which entered Greek after the ΝΡ,    φάκτον 2 [n.] 'a recipient and a measure'. See Naoumides Gr. Rom. Byz. St. 9 (1968):  280, who cites from Cyr. (cod. Matritensis) pakov- μέτρον παρὰ Ἀρκάσιν, κοτύλαι  Ἀττικαὶ τρεῖς. Compare H. [on @ 74] φάκτει [leg. φάκτα]: Anvoi, σιπύαι, πύελοι.

;

    *DIAL Perhaps Myc. pa-ko-to, see Lejeune 1958: 3417'.

    *ETYM An Arcadian measure. Meier-Briigger KZ 107 (1994): 90f. follows Neumann,  who derives the word from the root of φαγεῖν 'eat' (originally 'distribute'), *U'h.g-,  with substantivizing accent. DELG suggests a connection with παχύς, which seems  highly improbable to me. Fur: 171 compares "βάκανον, and βαβάκινον «καὶ  βαβάκινον»- χύτρας εἶδος (H.), and βακάϊον: μέτρον τι (H.); there also extensively  on MLat. baccinus.

XXXXXφαλά [?] - μικρά κάρα (H., Fur.: reads pada). <4 PG(V)>

    *VAR Also φάλαι- Spot, σκοπιαί (H.).

    *ETYM Fur.: 172 connects βαλόν' οὐρανόν (H.), and further ▶︎ φάλος.

XXXXXφάλαγξ, -ayyos [f.] 'round and longish piece of wood, log, roller, beam' (Hdt., Delos fl', A. R., Orph.), 'balance beam' (Arist.), 'joint of the fingers' (Arist, medic.), 'row of eyelashes' (Paul. Aeg.), 'spider' (com. X.), after the long joints of its legs; traditionally a technical term in the military: '(close or dense) battle-array, line of battle' (Il.), in later times of the so-called Dorian and especially of the Macedonian phalanx, with heavy-armed infantry (X., PIb. etc.).

    *COMP φαλαγγομαχ-έἕω [v.] 'to fight in or against a line of battle (on foot)' (X., Ὁ. S.),  opposed to inno-, πυργο-μαχέω; φαλαγγομάχ-ἂς [m.] 'fighting in a line of battle'  (AP).

    *DER 1. paddyy-lov [n.] 'kind of poisonous spider' (Att, etc.), 'spider herb', used  against spider-bites (Dsc.), 'roller' (H., Eust., EM). 2. -ίτης [m.] 'soldier of a phalanx'  (Plb. etc.), 'spider herb' (Gal.), -ἴτις [f.] 'id.' (Dsc.). 3. -ἰτικός 'consisting of soldiers  of a phalanx' (PIb.). 4. -ηδόν 'in battle-array' (O 360, Plb. etc.). 5. φαλαγγ-όω [v.] 'to

===Pag_1600: Beekes_Página_1600.tiff=== XXXXXφάλλαινα 1549 furnish with rollers' (Ph. Bel., etc.), τωμα [n.] 'roller' (Phryn. PS), also = πτομπή τις ἐν τοῖς Διονυσίοις (H.), -ωσις [f.] name for a disease of the eyelashes (medic.). 6.

XXXXXφαλαγκτήρια [n.pl.] 'round logs' (Milete V*).

    *ETYM Formation like φάραγξ, σῆραγξ, φάρυγξ etc. The prenasalized form proves  Pre-Greek origin (not in Fur.!). The nasal and the consistent vocalization as -aha-  render the earlier comparison with Germanic 'beam' (ON bjalki [m.] < *belkan-,  OHG balko [m.] < *balkan-) and Balto-Slavic words (Lith. balZiena(s) 'flexible  crossbeam on a sledge, stick', Ru. (dial.) bdlozno 'thick plank', etc.) obsolete. Latin sufflamen [n.] 'clog, break' (if < *flag-(s)men- or *flag-smen-) is also problematic. The Greek noun was borrowed into Latin as phalanga, whence late Latin / Romance  planca, MoHG Planke, etc. φαλακρός <PG>

    *VAR Also φάλανθος, φάλᾶρος, φάληρος, φαλιός, etc.

    *ETYM The group οἔφάλανθος and φαλακρός is no doubt of Pre-Greek origin; see on  ▶︎ φαλός.

XXXXXφάλαρα [ρ].]--φάλος.

XXXXXφαλίζει [v.] - θέλει (HL). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXφαλικρόν [adj.] - ἄκρατον 'unmixed, pure' (H.).

    *ETYM Fur.: 389 compares > χάλις,

XXXXXpanic [9] - κάνναβις (H.).

    *ETYM To κ»φαλός = λευκός; cf. SCr. bjelojka, Sln. belica 'white hemp', MoHG  Wifhampf.

XXXXXφάλκης [m.] part of a ship, acc. to Poll. 1, 85f. = τὸ τῇ σπείρᾳ προσηλούμενον, ag' οὗ ἡ δευτέρα τρόπις, usually interpreted as 'beam, board, rib of a ship'.

    *ETYM The uncertainty about the exact meaning renders etymologizing difficult. The  word has been connected with φάλαγξ and with Lat. falx, flecté (see Frisk s.v.). The  Latin noun might be related to Gr. ἐμφαλκωμένοις: περιπεπλεγμένοις (Suid.). Another unclear word is φάλκη: ὁ τῆς κόμης αὐχμός, ἢ νυκτερίς (H.). In the first  meaning, perhaps related to πάλκος (see ▶︎ πηλός) On the different names of the bat,  see Schwentner KZ 71 (1954): 95f. The word may well be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXφάλλαινα [f.] 'whale' (A. Fr. 464 M., Arist. Str., Nonn., etc.), of a monster (Ar. V. 35, 39, Lyc. 841); also 'moth' (Nic. Th. 760; Rhodian acc. to sch.). < PG(v)>

    *VAR  Codd. often φάλαινα, but the length of the syllable is metrically ascertained.

    *DER Shorter form φάλλῃη [f.] 'whale' (Lyc. 84, 394), = ἡ πετομένη ψυχή (Η.);  φάλελραι- φάλελραιναι (H.).

    *ETYM Formed with the feminine suffix -atva to a stem *padAwv or φαλλος; see  ▶︎ φαλλός. Borrowed as Lat. ballaena; Latin b- instead of p(h)- shows that it entered  Latin through a third language. The word will be of Pre-Greek origin (note the  variation between single and geminate A); see Fur: 171'7' on words in -atva.

===Pag_1601: Beekes_Página_1601.tiff===

φάλλαινα 2 [[1] 'night-moth'. <?>

    *ETYM DELG discusses the possible relation between this word and ▶︎ φάλλαινα 1. Cf. Keller 1913: 437ff.; Gil Fernandez 1959: 204-207.

XXXXXφαλλός [m.] 'membrum virile' (Hdt., Ar., Att. inscr. etc.).

    *COMP φαλλοφόρος, -popéw (late), also φαλληφορέω, -φόρια [n.pl.] (Plu.),  ἰθύφαλλος (Cratin., D. [from youth slang] etc.).

    *DER φαλλικός 'belonging to the g' (Ar., Arist.); Φαλλήν, -ἦνος [m.] epithet of  Dionysus (Paus. 10, 19, 3; codd. Κεφαλῆνα); φαλλίων = φαλλοφόρος (Suid.);  περιφαλλία' πομπὴ Διονύσῳ τελουμένη τῶν φαλλῶν (H.). Also φάλης, -ητος (-ῆς,  -ῆτος) [m.] = φαλλός, also personified (Sophg., 5. Ichn., Ar., Theoc., H.); Ion. gen. φάλεω (Hippon. 14b). ᾿

    *ETYM The meaning 'membrum virile' probably developed from another, more  concrete meaning. In meaning, the word BaAXia 'private parts' (Herod.) is closest;  some have connected the ethnonym Τριβαλλοί (= "Τριφαλλοί). Other look-alikes in  form and meaning are MoHG (dial.) bille 'penis' and Olt. bail 'member, body-part',  which have often been compared with various words (especially from Germanic) for  'ball, bullet, sack, drinking vessel, testis, bull', from a hypothetical PIE root *b'el-  'blow (up), swell'. Because of its body shape, the whale ▶︎ φάλλαινα might also be  cognate with φαλλός. The connection with 'pyralis, night-moth' remains unclear  (Immisch Glotta 6 (1915): 194ff; cf. also Giintert 1919: 2109f.). The forms with B (BaAAlov Herod. 6, 69) and the variation A/AA clearly point to Pre-  Greek origin, see Fur.: 172.

XXXXXφάλος [m.] helmet ornament or part of the helmet, 'grainy top', 'band of the helmet'? (Il.). <«PG?(v)>

    *COMP ἄφαλος 'without a g.' (K 258), τετράφαλος 'with four φάλοι᾽ (M 384, X 315),  ἀμφίφαλος 'with a φάλος on both sides, surrounded by φάλοι᾽ (Ε 743 = A 41, Q.S. 3,  334). On ▶︎ τρυφάλεια, see s.v.

    *DER φάλᾶρα [n.pl.] part of a helmet, 'decorations'?, 'jaw piece' ? (II 106), 'jaw piece  of horses' (Hdt, E, X. etc.), 'jaw dressings' (late medic.), metaphorically  'decorations' (Plu., D. Chr.), -4pov [sg.] 'ornament of the τιάρα᾽ (A. Pers. 663 [lyr.]);  acc. to H. = ἀστραγαλίσκος ὁ ἐπὶ τῆς περικεφαλαίας, καὶ mapayvabidec, χαλινοὶ ἢ  ἱπποκόσμια. Hence Φαλαρῖτις [f] epithet of Athena (Call. Fr. 503). Also  τετραφάληρος, epithet of κυνέη (beside ἀμφίφαλος; E 743 = A 41).

    *ETYM As the form and function of the φάλοι and φάλαρα remain unknown, any  attempt at an etymology remains hypothetic. Borrowed as Lat. phalerae. Fur.: 231  adduces βαλόν: οὐρανόν 'sky'; see also op.cit. 257° on the suffix -apa. So the word  may be of Pre-Greek origin, provided that the identification is correct.

XXXXXφαλός [adj.] - λευκός (H.).

    *DER φαλύνει: λαμπρύνει; φαλίσσεται: λευκαίνεται, ἀφρίζει, probably also φαλίπτει-  μωραίνει and φαλωθείς: παρατραπείς (all H.); cf. λευκαὶ φρένες: μαινόμεναι (Η.),  from Pi. P. 4, 194, and φαλός also = μωρός, ἐμμανής (H.) (not to φηλός, pace e.g. Pok. 48of.).

===Pag_1602: Beekes_Página_1602.tiff=== XXXXXφάος 1551 Furthermore: 1. φαλιός 'bright, white-spotted' (Call. Hell. pap., Procop.), after πολιός; φαλιόπουν: λευκόπουν (H.). 2. φάληρος (Nic.), Dor. -ἄρος (Theoc.), 'white- spotted', also as an animal name (Theoc.), denominative ptc. φαληριόωντα 'frothing up white' (κύματα N 799). Hence φαληρίς, -apic [f.] 'Eurasian coot, Fulica atra' (ΑΓ. Arist. etc.), also 'canary grass, Phalaris nodosa' (Dsc.), -ἦριον [n.] 'id? (Ps.-Dsc.). TN Φάληρον [n.] a harbour of Athens. 3. φαλακρός (also ἀνα-, ἡμι-, etc.) 'bald-headed, round and bald' (IA), -ότης [f.] (Hp. Arist.), τόομαι 'to become bald-headed', -dw 'to make bald' (Hadt., Arist., LXX), ἀπο- (Phryn. PS), -wua, -ωσις (LXX, Plu., etc.); -ἰάω 'id, (Suid. s.v. dwpdAzioc); fem. φαλάκρα 'bare hill (St. Byz.); TN Paddkpat), -άκριον etc; also BaAaypos, -άγραι. As Frisk 1934: 62-64 showed, -ακρο- is suffixal and has nothing to do with the word for 'top'. 4. φάλανθος 'baldheaded, bald' (AP, Ὁ. L., pap., etc.), also as a PN and TN; -αντίας [m.] 'bald head' (Luc.), -άντωμα [n.] 'bare spot' (vl. LXX), often ἀναφάλαντος (-av8oc) 'id.' (pap., LXX), and -avtiac (-avOiag), -avtiaiog, -αντίασις, -avtwpa (Arist. LXX, Luc. etc.); probably after the verbal adjectives in -αντος (cf. e.g. ἀθέρμαντος = ἄθερμος, etc.), then sporadically adapted to ἄνθος. See also ▶︎ παμφαλάω and > φαλίς.

    *ETYM All Greek forms may be derived from the adj. φαλός, which was compared  with Lith. bdlas 'white', as a plant-name 'snowdrop, etc.' (beside more usual baltas  'white'), and with Alb. balé 'horse with a white spot on its forehead'. A lengthened  grade to this root is found in Latv. bdls 'pale', and OCS béle, Ru. bélyj 'white' <  *bélH-o-. Among numerous other formations, the Lat. and Germanic designations of the coot  (= φαληρίς) has also been compared: Lat. fulica (probably < *b'ol-ik-), OHG belihha,  MOHG Belche. It was further supposed that ▶︎ Badtdc was related as a word from the  Balkans, with Βαλίος (name of a horse of Achilles), see Brandenstein Sprache 2  (1950-1952): 76 with further combinations. However, the whole group, with interchanges 9/f, 1/9, k/y, is clearly of Pre-Greek  origin, see Fur. 192.

XXXXXφάνδουρος --πάνδουρος. το φανός '-'φάος.

XXXXXφάος [n.] 'light, daylight', also metaphorically (II. epic poet.).

    *VAR φόως (epic), φῶς (Att.), also φάβος = φάρος (Pamphyl.), gen. φάεος, Att. φάους and φωτός, nom.acc.pl. φάεα, φάη, φῶτα, etc.

    *COMP φαεσφόρος (Call.), φαοσφόρος (Lyr. Adesp.), φωσφόρος (Att.) 'bringing light,  bearing a torch'; pavogdpor Αἰολεῖς. ἱέρειαι (H.). Frequent as a second member, e.g. λευκοφαής 'with white light, white-gleaming', παμφαής 'all-shining, wholly radiant'  (trag.), αὐξιφαής 'increasing light' (Man., Cat. Cod. Astr.), Εὐρυφάεσσα [f.] mother  of Helios (h. Hom. 31; analogical formation metri causa); furthermore pwt(o-)  (Hell.+) in e.g. φωτοειδής 'luminous, full of light', φωταγωγός 'bringing light', fem. 'opening for light, window', whence -aywyéw, -ία; αὐξίφωτος 'increasing light',  whence -φωτέω, -ἰα.

    *DER 1. From φάος: φαεινός < "φαρεσ-νός (IL, epic poet.), φάεννος (Aeol.), PN  ®anvocg (Dor.), Parva (Arc.), paves (Att.) 'shining, bright, pure'; thence φανότης

===Pag_1603: Beekes_Página_1603.tiff===

[f.] 'brightness'; as a noun φᾶνός [π|.] 'torch' (com., X., etc.), also φᾶἄνή [f.] (Hes. Fr. 47, E.), perhaps after pavijvat, -pavijc? Pavatoc epithet of Zeus (E. Rh. 355 [lyr.]), of Apollo (Achae.). From φαεινός: φαείνω (ἀμφι-) [v.] 'to come to light, shine, glow' (Od., epic), also trans. 'to bring to light' (Nic.), pass. 'to appear' (Call, A. R.); aor. pass. φαάνθην (Il. pt 441), probably for *paévOnv after pavOnv (Chantraine 1942: 81; cf. Schwyzer: 723), whence gadvtatoc 'most radiant' (v 93), compar. φαάντερος (AP). 2. From φῶς; φωτ-εινός 'glowing, light, bright' (X., Hell.+), gwt-itw [v.] 'to (en)lighten, brighten, reveal, instruct', also of baptism (Hell.+), also with δια-, ém-, kata- etc; thence -ἰσμός (κατα-, émt-, περι-) [m.], τισις (dta-) [f.] 'enlightenment' (Hell.+), -ἰστικός 'enlightening' (late), -ἰστήριδιν [n.] 'baptistery' (Epigr. VIP), plur. = luminaria (gloss.), τισμα [n.] 'lunar phase' (comm. Arist.). On φωστήρ, φώσκω, see φαυστήρ, φαύσκω below. Them. aor. φάε 'lighted up, appeared' (Hac, ξ 502), subj. προφάῃσι (Max. 280), pte. φάουσαι (or rather φαοῦσαι, Arat. 607 of the constellation Χηλαί), also φῶντα' λάμποντα (H.). Thence two presents: 1. With an enlargement -0- only ptc. φαέθων 'shining, radiating', of the sun (II. epic poet.), also as a PN Φαέθων (Od., etc.), and -ovtic, -οντιάς (AP, Opp.); as a first member φαεσίμβροτος 'bringing light to mortals', of Ἤώς, Ἠέλιος, etc. (epic poet. since Q 785, k 138), φαυσί- (Pi.), note φαέσασθαι: ἰδεῖν, μαθεῖν 'see learn' (H.). 2. With a suffix -σκ- and reduplication: πι-φαύσκω [v.] (only pres. and ipf.) 'to reveal, show, announce' (IL, epic, lyr.); prefixed without reduplication: δια-, émt-, ὑπο-φαύσκω, rarely aor. -φαῦσαι, fut. -φαύσω 'to shine, rise' of stars, 'to dawn' of daylight (Arist. Hell.+), also (after φῶς) -φώσκω (Hat. late); simplex φώσκει: διαφαύει (H.). To the primary verb belong several nouns: d-pavotoc 'unilluminable, unannouncable' (Plot.), ἡμί- (Poll.); patois (διά-) [f] 'enlightenment, illumination' (LXX, Plu.), ὑπό- '(narrow) opening, opening for light' (Hdt. 7, 36, LXX, Ph.)

XXXXXδιάφαυμα [n.] 'dawn' (pap. VIP); φαυστήρ [m.] 'lamp, torch' (Epid. III"), whence φαυστήριος epithet of Dionysus (Lyc.); also φωστήρ [m.] 'light, radiance', plur. 'lights of heaven' = 'stars, sun and moon' (LXX, NT, Vett. Val. etc.) = θυρίς (H.). Several PNs: Φαύδαμος, Φώκριτος, Νικοφάης, Εὐρυφάων, Δημοφόων, Ἀντιφῶν, etc.

    *ETYM All the above forms can be derived from a thematic aorist φαρεῖν (Schwyzer:  747), which is seen only in the hapax legomena de, προφάῃσιν, φάουσα (*Paocdaa),  from PIE *b*h,-u-V-, and perhaps in φαύω (EM, etc.). The derived noun φάος yields  φῶς with contraction (whence φόως by diectasis, Chantraine 1942: 81); thence the  gen. φωτός after χρωτός, ἔρωτος, ἥπατος etc; and the derivatives φωστήρ, φώσκω. It  is superfluous to assume a special by-form φῶς < *b'oh,-s- (= Skt. bhas- [n.]; cf. below). The PIE root is *b'eh,- 'to shine' as seen in Skt. bhati. The forms with -u- are not  found outside Greek. A cognate with long vowel is generally seen in Skt. vi-  bhava(n)- 'shining, lighhting', but this belongs to bhati 'to lighten, shine' and thus  allows for an analysis as vi-bhd-va(n)-. A form without -u- is seen in πεφήσεται (see  > palvw).

===Pag_1604: Beekes_Página_1604.tiff=== XXXXXφαρκίς, -ἶδος 1553 φάραγξ, -αγγος [f.] 'gully, chasm, deep trench, abyss' (Alcm., trag., Th. X, etc.).

    *VAR Also σφάραγγες (H. sine expl.); ἄσφαραγος (1]., Plu., Q. S.).

    *DER φαραγγ-ώδης 'full of gullies' (Arist., Ὁ. S., etc.), - ίτης [m.] epithet of the wind  lapyx (Arist.), gapayyaiov- τῆς φαρέτρας τὸ κάλυμμα 'quiver-case' (H.),  φαραγγόομαι in γῆ (ἄρουρα) πεφαραγγωμένη 'craggy field (caused by the Nile)  (Hell. pap.). ᾿

    *ETYM Connection with a verb 'to cut, split, bore' (Frisk) is a chimaera. Like  ▶︎ σῆραγξ, ▶︎ φάλαγξ, φάραγξ is of Pre-Greek origin (note the prenasalization). Fur.:  227 compares μάραγοι: οἱ ἀπόκρημνοι τότιοι 'overhanging places' (H.) and Spanish  (Pre-Roman) barranca (cf. Alessio REIE 2 (1939): 153).

XXXXXφάραι - ὑφαίνειν, πλέκειν 'to weave, plait' (H.).

    *ETYM The gloss is suspect, see DELG.

XXXXXφαρέτρα [f.] 'quiver' (Π.).

    *VAR Ion. -τρη. Also φαρατρίτας (Boeot.).

    *COMP φαρετροφόρος 'bearing a quiver' (AP).

    *DER Diminutive gapétp-tov [n.] (Mosch.), -ewv, -εῶνος [m.] 'quiver' (Hdt.), after  the local nouns in -(€)@v; -itag [m.] 'archer'.

    *ETYM Instrument noun and local noun in -τρᾷ, for which derivation from φέρω  with a reduced grade has been assumed (cf. Schwyzer: 358), beside a full grade in  φέρετρον; one compares βάραθρον : βέρεθρον, χαράδρα : xépadoc, etc. However,  because a reduced grade is not accepted anymore since the laryngeal theory, a  loanword should be considered, e.g. from Iranian, with folk-etymological adaptation  (see Chantraine 1933: 333 and especially Hubschmid 1953a with more examples of  loanwords for 'quiver').

XXXXXgapia unknown (pap. II').

    *VAR χαμαιφάριον (pap. III).

XXXXXφᾶρικόν [n.] a fish (Nic. Al. 398, Dsc.); also φαριακὸν φάρμακον (Phylarch. apud Athen. 81e).

    *ETYM Unclear, see DELG.

XXXXXφαρκάζει [v.] - κλέπτει 'steals' (H.).

    *ETYM Unclear, see DELG.

XXXXXφάρκες [ρ].] - νεοσσοί 'young birds' (H.).

    *ETYM The gloss does not appear in the correct alphabetical place; does it contain an  error? Speculations in DELG.

XXXXXφαρκίς, -ἶδος [f.] 'wrinkle' (S.Fr. 1108, Erot.).

    *VAR  Also ▶︎ popkév: λευκόν, πολιόν, ῥυσόν 'white, gray, wrinkled' (H.), s.v.

    *DER φαρκιδώδης 'wrinkly' (Hp. apud Erot.), -ἰδούμενοι: otvyvalovtes (H.), of a  gloomy look, literally 'wrinkling'. ᾿

    *ETYM Gr. φαρκίς has been compared with Lat. fricére 'to rub off, Lith. brikis  'stroke, line' and brazikti 'to strike, rub', but this is formally hardly possible; so Pre-

===Pag_1605: Beekes_Página_1605.tiff===

Greek? The connection with φορκόν is quite uncertain. In the meaning 'white, grey', φορκός may belong to a verb for 'gleam', to which eg. Go. bairhts, MoE bright; this would presuppose a secondary shift from 'grey' to 'wrinkling' (pvodc).

XXXXXφάρμακον [n.] 'healing or harmful medicine, healing or poisonous herb, drug, poisonous potion, magic (potion), dye, raw material for physical or chemical processing' (II.).

    *VAR  φάρμακος (accent following Hdn. Gr. 1, 150) [m.] 'poisoner, enchanter' (LXX,  Apoc.).

    *DIAL Myc. pa-ma-ko.

    *COMP φαρμακοπώλης [m.] 'medicine selley, pharmacist' (Att.), πολυφάρμακός  'having many φ.. skilled in many 9.' (Hom., Sol, A. R., Thphr.'.

    *DER A. 1. φαρμάκοιον [n.] 'healing or harmful medicine' (PL. Hell. pap., Plu. etc.). 2. gappak-ia, Ion. -in [f.] 'remedy' (Ηρ. LXX etc.). 3. φαρμακ-εύς [m.] 'who prepares  @., poisoner, enchanter' (S., Pl. etc.), probably backformed from -εύω. 4. φαρμακ-  ίτης [m.], -ἴῖτις [[] 'containing g., concerning g.' (Hp., Eup., etc.). 5. φαρμακ-ίων [m.]  epithet of a physician (Gal.). 6. φαρμακ-ίς (Ar. D., Arist. etc.), -era (Arist.), -edTpta  (Theoc. in tit., Eust.), -ἰσσαι [pl.] (H., see βαμβακεύτριαι) [f.] 'enchantress'. 7. φαρμακτ-ών, -@voc [m.] 'dye works' (S. Fr. 1109). B. Adjectives 1. φαρμακ-ώδης 'medicinal, poisonous, rich in g.' (Arist., Hell.+). 2. φαρμακ-όεις 'id.' (Hell. and late poetry). 3. φαρμακ-ηρός 'treated with φ., imbued,  impregnated' (pap. IIP). 4. -τκός 'concerning the g.' (Tz; usually -ευτικός for  euphonic reasons). C, Denominative verbs: 1. φαρμακ-εύω 'to prepare or use g., to heal, poison, enchant'  (IA), also with kata-, dta-; hence -ευτής = -εύς (late), -ευτικός 'concerning the use of  g., belonging to .' (PL, Gal. etc.), -eia [f.] 'preparation or use of @, healing,  poisoning, enchantment' (Hp., Att., Hell.+), -evote [f.] 'id' (Hp., Pl), -edtpia (see A  6); also as a back-formation -εύς (see A 3). 2. φαρμακ-άω 'to feel the effect of a @., to  long for g.' (D., Thphr., Plu. etc.). 3. φαρμακ- όομαι 'to be poisoned, enchanted' (Plu.,  pap.), aor. act. -@oat 'to provide with g. (Pi.). 4. φαρμάσσω, Att. -ττω 'to treat with  φ., to heal, poison, enchant' (t 393), rarely with xata-, év-, émt-; hence φάρμαξις [f.]  'medical treatment, enchantment, metalworking' (PI. Plu., etc.), -ακτήρ, -άκτης [m.]  = φαρμακεύς (Opp.), -ακτήριος 'healing' (Lyc.). Also back-formation φαρμᾶκός [m.]  'lustration, scapegoat', also as a term of abuse (Hippon., Ar., Lys., D., Call.); perhaps,  the long a was introduced after pejorative words in -ἂξ (the length is certain in  Hippon. and Call., but shortvowel in Ar. Eg. 1045, both are possible in Ar. Ra. 733).

    *ETYM The original meaning of φάρμακον cannot be established with certainty. The  word is clearly Pre-Greek. Fur.: 220 compares pdépBavta: ἰατρικὰ φάρμακα (H.),  φόρβια: φάρμακα, oi δὲ φόρβα (H.). Note the variations a/o and μήβ, well-known  from Pre-Greek. Foreign origin is already pleaded for by Chantraine 1933: 384 and  Schwyzer: 497.

XXXXXφάρος [n.] 'plough? (Alem., Antim. Eleg.; both very doubtful), 'ploughing' (H., EM), also = φάρυγξ (Lyc.)? 42>

===Pag_1606: Beekes_Página_1606.tiff=== XXXXXφάρσος 1555

    *DER φαροῦν' ἀροτριᾶν; φαρῶσαι: ἀρόσαι ... (H.); 3pl. φαρόωσι 'to plough' (Call. Fr. 183 = EM 788, 24), perhaps after ἀρόωσιξΐ ἄφαρος, ἀφάρωτος = ἀνήροτος,  ἀναροτρίαστοςξ (Call. Fr. 183, 82 c = 555 Pf; very uncertain, cf. Pf. ad loc.), Bov@apov  (την cod., -f Latte): τὴν ebdpot[plov γῆν. φάρος yap ἡ ἄροσις (H.). Further aor. φάρσαι = σχίσαι (EM). Compare ▶︎ φάραγξ.

    *ETYM The relation between the words cited is unknown, because of their meagre  attestation. The present gapdwot seems an intensive deverbative (*'papaw);  imitation of ἀρόωσι is quite improbable. The sequence φαρ- could be interpreted as  the original zero grade of a verbal stem PIE *b'erH- 'to pierce, bore', continued e.g. in OHG boré6n 'to bore', bora [f.] 'borer', Alb. biré, brimé [[1 'hole'; with o-grade Lat. forare 'to bore (through); with e-grade MIr. bern(a) [f.] 'cleft, split', Arm. beran  'mouth'; with é- or 6-grade Arm. brem 'to dig up, bore up', < *birem < PIE *b'ér-, or  *burem < PIE *b'dr-. Words for 'to beat, hew', such as Lat. ferire, ON berja, OCS  borjo, brati 'to fight' have been kept separate by E-M for their deviating meaning.

XXXXXφάρος [m.] 'lighthouse' (AP). <?>

    *ETYM Origin unknown. Borrowed into Late Latin, French, etc. Hence derives the  name of the island in Alexandria, famous for its lighthouse (6 355).

XXXXXφᾶρος [n.] 'cloth, linen, garment, cloak, costume' (I]., epic poet.). < PG?>

    *VAR Later also φάρος (φἄρέεσσι Hes. Op. 198 codd.).

    *DIAL Myc. pa-we-a [pl.].

    *COMP μελαμφᾶρής 'having a black garment' (B.).

    *DER gapat: ὑφαίνειν, πλέκειν 'weave, plait' (H.); also φορμόςξ

    *ETYM An isolated word, which could well be Pre-Greek. On the erroneous  connection with Lith. buré 'sail, barva, birva 'color' see Fraenkel 1955 s.vv. with  Nieminen KZ 72 (1955): 129ff. and 147ff. Acc. to Solmsen 1909: 246, it belongs to  > φάρσος, ▶︎ φάρυγξ, etc.

XXXXXφαρσάγγιον = ▶︎ παρασάγγης.

XXXXXφάρσος [n.] 'quarter, part' of a city (Hdt. 1, 180f., 186 said of Babylon, which is divided into two parts by the Euphrates), of a house (Poll.); of a felt hat and of a bunch of grapes (AP); of a root (Nic.); of a gown (J.), 'cloth, covering, banner' (J.).

    *COMP φαρσοφόρος = signifer (gloss.); Siapap(o)oug χιτῶνας (EM 175, 37).

    *DER φάρσωμα [n.] 'frame of a ship' velsim. (Demetr. in Cat. Cod. Astr.).

    *ETYM An Ionic word according to Solmsen 1909: 6f. Connection with φάρος  'plough' makes little sense. Previously, it was assumed that the -o- was suffixal, and  ἅψος, μύσος etc. were compared (Schwyzer: 513). Fur.: 254 suggests a Pre-Greek  word, because of the suffix -coc. The most promising etymology, however, is a connection with Hitt. parsi-'™), pars-  '°) 'to break', parSa- 'morsel, fragment', if we assume that in a zero grade *b'rs-o-, the  -s- was preserved between vocalic resonant and vowel. The Hitt. word is compared  with the Gm. group of ON bresta, OHG brestan, OE berstan 'to burst'. Within  Greek, we find a verbal form φάρσαι = σχίσαι (EM).

===Pag_1607: Beekes_Página_1607.tiff===

XXXXXφάρυγξ [f.m.] 'throat, gorge, larynx, windpipe' (Od.), also 'throat disease' (Hp.).

    *VAR Also -vé, gen. -vyos, -vyyog, acc. -vyya.

    *COMP φαρυγγοτομία [f.] laryngotomy' (late medic.), μακροφάρυ(γ)ξ 'long-necked'  (AP).

    *DER gap-vy(y)e8pov (medic., Poll.), -bya8pov (H.) 'id', on the model of the  synonyms βέρεθρον, βάραθρον [2]; φαρ-υγ(γλνδην 'like a gullet? (Com. Adesp.,  Lex.); papvyyitw = λαρυγγίζω (Poll.). Cf. κολοί-φρυξ, also φάραγξ and λάρυγξ.

    *ETYM Frisk interprets this as an inherited Indo-European word for 'throat, gorge',  identical with Lat. frimen 'id' < *friigsmen, Arm. erbuc, gen. -oy (o-stem) 'chest,  breast-piece of sacrificial animals'; it would be further connected with ▶︎ φάρος. Yet,  this analysis is completely wrong: the prenasalized suffix -v(y)y- shows that the word  is of Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXφάσγανον [n.] 'sword' (Il. epic poet., Cyprian acc. to AB 1095), 'sword lily, gladiolus, iris' (Thphr., Dsc. etc.), 'sword of the swordfish' (Opp.).

    *DIAL Myc. pa-ka-na.

    *COMP φασγαν-ουργός 'sword-forger' (A. [lyr.]), χρυσοφάσγανος = χρυσάωρ (sch.).

    *DER Diminutive gacyav-ic, ίδος [f.] 'razor blade' (AP 6, 307), -tov [n.] 'sword lily'  (Dsc., Gal. etc.); verbs φασγάνεται: ξίφει ἀναιρεῖται (H.), φασγανιάω in  φασγανιῶσαν: ἐξιφισμένην, φασγανιών«των»- ἐξιφισμένων (H.).

    *ETYM Formation like δρέπανον, κόπανον and other instrument names. The  traditional connection with σφάζω, σφαγή through *ogay-ox-avov (Prellwitz) is  unconvincing phonetically and morphologically. The connection with Skt. khadgd-  'sword' (Specht KZ 66 (1939): 220) is refuted by Mayrhofer KEWA s.v. The word is no doubt Pre-Greek (cf. the a-vocalism, suffix -av-). Fur. 300 takes up  the traditional connection with σφαγ- (s.v. σφάζω) and interprets it in Pre-Greek  terms. Isebaert Glotta 63 (1985): 150f. connects Skt. bhajate, but he does not explain  the Greek -a-, nor the meaning.

XXXXXφάσηλος [m.] 'an edible bean' (Epich., Ar., pap. III', etc.). < Lw?>

    *DER φασήλιον [n.] 'id.' (Dsc., pap. [V-V?).

    *ETYM Identical with Lat. phasélus [m., f.] 'kind of beans, husk-like bread' (Cat., Cic.,  Aug. poetry, Colum., etc.), which probably was a loanword from Greek. The inverse  direction was assumed by Pisani Rend. Acc. Linc. 6:6 (1930): 184ff.: φάσηλος would  be an Italic loanword into Greek, cognate with φακός 'lentil'. Because of Alb. bathé  'tick-bean' (see ▶︎ φακός), Kretschmer Glotta 21 (1933): 181f. considered Illyrian  intervenience. Further details are found in WH s.v., where Mediterranean origin is  assumed. From the Lat. diminutive phaseolus (Colum., etc.), Greek took φασίολος,  -ίωλος, πασίολος (Gal., Poll., Edict. Diocl.). Fur. 175 follows Alessio in comparing  Lat. basélus 'light vessel', which would point to substrate origin, either  Mediterranean or Pre-Greek.

XXXXXφάσις 1 [f.] 'notification. -vAR Also φάσμια. +gaivu.

XXXXXφάσις 2 [f] 'declaration'.

    *VAR Also φάτις, φάσκω. =gnpi.

===Pag_1608: Beekes_Página_1608.tiff=== XXXXXφάσσα 1557 φασκαίνω -οβασκαίνω.

XXXXXφασκάς --βασκᾶς.

XXXXXφασκία, -150¢ [f.] 'bandage, strip' (Sor., Poll.). <Lw [αἱ

    *ETYM From Lat. fascia.

XXXXXφασκίς in 1. Backevtal: φασκίδες, ἀγκάλαι (H.). 2. διάφυσος: φασκίς. <?>

    *ETYM 1. Could be a loan from Lat. fascis, or a Greek word, cf. βάσκοι: δεσμαὶ  φρυγάνων. 2. Possibly to be read as σκαφίς 'cup'.

XXXXXφάσκος [m.] 'tufts of moss drooping from oak trees' (Thphr., H.).

    *ETYM Starting from original *papoKoc, Solmsen 1909: sff. proposes three  possibilities: 1. related to the group of LG barsch 'sharp, rough, stern' < PGm. *bars-  ka-, Olr. barr 'point, top, etc' < PCI. *barso-, OHG burst 'bristle', Lat. fastigium  'point, ridge, etc.';  2. related to ▶︎ φάρσος 'piece, part';  3. from earlier ἔφαρκ-σκος to φορκόν- λευκόν, πολιόν, ῥυσόν. Differently Mann Lang. 17 (1941): 12: to Alb. bashké 'pellicle'. On φασκάς, -άδος 'kind  of duck', see ▶︎ βασκᾶς. Pur.: 124 compares σφάκος 'kind of moss', σφαγνος, φάσκον (Thphr.) 'kind of moss'. Op.cit.: 300 he adduces φάσκωλος and βάσκιοι, etc. It is impossible to make a  definite choice. A Pre-Greek word seems quite possible.

XXXXXφάσκος [n.] 'bundle of wood' (Edict. Diocl.).

    *ETYM Adaptation of Lat. fascis.

XXXXXφάσκω --φημί.

XXXXXφάσκωλος [m.] 'leather bag, bag for clothing, for metal objects, εἴς (Ar. Fr. 319, Lys. and Is. apud Harp., Att. inscr.).

    *VAR -ov [n.].

    *DER Diminutive -ώλιον [n.] (Hell.+).

    *ETYM It seems formally evident to connect ▶︎ φάσκος (cf. ἀσκώλια : ἀσκός), in which  case the bag would have been denominated after a skin from which the hairs have  not been removed (Solmsen 1909: 7). Pok. 111 connects βάσκιοι: δεσμοὶ φρυγάνων  'bundles of dry wood' (H.) as Macedonian. Borrowed as Lat. pasceolus (since Plaut.),  phascolum (Paul. Fest.). Pre-Greek origin seems probable (Fur.: passim).

~~

XXXXXφάσσα [[1] 'wood-pigeon, ringdove' (Ar., Pl., Arist., etc.).

    *VAR Att. -tTa.

    *DER φασσοφόνος [m.] 'killing pigeons, pigeon killer' (ἴρηξ O 236), 'kind of hawk'  (Arist., Gal. etc.), -φόντης [m.] 'id' (Ael.); pay, -B dc [[] a wilde dove (A. Fr. 210, 257  = 3, 403 M.; Arist., Lyc.), difficult to distinguish from φάσσα; φαβο-τύπος [m.] 'kind  ofhawk (Arist.), φαβοκτόνος: ἱερακοκτόνος (H.).

    *ETYM As φάσσα may have been reshaped after vijooa, κίσσα etc, we cannot draw  any conclusions from the opposition φάσσα : gay for the origin of -σσ- and -B-. For

===Pag_1609: Beekes_Página_1609.tiff===

φάψ, compare monosyllables such as γύψ, σκώψ, γλαῦξ etc. The hypothesis by Hamp 2005: 102-5, seems too complicated. The word is probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXφάτνη [f.] 'crib, manger' (I1.), 'depression, coffer in a coffered ceiling, coffer' (Hell. inscr.), 'tooth socket' (Poll.), name of a star in the constellation Cancer, beside the 'Ovot (Thphr.). < PG>

    *VAR  Late also πάθνη.

    *DER 1. Diminutive gatviov [n.] 'tooth socket, gums' (late medic., Ph.), name of a  star = φάτνη (Hephaest.). 2. Verbs: a. patv-etw [v.] 'to feed at the manger' (late),  -(opat (ἐκ-) 'to be fed at the manger' (Hld., Nic. Dam.), -άζομαι 4. (Aq.); b. φατν-  6w [ν] 'to deepen a ceiling, furnish with panelwork; to coffer' (LXX), -wpa [n.]  'coffering, coffered ceiling, coffer, embrasure on a ship' (A. Fr. 78 = 114 M., Plb. etc.),  'tooth socket' (Gal.), -ωματικός 'panelled' (Plu., Anatol. inscr.), -wtdg 'id,' (H,,  Phot.), -wotc [f.] 'coffering' (LXX). 3. as a hypostasis from "ἐκ φάτνης; ἐκφατν-ίζομαι  'to be cast out (of the manger)' (Posidon., Eust.), -topta [n.] 'litter, scrap' (Philostr. VA, etc.). 4. Φάτνιος, epithet of Zeus in Phrygia (Laodicea Combusta; imperial  period).

    *ETYM The byform πάθνη, attested by Moeris 212, 9 as Hellenistic, lives on in MoGr. and could come from Ionic (Schwyzer: 121; Wackernagel 1916: 23 with ref.). It is  widely assumed (Frisk, DELG) that πάθνη is the oldest form, whence by shift of  aspiration φάτνη. Inverted writing yielded another variant πάθμη (LXX; Schwyzer:  216). Yet, Beekes 2003: 109-112 stresses that φάτν! is the oldest form (Hom.),  whereas πάθνη is only Hellenistic. There are parallels for a progressive shift of  aspiration (φιδάκνη > πιθάκνη). Frisk follows the traditional etymology of φάτνη as a derivative *b'yd"-n-h,- to PIE  *b'end*- 'to bind' as in Skt. badhnati, perf. babdndha, Go. bindan. The same n-suffix  is recognized in some Celtic forms with full grade: Gaul.-Lat. benna 'two-wheeled  chariot with a plaited basket', W benn 'carriage', and, as a loanword, MoHG dial. benne 'waggon box'. It has been assumed, on the basis of the Celtic word, that φάτνη originally denoted a  'wicker basket'. However, the crib to which horses were tied is a solid construction  (ἐυξέστη) and cannot have been of wicker-work. As φάτνη cannot be derived from  *blend"-, the word is most probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXφαττάγης [m.] 'scaly ant-eater' (Ael.).

    *VAR  Also σπατάγγης (Sophr.), πατάγγης (Poll.).

    *ETYM The variants show that the word is Pre-Greek (Fur. 164, 281).

XXXXXφαύζειν -οφαῦσιγξ.

XXXXXφαῦλος [adj.] 'bad, unfit, ill, mean, poor, etc.' (IA).

    *COMP φαυλόβιος 'leading a bad life' (sch.), ὑπόφαυλος 'somewhat bad, etc.' (Hp.).

    *DER φαύλιος (of fruits) 'coarse, etc' (Thphr. etc.). φαυλ-ότης [f.] 'bad character, etc.'  (Att.), -ίζω [v.] 'to regard as bad, despise' (Pl., X., LXX, late), also with δια-, éx-, etc.,  whence -topdg (éx-) [m.] (LXX, J.), -topa [n.] 'contempt', -fotpia [f.] 'despiser'    (LXX).

===Pag_1610: Beekes_Página_1610.tiff=== XXXXXφέγγος 1559

    *ETYM Pejorative adjective with a suffix -λο- and barytone accent, like μάχλος,  στύφλος, etc. May have been dissimilated from *pAabAoc; compare the synonym  φλαῦρος. The form is also reminiscent of ▶︎ ἀφαυρός 'weak, powerless', and is no  doubt a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXφαῦσιγξ [f.] 'blister from burns, blister' (Ar. Fr. 883, Hp. apud Gal. 19, 150, Poll. 7, 110 EM 789, 52, H.). 4PG(S,V)> ΝΝΝ ΝΑΙ Also φαῦστιγξ, plur. -ἰγγες.

    *COMP No compounds or derivatives.

    *ETYM Formation like μῆνιγξ, στρόφιγξ, etc. that has been compared with φαύζει-  φρύγει 'roasts, dries' (H.). The prenasalized suffix and the variation o/ot show that  the word is Pre-Greek; note the intervocalic -c-.

XXXXXgay Ξφάσσα.

XXXXXφέβομαι [v.] 'to flee, take flight' (Hom., A. R.). <1E beg'- 'run away, flee'>

    *VAR Only pres. and ipf.

    *DER Causative-iterative φοβέω 'to put to flight, frighten', -éopat 'to flee, take flight,  be put to flight' (Hom.), also 'to frighten' and 'to be frightened' (post-Hom.), also  with éx-, kata-, ὑπερ-, mpo-, etc; later, the verb was interpreted as a denominative. Hence φόβ-ημα (ἐκ-) [n.] 'fear' (S. [lyr.], sch.), ἐκ-φόβ-ησις [f.] 'fright' (Hdn., Sch.,  H.), φοβ-ητικός (ἐκ-, mpo-) 'fearful, daunting' (Arist. etc.), -ητρον (éx-) [n.] 'terror,  scarecrow, terrible event' (Hp. LXX, Ev. Luc, AP). As a first member in  Mofeoiotpatn, epithet of Athena (Ar. Eq. 1177), on the model of ἑλκεσι-, ἀλφεσι-,  ταμεσι- etc.), also Φοβέστρατος 'id' (Hes. Th. apud Chrysipp. Stoic., EM 797, 545  after Apye- etc.). Verbal noun φόβος [m.] 'flight' (IL, epic poet.), 'fright' (post-  Hom.), probably also A 544 etc; often as a second member, e.g. περί-, ἔκ-, ἔμ-,  ὑπέρφοβος, partly back-formations from ἐκφοβέω, -éopat, etc. Hence φοβερός  'dreadful, fearful (1A), φοβερ-ότης [f.] 'terribleness', -ifw 'to terrify', -ἰσμός [m.]  (LXX). φόβος 'fright' replaced the noun δέος (to δείδω). On ▶︎ φόβη, see s.v.

    *ETYM Beside thematic φέβομαι with *e , we find Balto-Slavic cognates with -é- from  Winter's Law: Lith. bégti, isg. bégu 'to walk, run' , Latv. bégt, isg. bégu 'to walk',  bégtiés 'to flee' (béga 'flight', béglis 'fugitive'), OCS béZati, isg. δέξζρ 'pevbyewv', Ru. bezatv, sg. begit 'to walk, flee'. Van Windekens 1941: 96 suggested connecting ToA  pkdnt 'apart', pukdl 'year', ToB pikul 'year'; considered conceivable by Adams 1999    sv. pikul.

XXXXXφέγγος [n.] 'light, splendour, lustre' (mostly poet., h. Cer. 278, also Att., Hell.+). <?>

    *COMP Eg. χρυσοφεγγής 'with golden radiance, gold-radiant? (A. Ag. 288);  φεγγοβολέω 'to cast light' (Man.).

    *DER φεγγίτης [m.] name of a stone = σεληνίτης (Plin. etc.); βραχυφεγγίτης =  βραχυφεγγής (λύχνος) 'casting a sparse light' (AP 6, 251; metrically enlarged). As a  back-formation: φέγγω [v.] 'to glow, shine, enlighten' (Ar. Ra. 344 [lyr.], A. R, late),  only pres. and ipf., also with περι-, occasionally kata-, ἀνα-.

    *ETYM No etymology. Has often been connected with Lith. spingit: (spingu), spingéti  'to give a weak light, glitter' and with OE spincan 'to spark', OHG funko, MoHG

===Pag_1611: Beekes_Página_1611.tiff===

Funke 'spark', but this suggestion is impossible in view of the initial stops. Nor is a contamination of *oméyyoc and φάος probable.

XXXXXget [n.] name of a letter.

    *VAR Indeclinable.

    *ETYM After ▶︎ πεῖ, s.v.

XXXXXφείδομαι [v.] 'to spare, save, refrain from' (II.).

    *VAR Sigm. aor. φείσασθαι (O 236, etc.), redupl. them. aor. πεφιδέσθαι, opt. -οίμην  (Y 464, Φ 101, | 277); on the differentiation in meaning against φείσασθαι, see  Chantraine 1942: 415; fut. φείσομαι (Att.), «ψεφιδήσεται (O 215, 158 = 187);  φεισθήσομαι (pap. ΠΡ), perf. med. pte. πεφεϊσμένος (Luc. D. C.), πεφιδημένος  (Nonn.), ipv. πεφίδησο (late epigr.).

    *COMP Rarely with ὑπο-, περι- (X., A. R. εἴς. As a first member in the univerbation  φειδαλφιτ-ῆσαι (aor.) 'to handle the barley thriftily (Com. Adesp.), τως (Phryn. PS). Numerous PNs, e.g. Φείδιππος with Φειδιππίδης, Λεωφείδης, Φειδ-ύλος, -ίας, -wv,  etc., aking in Argos (Hdt.), whence -wvetoc, -ωνίδιης.

    *DER φειδ-ὦ [f.] (Hom., Hes., Democr., Th., LXX etc.), -wAn [f.] (X 244, Sol.) 'saving,  thrift, sparing', τ-ωλός 'thrifty' (Hes. Op. 720), whence -wAia [f.] (Ar., Pl. etc.), φειδώς  : parsimonia (gloss.). Backformed adjective φειδός 'thrifty' (Com. Adesp., Democr.,  Call. Fr. 460), whence geidwv, -ωνος [m.] 'oil-can with a narrow neck' (Poll.),  frequent as a PN (see below).

    *ETYM Gr. φείδομαι must be inherited, and agrees phonetically PIE *b*eid- 'to split,  etc.', as attested in Go. beitan, E bite, Skt. bhinadmi, Lat. finds 'to split', root aorist  Skt. dbhedam, dbhet. A convinding semantic motivation has not been found:  originally 'to cut off niggling, nip off or 'to cut away from sth. = to withdraw'?

XXXXXφελγύνει [v.] - ἀσυνετεῖ, ληρεῖ 'is stupid, talks nonsense' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Has often been connected with Skt. phalgu- 'futile, weak, useless, etc.', Lith. spilgti 'to languish from lack of light, die off (of plants), get a bad appearance (of  men)' and others, but this comparison is doubtful in all respects.

XXXXXφελλεύς [m.] 'uneven, stony ground', also the name of a mountainous region in Attica (Cratin., Ar., Pl. εἴς. <?>

    *DER Φελλείτης [m.] 'inhabitant of the @' (St. Byz.). Also φελλία [n.pl.] (ζ. Cyn. 5,  18), φελλίς (γῆ, Poll: 1, 227), φελλεών, -@voc [m.] (Arr. Cyn.17) 'id'; Φελλεῖς [f.]  region in Attica (IV*).

    *ETYM The word has been connected with πέλλα: λίθος 'stone' (H.) in different ways;  Fur.: 161 suggests that it shows Pre-Greek interchange m/@; uncertain. Alternative: to  φελλός, referring to the uneven, porous structure of corc?

XXXXXφελλός [m.] 'cork, cork-oak' (Pi. P. 2, 80, A. Ch. 506, Thphr., Hero, pap. ITIP). <?>

    *COMP φελλόδρυς [f.] 'cork-oak' (Thphr.), perhaps from Arcadian (cf. Ruijgh 1957:  90).
    *DER φέλλο-ινος 'made of cork' (Luc.), -ώδης 'id' (Poll.), φελλίνας: κοῦφος, ἀπὸ τοῦ  φελλοῦ; φελλεῦον: ἐπιπλέον (H.); probably also φελλ-ῖναι [pl.] name of a fast water

===Pag_1612: Beekes_Página_1612.tiff=== XXXXXφέρβω, -opar 1561 bird (Dionys. Av.), φελλίνιοι: ὀροβάκχαι (H.). Also Φελλώ [f.] the land of the Φελλόποδες (Luc. ΝῊ 2, 4).

    *ETYM One may compare ▶︎ φολίς and a Slavic word of comparable meaning, eg. Ru. bolond 'outgrowth on trees', bélon» 'sap-wood, weak bark'. If correct, than φελλός  could derive from *peA-véc - but given the limited distribution of the words, this is  highly improbable. Pur.: 164 compares ἀκρό-σπελλος and σιτό-σπελλος, on which I  have no opinion.

XXXXXφέλλουρα [f.] 'giant fennel, Ferula communis' (sch. Hes. Op. 52a). See André 1958: 60.

    *ETYM As DELG remarks, probably metathesized from *pépovAa vel sim., which  itself must be a borrowing from Lat. ferula, the Greek word for fennel being νάρθηξ. Given the productivity of the suffix -ovp- in plant names, folk etymology has  certainly been at work.

XXXXXφένᾷξ, -ἄκος [m.] 'impostor, trickster' (Ar. rare and late).

    *VAR Cf. πιηγχνήκη 'wig' (Luc.); see below.

    *DER φενακίζω (ἀπο- Men. Prot.) [v.] 'to deceive, trick', -ἰσμός [m.] 'deceit, trickery'  (com., Att. orators), -iopata [pl.] CH.) as an explanation of πηνηκίσματα; pevak-ιστής [m.] 'deceiver' (Phid., sch.), -ἰστικός 'deceitful (Poll.), -τκῶς 'id' (EM). Also φέναγμα [n.] (Phot.), to *pevacow; pevakn [f.] 'false hair, wig' (Luc.).

    *ETYM Probably a Pre-Greek word (compare the variant πηνήκη) with a  characteristic suffix -ak.

XXXXXφεννῆσις [m.] 'priest of Isis' (Wilsken, Griech. Ostraka 413, 417, 420 [I°]).

    *ETYM An Egyptian word; see Masson Revue d'Egyptologie 29 (1977): 58.

XXXXXgevviov [?] - Μηδικὴ ὁδός. Παμφύλιοι (Η.λ <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXgevvic, -ida [f.] 'ball game' (H., Phot. Suid.) <?>

    *ETYM The same game as φαινίνδα (παίζειν); the word was made from φενίνδα (Et. Gen.), with expessive gemination.

XXXXXφέρβω, -ομαι [v.] 'to pasture, tend, feed, nourish', med. 'to feed upon, consume, enjoy' (Ion. poet., Hes. Op. 377, h. Hom. 30). <?>

    *VAR Only pres. and ipf., except plpf. ἐπεφόρβει (h. Merc. 105).

    *DIAL Myc. po-qa /p*org'a-/, also i-po-po-qo-i /ippo-p*org'oi"i/ = ἱπποφορβοῖς with  dissimilation *k' - p - k' > p - p - k', also po-qe-wi-ja-i /porg'éwia"i/ = popBetaic  (see 4. below).

    *COMP πολύφορβος 'rich in pastures, feeding many' (Il, Hes.), εὔφορβος 'well-fed'  (Orph.), εὐφορβία [f] 'good food' (S. Fr. 848), -ἰον [n.] name of a tree, 'Euphorbia  resinifera', and its juice (Dsc., Gal. S. E. etc.). Also ἐμφόρβιον: τελώνημα (HL),  whence Arc. ivpopBiev (= *éupopBieiv) 'to raise pasture taxes', ἰνφορβισμός (Tegea  IV?). As a second member e.g. in συ(ο)-φορβός [m.] 'swine-herd' (Hom, etc.).

    *DER φέρβουσα [f.] plant name (Ps.-Dsc.), φέρβητας: νομεῖς 'herdsmen' (H.). With  o-grade: φορβή, Dor. -4 [f.] 'pasture, food, nourishment' (Ion. poet. since II.).

===Pag_1613: Beekes_Página_1613.tiff===

Thence: 1. φορβάς, -άδος [π|., [1 'feeding, grazing, nurturing' (Pi. S., E, etc; mostly poetic), whence -αδικός (Plu). 2. φορβ-άμων 'id? (Hymn. Is.). 3. φορβ-αῖος 'belonging to the pasture' (Call.). 4. φορβ-ειά, -ed [f.] 'halter', metaphorically 'mouthband of a piper' (Ar., S. Fr. 768, X., Arist., etc.), perf. ptc. ἐμπεφορβειωμένος 'equipped with a mouthband' (Ar.); 5. popB-aia [f.] 'id' (LXX). 6. φορβ-ασία [f.] 'id, (Suid.). 7. φόρβ-ιον [n.] plant-name (Gal.). On φόρβια: φάρμακα 'drugs' (H.) see > φάρμακον. Note φορβά [n.pl.] = φορβή (Orph.).

    *ETYM Agricultural term without etymology.

XXXXXφερέσβιος -'φέρω.

XXXXXφερεσσακής ~odKac.

XXXXXφέριστος [adj.] almost only in νος. φέριστε as a courteous address (1]., epic poet.). 41Ε *bher-ist(H)o->

    *ETYM Identical with Av. bairista [voc.] 'helping best', so probably inherited from  PIE. Superlative of the PIE root *b'er- 'to carry, etc. attested in Gr. φέρω, etc. The  original meaning is disputed: 'most serviceable, most helpful, useful'?, 'strongest in  carrying'? The co-occurring variants φέρτερος 'stronger, braver, better' and  φέρτατος 'strongest, bravest, best' (IL, epic poet.) are innovations after ὑπέρ-τερος,  -tatoc compare also φίλ-τερος, -tatoc etc. Differently on φέριστος, etc. Seiler 1950:  94ff, On the meaning, see also DELGs.v. φέρτερος.

XXXXXφερνή [f.] 'dowry' (IA)

    *VAR  Aeol. (Hdn. Gr, EM) gépeva, Dor. φερνά [f.] 'god's share at the sacrifice'  (Epid. V-IV*).

    *COMP dvtigepvos 'instead of the dowry' (A. Ag. 406 [lyr.]), ta avtigepva 'return  present of the groom for the bride' (Cod. Just.); τὰ napagepva 'what the bride brings  beside the dowry' (pap. [-II?, Just. Nov.); ἄ-, πολύ-φερνος (H.); ἐπιφέρνια [n.pl.]  'dowry' (sch. [147, Eust.).

    *DER Diminutive gepvapiov [n.] (pap. Aug. times), φερν-ίζω 'to furnish with a  dowry' (LXX, Hell. and late pap.).

    *ETYM Verbal noun of ▶︎ φέρω, originally meaning 'load'. The nasal suffix is also seen  in Arm. bern, gen. be7in 'burden, load', Lith. bérnas 'boy, (farmer's) servant', Latv. béerns 'child, baby'; with o-grade Go. and ON barn [n.] 'child' < 'what was borne',  Alb. barré 'load'. The disyllabic root-shape in Aeol. mépeva agrees with that of  φέρετρον, φόρετρον; on the secondary -ἄ, see Solmsen 1909: 259. See also  > βερνώμεθα (H.).

XXXXXφέρνιον [n.] 'fish-basket' (Men., Com. Adesp., Ael.).

    *ETYM Like ▶︎ φερνή, but with agentive meaning ('carrier').

XXXXXφέρτερος = PEPLOTOS.

XXXXXφέρω, -opat [v.] 'to bear, endure, carry off, bring away, provide, reach, move along, etc' (Il). «1Ὲ *b'er- 'bear, carry'>

    *VAR Only pres. and ipf.

    *DIAL Myc. pe-re = φέρει.

===Pag_1614: Beekes_Página_1614.tiff=== XXXXXφέρω, -ομαι 1563

    *COMP Verbs frequently with one or two prefixes (in various meanings), e.g. ἀνα-  (ovv-ava-, etc.), dno-(mpo-ano-), δια-, εἰσ-(ἐπ-εισ-), etc., etc. Nominal compounds,  €.g.: φερέ-οικος 'carrying one's house' (Hdt.), 'house-carrier' > 'snail' (Hes. Op. 571),  = ζῷον ὅμοιον γαλῇ (Cratin. 94, EM, H.); also φερέσβιος 'bringing sustenance,  nourishing' (ἢ. Hom., Hes. etc.); φερεσσίπονος 'enduring, suffering' = pepénovoc  (epigr.). On -φερής see A 6, on -φόρος and -popoc B 3.

    *DER A. With e-grade (rare): 1. φέρμα [n.] 'fruit of the womb, of the earth' (A. [lyr.]). 2. φέρτρον (Σ 236, Ael.), pépetpov (Plb.) [n.] 'bier', pepetpevouat 'to be carried on a  bier' (Plu.). 3. péptpuc: ἀθλος. Θούριοι (H.); hardly correct, perhaps for Ἰφερτύςξ 4. φερτός, only in οὐ τλατᾶς οὐ φερτᾶς (E. Hec. 158 [lyr.]), ἄφερτος (A. [lyr.]),  συμφερτός 'united' (N 237, Nonn.); cf. below. 5. ▶︎ φέριστος and -τερος, -τατος. 6. -pepric in derivatives from prefixed verbs, e.g. προφερής (to npo-pépw) 'outstanding,  excellent' (Il, epic poet.), περιφερής (to περιφέρομαι) 'running around, revolving,  circular', whence -eta, -ein [f.] 'convolution, circumference' (IA); hence rarely in  compounds, eg. οἰνο-φερής (H.), see ▶︎ οἰνόφλυξ. B. With o-grade: 1. φορά, Ion. -ἡ [f.] 'bearing, burden, fee, product, motion, course'  (1A); frequently from prefixed verbs, e.g. συμφορά, -1 'event, coincidence, accident,  etc' (JA), -άζω 'to lament, beweep' (Hell.+), -aivw (Ps.-Hdt. Vit. Hom.); similarly  ava-, δια-, éu-, προσ-φορά, etc. 2. φόρος [m.] 'earnings, (collected) tribute,  payment' (IA). 3. φορός 'bearing, conducive, pregnant, advantageous' (Hp., Arist.,  Hell.+). Independently in compounds, e.g. τοξοφόρος 'bearing a bow, archer' (  483); in derivatives from prefixed verbs, e.g. σύμφορος (to συμφέρω) 'conducive,  suitable, advantageous' (since Hes.), διάφορος 'various' (IA), whence -ότης [f.]  'difference' (Pl, late). To φορά or φόρος: 4. φορεύς [m.] 'bearer' (2 566, A. R,, Plu.), ἀμφι-, ava-, etc. 5. φοράς, -άδος [f.], -άδιον [n.] 'brood-mare' (late pap.), also 'productive' (Thphr.). 6. φορεῖον [n.] 'litter, sedan chair' (Din., Hell.+), 'porter's wages' (Poll.). 7. pdpetpov  [n.] 'porter's wages, expenses of transport' (pap.), -τρίζω 'to load, transport' (pap.). 8. φόριμος 'fertile' (Hell.+, AP, et al.), ποτι- 'conducive, useful' (Epich.). Adverbs 9. φοράδην 'borne along, quickly' (S., E, Ὁ. etc.), -ἀδᾶν (Epid.); -ηδόν 'by bundles'  (Luc.). 10. φόρ-τος [m.] 'load, freight' (Od.), whence -τίς (ναῦς) [f.] 'freightship'  (Od., late prose), -tiov [n.] 'load, batch, freight, cargo', plur. 'goods' (Aeol. poetry,  ΑἸ, -tak, -τακος [m.] 'carrier, barge' (Com. Adesp., pap. 1) -τικός 'bearing a  burden, burdensome, coarse, crude' (Att., etc.), -τικότης [f.] (Arist.), -τικεύομαι  (sch.), - ty10¢ 'bearing a burden' (sch.), -τίζω, -τίζομαι 'to load up' (since Hes.), also  with ἀντι-, ἐκ-, ἐπι-, ἀπο-, etc, whence -τισμός (ἐπι-, ἐκ-, ἀπο-) [m.] 'loading' (late),  -τόω 'to load' (late). 11. Iterative-intensive verb φορέω 'to bear, etc.', aor. φορῆσαι  (IL.), late -ἐσαι, very frequent with prefix, e.g. ἀνα-, ém-, συν-: thence -ημα (ém-, δια-,  ovv- etc.) [n.] 'garb, load, dress, bier' (1A), -εμα (Phot., Suid.), -ησις (δια-, év-, ovv-  etc.) [f.] 'bearing' (Hell.+), -εσις (Suid., sch.); -ητός (ἀπο- etc.) 'bearable, endurable'  (Pi. Fr. 88, 1, A. Pr. 979, E, late prose), -ἡτικός (ἀνα-, dta-, περι-) in different  meanings (late). With apparent nominal first member, eg. Καρπο-φορέω (X., Arist.,  etc.), denominative from Καρπο-φόρος (Pi. Hdt., E.,, Ar., X., εἴς).

===Pag_1615: Beekes_Página_1615.tiff===

C. With lengthened grade: ▶︎ φώρ (not ▶︎ φωριαμός). See further ▶︎ φαρέτρα, ▶︎ φερνή, > ἀμφορεύς, ▶︎ δίφρος; ▶︎ φορμός (unrelated is ▶︎ φάρμακον).

    *ETYM A PIE present *b'er-(e/o)- 'to bear, etc.'; cognate forms are e.g. Lat. ferd 'id',  Go. bairan also 'to give birth', Arm. berem, Skt. bhdrati, OCS berg 'to collect', Ru. bert 'to take'. Beside the thematic forms, Greek has a unique form without a  thematic vowel, the ipv. pl. φέρτε (verse-initial in I 172), which agrees exactly with  Lat. ferte and also with fer, fertis, fers, fert, as well as with Skt. 3sg. bhdrti (RV, bis). These may well be old athematic forms. PIE *b'er- was originally limited to the present stem (fut. οἴσω, aor. ἐνεγκεῖν, ἐνεῖκαι,  also τλῆναι, ταλάσσαι, Lat. perf. ἐμ). Non-presentic forms are found in Greek only  occasionally: the late aor. ἤφερα (IG 3, 1379 = MoGr., after ἤνεγκα), the isolated gloss  Egepoev- ἐκύησεν (H.), the incidental poetic formations φερτός, ἄφερτος, συμφερτός  with a remarkable full grade (as against the zero grade in Skt. bhytd-). Cognate forms of the nominal derivatives (often independent innovations): φόρος =  Skt. bhdra- [m.] 'taking away, profit, booty' (bhard- [m.] 'burden, load'), OCS sv-bore [m.] 'congregation', Ru. sbor 'collecting'; -φόρος = Arm. -vor, eg. lus-a-vor  'bringing light' (from loys 'light'; cf. Lat. Luci-fer), Skt. -bhard-, e.g. vajam-bhara-  'bringing the prize of a contest'; φέρμα formally = Skt. bhdrman- [n.] 'maintenance,  nurture, care', to which OCS bréme, Ru. berémja 'load, burden' with acute intonation  (cf. Mayrhofer EWAia 2: 247, 249); gép(e)tpov is formally comparable to OE beordor  [n.] 'birth'. However, the existence of a root variant *b'erh,- (for gépetpov, Skt. bhariman-, Ru. berémja) seems doubtful.

XXXXXφεῦ [interj.] 'alas, woe, ah? (trag,, etc.).

    *DER Aor. φεῦξαι 'to cry get' (A. Ag. 1308); also φῦ 'faugh' (Ar. Lys.).

    *ETYM Onomatopoeic form, like Lat. fu, MoFr. fi, MoE phew.

XXXXXφεύγω [v.] 'to flee, escape, be on the run, go into exile; to be prosecuted' (Il).

    <IE  *breug- 'flee'>

    *VAR  Also pres. φυγγάνω (IA); aor. φυγεῖν, fut. φεύξομαι (IL), φευξοῦμαι (Att.), ἐκ-  φεύξω (pap. Π' εἰς), perf.ptcamed. πεφυγμένος (Hom. etc.), act. πεφευγότες (a 12),  πεφυζότες (IL), sg. -ώς (Nic.), after φύζα; ind. négevya (IA), opt. πεφεύγοι (Φ 609),  ἐκπεφευγοίην (S. OT 840).

    *COMP Frequently with prefix, eg. ἀπο-, δια-, ék-, kata. Nominal: eg. φυγο-  πτόλεμος 'who shuns battle' (ξ 213, Q. S.); rarely φυξ(ὺ-» e.g. φυξ-ανορία or -άνορα  [ες] 'fleeing from men' (A. Supp. 8 [anap.]), also φεύγυδρος 'shunning water' (late  medic.), φευξίκτερος, a plant name (Ps.-Dsc.).

    *DER Root noun gvy- in φύγα-δε (I1.), -ἀ-δις (Theognost. Can., EM) 'to flight', φύγ-  δα (A. Eu, 256 [lyr.]), -6nv (Nic. Th 21) 'on the run'. Hence: 1. with suffix -1a- φύζα [f.] '(wild) flight, panic' (IL, ξ 269 = p 439), -aktvdc  'fugitive, shy' (N 102), as if from ἔφύζαξ; -αλέος 'id? (AP), φυζηλός: δειλός, φυγάς  (H.); also isolated verbal forms: aor.ptc. φυζηθέντες (Nic. Th. 825), to ἐφυζάομαι; inf. gulavat: φυγεῖν, δειλιάσαι (H.), for -dvat, or an artificial athem. formation? Cf. πεφυζότες above.

===Pag_1616: Beekes_Página_1616.tiff=== XXXXXφηγός 1565 2. With suffix -a-: φυγή [f] 'flight, exile' (Od.); frequently from prefixed verbs, e.g. ava-, ano-, δια-, kata-. 3. Adjectives 1p6-, πρόσ-φυξ 'fleeing, searching for cover' (late), πρόσφυγος 'id.' (Aesop.), ἀφυγής 'who cannot flee' (Timo); καταφύγιον [n.] 'refuge' (Democr.), npoo-, συμφύγιον 'id' (late). 4. From φυγ- or φυγή: φυγάς, -άδος [m., f.] 'refugee' (IA), whence -adebw [v.] (Att.), -adeiw (El.) 'to expel, banish'; -adeiov [n.] 'place of exile' (LXX), -adeia [f] 'banishment' (Plb., Vett. Val.), -αδευτικός 'banishing' (H]d.); φύγιμον [n.] 'place of refuge' (Andania I). From φυγεῖν and φεύγειν: 5. φύξις [f.] 'flight, rescue' (K 311 = 398, 447, Nic.), younger φεῦξις [f.] 'id' (S. Ant. 362 [lyr.]); from the prefixed verbs: ἀνά-, ἀπό-, διά-, κατά- φυξις, -pevtic (Ar., Th. PL, etc.), often mixed up in the transmission; hence φύξιμος (Hell.+ also φεύξιμος, Delph. [III] φύκτιμος) 'granting refuge, rescue' (ε 359, Plb., Plu.), 'capable of fleeing' (S. Ant. 788 [lyr.]), 'escapable, avoidable' (Hp., Max.), kata- (Plu.). From φύξις also: φύξιος 'belonging to the flight' (A. R.), as epithet of Zeus, also of Apollo, 'granting refuge' (Apollod., Lyc., Paus., inscr. etc.); -ηλις 'fugitive, faint-hearted' (P 143, Nic. Lyc.), formation unclear. 6. Verbal adjective φυκτός 'avoidable, escapable' (Hom.), only with negation = ἄφυκτος (Pi. Simon., Att.); younger φευκτός 'id' (5. Aj. 224 [lyr.]), with negation = ἄφευκτος (late); φευκταῖοι- ἀποτρόπαιοι (H.), φευκτ-ικός 'fit or prone for escaping' (X., Arist., Str.), also with ava-, ano-, dta-, ἐκ-; φευκτ-ιάω [v.] 'to want to escape' (Arist. Fr. 130). 7. Desiderative φευξείω (E. ΗΕ 628; cod. -ιῶ).

    *ETYM Gr. φεύγω is built on a PIE aor. continued in φυγεῖν, cf. LIV' s.v. 1. *b*eug-. The nasal pres. φυγγάνω was built on the aorist on the model of τυχεῖν : τυγχάνω. The Greek and Lat. nouns often agree with each other, e.g. φυγή = fuga. Cognate  forms are Lat. fugi6, perf. [πρὶ 'to flee', Lith. bigstu, biigti 'to be frightened' (with long  vowel from Winter's Law), baugtts 'fearful, afraid'. Less certain (because alternatively  derived to *b'eug- 'to be useful') is the appurtenance of YAv. bijaiiamna- 'setting  himself free', YAv. bijat 'sets free'.

XXXXXφέψαλος [m.] 'spark of fire' (Ar., Arist.).

    *VAR φεψάλυξ, -υγος (Archil., Ar., Plb.).

    *DER φεψαλόομαι in ἐφεψαλώθη 'he was covered in sparks of fire' (A. Pr. 364).

    *ETYM Unclear. Usually interpretated as a reduplicated form to ▶︎ ψόλος, but since  -αλο- is a suffix, the words can at best be remotely cognate (cf. ▶︎ ψάμμος, ▶︎ ψῆν).

XXXXXφέψαλος rather seems Pre-Greek.

XXXXXφή [conj.] 'like, as' (B 144, 499 acc. to Zenodotus, h. Herm., Call.). «1Ὲὲ *b'e/o->

    *VAR Also φῆ.

    *ETYM Not certainly explained. Probably cognate with Av. ba 'indeed', boit 'even',  Lith. ba 'really', OCS and Ru. bo 'for', Go. -ba- 'even', etc. < PIE *b'e/o-. Gr. φή could  reflect PIE *b'eh, [n.pl.] (cf. Frisk), *b'eh, [ins.sg.] (cf. DELG) or a lengthened grade  *b'é (cf. De Vaan 2009: 53). Differently Fraenkel Gnomon 28 (1956): 238 (with  semantic parallels from Slavic) and Ruijgh Lingua 58 (1982): 205 (on the oxytone  accent): φή as a suffixless ipv. of φημί 'say'.

XXXXXφηγός [f.] 'oak, Quercus Aegilops' (Il.).

    *VAR Dor. (Theoc.) φαγός.

===Pag_1617: Beekes_Página_1617.tiff===

, -ηκος ΦὈΕΚ φήγινος (Ε 838, Call., Dsc.), with extended suffix -ίνεος (AP, Orph.) 'of the oak, oaken' (borrowed as Lat. faginus, -ineus), PN Φηγεύς (E 11 etc).

    *ETYM Inherited word, identical with Lat. fagus [f.] 'beech', Gaulish *bagos 'beech' (in  French place names), and with Gm. forms, e.g. ON δόκ, OHG buohha [f.] 'beech',  Go. boka [f.] 'letter'. The absence of the beech in Greece proper caused the change of  meaning of φηγός to 'oak'. The name of the beech tree played an important role in  the discussion on the 'Urheimat' of the Indo-Europeans. An important question was  whether Eastern tree-names, like Kurd. biz 'kind of elm', Ru. boz 'elder' and  corresponding Slavic words had to be derived from *b'eh,g-, too. This was dismissed  by Eilers and Mayrhofer 1962: 61}.

XXXXXφήληξ, -ηκος [m.] 'wild fig' (S. Fr. 781[?], Ar. Pax 1165).

    *COMP φηληκόθρεπτον: ὑπὸ ὀλύνθου (cod. ὄλονθον) τῆς συκῆς τεθραμμένον (H.).

    *ETYM An evident Pre-Greek word in -τῖξ (cf. Fur.: 2457°). It might have been folk-  etymologically adapted to ▶︎ φηλός, cf. Chantraine 1933: 381, Nehring Glotta 14 (1925):  181.

XXXXXφηλός [adj.] 'deceitful, deceptive' (EM, sch. Ar. Pax 1165, H., Suid.).

    *VAR Accent following Hdn. Gr. 1, 155, 20.

    *COMP βροτόφηλος: ἀνθρώπους φηλῶν, τουτέστιν ἀπατῶν (H.).

    *DER Denominative φηλόω [v.] 'to deceive' (few attestations in A., E., A. R, etc.),  whence φήλωμα (n.] (Antipho Soph.), -watc [f.] (EM) 'deception'. φηλήτης (accent  following EM 794, 1) [m.] 'deceiver' (Hes. Op. 375 (2), h. Merc., trag. etc.), often  written as φιλ-, and at a very early date; hence -ητεύω 'to deceive' (h. Merc.), -ησίαις'  κλεπτοσύναις (H.), -atia [f.], -ατίας [nom.sg.m.] = -ἤτηςξ (Delphi III*). For the  origin of the spelling φιλ-, cf. Bechtel 1921(3): 336, Luther 1935: 167f.

    *ETYM Has been connected with Lat. failé 'deceive', and with ▶︎ ἀποφώλιος. On φαλός  = μωρός, ἐμμανής with φαλίπτει, φαλωθείς see ▶︎ φαλός: λευκός, DELG thinks that  the writing φιλ- is not original, but to my mind, the argumentation is wrong. The  word may well be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXφημί [v.] 'to say, explain, argue', perfective (I1.), as against imperfective λέγω, ἀγορεύω etc. 'to speak, talk'. Hence, the old ipf. ἔφην got aoristic function. Pres. med. ἐφάμην, ἔφατο, etc.

    <IE *b'eh,- 'say'>

    *VAR Dor. φαμί, Aeol. φᾶμι, also φάσκω, inf. φάναι (Att.), φάμεν (Hom.), ipf. ἔφην,  ἔφᾶν, epic also ἐφάμην, inf. φάσθαι, fut. φήσω (© 148, 153), Dor. paow (Ar. Ach. 739,  et al.), φάσομαι (Pi), aor. φῆσαι (Hdt., Att.), perf. med. mépata (A. R.), ipv. πεφάσθω (PL. Ti. 72d).

    *DIAL Myc. 38g. pa-si /phasi/.

    *COMP Often with prefix, e.g. ἀντι-, ἀπο-, παρα-, προσ-, συν-.

    *DER A. With full grade: 1. φήμη, Dor. Aeol. φάμα [f.] 'quotation, enunciation,  rumour, reputation, speech' (Od.); as a second member eg. in εὔφημος, -φαμος  'bringing a good message, containing no evil omen = mute, boding well' (Il; PN B  846), whence -€w, -ia, -ίζομαι, -ἰσμός; πολύφημος, -φαμος 'speaking much, much  spoken of, famous' (Il; PN A 264, Od. [PN], Pi. Parm. etc.), whence -ia. From φήμη  is derived the PN Φήμιος [π|.] name of a singer (Od.), epithet of Zeus (Erythrae 115),

===Pag_1618: Beekes_Página_1618.tiff===

-ia epithet of Athena (ibd.). Denominative φημίζω [v.] 'to announce, spread by rumour' (Hes.), also with ém-, Sta-, κατα- etc; hence ἐπιφήμισμα [n.] 'acclamation of ill or good omen' (Th., J.), -ἰσμός [m.] 'benediction' (Str.). From H.: ἀφήμονες:' ἄρρητοι, οὐκ ὀνομαζόμενοι; ἀφημοῦντας: ἀγροίκους; ἀφημίστους: ἀγροικίας (read -Kove?); ἀφαμιῶται: οἰκέται ἀγροῖκοι, περίοικοι (Cret.). 2. φῆμις, -ἰος [f.] 'speech, talk' (epic poet. since K 207), probably a contamination of φήμη and φάτις. 3. grata: ῥήματα, φάσματα (H.). 4. φημοσύνη [f] 'oracle? (Crete II-I*). 5. -φήτης [m.] in ὑποφήτης 'interpreter, expositor' (P 235, Hell. epic), -φῆτις [f] (AP etc.), τφᾶτις (Pi), -φητεύω, -eia (late); προφήτης (1A), Dor. Boeot. -φάτας (Pi. B., Corinn.) 'announcer, seer, prophet', -φῆτις [f.] (E., Pl., LXX, etc.), -φητεύω, -eia, also -φιγτίζω (Hp.), -φητάζω (Man.), -φητικός (late); PN Ev-, Περιφήτης 11). 6. -φήτωρ = -φήτης in ὑπο-, προφήτωρ (Hell. and late poetry), συμφήτωρ' μάντις, μαρτυς (H.). B. With zero grade: 1. φάτις [f.] 'quotation, rumour, enunciation' (epic poet. since Od., Hdt.), φατίζω (kata-) [v.] 'to state, confirm, betroth' (epic poet. since Parm., Hadt., et al.). 2. φάσις 'id' (Hdt, Pl, Arist. etc.), often to the prefixed verbs avti-, ἀπό-, ἔκ-, κατά-, whence (avtt-, ἀπο-)φατικός (Arist. etc.); φάτης: ψεύστης (H.). 3. φατός, as a simplex only in opposition to ἄφατος 'unmentioned, unknown' (Hes. Op. 3) and with negation = ἄφατος 'ineffable, unspeakable' (Hes. Sc. 230, Parm., Pi., etc.); as a second member (in original univerbations), e.g. madai-patoc 'spoken of long ago, ancient' (Od., epic poet.). 4. φατειός, only with ov: 'unutterable' (Hes., verse-final); probably metrical (or στίχος petovpos) for -τέος, if not = Skt. -tavyd-.

    *ETYM PIE root present *b'eh,- / *b'h,- 'to say'. Cognate verbs are Arm. bam 'say' <  *b'eh,-mi, bay <*b'eh,-ti 'says' introducing direct speech (see Schwyzer KZ 57 (1930):  242ff. on Lesb. pat 'you say'), Latin med. fatur (cf. pato), Ru. bajati, sg. baju 'to talk,  speak', possibly OE bd(i)an 'to brag'. A derived nasal present may be Skt. bhdnati  'speak, sound'. Gr. φάτις corresponds to Arm. bay 'word, speeh', and φήμῃ to Lat. fama 'rumour, fame'. Gr. ἄφατος corresponds to Latin infitids ire 'to deny' from *in-  fato- 'not said'; *fato- is also the basis for fateor 'to admit'. Furher nominal  derivations are Lat. fas, fatum, fabula, facundus; Armenian ban, gen. ban-i, instr. ban-iw 'word, speech, matter' with a suffix *-ni-, ON bén, OE bén 'request, prayer' <  PIE *b'e/oh,-ni- (cf. φωνήλ. The PIE root *b*eh,- 'speak' may be identical in origin with *b'eh,- 'to shine' in Skt. bhd-ti 'to light, shine', see ▶︎ φαίνω. They are formally the same, and the semantic  derivation is common: 'say' < 'explain, make clear', etc., cf. Lat. déclaré, argud, etc. See ▶︎ φωνή.

XXXXXφήνη [f.] large bird of prey, perhaps 'bearded vulture' (Od., Ar., Arist., Opp., etc.).

    *VAR Also φίνις (v.L Dsc. 2, 53); see Furs: 171".

    *DER Φηνεύς [m.] (Apollod.), Φηνώ [f.] (Paus.).

    *ETYM Without convincing etymology. The variant φίνις may point to a Pre-Greek  word, which is most probable anyway. Osthoff 1901: 246 compared Skt. bhdasa- [m.]  bird a prey, in which case Greek would continue *b"és-nd or *b'ds-nd. Risch 1937: 98  supposes an original color designation, perhaps 'bright', like περκνός, κελαινός etc,  cf. the bird names ▶︎ μόρφνος and ▶︎ κύκνος.

===Pag_1619: Beekes_Página_1619.tiff===

, -ρός φήρ, -ρός [m.] 'wild beast, predator', also of Centaurs (A 268, B 743) and satyrs (Telest., Gal.).

    *DER Φηρεύς [m.] ἃ satyr (Nonn.); also φήρεα (-eia?) [n.pl.] 'swollen tonsils', because  of the similarity with budding satyr-horns (Hp.); adv. φηρεατικῶς (Gal.).

    *ETYM Aeolic for ▶︎ Orjp.

XXXXXφῆρον [n.] = βρῶμα θεῶν (Hdn. Gr. 1, 385) 'food of the gods'; φῆρος: ἡ τῶν ἀρχαίων θεῶν τροφή (H.). <?>

    *ETYM We find related forms in Germanic (Go. barizeins 'from barley', ON barr  'grain', OE bere 'barley' < *bar(e/a)z-), Celtic (Olr. bairgen, MW bara 'bread' < PCL. *barag(en)o/d, Matasovié 2009: 56), and Balto-$lavic (OCS braswno 'food'), pointing  to a root *b'ar(s)-, probably of non-IE origin (de Vaan 2008: 202).

XXXXXφθάνω [v.] 'to anticipate, be ahead', absolute and with acc., often with ptc.

    <IE  *d'g*"h,- 'come near, nearly reach, pass'>

    *VAR Pres. Hom. ἃ, Att. &; aor. ἔφθην (Il.), inf. φθῆναι (IA), ptc. φθάς (Hom., Hdt.),  med. φθάμενος (epic), φθάσαι (IA), Dor. ἔφθασσα (Theoc.), fut. φθήσομαι (1].),  φθάσω (X.), perf. ἔφθακα (Philipp. apud D., Hell.+), πέφθακα (late), pass. φθάνομαι  (Arist. etc.), φθασθῆναι (Ὁ. H., etc.).

    *COMP Also with prefix, e.g. mpo-, ὑπο-, παρα-.

    *DER προφθασία [f.] (or -ta [n.]?) 'the anticipation', name of a festival in  Clazomenae (Ὁ. S. 15, 18), παραφθαδόν [adv] 'in anticipation' (Opp.), pte. καταφθατουμένη = κατάφθατον ποιουμένη 'to take in possession beforehand' (γῆν  A. Eu. 398), φθατήσῃ: φθάσῃ (H.), cf. Schwyzer: 705.

    *ETYM Without any doubt an inherited word. Connected with Skt. dhag-nu-, by  Hoffmann apud Eichner MSS 31 (1973): 67, 94° the laryngeal was reconstructed by  K.T. Schmidt 1988: 475f. The root aorist ἔφθην follows the model of ἔστην, ἔβην, ἔπτην, ἔφην etc., with a zero  grade φθάμενος. The 3pl. ἔφθασαν for ἔφθαν (φθάν A 51) gave rise to the sigmatic  aorist ἔφθασα; to these aorists were joined the futures φθήσομαι (from full grade  *dig*teh,-) and φθάσω, and subsequently the perfects ἔφθακα, πέφθακα. The present  φθάνω < *p0d-vp-w probably continues *d'g**-yu-V-, with the suffix *-neu-/-nu-  replacing *-neh,-/-nh,- (LIV*: 135"). On the glosses ψατᾶσθαι: προκαταλαμβάνειν 'to anticipate'; ψατῆσαι- προειπεῖν 'to  warn; ψαέναι: φθάσαι (H.), which have y-instead of φθ-, see Schwyzer: 32.

XXXXXφθέγγομαι [v.] 'to utter a sound, sound, raise one's voice, call, talk' (Hom.). <?>

    *VAR Aor. φθέγξασθαι, fut. φθέγξομαι (I1.), perf. ἔφθεγμαι, 2sg. ἔφθεγξαι, etc. (PL,  Arist. etc.).

    *COMP Very often with prefix, e.g. npoo-, ἀπο-, ἐπι-, ὑπο-.

    *DER 1. φθέγμα (πρόσ-, ἀπό-, etc.) [n.] 'sound, voice, cry, quotation' (Pi, Att.),  -ματικός (ἀπο-, émt-) 'sounding, etc' (Hell.+). 2. φθέγξις (ava-, ἐπί-, πρό-) [f.]  'utterance, talk' (Hp., late). 3. φθεγκ-τός 'effable' (Plu.), often and earlier in  compounds, e.g. ἄφθεγκτος 'ineffable, unpronounced, soundless' (B., A., etc.); -τικός  'sounding' (Max. Tyr.); προσ-φθεγκτήριος 'adressing, greeting' (Poll.). 4. φθόγγος  [m.] (I1.), also φθογγή [f.] (IL, epic poet.) 'sound, voice'; in compounds λιγύφθογγος

===Pag_1620: Beekes_Página_1620.tiff=== XXXXXφθείρω, -ομαι 1569 'clear-voiced' (IL, epic poet.), σύμ-φθογγος 'with one voice' (A.), ἀντί-φθογγος 'resounding' (Pi.), to συμ-φθέγγομαι, etc; hence φθογγ-άριον [n.] 'sound-pipe', -άζομαι = φθέγγομαι (Pi. etc.).

    *ETYM Could be a stem φθεγ- with regular ablaut and with nasalization (as in  κλαγγή, κλάγξαι etc.), but it has no certain etymology. None of the existing  connections with semantically comparable words (e.g. with OCS zvego 'ade', Ru. zvjdgat, 1sg. zvjagu 'to bark, yap', Lith. zvéngti, sg. Zvéngiu 'to neigh', or with Lith. spefigti, of the ears, 'to resound, bite, hum, drone' (cf. Frisk) is phonetically  convincing.

XXXXXφθείρ, -ρός [m., f.] 'louse' (IA); also a fish that lives on dolphins, 'Naucrates ductor' (Arist. εἴς); metaphorically of the seed of the spruce-fir (Phot.), of the middle part of the rudder (Poll.). «Ὁ

    *COMP φθειροκτόνον [n.] plant-name (Ps.-Dsc.).

    *DER φθειρ-ίον [n.] plant-name (Ps.-Dsc.), -ώδης 'lousy' (Arist.), τάριος 'id.' (gloss.). Verbs: 1. φθειρ-ιάω 'to suffer from lice or phthiriasis', -iacic [f.] 'phthiriasis' (Com. Adesp., Str., medic. etc.); 2. φθειρ-ίζομαι, -ἰζω 'to delouse oneself (Arist., Thphr.,  LXX etc.), -totikd¢ 'delousing, searching for lice' (Pl.), τισμός [m.] 'delousing'  (gloss.).

    *ETYM The word was already derived from φθείρω, φθεῖραι by Galen, i.e. as a back-  formation with retained -e1-. Doubt about this is voiced by Schwyzer: 326 and  Chantraine 1933: 3, the latter of whom considers folk-etymological adaptation of the  original word to φθείρω. DELG mentions the fact that the Greeks thought that lice  grew from rotten flesh, and then defends the connection with φθείρω, which is  doubtful.

XXXXXφθείρω, -ομαι [v.] 'to ruin, destroy, destruct', intr. (pass.) 'to be ruined, perish, suffer shipwreck, fall out of course, be ruined, destroyed' (Il.).

    <IE *d'g'"er- 'flow away,  disappear'>

    *VAR  Aeol. φθέρρω (Hdn. Gr.), Arc. φθήρω (Tegea IV*), Dor. φθαίρω (Eust., EM),  aor. φθεῖραι (IA), φθέρσαι (Lyc.), fut. φθερῶ, -οὔμαι (A., etc.), Ion. -éw, -ἔομαι Hdt.),  epic 386. διαφθέρσει (N 325), perf. pass. ἔφθαρμαι (LA), act. ἔφθαρκα (Att.); intr. (pass.) φθαρῆναι (Pi., [A), fut. -ήσομαι ([A; whence Ion. also -éw), perf. δι-ἔφθορα  (O 128, Hp., late prose), also trans. (trag. and com.).

    *COMP Mostly with δια- (including συν-, mpo-, kata-, ἐπι-διαφθείρω, etc.), also with  ἀπο-, OVV-, KATA-, etc.

    *DER 1. φθερσίβροτος (Epigr. apud Paus. 3, 8, 9) = φθεισίμβροτος. 2. With o-grade:  φθορά, Ion. -ἡ (dta-, kata- etc.) [f.] 'deterioriation, destruction, ruin, plague,  seduction, abortion, miscarriage' (IA), φθόρος [m.] 'deterioriation, destruction'  (Thgn., Att.), mostly in sayings. From φθορά (φθόρος) the nouns: 3. (δια- γφθορεύς  [m.] 'destructor, seducer' (E., Pl. etc.); φθορία [f.] 'destruction, mischief (Hp. Iusi.),  often from compounds, e.g. οἰκοφθορία (Ρ]., Plu.), to οἰκοφθόρ-ος, -ἕω; φθορ-εῖον  (-etov) [n.] 'drug for producing abortion' (Hell. and late inscr.). 4. adjectives φθόρ-  tog 'producing abortion' (medic.), 'concerning seduction' (pap. ΝΡ), δια- 'decayed'  (Gal.); -ιμος 'destructive, perishable' (Man., Herm. apud Stob.); -τκός 'destructible'

===Pag_1621: Beekes_Página_1621.tiff===

(late), χρηματο- 'wasting money' (Ρ].); -ώδης 'depraved, harmful' (Hdn., Lyd.). With zero grade: 5. φθάρμα [n.] 'corruption, throw-off' (LXX, J.), ἀπό- 'miscarriage' (Hp.). 6. σύμφθαρσις [f.] 'simultaneous destruction' (late). 7. φθαρτός 'destructable, perishable' (Arist. etc.), often ἄφθαρτος 'imperishable' (Arist., Hell.+), ἀφθαρσία [f.] 'imperishability' (Epicur. LXX, NT etc.), whence φθαρσία (Thales apud Fulg.). 8. φθαρτικός 'destructive, harmful' (Arist., medic, etc.).

    *ETYM Greek φθείρω « *d"g'"er-ie/o- corresponds to an intransitive present in Indo-  Iranian: Skt. ksdrati, Av. yZaraiti 'to flow, stream', Skt. also 'to flow away, diverge,  disappear'. An PIE s-aorist (ἔφθειρα < ἐφθερ-σ-) is retained in 355. dksar (RV) < *a-  ksdar-s-t; the other verbal formations of Greek and IIr. (e.g. caus. Skt. ksdrayati = Av. yZaraiieiti 'to let flow', ptc. ksarita, etc.) are innévations. The morphological identity  of φθόρος and Skt. ksara- (n.] 'water' (Lex.) is due to independent development, as is  the comparison between ἄφθορος 'unspoiled, pure' (late) and akséra- 'not flowing  away, imperishable' (RV). LIV? follows the reconstruction *g'g'er-.

XXXXXφθίνω [v.] intr. 'to decline, decay, perish', (exceptionally) trans. or caus. 'to cause to decline, consume, destroy' (I1.). 41Ε *d'g'"ei- 'disappear'>

    *VAR  φθινύθω intr. and trans. (epic poet. 11.). Further intr. forms: athem. aor. ἐφθί-  μῆν, -το, -ato, φθίσθαι, φθίμενος, etc. (IL, epic poet.), 3pl. ἔφθιθεν (Od.), for -iato;  act. them. subj. φθίῃς (β 368), fut. φθείσομαι (Hom.), aor. φθίσασθαι (-et-; Q. S.),  perf. ἔφθιται ( 340), -tvtat (A. Pers. 679 [lyr.]). Built on the present: φθιν-ῆσαι (Ηρ. Epid.), -ἧήσω, ἐφθίνηκα (late); trans.-caus.: epic aor. φθεῖσαι (-i-), Att. φθίσαι, them. 38g. ἔφθιεν (2 446), epic fut. φθείσω (-t-), Att. φθίσω (-I-), perf. ἔφθικα (Them.).

    *DIAL Myc. e-qi-ti-wo-e /ek'"t"iwo"e/.

    *COMP  Also with prefix, especially ἀπο-, kata-. Compounds: eg. φθινόκαρπος  'whose fruit has decayed, without fruit' (Pi.), φθινόπωρον, see ὀπώρα; φθεισίμβροτος  (φθισί-) 'destroying people', φθεισήνωρ 'ruining men' (epic), etc.

    *DER 1. From the present: φθινάς, -άδος 'declining, decaying, consumption', as a fem. subst. 'consumption' (Hp. S., E., εἴς.) φθίνυλλα [f.] taunting address of an elderly  woman (A. Eq. 935; after the PN); cf. φθῖσα: ἡ λεπτὴ and φθίσεως (H.); φθινάσματα  (ἡλίου) [n.pl.] 'setting (of the sun), poet. formation (A. Pers. 232). 2. From the verbal  stem: φθίσις [f.] 'declining, waning, consumption' (Pi, IA), -ἰκός 'consumptive'  (Arist. Epid. IV*, Hell.+), τ-ἰκεύομαι (Androm. apud Gal.), 1aw (Hp., Arist.) 'to be  consumptive'; φθιτοί [pl.], rarely -ός [sg.], 'the deceased' (trag., late prose), ἄφθιτος  'imperishable' (IL, epic poet.). 3. With o-grade: φθό-η [f.] 'consumption' (Att., also  Hp, Ion. Hell. use φθίσις instead), -ὦδης 'consumptive' (Paus.). On ▶︎ φθόϊς, -ἴς, see  s.v. Also Φθίη [f.] (Il. etc.) land of the Φθίες (St. Byz.), perhaps originally 'land of the  dead' (= φθίμενοι), a mythical place?

    *ETYM PIE had a verbal root *d"g'"ei-, whence (acc. to LIV' s.v.) a nasal present  *d'g*"_n(é)-i-, which was remade into *d'g""i-n(é)u- in Greek (whence φθινύτθω and  *oBivp-w > φθίνω, with Ion. t, Att. Ὁ), and into *d'g'i-n(€)H- in Indo-Iranian  (whence Skt. ksinati, Av. jinditi 'to destroy'). PIE also had an athem. aor. *d"g""(é)i-  > Gr. φθίτο, φθίμενος, etc. Garcia Ramoén MSS σι (1990): 7-20, following Ruijgh,  explains the Mycenaean form as meaning 'dead', an act. ptc. nom.pl. in -uos-, with  medial-intransitive meaning, and perfect reduplication *e-; the form was later

===Pag_1622: Beekes_Página_1622.tiff=== XXXXXφιάλη 1571 replaced by 'φθίμενος. In Greek, the original diphthong εἰ in the s-aorist and s-future was replaced by i at an early date, at least in writing and perhaps also in reality, first after φθίνω (with Ὁ. In Attic, shortening was introduced in φθίσαι, φθίσω after the short vowel in φθίνω and on the model of σχίσαι and denominatives in -igat (-ifw). Gr. φθίσις = Skt. ksiti- [f.] 'Tanguishing, destruction', probably also Lat. sitis [f.] 'thirst' < 'disappearing, languish(ing)'. As a formula, Gr. κλέος ἄφθιτον (Hom.) = Skt. srdvah ... dksitam (RV beside dksiti srévah). The initial d"- is retained in OAv. dait.arata- /djit-arta-/ 'destroying Arta-'. See also ▶︎ yivopat φθόΐς, -tog [f.] 'kind of cake' (Erythrae IV, Cos IV-III, Ar. etc.), 'pastille used for fumigation' (Hp.), 'bar of metal' (Att. inscr.), perhaps 'kind of cup' (Eup. 373 acc. to Ath. 11, 502b; very uncertain). <?>

    *VAR Also φθοΐς, -ίδος.

    *DER Diminutive φθοΐσκος (Hp.).

    *ETYM The strongly deviating meanings provide a problem that is still unsolved; we  can only speculate about the etymology. Formally, one might connect φθόη  'consumption' (to φθίνω 'to decline, consume'); the meaning 'decline' might be  recognized in the explanations by H. s.v. φθόϊς (except for ᾿πλακοῦς᾽: τὰ πρὸς  λεπτὸν ἀληλεσμένα καὶ TO ἀπορρέον ψῆγμα τοῦ χρυσίου. See DELG, where the  possibility of a loan is kept open.

XXXXXφθόνος [m.] 'envy, jealousy' (Pi., IA). <IE? *d'g'"en- (Ὁ

    *COMP ἄφθονος 'without envy, unenvied', usually 'bounteous, plentiful' (h. Ap. Hes.), ἀφθονία [f.] 'abundance' (Pi. IA).

    *DER φθονερός 'envious, jealous' (Thgn., Pi, [A), -epia [f.] 'envy' (Arist. etc.). Verb:

XXXXXφθονέω [v.] 'to envy, begrudge, refuse' (Il.) also with ém-, ὑπο- etc; thence -ησις [f.] 'envying, jealousy' (S. Tr. 1212), τητικός 'envious' (late).

    *ETYM Probably to be analyzed as φθόν-ο-, to a root ἔφθεν- (to which φθονέω is a  causative or iterative?). De Vaan (p.c.) tentatively suggests connection with φθάνω  'to anticipate, be ahead of, which could imply that it is related to Av. ayz6.nuuamnam < *a-gzanuamna- 'which cannot be missed' (De Vaan 203: 44if.).

XXXXXφιάλη [f.] 'flat vessel, dish, flat bowl for drinking or sacrificing, etc' (post-Hom.), also for cooking and to preserve ashes (V).

    *VAR Also φιέλη (Hell. acc. to Moer.).

    *DIAL Myc. pi-a,-ra /p*i'ala-/, also pi-je-ra, /p*ielai/.

    *COMP φιαληφόρος [f.] 'bearer (fem.) of a g.', title of a Locrian priestess (Plb.).

    *DER Diminutives: giah-tov [n.] (Eub., Arist., Hell.), -idtov [n.] (Hero), -ioxa [f.]  (Gortyn V-IV*), -ioxoc(?) [m.] (Maced.), -ἰς [f.] (Luc.). Further: φιαλῖται ἀριθμοί  (pl.] a game (Procl., etc.), -ώδης 'dish-like' (Ath., sch.), -wtd¢ 'id' (Delos III*, Gp.),  τόω (βόθρον) 'to hollow (the bottom) out into a flat shape' (Gp.).

    *ETYM A loanword of unknown origin, formally fitting the instrument names in  -ahn, -αλο- (σκυτάλη, γύαλον, -n). Etymologies to be rejected: ἔπι-σαλᾶ from m- =  ém- and ἑλεῖν 'grasp'; also *m-phaha < *pi-suald to εἵλη 'heat of the sun' < PIE *suel-  'to burn'. Cf. also »ὑπερφίαλος. The word is probably Pre-Greek on account of the  interchange of suffixes that is already attested in Mycenaean (Fur: 346).

===Pag_1623: Beekes_Página_1623.tiff===

XXXXXφιαρός [adj.] 'gleaming, shining, oily, bright (Alexandr. poetry). «ΡΟ» 'ΑΚ φιαρύνει: λαμπρύνει (H.).

    *ETYM No etymology, but reminiscent of πιαρός and gatdpdc. It has been assumed to  be a contamination of those two adjectives, but this is unwarranted and therefore  better rejected. Fur: 165 compares πιαλός: παράλευκος and assumes Pre-Greek  origin.

XXXXXφιβάλεως [f.] 'a fig suitable for curing', also metaphorically of thin people (com.); acc. to sch. Ar. Ach. 802, a place in Megaris or Attica. < PG>

    *VAR Plur. nom. -εῳ, acc. -εως.

    *ETYM Without any doubt a Pre-Greek word (not in Fur.). Formation like κορών-ewe [f.] 'tree with raven-black figs', μελίνεως εἶδος ἀμπέλου 'kind of vine' (H.),

XXXXXκανθάρεως [m.] a vine. As the basis of the TN, the sch. gives φίβαλις = γένος συκῆς 'kind of fig', with the plur. φιβάλεις = οἱ ἰσχνοὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων; in EM 793, 26 (acc. to Apolloph.) φιβάλεα = τὰ σῦκα, -λέαι = ἰσχάδες.

XXXXXφιδάκνηῃ [(.] 'wine-jar (A., D., Thphr.). 4 PG(S,v)>

    *VAR Late πιθάκνη (Thasos V*, Moer., Phot.); Dor. modkva (H.).

    *ETYM Since φιδάκνη is the old form, the word has nothing to do with πίθος. Frisk  assumed (s.v. πίθος) that the word had the diminutive suffix -ἰχνη, which became  -akvn, but this is impossible. The group of suffixes -ak-v- is typical for Pre-Greek. For the shift of aspiration, compare φάτνη. See Fur.: 197, 393.

XXXXXφιδίτια [n.pl.] the collective meal of the Spartans; also the place where this meal was consumed (X., Arist., Plu., etc.).

    *VAR Rarely sing. (often φιλ-, also written φειδ-).

    *DER φιδίτης, Dor. -τας (pet-) [m.] 'participant of φιδίτια᾽ (Sphaer. Stoic., Ath.).

    *ETYM Plu. Lyc. 12 explains the word from φιλία, with ὃ for A, which is clearly a folk  etymology. A connection with φειδώ 'saving, thrift' is at least formally possible. Fur.:  238 thinks that the interchange 5/A shows that the word is Pre-Greek; this is  uncertain.

XXXXXφίκις [?] 'anus' (Hdn. 1, 88, 35), see DELG Supp.

    <IE?>



    *DER GLKA; φιδικίζειν: ἐπὶ τοῦ παιδεραστεῖν (Suid. 992, x 42 Adler).

    *ETYM Hardly from Lat. fica. Taillardat thinks of *p'uk-, Pok. 847, whence *puK-16-,  which became φικ-ιδ-. Katz 2004: 277-284 compares Skt. sphij- 'hip, buttock', and  reconstructs PIE *(s)phiK-(i-). Rather uncertain.

XXXXXφιλήτης [m.] 'impostor, thief. «PG? >

    *ETYM A common, and perhaps correct, writing for φηλήτης; see on ▶︎ φηλός. The t-  form stands etymologically isolated and may be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXφιλομήλιον [n.] 'name of a plant, celandine, Chelidonium maius' (Ps.-Dsc. 2, 180).

    *ETYM Literally 'herb of Philomela' (who was changed into a swallow). See André    1958: 6of.

===Pag_1624: Beekes_Página_1624.tiff===

XXXXXφίλος [subst., adj.] 'friend, friendly, dear' (Il.), 'related, own', also reflexive possessive 'suus (tuus, meus), of relatives, body-parts, clothing, etc., plur. 'kinsmen, relatives' (IL, epic poet.). <?>

    *VAR Grades of comparison: a. φιλίων (τ 351 = ὦ 268), -lotog (S. Aj. 842  [inter polated?], ascertained as a PN); Ὁ. φίλτερος (epic poet., late prose), -tatog (also  Att. prose; Dor. givt-) ; c. φιλαίτερος, -τατος (X., Call, Theoc., etc.) after  παλαίτερος, -τατος etc; d. φιλώτερος (X., Call.); e. μᾶλλον φίλος (A, S. Thphr.),  μάλιστα φ. (X.).

    *DIAL Myc. pi-ra-me-no /p*ilamenos/?

    *COMP As a first member e.g. φιλόφρων 'well-disposed, friendly-minded' (Pi., IA),  φιλομμειδής 'with a friendly smile' (epic T 324+); early on in epic tradition, it was  reinterpreted as a verbal element, e.g. φιλόξεινος (or -Eevoc) 'to whom the guest is  dear' > 'loving the guest, hospitable' (since Od.); in univerbations, e.g. φιλοθύτης  [m.] (to φιλεῖ θύειν) 'loving the sacrifice, friend of the sacrifice' (Ar. εἴς As a  second member, eg. πολύφιλος 'with many friends' (Pi, Lys. Arist.), often  considered verbal, with transition to the s-stems, e.g. θεοφιλής 'loved by the gods,  dear to the gods' (IA); προσφιλής 'friendly, beloved, affectionate' (IA).

    *DER 1. φιλότης, -ἡτος [f.] 'friendship, hospitality, love' (Il, epic poet.), -οτήσιος,  Dor. -οτάσιος 'belonging to φιλότης (epic poet. since A 246); also -οττάριον address  to a girl (Ar. Ec. 891), perhaps the hypocoristic gemination after νηττάριονζ 2. φιλία,  Ion. -ίη [f.] 'friendship, affection, love' (Thgn., Emp. IA); independent of φίλιος. Adjectives: 3. φίλ-ιος 'friendly' (Pi. [A), -(ἡμωτικός (Theol. Ar.). 4. -τκός 'id' (PL, X.,  Arist., etc.). 5. -ιακός 'id' (Plot.), -ἰακόν [n.] name of an association (inscr. Corycos). Verbs: 6. φιλέω (Il.) 'to be a friend, treat friendly or affectionately, to love, entertain,  care', post-Hom. also 'to kiss' (especially with kata-), with inf. 'to like to do, use to  do', sometimes with prefix, especially kata-. Forms: Aeol. φίλ-ημμι (Sapph.), -ἥμεναι  (X 265), aor. -ῆσαι (IL), erroneous -doa (Theoc.), pass. -ἦἤθην (B 668 [3pl. -ηθεν],  Att.), med.ipv. φῖλαι, (ἐχρίλατο, φίλωνται etc. (epic since 11.), fut. -ἦσω, -ἥσομαι  (Od.), perf. πεφίλημαι, -ηκα (Pi, etc.). 7. From φιλία (φίλιος): φιλιάζω [v.] 'to become friends' (LXX, Hell. pap. etc.),  whence -ἰαστής (H.); -ἰόομαι, -ἰιόω 'to make friends' (late), -iwotc (sch.), -ιωτής =  διαλλακτής (Suid.); -ιαίνομαι 'id' (late). From φιλέω: φιλήτωρ [f.] 'lover' (A. Ag. 1446), loving, with love' (Nonn.}; -ητής [m.] 'lover' (AP), -τικός 'inclined to love or  kiss * (Arist., etc.), -ημα (Hyperdorism -ἅμα Mosch.) [n.] 'kiss' (A. Fr. 135 = 228 M.,  E., X., etc.), -ημάτιον PN (Luc.), ἀντιφίλησις [f.] 'returning love' (Arist.), φιλημοσύνη  [f.] 'friendliness' (Thgn.), to φιλήμων (EM, further only PN). Also φίλτρον [n.] 'love potion' (poet. since Pi., also late prose), -τρὶς λίθος 'love-  bringing stone' (Dam.); φίλητρα [n.pl.] (AP 11, 218; text and meaning uncertain);  φεῖλος (for -1-) [n.] = φιλία (epigr. Caria, ca. I?). Numerous PNs, among others with  ἔφιλτο-, e.g. Φιλτό-ξενος, Φιλτ-άδης. Literature: Landfester 1966. Kakridis 1963.

    *ETYM For the epic aorist forms (é-)giAato, etc., analogical origin to φιλέω is well  possible (cf. δοκέω beside ἔδοξαν; there is no need to assume a present *@iAAw. The  element φιλτο-, which occurs only in PNs, may have arisen analogically to φιλο-:  Φιλτό-ξενος to Φιλό-ξενος like e.g. Pavt-aydpag beside Pav-aydpac, Φαντ-ίας

===Pag_1625: Beekes_Página_1625.tiff===

beside Φαν-ίας. φίλτρον seems to have joined the numerous instrument nouns in -Tpov; the causative meaning 'stimulating love' is clear. The original meaning of φίλος was 'own, accompanying' rather than 'beloved'. The etymology is unknown; the connection with a Celto-Germanic adjective for 'fitting, good, etc.' (Ir. bil, W Bil- in PNs, OHG bil-lih, etc.) must be abandoned. Lyd. bilis 'his, her' looks formally similar, but must be explained within Anatolian (from the pronoun bi- 'he'). Some have argued that φίλος represents an /-derivative of reflexive σφι, Lac. φιν (see Landfester op. cit.: 34ff. with a review of all earlier etymologies); in that case, the original meaning would be 'one's own'.

XXXXXφιλύκη [{1 name of a shrub 'Rhamnus Alaternus, evergreen buckthorn' (Thphr.). ᾿ ΕΤΥΜ Unexplained, perhaps as a substrate word related to ▶︎ φιλύραξϑ

XXXXXφιλύρα [f.] (bast of the) lime tree' (Hdt, Thphr., Gal. etc.).

    *VAR Ion. -pn.

    *DER giAvp-éa [f.] 'mock privet, Phillyrea media' (Thphr.), after πτελέα etc., φιλύρ-tov [n.] 'tablet of lime wood' (Ael.), τἰνος 'made of lime wood' (Hp., Ar., Ὁ. C., etc.).

    *ETYM Stromberg 1940: 119 surmises a compound of φίλος and pov 'swarm of bees'  (see ▶︎ bpak), because the lime attracts bees; compare Lat. apium 'celery/ivy' (to apis),  MoHG Bienenbaum 'Acer campestre. The European lime tree is not found in  Greece; only in the North of the Balkans; the silver lime which is described by  Thphr. HP 3, 10 is found especially on the Macedonian mountains. Probably a  substrate word.

XXXXXφῖμός [m.} 'muzzle, gag' (A. Th. 463, Fr. 326 = 647 M., LXX, Dsc., Luc. etc.), metaphorically of a dice cup, or of its cover (Aeschin,, Poll. etc.)? <?>

    *VAR Plur. also -d (AP 6, 312).

    *COMP εὔφιμος 'astringent, styptic (μύρτος, Nic.), 'well-bridled' (Hdn. Epim.),  εὐφιμία (EM as an explanation of εὐκαμία, see κημός; cod. -φημ-).

    *DER φιμ-ὠὦδης = εὔφιμος (μύρτα, Nic.), φιμ-όω [v.] 'to seal with a muzzle, gag, fix,  put to silence', pass. 'to fall silent' (Ar, LXX, NT, J., Luc. etc.), rarely with mept-, etc. Thence -ωσις (nept-) [f.] 'sealing, plugging' (medic., Vett. Val.), τωτικός 'putting to  silence' (PMag. Lond., Tab. Defix. And.), -wtpov [n.] 'instrument for plugging'  (Suid.); περιφιμίζω [v.] 'to fix, tie up' (Tab. Defix.).

    *ETYM Unexplained. The identity of the suffix with the synonym κημός is  remarkable. Contamination with ▶︎ φιτρός seems improbable.

XXXXXφιτρός [m.] 'trunk, block, log' (IL, epic); acc. to sch. and Eust., from Amathus on Cyprus. <?, PG?>

    *ETYM Traditionally (Frisk, Pok.) explained as an instrument noun in *-tro- to the  PIE root *b'iH- 'to strike, hew, cut' seen e.g. in OCS biti, Olr. benaid, Lat. perfines  'perfringas'.

XXXXXgitta =oitta.

XXXXXφιττακίδες >yittaKn.

===Pag_1626: Beekes_Página_1626.tiff=== XXXXXφλέγω 1575

XXXXXφῖτυ [n.] 'seed, sprout' (5. Fr. 889, old com.). <?>

    *COMP φιτυποίμην [m.] 'gardener' (A. Eu. 911).

    *DER φιτύω [v.] 'to sow, plant, bring forth' (trag., Pl.), aor. -bom, med. τύσασθαι, fut. τύσομαι 'to bear' (Hes., A. R., Opp., Mosch.), τῦμα [n.] 'produce, sprout, son' (A. Ag. 1281, Plu.); back-formation gituc [m.] 'begetter' (Lyc.).

    *ETYM Probably a noun suffixed in -tv-. Previously, often compared with the verbs  Lat. fid, fit 'to become, originate', Olr. biid, -bi 'is', but these probably represent PIE  *b'Hu-ie/o-, cf. ▶︎ φύω. Still, one could assume that φῖτυ is dissimilated from *pitv,  but this remains uncertain.

XXXXXφλαδεῖν [aor.] only in λακίδες EpAadov 'they tore the rags' (A. Ch. 28 [lyr.]). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. Older, rejected etymologies of φλαδεῖν are found in WP 2, 210. See  ▶︎ παφλάζω, ▶︎ φλάω.

XXXXXφλᾶνύσσει - φλυαρεῖ, ληρεῖ 'talks nonsense' (H.). =~Anvagaw.

XXXXXφλαῦρος [adj.] 'bad, petty, poor, useless' (Pi, Sol. IA). «ΡΟ»

    *COMP φλαυρουργός 'working badly, fumbler' (S.).

    *DER φλαυρ-ότης [f.] 'poorness' (Plu., Poll.), φλαυρ-ίζω (Plu.), κατα- (Pi., Hdt.) 'to  slight, humiliate'.

    *ETYM No clear etymology, perhaps a Pre-Greek word? The adjective does look  similar to synonymous ▶︎ φαῦλος; both could have dissimilated from an original  form *pAaddoc. Similar form and meaning are shown by some Gm. adjectives, e.g. ON blaudr 'fearful, timid', blautr 'weak, fearful, humid'. Others have compared Latv. blaurs 'very angry, grim, bad' and Lith. biairus 'filthy, appalling, ugly'.

XXXXXφλάω [v.] 'to crush, bruise' (Pi., Hp., Ar., Theoc. etc.). <?>

    *VAR Aor. φλάσαι, pass. φλασθῆναι, fut. φλάσω, perf. med. πέφλασμαι.

    *COMP Also with dva-, kata-, εἰσ- etc.

    *DER φλά-σις (εἴσ-) [f.] 'bruise' (Hp.), -opta (ἀμφί-) [n.] 'bruise, contusion' (Hp.),

XXXXXἀναφλασμός [m.] (Eup.) to dvapAdw 'to masturbate' (Ar., Luc.); a back-formation is MoGr. ἀνάφλα. Unclear: φλασμός: τῦφος 'fever', φλασμένος: τετυφωμένος 'smoking, gleaming' (H.).

    *ETYM An expressive word rhyming with ▶︎ θλάω and ▶︎ κλάω; cf. φλίβω beside θλίβω. On the anlaut variation 0-/ p-, see Schwyzer: 302f. With an enlargement -6-, we find  > φλαδεῖν, cf. κλάδος beside κλάω.

XXXXXφλέγω [v.] trans. 'to ignite, burn, light' intr. 'to burn, flame, blaze, shine' (Il.).

    *VAR Fut. φλέξω (IL), aor. φλέξαι (Hes. Sc. A. Pr. 582 [lyr.]), pass. φλεχθῆναι (Hom. Epigr., Th.) with fut. -r)ooptar (Ach. Tat.), secondary φλεγῆναι (Luc., AP) with fut. τήσομαι (J.), perfipass. πέφλεγμαι (Lyc.). Enlarged: φλεγέθω, only pres. and ipf. = φλέγω (II, epic, lyr.), mostly intr., also with  émt-; hence Πυριφλεγέθων, -οντος [m.] river of the Underworld (k 513, PL Phd. 114a);  φλεγιάω = φλέγω (Hdn. Gr.).

    *COMP Often with prefix, e.g. ἐπι-, KaTa-, ἀνα-, περι-.

===Pag_1627: Beekes_Página_1627.tiff===

    *DER A. With e-grade: 1. φλέγ-μα (ἐπί-) [n.] 'flame, blaze' (Φ 337), 'inflammation'  (Hp., etc.), 'phlegm, slime' (Hp., PL, Arist, εἰς), -μάτιον [n.] 'slime' (Sotad. apud  Stob.), -ματίας, Ion. -ing [m.] 'suffering from phlegm, full of slime' (Hp.), -ματώδης  'igniting, full of slime, slimy, phlegmatic' (Hp., PL. Arist. etc.), -ματικός 'id.' (Gal. et  al.), φλεγματόεν ἔκρηγμα' τῆς φλογός, φλεγματίς: ἡ φλέγματα ἔχουσα (H.). The  semantic development here is unexplained. Derived verbs: a. φλεγμαίνω [v.] 'to be inflamed, be heavily excited', often with  prefix, eg. ἐκ-, dva-, ovv-, ἐπι-: hence -μανσις or -μαντύς [f.] 'inflammation' (Hp.),  -μασία, Ion. -in [f.] 'id' (Hp. Arist.); Ὁ. φλεγ-ματόομαι (ἐκ-) 'to become slime' (Hp.,  Gal.); c. ὑπο-φλεγματίζω 'to become slimy' (Alex. Trall.), φλεγματισμός (gloss.). 2. φλεγμονή [f.] 'inflammation, inflammatory*swelling, heavy excitement' (medic.,  Hell.+), -povikdés 'inflammatory', -μονώδιης ''tumorous' (Gal.), -μονάομαι 'to be  inflamed' (Alex. Trall.). 3. φλέξις: ardor, flammatus (gloss.); further only to the  prefixed verbs: dva-, ἐπί-, κατά-, περί-φλεξις [f.] 'kindlng, etc.' (late); isolated is the  birdname φλέξις (dat. 151 Ar. Av. 884). 4. φλεγ-μός [m.] in Βρομίου φ. (Thespis),  uncertain; perhaps = τὸ αἷμα (H.), -μώδης = -ματώδης (Gal.). 5. φλέγος: τὸ φλέγμα  (H.). 6. φλεγ-ύας [m.] 'eagle' (Hes. Sc. 134; after the color, H. EM); -υρός 'burning'  (Ar. and Cratin. [lyr.], Hp. apud Gal.), dissimilated from -vAdc?; -vaw = ὑβρίζω  (Ephor.), cf. H.: Φλεγύαι' ἔθνος ὑβριστικὸν καὶ ἀσεβές. 7. DAEypa, Ion. -ρη [{1 old  name of the Macedonian peninsula Pallene (Hadt., Str.), also Φλέγρας πεδίον (Pi,  Ar.), Φλεγραία MAGE (A.); τὰ Φλεγραῖα (media) plain in Campania (Plb.), after its  volcanic nature. 8. -φλεγής in ἐτι-, περι-φλεγής 'fiery' (Arist., Plu.), also e.g. in πυρι-  φλεγής 'ablaze, fierce' (Hp., Plu.). B. With o-grade: φλόξ, -oydc [f.] 'flame, burning fire' (Il), also as a plant-name  (Thphr.), after the color. In compounds eg. φλογ-ώψ and -ωπός 'flame-like, fiery'  (A. Pr.}, καλλίφλοξ 'with fair flames' (Ε, [lyr.]). From φλόξ, partly also directly from φλέγω: 1. Diminutive pAdy-.ov [n.] (Longin.). 2. τίδες [11 'roasted pieces of meat' (Archipp. and Stratt. [lyr.]), acc. to H. διὰ τὸ  φλογίζεσθαι (so perhaps backfomation); φλογίδια' ai κεγχρίδες δι᾽ ἐλαίου  σκευαζόμενοι (H.). 3. φλογ-ετός [π|.] 'burning, heat' (gloss.), after πυρετός. 4. φλογ-ίτης [m.] name οὗ ἃ precious stone, which looks like carbuncle (Solin.); -itis [f.] 'id'  (Plin.), also kind of anemone (PMag. Leid.). 5. φλογοιή (-in?) [f.] 'flame' (Nic.). 6. Adjective φλόγ-εος 'flaming, sparkling' (Il, E. and Ar. [lyr.}), pAdy-toc (Ὁ) 'id' (Hp.,  Orph.), -ερός 'id.' (E. [lyr., anap.], A. R., AP etc.), τινος 'id', also of colors (LXX, Ὁ. S., pap. εἴς), pAdy-ivov [n.] 'wallflower' (Thphr.), -ώδης 'flame-like, blazing red,  inflamed' (Hp., Arist., etc.). 7. verbs: a. φλογ-ίζω = φλέγω (S. [lyr., anap.], Arist., LXX, AP etc.), also with ava-,  kata-, συν- etc. Thence -iopata (émt-) [n.pl.J 'fire-damage, external inflammation'  (Hp. H.s.v. οὐδ᾽ GAa), παρα-φλογίσματα 'roasted food' (Achae.), -ἰισμός (περι-) [m.]  'the scorching' (Sm., Thd., H. s.v. φλογμός), -iotpa [f.] = εὕστρα (sch., Eust.). Ὁ. φλογ-όομαι, -6w (ék-, dmo-) 'to inflame' (Arist, Thphr. etc), -ωσις (ék-) [f]  'ignition, inflammation' (Th, Thphr., D. 5., et al}, φλογώματα: τῶν ἄρτων τὰ  ἐπικεκαυμένα (H.). c. pAoy-tdw 'to become inflamed' (Hp.).

===Pag_1628: Beekes_Página_1628.tiff=== XXXXXφλευ-Ο- 1577 C. With o-grade: φλογ-μός [π|.] 'flame, glow, inflammation, heat of the sun or of fever' (A. and E. [lyr.], Hp., Arist., etc.),-pdw 'to burn' (PMag. Berol.),

    *ETYM Inherited from PIE *btleg- 'to burn, shine' (LIV? *b'lelg-), nominal also  *b"log-. Nearest cognates are Latin fulgd (secondarily fulged), perf. fulsi 'to lighten,  glitter, shine' < *b'ig-, flagr6, -dre 'to burn, flame, glow', built on nominal 'flag-ro-,  and flamma 'flame', probably < *flag-ma. Also ToAB ρᾶϊκ- 'to shine, burn', also 'to  see' < *b'lg-; OHG blecchan 'to make or become visible' < PGm. *blakjan, MLG,  MoDu. blaken 'to flame, glow, smoke'.

XXXXXφλέδων, -ονος [π|., Ε] 'babbler' (A. Ag. 195, Timo). 4 PG(V)>

    *VAR  φλεδόνες [f.pl.] 'babble' (Plu., Anon. apud Gal.).

    *DER φλεδον-ώδης 'loquacious' (Hp. [codd. φλεβο(δογνώδης], Erot.), φλεδονεῖ'  ἀναισθητεῖ, φλυαρεῖ (H.), -εύομαι, -ebw 'id' (H., EM), whence -eia (EM).

    *ETYM The variation φλεδ-ίφληδ- (in pAnd@vta- ληροῦντα H.) has been interpreted  as ablaut, and the word thus connected with pAéw, by Frisk (assuming a suffix  -Sov-). However, we find -a- in »παφλάζω and παφλάσματα 'stilted words', and  gAnv- in ▶︎ φληναφάω 'to babble'. The variation φλεδείφλην- shows nasalization (i.e. replacement of a consonant by the nasal of its series), which points to Pre-Greek  origin; see already Kuiper 1956: 216. The inner-Greek variation renders the connection with the proposed non-Greek  evidence doubtful: e.g. φληδῶντα to OE bletan, OHG blazan 'to bleat' (suggested by  Holthausen KZ 47 (1916): 310). The connections with ToB place, ToA plac 'speech,  talk, word' < IE *b"/éd-en- (Van Windekens, criticized in Adams 1999 s.v. place) and  that with OCS blesti, isg. bledo 'to err, brag' is from *b"lend*- (see Derksen 2008 s.v. *blesti) are formally doubtful anyway.

XXXXXφλέμινα [n.pl.] 'a disease of the knees of horses' (Hippiatr. 1, 227, 18 [ed. Oder- Hoppe]).

    *ETYM Transcription of Lat. flémina (P1.), itself borrowed from Gr. φλεγμονή  'inflammation'. Cf. DELG sv. φλευ-Ο- [v.] 'to burn' (trans.). <ΙΕ? *b'leu- 'flow', PG?>

    *VAR We find gAev- only before consonant: in én-épAevoe τὴν χεῖρα IG 4, 955  [Epidauros II?]). Non-presentic forms: perf. ptc. pass. ἐκ τειχέων περιπεφλευσμένων  πυρί 'from the walls encompassed by fire' (Hdt. 5, 77) ; cf. with the same metaphor  ἀσβέστη κέχυτο φλόξ (IT 123) and Lat. flamma circumfusus, divino circumfuso igni. Further aor. ἐπι-, περι-φλεῦσαι: φλὸξ ἀναδραμοῦσα ἐπέφλευσε τὴν χεῖρα (Epid. ΠΡ),  γαλῆ κατοικίδιος περιφλευσθεῖσα (Dsc.), in both places of encompassing flames and  singeing fire; to this belongs περιφλευσμός (Aq. De.).

    *DER περι-φλευσμός 'burn' (Aq.).

    *ETYM DELG suggests that περιφλύω 'to burn superficially' (Ar. Nu. 396) stands for  *-phevw, but I see no reason for this. In the antevocalic forms, *b'lew- lost its -u-,    giving ▶︎ φλέω. As DELG also remarks, the comparison of fire with a liquid is  frequent in Greek.

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, -εβός φλέψ, -εβός [f.] 'vein' (Ν 546), also metaphorically 'metal-vein, spring (of water) (X., Arist., Plb. etc.), 'vein of a plant' (Hp., Thphr.).

    *COMP φλεβοτομέω (to φλέβα τέμνω) 'to bleed', -τομία, Ion. -in [f.] 'bloodletting'  (Hp, etc.), -τόμησις, -τομική (late medic.), -τόμον [n.] 'device for bloodletting' (late  medic., Luc.); ἐπίφλεβος 'having the veins on top, with prominent veins' (Hp.,  Arist.), also μελανόφλεβες [pl.] 'with black veins' (Aret.).

    *DER φλέβ-ιον [n.] 'small blood-vessel' (Hp., Pl. Ti., Arist. Str.), -ώδης 'full of veins,  like veins' (Hp., Arist. Thphr.,, εἴς), 1K6¢ 'belonging to the veins' (Arist.), -άζοντες:  βρύοντες (EM, Phot.).

    *ETYM As the IE designations of the veins vary strongly, and φλέψ stands isolated, it  could well be a Greek innovation. In former 'dictionaries, connected with a large  group of words in φλ- (φλαδεῖν, φλέω, φλύω, φλύκταινα, etc.). It has been supposed  to be an enlargement in -g'- of *b'el- 'to blow, swell' (see ▶︎ φαλλός), but such an  'enlargement' would not solve anything. Thus, it seems obvious to assume a Pre-  Greek loan, although I see no concrete formal indications.

XXXXXφλέω [v.] 'to overflow, flood, teem with' (A.). <1E? *b'leu- 'flow', PG?>

    *VAR Only gen.abs. φλεόντων δωμάτων ὑπέρφευ (A. Ag. 377 [lyr.]), μήλων φλεόντων  (ibd. 1416); φλέοντας: φιλοῦντας (leg. pAvovtac?) ἢ φλυαροῦντας (H.).

    *DER Epithet of Dionysus, with various forms: Φλεύς (Chios acc. to EM), Φλέως  (inscr. Ephesus), Φλεών (Ael.), Φλοῖος (Plu.) and Φλοιά [f.] epithet of Kore (Lac. apud H.), Φλοιώ [f.] name of a Bacchante (Nonn.). PN Φλέας, -αντος [m.] (Priene  15). On the appellatives φλοιός, pAdoc, φλοῦς, see ▶︎ φλοιός, and ▶︎ φλέως. See also  > φλύαξ, ▶︎ φλυαρέω, ▶︎ φλύκταινα. On δια-φλύξιες, see ▶︎ φλύω.

    *ETYM The series φλέω, φλεῦσαι, πέφλευσμαι agrees with πλέω, πλεῦσαι, πέπλευσμαι. Beside φλέ(ξ)γω, we find a zero grade in φλύω (perhaps, ἔφλυον was originally an  aorist, cf. ἔκλυον). On the semantic relation between φλέω and φλεῦσαι, see ▶︎ φλευ-  C-; it is unnecessary to posit a separate verb *pAevw 'to burn'. The closest comparandum to φλέω is Lat. flué 'to flow, stream', of which the non-  presentic forms like fluxi, fluctus may well be analogical (therefore, the velar in  φλύξαι, etc. need not be old). This points to a reconstruction *b"leuH- (LIV? s.v. 1. *b'leuH-). Connection with Lith. bliduti 'to roar', OCS bljevati 'to vomit' is  semantically uncompelling. Alternatively, if φλέω, φλύω belong together with βλύω,  > βλύζω, this could suggest that all these words are Pre-Greek.

XXXXXφλέως [m.] 'rush, Erianthus Ravennae' (Ar. Thphr.).

    *DER φλόϊνος 'made of rush' (Hdt.). One assumes that the TN Φλειροντ-ἄθεν (SEG  11, 1212, Olympia [V*]) is related.

    *ETYM For φλέως, DELG assumes *@Anp-o-, beside ἔφλωρ-ο- for *pAdac, φλοῦς  'rind, skin'. Often derived from the verb φλέω, but Chantraine adds the word may  just as well be a loan; this would agree with my suggestion of substrate origin for  φλέω. So probably Pre-Greek. Cf. also ▶︎ φλοιός. *pXhfjvat [v.] Only in EM 796, 12, which is not well understood. See DELG. <?>

    *ETYM Unknown. Connection with φλήναφος has been suggested.

===Pag_1630: Beekes_Página_1630.tiff=== XXXXXφλιδάω 1579

XXXXXφληναφάω [v.] 'to babble' (Ατ. Alex, et al.).

    *VAR  φλην-αφάομαι (Phid.), -αφῆσαι (Jo. Dam.).

    *DER φληναφήματα [n.pl.] 'babble' (E. Ep. Ar., Alex. etc.). Probably a back-  formation is φλήναφ-ος [m.] 'babble' (Men., Phld., Luc. etc.), also 'babbler' (Men.,  Poll.), whence -ὦδης 'babbly' (Hp. apud Gal.), -ia [{ 'babble' (Phld., Suid.).

    *ETYM Under ▶︎ φλεδών, I have argued that the variation φλεδ-φλην- is a typical'case  of Pre-Greek nasalization. Without -ag-, we find φληνύω 'to brag' (Hp. apud Gal.),  φλαγύσσει- φλυαρεῖ, ληρεῖ 'talks nonsense' (H.), ἐκφλῆναι 'to bubble up' (E. fr. 470);  cf. also φληδῶντα- Anpodvta (H.), φλῆφος (leg. φλῆνος or PArvagoc?)- φλύαρος  (H.), φλεδών; also φλύω and pAvapéw. The ending is reminiscent of ψηλαφάω.

XXXXXφλιά [[1 'door-pillar, doorpost', also 'door-frame, lintel' (p 221, Hell.+); 'jamb', e.g. of a windlass (Ηρ. Ruf. apud Orib.). «PG?>

    *VAR Both i and ἴ; Ion. -τἰή, mostly plur. -tai; also -εἰοί [m.pl]. Later φλειά.

    *DIAL Myc. pi-ri-ja-o [gen.pl.]?

    *DER περιφλίωμα] [n.J 'framework' (Aphrodisias ΠΡ), ἀνώφλιον 'lintel (of a door)',  κατώφλιον 'threshold'.

    *ETYM A technical word without etymology, so possibly Pre-Greek.

XXXXXφλίβω, -ομαι [v.] 'to press, bruise' (p 221 [beside φλιῇσι, most codd. have 8-], Hp. Loc. Hom., Theoc.). <1E *b'lig™->

    *VAR Fut. φλίψεται.

    *COMP Also with ék-.

    *DER φλῖψις: θλῖψις (H.).

    *ETYM Rare by-form of much more usual ▶︎ θλίβω, like pAdw beside θλάω. Generally  compared with several words from Celtic, Latin and Balto-Slavic which all have *b'I-,  e.g. W blif [m.] 'catapult, ballista', Lat. fligé 'to strike (down), Latv. blaizit 'to bruise,  press together, beat', Ru. bliznd 'scar, wound, break of a thread in a tissue', bliz, blizp  'near' < PIE 'b'I(e/o)i-g- or *b'liH-g-. See LIV? sv. *b'leig-, where it is assumed that  φλίβω represents earlier ἔφλει-. Root-final -B- could be due to contamination.

XXXXXφλιδάω [v.] 'to drip with fat (ἀλοιφῇ), to disintegrate out of rottenness (σηπεδόσι}᾽ (Nic.), 'to decay, burst', of clothes (Plu.); glosses from H.: φλιδᾶν: σήπεσθαι 'to rot'; ἔφλιδεν: διέρρεεν, ἐρρήγνυεν 'flow apart, broke'; φλιδάνει: διαπίπτει, dapper 'to collapse'; φλιδιόωντο: διεσπῶντο, ἐτέμνοντο 'drew apart, cut'; φλιδόνες' τὰ ἐν τοῖς ἱματίοις σπάσματα καὶ ῥυτίδες 'shreds and wrinkles in clothes', τινές δὲ σφυγμοί 'throbbing of inflamed parts, beating of the heart'.

    *VAR περι- (vil. Nic. Al. 62), cf. below.

    *DER With full grade: φλοιδιᾶν: πεπρῆσθαι (H.); φλοιδούμενος (Lyc. 35, after sch. =  φλογιζόμενος) and, also from H, the primary perf. forms πεφλοιδέναι:"  φλυκταινοῦσθαι (cod. φλεκτενεῖσθαι); πεφλοιδώς: τὸν φλοιὸν ἀποβαλών (cf. on  φλοιός); διαπέφλοιδεν-: διακέχυται; hence ὑπερφλοισμοὶ ὑγροί as an explanation of  διαφλύξιες. See also on ▶︎ ἀφλοισμός [π|.] 'foam, slobber' (with copulative ἀ-, or from  ἀφρός). ᾿

    *ETYM Part of the above verb forms is primary: φλιδάνει, ἔφλιδεν, πέφλοιδεν with  the noun φλιδόνες, and part is clearly secondary: φλιδ-άω, φλοιδούμενος (from

===Pag_1631: Beekes_Página_1631.tiff===

-€opat or -όομαι), and φλοιδ-ιάω (also φλιδ-). LIV? reconstructs a PIE root ?b'leid-, but there are no certain correspondences outside Greek; alternatively, these words may well be Pre-Greek. Formally, MoE bloat might be connected, if from PGm. blaiton. A form περιφλίοντος without dental in Nic. Al. 62 is given by the best tradition (v.l. περιφλιδόωντοςΣ; it was probably influenced by περιφλύω. There are more aspects in which these two groups are close: beside φλιδάω, we have with a similar meaning φλυδάω and φλυδαρός 'weak, with meshes' (Hp.), perhaps already in Myc. pu.-ru- da-ro? Formally, it belongs to »φλύω (see also ▶︎ pAéw), but semantically it is closer to φλιδάω. A nasalized derivative of φλυδάῳ is ἐκφλυνδάνω 'to burst open' (of ulcers) (Hp.). Phonetically, φλυδάω can be compared with ON blautr 'wet, weak'. DELG assumes a separate verb φλίω, which LIV*: 88 does not follow. Cf. also > φλοῖσβος.

XXXXXφλιμέλια [n.pl.] 'blood-swellings on horse feet' (Hippiatr. 51). «LW? Lat»

    *ETYM From Lat. flémina [n.pl.] (< φλεγμονήϊ See ▶︎ φλέγω) 'cramped veins,  inflamed ulcers round the knuckles', either through textual corruption or by folk  etymology (see WH s.v.). Cf. also ▶︎ φλέμινα.

XXXXXφλοιός [m.] 'bark (of a tree), rind, skin of fruit, pellicle of a leaf or egg', also metaphorically 'exterior hull' (since A 237). <?>

    *COMP φλοιορραγής 'with cracked rind' (Thphr., Dsc.); frequent as a second  member, e.g. τανύφλοιος 'with thin rind' (Π 767 etc.).

    *DER φλοι-ώδης 'rind-like, superficial' (Arist, Thphr.), τῶτις [f.] 'made of rind'  (Lyc.); φλοΐζω (stepi-, ἐκ-) [v.] 'to peel off the rind, to rind' (Thphr., Dsc., pap.), φλο-  Ἰσμός {περι-) [m.] 'decortication' (Thphr.), -ἰστική (τέχνη) 'art of decortication' (PL,  Poll.); φλοιῶσαι 'id' (Nonn., AP), ἀποφλοιάω 'id' (Aét.). Note also πεφλοιδώς: τὸν  φλοιὸν ἀποβαλών (H.), formally to ▶︎ φλιδάω, etc. Also φλόος (acc. φλόα Nic. after  χρόα), φλοῦς [m.] 'rind' (pap., AP), 'skin' of a man or a snake (Nic; unclear mg. in  Arat. 335); also = φλέως (Hdt. 3, 98), with gAdivoc 'made of ree' (ibd., E. Fr. 284,  Poll.). Furthermore, ▶︎ φλέως (-e@c¢) [m.] 'reed, rush', On the PN Φλόραξ, see  > φλύαξ.

    *ETYM Formally, φλόος and φλοιός < *pAdf-oc, Ἰφλορ-ιός belong to φλέ(ελω, like  the epithet of Dionysus Φλοῖος, etc.; thus φλέως, -εὡς after κορώνεως, ἐρινεώς etc. Semantically, the connection with φλέω is clear in ὑπέρφλοια (μῆλα) 'super-juicy', of  apples (verse-final in Emp. 80), perhaps instead of -pAoa, and similarly in φλοίειν  (φλοιεῖνϑ) = ἄγαν ἀκμάζειν (Antim.), if not for ▶︎ pA vetv. In the sense of 'rush', φλέως  and φλοῦς refer to the luxuriant growth of the plant (cf. βρύον to βρύω); Frisk thinks  that the rind (φλοιός, pAdoc) may have received its name from its being rich in flesh  and juice, as opposed to the wood underneath. But see ▶︎ φλέως.

XXXXXφλοῖσβος [m.] 'the roaring, heaving' (A. S., Lyc. etc.), metaphorically 'battle-noise, bustle' (Il, Euph.). <?>

    *COMP πολύφλοισβος, epithet of θάλασσα 'roaring much or loudly' (Hom., Hes. etc.), late also ἄ-, βαρύ-φλοισβος (Nonn., Procl.).

===Pag_1632: Beekes_Página_1632.tiff=== XXXXXφλύκταινα 1581

    *ETYM The ending is reminiscent of θόρυβος, κόναβος, etc; further analysis  unknown. Relation with φλιδάω, πέφλοιδεν is semantically not quite obvious.

XXXXXφλόμος [m.] 'mullein, Verbascum sinuatum' (Cratin. [lyr.], Eup. [anap.], Thphr., Dsc.). < PG(V)>

    *VAR  Also φλόνος (Ps.-Dsc.), perhaps dissimilation @ - 1 > @ - v? πλόμος (Arist.).

    *COMP ἱππό-φλομος 'belladonna, Atropa belladonna' (Plin.), with augmentative  ὕτπο-.

    *DER φλομίς [f.] 'Phlomis samia' (Dsc.), φλονῖτις [f.] = ὄνοσμα, ὀνῖτις (Dsc., Ps.-  Dsc.), φλομώδης πόα (H.) as an explanation of αἰθιοπίς; πκλομίζω [v.] 'to poison with  mA.' (Arist.).

    *ETYM The variation g-/1- shows that the word is Pre-Greek.

XXXXXPAGE, -ἄκος [m.] 'buffoonery' (AP), 'buffoon' (Poll. St. Byz., Eust.).

    *COMP φλυακογράφος [m.] 'author of φλύακες᾽ (Ath), -ypagia [f.] (Suid. s.v. Πίνθων).

    *ETYMΑ Doric word, name of a genre devised by the Tarentine Rhinthon; originally  .the name of a demon (Bjérck 1950: 61). Possibly built on φλύος [n.] 'bragging', or  maybe a direct derivative of φλύω; cf. the rhyming form ῥύαξ. Furthermore the PN  Φλόραξ (Tanagra V*) from φλόζρ)ος (see ▶︎ φλοιός). See also > φλύω, ▶︎ φλέω.

XXXXXφλυαρέω [v.] 'to babble idly, maunder, make jokes' (Hdt., Att.). «?»

    *VAR Ion. φλυηρέω.

    *COMP Rarely with kata-, συν-, etc.

    *DER gAvap-ia [f.] 'silly prattle, idle babble, maundering' (Att.), -ήματα [pl.]  'maunderings, absurdities' (Ὁ. H., Ph., J.). φλύαρ-ος [m.] 'babble, etc.' (Ar. Nu. 365  [anap.], Stratt., Men. etc.), 'babbler, babbly' (LXX, Str., D. H., etc.), φλυαρολογία =  φλυαρία ([ὈΡ].] Ax.) etc. -adn¢ 'absurd' (Plu, Porph.).

    *ETYM Enlargement of φλύω, but unclear in detail. A dissimilation from *pAvaA-  may also be considered. On Ion. φλυη- against Att. φλυᾶ-, which may originally be  Doric (cf. pAvak), see Bjérck 1950: 45. The accent shows that φλύαῤος, as an  adjective and agent noun, must be a back-formation from gAvapéw. It cannot be    decided whether gAvapéw or the much rarer φλύαρος (in the mg. 'babble') was  primary.

XXXXXφλυδάω [v.] 'to be soft, weak'; the original meaning seems 'to be moist': gAvda- ὑγραίνεται (Gal.), φλυδᾶν' διαχεῖσθαι (H.).

    *DER With nasal ἐκςφλυνδάνω (H.). = φλιδάω.

XXXXXφλυζάκιον = A UKTAatva.

XXXXXφλύκταινα [f.] 'blister, pustule' (Hp., Th., Ar., Arist., etc.).

    *DER Diminutive φλυκταινίς [f], -i6tov [n.] (Hp. Diocl. Fr.), -ὦδης 'blister-like' (late  medic.), -dopat [v.] 'to get blisters' (Hp. Dsc.), τωσις [f.] 'blistering' (Hp.), also τω  (-6w 9) 'to cause blisters' (Dsc.). Also φλυκτίς, -ίδος [f.] 'id' (Thphr., LXX), acc.pl. φλύκτεις (Dsc.). Furthermore φλυζάκιον [n.] 'id' (Ηρ., Cels.).

===Pag_1633: Beekes_Página_1633.tiff===

    *ETYM Formation like in -atva from a stem φλυκτ-, whence also φλυκτίς. The group  velar + tis typical for Pre-Greek, see Fur. 319ff. See on ▶︎ ὀλοφλυκτίς. For φλυζάικιον,  compare ψυδράκιον, ἀνθράκιον; a basis ᾿φλύζα < Ἰφλύγ-ιἃ may belong to οἰνό-φλυξ  (see φύγεθλον), διαφλύξιες, and further to φλύξαι, φλύζω; see ▶︎ φλύω 1. φλύω 1 [v.] A. 'to be full of juice, thrive', of plants, fruits (Plu, Ael.), see ▶︎ φλέω. B. 'to well up' (@ 361+), 'to boil' (Hp. apud Gal.), fut. φλύσει' ζέσει (H.), ἀναφλύω  (H, pap), διαφλύω (Hp. apud Gal.), ἐκφλύω 'to boil over' (Gal.), ἐπιφλύω 'to sputter  at' (A. R.). Also said of a singeing lightning (Ar. Nu. 396). C. 'to babble' (A., H.). <IE? *b'leu- 'flow', PG?(v)>

    *VAR  Many derivatives in pAvy- (whence φλύζωλ, or φλυ-κ- (giving pAboow); aor. φλύσαι (Archil. [codd. φλόσαι), A., AP). Also φλύζω, of speech (Nic.), φλύζειν' ἀναζεῖν (H.), aor. ἐκφλύξαι γόον (A. R.), subj. ἀποφλύξωσιν ὕβριν (A. Κ.λ On φλυδάω, ἐκφλυνδάνω, see ▶︎ φλιδάω.

    *COMP  Also with ἀνα-, περι-, δια-, etc.

    *DER 1. φλύος [n.] 'babble' (Archil.), whence φλουάζει: φλυαρεῖ, ληρεῖ 'speaks  nonsense' (H.), perhaps Lac.; also φλυάσσει' φλυαρεῖ, φλύει (H.), cf. φλύαξ. 2. φλύσις  [f.] = ἐξάνθησις 'coming up', of a skin-eruption (Hp. apud Gal.), διαφλύξιες =  ὑπερβλύσεις (Gal.).

    *ETYM Many derivatives in -y-: φλυζω, φλυγέω, φύγεθρον, or -K-: ἔφλυξα, οἰνόφλυξ. Under ▶︎ φλέω, I explain that the verb could be Pre-Greek. The variation between the  enlargments -y- and -x- points to substrate origin (the substrate had no distinction  between voiced and unvoiced obstruents). See also on pAvuktaiva, which has a  variant stem φλυκτ-. The form διαφλύξιες (s.v. ▶︎ pAéw) may be another stem-form  (with interchange x1/E). See ▶︎ pAev-C-.

XXXXXφλύω 2 [v.] 'to vomit'.

    *VAR In fut. pAdoer ἀποβαλεῖ, ἐμέσει ... CH.) aor. ἀπ-έφλυσα (Archil.). DELG has  this word s.v. pAbw C.

    *ETYM Usually connected with OCS bljevati, isg. bljuje 'to vomit'; the corresponding  Baltic verb Lith. bliduti, 1sg. bliduju, also bliuti, isg. blinvis is supposed to have  developed into 'bleat' or 'start roaring', which seems an uncertain change of  meaning.

XXXXXφόβη [f] 'wavy, long hair, mane', metaphorically 'foliage, bunch of flowers' (Sapph., Pi, trag; also Thphr.). 4?

    *ETYM Verbal noun from ▶︎ φέβομαι referring to hair blown by the wind; cf. on  ἔθειρα, also σόβη (see ▶︎ σοβέωλ.

XXXXXφόβος --φέβομαι.

XXXXXφοῖβος [44].] epithet of ὕδωρ (Hes. Fr. 274, similarly Lyc.), of αἴγλα (B.), of φλόξ (A. Pr. 22); explained as 'pure, clear, bright'. <?>

    *VAR  Φοῖβος epithet and name of Apollo (11.

    *COMP φοιβό-ληπτος, Ion. -λαμπτος 'inspired, possessed by ®.' (Hdt., Lyc., Plu. etc.).

===Pag_1634: Beekes_Página_1634.tiff=== XXXXXφοῖνιξ 1, -ἰκος 1583

    *DER 1. φοιβάς, -άδος [f.] 'priestess of Phoibos, seer' (E., Tim.). 2. Φοίβη [f.] daughter  of Ouranos and Gaia (Hes., A.). 3. Φοίβειος, Ion. -ἠΐϊος 'belonging to PoiBoc' (Hdt.,  E. [lyr.]), fem. -ηῖς (AP). Denominative verbs: 4. φοιβάζω [v.] 'to prophesy, inspire' (8., Plb. Lyc., Str. etc.)  also 'to purify' (Lyc.), also with δια-, ἀπο-, ἀνα-; φοιβαστής = vaticinator (gloss.),  -άστρια [f.] 'prophetess' (Lyc.), -αστικός 'prophesying, inspiring' (Plu., Longin. Ptol.). 5. φοιβάω [v.] 'to purify' (Hell. poetry), aor. -ῆσαι, Dor. -ἄσαι; ἀποφοιβάομαι  [v.] 'to speak ardently' (PMag. Par.), npo- 'to prophesy' (Cat. Cod. Astr.); hence φοίβησις [f.] 'inspiration' (Vett. Val.), -ητής (Man., et al.), -ητήρ (PMag. Lond.) [m.]  'prophet', τήτωρ [m.] 'id. (Orph.), -ἠτρια- καθάρτρια (H.), also name of a goddess,  perhaps Isis? (Ethiopia), -ητός 'inspired', φοιβητεύειν: χρησμῳδεῖν (H.). 6. φοιβᾶναι:  λαμπρῦναι, μαντεύσασθαι, κοσμῆσαι, καθᾶραι, ἀγνίσαι (H.), 'to purify' (anon. apud  EM), ἀ-φοίβαντος 'not purified, impure' (A.).

    *ETYM Unexplained. Some connect the glosses ἀφικτόν (leg. Ggixtov?) ἀκάθαρτον,  μισητόν and ἀφικτρός (leg. ἄφικτροςξ): ἀκάθαρτος, μιαρός (H.). Φοῖβος has nothing  to do with Φόβος. The word has also been connected with the town Βοίβη in  Thessalia (St. Byz. s.v. PoiBn).

XXXXXΦοίνικες [m.pl.] people on the west coast of Syria, also the inhabitants of Carthage as Phoenician colonists. < PG >

    *VAR  Φοῖνιξ, -ikog [sg.], Φοίνισσα [f.] 'Phoenician' (I1.); also the son of Agenor, as an  eponym of the people, also son of Amyntor, ruler of the Dolopians (I), and a river  near Thermopylae (Hdt.).

    *DER 1. Φοιν-ίκη [f.] 'land of the Ph.' (since Od.), also of Carthage (E.); older name of  Caria (Ath.), also place in Epirus (Plb., Str. et al.). 2. Adjective -τἰκήϊος (Hdt. et al.),  -ἰκικός (Epich., Hdt., Th., etc; see Chantraine 1956a: 120, 122, 124), -ἰκιος (δ. Fr., D. S.), -ikivog (Gal.). 3. -ἰκίας ἄνεμος 'south-east wind' (Arist. et al.). 4.. -ικίδιον [n.]  'small Phoenician' (D. L.). 5. -ἰκιστί 'in Phoenician (Punic) speach' (Plb.). 6. -ἰκίζω  'tolive like the Ph' (Luc.).

    *ETYM On the formation cf. Αἴθικες, Téupikec, Θρήϊκες (-ἴ-) etc; ch ▶︎ poivdc. Borrowed as Lat. Poenus, Ptinicus, see WH s.v. The suffix -tx- is non-IE, and  probably Pre-Greek. See Beekes Kadmos 43 (2004): 167-184, especially 18:ff.

XXXXXφοῖνιξ 1, -ἰκος [m., f] 'palm-tree', especially 'date-palm', also 'date' (since ζ 163), also other plants (Thphr., Dsc.).

    *VAR Accentuation following Hdn. Gr.

    *COMP φοινικοβάλανος [f.] 'date' (Hell.+).

    *DER 1. φοιν-ίσκη (for -ἰκίσκη) [f.] 'small palm-tree' (pap. II?). 2. φοινεικίς [f],  -ἰκίδιον [n.] 'palm-ornament' (Delos III-II*). 3. Adjectives φοιν-τκήϊος (Hdt.), ~ikiog  (Gortyn V-IV®), -ἰκειος (Ὁ. S.), -ikivog (com. IV', pap. etc.), -ἰκικός (Ph. Bel., pap.),  -iKnpov?, of μέτρον (pap. ΠΡ). 4. -ἰκίτης, of οἶνος (Dsc.). 5. poiv-iKa@v, -@vog [m.]  'palm-grove' (Hell.+).

    *ETYM Literally 'the Phoenician', referring to the eastern origin of the palm and the  date trade of the Phoenicians.

===Pag_1635: Beekes_Página_1635.tiff===

, -ikoc φοῖνιξ 2, -ἶκος [m.] name of a stringed instrument (Hdt. 4, 192, Hell. historians). < GRE

    *ETYM Related to ▶︎ φοῖνιξ 1 according to Semus, because it was made of palm-wood. DELG calls this absurd, citing Herodotus, who states that it could be made of animal  horns, Rather, it was a Phoenician invention.

XXXXXφοῖνιξ 3, -ἰκος [m.] name of a mythical bird, worshipped in Egypt (Hes. Fr. 171, 4, Hdt. 2, 73, etc.), whose native land was claimed to have been Arabia or India. «LW? Eg.>

    *ETYM To Eg. bjn; further history unknown.

XXXXXφοῖνιξ 4, -ikog [m.] '(the color) purple' (Hom. etc.); as an appellative or adjective (fem. also -ἰσσα) 'sorrel' or 'red-colored', οὔ ἃ horse (Ψ 454), 'purple, dark-red, tawny', of cattle, fire, clothes, etc. (Pi, Simon., E., Theoc.).

    *DIAL Myc. po-ni-ki-jo.

    *COMP φοινικο-πάρῃος 'purple-cheeked, with red-colored sides', of a ship (Od.).

    *DER 1. gatv-tkic, -ικίδος [f.] 'purple cloth or blanket, red-colored cloth' (Ar., X.,  Aeschin. etc.), 'red banner' (Lys., Plb.), with -ἰκιστής [m.] 'who wears purple', name  of a Persian court-official (X.). 2. Adjectives φοιν-ικόεις (Hom., Hes.), -ίκεος, -ικοῦς  (Ion., Pi., X., Arist., etc.); -ίκιος (Epich., Arist. εἴς); -ιπκιοῦς (Ar., Arist. etc.) 'purple,  crimson'. 3. Verbs: φοιν-ίσσω, aor. -ίξαι 'to make purple, red', also intr. 'to be made  red' (mostly poet. [orac. apud Hdt., B., trag. etc.], also Arist., Thphr.), also with ἐπι-  etc; hence -typidg [m.], -ἰξὶς [f.] 'red skin' (late medic.), -typia [n.] 'which is reddened'  (Lib.). φοιν-ικίζω (ém-) 'to be purple' (Arist., Gp.).

    *ETYM Related to the people's name Φοίνικες; see also on ▶︎ φοινός,    Φοῖνιξ 5, -ikog 'Phoenician'. >Doivxec,

XXXXXφοινός [adj.] 'red' (of blood, αἵματι Π 159), epithet of θυμός in unclear meaning, 'blood-red? murderous?' (h. Ap. 362), 'deadly' (Nic.), of αἷμα (Mosch.) probably referring to the color (σ 97, A., S.), of a cobra, ἀσπίς (Nic.); of καρπὸς σίδης (Nic.); often with strengthening ▶︎ da-: δαφοινός 'dark, tawny', especially of beasts of prey, also 'murderous, bringing death'? (IL, epic poet.); enlarged -edc (2 538, Hes. Sc. 159), -ήεις (Nonn.). <2

    *DER More usual φοίνιος 'bloody, blood-stained, murderous, deadly' (Pi. trag.). fem. φοινάς = ἐρυσίβη (Theognost. Can.); enlarged -ἤεις of δράκων (M 202, 220), -ὦδης  'bright red'.

    *ETYM Without convincing etymology. Connected with ▶︎ φόνος 'murder' already in  antiquity, but this is unconvincing semantically and morphologically (suffix -io-). The word was associated with φόνος early on, so that it came to be interpreted as a  variant of it. Perhaps, the EN ®oivikec is related to φοινός; similarly, Φαίακες to  > φαιός. Traditionally, it was assumed that 'purple' got its name from the Φοίνικες,  as the 'Phoenician color'; yet, various scholars have claimed the reverse, viz. that  φοῖνιξ 'purple, red color' was primary, whence Φοινίκη 'the red (land), the land of  purple'. Others have assumed that Φοίνικες was an (oriental) loanword. If one does  not want to separate φοῖνιξ and Φοίνικες from φοινός, the only remaining possibility

===Pag_1636: Beekes_Página_1636.tiff=== XXXXXφόλυες κύνες 1585 is to interpret poetic φοινός (with δαφοινός and @oivioc) as a back-formation, which is difficult, but not impossible.

XXXXXφοιτάω [v.] 'to go to and fro, go repeatedly, walk about, frequent someone, go to school, come to the market', of a commodity (I1.). «PG?>

    *VAR φοιτῆσαι, nepoitnka (énepoitee Nonn.).

    *COMP Often prefixed, eg. with ém-, dia-, ovv-, ἀπο-. Compounds: ἠεροφοῖτις  epithet of Ἐρινῦς 'walking in the fog' (I 571, T 87), 'walking in the sky', of the moon  (Orph.), whence ἠεροφοίτης, -depogoitag (Ion Chius, Orph., Nonn.), ἠερό-  (aepd-)@poitos, of stars, birds, etc. (A. fr. 282 = 198 M., late poetry); ὀρειφοίτηης,  τφοιτος 'walking in the mountains', whence -φοιτέω (Hell.+). Hence the simplex  φοίτης: ὁ κήρυξ (H.).

    *DER 1. φοιτ-άς [f., m.] 'erring, swarming, raging', of Cassandra, Bacchantes, etc. (trag., etc.), pottog [m.] 'the erring, aberrance' (φρενῶν A. Th. 661). 2. φοιτ-αλέος  'id', also 'roaming, driving mad' (A. and E. [lyr.], Mosch., AP, εἴς); enlarged -αλιεύς  (Opp.), -αλιώτης (AP 9, 524, 22 verse-final) of Dionysus. 3. φοίτ-ησις (ἐπι-, συν- etc.)  [f.] 'frequentation, especially of school' (Att, etc.). 4. φοιτ-ητής (ovv-) [m.] 'pupil'  (Att, εἴς), -ητήρ [m.] 'id.' (Nonn.), also = -αλέος (epic poetry V-VIP); -ητός (Com. Adesp.), -ητικός (sch.). 5. verbs: φοιτ-ίζω = -ἀω (h. Hom. 26, 8, Call., A. R.), probably  after θαμίζω; φοιτ-άζω 'id.' (Hellad. apud Phot.).

    *ETYM All the above forms, including φοιτάς, φοιταλέος and φοῖτος, are built on the  present φοιτάω. No etymology. One might think of a Pre-Greek loan.

XXXXXφολίς, «δος [f.] 'scale of a reptile' (Arist., A. R., Ὁ. S., Opp., etc.), metaphorically of the spots on an animal-skin (Hld.), of the mosaic of a cover (Ὁ. S.).

    *DER φολιδωτός 'provided with scales' (Arist., Thphr., Hell. inscr., etc.), -ώδης 'scale-  like' (Hp. ν.1.), -dopat 'to be covered with scales' (Philum.).

    *ETYM Formation with o-grade, like λοπίς (to Aomdc), λεπίς (to λέπος, see ▶︎ λέπω). Frisk supports the usual connection with ▶︎ φελλός 'cork', but 1 see no reason for this. As a technical term, it is probably Pre-Greek. ,

XXXXXφολκός [adj.] Epithet of Thersites (B 217) of unknown meaning.

    *ETYM Traditionally interpreted as 'bandy-legged' and supposed to be related to  φάλος, designation of a helm-ornament or helmet-piece and connected with Skt. hvdrate 'to go crooked', etc; see ▶︎ φάλος. Fur: 173 assumes that φολκός is identical  with *BoAkdc in Βόλκων, the name of a Syracusan in D. S. 11, 91; in that case, the  variation @-/ β- would point to Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXφόλλιξ [f.] 'scab, leprous sore' (Erot. 384). Erot. Le. explains φολλικώδη: τὰ ἐφηλώδη kai λεπρώδη: oi yap παλαιοὶ φόλλικας ἐκάλουν τὰς ψηρώδεις τραχύτητας; but Galen (19, 153) gives τὰ οἷον θυλακώδεα καὶ σομφά. <?>

    *ETYM Perhaps, a variant of φολίς. De Vaan (p.c.) suggests that it could be a loan  from Lat. folliculus 'bag; husk, pod, skin, follicle, bladder, etc.'.

XXXXXφόλνες κύνες [?] - of πυρροὶ ὄντες μέλανα στόματα εἶχον 'red ones, having a black mouth' (H.).

===Pag_1637: Beekes_Página_1637.tiff===

    *ETYM Gennadius JHS 46 (1926): 42f. connects the word with φολίς and proposes to  read στίγματα for στόματα: 'dogs of a yellow-red coat spotted with black'. A direct  derivation is impossible for morphological reasons. Fur: 228 connects φολύνει:  μολύνει 'stains, defiles', which would mean that the word is Pre-Greek.

XXXXXφόνος [m.] 'manslaughter, murder', poet. 'bloodshed' (Il.); also in the poetic expression ἐρευγόμενοι φόνον αἵματος (II 162) for αἷμα φόνου or φόνιον. 41Ε * oven. 'slay, kill'>

    *COMP φονολιβής 'dripping with murder or blood' (A. [lyr.]}, ἀπόφονος φόνος  'unnatural murder' (E. Or. 163 [lyr.]), ἀπόφονον αἷμα (ibd. 192). Highly productive  as an agent noun in univerbations, e.g. ἀνδροῴῴνος 'killing men' (II.), -ἰα [f.] (Arist. etc.), -éw (Str.); enlargements -etc 'id' (Man.), -τῆς (A. Th. 572); see also on  ▶︎ ἀνδρεϊφόντῃ (11); also βουφόνος, -ἕω [v.] (H 466).

    *DER 1. Adjectives: φόν-τιος 'murderous, murder-, blood-stained, deadly' (Pi, trag.);  τικός 'belonging to murder, bloodthirsty' (Hdt., Th., etc.}; -ώδης 'deadly' (Hp.),  'reminding of blood, murder' (Thphr.), 'murderous, bloodthirsty' (LXX etc.). 2. φον-εύς [m.] 'murderer' (I1.), -ebw [v.] 'to murder, kill' (Pi, [A), also with kata-, ém-  etc., whence -ευτής [m.] 'murderer' (LXX), fem. -εύτρια (sch.), -ευτικός 'deadly'  (sch.), -εὐσιμος 'mortal' (sch.). 3. φόν-αξ [m.] name of a dog (X. Cyn.). 4. Pres. τόομαι in πεφονωμένος [ptc.perf.med.] 'blood-stained' (Opp.). Beside φόνος, we find govai [f.pl.] 'manslaughters, massacre, murder, blood' (IL,  epic poet., also Hdt. and late prose), povaw [v.] 'to be eager for murder, blood' (S. [lyr.], late prose).

    *ETYM A verbal noun to ▶︎ θείνω, from PIE *g'*én-o- [m.]. Cognate forms: SCr. gin  (to gndati 'to drive, hunt') 'distance over which a horse can be driven in one time', Cz. hon 'hunt; as an agent noun (cf. -@dvoc) Skt. ghand- 'striking down, killing', msc. 'cudgel, club', Lith. ganas, Latv. gans 'herdsman' ('the driver'). All of these may be  independent formations.

XXXXXφοξός [adj.] 'sharp, pointed' (B 219 of the head of Thersites, Arist. AP etc.). 4PG(V)>

    *COMP φοξίχειλος, of κύλιξ, 'with pointed edge', ie. 'narrowing towards the top'  (Semon.), with φοξι- after verbal -&-.

    *DER φοξότης [f.] 'pointed shape' (Gal.), -ῖνος [m.] an unknown fish (Arist., also  Mnesim., written φυξ-, probably after φύξις, φυγεῖνλ

    *ETYM No convincing etymology. Lidén 1906: s9f. connects φάγρος 'whetstone'. Fur.:  345 also compares φάγρος, but assuming a Pre-Greek word; op.cit. 393, he connects  φοῦσκος: ὀξυκέφαλος (H.).

XXXXXφορβή -'φέρβω,

XXXXXφορΐνη [f.] 'hard and rough skin', especially 'swine's hide' (Hp., Antipho Soph., Aristom. Com., etc.).

    *VAR  Variant φορίνιγ ἡ παρ᾽ ἐνίοις πυρίνη (H.).

    *ETYM Without cognates, neither in Greek nor in other languages. A remote  similarity is shown by a Germanic word for 'raw, outward rind', eg. ON borkr, LG

===Pag_1638: Beekes_Página_1638.tiff=== XXXXXφορύνομαι 1587 (> MoHG) Borke; ΟΝ béra [f.] 'crest of a wave, hard strip on the surface, cheese- rind'. Yet, the variant πυρίνη shows that the word is Pre-Greek.

XXXXXφόρκες [?] - χάρακες 'pales' (H.).

    *ETYM LSJ explains it as a loan from Lat. furcae, which seems possible.

XXXXXφορκόν [adj.] - λευκόν, πολιόν, ῥυσόν 'white, gray, wrinkled' (H.).

    *DER Perhaps, here also belong the PNs Φόρκος (Pi. P. 12, 13, S. Fr. 861, Lyc. 477,  Phanocl. 1, 20) = Φόρκυς, -ὑζν)ος [m.] (Od., Hes, etc.), in the sense ἄλιος γέρων 'old  man of the sea'?

    *ETYM A supposition is found s.v. ▶︎ φαρκίς, Fur.: 157 connects Φόρκυς with Φόρκος  and Πόρκος, and/or papkic. Definitely Pre-Greek.

XXXXXφόρμιγξ, -tyyos [f.] 'cither', especially as an instrument of Apollo (I.). < PG(S,v)>

    *COMP φιλοφόρμιγξ 'loving the cither' (A. [lyr.]).

    *DER φορμίζω (only pres.) 'to play the cither' (Hom., Hermesian.), -ἰκτάς Dor. (Pi.,  Ar. [lyr.], AP), -ικτήρ (Nonn.) [m.] 'cither-player', -ἰκτός 'accompanied by the  cither' (5. Fr. 16).

    *ETYM A loan word, similar in form and meaning to σάλπιγξ, σῦριγξ, Clearly a Pre-  Greek word, on account of the suffix. Fur. 173, 342 adds βάρμος (Phyllis apud Ath. 14, 636c), βάρωμος (Euph. Fr, Hist. 8, Ath. 4, 182f), βάρμιτος (EM 188, 21), and  βάρβιτος (Pi, Anacr.).

XXXXXφορμός [m.] 'basket', also as a corn-measure (IA since Hes.), also of other twined objects: 'mat' (Hdt., Ar, Thphr.), 'large seamen's cloak' (Theoc., Paus.), 'sieve' (Dsc.). <?>

    *COMP φορμοφόρος [m.] 'basket-bearer' (Epicur.), -éw [v.] (Ὁ. C.).

    *DER Diminutives φορμίς [f.] (com., Arist.), -ioxog [m.] (Pl, EM), -ἴσκιον [n.] (Poll.)  'basket', -iov [n.] 'id' (Hippon.), 'faggot' (Ὁ. L.).

    *ETYM The formally obvious connection with φέρω as 'bearer' seems difficult to  combine with the varying meanings, which are all connected with thy: notion of  'twining'. Schulze 1892: 110ff. therefore connected φάραι- ὑφαίνειν, πλέκειν 'to weave,  plait' (H.) and ▶︎ φᾶρος 'cloth, linen'. Still, a development from 'basket' < 'bearer' to  'twined basket', with subsequent transition to other twined materials, is conceivable. Go. barms ᾿κόλπος᾽ agrees phonetically with φορμός, but is also interpreted  differently. Not related to ▶︎ φωριαμός.

XXXXXφόρος --φέρω.

XXXXXφορύνομαι [v.] 'to be mingled, stained, blemished' (x 21, Q. 8. 2, 356; 3, 654), φορύνει: φυρᾷ, μολύνει, συγχεῖ 'soils, defiles, mingles' (H.). <?>

    *VAR  φορύσσομαι (Opp.), aor. φορύξαι, also with ava- (σ 336, Hp.), -ύξασθαι (Nic.),  πεφορυγμένος (Nic. Q. S., Opp.) 'id.', φορυσσέμεναι- μολύνειν (H.).

    *COMP αἱμο-φόρυκτος 'blemished with blood' (v 348), ἀ-φόρυκτος (AP), φορυκτός  (Lyc.). : .

    *DER Also φορῦτός [m.] 'mixture, miscellany, waste, refuse, chaff (Democr., Ar.,  Arist., Thphr., etc.); φόρυς- δακτύλιος ὁ κατὰ τὴν ἕδραν (H.), cf. μολυνίη: ἡ πυγή

===Pag_1639: Beekes_Página_1639.tiff===

(H.), also as ἃ PN (nickname); Φορυστας (Tanagra). Unclear φαρυμός- τολμηρός, θρασύς 'daring, bold' (H.).

    *ETYM Compare μολύνω, παλύνω. The formation of φορύξαι, πεφορυγμένος is like  μορύξαι, μεμορυγμένος (also -x-); poptoow is like ἀλύσσω, αἰθύσσω, αἱμάσσω, etc;  while φορυτός is like συρφετός, νιφετός, etc. The common element φορυ- cannot be  analyzed; if it belongs to φύρω, perhaps dissimilated from ἔφυρυ-.

XXXXXφραγέλλιον [n.] 'whip' (NT); 'a weight' (inscr. Lycia). 4Lw Lat>

    *ETYM From Lat. flagellum.

XXXXXφράζομαι [v.] 'to consider, think (up), perceive, decide, discern', act. 'to signalize, indicate, show, inform' (IL). <?>

    *VAR  φράζω (post-Hom.), aor. φράσ(σ)ασθαι α. epic poet.), φρασθῆναι (Od., epic  poet., Hdt.), act. φράσαι (A 22), reduplicated réppade, -ἕμεν, etc. (Il, epic), fut. φράσ(σγομαι (IL), φράσω (post-Hom.), perf.ptc. προπεφραδμένος (Hes. Op. 655),  ind. πέφρασμαι (A.), act. πέφρᾶκα (Isoc., etc.).

    *COMP Often with prefix, e.g. ἐπι-, συν-, περι-.

    *DER 1. φραδή [f.] 'consideration, insight, indication, hint' (Pi, Alc, A. E, etc.),  gpaéd-dw [v.] = βουλεύομαι (Hdn. Gr.), φραδάον: ἑρμηνεῦον (H.), -ἀτήρ [m.] an  official (Sicily III-II*: γραμματεὺς καὶ pp.), -ἄσε 'indicated' (Pi. N. 3, 26), -ητός (sch.);  φραδεύουσι: λέγουσιν (H.). 2. φράδμων (Att. ppdouwv), -μονος (also ἀ-, πολυ-, etc.)  'wise, mindful (IL, epic poet.), -μοσύνη [f] 'wisdom, cleverness' (h.Ap., Hes. etc.),  -σμοσύνα (epigr.). 3. φράσις (μετά-, παρά-, ἔκ-, etc.) [f.] '(way of) expression' (Ar. Ra, 1122, Arist. Ὁ. H., Str. etc.). 4. φραστύς' σκέψις, ἔννοια, βουλή, φράσις (H.);

XXXXXἀφραστύες [pl.] (Call. Fr. anon. 9; Suid.) from ἄφραστος. 5. φραστήρ [m.] 'enunciator, guide' (X., Ph., Plu.), -twp [m.] 'guide' (A. Supp. 492); παραφραστής 'rewriter',, μεταφραστής 'translator' (late); φράστης = eloquens (gloss.). 6. φραστικός (ταρα-, περι-, μετα-, ἀντι-, ἐκ-) 'expressive, explicit' (late). As a second member: 7. -φραδής (Il, epic poet.), eg. ἀφραδής 'inconsiderate, unwise', τίη 'stupidity', -éw [v.] 'to act inconsiderately, be unwise'; by decomposition φραδέος (gen. O 354). 8. -gpactos, e.g. ἄφραστος 'incomprehensible, imperceptible, unspeakable' (h. Merc., epic poet., Hdt.), -τύς (see 4. above).

    *ETYM All the above forms go back to an element φραδ-, which is seen clearly e.g. in  the archaic reduplicated aorist. It has the character of a zero grade root, but it stands  isolated. If one separates the dental as a root extension, connection with ▶︎ φρήν  might be tried. Cf. also ▶︎ ἀποφράς.

XXXXXφράσσω [v.] 'to fence in, enclose, barricade, equip (a horse) with scale-armour, block' <?, PG?

    *VAR  Att. -ttw, also φράγνυμι, fut. φράξω (all post-Hom.), aor. φράξαι, -ασθαι  (ἐφάρξαντο Hdn. Gr.), φραχθῆναι (IL+), φραγῆναι (Hell.+), with φραγήσομαι beside  φραχθήσομαι (late), perf. med. πέφραγμαι (E. etc.), πεφαργμένος (Hdn. Gr.), plpf. ἐπέφρακτο (Hadt.), act. πέφρακα (Ph.), πέφραγα (sch.).

    *COMP Often with prefix, e.g. ἀντι-, ἀπο-, év-, περι-, συν-.

    *DER 1. φράγμα [n.] 'enclosure, protection, defence' (1A), φάρχμα [n.) 'id' (Epid. 1V%  < -κσμ-), also διά-, περι-, ἔμ-, etc. with different shades of meaning; διαφραγμάτιον

===Pag_1640: Beekes_Página_1640.tiff=== XXXXXφράτηρ, -ἐρος 1584 [.] 'small partition-wall' (Delos 1115). 2. φραγ-μός (ἐμ-) [m.] 'enclosing, fencing in, fence' (IA), -μίτης epithet of θάμνος, κάλαμος 'growing in hedges'. 3. φράξις 'fencing in, etc. (IA), mostly with ἀπο-, dta-, ἀντι-, Ev-, συν-, etc. 4. κατα-, περι-φράκτης [m.] 'who fences in, etc. (late), φράκτης 'floodgate' (Procop.). 5. φρακτός 'fenced in, protected' (Opp.), gpaxtebw [v.] 'to surround' (pap. 115); φαρκτός 'id.' (EM), φαρκτόομαι in φάρκτου: φυλακὴν σκεύαζε 'prepare the watch' (H.); also φάρκτεσθαι (for -οὔσθαιϑ): τὸ φράττεσθαι (H.). Old and common in compounds, e.g. ἄφρακτος (ἄφαρκτος) 'unfenced, unfortified, not decked, without armour' (Att.), ναύφρακτος (-papxtos) 'protected by ships', of στρατός, etc. (A. [lyr.], E., Ar. Att. inscr.; ppaxtixds (παρα-, éx-, éu-) 'blocking, etc.' (medic., etc.). On ▶︎ δρύφακτος, see s.v.

    *ETYM As a common basis of the attested forms, ppax- beside φαρκ- can be posited  (the late attestations φραγῆναι and φράγνυμι are analogical). It is unclear which of  the two is older, or even if they both derive from a zero grade. Since their  distribution is unclear, we may envisage the possibility that they are due to substrate  origin. This is confirmed by the fact that there is no convincing correspondence  outside Greek. The traditional connection with Lat. farcié 'to stuff, cram, fatten' and  frequéns 'crowded, frequent' is quite uncertain. On φύρκος: τεῖχος 'wall' (H.) see  > πύργος.

XXXXXφράτηρ, -ερος [m.] 'member of a phratria' (Att.). <1 *b'reh,ter- 'brother'>

    *VAR  Younger φράτωρ, -opoc, Ion. φρήτωρ (IG 14, 759 [Naples II?]), φρήτηρ'  ἀδελφός (H.), Dor. φρατήρ (Hdn. Gr.).

    *COMP φρατρίαρχος [m.] 'head of a phratry' (D., Att. inscr.), φρήταρχος, -αρχέω [v.]  (Naples).

    *DER φρήτρη [f] (B 362f), ppatpa (D. H.= Lat. curia), with dissimilation φάτρα  (Tenos IIl*, Arcad.II*); Att. etc. φρατρία, dissimilated φατρία (Chios IV', Tenos III*,  often in codd.), @(p)ntpia (Naples) [f.] 'kinsmanship', 'subdivision of a phyle' = 30  γένη), 'phratria'. Hence 1. φατρίτας [m.] 'member of a phratry' (Arc.). 2. φράτριος, Ion. φρήτριος  epithet of Zeus, of Athena and other gods as protectors of the φρῆτραι and φρατρίαι  (IA, Delph.). 10v designation of the corresponding sanctuary (Poll. St. Byz.). 3. φρατριάζω (vl. φατρι-, ppati-) [v.] 'to belong to the same phratry' (D.). 'to join an  alliance, conspire' (sch.), -ασμός [m.] 'alliance, conspiracy' (Eust.). 4. φρατρίζω [v.]  'id.' (Crateros, inscr.). 5. φρατορικὸν (ppatep-?) γραμματεῖον (D.). In later literature  (Ὁ. Η. Plu.), φράτρα and φρατρία are often used to translate Lat. curia; similarly, the  derivatives patpt-evc, -αστής = curialis, -ακὴ ψηφοφορία = comitia curiata, -κὴ  ἐκκλησία 'id.', -ατικὸς νόμος = lex curiata.

    *ETYM PIE word for 'brother'. Cognate forms: Skt. bhratar-, Lat. frater, Go. bropar,  OCS brat(r)s, etc. In Greek, it was replaced in its original meaning by ἀδελφζελός. In  the context of the extended family, 'brother' was probably also used for 'half-brother'  and for other male cognates of the same generation, such as cousins. In several  languages, this led to the creation of new words for 'brother' = 'male descendant of  the same mother' (see ▶︎ ἀδελφός). The administrative meaning of the Greek word  was first established in the collective formations φράτρα, -ia. Beside φράτρα, we find

===Pag_1641: Beekes_Página_1641.tiff===

, -ἄτος Skt. bhrétrd- [n.] 'fraternal relation, brotherhood'; with φρατρία agrees OCS brat(r)ija 'brotherhood', Ru. brdt'ja 'brothers' as a plur. of brat, epic Skt. bhratrya- [n.] 'id'.

XXXXXφρέᾶρ, -&to¢ [n.] 'well' (Φ 197). 41E *b'veh,-ur 'source, well'>

    *VAR Plur. Att. -ata, *pprdata (Φ 197), written ppeiata; hence sing. ppetap (Nic. Th. 486), contracted φρητός (Egypt I', Hdn. Gr.), -ti (Call. Cer. 15), plur. -ta (pap. III*).

    *COMP φρεατοτύμπανον [n.] 'water-wheel (PIb.), ppewpvyxéw 'to dig a well' (Ar. Str., Plu.), -wpiyoc 'digging wells, well-digger' (Plu., Them.), -ia [Ε] (J.).

    *DER 1. φρεάτ-ιον [n.] (Hell. pap.), formally a diminutive, pl. φρήτια (Sicily) 'id' 2. gpeat-ia [f.] 'water-container, cistern' (X. Plb.), 'opening' (Apollod. Poliorc.),  φρητία- στόμα φρέατος (H.). 3. φρεατ-ιαῖος 'of a well', -ιαῖον ὕδωρ 'spring-water'  (Hermipp. Com.,, Arist. etc.), φρηταῖος (pap. ITI*), -ἰος 'id.' (late). 4. -ώδης 'well-like'  (sch.). 5. -ἰσμός [m.] meaning uncertain; perhaps 'the falling into a well' (Notium IP).

    *ETYM PIA *p*réwar yielded Att. ppéap with quantitative metathesis. It derives from  PIE *b'reh,-ur and is originally identical with Arm. atbiwr, atbewr 'well'. The  remaining case-forms have an n-suffix, e.g. gen. Ἰφρήρα-τος < *b'reh,-un-, but Arm. has a gen. alber with a generalized r-stem. A zero grade byform, IE *b'rHun-, is  preserved in the Germanic word for 'source', e.g. ON brunnr, Go. brunna < PGm. *brunna(n). The geminate is traditionally explained from the zero grade of an  enlarging en-suffix (*brun-n- beside *brun-en-). This word for 'well' might in origin be a verbal noun to a verb for 'to bubble up,  move heavily', of water, etc. as attested in Lat. fervd, -ed 'to seethe, boil', de-fru-tum  'boiled down must, must-sap' < *b'er-u-, *b*r-u-. Some have also seen the element  *-u- in ▶︎ φορύνομαι. Other Greek words for 'well' may be inherited too: ▶︎ Κρουνός  and ▶︎ κρήνη. An innovation is ▶︎ πηγή, -al 'fountain-head, water(s)'.

XXXXXφρέω -'πίφρημι.

XXXXXφρήν, -ενός [f.] 'midriff, also as the seat of mental activity, 'sense, soul, spirit, mind, heart' vel sim. (IL).

    *VAR Plur. φρένες, -ενῶν, dat. also -ασί (OAtt. epigr. VI', Pi.).

    *COMP φρενοβλαβής 'mentally injured, insane' (Hdt., Eup. etc.), φρενήρης 'sound of  mind' (Hdt, etc.), μετάφρενον [n.] 'which is behind the midriff, the upper part of  the back, the back' (mostly epic since II.). Ablauting -ppwv enjoyed extreme  productivity, e.g. ἄφρων 'out of one's mind, foolish' (11) whence appaivw, ἀφρονέω,  ἀφροσύνη etc. εὔφρων, epic ἐδφρωών 'with a cheerful mind, happy, pleasing, friendly'  (Il.), whence εὐφραίνομαι, -aivw, éippovéwv (ptc.), εὐφροσύνη, etc; on ▶︎ εὐφρόνη  'night', see 5.ν.; πρόφρων 'of one's own accord, inclined, benevolent' (1]., epic poet.),  fem. πρόφρασσα after ἔκασσα (Hom.); on σώφρων see ▶︎ σῶς.

    *DER 1. ppev-ittc (scil. νόσος) [f.] 'mental disease, insanity, encephalitis', -ἰτικός  (medic., Hp., etc.). -τιάω, -ἰτίασις, -ἰτίζω, -ἰτισμός (late). 2. ppev-dw [v.] 'to bring to  sense, instruct, inform' (trag., etc.), whence -woet νουθετήσει and -ωτήριον-  παραίνεσις (H.). 3. φρονέω 'to be minded, think, be wise' (1].), also with kata-, mapa-, ovv- etc. It was  reanalyzed from denominatives like dgpovéw, ὁμοφρονέω, etc. (to ἄ-, δμόφρων).

===Pag_1642: Beekes_Página_1642.tiff=== XXXXXφρϊμάσσομαι 1591 Thence φρόνημα (κατα- etc.), -ηματίας, -ηματώδης, -ηματίζομαι, -ηματισμός; -ησις (κατα-, παρα- etc.), -ητικός. Backformation: 4. φρόνις [f.] 'insight, skill' (y 244, ὃ 258, Lyc., Opp.), beside more usual φρόνιμος 'sensible, wise' (IA); PN Φρονίμη mother of Battos, the founder of Cyrene (Hdt. 4, 154), -ἰμότης, -ιμώδης, -tuedoua, -ἰμευμα, -ίμευσις (late). With a suffix -1-: 5. PN Φρόντις, -v, -ἰδι [m., £] (y 282, P 40). 6. φροντίζω [v.] 'to consider, reflect, worry, be concerned' (Thgn., Sapph.), also with éx-, ovv-, etc; possibly to φρονέω on the model of ἐρατίζω to ἔραμαι, φαντάζομαι to φαίνομαι, εἰς. If this analysis is correct, a back-formation to φροντίζω is: 7. φροντίς, -ίδος [f.] 'reflection, worry, concern' (Simon, Pi, A, etc.). Derivatives: φρόντισμα, -τισις, -τιστής, -τίστρια, -τιστήριον, -τιστικός. Isolated is φρανίζειν: σωφρονίζειν (H.); perhapsan old zero grade, like in ἀφραίνωξ

    *ETYM For the n-stem, we may compare other body-parts like ▶︎ αὐχήν, -évoc and  ▶︎ ἀδήν, -évoc, and without ablaut onAny, -νός. A remnant of the zero grade is  retained in the dat.pl. φρασί and in the yod-presents of the type ἀφραίνω. Semantically attractive is the connection with φράσσω 'fence, block', but this would  presuppose that φρακ- (ppay-) in φράσσω represents the zero grade of a nasalized  *ppeyk- (< IE *b'renk-), and that a lengthened grade nom.sg. *b'rénk was  incorporated into the n-stems after the loss of the final velar. A similar problem jis  presented by ▶︎ σπλήν versus σπλάγχνα. Connection of φρήν 'mind' (vel sim.) with φράζομαι 'to think, consider', with the  act. (causative) aor. néppade, is semantically straightforward. A zero grade φραδ-  with enlargement -5- has several parallels (see ▶︎ φράζομαι), so this etymology is  formally quite feasible. On φρένες in Homer, see Ireland and Hull Glotta 53: 183-195. On φρένες and φρόνησις, see Snell Glotta 55 (1977): 34-64.

XXXXXφρίκες [?] - χάρακες 'pales' (H.).

    *VAR Rather -ἶ-.

    *ETYM Acc. to Frisk, to φρίσσω (see ▶︎ ppig) in the sense 'die starr Emporragenden'. Besides, cf. φόρκες: χάρακες (H.). Fur.: 173 follows GroSelj Ziva Ant. 4 (1954): 166f. in  comparing ▶︎ βρίκελοι = ἱστόποδες, ie. the beams of a standing loom. This would  mean that the word is Pre-Greek.

XXXXXφρϊμάσσομαι [v.] 'to snort with lust for life, behave unruly', of horses, goats etc. (Hdt., Theoc., AP, Ael., Poll.).

    *VAR Att. -ττομαι, aor. τξασθαι.

    *DER φριμαγμός [m.] 'snorting' (Lyc., Ὁ. H., Poll.).

    *ETYM Expressive enlargement (after φρυάσσομαιξ) of φρϊμάω 'id.' (Opp.), further  unclear. The earlier connections with ON brimi [m.] 'fire' and Skt. jarbhuriti 'to  move heavily, stretch, sprawl' cannot be maintained. Similar words in similar  meanings, apart from ▶︎ φρυάσσομαι, are ▶︎ βρϊμάομαι and ▶︎ σφρίγάω. Fur.: 173,  following Kuiper 1956: 215, assumes that ▶︎ βρϊμάομαι (etc.) is a Pre-Greek variant. This seems evident, cf. Fur.: 247: σφριαί- ἀπειλαί, ὀργαί from *oppiral, with variation    μ].

===Pag_1643: Beekes_Página_1643.tiff===

, -ἰκός φρίξ, -ἰκός [f.] 'shiver, the shivering or ruffling of the sea-surface, the ruffle of hair' (IL, epic poet., also Hp.).

    *VAR Enlarged φρίκη [f.] 'id.', also 'frost-shiver, frost, shudder of fear' (IA).

    *COMP φρικοποιός 'causing Ξῃίνετ᾽ ὑπόφρικος 'with a light shiver' (Hell.).

    *DER gpikia [f.] 'fever-shiver' (Dsc.), (ac [m.] name of a horse, referring to the  manes (Pi.), -αλέος (Hp., AP, etc.). -ώδης (Hp. Att. Hell+), whence -wéta (late),  -wetc (Hell. lyr.) 'shivering, horrible, etc.'; also φρικνόν' φρικαλέον, δεινόν, φοβερόν  'awesome, fearsome' (Η.). cf. ῥικνός; φριξός 'bristling', of hairs (Arist.), perhaps by  reanalysis of the first member in verbal governing compounds, such as φριξοκόμιης,  φριξαύχην. Likewise probably in the PN Φρῖξος, also as a personification of shivering  (AP). Verbs: 1. φρίσσω 'to bristle up', of ears (of corn), hairs, etc. 'to shiver (of cold),  shudder (of feary (Il), aor. φρῖξαι, perf. πέφρῖκα, also with ém-, dva-, peta-, εἴς,  Thence φρικτός (ἀπό-, ἐπί-) 'shuddering, causing shiver' (Hell+). Backformation:  ἐπιφρίξ: ἡ ἐπανάστασις τῶν κυμάτων (EM). 2. Other sparse formations with the  same meaning: φρικάζω (Poet. de herb, also Hp.?), -ασμός [m.] (LXX), -tdw (late  medic.) with -ίασις (sch.), -όομαι ,-6w 'horresc6, horrificd' (gloss.), also ppitw  (PMag. Osl.). See also ▶︎ φρίκες,

    *ETYM Without certain agreement outside Greek. The word may well be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXφροίμιον Ξ5οἴμη.

XXXXXφροντίζω Ξ'φρήν.

XXXXXφροῦδος [adj.] 'gone away, disappeared, vanished, lost', only predicatively (Antipho 5, 29, trag, Ar., late prose).

    *ETYM Throug shift of aspiration from *1tpd-hodoc, a hypostasis from πρὸ ὁδοῦ  'further on the road', thus A 382: πρὸ ὁδοῦ ἐγένοντο 'they came further on the road',  compare Go. fram-wigis 'continuous'.

XXXXXφρουρά [f.] 'watch, custody, guard, garrison, guarded place, prison' (IA),

    *VAR Ion. -1).

    *COMP φρούραρχος [m.] 'commander of a @.' (Att., etc), -άρχης (Them.), whence  -apyia, -apyéw (X, Hell.+). Frequently as a second member, e.g. the hypostasis  ἔμφρουρος 'on guard, belonging to the watch, in custody, occupied, captive' (X.,  Decr. apud D., Plb., etc.), -ppoupéw 'to be on guard, keep watch' (Th., D. C.), 'to be  captive' (late). Besides also φρουρός [m.] 'watcher, warden', plur. 'garrison' (Att,  Epid.); προυρός name of an official (Ion., Thess. 15), PN IIp@poc (Cyren, Paus., Ὁ. S., etc.)

    *DER 1. φρουρ-ίς (ναῦς) 'look-out ship' (Att. inscr, Th, X.). 2. gpovp-tov [n.]  'fortress, garrison' (Att.), 'prison' (Pl. Ax. 3664), Cret. (1) φρώριον. 3. -1Kd¢  'belonging to watch, garrison' (Hell. inscr., D. C.). 4. -ὕτης [m.] a military function  (pap. IV®). 5. ppoup-éw [v.] 'to be on guard, keep watch, guard, keep' (1A), also with  παρα- etc.; cf. on ἔμφρουρος above; thence -μα (trag.), -ησις, -τός, -ητικός, -ητήρ,  τήτωρ (late).

===Pag_1644: Beekes_Página_1644.tiff=== XXXXXφρύγω 1593

    *ETYM Through shift of aspiration from ἔπρο-Πορά and *mpo-hopdc, compounds of  old verbal nouns meaning 'to see'; see ▶︎ ὁράω with further details on the  morphology.

XXXXXφρυάσσομαι [v.] 'to whinny for lust for life, sniff, behave impatiently', of horses, 'to be wanton', of men (Hell.+).

    *VAR -άσσω LXX, Att. -ἀττομαι (kata-).

    *DER φρύαγμα [n.] 'the whinnying, sniffing' (A., S., X.), also of a wild boar (Opp.),  'wanton behaviour' (late prose), -aypatiac 'wanton' (Plu.), ἵππος ~ as an explanation  of πεδαοριστής (H.); -αγμός 'id' (Ὁ. S.), φρυαγμοσέμνακοι (τρόποι) of Bdelycleon  (Ar. V.135), τάκτης ἵππος (D. L.).

    *ETYM Expressive formation, like the synonym ▶︎ φριμάσσομαι. Frisk suggests that  there were possibly old contaminations, and adduces Giintert 1914: 160, who suggests  a transfomation of φριμάσσομαι after ῥύαξ (instead of ῥυάσσομαι). Yet, I am very  reluctant to assume such contaminations. The word may well be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXφρύγίλος [m.] name of an unknown bird (Ar. Av. 763 and 875), maybe 'chaffinch' = Lat. fringilla, or a kind of heron, 'cattle egret'. 4?>

    *ETYM The uncertain identification renders etymologizing difficult. Some similarity  in form is found in Lat. fringilla 'finch' or 'sparrow', and in Slavic, Ru. bergléz  'goldfinch'; but it remains uncertain whether they are cognate, and they may as well  be onomatopoeic formations. Benton JHS 81 (1961): 44ff., referring to the association  with Φρύξ and the Phrygian god Sabazios in Ar., quite differently explains φρυγίλος  as 'the small Phrygian', ie. 'the small foreign slave'.

XXXXXφρῦύγω [v.] 'to roast, dry, fry' (IA). «Ὁ 'ΝΑΙ Late also φρύσσω, -ττω; aor. φρῦξαι, pass. φρυχθῆναι, φρύγῆναι, fut. φρύξω, perf. med. πέφρυγμαι.

    *COMP Also with kata-, περι- etc.

    *DER 1. φρύγανον, mostly pl. -ava [n.] 'small dry pieces of wood, dry twigs,  brushwood, fuel' (IA), diminutives -άνιον (Dsc.) and -avic (Eust.); -ανίτης  (κάλαμος) 'fit for fuel' (pap. Π15), -ανῖτις (ὅλη) 'id' (Hld.); -ανικός 'of a dry  brushwood' (Thphr. etc.), -ανώδης 'offlike brushwood' (Thphr., Dsc.); -avitw [v.] 'to  gather ¢p.' (Poll.), -ανισμός [m.] 'the gathering of φι (Th.), -ανιστής [m.] (late),  -aviotpia [f.] (Ar.) 'brushwood-gatherer'. 2. ppvy-etpov [n.] 'vessel or implement  for roasting' (Lex Solon. apud Poll. H.). 3. -eb¢ [m.] 'id', also 'roaster' (Theopomp. Com., Poll.); hence -ebw = φρύγω (Poll.). 4. gpvyia: ἡ φρύγουσα, φρύγιος: ξηρός  'dry' (H.), φρύγιον [n.] 'brushwood, firewood' (LXX), 'place for roasting' (EM). 5. φρυγμόν' καῦσιν 'burning' (H.). 6. φρυγίνδα παίζειν 'to play with roasted beans'  (Poll. H.). 7. φρῦξις [{ 'the roasting, parchedness' (late). 8. φρυκτός 'roasted' (Sor.),  as a msc. noun 'fire, torch, fire-signal' (A., Th. etc.), ppuxtwpdc [m.] 'watcher of fire-  signals', whence -wpia, -wpéw (A, Th. E, Ar. εἴς), -wptov [n.] 'post of a fire-  watcher, signal-station' (Arist., Plu, Hdn.); φρυκτός (scil. κύαμος) [m.] 'roasted  beans used as lots' (Plu.), used for voting (instead of a ψῆφος) (Poll, EM, Suid.);

XXXXXφρυκτοί [m.pl.] 'small fish for frying' (com. IV*), φρυκτά: ξηρὰ ἰχθύδια εὐτελῆ 'cheap dry fish' (H.); opposite éyntoi 'fish for cooking'.

===Pag_1645: Beekes_Página_1645.tiff===

    *ETYM Without exact agreement outside Greek. A different vocalism is found in Lat. frigé, -ere 'to roast', but it cannot be reconciled with gpvyw in a regular way. Unless  the Latin word was borrowed from Greek via an intermediate language (where    unrounding must have taken place), both languages could have borrowed the word  from a third party.

XXXXXφρύνη [f.] 'toad, frog' (Arist., Timae., Nic., Babr., etc.).

    *VAR φρῦνος [m., Ε], also φροῦνος (PMag. Osl.).

    *COMP φρυνολόγος (-λόχος) [m.] 'kind of consacration' (Arist.), -ποπεῖον [π.] 'toad-  shaped fire-bowl' (Boeot.), -εἰδής 'toad-like' (Arist.).

    *DER φρυνικός 'toad-like' (late medic.); plant-natne φρύνιον [n.] = ποτίρριον (Dsc.),  = βατράχιον (Ps.-Dsc.); ppuvitng name of a precious stone (late). PN Φρύνεοιχος,  -ἰκίδης, -iwv, -wvdac etc; PN Φρυνή (ofa hetaere).

    *ETYM If referring to the color, φρύνη, φρῦνος might be identical in origin with  Germanic 'brown', as in OHG briin, etc. < PIE *b'ruH-n-o-. With reduplication,  compare Skt. babhrii- 'red-brown, brown', also designation of a big kind of  ichneumon, which agrees with the wide-spread name of the beaver: Av. bafra-,  baBri-, Lat. fiber, OHG bibar, Lith. bébras, bebrus, etc. < PIE *b'eb'ru-, *b'eb'ro-. On  the many vacillating names for the toad and the frog, see ▶︎ βάτραχος. However, the  variation between φρυν- and φρουν- rather points to a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXφύγεθλον [π.] 'tumour of the glands, especially in the groin and armpit' (Gal.). <?>

    *VAR  -Opov (Ruf. apud Orib., Cels.).

    *ETYM Possibly from *pAvy-e8Aov, with dissimilation and change of suffix to -φλυξ  in οἰνόφλυξ, -φλυγος [m., Ε] 'winedrunk, winedrinker', prop. 'gushing or bubbling  with wine' (Hp., X., Arist. etc.), whence -pAvyia 'drunkenness' (X. εἴς), -pAvyéw 'to  be drunk' (LXX); cf. ▶︎ φλύκταινα, ▶︎ φλύω 'to be full of juice'.

XXXXXφυγή, φύζα > φεύγω.

XXXXXφῦκος [n.] 'seaweed' (I 7, Alcm., Thphr., etc.), 'red make-up', prepared from seaweed (Ar. fr. 320, 5, Theoc., etc.). <LW Sem.

    *COMP φυκογείτων 'neighbour of the seaweed', epithet of Priapos (AP); ἄφυκα'  ἀκαλλώπιστα 'without cosmetics' (H.).

    *DER 1. φυκίον (n.] 'alga, seaweed' (PL. Arist., Delos ΓΝ" etc.), mostly plur. -ia, also  fish-name (AP, Orib.), cf. φύκης; 'make-up, make-up-box' (Luc., Them., Delos III*),  φυκιοφάγοι 'seawead-eater', of fishes (Arist.); φυκιώδης = φυκώδης (sch.). 2. φυκ-  άριον = φῦκος (H.), see ἄφυκα, whence -αρίζω 'to make-up' (sch.). 3. φύκτ-ης [m.], -ἰς  [f.] (Arist., com. IV* etc.), also -ήν (της LSJ) [m.] (Diph. Siph. apud Ath.) name of a  fish, probably 'wrasse, Labrus', after its habitat and its food, -ἰδιον [n.] (AP, pap. III*). 4. pux-itng (late), fem. -ἴτις (Plin.) name of a stone, after the color. 5. φυκ-ώδης  'full of seaweed, seaweed-like' (Arist. Thphr., Dsc.), -ἰόεις 'full of seaweed' ('¥ 693,  Theoc.), rather with metrically conditioned -ἰόεις than from φυκίον. 6. Φύκιος  epithet of Poseidon (Myconos II*). 7. φυκόομαι [v.] 'to be stuffed with seaweed' (D. S.), 'to make oneself up' (Plu.).

===Pag_1646: Beekes_Página_1646.tiff===

    *ETYM Loanword from Semitic; cf. Hebr. pik 'eye-rouge'. The meaning 'make-up' is  therefore primary for φῦκος, too; hence 'seaweed'. Borrowed as Lat. βίοις 'rouge,  purple, make-up'.

XXXXXφύλαξ, -ακος [m., f.] 'watcher, guardian, protector' (Il).

    *VAR  Also secondarily φυλακός (accent of the agent nouns) [m.]} 'id.' (Q 566, Ion. poet.), PN Φύλακος (Hom.).

    *COMP οἰκοφύλαξ 'house-guard' (A., etc.), back-formation to φυλάσσω; also with  ovv-, ὑπο- etc. (to συν-, ὑπο-φυλάσσω).

    *DER 1. Fem. φυλακ-ίς, -ίδος (mpo-) 'female guard' (Pl), ~ ναῦς 'guardship' (Th., Ὁ. S.), τισσα [f.] (LXX). 2. φυλακή [f.] 'watch, custody, vigilance, guard-post, garrison'  (IL), probably back-formation to φυλάσσω; with ἀντι-, mpo-, mapa- from ἀντι-  φυλάσσα, etc. In part referring to φυλακή: 3. φυλακ-ία [f.] = φυλακή (pap. II-IV?), beside  compounds like ἀρχι-, σωματο-φυλακία (inscr., D. S.). 4. φυλάκειον [n.] 'watch-  house, -tower' (pap. etc.), often in compounds, e.g. ὁπλοφυλάκιον 'arsenal' (Str.) to  ὁπλοφύλαξ. 5. -etov [n.] 'id', also 'guard-post, watch' (Plb.); also σιτοφυλακεῖον [n.]  'granary' (Suid.), to σιτοφύλακες. 6. -eta [f.] 'protection, amulet' (Poet. de herb.,  gloss.), as if from "-εύω, if not for -ia; thus certainly in δεσμοφυλακεία [f.] 'service as  a jailer' (pap.), to δεσμοφύλαξ, -ακέω. 7. φυλακ-ῆες [m.pl.] 'watchmen' (Opp.),  verse-final metrical enlargement. 8. -itn¢ [m.] 'police-officer, gendarme' (Hell. pap. and inscr.), -ττεύω 'to serve as a @.', -ττικόν 'police-tax' (Hell. pap.), also with napa-,  ovv-, apxt- (Hell.+); fem. -ittc Pythagoraic designation of the number seven  (Nicom.). 9. -ἰστής in Lat. phylacista [m.] 'dungeon-master' (Plaut., metr. uncertain). 10. -ἰκός 'prudent, careful' (Pl.), with xpeo- (inscr.), εἴς,  Denominative verb: 11. φυλάσσω, Att. -ttw 'to watch, keep, protect', med. 'to beware'  (1). also with δια-, παρα-, mpo- etc. Several derivatives: φυλακτῆρες [pl.] 'watchmen'  (11), -τήριος 'protecting' (Ρ].), -τήριον (mpo-) [n.] 'watch-house, -tower, means of  protection, amulet' (1A), φυλακτηρία: παννυχίς (H.), φυλακτηριάζομαι 'to be  provided with an amulet' PMag. Par., φυλακ-τωρ [m.] 'watcher' (Eg, epigr. I°-IP,  Nonn.), -tpov [n.] 'police-tax' (pap. II), -ται [m.pl.] official in Cumae (Plu.), -τικός  (npo-, δια-, mapa-) 'guarding, prudent, careful' (X., Arist., Plb. etc.), -ξις [f.] 'custody,  security (S.Fr. 432, E. etc.), -γμα (mpo-) [n.] 'commandment, protection' (LXX etc.). 12. φυλακίζω 'to take in custody, throw into prison' (LXX, Act. Ap.). 13. -puAakéu,  productive to compounds in -φύλαξ, e.g. τειχοφυλακέω 'to guard the wall' (Ὁ. H.,  Plu. etc.) from τειχοφύλαξ (Hdt., Plu. etc.).

    *ETYM Without a convincing etymology. As the suffix -a& indicates, the word may  well be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXφῦλή [f.] as an administrative notion 'tribe, group of tribes, community', thence also 'army-unit furnished by a group of tribes or community (IA).

    *VAR  φῦλον [n.] 'tribe, family, generation, kind' (11...

    *COMP φυλοβασιλεύς 'principal of a phyle' (Arist., inscr. etc.), φυλοκρινέω [v.] 'to  make tribal distinctions, select by phyle' (Th., Arist. etc.), as if from *pudAoxpivijc.

===Pag_1647: Beekes_Página_1647.tiff===

Often as a second member, e.g. πάμφυλος 'consisting of all races' (Pl, Ar. etc.), whence Παμφυλία [f.] land on the coast of Asia Minor (Hellenized foreign word?),

XXXXXΠάμφυλοι [m.pl.] name of one of the Dorian phylae (Hdt., Cos, Epid., Argos); τρίφυλος 'consisting of three phyles, amounting to three phyles' (Hdt, Ὁ. H.),

XXXXXΤριφυλία [f.] coastal land of Elis.

    *DER 1. φυλέτης [m.] 'member of (one and the same) phyle, fellow-tribesman' (Att.),  συμ- 'id' (Methymna, 1 Ep. Thess.), from φῦλον, but referring to pvAn; thence φυλ-ετικός [adj.] 'belonging to a phyle-member, consisting of phyle-members' (Ρ]., Arist.,  etc.), -ετεύω [v.] 'to make φυλέτης, to adopt into the phyle' (Arist.); -έτις ἐκκλησία =  Lat. comitia tributa (App.). 2. φύλιοι θεοί 'the gods of the phyle' (Poll.). 3. -w5n¢  'consisting of several φῦλα᾽ (Ὁ. S.). Also PNs, e.gqud0déuac, Φύλας, Φυλεύς.

    *ETYM Old derivative from φῦναι, with a suffix -(s)l-. For further etymology, see  > φύομαι.

XXXXXφῦὕλία [f.] name of a tree, probably a kind of wild olive (ε 477 = Nonn. 5, 474 beside éhain, Paus. 2, 32, 10 beside κότινος and ἔλαιος; Philostr. beside κότινος, AMmon. Diff); beside εἶδος ἀγριελαίας, H. also mentions the meaning (εἶδος) συκῆς and εἶδος δένδρου ὅμοιον πρίνῳ. <?>

    *VAR Ion. -in.

    *DER Φυλιαδών, -δόνος name of a town in Phthiotis (IG 9(2), 205: 13).

    *ETYM Without etymology. Fur.: 367 compares > φιλύκη, also φυλίκη (ν.1. Thphr. HP  1,9,3).

XXXXXφύλλον [n.] 'leaf (Il.), also as a designation of plants with conspicuous leaves, and of leaflike parts of plants (Hp., Thphr., Dsc., pap.). <1E *b'el-, b'lh,- (2) 'leaf, blossom'>

    *COMP φυλλοφόρος 'bearing leaves' (Pi., etc.), τρίφυλλον [n.] 'trefoil, clover' (IA),  substantivized from τρίφυλλος 'three-leaved' (Dsc., H.).

    *DER 1. Diminutive φύλλ-ιον [n.] (Pl. Com. etc.), -άριον [n.] (Dsc. etc.), also 'leaf-  ornament' (Delos II*). 2. φυλλ-άς, -άδος [f.] 'heap of leaves, foliage, leafy grove'  (Hdt, trag., D. S., Str. etc.), adjective 'leafy' (Nonn.), also name of the island Samos. 3. vAd-ic, -ίδος [f.] 'foliage' (Gp.), also = -ἴτις (Ps.-Dsc.). 4. φυλλιάς: ἐκ λαχάνων  ὑπότριμμά τι σκευαζόμενον. ἐκαλεῖτο δὲ Opia (H.). 5. φυλλ-εῖα [n.pl.] 'herbs' (Ar.). 6. -ίτης (ἀγών) = -ίνης (sch.), -ἴτις [f.] plant-name 'hart's tongue' (Dsc.). 7. τινος 'made  of leaves' (Theoc., Luc.), «νης (ἀγών) [m.] 'contest where the prize consists of a  wreath' (Poll, H.), also -ιναῖος ἀγών (EM). 8 φυλλ-ικός 'belonging to a leaf, leaf-  like' (Thphr.). 9. -wdn¢ 'id' (Thphr.). 10. month name -ἰκός (Thessal.), -τιών (Iasos). Verbs: 11. φυλλ-όομαι [v.] 'to be dressed with leaves' (Hp.), -wpata [n.pl.] 'foliage'  (D. S.). 12. φυλλ-ίζω [v.] 'to defoliate' (Gp.), with ano- 'id' (Thphr. etc.), with ἐμ- 'to  engraft', τἰσμός (Gp.), with ém- 'to glean in a vineyard', metaphorically of a petty job  (LXX), -ic 'gleaned grape' (LXX, AP), metaphorically of the verses of epigones (Ar.). 13. φυλλάζω: frondesco (gloss.). 14. φυλλ-ιάω in -ἰόωσαι [pte.pl.f] 'to run to leaf  (without fruity (Arat.). 15. φυλλεῖν: ἀδολεσχεῖν (HL), of useless bragging, cf. 14.

    *ETYM Possibly connected to Lat. folium 'leaf as PIE *b'ol-io-, though the vowels do  not seem to match. Vine 1999b: 564ff. explains this by assuming *o > u (Cowgill's  Law) in the specific environment *-olj- > *-uli-. Quite a different formation with'

===Pag_1648: Beekes_Página_1648.tiff=== XXXXXφύομαι 1597 suffix -t- is found in Germanic, Tocharian and Celtic: OHG blat, MoHG Blatt, etc., ToA palit, ToB pilta 'leaf, all with zero-grade, and Celt., e.g. MIr. δάκῃ 'blossom, flower' < b'l6-tu-, OHG bluot 'flowering, blossom', etc. with full grade. See Beekes 1990: 375-381. A laryngeal may have been lost before yod in PIE b'ol(H)-io-, which would enable comparison with the root bIh,-.

XXXXXφύλοπις, -150¢ [f.] 'battle' (IL. epic; thence also in S., Ar., Theoc.).

    *VAR Acc. 46a, but also -tv.

    *ETYM Epic word only, without etymology. In antiquity, it was interpreted as a  compound from φῦλον and ὄπα (00a) 'voice', which. convinces neither  semantically nor formally (one would have expected *pvAwntc). For understandable  reasons, modern scholars compare φῦλον too, with different interpretations of the  second member: to op- in Lat. ops, opus; to dntc 'bad look', ie. 'enmity'; from ἔφυλο-  org to λέπω 'thrash' (see Frisk); all are quite hypothetic. The length of the 0 can be  metrically conditioned. No doubt a Pre-Greek word (but the comparisons in Fur::  163 are not convincing).

XXXXXφύξηλις -οφεύγω.

XXXXXφύομαι [v.] intr. med. 'to grow, arise, spring up, become', perf. (and aor.) 'to exist or be endowed by nature, be there', trans. act. (factitive) 'to make grow, beget, bring forth' (Il.). <1E *b'eh,u- 'grow, arise, be'>

    *VAR φύω (ἐμφύνω Hdn. Gr.), aor.intr. φῦναι, late φυῆναι, trans. φῦσαι (IL), fut. φύσομαι, late φυήσομαι, gtow, perf. intr. πέφῦκα, epic also 3pl. πεφύασι, pte. πεφνῶτας, etc.

    *DIAL Myc. pu-te, pu-te-re /p"uter-es/, pu-ta-ri-ja (interpretation not certain).

    *COMP Very often with prefix, eg. ἐκ-, ἐκ-, ἐπι-, περι-, προσ-, ovv-. Asa first member  in »φυσίζοος.

    *DER 1. yur, Dor. -& [f] 'growth, stature, nature, being' (IL, epic poet., also late  prose); also from the prefixed verbs, e.g. διαφυή 'joint, space between, layer, etc. (PL,  X., Thphr,, etc.); as a second member -φυής, e.g. μεγαλο-φυής 'of a'great, noble  nature' (Hell.+), -φυΐα [f.] (lamb. etc.); also eg. προσφυής 'grown, attached, fitting'  (Od.); as a noun fem. -φυάς, eg. ἀποφυάς, -450¢ 'outgrowth, appendage' (Hp.,  Arist., Thphr.); hence the simplex φύος- φύτευμα, γέννημα (H.). 2. φῦμα [n.] 'growth, tumour, swelling' (IA, etc.), also ἔκ-, παρά-, πρόσ-, from  ἐκφῦναι, etc. Thence -μάτιον, -patiac, -ματώδης, -ματόομαι (Hp.). 3. φύτλη, Dor -a  [f.] 'lineage, race' (Pi., AP, Orph.), -tAov [n.] 'plant' (epigr. Nicomedia); probably for  τθλη, Prov; furthermore φύτρα- φύσις, οἱ δὲ φυτήρια (HL). 4. φύσις [6] 'growth,  character, descent, nature, being, etc' (k 303), also ἀπό-, ἔκ-, σύμ-, etc. from  ἀποφῦναι, etc; as a first member eg. in φυσιολόγος [m.] 'naturalist, natural  philosopher', -hoyia, -Aoyéw, -λογικός (Arist., etc.). Hence φυσ-ικός 'belonging to  nature, naturalist, physical, physician' (X. Mem. 3, 9, 1, Arist. etc.), -woc 'fit for  growing, breeding' (Thphr.), -ἰόομαι [v.] in πεφυσιωμένος 'rooted' (Arist.), -iwpa,  -iwoig 'natural tendency, habitude' (Hell.+); also ἐμφυσιόω [v.] 'to implant, infuse,  inspire' (Hp., X., LXX etc.) (see ▶︎ pica)? 5. φῦτός 'grown by nature' (Pi.), 'planted'  (LXX), in compounds, e.g. νεόφυτος 'newly planted' (Ar. Fr. 828, LXX, Hell.+); also

===Pag_1649: Beekes_Página_1649.tiff===

act. in ἐλαιότφυτος εἴς. (A. etc.); from the prefixed verbs, e.g. σύμφυτος 'grown together with, grown on, overgrown, innate' (Pi., LA). 6. φῦτόν [n.] 'growth, plant' (Il.). Hence several derivatives: φυτ-άς [f.] = -όν (Plu.), diminutive -άριον [n.] (Ar. Byz., Ath. etc.), -t0¢ 'begetting' (late), -τκός 'belonging to plants' (Arist. etc.), -ιαῖοι ὄρχοι (inscr. TV*), -ώδης 'plant-like' (Erot.), -wv, -ῶνος [m.] 'plantation' (Hdn.), -ebw 'to plant, plan' (Od.), also dta-, ἐπι-, κατα-, παρα-, etc. Thence -εία, -evpa, -evoic, -εύσιμος, -evtdc, -ευτής, -ευτήριον, -ευτικός, With enlargement -λ-: φυταλ-ιά, Ion. =r [f.] 'plantation, orchard, vineyard' (IL, Hell.), 'time of plantation' (Hp. Gal.), Φυτάλιος epithet of Poseidon, of Zeus, etc. (Corn., Orph., Poll}, Φυταλίδαι [m.pl.] Attic lineage with the eponym Φύταλος. With a combination of suffixes φυτάλμιος, epithet of 'parents, of Poseidon, of Zeus, etc. 'begetting, feeding, by birth' (trag, Hell.+); formation unclear. 7. See ▶︎ φυλή, -ov, and 8. »φῖτυ.

    *ETYM The whole verbal system is built on the primary intransitive aorist φῦναι,  ἔφῦν. As an innovation, the factitive sigmatic aorist φῦσαι, ἔφῦσα arose, after ἔστην :  ἔστησα, ἔβην : ἔβησα, ἔδυν : ἔδυσα, etc. Then, the presentic and future forms φύομαι,  φύω, φύσομαι, φύσω followed. The transitive/factitive forms have always been much less prominent than the old  intransitive ones. The perfect, though in principle old, was influenced by the aorist,  too. Several of the nouns may have PIE roots, too. Cognates of the aorist ἔφῦ: Skt. abhut 'he became' < PIE *h,é-b"uh,-t with metathesis of *b*h,u- to *b'uh,-, OCS aor. 23sg. by, OLith. bu, Lat. fui (OLat. fui), etc. The perfect πέφυκα, πεφύασι agrees with  Skt. babhiva, but in both cases we have probably innovations against older Av. buuduua < Pllr. *b*ub'aHua. Cognate forms or parallel formations of the nouns:  φῦμα = Skt. bhuman- [n.] 'earth, world, being', Alb. bimé 'plant'; φῦτόν = Olr. both  'cabin', all with a short # from *b'h,u-to-, as against the long vowel in Skt. bhiitd- [n.]  'being, creature, past time' (after metathesis), Ru. byt 'being, way of life'. Further,  φύσις (with -0-) stands beside Skt. bhiti-, bhiti- 'prosperity, power, riches'. Kortlandt demonstrated that the root had the form *b"eh,u-, Kortlandt 1975: 3;  Kortlandt Eriu 37 (1986): 90f; asummary in Lubotsky 1995: 224ff.

XXXXXφύρκος -'πύργος.

XXXXXφύρω [v.] 'to mingle, confuse, mix up, wet, besmear' (Hom.).

    *VAR  Ipf. Epupov (IL), aorsubj. φύρσω (σ 21), inf. φύρσαι (A. R.), ptcmed. φυρσάμενος (Nic.), pass. ἐφύρθην (A. [lyr.], LXX), late ἐφύρην J. Luc.), ind. 356. ἔφῦρε (AP), ptc. φύρας (Luc.), fut. φύρσω (Pi.), perf. med. πέφυρμαι, especially pte. πεφυρμένος (Od.), with fut. πεφύρσεσθαι (Pi.).

    *COMP Also with ovv-, dva-, ἐν-, etc.

    *DER Deverbative φυράω 'to mix (up), knead, stir in' (A), aor. φυρᾶσαι, Ion. -ῆσαι,  -άσασθαι, -ήσασθαι, -αθῆναι, -ηθῆναι, fut. -dow, -how, perf. med. πεφύρᾶμαι, -ημαι;  actinf. -ακέναι (Cic.); also with συν-, ἀνα-, προ- etc. From φύρω: 1. φύρδην [adv.] 'mingled, mixed up' (A., 5., X. Plb., etc.), Dor. -dav (δ,  [lyr.}). 2. φύρμα [n.] 'slime, filth, dung' (Nic.). 3. -μός [m.] 'mixture, confusion,  disorder' (Ὁ. 5. M. Ant. etc.); hence φυρμᾶται: πτάρνυται (H.)? 4. φύρ-σις [f.] 'the

===Pag_1650: Beekes_Página_1650.tiff=== XXXXXφῦσα 1599 mixing (up) (sch.), -σιμος 'mixed up', 'kneadable'?? (Nic.). 5. φυρτός as a simplex in φυρτοῖσιν- ..- πεφυρμένοις (H.), in compounds, eg. αἱμόφυρτος (Plb., Posid.), αἱματόφυρτος (AP) 'besmeared with blood'; hence φυρτίτης {-ήτης cod.): οἶνος (HL), φυρτίζεσθαι: τὸ παίζειν συνεστραμ«μρένοις φυροῖς τοῖς ἱματίοις (H.). 6. In φυρό- χρωμος 'mixed color, dirt-color' vel sim., of a cow (pap. ΠΡ), shortened pupa, of βοῦς (pap. IV°); also pupot: μολύνει, ῥυποῖ 'soils, defiles' (H.). From φυράω: 1. φύραμα (mpo-, ἐμ-) [n.] 'mix, dough' (com. IV4, Arist. Hell.+), -αματικά = κονιατικά 'plastering-work' (late). 2. -ασις, -σις [f.] 'mixture' (LXX, late medic.), -ατής [m.] 'mixer', metaphorically 'untidy accountant' (Cic., gloss.), meaning doubtful (inscr. Ephesus), -ατός 'kneaded' (Sor.),

    *ETYM Frisk still assumes a yod-present *@up-w as a derivative ofa noun gv-p-, or a  zero grade verbal stem φῦρ- beside a hypothetical full grade ἔφερ-. Yet, such ablaut is  now generally abandoned for Greek. An IE etymology seems impossible, so it is  more probably a Pre-Greek word (note the semantic sphere). Formally, φύρω might  be connected with ▶︎ πορφύρω 'to well up, heave', which could be reduplicated, but  the semantics would be unclear; semantically, it could be connected with  > φορύνομαι, which would also point to irregular ablaut.

XXXXXφῦσα [f.] 'breath', bellows' (mostly pl.), 'bladder, flatulence' (II.), also metaphorically of a fire gushing forth (h. Merc. 114), 'crater of a volcano' (Str.); name of a fish in the Nile (Str., Ath.), cf. below on φύσαλος,

    *VAR  Acc. -ν (Suid.).

    *COMP φυσοειδής 'bladder-like' (sch.), ἄφυσος 'without flatulence' (medic.).

    *DER 1, Diminutive @vo-dpiov [n.] 'small bladder' (late medic.). 2. adjectives -ὡδιης  'flatulent, windy' (Hp., PL, Arist. etc.), -αλέος 'windy' (Cerc., Nonn.). 3. -αλος [m.]  'kind of toad' (Luc.), 'Tetrodon' (Ael.), 'kind of whale' (Opp., Ael.). 4. -αλλίς, -id0¢  [[1 'bladder, water-bubble' (Luc.), 'kind of pipe' (Ar.), 'pill' (late), also name of a  plant (Ps.-Dsc. etc.), after the blather-like fruit-cover. 5. φῦσιγξ, -ἰγγος [f.] 'stalk of a  garlic, garlic' (Hp. Thphr. etc.), also 'bladder' (Poll.); φυσιγγιόομαι [ν. in  πεφυσιγγιωμένος 'heated by garlic' (Ar.). 6. φύσκη [f.] 'intestine, saus4ge' (com.),  diminutive -tov (gloss.), Φύσκων [m.] 'fat-belly', nickname (Alc. etc.); -a [f.]  'pladder, weal on the hand' (sch.). 7. φυστὴ μᾶζα 'inflated cake, buffer' (Ar. AP εἴς),  also as a noun; accent after Hdn. Gr. 8. Φύσάδεια [f.] name of a source in Argos  (Call.), -e168ev 'from Φ᾽, (Antim.). 9. denominative verbs: a. φυσάω 'to blow, inflate,  sniff (Il), aor. φυσῆσαι, etc. often with prefix, eg. ἀνα-, δια-, ἐκ-, év-. Thence -ημὰ  (ava-, éx-, év-) [n.] 'blowing, breath, wind, windiness' ([A), -ἡμάτιον (Arr.), ἐμ-  φυσ-ηματῶδιης (Gal.), -ησις (ava-, etc.) [f] 'the blowing, etc. (Hell.+), -ητήρ [m.]  'blowpipe, bellows' (Hdt., Arist. etc.), -πτήριον (-at-) [n.] 'pipe' (Ar. etc.), -ητής (év-,  λοπαδο-) [m.] 'blower' (Man., Dsc. etc.), -ἥτορες ἀσκοί 'bellows' (Nonn.), -ητικός  (év-) 'inflating' (Hp., Arist. etc.) Ὁ. φυσιάω 'id' (epic poet, Il), also with dva-, éx-,  ptc. φυσιόων etc., a metrical transformation of pvodw. Thence -ίαμα [n.] 'breathing,  snorting' (A.). c. φυσιόομαι, -dw 'to inflate' (Ep. Cor. etc.), φυσίωσις 'inflation' (Ep. Cor. medic.); also ἐμ-φυσιόωξ (see under φύομαι), Verbal nouns φυσασμός  (opposite ἀασμός), -ιασμός [m.] 'the blowing' (Arist.), -ακτήρ- ἄρτος ποιός τις  ποπανώδης (H.). As ἃ first member in the governing compounds Φυσίγναθος 'puff-

===Pag_1651: Beekes_Página_1651.tiff===

cheek', joking name of a frog (Βαίτγ.).. γναθέω (Tz.). See also on the intensive > ποιφύσσω (after the verbs in -ύσσω).

    *ETYM Noun in -σἄ, but the exact root cannot be determined. As a pre-form, one  might assume φυ-, φυσ-, φυτ- or φυκ-, but none of these can be shown to have  existed in Greek. Comparisons are made with e.g. Arm. p'uk' 'breath, wind, fart',  plur. 'bellows' (but φῦσα cannot derive from *@ux-ta), Skt. phitkaroti 'to make a  sound phut', 'to breathe, blow, etc. (so φῦσα < *put-ta). Further Skt. phuphusa- [n.]  'lung'. One may connect Lat. pustula 'bladder', OCS puxati 'blow', Ru. pyxdt' 'to  breathe heavily, cough' < *pous-, *piis-, etc. Although we may clearly start from JE material, the word may well have a Pre-Greek  origin; note eg. the suffix of φῦσιγξ, and φυστή, φύσκη (Φυσάδεια is unclear). There  is hardly any evidence for PIE *b'us- (not in mentioned in Pok.); on *p'us- (with a  phoneme p"- that is now abandoned), see Pok. 878.

XXXXXύσαλος, φῦσιγξ -οφῦσα.

XXXXXυσίζοος --ζειαί.

XXXXXvo -'φύομαι.

XXXXXwyw [v.] 'to roast, fry (Epich.). <1E *b"eHg- 'bake'>

    *VAR φῴζω (Stratt., Hp.), φωγνύω (Suid.), codd. -γύνω; φωγνύναι (Eust., EM),  φώγνυται (Dsc.), aor. ἔφωξα (Hp., Nic.), ἔφωσα (Hp.), pass. ἐφώχθην, also with τίρο-  (Dsc., Aret.), perf. med. (bm0-)nepwypévoc (Pherecr., Dsc.), πέφωσμαι (Hp.), verbal  adj. pwxtdc (Nic., Dsc.).

    *DER gwyavov [n.] 'vessel for roasting barley' = φρύγετρον (Poll.), φῶξις [f.] 'the  roasting' (Gal.), φῶκται [ρ].] 'roasted barley-grains' (Luc.).

    *ETYM May be compared with a Germanic verb for 'bake, roast' in ON baka, OHG  bahhan, pret. buoh, MoHG backen under an IE ablaut *b'oHg- : b'Hg-. LIV?  reconstructs the root as *b'eh,g-. Doubtful combinations with OHG baen, MoHG béhen 'to warm with covers' < IE  *b'eh,-. MoE bath, MoHG Bad [n.] < PGm. *bapa- < IE b*h,-to- in Pok. 113. wides, potdec, φῷδες [f.pl.] 'blister from burns' (Hippon., Hp., Ar., Diocl. Fr.). «ΡΟ»

    *ETYM The basis seems to have been retained in φόα- ἐξανθήματα ἐν τῷ σώματι (H.). It recalls > φαῦσιγξ, ▶︎ φῦσα; but the connection with a IE root *bu-, *beu- 'to  blow (up), swell' in Pok. 98ff. does not help for the Greek forms. Cf. also ▶︎ φώκη. Since IE origin is quite doubtful, is it perhaps Pre-Greek?

XXXXXνώκη [f.] 'seal' (Od., Hdt., Ar.).

    *DER φώκαινα [f.] a dolphin-like sea-animal, 'bottle nose dolphin? (Arist.), after  φάλλαινα; φῶκος: κῆτος θαλάσσιον ὅμοιον δελφῖνι 'sea-monster like a dolphin' (H.);

XXXXXφωκίς [f.] name of a fish (Gal.); also 'kind of pear' (Thphr., Ath.), after its shape?

    *ETYM Isolated. The connection with ▶︎ φῦσα, mentioned by Frisk, makes little sense. The word, designating a sea-animal, may well be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXγωλεός [m.] 'lair, hole of wild animals' (Arist, Hell.+).

===Pag_1652: Beekes_Página_1652.tiff=== XXXXXφωνή 1601

    *VAR Epic gen. -ειοῦ, dat.pl. -ειοῖς (metrical lengthening), plur. also -εά (Nic.). Also  -εά [f.] (Arist.).

    *DER 1. Diminutive φωλ-ίον [n.] (Poll.). 2. -ac, -άδος 'lying in a lair' (Theoc., AP),  'consisting of a hole, full of holes' (Babr., Nonn.), also name of a mussel (Ath.). 3. gwh-ic, -ίδος [f.] a fish, 'hole-fish' (Arist.). 4. φωλαΐδες: ὀστράκινά τινα βρωμώδη  (HL). 5. -ewdne(?) 'hole-like' (Plu.). Verbs: 6. φωλεύω [v.] 'to live in a hole, hibernate' (Arist. Thphr., Theoc., Ph., Plu.,  etc.), also with év-, ὑπο-; φωλ-εία [f.] 'dwelling in a hole, hibernation', -ευσις [f.] 'id'  (Ael.). 7. pwA-éw 'id.' (Arist.), φωλητήρ' ὁ ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ καθεζόμενος ἀεί 'sitting at the  same place all the time' (H.), -ητήριον [n.] 'place for secret assemblies' (Poll. H.). 8. φωλάζει: ἐμφωλεύει (HL).

    *ETYM Formation like the synonymous γωλεός, εἰλεός, beside φωλεά like στελεός to  -ed. Like γωλεός, it is only attested in the post-classical period. Frisk mentions ON  bél < PGm. *bola- [n.] 'layer, nest of animals', OSw. béle [n.] < *bélia- 'beaverhut',  which he considers as a lengthened grade of φῦλ-, but such ablaut schemes are now  rejected. The ending -eoc looks Pre-Greek; see Pre-Greek, suffixes 6. -at/e(1)-.

XXXXXφωνή [f.] 'sound of humans and animals, tone, voice, pronunciation, discourse, speech, uttering' (11... «1Ὲ *b"oh,-neh, 'say, voice, sound'>

    *VAR Dor. -ά.

    *COMP φωνασκέω [v.] 'to train one's voice, ie. to sound loudly, make much noise as  a speaker' (PL, D., Arist., etc.), -ασκία [f.] (D., Thphr.), -ασκός [m.} 'master of speech  or songs' (late). As a second member: ὁμόφωνος 'having the same voice or speech, homophonous'  (IA), -pwvéw [v.] (Hdt., Arist. etc.), -pwvia [f.] (Arist. εἴς» σύμ-φωνος 'resounding  simultaneously, harmonious' (h. Merc.), whence -φωνέω, -pwvia (Att, etc.).

    *DER 1. Diminutive gwv-dpiov [n.] (com. ΙΝ" etc.), -iov [n.) (Arist.), -i¢ [f.] (Hdn. Gr.). 2. adjectives -ἥεις, Dor. -aetc 'gifted with voice, sounding' = Lat. vocalis (Hes.,  Pi.), ποτιφωνήεις 'capable of addressing' (1 456), as if from *notl-pwvew; -ἰκός (συμ-)  = -ητικός (Hell.+). 4  3. Denominative verb Ἰφωνάω, aor. φωνᾶσαι (Pi. also Sapph.), also in ΙΑ φωνῆσαι  (1... in Hom. προσ-, μετεφώνεον, if need be also in -ee; but further φωνέω 'to sound,  raise one's voice, speak' (Dor., IA), very often with prefix, eg. mpoo-, ém-, ἀντι-,  ἀνα-, dta-. The transition to the éw-class may have been favoured by the sound verbs  in -éw as well as the numerous denominatives (decompounds) of the type ὁμοφωνέω  (from ὁμόφωνος). From φωνέω (npoo-, ἐπι-, etc.): φώνημα (τροσ-, ἀνα-, ἐπι-) [n.] 'uttering, discourse'  (S., Hell.+), -ησις (npoo-, ἀντι-, ἐκ-, etc.) [f.] 'the sounding, speaking' (Hell.+), -ητής  (ava-, avtt-, ém-) [m.] 'speaker, etc. (late), -ητήριος 'belonging to discourse' (Str. etc.), -ητικός (προσ-, ava-, ém-) 'belonging to voice, gifted with voice' (Hell.+).

    *ETYM From the root of ▶︎ φημί with o-grade; compare ON bén, OE ben < PGm. *boni- 'question', Arm. ban 'word, speech'. Because the meaning of φωνή 'sound,  voice' is not identical to 'saying', Frisk prefers the connection with OCS zvons, Ru. zvon 'sound', and the corresponding Alb. zé, Gheg zd 'voice', from PIE *¢"yono-  [m.]. Yet, this would require PIE *g'udneh, for φωνή, a vocalism which the other

===Pag_1653: Beekes_Página_1653.tiff===

, -ρός languages do not show. Therefore, we may (with DELG) retain the connection with φημί.

XXXXXφώρ, -ρός [η}.] 'thief (Hdt, Att.). <1E ἔδῆεγ- 'bear'>

    *COMP ἀγαλματο-φώρᾶν [acc.] 'thief of statues, temple-robber' (Elis IV*), on the  formation see Schwyzer: 451 and 563, also Sommer 1948: 68°). Uncertain are  ἀποφῶρας: κλέπτας and toqwpec: λῃσταί, κλέπται. Λάκωνες 'robbers, thieves' (H.).

    *DER φωρά, Ion. -1 [f.] 'theft? (A. Merc. 136, 385, Nic. Bion, Hell. inscr. and pap.);  φωράω 'to search for a thief, catch a thief, metaph. 'to discover' (Att., Hell.+), aor. -ἄσαι, fut. -dow, late perf. πεφώρακα, also with κατα-; back-formation gwpa [f.]  'searching, tracking-down' (Phld., Ὁ. 1... Aen. Tact.), or -ά, accent uncertain, see H. φωρά: κλοπή ... φώρην δέ τὴν ἔρευναν. Also φωῤιᾶν = φωρᾶν (H.). Especially as a juridical expression én' αὐτοφώρῳ = én' αὐτῇ τῇ φωρᾷ, originally  'right at the theft', 1.6. 'in the very act, overtly' (Att.); adjective αὐτόφωρος 'self-  caught, self-disclosed' (5. Ant. 51, Ὁ. S., App.), to gwpdw; thus also κατάφωρος  'disclosed, public (late), to καταφωράω; hence nepipwpoc (ev-) '(easily) discovered'  (Plu.). Further derivatives (from φώρ or pwpd): φώριος 'thievish, stolen', τὰ φώρια 'stolen  things', 'stealthy, secret' (Hell.+), τὸ φώριον also 'catch, discovery' (late), -ειον [n.]  'theft-penalty' (lit. pap.), -ίδιος 'stolen' (AP, Max.); superl. φώρτατος (Sophr. 1, cod. gwpo-).

    *ETYM Old lengthened grade agent noun 'b'ér, lit. 'the bearer', to the IE verb 'to bear'  in ▶︎ φέρω, etc., identical with Lat. far, -ris [m.] 'thief, and formally also with Arm. burn 'hand, fist, force' (the n-stem is secondary like in otn 'foot', see ▶︎ πούς). Inherited φώρ was pushed back and replaced by the innovations kAwy and  (especially) κλέπτης (already II.); only the derivative φωράω remained in use. An  other old word for 'thief is petrified in the poetic adj. ▶︎ tydotoc.

XXXXXφωριαμός [f] 'chest, trunk', eg. for keeping clothes and laundry (Q 228, 0 104, A. R. 3, 802), the gender is only visible in the latter attestation.

    *ETYM Isolated poetic word, connected by Eratosth. 4 with φώριος (see ▶︎ φώρ), and  in modern times derived from a verbal adj. "φώριος 'bearable' which could be  identical with Skt. bharyd- 'to be born'. The fomation, however, still remains to be  explained. Is it a folk-etymological adaptation of a loan word, such as κιβωτός, Lat. cista, etc. (cf. Chantraine 1933: 133)? Fur.: 389 compares χωριαμός: κίστη (H.), which  seems to prove Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXφώς, φωτός [m.] 'man', in trag. also of heroes (IL, epic poet.). <1E? *b'eh.- 'shine', ?>

    *ETYM Connected with Skt. bhds- [n.] 'light, splendour, power' by Brugmann-  Delbriick 1897-1916 2:1, 536, either as an original s-stem *b'eh,-os (cf. on ▶︎ φάος), or  from a t-stem IEF *b'oh,-t-. The idea is taken up by Peters 1993b: 101ff., but it is  semantically implausible.

XXXXXφῶς 'light.

    *DER φωτεινός, φωτίζω, etc. = φάος.

XXXXXφώσσων [m.] a coarse linen garment used in Egypt (Cratin.). <Lw ΕB.»

    *ETYM Maybe an Egyptian loanword.

===Pag_1654: Beekes_Página_1654.tiff=== XXXXXφώψ 1603 φῶτιγξ, -yyos [f., m.] Alexandrian designation of a kind of flute, the 'German' flute (Plu., Juba apud Ath, Ath.).

    *DER φωτ-ίγγιον [n.] (Posidon., Ael.).

    *ETYM Formation like σῦριγξ, σάλπιγξ etc, further unclear. A connection with  > φῦσα, etc. seems impossible. The suffix is Pre-Greek.

XXXXXφῶυξ --'πῶυνξ.

XXXXXφώψ [9] - φάος 'light' (H.).

    *ETYM Probably ἃ transformtion of φῶς after another word (@y and compounds?). Traditionally connected with διαφάσσω (see ▶︎ παιφάσσω, and Schwyzer: 302).

===Pag_1655: Beekes_Página_1655.tiff===

===Pag_1656: Beekes_Página_1656.tiff=== XXXXXΧ

XXXXXχαβίτια [π.Ρ].] name of unknown vessels (pap. III*). <?> ΝΑΙ Also -ότια (?).

    *ETYM Unexplained foreign word.

XXXXXχάβος [adj.] -κημός 'muzzle' (sch. Ar. Eq. 1147).

    *VAR Cf. χαμόν below.

    *DER Besides χαβόν: καμπύλον, στενόν, also χαμόν' καμπύλον (HL).

    *ETYM If the variation βήμ is reliable, the word is Pre-Greek. Traditionally compared  with Lat. hamus 'hook, fish-hook'. If this connection is correct, the Latin word could  perhaps stem from a language cognate to Pre-Greek.

XXXXXχάζομαι [v.] 'to retreat, draw back' (epic poet. Il, also X.). «18 *#eh,- 'abandon, go forth'>

    *VAR Aor. χάσίσλασθαι, fut. χάσ(σγ)ομαι, pass. ἀποχασθῇ: ἀποθάνῃ (H.). Very rarely  act. (almost only in H.): χάζειν: ἀναχωρεῖν, φυλάσσεσθαι; προχάζοις: προβαίνοις,  ἀναποδίζοις; aor. συγχάσαι: συγχωρῆσαι, ipv. ἀπόχασον: ἀποχώρησον; παράχασον:  ἀναχώρησον, πρόχασον: πρόελθε; also ἀναχάζοντες (Χ. An. 4, 1,16 beside  ἐπιδιώκοντες), always intr. like χάζομαι; the only exception is ἀνέχασσαν (Pi N. 10,  69 [codd. ἀνέχασαν or avéoxacav]), which seems to mean 'caused to retreat'.

    *COMP Often with dva-, rarely with ἀπο- (A 95, API), ὑπο-, μετα- (A. R), δια- (X),  Tapa- (H.).

    *ETYM It is unnecessary to posit a root χαδ- with -6-, since the facultative epic  gemination in χάσσασθαι, χάσσομαι may be analogical, and the rare present χάζομαι  can be explained as an innovation to the aorist. An exact agreement outside Greek is  unknown. Beside the medial aor. χάσασθαι with short vowel, Old Indic has active  forms with long vowel in ahas [3sg.], ahasma [10]. 'to abandon, epudiate'. Ruijgh  and Van Krimpen Mnem. 22 (1969): 113-115 assumed derivation from the root *eh,-. The -a- remains unexplained under this account, however.

XXXXXaivw +xaoKw.

XXXXXχαῖος 1 [m., n.] 'shepherd's crook' (A. R. 4, 972, Call. Fr. 125). <18¢ * eh. i-so- (ὋΣ

    *VAR  Or -ov.

    *ETYM The similarity with a Celto-Germanic word for 'javelin, spear' in Olr. gage,    OHG gér, etc, which is found as a loan both in Lat. gaesum and in Greek ▶︎ γαῖσος,  -ov, is perhaps no coincidence. We may tentatively reconstruct *£"eh,i-so-. However,

===Pag_1657: Beekes_Página_1657.tiff===

further connection with Skt. hésas- [n.] 'missile' and Skt. hindti'to urge on, hurl is both formally and semantically unconvincing.

XXXXXχἄϊος [adj.] 'of good descent, noble, good' vel sim. (Ar. Lys. 91), a Laconian form. <?>

    *COMP Compar. χαϊώτερος (ibd. 1157); also χᾶός 'id? (Theoc. 7, 5); βαθυ-χάϊος mg. unknown (A. Supp. 858 [lyr.], text uncertain).

    *ETYM Probably belongs to ▶︎ χάσιος - ἀγαθός, χρηστός (H.), with Laconian loss of  the -o-. Further isolated. Comparison with Gm. 'good', e.g. Go. gops, and with Alb. zot 'firm' is improbable. Unclear is Pok. 423.

XXXXXχαίρω [v.] 'to rejoice' (I].). <1: #er(H)- 'desire, enjoy'>

    *VAR Aor. χαρῆναι (Il.), redupl. κεχάροντο, -ofto (Hom.), sigmat. χήρατο (Ξ 270),  ἐχαίρησα (Plu.), χαιρησάμενος (pap. IIP), fut. χαιρήσω (Y 363), χαρήσομαι (Hell. and  late), Dor. -ησοῦμαι (Pythag.), χαροῦμαι (LXX), redupl. κεχαρησέμεν (O 98), -ἡσεται  (ψ 266), perf. ptc. keyapnova, -ὁτας (H 312, Hes. Fr. 77) with present mg., ind. κεχάρηκα (Hdt, Att.), κεχάρημαι (h. Bacch.), plpf. κεχάρητο, -vro (Hes. Sc., h. Cer.),  κεχαρμένος (E.).

    *COMP Also with ἐπι-, ovv-, etc.

    *DER A. From the verbal stem: 1. χαρά [f] 'joy' (Sapph., Att.). 2. χάρμη [f.] 'joy of  battle, bellicosity (Hom.), also 'battle' (Hom., Pi., Lyc.), 'joy' (Ps~-Phoc.); χαρμό-  φρων 'belligerent, combative' (h. Merc.), μενε- χάρμιης, -ος 'persevering in battle' (II.),  ἱππιο-χάρμης 'fighting from horseback, charioteer' (Hom.); ἱππιο- for inmo- is  metrical. 3. χάρμα (ἐπι-, kata-) [n.] 'joy, delight, object of joy' (IL, epic poet., also late  prose), opposed to πῆμα. 4. χαρμονή [f.] 'joy, pleasure, delight' (5., E. Pl, X.),  probably after ἡδονή, see Wyss 1954: 39"), with -ἰκός (Procl.). 5. χαρμο-σύνῃ [f.] 'id'  (LXX), -συνος [adj.] 'filled with joy', -ovva [n.pl.] 'festivity' (Hdt. 3, 27). 6. χαρ-τός  'joyous, delectable' (Archil., Att.), with éni- 'id', also 'gloating' (Att.), -χάρτης '4. (com. V*); on -xaptoc in PNs (e.g. Δαμό-χαρτος) see Bechtel 19172: 17f. 7. -χαρής  derived from the prefixed verbs (after χαρῆναι): ἐπι-, περι-, mpo-, ὑπερ-χαρής  'delighting, filled with joy, raptured, etc' (IA); as a second member extremely  productive in late Greek, especially in poetry, e.g. omAo-, μουσο-χαρής; likewise in  PNs like Θυμο-χάρης, Χάριης, -ητος. B. From the present stem: 1. χαιρ-ηδών, -όνος [f.] = χαρά (Ar. Ach. 4), like ἀλγηδών. 2. χαιρο-σύνη [f.] = χαρά (epigr. Marathon ΠΡ, H.). 3. χαιρητικός 'happy, cheerful'  (Vett. Val.). 4. χαιρετίζω 'to say χαίρετε, to greet', with -τισμός [m.] 'greeting,  attendance' (Plb, LXX); cf. aipetitw. 5. As a first member in PNs, eg. Χαιρο-κλῆς,  Χαιρε-κράτης, to which short names like Χαιρύλος. 6. xalpe-Kakéw, -Kakia, -κακος  are rare and late for émyatpe-Kakéw (etc.) 'to be gloating' (Arist, com. IV*), cf. ἐπίχαρτος above. Independent of the verb is the old substantive χάρις, gen. -1toc, acc. -ἰν [f.] 'grace,  beauty, delight, boon, gratefulness, thanks', also personified plur. 'the Graces' (II.). Compounds, e.g. χαρι-δώτης (Dor. [Cyrene] -ac) [m.] epithet of Hermes, Dionysus,  Zeus (h. Hom.), PNs like Xapt-yévijs, χαριτο-βλέφαρος 'with gracious eyes (eyelidsy'  (Eub,, Att. epigr.); ἄ-χαρις 'without grace, unpleasant, disagreeable' (Thgn, Sapph.,  Hdt., trag.), also ἀ-χάρι-τος 'id.' (Hdt., E.); in the same mg. (from χαρίζομαι) a-

===Pag_1658: Beekes_Página_1658.tiff=== XXXXXχαίτη 1607 χάριστος (8 236), compar. ἀχαρίστερος (v 392) for ἀχαριστότερος), with -ἕω, -ία (Att.); opposite εὔ-χαρις, -toc, -στος with -éw, -ia; ἐπί-χαρις 'attractive, charming' (Att. since A.). From χάρις: 1. xapi-etc 'attractive, charming' (1].), χαριτό-εις 'id' (Anacr.), also χάρι- τος = Lat. gratus (?) (Nysa 15, letter of a proconsul). 2. χαρ-ἴσιος 'accompanied by χάρις, filled with χάρις᾽ (Arist. Call. Fr. 193, late), also a cake (com.), after ἀφροδίσιος, etc. 3. xaptt-rjotov [n.] 'thank-offering' (late), 'spell of love' (PMag.), τ-ήσια [n.pl.] 'festival honouring the Charites' (Boeot.), after φιλοτήσιος, etc., also -woiog (Ibyc., Rhegin.) like ἀνακ-ώσιος etc., see Chantraine 1933: 42. 4. χαριτ-ία [f.] 'delightful jest, joke' (X. Cyr. 2, 2, 13), enlargement in -ia (see Scheller 1951: 38). Denominative verbs: 5. xapiCopat (-ifw) 'to be attentive to sbd., bestow a favour or service on sbd., to give (cheerfully), etc.' (Il.), also with ἀντι-, ἐπι-, Kata-, προσ-, etc., with χάρισμα (ev-, ἀπο-) [n.] 'grace, favour' (late), -ἰσμός [m.] 'id' (late and rare), -totetov [n.) 'thank-offering' (Thera, Cnidos), -ἰστήριον [n.] 'id', with -ἰστήριος 'belonging to the thank-offering' (X., Hell and late), -ἰστικός 'generous' (Democr., Aristeas). 6. χαριτ-όομαι 'to be favoured, blessed', -όω 'to favour, bless' (LXX, NT). χαροπός epithet of animals of prey, of people, of the sea, etc., esp. referring to the eyes and the cool blue-gray eye-color, 'fierce, wild, cold' vel sim. (since A 611), with τ-ότης [f.] (Hell. and late); also (ἐπι- χάροψ 'id? (Opp., pap. ΠΡ). Extensive discussion of χαίρω and derivatives, χάρις and yaportéc in Homer in Latacz 1966: 20ff.

    *ETYM χάρις is a zero grade t-stem, a type found in ῥάχις and in the adverbs ἅλις and  πάλιν. A yod-present like in χαίρω is found in Skt. hdryati 'to find pleasure, enjoy,  like' < full grade *é"er-ie-, and in Italic, e.g. U heries [2sg.fut.] 'volés', OLat. horitur 'to  urge, exhort' (Enn.). In other languages, we find several isolated nouns that belong  here too: in Germanic, e.g. OHG ger 'desiring, longing' with geron 'to desire' and the  widespread n-derivative in OHG gern 'desirous, eager', Go. faihu-gairns  'φιλάργυρος, etc, adverb OHG gerno 'gladly', etc. Lubotsky IT] 32 (1989): 107 thinks  the root was set because of Skt. harayanta (RV 4, 37, 2) < *g'orH-eie-. . This nicely  explains the Greek a-vocalism. A lengthened grade *g*ér-i- is continued in Arm. jir 'gift, mercy, favour', adverb jri  'for free' (see Clackson 1994: 180f.), a full grade in Av. zara- [m.] 'ambition, goal'. The connection of ToB kartse, acc. krent 'good' must be left aside, as the  interpretation of the the To. word is ambiguous (cf. Adams 1999: 146f. Within Greek,  ev-, ▶︎ δυσχερής is related.

XXXXXχαίτη [f.] 'curly hair, loose flowing hair, horse's mane' (Il. epic poet.), also 'lion's mane' (E., Arist.), metaph. 'leaves, foliage' (Theoc., Call. Str.), 'crest' (Plu).

    *COMP Often as a second member, eg. κυανο-χαίτης 'with dark hair', especially of  Poseidon, 'black-maned' (IL, epic); on the voc. kvavo-xyaita in nominatival function  see Risch 1954: 38off.

    *DER χαιτήεις (shortened -ἕεις), Dor. -άεις 'with long hair, with a long mane' (Pi. Semon., A. R.), also of plants 'rich in leaves' (Nic.); yait-wpa [n.] 'crest' (A. Th. 385),  poetical enlargement, see Chantraine 1933: 186. Hypostasis ἀναχαιτ-ίζω [v.] 'to cast

===Pag_1659: Beekes_Página_1659.tiff===

(the horseman) over the mane, to throw the mane back, overthrow, revolt, rebel, block' (S. Fr. 179, E, D., Hell. and late), with -ἰσις, -ἰσμα, -ἰσμός 'barricade, obstruction' (late).

    *ETYM Old word for 'hair, mane' with close cognates in Iranian and Celtic: Av. gaésa-  [m.] 'curly hair', gaésu- 'curly haired', MoP gés 'hair that hangs down, curls', MIr.

XXXXXgaiset [f.] 'bristly hair'. Both groups continue an s-stem. Normal laryngealistic reconstruction requires a full grade g'eh,it-, which is a rather awkward vocalization of the root. This is all the more problematic, as the word definitely seems IE. Or do we have to assume g*h,eit-?

XXXXXχαλάδριον [n.] 'low bed, mattress' (pap. II'). < PGQY)>

    *VAR  χελ- (pap. III), -τριον (pap. VIP); κεχαλαϊτριωμένον (τλοῖον) 'furnished with  X: (pap. III'). As a variant, χάλανδρον: κράββατον (Η.) also belongs here: the -v- is  the typical Pre-Greek prenasalization; it is no doubt authentic. Also χελάδριον  (ΡΟχγ. ITIP).

    *ETYM The gloss of Hesychius shows that this is a Pre-Greek word, and that it has  nothing to do with the verb ▶︎ χαλάω; see Fur.: 185, 290, 352.

XXXXXχάλανδρον --χαλάδριον.

XXXXXχάλαζα [f.] 'hail' (IL); also 'pimple, tubercle, grain, knot, knob' (Arist., Thphr., Gal., etc.). <1E? *g'th,-d- 'hail, hoarfrost'>

    *COMP As a first member in χαλαζ-επής 'whose words fall like hail' (AP, of  Hipponax).

    *DER 1. Diminutive χαλάζοιον (n.]-'granule, etc.' (medic.). 2. χαλαζ-ήεις (Dor. -άεις)  'hail-like' (Pi, AP, Nonn.), also of σκορπίος (Nic.), χαλάζιος epithet of Zeus, of  Apollo (Cyzicus), 'full of knots' (comm. Hp. VII), name of a hail-like stone (Orph.);  χαλαζίας (Plin.), -itng (late), see Redard 1949: 63, χαλαζ-αῖος 'hail-like, mixed with  hail', of νιφετός (Nonn.), 'full of knots, knobs', of φηγός (Opp.), -ώδης 'hail-like, full  of hail, full of pimples, granular' (Hp., Arist. etc.). 3. χαλαζ-άω [v.] 'to hail' (Com. Adesp., Luc.), 'to suffer from pimples' (Ar. Eq. 381, Arist.), also with ἐπι-, kata-; -law  'id' (late medic.); -wotg (f.] 'formation of pimples or granules' (Gal.).

    *ETYM Formed with the feminine suffix -1a- from a stem ending in dental, found in  Slavic: Polab. zldd 'hail', Pol. ztéd 'glaze', etc. < PSI. *Zeld-; often found with a velar  extension, e.g. OCS Zlédica 'glazed frost', Ru. oZelédica 'id., fringe of ice on the snow'. In order to combine the Greek word, we have to posit a root *g'th,-d- and assume  that the Greek form continues the full grade of the suffix, so *g"lh,-ed-, where Slavic  points to *g'elH-d-. The latter form is also found in Iranian: MoP Zadla 'hail,  hoarfrost' < Plr. *Zarda- < IE *g'eth,d-.

XXXXXχαλάω [v.] 'to slacken' trans. and intr. 'to lower, let down, relax, loosen; to open, be open' (Att.). <?>

    *VAR Ptc. χαλαίνοντες (Hes. Sc. 308), Aeol. 3pl. χόλαισι (Alc.), see Hamm 1957: 578 3,  228a), aor. χαλάσζσλαι, -άσασθαι (h. Ap.), -άξαι (Pi.), pass. -ασθῆναι (A. Pr. 991, Pl.),  fut. -άσω (Hp.), perf. κεχάλασμαι.

===Pag_1660: Beekes_Página_1660.tiff=== XXXXXχαλιμάς, -άδος 1609

    *COMP  Also with dia-, ἐπι-, mapa-, dva-, etc. As a first member in χαλί-φρων 'with a  feeble mind, thoughtless' (Od. AP), whence -ppovéw (ψ 13), -ppoobvn (1 310), like  δαΐ-φρων, etc; χαλαί-πους epithet of Ἥφαιστος (Nic. Th. 458), like παλαι- in  compounds, |at-~dvos, etc.; χαλα-τονέω [v.] 'to slacken, become loose' (late), like  tada-; on the form of the first member see Schwyzer: 448.

    *DER 1. χάλασις (dta-, ὑπο-) [f.] 'slackening, relaxing' (Hp., PL). 2. χάλασμα (δια-)  [n.] 'slackened condition, relaxation, gap in the line of battle, etc.' (Hell. and late),  'border of a field' (Hell. pap.), -σμάτιον (παρα-) [n.] 'slight slackening (in a rope)'  (Hero). 3. χαλασμός (ava-) [m.] = χάλασις (late medic.). 4. χάλαστήρια (scil. oxotvia) [n.pl.] 'rope for lowering a portcullis' (App.). 5. χαλαστόν [n.] 'festoon,  chain' (LXX, pap.). 6. χαλαστικός (dva-) 'slackening, relaxing, loosening, removing'  (late). 7. See ▶︎ χαλάδριον. On itself stands χαλαρός (ém-, ὑπο-) 'slackened, flaccid, loose, lax' (Hp., Att.), with  -apotns (X. Gall.), -apdopat (Erot.). Here probably also belongs the PN Χαλακίας  (Thess. [I*]); cf. Dor. χαλάξαι (Pi.) and Bechtel 19172: 46f.

    *ETYM The pair χαλάσζ(σλαι : χαλαρός goes like ταλάσσαι : τάλαρος, λαγάσζ(σλαι :  λαγαρός, ἱλάσ(σλασθαι : ἱλαρός, etc. Etymology unknown. It seems that the aorist yahao(o)a (innovated presents χαλάω,  -aivw) is a primary formation. The connection with Arm. χαὶ 'game', xatam 'to play'  by Meillet 1936: 36 would require IE *k"., and should therefore be abandoned.

XXXXXχαλβάνη [f.] 'resin of the all-heal', obtained out of the root of some oriental (Persian, Syrian) umbelliferous plant of the genus Ferula; also a designation of the plant itself (Thphr, etc.). «τὴν Sem.>

    *DER xaABav-tc, -ίδος and -deoca 'belonging to the ferula' (Nic.), of ῥίζα.

    *ETYM From Hebr. helband 'id.'; more details in E. Masson 1967: 60. Borrowed as  Lat. galbanum (WH s.v.). Cf. Fur. 139.

XXXXXχαλεπός [adj.] 'heavy, difficult, harsh, severe, troublesome, dangerous' (Il.).

    *COMP παγ-χαλεπός 'very heavy, angry, etc.' (Att.).

    *DER χαλεπ-ότης [f.] 'difficulty, hardness, severity, etc.' (Att.); -ἠρης΄ = χαλεπός  (Mimn.); χαλεπαίνω 'to be evil or mischievous, to be harsh, etc., to rage' (1].). rarely  with ἀντι-, ovv- etc; χαλέπτω 'to treat harshly, enrage', also 'to rage' (6 423, Hes. Op. 5, etc.), med. -πτομαι, -ψασθαι 'to rage' (Hell. and late epic, also late prose), -φθῆναι  'id? (Thgn. 155 [v.L.], S. Ichn. 328 [lyr.], Com. Adesp.), with χαλεπτύς: χαλεπότης (H.),  after other nouns in -tUc (cf. Benveniste 1948: 73).

    *ETYM Unexplained. Is the word Pre-Greek?

XXXXXχαλία [f.] - ἡσυχία (HL). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXχαλίδιον [adj.] - πινάκιον (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXχαλιμάς, -άδος [f.] 'wild, lecherous woman', also an epithet of the Βάκχαι (A. Fr. 448 = 7ιοῖ. M. [vv.ll. χαλιμίας, χαλίδας], H., Suid. [codd. -ipa], EM, Eust.).

===Pag_1661: Beekes_Página_1661.tiff===

    *DER χαλιμάζειν (vl. -ἰκάζειν) = τὸ ὑφ᾽ ἡδονῆς ἀνίεσθαι πρὸς συνουσίαν καὶ  ὑποστέλλειν (EM, Εἰ. Gen., perhaps Epich. 200 [see Kaibel ad loc.}).

    *ETYM Formation like μαινάς, λαικάς, Awydc, etc. (Chantraine 1933: 352). The  lexicographers connected it with yaddw, which is probably a folk etymology. Fur-:  138 connects γαλιάω = ἀκολασταίνω (Com. Adesp. 967) and on account of this  variant thinks the word is Pre-Greek. As χαλ- is hard to explain from IE, and given  the semantic sphere, this is quite likely.

XXXXXχαλῖνός [m.] 'bridle, rein, bit' (Il.), also metaph. 'marine ropes' (Pi. E.).

    *VAR Aeol. χάλιννος (Hamm 1957: 36°°), plur. also -a.

    *COMP E.g. χαλιν-αγωγός 'leading by the reins, holding by the bridle' (Vett. Val.),  -aywyéw (Ep. Jac. Luc., Vett. Val. et al.), -aywyia (Simp. VIP), χρυσο-χάλινος 'with  golden reins' (1A).

    *DER Diminutive χαλιν-άριον [n.] (late), -ἴτις [f.] epithet of Athena in Corinth  (Paus.), as she bridled Pegasus for Bellerophon; yaAtv-dopat [v.] 'to be furnished  with reins, rein in' (1A), also with év-, ἀπο-, etc; thence -wotg [f.] 'reining in' (X.),  τ-ωτήρια [n.p].] metaph. 'ropes used for mooring' (E., Opp., Nonn.).

    *ETYM Borrowed into Skt. as khalina-, khalina- 'bit of a bridle'. Foreign, i.e. Pre-  Greek origin is probable, as it is difficult to explain yaA- from IE (*g*h,I-, *g'TH-V-  are unmotivated) and as a suffix -iv- is frequent in Pre-Greek (κύμινον, πυτίνη,  ῥητίνη). ▶︎ εὔληρα is often taken to be an inherited word for 'bridle', but this is  probably Pre-Greek, too.

XXXXXχάλιξ, -ικος [m., Ε] 'small stone, gravel, rubble used for filling up, mortar for stone building' (Th., Ar., Att. inscr., Arist. Hell. inscr. and pap, Str.). <?>

    *VAR For the gender cf. »λίθος.

    *DER χαλικ-ώδης 'like rubble' (Thphr.), -wpata [n.pl.) 'rubble and mortar, stone-  mortar' = Lat. caementa (gloss.).

    *ETYM There is no convincing etymology: the general similarity with Lat. silex  'gravel', MIr. scellec 'rack', OCS skolvka 'shell' is not enough for an IE etymology to  be credible. The formation is like κύλιξ, ἄλιξ, ῥῆνιξ, etc. (see Chantraine 1933: 382). It  is probably a loan, see Fur.: 137, 384, who connects both Lat. calx 'stone (of a board  game), limestone' (whence OHG kalch, etc.) and Sum. kalga 'limestone', Babyl. kalakku. It can also be assumed that the Latin word was borrowed from Greek; note  that the appurtenance of the eastern words is doubted by DELG. In this case, Pre-  Greek origin is thinkable.

XXXXXχάλις, -tv [m.] 'unblended wine' (Hippon. 73 = 67 Masson, epigr. Cyrene I'). < PG(V)>

    *COMP As a first member in χαλί-κρητος 'blended with x.' (Archil., A. R., AP, cf. also  A. Fr. 719¢ M.), also χαλίκραιος and compar. χαλικρότερος (Nic. Al.) 'id'. As a  second member in ἀκρο-χάλιξ 'slightly drunk' (A. R. 4, 432, Ὁ. P.), with -ξ perhaps  after synonymous οἰνό-φλυξ,

    *DER Perhaps derived is ▶︎ χαλιμάς, epithet of the Βάκχαι (but also connected with  ▶︎ χαλάωλ.

===Pag_1662: Beekes_Página_1662.tiff=== XXXXXχαλκός 1611

    *ETYM Fur.: 389 compares φαλικρόν: ἄκρατον (H.). The gloss also shows a form in  -κρος, like in χαλικρότερος, which therefore cannot be explained as due to haplology  (Frisk); cf. ▶︎ φαλακρός: it is a typical Pre-Greek form.

XXXXXχαλίφρων >yardw.

XXXXXχαλκός [m.] 'ore, copper, bronze', poet. metaph. of bronze objects (I1.). <?>

    *VAR Cret. kavydc.

    *DIAL Myc. ka-ko, see below.

    *COMP Many compounds, eg. χαλκο-πάρῃος (Hom.), -πάρᾳος (Pi.), see Forssman  1966: 152f.; χαλκ-ἤρης 'furnished with brass, fitted with brass, brazen' (Hom.+), =  Myc. ka-ka-re-a, /k"alkareha/, also χαλκο-άρας 'id. (Pi.), see Forssman op. cit. 848;  χαλκό-δετος (trag.), Myc. ka-ko-de-ta [n.pl.] 'fitted with brass'; on χαλκο-κέραυνος  etc. see Weern Eranos 50 (1952): 20f; ἐπί-χαλκος 'coated with brass' (Hdt., Ar.), with  ἐπιχαλκῖται ὁπλῖται and émyadxida- τὴν τὸ κανοῦν φέρουσαν εἴς τὰς θυσίας  θεράπαιναν (H.); also δί-, τρί-χαλκον [n.] 'coins of two, three χαλκοῖ᾽, etc. (Hell. and  late), on the formation see Debrunner IF 60 (1952): 388. Here also Χαλκί-οικος [f.] epithet of Athena in Sparta 'having a brazen house, living  in a brazen house' (E. and Ar. [lyr.], Th. Paus.), in Η. as an explanation of  χαλκίναος; transformed to an t-stem, probably after IIoAt-obdxog (cf. Paus. 3, 17, 2:  Ἀθηνᾶς ... Πολιούχου καλουμένης καὶ Χαλκιοίκου τῆς αὐτῆς).

    *DER A. Substantives: 1. χαλκ-εὖς [π|.] 'metal worker, coppersmith, blacksmith' (IL),  Myc. ka-ke-u; also as a name of a fish (Opp.), cf. χαλκίς below. From this χαλκήϊος,  τεῖος 'belonging to the smith' (Od., Hes.), -ἠΐον, -etov [n.] 'forge, brazen tool,  especially kettle' (1A), -eia [n.] name of an Attic festival (IV*, Poll); χαλκεών Cov  Hdn. Gr.), -εῶνος [m.] 'forge' (6 273, A. R. 3, 41). 2. χαλκ-ίον (-elov) [n.] 'cupreous,  brazen tableware' (Att., Hell. pap.), also 'copper coins' (com.), with -ἰδιον [n.] 'small  cupreous tableware' (com. V*). 3. χαλκ-ὕδρια [n.pi.] 'small change' (pap. I*), -bdptov  = -ός (disparaging, Zos. Alch., Theognost. Can.). 4. χαλκ-ίς, -ίδος [[] name of a bird  (E 291, Arist.) = »κύμινδις; referring to the color, also name of a plant (Ps.-Dsc.),  name of several fishes, probably 'sardine' (Epich., Arist.), perhaps aiso after the  sounds it produced (Strémberg 1943: 74f.), name of a poisonous lizard (Arist. Plin.);  as a TN town on Euboea (after the copper-mines), whence -ἰδικός, -ἰδική; finally also  = -ἰς asa fish- and lizard-name, probably with allusion to the TN (Stromberg op. cit. 86). 5. χαλκ-άς, -άδος [f.} = χαλκάνθεμον (Ps.- Dsc.). 6. χαλκ-ίτης [{1] -ἴτις (λίθος)  'copper ore' (Arist. Plu.), name of a mineral 'rock-alum' (medic. pap.), also =  χαλκάς (Ps.-Dsc.); -είτης = -evc (Pisidia), itacistic or to χαλκεύςξ Cf. Redard 1949: 36. B. Adjectives: 1. χάλκ-ειος (epic, also Hell. and late prose), epic Ion. -eog (cf. S. Schmid 1950: 6ff.), Aeol. Dor. -ἰος (Myc. ka-ki-jo [du.], ka-ke-ja-pi [ins.f.]), Att. -ob¢  'brazen, cupreous', also designation of a coin (Att., Hell. pap.), whence -taiog 'worth  a χαλκοῦς (pap. III*, after δραχμιαῖος, ἡμιωβολιαῖος), fem. -aia and -ιεία  designations of taxes (Hell. pap.); χαλκ-ιδῖτις [f.] 'low-priced prostitute' (Com. Adesp.). 2. χαλκῆ (εἰκών) [f.] 'bronze statue' (Antig. Mir. D. L.). 3. χάλκινος 'made of  ore, concerning copper coins' (Hell. and late pap.). 4. χαλκικός 'consisting of copper  coins' (pap. III*). 5. yadk-wén¢ 'bronze-like' (Thphr.).

===Pag_1663: Beekes_Página_1663.tiff===

C. Verbs: 1. χαλκ-εύω 'to forge' (Σ 400), also intr. 'to be a blacksmith' (Att.), formally from χαλκεύς, but also referring to χαλκός, rarely prefixed, e.g. with Kata-, ἐπι-, mpo-, ἀπο-. Thence -sia [f.] 'the art of forging' (Hp., Pl.), 'forge' (Hero), -evjia [n.] 'what is forged, forged tool' (A.), -ευτής = -evc (AP), -ευτικός 'belonging to the art of forging, versed in the art of forging' (Hp., X., Arist.), -ευτήριον = -elov (gloss.). 2. χαλκ-όομαι [v.] 'to be coated with bronze' (Pi, Hdt., LXX, Ὁ. S.), 'to turn into ore' (AP), rarely with κατα-, περι- (to κατά-, mepi-yadKoc); thence -ωμα [n.] designation of several copper instruments (Att.), with -ωμάτιον [n.] (Delos 115), -ωματᾶς [m.] 'copper smith' (pap. ITIP). 3. χαλκ-ίζω 'to play coin-spinning with copper coins' (Alex., Herod., Poll.), with -ἰσμός [m.] 'game of coin-spinning' (Poll. Eust.), 'to glisten or sound like copper' (late); prefixed ἤερι-χαλκίζομαι (to mepi-yahxocs) 'to become' coated with bronze' (LXX), ἀπο-χαλκίζω 'to take away the bronze' (AP 11, 283; word-play with XaAkic), ὑπο-χαλκίζω 'to look somewhat bronze-colored' (EM), ὑπεχάλκισα- πρὸς χαλκοῦ ὑπεθέμην (H.). D. Adverb χαλκίνδα (scil. παίζειν)" τὸ εἰς χαλκὸν κυβεύειν (Η.λ

    *ETYM An old IE word for 'ore, copper, bronze' is still retained in Skt. dyah, Lat. aes,  Gm., e.g. Go. aiz [n.]. The prehistory of Greek χαλκός is obscure. An IE term is  improbable, as a word with an aspirate and a voiceless stop is not tolerated. The  similarity with the word for 'purple', κάλχη, also χάλκη and χάλχη, is hardly  accidental. It would point to an original meaning 'red metal' for χαλκός (χαλκὸς  ἐρυθρός I 365), which is conceivable. Connection with the Balto-Slavic word for  'iron' (Lith. gelezis, OPr. gelso, Ru. Zelézo) is phonetically unfeasible, but we could  have to do with independent loans from a common eastern source. In such a  framework, the connection with κάλχῃη could be maintained too. It is also tempting to connect the Hitt. (Hattic-Hurritic) word for 'iron', hapalki- (or  apalki-); the imperfect phonetic agreement would be due to incorrect rendering of a  foreign word (Pisani AION 7 (1966): 46f.).

XXXXXχαμαί [adv.] 'to the earth, on the earth' (Il.).

    *COMP Extremely productive as a first member, e.g. χαμαι-πετής falling, fallen to the  ground, lying on the ground, futile' (Pi, trag., also Pl, Plb.), univerbation of χαμαὶ  πεσεῖν; χαμαί-ζηλος originally 'striving to the earth', 'low, base, small', also (scil. δίφρος) 'footstool' (Hp., PL, Arist.), χαμαι-εύνης, plur. -edvat 'having its lair on the  earth' (P 235, Emp.), fem. -ευνάδες (Od.), with elision χαμ-εύνη (Poll, H., AP), χάμ-εὐνᾶ [f.] 'lair on the earth' (Att. inscr., A.), see Solmsen 1909: 256f. On χαμαι- in plant- and animal-names Strémberg 1940: 100ff.; on χαμαι-λέων  (perhaps a calque from Semitic), see Lewy KZ 58 (1931): 33; on this also Dawkins JHS  56 (1936): sf.

    *DER χαμ-ἄζε 'to the ground' (Hom., also trag. and late prose), after Ἀθήναζε, etc. (accentuation acc. to Hdn. Gr. 2, 951 and others); after this χαμ-ἄθεν 'from the earth,  from the ground' (Hdt., Att. com.), also -αἴθεν (A.D,, Plu.), Aeol. -άδις 'to the  ground' (Hom., A. [lyr.]), like ἄλλυδις etc, Dor. -άνδις (Theognost.). From χαμαί: χαμ-ηλός 'low' (Pi, X., Nic, Str.), after ὑψηλός; yapt-It1¢ (ἄμπελος) 'low?  (Gp., Suid., Eust.).

===Pag_1664: Beekes_Página_1664.tiff=== XXXXXχάννα 1613

    *ETYM A frozen case-form of the word for 'earth', usually explained as a dative; cf. ▶︎ πάλαι, ▶︎ παραί. We can compare it with Lat. humi 'on the ground' < QIE *d'g"om-  ei, but the stem vowel is different. With e-vocalism we find OPr. semmai 'down'. Probably, all are independent formations. Further see ▶︎ χθών. See Hajnal 1992: 207-  220.

XXXXXχαμόν - καμπύλον (H.). -'χαβός.

XXXXXΧαμύνη [1] epithet of the Elean Demeter.

    *ETYM Acc. to Vegas Sansalvador Glotta 70 (1992): 166-180, this epithet means 'who  has the earth as a bed', with the zero grade of εὐνή, *-h,uneh,. A more clear form is  χαμαι-εύνης (Hom.); we also find χαμ-εύνης (H.).

XXXXXχάμψαι [ρ].] Egyptian name of crocodiles (Hdt. 2, 69). «LW Eg.>

    *ETYM From the Eg. name msh, but difficult in detail; cf. Cerny Ann. Serv. Ant. Egypte 42 (1943): 346-348.

XXXXXχανδάνω [v.] 'to hold, include, contain' (Hom.).

    <IE *g'ed- 'grasp, seize'>

    *VAR Aor. xadeiv (epic 1]., also Hp. and Ar. Ra. 260 [lyr.]), fut. χείσομαι (σ 17), perf. (with present mg.) ptc.acc.sg. κεχανδότα (¥ 268, δ 96), ind. κέχανδε: χωρεῖ (H.),  plpf. κεχάνδει, with v.L. κεχόνδει (A 192).

    *COMP Never with prefix; as a second member in εὐ-χανδής 'ample' (Nic., Man.),  εὐρυ-χαδής (AP, Luc.), -χανδής (Eust.) 'id'.

    *ETYM A regular formal system, with a zero grade nasal present, zero grade thematic  aorist, and a full grade medial future. Only the perfect forms with -av- are divergent;  if not innovated after the present, they must have pushed original κέχονδα out of the  system (retained in the v.l. κεχόνδει). Beside this archaic verb, continued only in the epic tradition, Latin has a formation  with fixed prefix and generalised e-vocalism: prae-hendo, -hendi, -hénsum 'to grasp,  seize', the stemvowel of which may represent both IE *g'end- and *g"yd-. Zero grade  forms are found also in Celtic, e.g. Olr. ro-geinn 'he finds place in' (IE *g'd-n-). A full  grade root is found in Alb., eg. gjéndem 'I am found'. These nasdlized forms  probably go back on a nasal present; beside them stand several forms without nasal,  like Lat. praeda 'booty' < *prai-hed-d, and the Germanic verb ON geta 'to reach,  produce' (> MoE get), Go. bi-gitan 'ebpioxew', OHG pi-gezzan 'reach', fir-gezzan  'forget', etc. Meier-Briigger MSS 50 (1989): 87-90 adduces the adverb χονδήν 'in capacity' (SEG 21  (1965): 644, 19) and suggests a form ἀχονδῆς for AXONAEZ in SEG 13 (1956): 13, 251.

XXXXXxavva (f.] 'kind of sea bass, Serranus (cabrilla)' (Epich., Arist., Numen. apud Ath., pap. IP, εἴς.)

    *VAR Also χάννος {m.].

    *ETYM In view of the characterization by Epich. as μεγαλοχάσμων, connection with  χανεῖν 'to yawn' (see ▶︎ χάσκω) with expressive gemination has been proposed  (Stromberg 1943: 53). Extensive treatment in Thompson 1947 s.v., where foreign  origin (Eg. chnd name of an unknown fish) is considered. Fur.: 351 compares χέννιον  (H.), which makes Pre-Greek origin probable (a/e).

===Pag_1665: Beekes_Página_1665.tiff===

, -ξος, -ους χάος, -εος, -ους [n.] 'chaos', used as a designation for what was first by Hes. Th. 116, usually (e.g. Arist.) taken as (unlimited) empty space' (Ibyc., B., Ar.), later 'wide chasm, abyss' (Hell.). <?>

    *DER xadw 'to devour', aor. -ῶσαι (Tab. Defix., Simp. and Olymp. VI). Besides χαῦνος 'slack, porous, loose, bloated, puffed up, vain, frivolous' (Pi, IA). Some compounds, e.g. xavvo-noAitat [m.pl.] 'vain citizens' (Ar. Ach. 635 [anap.]),  χαυνό-τιρωκτος 'having slack or bloated bottoms' (ibid. 104), ὑπό-χαυνος 'somewhat  slack, vain' (late). Abstract χαυνότης [f.] 'slackness, vanity' (Pl, Arist. Plu.); χαῦναξ  in xavvaKwv- χαυνοποιῶν, οἱ δὲ χαυνολόγων (H.); χαυν-όομαι [v.] 'to become slack  or vain, etc. (Alc., IA), also with ἐκ-, etc. Thence -ωσις [f.] 'relaxation, puffing up'  (Ar, Hell. and late), -ωμα [n.] 'dispersed eatth', -ωτικός 'making loose' (Plu.);  χαυνιάζε: πλανᾷ (H.). Also χαυλι-όδων (see ▶︎ ὀδών) with a suffix -A-?

    *ETYM Against the idea that χάος would be 'the empty space', first expressed by  Aristotle and followed by most scholars, others interpreted it as a 'chasm' or an  'abyss'. Morphologically, a connection with χαῦνος (with remarkable barytone  accent) may be supposed: χάος < "χάρος beside χαῦνος, like ἔρεβος to ἐρεμνός <  "ἐρεβνός. As a basic meaning 'loose, with holes' is quite possible for χαῦνος, an  original meaning 'hole, empty space, yawning opening' is quite thinkable for χάος. Therefore χάος and χαῦνος were since long connected with ▶︎ χάσκω, χάσμα, χανεῖν,  > χήμη, εἴς. Formally close are some Germanic and Baltic words for 'palate': OHG guomo, ON

XXXXXgomr [m.], etc. < IE g"eh,-mn- beside OHG goumo [m.] < PGm. gauma(n)-, Lith. gomurys, etc. See »χάσκω and ▶︎ χώρα.

XXXXXχαρά >yaipw.

XXXXXχαράδρα -᾽χέραδος.

XXXXXχαράσσω [v.] 'to make pointed, sharpen; to carve, engrave, strike, stamp' (Hes.).

    *VAR Att. -tTw; aor. -ξαι, pass. -χθῆναι, perf. med. κεχάραγμαι.

    *COMP Also with év-, dia-, ἐπι-, etc. As a first member in the governing compound  χαραξί-ποντος 'splitting the sea', of an oar (Simon.).

    *DER 1. χάραγμα (περι-, mpo-, ἐπι-) [n.] 'engraving, engraved mark, impression,  minted coins' (S., Hell.); χαραγμός [m.] 'incision, stamp, stamped document'  (Thphr., pap. I?); χαραγμή [f.] 'loaf of bread' (pap. V-VIP). 2. χάραξις (ἐν-, ἀπο-,  nept-, etc.) [f.] 'engraving, incising, incision' (Democr., late), παρα-χάραξις 'false  coining, forgery', -io¢ 'forged' (late). 3. χαρακτός 'made pointed, sharpened,  toothed' (Hp., Nic.); περι-χαρακτικός 'cutting around' (Dsc.). 4. χαρακτήρ [m.]  'engraver, one who mints coins' (Euryph. Pythag., Olbia III*), 'tool for engraving,  stamp, seal (Arist., Hell. and late inscr. and pap., etc.), 'impression, character', also  of facial expressions or language: 'physical and linguistic idiosyncrasy'; 'carved letter,  etc.' (IA, Hell. and late), 'individual feature, style, character' (Hell. and late); περι-χαρακτήρ [m.] 'knife for cutting of the gums around the teeth' (late medic.). From

===Pag_1666: Beekes_Página_1666.tiff=== XXXXXχάρτης 1615 χαρακτήρ: χαρακτηρικός = χαρακτηριστικός (Phid., etc.), χαρακτηρ-ίζω (δια-, μετα.) [v.] 'to form, stamp, designate, characterize' (Hell. and late), whence -ισμός, τισμα, -ἰστικός (late); χαρακτηριάζω [v.] 'to coin, mint' (Samos I). 5. χάρακτης [m.] 'coiner, minter' (Man.), παρα- 'forger' (Vett. Val.). Besides χάραξ, -axoc [m., f.] 'pointed stake, vine-prop, fortifying pale, stockade, palisade' (Att. Hell. and late), also as a fish name (Diph. Siph., Opp.); see Stromberg 1943: 36, Thompson 1947 s.v.; χαρακο-βολία [f.] 'raising of a palisade' (LXX), wpo- χάραξ 'prop for the forks of vines' (Gp.). Thence: 1. χαρακ-ίας [m.] (κάλαμος) 'fit as a stake or palisade' (Thphr.), also as a plant name, 'kind of euphorbia' (Dsc.), see Stromberg 1937: 91 and Strémberg 1940: 107; as a fish name (Gp., see χάραξ), 2.

XXXXXχαρακίτης [m.] 'kind of euphorbia' (late), also = 'living behind a fence' (βιβλιακός = conventual), 'cut off from the world' (Timo). 3. χαράκια: ὑποστηρίγματα (H.). 4. xapaxdw (περι-, ἀπο-) [v.] 'to furnish with stakes, build a palisade' (Aesch., Arist., Hell. and late), whence -ωμα (stpt-) 'site secured with palisades' (X., Arist., Hell. and late), -ωσις 'palisading, propping up of vines' (Lycurg,, Hell. and late), -wv 'vineyard with propped up vines' (pap. II-ITI?). 5. yapaxitw [v.], originally 'to furnish with stakes', only metaph. of flies, 'to rub the front legs for cleaning' (Arist.), with -ἰσμός [m.]} 'palisading' (Pherecr., Macedonian inscr. ITIP).

    *ETYM xapdoow is both earlier and more frequently attested than χάραξ; still  χαράσσω < *xapdK-1w must be a denominative formation from the latter. For the  suffix, cf. πίναξ, κάμαξ, κλῖμαξ, etc. Without etymology. Connection with Lith. Zeriz,  Ze¥ti 'to scrape', with Zarstyti 'to poke' does not explain the Greek formation. In view  of the suffix, the word is most probably Pre-Greek (not in Fur.).

XXXXXxapia [f.] - βουνός (H.). <?>

    *ETYM A suggestion by Persson 1912(1): 223, accepted by Pok. 440, but rejected by  Frisk, is mentioned s.v. ▶︎ χάρμη 2.

XXXXXχάρις -οχαίρω.

XXXXXχάρμη 1 'bellicosity'. χαίρω.

XXXXXχάρμη 2 [f.] acc. to the sch. Pi. O. 9, 128, it stands for ἐπιδορατίς in Stesich. 267 (Page) and Ibyc. 340 (Page); likewise for Pi. Dith. 3, 13. «ΡΟ»

    *DER Bahuvrihi ἄγ-χαρμον: ἀνωφερῆ τὴν αἰχμήν (Η.).

    *ETYM Connected with χαρία: βουνός (H.) and with χοιράς 'rock in the sea', and  other words for 'stick out, protrude, etc.' (IE *g"er-; cf. ▶︎ χήρ) has been proposed. Alternatively, a poetical reinterpretation of ▶︎ χάρμη 1 has been suggested, after the  model of χαλκο-χάρμης (beside χάλκ-ασπις, -xitwv, etc.), and μενε-χάρμης (beside  μεν-αίχμης). The existence of a compound ἄγχαρμιος casts doubt on the later idea. Perhaps a Pre-Greek word?    Xaponds --χαίρω.

XXXXXχάρτης [m.] 'papyrus leaf, roll', metaph. 'thin plate' (Att. inscr., Pl. Com., Hell.). «LW Eg.>

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, -wvoc

    *COMP Asa first member, e.g. in χαρτ-ουφάντης [m.] 'manufacturer of papyrus leaves'  (Corycos).

    *DER Diminutive yapt-iov [n.] (Hell.), -idiov [n.] (late), -dpiov [n.] (late); also -ηρία  [f.] = χάρτης (LXX), -ηρά [f.] 'papyrus tax, output' (Hell. and late pap. and inscr.),  -apéa [f.] 'papyrus tax' (Pergamon), cf. the rare forms oivapéa, tpoyapéa

    *ETYM Unexplained; probably from Egypt, like the papyrus plant itself, Borrowed as  Lat. charta, whence MoFr. carte, etc. From χάρτης probably also Skt. kaditra- [n.]  'writing leather' (Mayrhofer AION 1 (1963): 232, with Burrow). From Lat. chartularius, chart()aticum, Greek borrowed the late forms yaptovAdpioc  'archivist', χαρτ(ιλατικόν 'tax on a document' in return.

XXXXXχάρων, -wvog [m., f.] epithet or name of the lion of Nemea (Euph., Lyc., H.), also of the eagle and of the cyclops (Lyc.).

    *ETYM Short form for χαροπός (Sommer 1948: 121f., Leumann Sprache 5 (1959): 72);  see ▶︎ χαίρω.

XXXXXχάσιος [adj.] - ἀγαθός, χρηστός CH.).

    *ETYM Considered to be the base form for Lac. ▶︎ χάϊος, s.v.

XXXXXχάσκω [v.] 'to gape, yawn, open (the mouth) wide' (IA).

    <IE *$*eh.n- 'break open,  yawn'>

    *VAR xaivw (Hell.), them. aor. χανεῖν, perf. (with present meaning, see Wackernagel  1920-1924(1): 167) κέχηνα (both I].), aor.subj. κατα-χήνῃ (H.), Dor. Exava (Aesop.),  perf. 3p]. κεχἄναντι (Sophr.), fut. χανοῦμαι (IA).

    *COMP Often with prefix, e.g. ἀνα-, ἐν-, περι-, ὑπο-.

    *DER A. Adverb χαν-δόν 'with an opened mouth, greedily' (@ 294, Hell. and late epic,  late prose), χανδο-πόται [m.pl.] (AP): xavdov πιεῖν' κεχηνότως kai ἀθρόως πιεῖν ὅλῳ  στόματι (H.); χαν-δά 'id' (A. D.). B. Substantives: 1. χάσμα [n.] 'gaping hole, abyss, chasm' (Hes.), diminutive -dtiov  [n.] (Hero, sch.), -atiag [m.] 'earthquake which causes fissures in the earth' (Arist.,  Posidon.), cf. βρασματίας s.v. ▶︎ βράσσω). 2. χάσμη [f.] 'yawning, especially of  sleepiness' (Hp., Pl.), denominative χασμάομαι 'to yawn, stand with one's mouth  open', rarely with ἀντι-, ἐπι-, κατα- (IA), also -ἔομαι (Theoc.); thence χάσμ-ημα [n.]  'open mouth' (Ar. Av. 61), -ησις [f.] = χάσμη (H., EM, Eust.); -ὦδης (also from  χάσμα) 'yawning constantly, indifferent' (D. L., Plu.), also metrical 'forming a hiatus'  (A. D.), with -wéia [f] 'hiatus', -ωδέω 'to form or create hiatus' (Eust.). 3. χάνος [n.] 'throat, mouth' (Com. Adesp.); to this or directly to χανεῖν: ἀ-χανής  (dissimilated from 4-) 'gaping, open wide, expanded, immeasurable' (Parm., Arist.,  Hell. and late), with ἀχάν-εια [f.] 'wide hole, expension, immeasurability' (late), also  (with privative a) 'not wide open, with a closed mouth' (Thphr., Hegesipp. Com.,  Plb., Luc.). C. Verbs: 1. χασκ-άζω 'to gape at, gaze at' (Ar. V. 695 [anap.]), with χάσκ-αξ, -ακος  [m.] 'gazer' (Eust.). 2. χασκ-ωρεῖν' περιβλέπειν (H.), after θεωρεῖν etc. 3. χανύειν'  βοᾶν, xavbcoe βοᾷ (cod. Bia), καλεῖ (H.); to this Χανύ-λαος etc. (Pharsalos), see  Bechtel 1917b: 464. 4. iterative (Schwyzer: 719) χηνῆσαι: καταμωκήσασθαι, with. χήνημα-: καταμώκημα (H.).

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D. Rare compounds: κατωμόχανε [voc.] = χαίνων κατ᾽ ὦμου, 'usque ad humeros hians' (Hippon. 28), cf. Masson ad loc; καταχήνη [f.] 'scorn, mockery' (Ar. V. 575, Eq. 631), = καταχάσμησις, κατάγελως (H.), cf καταχήνῃ: καταγελάσῃ, μυκτηρίσῃ, ἐξουθενίσῃ (H.).

    *ETYM The pair χανεῖν and κέχηνα is old; innovations are the future χανοῦμαι, the  present xaivw and the sigm. aor. ἔχηνα. The ske/o-present χάσκω is old, too, and  may derive from *k"an-ske/o-. So we are dealing with a root PGr. *k'an- < PIE  *s'hn-. χανεῖν and χάνος further agree with a North Germanic word: ON gan [n.]  'opening of the mouth, call, cry', also 'throat, gill' (MoSw., MoNw.), and the weak  verb gana 'to open wide, desire, gape'. The root *¢"eh,- seems to appear unenlarged  in »χήμη, and it may of course also be present in χάσκω. The nouns χάσμα, -μη can  be explained from χάσκω as well as from χανεῖν (cf. φάσμα to gaivw). The situation  strongly reminds of PGr. *p'an- < *b'h,-n-. A root *¢"Hi- in the same meaning is found in Lat. hisco 'to open the mouth', OHG  gién, ON gina 'to yawn', OHG ginén 'to be wide open', MoHG gahnen 'to yawn',  Hitt. kinu-* 'to break open (by force)', also in Lat. hiare, hid = Lith. Zidti, 1sg. zidju,  OCS 1585. zéj9, ToB kay- 'to open', pass. ptc. kakayau. This was perhaps an i-present  to *g'eh,- (though some of the forms seem to presuppose *$"eh,-). It is unclear if  > χῖράς can be related to this root. Cf. also ▶︎ χάος  and ▶︎ χήν.

XXXXXxatéw [v.] 'to lack, need, desire' (Il. epic poet.).

    *VAR χατίζω (only pres. except for ipf. yatéeoxe Nonn. 4, 56); xatevet χρήζει (cod. χαρίζει), ἐπιθυμεῖ 'needs, desires'; χατεύουσα' χρήζουσα, δεομένη 'in need' (H.).

    *DER χατίς (leg. χάτιςξ)- ἐπιθυμία, χρῆσις 'desire, use' (H.) is probably a back-  formation. Beside this, we find a frozen dative χήτεϊ, χήτει 'out of lack (or desire)' (IL, poet., also  late prose), which may derive from the noun χῆτος- ἔνδεια, στέρησις 'need,  deprivation' (H.), or possibly from "χῆτις. Thence χητοσύνη 'lack, atrophy' (AP 9,  408), χητεία: χρεία 'need' (H.) (where cod. ynp- has a wrong position in the  alphabet), χητίζω = χατίζω (EM). ~

    *ETYM For χατέω, cf. aitéw, ματέω, πατέομαι, δατέομαι, etc. (Schwyzer: 705). For  χῆτος, cf. κῆτος, σκῦτος, ἔντος (Schwyzer: 513). Remote cognates may be found in  > χήρα, ▶︎ χώρα, from a root *g"eh,-. If xnt- contains this root, χατ- must somehow be  analogical.

XXXXXχαυλιόδων, χαῦνος =x doc.

XXXXXχανών [m.] a kind of cake (LXX, EM, Suid.). «τὴν Hebr.>

    *ETYM Transcription of Hebr. kawwan, Kohler and Baumgartner 1953: 428.

XXXXXχέδροπα (-πά) [n.pl.] 'leguminous fruits' (Hp., Arist., Thphr., Nic.).

    *VAR χέδροπας (vl. -πούς) [acc.pl.] (Arist.), xédpoy- nav ὄσπριον, σπέρμα (H.). Also xedpia [f.] 'id' (pap. IV-VIP); variants κέδροπα (Erot. H.), κέρδοπα (H.).

    *COMP χεδροπώδης 'y.-like' (Phanias apud Ath.).

    *ETYM Groéelj Ziva Ant. 7 (1957): 43 compared Ru. goréx 'pea', Lat. furfur 'pod of  corn and pulses', etc.; formally untenable. Folk etymology with χείρ and dpénw

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(χειροδρόποι φῶτες) by Nic. Th. 752. The variation shows that the word is Pre- Greek. Cf. ▶︎ yidpa.

XXXXXχέζω [v.] 'to shit' (Ar. et al.). <1E *#ed- 'shit'>

    *VAR Perf. -κέχοδα, aor. χέσαι, also χεσεῖν (to χεσοῦμαι, after πεσοῦμαι to πεσεῖν, see  Schwyzer: 746° and 786), fut. χεσοῦμαι, also χέσομαι, perf. ptc. pass. κεχεσμένος.

    *COMP Also with év-, ém-, kata-, éx-. As a first member in ye(-avayxn [f.] 'purgative  medicine' (late medic.).

    *DER Desiderative yeo-siw (Ar.) and χεζ-ητιάω (Ar.), like πασχ-ητιάω, etc. see  Schwyzer: 732. Nouns: χεσ-ᾶς [m.] (Poll. sch., Suid.), -μα [n.}(medic.); πολύ-χεσος (Com. Adesp.);  on the formation see Schwyzer: 461 and 516. From the verbal stem χόδανον- τὴν  ἕδραν (H.), χοδιτεύειν: ἀποπατεῖν (H.) (to ᾿χοδίτης), μυό-χοδον [n.] 'mice  droppings' (late), as a term of abuse μυόχοδος (γέρων) = οὐδενὸς ἄξιος (Men. 363  Koe.).

    *ETYM The yod-present χέζω agrees with Alb. dhjes 'to shit' < IE *¢*ed-ie/o-; beside  these, we find a late thematic root-present in Skt. hadati 'id'. The root is also attested in nominal formations: Arm. jet, -oy 'tail' < IE *g*edos- or  *ghed-o-; an s-stem also in Av. zadayha [acc.du.] 'both buttocks, hindmost', apa-  zadah- 'with the ass backwards (?).

XXXXXxet name of the letter y (Att. inscr. [not before 307'), Pl. Ti., Hp.). «τὴν Sem.>

    *VAR Later χῖ.

    *DER χιο-ειδής 'formed like a x' (late medic.), χι-άζω [v.] 'to designate with a x, to put  athwart, cross out, cancel' (Ὁ. S, pap. sch.), with -aopa [n.] 'cross-piece of wood'  (Bito), 'cross-bandage' (medic.); -ασμός [m.] 'putting athwart, cancellation, etc.'  (late), yielding Lat. chiasmus; -αστός 'put athwart, etc.' (Ph. Bel. late).

    *ETYM After ▶︎ πεῖ (like ▶︎ Eei, > pei, ▶︎ wei).

XXXXXxed [f.] 'serpent's den' (X 93 and 95, Plu, Orph., Crete), 'gap' (Pi. I. 8, 77 [uncertain]). «Ροΐ(ν)»

    *VAR Ion. -ἰή. Dat.pl. χεειαῖς (Nic. Th. 79 verse-final; codd. χελεί-).

    *ETYM The analysis of the rare word depends on the interpretation of verse-final  χεειαῖς in Nic. If not adapted to the metre, it must stand for *yefe(o)-14, whence by  contraction χειά, -τή. The further assessment is uncertain; one has thought of Lat. fovea (dismissed in De  Vaan 2008) and of ▶︎ χάος (Bechtel 1914 s.v.). If ▶︎ ὀχεή is a variant with prothetic  vowel, the word may be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXχεῖλος [n.] 'lip', metaph. 'edge, seam'. <?>

    *VAR  Mostly plur. -ea, -1 (11), Dor. χῆλος (Corc.), Aeol. χέλλος (gramm.).

    *COMP Often as a second member, e.g. ἰσο-χειλής 'level with the brim, having a  height equal to the brim of the vessel, rising to the brim' (X., Arist.), -λος (Gp.);  παχυ-χειλής (Arist.), -λος (Ruf., Gal.) 'with thick lips'. Rarely as a first member, e.g. χειλο-ποτέω 'to drink with the lips, slurp' (AP 7, 223), cf. λαβρο-ποτέω (ibid. 5, 109  and 10, 18).

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    *DER Diminutive χειλ-άριον [n.] (gloss.), enlargement -wya [n.] = χεῖλος (Aq.); also  -ac = labrosus (gloss.).

    *ETYM If the transmitted dialectal forms are reliable, possible basic forms are  Ἰχέσλος, *xéA coc, and perhaps also *xéAvoc. There is no convincing etymology. ON gjolnar [fpl.] = granar, ie. 'moustache,  bearded lips' < PGm. *gelunoz, which Adontz 1937: 9 compared with Arm. jetun  'palate, ceiling'. An original form *yéAfoc, which would fit the non-Greek forms  better (Schwyzer: 491), is satisfctory for Ion. χεῖλος - but the word seems to be  genuinely Attic, too. Cf. ▶︎ χελύνη.

XXXXXχεῖμα [n.] 'winter, winter vane storm' (poet. since Od.). IE *"(e)i-m- 'winter'>

    *VAR  χειμών, -ὥνος [m.] (general, since II.).

    *COMP Some compounds, €.8. χειμά-ρροος, -ρρους, -ρρος 'streaming in winter' (IL,  Thgn., Hdt., trag.), msc. 'bourn, torrent, current' (Att., LXX, Paus.), -ρρώδιηης 'similar  to a x. (Str.); χειμωνο-τύπος 'buffeting with storms' (A. Supp. 34 [anap.]), χειμό-  σπορος 'sown in winter (Thphr.), πολυ-χείμων 'with many storms' (App.), ἀ-  χείματ-ος 'without storms' (A. Supp. 136 [lyr.]).

    *DER 1. χειμων-ικός 'belonging to the storm' (late), -όθεν 'from the storm' (Arat.). 2. χειματ-ικός, χειμ-ώδιηης 'hibernal, stormy' (sch.). 3. χειμ-ίη [6] 'hibernal weather'  (Hp.), after νηνεμ-ίη, etc. 4. PN Χείμα, -ἂς [m.] (Thess.). Denominative verbs: 5. χειμ-αίνω [v.] 'to vex by storms, rage (Pi, Hdt., Arist.,  Theoc.), ἀ-χείμαν-τος 'not vexed by storms, without storms' (Alc. B.). More  common is 6. χειμ-άζω [v.] 'to distress, visit with winter and storm', metaph. 'to  hurt, wound', also 'to spend the winter, hibernate' (1A), also prefixed, eg. with  παρα-, ém-; thence ἀ-χείμαστος 'not visited by storms' (J.), χειμασία, -ασίη (also  napa-) [f.] 'hibernation, winter quarters' (Hdt, Hell.), plur. also 'winter storms'  (Arist. Thphr.), -ασις [f.] = tempestivitas (gloss.), ταστρον [n.] 'winter coat' (Ar. fr. 888), cf. θέριστρον etc. also παρα-χειμαστικός 'fit for hibernation', ntr.pl. -αστικά  (late); -άδιον [n.] 'winter quarters' (D, Str. Plu.), -άδιος (Poll, Suid., Et. Gud.),  -adevw = -άζω (Str.); with a suffix -δ- also χειμάδα: ἱμάτιον χειμερίνόν, χειμάς:  χειμών (HL). With a suffix -r- 7. χειμέριος 'hibernal, stormy' (11), -εριώδης '4. (Gp.). 8. -ερινός  'concerning winter, hibernal' (1A), cf. gaptvdc etc. 9. -ερος = -Eptoc (Arat.), disjoined  from compounds like δυσ-χείμερος 'distressed by heavy winter or storms' (Il, Hdt.,  A.). 10. χειμερίζω 'to spend the winter' (Hdt., D. H.), 'to storm' (Thphr.). See also  > χείμαρος. χιών, -όνος [f.] 'snow, blanket of snow, snow-water' (Il.). As a first member e.g. in  χιονό-χρως, -wtog 'with a skin white as snow' (E. [lyr.]). Hence χιόν-εος 'snowy,  white as snow (poet. Asios [VII-VI*]), -ώδης 'snowily' (Hp., E., Hell. poetry), -1xd¢  'consisting of snow (Thphr.), τινος 'white as snow' nn nto ον [n.]  designation of an eye-salve (Alex. Trall.), -i@w, «ἰζομαι (kata-) [v.] 'to snow (upon),  be covered with snow' (Hdt., Ὁ. S., Dsc.), είζει: λευκαίνει (HL), ΜΝ [m.] 'snowing  upon' (Apollon. Lex. H.). Zero grade χἵμ- in: χίμετλον (mostly plur. -tAa) [n.] 'frostbite' (Hippon., Ar., Nic.,  Lyc., Poll.), also -τλη [f.] (Dsc.), dissimilated from -θλον, -8An, cf. Schwyzer: 533; as a

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second member -χἵμος in the poet. adjectives δύσ-χιμος 'stormy, fearful' (A., E.), μελάγ-χιμος 'black (on a white ground), dark spotted' (A., E.), τὰ μελάγχιμα 'black spots in the snow' (X. Cyn. 8,1 and 7, Poll.). See also ▶︎ χίμαιρα.

    *ETYM An inherited word for 'winter' or 'snow', with numerous representatives in  various languages:    1. An n-stem like in χεῖμα and χειμών is found in Skt. loc. héman 'in winter' < IE  *#eim-en and in Hitt. gimmi, gimmant- 'winter' < *g*im-n-i, *g"im-n-ent-. Alb. (Gheg) dimén is from *geimen- or *g*imen- (Hamp IF 66 (1961): 52ff.). Skt. hemantd- [m.] is derived with the suffix -ta-. 2. To χειμερ-ινός, -ἰος, -ος: Arm. jmern 'winter' < *g'imer-n-, Lat. hibernus 'winterly'  < *gteim-r-ino-. An -r- also in Alb. (Tosk) dimér(é) 'winter', but from secondary  transition n > τ (Jokl IF 36 (1916): 130ff.). 3. χιών corresponds to Arm. jiwn 'snow' (cf. ▶︎ κίων to Arm. siwn), from IE nom. Ἰξίονα (with final -m > -n in both languages). The m-stem also in Lat. hiems, hiemis  [f.] 'winter, storm' from the acc. *g"i-em-m, and in YAv. ziid < IE *s'idms, acc. ziigm  'winter' (after the 4-stems), OAv. gen. zimo. 4. Xip-etAov, δύσ-χιμος from *g"im-o- like in Skt. himd- [m.] 'cold, frost, snow',  hima- [{1 'winter'; as a second member in saté-hima- 'of a hundred winters' = 'a  hundred years (old)', just like Lat. bimus from *bi-himos 'two years old'. IE *$eim-h, is found in Balto-Slavic, eg. Lith. Ziemd, Ru. zimd. An Indo-Iranian word for 'winter' in Av. zaiian- [m.], Zatiana- 'winterly', Skt. hayand- [m., n.] 'year', also [adj.] 'belonging to the year, yearly', was thought to  derive from IE *¢"ei-en-. However, we may better assume thematic *g4eim-n-o-. Still,  it is most probable that the -m- in *g'eim-, etc. is originally a suffix.

XXXXXχείμαρος [m.] 'plug in a ship's hull', which was drawn out for letting out the water, after the ship had been brought to land in a sudden storm (Hes. Op. 626).

    *ETYM Probably denoting a 'bad weather bung', related to χεῖμα, χειμών, χειμέριος,  as opposite to eddiatoc 'good weather hole' (Plu., Poll., H.), see ▶︎ εὐδία. See Sommer  1914: 123ff.

XXXXXχειμάρρους ''χεῖμα.

XXXXXχειμήβοτος [adj.] " χειμερινη ὥρα 'winter time' (H.). «6Β»

    *ETYM See Lobel ZPE 19 (1975): 210, who derives it from ▶︎ βόσκω.

XXXXXχείρ, χειρός [f.] 'hand, fist', also metaph. 'deed, strength, violence; crowd, band'.

    *VAR χερσί [dat.pl.] (1A, JJ.); Dor. χήρ, χηρός, Aeol. xépp' [ace.sg.], χέρρας [acc.pl.],  poet. and Hell. also (secondarily) xep- in χερί, χερός, χέρα, χέρες, etc.

    *COMP  Highly productive in compounds. As a first member eg. χειρο-τέχνης [m.]  'craftsman' (IA), with -texvia, -téywov, etc; Xetpi-cogoc PN, probably  instrumental; χέρ-νιψ, -νιβος [f.] 'cleansing water for the hands, holy water', plur. also 'purifications with holy water' (since Od. where only acc.sg. -iBa); thence  xépviBov [n.] 'washing bowl, basin' (Q 304, also Delos IV*), probably via  reinterpretation of the accsg. χέρνιβα (Leumann 1950: 160), also -ιὸν (Hp., Ar.

===Pag_1672: Beekes_Página_1672.tiff=== XXXXXχείρ, χειρός 1621 And.), -elov (Antiph., inscr.) 'id'; rare denominative χερνίψασθαι, -νίπτομαι (for χεῖρας νίψασθαι) 'to wash the hands (before the sacrifice), besprinkle with purifying water (A 449, E., Ar. Lys.), -viwat 'to besprinkle with holy water, to sacrifice' (Lyc.), -νιφθείς 'consecrated' (AP), -νιμμὰ [n.] 'washing of the hands' (com. V*). As a second member eg. adtd-xeip 'by one's own hand, acting, perpetrator', euphem. = 'murderous, murderer' (Att. since A.), with -χειρί, -xeipia, -χειρίζω, etc. Thematically enlarged in ἑκατόγ-χειρος 'with a hundred hands' (A 402); in hypostases like πρό-χειρος (to πρὸ χειρῶν) 'at hand, prepared' (IA), with προχειρίζομαι [v.] 'to get, fetch, prepare, choose, etc.', ὑπο-χείριος 'under the hand, in someone's possession, subject' (0 448), ἐγ-χειρίδιος 'in the hand' (A.), -ἰδιον [n.] 'hand weapon' (IA), 'handbook' (late). See also ν»χειρόμακτρον, »χερνής, ▶︎ ἐκεχειρία.

    *DER 1. Diminutive χειρ-ίδιον [n.] (Att. inscr., late medic.), xép-1ov [n.] (late medic.),  also 'handle' (Hero), -ύδριον [n.] (Mosch.). 2. xetp-ic, -ἶδος [f.] 'long handshoe,  sleeve' (w 230), cf. κνημίς, with -ἰδωτός 'provided with sleeves' (Hdt., Hell. pap.,  Str.), -ιἰδόομαι [v.] 'to be provided with sleeves' (comm. Arist., gloss.). 3. χειρ- τής  [m.] 'manual worker' (pap. III'). 4. χερ-άριος [m.] an official in Ilion (inscr. II-III). 5. Adjective χείρ-ιος 'in the hands, in sbd.'s possession' (S., E.), -ἰκός 'manual' (pap. IIP), -wtdc¢ 'provided with hands' (comm. Arist.). 6. Short names, eg. Xeip-wv (Aeol. Xépp-, Att. vases Xip-); either the connection with χείρ is folk-etymology, or the  Attic form is itacistic; also Xeip-iag (Xepp-, Xnp-) [m.] (Megara, Boeot.), see  Heubeck Beitr. z. Namenforsch. 7 (1956): 2765). 7. Verbs: a) χειρ-ίζω, Dor. NWGr. fut. -1& 'to maintain, govern' (Hp., Corc., Hell. and late), with -ἰσις, -ἰξις, -ἰσμός, -ἰσμα,  -ἰστής, -ἰστικός, -ἰστεύω; Often in derivatives and hypostases, e.g. προχειρ-ίζομαι (to  πρό-χειρος, see above), μετα-χειρίζομαι, -ίζω (to μετὰ χεῖρας) 'to take in hand, deal  with' (IA); Ὁ) -xeipéw, -ἔομαι in hypostases like ἐπι-χειρ-έω 'to take hold of,  undertake' (w 386, 395), with -nua, -ησις, etc, ἐγχειρέω (Arc. -ynp-) 'id' (Att.); c)  χειρόομαι (act. -όω Ar. V. 443), aor. -ώσασθαι 'to conquer, overpower, make subject',  pass. -ωθῆναι, perf. κεχείρωμαι 'to fall in sbd.'s hands, to be subject' (1A), with -wpa,  τωσις, -ωτικός, εὐ-χείρ-ωτος; see Kerschensteiner MSS 15 (1959): 39ff.; 4) χειριᾶν = τὸ  κατερρῆχθαι τὰς χεῖρας ἢ ἀλγεῖν ἐπὶ κόπου (Poll. 2, 152), cf. on ▶︎ xipac.

    *ETYM The dialectal forms Dor. ynp-, and Aeol. yepp- correspond nicely to Hitt. kesiar < *g'es-r. The oldest inflected forms in Hittite are acc. ki$Seran, gen. ki5(Sa)ras  < *g's-er-m, *$'s-r-os (see Kloekhorst 2008 s.v.). We would expect a nom. *xéap in  Greek, but it was apparantly replaced after the genitive. ToA tsar and ToB sar also  point to a stem *¢"es-r-, although the exact phonetic development remains unclear. The old reconstruction *¢*er-s- has been generally abandoned. Further forms are: Arm. jern from the accus., plur. jerk' (Ξ χεῖρες), Alb. doré. Connection with Skt. hdsta-, Av. zasta-, OP dasta- [m.] 'hand, arm' < *é*es-to- is  likely, though the replacement of the suffix with -t- is hard to motivate. The basic article for this word is Schindler IF 72 (1967): 244ff. On the spread of the  stem xep- from the dat.pl. χερσί < *¢'es-r-su, see most recently Viredaz KZ 113  (2000): 290-307 (also on the Armenian forms). See also on " ἰοχέαιρα < *-g'es-r-ih.,  which nicely preserves the old nominative form.

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XXXXXχειρόμακτρον [n.] 'towel, cloth, napkin' (Sapph., Hecat., 5. and Ar. in Fr., X., Hell. pap.).

    *VAR Also -o-.

    *ETYM The oldest interpretation departs from ▶︎ χείρ and > μάσσω (whence μάκτρον)  'to knead, treat with the hands' (cf. ano-, ἐκ-μάσσω 'to strip off, wipe off). In this  case, however, the incidental occurrence of -w- (Hdt. v.l., Hell. pap.) beside the  much more ususal -o-, remains unclear. Hoffmann 1898: 365 therefore proposed  Ἰχειρ(ο)-ώμαρκτρον with dissimilation), with a second member connected with  > ὁμόργνυμι 'to wipe'; for the zero grade, he refers to ὄμαρξον: ἀπόμαξον (H.). This  is the more likely solution.

XXXXXχείρων [compar.] 'worse, weaker' (IA, Π.). <?>

    *VAR Aeol. (gramm.) xéppwv, poet. also χειρότερος (O 513, Υ 436, Hes. Op. 127, etc.),  superl. χείριστος (Att.).

    *DER Epic forms yepeiwv, χερειότερος; χέρεια [ace.pl.n., acc.sg.m.], χέρηες [nom.pl.],

XXXXXχέρηϊ [dat.sg.].

    *ETYM In order to explain the forms, Leumann Mus. Helv. 2 (1945): 2ff. assumes that  a superlative *yép-totoc was built to χείρων < *yép-jwv, replacing zero grade  Ἰχάριστος after μέζον < *Ltéy-jwv to μέγιστος. Att. χείριστος was then reshaped after  χείρων, to which χειρίων: ἐλάττων, χείρων (H.) was formed. yepetwv was formed  beside ἔχέριστος after the model ἄριστος : ἀρείων, with a ntr. yépetov, to which the  plur. χέρεια after the o-stems; to this, finally, the m./f. *yépet-ec (written χέρη-ξς, see  Schwyzer: 243), with a dat.sg. yépn-t, acc. yépet-a. No convincing etymology. Earlier attempts fail: the connection with Skt. hrasva-,  compar. hrasiyas- 'short, small', Olr. gerr 'short' because Gr. yep- cannot be  explained, and the proposal by Machek Listy filol. 72 (1948): 74f. (to OCS gorjii  'worse', which is usually connected with goréti 'to burn', goroke 'bitter') is formally  not evident in view of the Slavic o-grade. On χειρόομαι see ▶︎ χείρ. Cf. also ▶︎ χρή.

XXXXXχελϊδών, -όνος [f.] 'swallow (Od.), often metaph., eg. of a flying fish (middle com., Arist.), see Stromberg 1943: 117f., Thompson 1947 s.v. 4PG(S)>

    *VAR Poetic voc. -ot, like andoito andw(v), etc.

    *DER 1. poetic yeAtdov-ic, -ίδος [f.], = -wv with elucidation of the sex (AP), also as a  mythological name (Ant. Lib.). 2. χελιδον-ιδεύς [m.] 'young swallow' (Eust.), like  ἀετ-ιδεύς, etc. see BofShardt 1942: 78f. 3. χελιδον-ἰιον [n.] 'id' (Gal.), also the name of  a plant (Thphr., Dsc.), see Strémberg 1940: 72. 4. χελιδον-ίας [m.] kind of tuna  (Diph. Siph.), see Stromberg 1943: L.c.), also the name of a constellation (Scherer  1953: 174), 'the spring wind' (Thphr.), like ἀπαρκτίας, etc. 5. χελιδόν-εως [f.] kind of  fig tree (Ath. et al.), after φιβάλεως, etc. 6. χελιδον-ιά [f.] name of a deme (Arx.), see  Scheller 1951: 137. 7. χελιδόν-(ελιος 'belonging to the swallow, (colored) like a  swallow', e.g. of figs, σῦκα, ἰσχάδες (Ar. Fr. 569: 4, Dsc., et al.), see Schulze 1933a: 415;  also of a cup, κύλιξ (Delos IV-II*). 8. χελιδον-ταῖος 'colored like a swallow' (pap. imper. times). 9. χελιδον-ίζω [v.] 'to chirp like a swallow, speak unintelligibly,  βαρβαρίζειν᾽ (A. Fr. 450 = 728 M.), 'to gather for the swallows, beg' (Rhodos; Ath. 8,

===Pag_1674: Beekes_Página_1674.tiff=== XXXXXχελύνη 2 1623 3600). whence -totai: οἱ τῇ χελιδόνι (τὴν -όνα cod.) ἀγείροντες (H.). Extensively on χελιδών and its derivatives Thompson 1895 s.v.

    *ETYM The woman's name Χελιδρον (1G 97(1), 86: 1 [Thermos VI*], of Corinthian  origin) for Χελιδρονις (2, see Sommer 1948: 146°) would point to a suffix -fov-. This  would be the only occurrence of this suffix in post-consonantal position in  alphabetic Greek (but cf. Myc. te-mi-dwe-te, -ta). It is preferable, therefore, to take  ΜΝ a false archaism, like in Τλασίαρο instead of -αο (cf. Fraenkel Phil. 97 (1948):  161). Otherwise, the formation is unclear too: xeAi& reminds of ψηφῖδ-, κνημῖδ-, but  further connection with a root *g"el- in reduplicated ▶︎ κίχλη and the Germanic  group of OHG gellan 'to sound, cry', MHG glien 'to cry' is hardly credible. On the other hand, a suffix -i6- is unproblematic in Pre-Greek. Fur.: 272, 355 assumes  Mediterranean origin (also for Lat. hirund6).

XXXXXχελιχελώνῃ [f.] designation of a girls' game, in which the participants form a ring around a player called χελώνη (Poll. 9, 125, Eust.).

    *ETYM A playful reduplicated formation, for which Specht KZ 59 (1932): 122ff. tried  to explain a semantic relation with χελιδών. This is quite doubtful. The word could  also be connected with χελώνη (s.v. ▶︎ χελύνη 2), which is Pre-Greek.

XXXXXχελλών, -ὥνος [m.] a kind of mullet, 'Mugil chelo' (Arist., Hikes. and Diph. apud Ath., H.); also as a PN (Ephesus ΓΝ). see Bechtel 1917a: 48. ΑΒ Also -λ-.

    *DER χελλαρίης = ὁνίσκος fishname (Dorio apud Ath.), see Stromberg 1943: 130 and  134.

    *ETYM On the fish see Thompson 1947 s.v. The semantically obvious connection with  χεῖλος (Mastrelli Arch. glott. ital. σι (1966): 135; cf. the Romance continuants of Lat. labed) is phonetically difficult. Fur. 140 connects yeAAaping with καλλαρίας, yaAapiag (H.) and γαλλερίας,  γελαρίης (Dorio and Euthydem. apud Ath. 7, 315f.). The variation shews that these  words are Pre-Greek, and the same must hold for χελλών, then. xeAbvn 1 [f.] 'lip' (Ar. V. 1083, Poll. 2, 89, H.), 'jaw' (Ael.). <PG(V)>

    *COMP As a first member in yeAvv-oidn 'with swollen lips' (Com. Adesp., Eust.).

    *DER χελύνιον [n.] 'lip' (pap. Hippiatr.), 'jaw' (Hp. Ep., Hipparch., J., Hippiatr.). Probably also in χελυνάζειν: χλευάζειν 'to jest, scoff (H.), which has variants  σχελυνάζει: φλυαρεῖ 'talks nonsense', ἐσχελύνασεν' ἐφλυάρησεν (H.).

    *ETYM The word is probably Pre-Greek, in view of its structure and of the variants  with oxeAvv-. Connection with xeAbvr 2, χέλυς, χελώνη is semantically unclear; the  relation to synonymous ▶︎ χεῖλος is unclear too. χελῦνη 2 [f.] 'land turtle' (Nic. Al. 555, 558 v-L). <PG(s)>

    *VAR  Aeol. χελύννα [f.] 'lyre' (Sapph.), 'game of turtles' (Erinn.), see Scheidweiler  Phil. 100 (1956): 4off. Also yéAvjtva-(Babr. 115, 5), which has been doubted without  justification (Fur: 247). Also χέλους: μουσικὸν ὄργανον 'musical instrument' (H.),  perhaps Boeotian?

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    *DER Diminutive χελύν-ιον [n.] 'braincase' (Hippiatr.), = χελώνιον (H.). χέλυς, -υος [f.] 'tortoise' (h. Merc.), often 'lyre' (h. Merc., Sapph., A. Fr. 314 = 621 M.,  E. [lyr.], Call.), with 0, secondarily ὕ. Also a constellation (Arat.), see Scherer 1953:  181 and 203; metaph. 'chest' (Hp., E.). As a first member e.g. in χελυ-ο-σσόος  'causing the (strings of the) lyre to move' (Hell. poetry), yéA-vdpoc [m.] 'tortoise  snake', an amphibious snake with rough scales (Nic., Lyc.), see Morel Phil. 83 (1928):  378. A rare derivative is χέλυσμα [n.] 'wooden sheathing on the keel of a ship for  protection during haulage' (Thphr., Poll.), see Chantraine 1928: 9, and cf. ἔρεισμα,  ὅδισμα, etc; Χελῦ-τις [f.] epithet of Artemis in Sparta (Clem. Al); the naming  motive is unknown. *yedvetv is found in χελούειν- βήσσειν 'to cough' (H.), probably Lac, and in  χελ(λγύσσομαι [v.] (also ava-) 'to expectorate' (Hp., Nic., H.), -w 'to disgorge' (Lyc.). Cf. also xeA-ioxov [n.] = τρύβλιον (Hp. apud Erot.), -ἴσκιον [n.] 'mild coughing'  (Hp. apud Gal.). χέλειον [n.] 'tortoise shell' (Nic., H.), χελεύς: κιθάρα (H.). With a different stem χελώνη [f.] 'tortoise (shell) (h. Merc.+), metaph. of many  tortoise-like objects, especially a wooden shield cover of siege-troops, Lat. testiido  (X., Plb., etc.). As a first member in XeAwvo-gayot [m.pl.] EN (Str. Ὁ. S., Plin.), also  = ἀετοί τινες (H.). Thence 1. yeAwv-tov [n.] 'tortoise shell' (Arist.), often metaph., e.g. 'cover of a lock  which is shaped like a tortoise shell' (Delos III", pap.), see Mayser 1906-1938, I: 3: 43;  diminutive -άριον [n.] (Hero, Peripl. M. Rubr.). 2. yehwv-ic, -ίδος [f.] Tyre, footstool,  threshold' (Poseid., LXX, S. E.). 3. xeAwv-ia, -ittc [f.] name of a stone (Plin.), -ίτης  (κόλπος), -ἴτις (νῆσος, etc.) as a geographical name (Redard 1949: 122, 125, 160, 178). 4. τινος 'made of tortoise shell' (Edict. Diocl.).

    *ETYM χέλῦς is at the basis of χελύνη < *-us-no- 'ptng. to the x.' and χέλειον <  Ἰχέλεριον (like γένειον to yévuc). With a change of suffix, we also find χελίσκον,  τίσκιον. χέλυς is usually identified with a Slavic word for 'tortoise': CS Zely, Ru. Zolv', etc. <  PSI. *Zeli- < IE *g'eluH- or *g"elH-u-. The connection with the word for 'green,  yellow' in Lat. helvus, Greek ▶︎ χλόη, etc. from a root *g"elh,- seems possible, but is  rejected e.g. by Schmeja IF 68 (1963): 4of. Traditionally, χελώνη is connected to χέλυς under an analysis *yeAw[v]-va, where  the long diphthong loses its second element. This would presuppose that suffixal -vy  was added to an old nominative *g"el-du. It is more probable that χελώνη reflects an  old interchange of suffixes -u- and -n- (e.g. Lat. gris beside γέρανος, Lat. corvus next  to κορώνη). It would be conceivable that the -w- has to do with the root-final *h, of  *#elh,-, but the details remain unclear. Another option (Mastrelli apud Frisk) is that χελώνη derives from the sharp sides of  the jaw of tortoises, and that it is connected with the word for 'lip, jaw' in ▶︎ χεῖλος,  ▶︎ χελύνη 1. Finally, Fur.: 247 points out that the form χέλυμνα is real, and that it yielded  *yeAvfva > χελύνη, χελύννα (with interchange |1/f), like in σίγυμνος, σίγῦνος, This  strongly suggests Pre-Greek origin. DELG writes that the form with -Ov- is of a rare

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type; Chantraine 1933: 208 already stated that the words with -tv- must be interpreted as loans from a non-IE language. In spite of the similarity with the Slavic words, I think this conclusion is unavoidable for χέλυς, χελύνη and related words. The explanation of χελώνη from a long diphthong is an interpretation which has long since been given up (-wv- is a Pre-Greek suffix; see Fur.: 3035).

XXXXXχελώτρα = stillicidium (gloss.), water that falls drip by drip.

    *ETYM Conomis Glotta 46 (1968): 183 connects ▶︎ χολέδρα 'roof-gutter', s.v.

XXXXXχενόσιρις Egyptian name of 'ivy' (Plu. Mor. 365). «τὴν Eg.>

    *ETYM According to Plutarch, φυτὸν ᾿Οσίριδος, which is correct according to  Newberry J. Egypt Arch. 15 (1929): 93°.

XXXXXχέραδος [n.] 'debris, gravel, rubble' (® 319, Sapph. 145, Alc. fr. 344 L.P., A. R. 1, 1123).

    *VAR Datsg. χεράδει or -ἰ (Pi. P. 6, 13, Fr. 327), gen. χαράδεος = χαράδρας (Tab. Heracl. 1, 60); Also a fem. in the glosses χεράς: τὸ ἀπὸ θαλάσσης καὶ ποταμῶν  λιθῶδες and χεράδες: ai τῶν χειμάρρων ποταμῶν λιθώδεις ἀθροίσεις (H.). Variant  σχερ- in gen. πολυ-σχεράδος (Euph. fr. 25 Powell), 'shingly' (LSJ), probably from  false word-division in Φ 319. Further χεραδέως [adv.] 'in mass' (Gal. Gloss. XIX, 154  Kiihn), with J. Jouanna.

    *DIAL Myc. ka-ra-do-ro (see Ruijgh 19672: 75).

    *DER χαράδρα [f.] 'dry bed of a mountain river, torrent (which dries out in summer),  ravine, etc.' (Il.); also χάραδρος [m.] 'id' (Delph. Boeot., Plu.), also HN (Th., Paus.). Derivatives: 1. χαράδρ-ιον (Str.), -ειον (Nic.) [n.] 'id'; 2. -ewv, -εῶνος [m.] 'place  with many riverbeds' (Hdn.). 3. -ώδης 'full of riverbeds' (Str., Dsc.), -αἴος 'belonging  to a riverbed' (API., Nonn.), 'striated, serrated' (Nonn.), -ἥεις 'id., full of riverbeds'  (Nonn.). 4. yapadp-dopat [v.] 'to be filled or corroded by a torrent, form a torrent,  cleave' (Hdt, Hp., Plb., Str.), also with ἐκ-. 5. yapadptdc [m.] name of a bird, perhaps  'plover' (IA), acc. to Arist. because it lives in yapddpai, probably folk etymology?  More in Thompson 1895 s.v.; formation like ἐρῳδιός, αἰγυπιός, etc. -΄

    *ETYM As is shown by the Heraclean gen. χαράδεος (probably reshaped after  χαράδρα), the neuter yépadoc is old) The feminine yepdc, which was already  (re)constructed in antiquity from the ambiguous form yepadog (either yépadac  {acc.sg.n.] or χεράδος [gen.sg.f.]), is found beside yépadoc in H., EM, etc., and is  supported by collective formations (Chantraine 1933: 352f.) like λιθάς, δειράς; for  further discussion Leumann 1950: 161. The pair χέραδος : χαράδρα (rather not with vowel assimilation) reminds of ἕδος :  ἕδρα, ἔχθος : ἔχθρα, etc. For the formation, cf. also πέτρα, tagpn, etc. The older connection with ▶︎ χαράσσω must be given up. There is no convincing  alternative etymology. Since the variation between χεραδ- and χαραδ- cannot be  explained in IE terms, the word is probably Pre-Greek. This is quite plausible for a  geographical term. Not in Fur. See also on ▶︎ χόνδρος.

XXXXXχερείων, χέρηες, -ηι -'χείρων.

XXXXXχεράριος [m.] probably 'secretary' in Ilion (CIG 3620, 3621 [I?]). «1ὴν Latin>

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, -άδος

    *ETYM Interpreted as ἔχειρ-άριος by Boeckh.

XXXXXχερμάς, -άδος [f] 'large pebble, sling stone' (poet. Pi., also late prose). <?>

    *VAR Also χέρμα' ποίημα, χάλιξ (H.); cross of χέρμα and χεράςξ See Schwyzer: 508.

    *DER χερμάδιον [n.] 'cobble, sling stone' (Hom.), -άδιος 'similar to a χερμάς᾽ (Luc.). χερματιστής: λίθος χειροπλήθης, καὶ δίσκος βακχεῖος (H.), χερμ-αστήρ [m.]} 'sling'  (AP), -άται [m.pl.] 'slingers' (Ὁ. H.). Verb χερμάζω [v.] 'to clear of stones, remove  the stones' in ἐχερμάζομεν: τὴν γῆν εἰργαζόμεθα (H.); with verbal connection also  VEWXEPLLOG γῆ νεωστὶ εἰργασμένη (HL).

    *ETYM Connected with χείρ by ancient sources (e.g. H. χερμάς: λίθος χειροπλήθης),  χέρμα reminds of xépadoc and χεράς, which are,also unclear. If the word belongs to  χέραδος, etc. it is probably Pre-Greek. The formally unobjectionable connection with Skt. harm(i)yd- [n.] 'firm, permanent  house', Av. zairimiia- (n.] 'id'? remains hypothetical because of the meaning.

XXXXXχερνής, -ῆτος [m.] Adjunct of δόμος, βίος, γυνή = πένης, λάτρις, χειρο-τέχνης (Η.), 'poor, meagre' (E. El. 207 [lyr.], AP 6, 39, Gal. apud Orib.), οἱ χερνῆτες 'craftsmen, day labourers' (Arist. Pol. 1277*, 38: 'οἱ ζῶντες and τῶν χειρῶν"); «ΟΕ»

    *VAR Fem. also χερνῆσσα (Hdn. Gr. 1, 250).

    *DER Besides χερνήτης (Dor. -ἥτας) [m.] 'craftsman, day labourer' (Simon. 124A, A. Pr. 893 [lyr.], D. H.), fem. -ἥτις 'craftswoman, day labourer (fem.) (M 433, Parth.,  AP), also χερνήτορες = χερνῆται (Man.). Adjective τὸ χερνητικόν 'the profession of  craftsman' (Arist.). Backformation yépva yap ἡ πενία (H.), probably constructed for  the sake of etymology.

    *ETYM Departing from M 433, where a spinster is mentioned, scholars have seen in  χερνῆτις a compound (univerbation) of χείρ and véw 'to spin', so properly 'spinning  with the hands'; thence, χερνήτης, χερνής would have secondarily acquired the  general meaning 'day labourer', and (as an adjective) 'poor, scanty'. Schwyzer RhM  77 (1928): 105? explained the word as haplological for *yep-apv-nt- (xep- for xetp-  after yép-vry) 'earning with the hands' (to ▶︎ dpvuptat, cf. μισθαρνέω, -oc, -ης), but  this seems rather artificial.

XXXXXχερνίτης [m.] designation of a white marble (Thphr,, Plin.), see Redard 1949: 63. <?>

    *VAR Also -ἶτις [f.].

    *ETYM Unexplained; there is nothing that would support connection with χείρ.

XXXXXχέρνιψ —xeip.

XXXXXχέρσος [f.] 'dry land, mainland' (epic poet. IL), as opposed to the sea, 'dry, infertile, barren land, wasteland', also adjective 'dry, infertile, desert', mostly predicative, which admits of a substantival interpretation (Hdt., trag., Thphr., LXX, pap.), also metaph. of women (S.); on the mg. Finzenhagen 1939: sof. 418 ¢ers-o- 'standing erect'>

    *VAR  Att. χέρρος.

    *COMP Often as a first member, e.g. χερσό-νησος (also yeppo-, metrically shortened  xepo-) [f.] 'island conncted to the mainland, ie. peninsula', also as a PN (IA), with,  χερσονήσ-ιον, -ίζω, etc; χερσο-κόπος [m.] 'who works on barren land' with -xonéw,

===Pag_1678: Beekes_Página_1678.tiff=== XXXXXχέω, -ομαι 1627 -κοπία (Hell. pap.). Rarely as a second member, e.g. ἀρακό-χερσος [f.] 'wasteland overgrown with &.' (pap.).

    *DER 1. Adverbs χέρσονδε 'to the mainland' ( 238), χερσόθεν 'from the mainland'  (Pi, Ej, -όθι 'at the mainland' (AP). 2. Adjective yepo-aiocg 'living on land  (mainlandy' (IA), -tvog 'id. (Plin.), -ώδης 'infertile' (pap.). 3. Subst. χερσ-ίτης [m.]  'worker on wasteland' (pap. 1115). -ia (-eia) [f.] 'wasteland, ἐρημία᾽ (pap., H.); also  napaxepoia of a field (PTeb. 378, 13; 265°), from *napd-yepoos 'located next to y.' (cf. πάραλ-ος, -ia), 'almost barren land'; ἐν π. 'in a situation, which approximates a x.'. 4. verbs: a) xepo-evw (συν-, ék-) [v.] 'to live on the mainland' (S. and E. Fr. [both  uncertain], Plu.), 'to lie or lay waste, etc. (X., Arist., pap.); Ὁ) -όομαι (κεχερσωμένη),  -6w (xepomoavtec) 'id.' (pap., LXX, Plu.).

    *ETYM The gender is after νῆσος, γῆ, etc. Perhaps derived from the verbal root *#ers-  'to stand erect' seen in Skt. hdrsate, hfsyati 'to be excited' and Lat. horreo 'to stand  erect, bristle, shudder', to which also belongs (with dialectal i for e) hirsiitus 'rough,  bristly, raw'. The Greek word may first have referred to arid, stubbly land, and only  later to land in opposition to water. See also ▶︎ χήρ. Specht KZ 66 (1939): 2oif. differently assumed a metathesized form of ξερός 'dry',  like for σχερός 'mainland'.

XXXXXxéw, -ομαι [v.] 'to pour, pour out, gush, shed, douse, empty, heap up', med. intr. 'to gush, stream, spread', pass. 'to be poured, be heaped up' (Il.). On the mg. in Homer see Porzig 1942: 104f., in the sacrificial language Casabona 1966: 270ff.

    *VAR With prefix also -ybvw (late); aor. ἔχεα, inf. χέαι, epic ἔχευα, χεῦα, χεῦαι, med. (epic poet.) also ἔχυτο, χύτο, χύμενος, etc., pass. ἐχύθην, χύθην, -ῆναι (IL), fut. χέω,  -ομαι, epic χεύω, -ομαι, late χεῶ, perf. med. κέχυμαι (I1.), act. κέχυκα (Hell.).

    *DIAL Myc. me-ta-ke-ku-me-na; as a second member e.g. in si-to-ko-wo.

    *COMP Mostly with one or two prefixes, especially in prose: e.g. δια- (ovv-dia-),  Kata- (éy-kata-), ἐπι- (προ-επι-), συν- (παρα-συν-).

    *DER A. With full grade: χεῦμα [n.] 'that which is poured, stream, pouring jug' (epic  Ion. poet. Ψ 561), προχεύματα [pl.] 'outpourings, mud' (Arist.). B. With o-grade: 1. yor] (often plur. -ai) [f.] 'that which is poured, drink-offering,  libation, donation to the dead' (especially poet. Od.); very often from prefixed  compounds, e.g. προχοή (mostly pl. -ai) 'outpourings, mouth of a river', also  'libation' (epic poet. P 263); also with nominal first member, e.g. oivo-yon [f.] 'jug for  scooping wine' (Hes.), to οἶνον χεῖν, cf. οἰνο-χόος below. To this the verbs ἐπι-χοάζω  = émyéw (Lyd. Mens.), ἐκ-χοΐζω (pap.) mg. unclear (cf. Mayser 1906-1938, I: 3: 216). 2. χοῦς [m., f.] 'jug' as a measure (= 12 κοτύλαι), also 'heaped up earth, rubble' (IA),  gen. χοῦ, often (analogical) xodc, etc. Thence χο-αῖος 'measuring a x.' (late), -tetoc  'id? (Hell. pap.), -1xdc 'consisting of earth, earthly' (Ep. Cor. Ph.), 'belonging to the  xoec-festival' (inscr.). Diminutive -ἴσκος [m.], -tomov [n.) (Att. inscr. ΓΝ ὅλ. From  προ-χέω: πρόχοος, -χος, -χους [m.] 'pouring jug' (Ω 304) with -χοΐδιον [n.] (com. et  al.), Often with nominal first member, e.g. οἰνο-χόος [m.] 'wine pourer, cupbearer'  (B 128), with -yoikéc (Hld.); in bahuvrihis, eg. ἐξά-χοος 'measuring six χόες᾽ (Arist). 3. χοεύς [m.] = χοῦς as measure (Hp.).

===Pag_1679: Beekes_Página_1679.tiff===

, -ομαι 4. χόανος [m.] 'smelting furnace' (Σ 470, Hes., Emp.), also 'funnel' (χῶνος, Hp.); χοάνη (Att), χώνη [f.] (Att, Hell.) 'funnel (also metaph.), 'smelting furnace' (Poseidon.). Hence xoavetw, xwvetw [v.] 'to cast into, smelt in, pour into a smelting furnace' (Att., Hell.), also with ovv-, xata-, etc, whence ywv-eia, -εἴον, -evpa, -ευτής, -ευτήριον (Hell.). C. With zero grade: 1. χυ-τός 'heaped up' (Hom. only χυτὴ γαῖα), 'poured (out), fluid', mostly from the prefixed verbs, e.g. ttpo-, ém-, ἐκ- (Pi, IA); προχύται [fpl.] (E., A. R.) = οὐλο-χύται (see odAai). 2. χύτης 'pourer' (gloss.), further with prefix, e.g. προχύ-της [m.] 'jug, mug' (Ion. lyr., Hell. com.). 3. χυτήρ = fusorium (gloss.), ὑπο-, ἐπι-χυ-τήρ [m.] 'pouring jug' (LXX, Sm.); καταχυτήρ-ια [n.pl.] 'inundation festival' (pap.), etc. 4. χύσις [f] 'pouring out, emptying, that which is poured, rubble, heap' (Od.), mostly from prefixed verbs, e.g. συν-, &k-, dia-, mpo-; ἐκχυσιαῖος 'belonging to a drain' (pap. III'); besides χυ-τικός (δια-, ovv-, προ-) 'dissolving, etc.' (PL, Arist.). 5. χύμα [π.] 'that which is poured, (cast) ingot, heap, bulk' (Arist., Hell.), innovated for χεῦμα, mostly prefixed, e.g. with év-, προ-, ἀπο-, Kata-; thence χυμάτιον [n.] 'small ingot' (Delos II). 6. κατά-χυσμα (n.] (after ἥδυσμα, πάσμα, etc.) 'liquid poured over sth., sauce', plur. 'figs and nuts, with which the bride is showered' (com.); diminutive -yvopdtiov (com.); συγ-χυ-σμός [πι.] 'the pouring of oil into alamp' (Stud. Pal. IP). 7. χύτρα (Epich,, Att.), Ion. κύθρῃ, Hell. also κύθρα [f.] 'earthen pot' with κυθρίς, also χυτρ- [f.] (Hdt., Hell.), -(St0v [n.] (IA), -eb¢ [m.] 'potter' (Ρ].), -ίτης = πυός (sch.), -εοῦς (Att.), -etocg (Ar.), τινος (Hp.), -tkdc (IV) 'earthen, clay', -w6ng 'like a pot' (S.), -ivéa παίζειν (Poll. H.), -ἴζω (also xata-, év-, éx-) [v.] 'to abandon a child (in a pot), to put into a pot (for burningy (A, S. in Fr, com.), whence ἐγχυτρίστρια [f.] (Pl Min., sch.),

XXXXXπεριχύτρισμα [n.] 'area enclosed by clay shards' (Att. inscr. IV), χυτρισμός: ἡ τῶν βρεφῶν ἐν ταῖς χύτραις ἔκθεσις (H.). 8. χύτρος (κύθρος) [m.] 'earthen pot', also 'earthen hole' (Hell.); οἱ Χύτροι name of the warm sources near Thermopylai (Hdt.), 'festival of pots' (Ar.) with χυτρ-(κυθρ-)-ἵνος [m.] 'subterranean water well, deep holes in the riverbed' (Antig. Mir., Peripl. M. Rubr.); συγ-χυτρόομαι [v.] 'to become derelict, become ruined' vel sim., of an oil-mill (ovveyutpw8n, pap. I'). 9. χύτλον [n.] (mostly plur. -a) 'liquid, especially for washing and anointing' (Hell. poetry), with χυτλ-όομαι, -dw [v.] 'to wash, anoint' ( 80, Hell. poetry., medic.), «άζω 'id' (medic.), éy-yutAéw 'to perform a libation' (Herod.), κατάχυ-τλον [n.] 'pouring jug' (com., Poll.). 10. χύδην, Dor. (Call.) χύδαν 'in streams, by heaps, disorderly' with χυδ-αῖος 'abundant, ordinary, common' (Hell.), -αιότης, -αιόομαι, -αἴζομαι, -αἱστί (late). 11. See ▶︎ χυλός, ▶︎ χυμός, ▶︎ χυμεία. On the secondary present forms χοῦν, προσχοῖ, χοῦσι, etc. (as if from yéw) beside χῶσαι, χωσθῆναι, κέχωσμαι, etc, see ▶︎ χώννυμι. Reshaped from this χοεῦσαι [aor.] (Argolis IV*).

    *ETYM Old forms are the verbal adjective χυτός, which formally agrees with Skt. hutd- 'sacrificed' < IE *§"u-té-; other Greco-Indian isoglosses are: χεῦμα = SKt. héman- [n.] 'sacrificial pouring, sacrifice'; χύσις = Skt. d-huti- 'sacrifice'. The present  and aorist formations of Greek and Indo-Aryan, however, are far apart: Greek has a

===Pag_1680: Beekes_Página_1680.tiff=== XXXXXχηλός 1629 full grade thematic χέω, while Indic has an athematic reduplicated present juhdmi. Both forms can be old. A special problem is presented by the aorist forms éxeva and éxea, see Kiparsky Lang. 43 (1967): 627f., Hettrich MSS 35 (1976): 47-61, and more recently Hardarson 1993a: 188 and 193-4. The question is whether they represent a sigmatic aorist or an old root aorist; I do not have a strong opinion on this matter. On the treatment of the intervocalic digamma, see Chantraine 1942: 159. Beside these full grade active forms stand with regular zero grade the medial ἔχυτο, χύτο, χύμενος, to which ἐχύθην. From this aorist, the fut. yéFw arose as an original thematic subjunctive. Beside in Indo-Aryan, the verbal root is found in ToAB kaw- 'to pour', ToB 155. subj. act. kewu, 3sg. med. kutdr. The corresponding verb in Latin as in Germanic has an enlargement in -d- (probably a present suffix: Lat. fund6 'to pour out', Go. giutan 'id.', etc. Nominal forms are found in Arm. joyl 'poured, molten, massive' < ¢"eu-lo- or g"ou-lo- (cf. χῦλός), Arm. jew 'form, shape' < g"eu-o-, Lat. futis [f.] 'watering can' (Varro). Hitt. ku-uz-za /kitts/, acc. kuttan 'wall < 'heaped up' is a t-stem, see Schindler KZ 81 (1967): 297. Finally, there are two Thraco-Phrygian glosses: ζευμαν' τὴν πηγήν 'source'. Φρύγες (H.), would be Gr. χεῦμα, see Solmsen KZ 34 (1897): 62', and Cetpaia- χύτρη (Poll.), perhaps from geu-tr-. Cf. ▶︎ koyvdéw and ▶︎ χώομαι.

XXXXXχηλή [f] 'cloven hoof of cattle, horse's hoof, talon, pincers', metaph. 'surgical forceps, hooked needle, crochet needle, notch of an arrow, breakwater jutting out in a claw- like way' (Hes. Sc. IA since Hdt. and A.). «?»

    *VAR χαλά (trag. [lyr.]).

    *COMP Some compounds, e.g. χαλ-αργός 'fleet of hoofs, with fleet hoofs' (S. [lyr.]),  δί-χηλος, -χαλος 'with cloven hoofs, with two claws' (Hdt., E., Arist.); on -yaAog in  Arist. see Bjérck 1950: 298ff. Thence διχηλ-έω [v.] 'to have cloven hoofs', with -ia,  -noic; compounds, e.g. ἀγκυλο-χήλης 'with hooked talons' (Ar.), confused in the  tradition with the much more usual -χείλης.

    *DER Verbs: 1. χηλεύει: ῥάπτει, πλέκει 'stitch, plait' (H., Poll. = Eup. 388); χηλευτά,  epithet of κράνεα (Hdt. 7, 89), = ῥαπτά, πλεκτά (H., Poll.), χήλευμα = ὀπήτιον (H.,  Poll.). 2. χηλόομαι [v.] 'to be furnished with claws' (Hero), -ow 'to furnish with  notches' (Ph.), -wua [n.] 'notch' (Hp. apud Gal., Eratosth.), -wtia: ai ῥαφίδες τῶν  δικτυοπλόκων (H.). Also κεχήλωμαι πόδας: δέδεμαι συνερραμμένος τοὺς πόδας (H.,  perhaps = S. fr. 445). Further χηλᾶς: ῥάπτης, πλέκτης (H.). Unclear is χήλινον  epithet of ἄγγος (Anacr. 37), acc. to H. and Poll. = τιλεκτόν (but rather to ▶︎ χηλός,

    *ETYM No agreement outside Greek. Usually connected with ▶︎ χήμη, ▶︎ χηραμός and  further with ▶︎ χάσκω, under the assumption of an original meaning 'klaffender  Gegenstand'. DELG calls this not very plausible.

XXXXXχηλός [f.] 'chest, drawer, coffer' (P, Od., Theoc., epigr. Thasos). <?>

    *VAR On the gender see Schwyzer 1950: 34'.

    *DER Perhaps χήλινον (ἄγγος) 'chest-like vessel' (Anacr. 37), or to ▶︎ χηλήϊ

===Pag_1681: Beekes_Página_1681.tiff===

    *ETYM 'ἀπὸ τῆς διαστάσεως τῆς κατὰ τὴν ἄνοιξιν γενομένης" (A. D.); if this is  correct, it may belong with ▶︎ χήμη to ▶︎ χάσκω.

XXXXXχήμη [[] 'mussel' (Philyll., Arist., Hell. pap.), also used as a measure (Hp.); = xaoun, χηραμὶς λεία 'smooth kind of mussel' (H.), see Olsson Symb. Oslo. 4 (1926): 63. <?>

    *DER Diminutive ynp-iov [n.] (medic.) and χήμωσις [f] designation of an eye-disease  (medic.).

    *ETYM Taken to be a verbal noun to ▶︎ χάσκω (like yaoun), with the same full grade as  in OCS χόϊρ 'xaivw'. Cf. ▶︎ χηλή, ▶︎ χηλός, ▶︎ χηραμός. Quite uncertain.

XXXXXχήν, χηνός [m., f.] 'goose' (Il.)

    <IE *g"h,en-s- 'goose'>



    *DIAL Dor. Boeot. χάν, χανός; Myc. gen.sg. (pl') ka-no, dat.pl. ka-si (Aravantinos,  Godart & Sacconi 2002: 207f.

    *COMP As a first member, e.g. χην-αλώπηξ [m., Ε] 'fox-goose' (after κυν-αλώπηξ,  εἴς), designation of an Egyptian kind of goose (Hdt, Ar., Arist, Herod.). Short form χηνάλοπες [pl.] (H.), with -αλωπεκ-ιδεύς [f] 'young fox' (Ael.), -ειος (Hell. pap.);  xnvayp-tov [n.} 'young wild goose', diminutive of ᾿χήν-αγρος (on the formation  Risch IF 59 (1949): 286f.).

    *DER 1. Diminutive: χην-ίον [n.] (Hell. pap.), -ίσκος [m.] (Eub.), mostly metaph., e.g. 'curved part at the backside of a ship' (Ptol., Luc.), -4piov [n.] (Hdn.), -ἰδεύς [m.]  (Ael., Eust.). 2. Adjectives -e(t)oc 'of the goose' (Hdt., Arist., Hell. pap.), -ώδης  'goose-like' (δ. E.). 3. Verb χην-ίζω and χην-ιάζω 'to quack like a goose, cackle' (Ath.,  Diph.}; of flute-players.

    *ETYM The nom. plur. χῆνες, yavec agrees nicely with Germanic and Baltic plural  forms: OE gés > MoE geese, ON geess, Lith. dial. Zgses < *g'ans-es. The s-stem was  generalized in Greek as an n-stem, with analogical nom. χήν, χάν instead of ᾿χᾶς <  *y ave. Other cognates include Ru. gus', OHG gans, probably also Olr. géis 'swan', and the  secondary forms in Skt. hamsd- [m.] (o-stem), fem. harisi, and OE σῦς, ON g¢s <  PGm. *gdns-d, continuing an d-stem. Lat. dns-er, -eris [m.]. Connection with χανεῖν (see ▶︎ χάσκω) and onomatopoeic origin have both been  considered. As IE had no phoneme /a/, Skt. hamsd- must continue *¢"h,en-s-, and the same form  may be assumed for the other languages.

XXXXXχήρ [2] - ἐχῖνος 'hedgehog' (H.).

    *ETYM Identical with Lat. ér, éris [m.] 'hedgehog', which may represent *hér, cf. dnser  'goose' for *hanser. It is assumed that the root is *g"er- 'to be excited' seen in ▶︎ χαίρω,  and that this originally meant 'to stick out, be bristly'. It probably does not belong to  the root *g"ers- 'to be stiff found in ▶︎ χέρσος, because we do not find a trace of *-s-  in the present word. See also ▶︎ χοῖρος.

XXXXXχήρα [f.] 'widow, woman left by her husband, vidua' (Il.).

    *VAR Ion. -1).

    *COMP As a second member in φιλό-χηρος, -χήρα 'friend of widows' (late inscr.).

===Pag_1682: Beekes_Página_1682.tiff=== XXXXXχηρωσταί 1631

    *DER 1. χῆρος 'widowed, orphaned, bereaved' (E., Call. A. R., AP, late prose), rarely  as a substantive 'widower', of the male of an animal (Arist. [beside χήρα], Ath.). 2. χηροσύνη [f.] 'widowhood' (A. R., Man.). 3. χηρ-αιότης [f.] 'id' (pap. VIP), after  γεραιότης, etc. 4. χηρ-ἤϊος 'widowed, empty' (Antim.), -etoc 'id.' (AP). 5. χηρ-ικός  'belonging to a widow' (Tz.). Verbs: 6. xnp-etw [v.] 'to be widowed, separated, bereaved' (1 124, Gortyn, Att.), also  with xata-, ém-; thence -ευσις [f.] 'widowhood, separateness' (Gortyn, LXX). 7. χηρ-όω [v.] 'to make widow, rob (of one's spouse), depopulate' (IL), whence -ωσις [f.]  'robbery' (sch.). 8. χηρ-αίνω 'to become a widow' (Herod.). See also on ▶︎ χηρωσταί.

    *ETYM χήρα replaced the old word for 'widow' found in Lat. vidua, etc.; a cognate of  this is retained in »ἠΐθεος. Remote cognates may be found in χώρα < *g*oh,reh,-,  and with a different suffix χῆτος, dat. χήτει (on ▶︎ χατέω see s.v.). It is assumed that  the root from which all these forms derive is identical with that in the verb meaning  'to leave' in Skt. jdhati and ▶︎ κιχάνω.

XXXXXχηράμβη [f.] a kind of mussel (Archil. fr. 285 W, Sophr.)

    *VAR Also χηραμύς (Xanth., Hp., Str.), s.v. ▶︎ χηραμός. See Fur. 287.

    *ETYM Fur. 221, 287 assumes a Pre-Greek pre-form ἔχηραβυς in order to explain the  prenasalized form.

XXXXXχηραμός [f.] 'hole, cleft, slit' (epic poet. Φ 495, also Arist. and late prose).

    *VAR Plur. also -ά [n.], dat. pl. also χηραμόνεσσι (Orph.), which seems to point to  Ἰχηραμών, but is probably only a metrical enlargement. xnpapic (Hp. Morb. 3, 15 and 16) and χέραβος: χάσμα γῆς (H.) are taken by Fur. 221  as mistakes for χηραμός, but could just as well be variants.

    *DER χηραμο-δύτης [m.] 'who nuzzles through holes' (AP), χηραμόθεν 'from a hole'  (Orph.). Lexically attested by-forms: yapapoc: ἡ τῆς γῆς διάστασις, οἷον χηραμός  (ἢ. χηλαμός (Eust.), χειραμός (ΕΜ). Beside it χηραμύς, -ύδος [f.] 'scallop-shell', used as a measure of content (Xanth., Hp. [v.l. -pic], Str.), χηραμύδες: τὰ κοῖλα καὶ ἔχοντα Kev@pata 'hollow places, having  cavities' (H.); χηράμβη [f.] 'kind of scallop' (Archil., Sophr.).

    *ETYM A typical example where scholars have tried to explain away all variants,  instead of asking what they may indicate. We clearly have a Pre-Greek form with  several variants. Fur: 339 suggests that χειραμός represents an earlier form  ἔχαιραμος. The variant with -μβ- is a variant too, see Fur.: 221° and 287', recalling the  variations μ΄ uB and β΄ μ. Note also p/ A. Further, -vd- is known as a Pre-Greek  suffix.

XXXXXχηρωσταί [m.pl.] = οἱ μακρόθεν συγγενεῖς (H.), 'far-off kinsmen, who inherit from a deceased person lacking closer relatives' (E 158, Hes. Th. 607, Q. S.). <1E geh,-ro- 'bereft'>

    *ETYM Formation comparable with ὠμηστής, so like this to be analyzed as a  compound, extended with a suffix -tnc. Formally and semantically strongly  reminiscent of Lat. hérés, -édis, it also resembles χήρ 'widow', χῆρος 'bereaved,  orphaned, etc.'. The first member in both words is IE *¢"eh,ro- > *yijpov 'property

===Pag_1683: Beekes_Página_1683.tiff===

left behind' (cf. MoHG Erbe 'property' to ▶︎ ὀρφανός, s.v.). Dunkel 1987: 91-100 showed that the second member is from h,ed- 'to eat'. This solves the problem of the -w-: $eh,ro-h,d- > χηρωδ-. The é of Latin is explained by assuming lengthened grade -h,éd- in the second member, which may have been reintroduced at a later stage or not. χῆτος

    *VAR Dat. χήτεϊ, χήτει. Ξ'χατέω.

XXXXXχθαμαλός --χθών.

XXXXXχθές [adv.] 'yesterday' (h. Merc.).

    *VAR Also ἐ-χθές (Ar. Hell.).

    *DER χθιζός 'of yesterday' (Hom.), to which the' 'adverb χθιζ-όν (T 195), -ά (B 303);  explanation see below. Several formations in -ἰνός (περυσινός, etc.): χθεσ-ινός  (Luc.), ἐχθεσ-ινός (AP), χθιζ-ινός (Ar. [lyr] conj., Gal., Alciphr.), ἐχθιζιινός (Men.).

    *ETYM Old expression of time for 'yesterday', retained in:  1. Lat. heri, Alb. dje < IE *g'es(i), ON i ger, OSw. i gar < *$'és, where i is a  preposition; with a suffix -ter- in Lat. hes-ternus, Gm. *gester-, e.g. in OHG gestaron  'yesterday'. 2. Skt. hyds < *$ies. The gloss σερός: χθές. Ἠλεῖοι (H.) can also be explained from  the same basis (with Elean rhotacism, and -ός after νυκτός). 3. χθές with the same initial as in ▶︎ χθών; here probably also belong Celtic forms like  Olr. in-dé, MW (d)doe < PCI. *gd(i)ies (with loss of the g-). Derivation from *d'og"o- 'day' (Puhvel 1987a: 316-318) directly explains the initial  reflexes. Puhvel assumes a comparative suffix, with -ies as an endingless locative and  -is- as a zero grade; in this way, the forms with and without -j- are also explained. The comparative suffix gives an original meaning 'the day which is the other day in  relation to now'. The anlauting é- in ἐ-χθές may be the same deictic particle as in ἐ-  κεῖνος. χθιζά may be from ἔχθισ-δα (Pisani) with 6-suffix as in κρύβ-δα, etc; Puhvel  Le. ἡ. 11. χθών, χθονός [f.] 'earth, ground, land' (almost only epic poet. since 11.). <1E *d'g"em-  'earth'>

    *COMP Rarely as a first member, e.g. χθονο-τρεφής 'bred by the earth' (A.). Often as  a second member, e.g. αὐτό-χθων 'possessing one's own ground, living on proper  ground, indigenous', mostly plur. 'aboriginals' (of the population of Attica, etc.),  secondarily 'produced by the earth' (1A); besides αὐτό-χθονος 'together with the  land' (A. Ag. 536); αὐτόχθων and -ovoc are treated extensively by Sommer 1948: 83ff.

    *DER 1. χθόν-ιος 'belonging to the earth, the ground, the underworld; indigenous'  (epic poet. Hes., also late prose); often in hypostases, e.g. émyOdv-t0s 'living on the  earth, earthly' (epic poet. Il.); on »Ἐριχθόνιος sv. 2. χθόνεια [n.pl.} 'festival for  worshipping the χθόνιοι θεοί᾽ (Argolis). 3 χθονήρεις: χθονίους (H.), uncertain  χθόϊνος = γήϊνος (H.). 4. With ablaut and retained -p-: χθαμ-αλός 'low' (N 683), with  -αλότης [f.] 'lowness' (late), -αλόω [v.] 'to lower, make level' (J.).

    *ETYM Old word for 'earth', retained in most daughter languages: Hitt. tékan, gen. taknas, ToA tkam, ToB kem, Skt. ksah, gen. jmdh, Av. za, gen. zamé, Alb. dhe, Lat.

===Pag_1684: Beekes_Página_1684.tiff=== XXXXXχίλιοι 1633 humus, Olr. du, acc. don, Lith. Zémé, Ru. zemljd. Typical derivations are found in Germanic, e.g. Go. guma 'man', Lat. homd, NPhr. ζεμελως, which is a formation like χθαμαλός and Lat. humilis. The Anatolian TN Γδαμ-μανα is better left out of the discussion. As a basis, we find an m-stem d'eg"-m- > Hitt. tekan, to which a zero grade stem d'gom- > ToA tkam was formed. The initial d was lost in Lat. humus, Gr. χαμαί, etc. In Greek, dg*- became χθ- through metathesis, and firial -u regularly became -v, which subsequently spread in the inflexion. The -m- was retained only in the zero grade forms χθαμαλός and ▶︎ χαμαί. The root may also be seen in ▶︎ αὐχμός 'drought' and νεοχμός 'new'. Further details on the morphology and phonetic development in Schindler Sprache 13 (1967): 191ff. xt χίασμα = χεῖ. «χι (encl.pcl.] in ἦ-χι, οὐ-χί, ναί-χι (I). «1Ὲ Pe

    *ETYM An emphasizing particle, like Skt. hi, Av. zi, also encl. in kdr-hi 'when?', ἐάγ-Πὶ  'then', from IE *i.

XXXXXxidpov [n.] 'dish of fresh barley-corns or other crops' (Alcm., Ar., LXX, Hell. pap.). 4 PG(V)>

    *VAR Mostly plur. -pa. Also χέδρα (vl Ph. 1, 180); κίδναι- ai ἐγχώριοι (codd.;  ἐφώροι) πεφρυγμένοι κριθαί (H.), where Schmidt reads κίδραι sec. ord.

    *DER χιδρίας πυρός 'unripe wheat' (Ar. Fr. 889), χιδροπώλης 'dealer in x.' (Poll. 7,  199); χιδροβρόχον 'vessel for soaking x.', Kafizin 219 (223/222 BC).

    *ETYM Acc. to sch. Ar. Pax 595, ἔδεσμα περὶ Καρίαν. Unsuccessful attempt to connect  the word with κριθή by Pisani RILomb. 77 (1943-44): 56s5f. The variation «/x shows  that the word is Pre-Greek (Fur.: 135f.).

XXXXXχίδρυ [n.] - ὄνομα δειλόν (Η.).

    *ETYM Probably a rude term, the meaning of which is not given. It could belong to  sexual language, compare χίδαλον: ἀντὶ tod «κίδαλον»- τὸ αἰδοῖον (H.), and χίδαδον [leg. χίδαλον)]- τὸ παιδίον (H.). The connection with κίδαλόν 'onion' is  popular. Difficult to judge is χιδά: φρικτή; see DELG. The word will be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXχίλιοι [num.] 'thousand' (I].).

    *VAR Ion. (inscr.) χείλιοι, Aeol. χέλλιοι, Lac. χήλιοι.

    *COMP As a first member in ytAt6-vauc 'consisting of a thousand ships' (E., Str.), also  -ναύτης, Dor. -ναύτας 'id' (A. [anap.], E. [lyr.]), χιλιόμ-βη [f] 'sacrifice of a  thousand oxen' (Jul), after ἑκατόμβη. As a second member also -χιλοι in évved-,  δεκά-χί(ελιλοι 'nine thousand, ten thousand' (E 860, Ξ 148), after this δίσ-χιλοι (Att. epigr. V*), a backfornation like -βιβλος to ▶︎ βιβλίον.

    *DER 1. χιλιοστός 'thousandth' (Att.), -όομαι [v.) 'to be convicted to a penalty of a  thousand drachmae' (Lycurg.); 2. χιλιάς, -άδος [f.] 'number of a thousand' (IA),  -αστύς (Ephesus, Samos, Cos), also -οστύς (X.), Aeol. χελλησ-τύς (Methymna) [f.]  'division or troop of a thousand men' (details on the formation in Fraenkel 1910:  202f., Schwyzer: 593 and 597); thence -αστήρ [m.] 'member of a χιλιαστύς᾽ (Samos),  see Fraenkel l.c., Benveniste 1948: 74. χιλιάζω [v.] 'to be a thousand years old' (Tz.).

===Pag_1685: Beekes_Página_1685.tiff===

    *ETYM The dialectal forms χείλιοι, χέλλιοι, χήλιοι clearly point to ἃ pre-form  ἸἘχέσλιοι, which is cognate with Skt. sahdsra-, Av. hazayra- [n.] 'thousand'. A pre-  form IE *g'eslo- can be reconstructed, but the original concrete meaning of it  remains unknown ('heap' vel sim.?). Usually, Att. χίλιοι is thought to have arisen by  assimilation, and it also intruded into the text of Homer (see Wackernagel 1916: 7). Skt. sa- and Av. ha- continue the zero grade of IE *sem 'one' (see ν εἷς). It is usually  assumed that Lat. mille should be connected too, from *smih, g*eslih..

XXXXXἰλός [m., f.] 'green cattle-fodder, grass, meadow' (Hdt., X., Plu., Babr.). <?>

    *VAR Also -1 [f.] 'id' (Gal. Suid.).

    *COMP  As a first member in χιλήτγονος 'grawn as fodder' (Nic.), as a second  member in βού-χιλος 'feeding oxen' (A. [lyr.], AP).

    *DER 1. χιλτόω [v.] 'to feed, lead onto the meadow' (X.), -οῦσθαι: παχύνεσθαι,  σιτίζεσθαι 'to fatten, be fed' (H.), with -wpta [n.] 'fodder' (Agatharch.), -ωτήρ [m.]  'fodder-bag' (pap., Poll., H.); 2. -ebw 'id.', also intr. 'to pasture' (Thphr., Nic.).

    *ETYM Unexplained. Machek 1958: 54f. compared Cz. 2ir 'fodder', Ru. Zir 'fat, lard'. Other explanations of the Slav. word are found in Vasmer 1953 s.v.

XXXXXἱμαιρα [f.] 'goat', also as a designation of a mythical monster (Il.).

    <IE *g*ei-m-  'winter, snow >



    *COMP As a first member in χιμαιρο-φόνος 'killing goats' (AP). Hence χιμαιρ-άς [1]  'id'? (Del? 644, 16 [IV-IIIF*]), beside ἀρνηάς (cf. Fraenkel 1910: 95), also -ἰς [f.] 'kid'  (Alciphr.), -ειος 'belonging to a goat' (Hdn.).

    *DER χίμαρος [m.] 'he-goat', also [f] 'goat' (Ar., Hell.); χιμαρο-κτόνος = χιμαιρο-  φόνος (Opp.); χιμάρα [f.] 'id? (AP).

    *ETYM Formation with a suffix -ἰα- (cf. mp@pa, velaipa) which reminds of MoSw. and MoNw. dial. gimmer, gimber, ON gymbr [f.] 'sheep that has not yet dropped a  lamb' < PGm. *gimbri. The proper meaning is 'a one year old animal', cf. χίμαροι-  αἶγες χειμέριαι (H.), and χίμαιρα: ἡ ἐν χειμῶνι τεχθεῖσα, οἷον Eva χειμῶνα ἔχουσα  (EM 811, 53), see also on »ἔταλον. If the Germanic forms are cognate, they are  probably independent innovations. The age of the much later attested χίμαρος (replacing ▶︎ τράγος, s.v.) is uncertain;  probably it is an innovation to χίμαιρα like πιερός to πίειρα; cf. also Etapoc beside  ἕταιρα. It was derived from an-r-stem, which is also seen in Arm. jme?n 'winter' < *$imer-,  and within Greek with full grade in χειμέρ-ιος, -ἰνός. This r-stem alternates with the  n-stem in χειμών, χεῖμα.

XXXXXimetAov = χεῖμα.

XXXXXipac, -άδος [f.] 'chap, crack' (Ὁ. L., Suid., Eust.).

    *VAR Also χειράς; plur. also x(e)ipat = ai ἐν ταῖς πτέρναις (H.), τοῖς ποσὶ ῥαγάδες  (EM 810, 27).

    *COMP As a first member in χιρο-πόδᾶς [m.] (Alc; cod. χειροπόδης); also -πους,  plur. -ποδες 'with chapped feet' (Poll., H., EM).

===Pag_1686: Beekes_Página_1686.tiff=== XXXXXχλαῖνα 1635

    *DER χιρ-αλέος (medic. pap.), -αλέους: τοὺς πόδας κατειργασμένους (HL), cf. pwyahéoc; χίραμα [π.] designation of a foot-disease of horses (Hippiatr.). Formation  like λιθάς, σπιλάς, etc.

    *ETYM The connection with the Germanic group of MoNw. gir [m.] 'desire, passion',  OHG giri 'desirous', also gir 'vulture', is highly doubtful. Semantically close within  Greek are χηραμός, χηλή, but an ablaut IE *"é(i)- : g'i- cannot be assumed anymore;  this means that these words cannot be related. χηραμός is probably Pre-Greek; the  same may hold for this word, in view of the suffix -ad- and the meaning..-    χιτών, -@voc [m.] 'chiton', designation of a garment without sleeves, which was worn  directly on the body, 'body-garment, shirt' (II.); extensively on the mg. Triimpy 1950:  13f., E. Masson 1967: 27ff. <PG?>

    *VAR Ion. prose and Hell. κιθών (on κιτών, χιθών see below).

    *DIAL Myc. ki-to, ki-to-ne, -na.

    *DER Hypostasis Myc. E-pi-ki-to-ni-ja = ἐπι-χιτών-ια [n.pl.] 'that which is worn over  the chiton', designation of upper garments. Diminutives: χιτώνιον [n.] (Ar. Att. inscr., Hell. pap.), -άριον [n.] (Hell. and late), -ioxog [m.] (Att.), -ἰσκιον [n.] (Att. inscr.), -ἰισκάριον [n.] (Eust.). Further -ia [f.] mg. unclear (Melamp.), Scheller 1951:  54. Also Χιτώνη (Call), -éa or -ia (Epich., Ath.), Κιθώνη (Milete), name of Artemis  as a huntress.

    *ETYM Acc. to E. Masson l.c., a Semitic loan word, first from Phoen. ktn 'linen  garment'. On the different forms: χιτών, with metathesis κιθών, through  contamination κιτών and χιθών, see Schulze 1933a: 386; Wackernagel 1916: 23 and  Kretschmer Glotta 26 (1938): 43. From Sem. also Lat. tunica (see WH s.v.). Acc. to  Fur.: 136, we are rather dealing with an Anatolian culture-word. Could it be Pre-  Greek, given the variants?

XXXXXχιών = χεῖμα, χειμών.

XXXXXἸχλᾶδεῖν [v.] 'to cheer, roar'. <?>

    *VAR A hypothetical aor. beside the perf. κέχλᾶδα (Pi.), a form which, is found as  κεχληδέναι: ψοφεῖν, προσλαλεῖν 'to make noise, talk with' (H.).

    *ETYM The formation may be compared with Kéxpdya : kpayetv, kéxpiya : kptyetv,  λέληκα : λακεῖν. A present *yAddw (LSJ) cannot be accounted for; it would rather be  Ἰχλάζω (Thes., Pape), like κράζω, κρίζω beside ▶︎ καχλάζω.

XXXXXχλαῖνα [f.] ''upper-garment, mantle', originally worn only by men (lIl.).

    *VAR Also κλανίσκιον inscr. Athens (Fur.: 136).

    *COMP μελάγ-χλαινος 'with a black x.' (Mosch.), also a people north of the Scythians  (Hdt.).

    *DER xAatv-iov [n.] (AP); denominative -@oat, -6w [v.] 'to cover with a mantle'  (Nonn., AP), also with dva-, δια-, kata-; thence -wya [n.] 'cloak', of the skin ofa lion  (APL), -ίζω 'id', -ἰστής [m.] (Hdn.). Further xAavic, -ίδος [f.] 'light upper-garment', worn both by men and women (IA). Compound χλανιδο-ποιός [m.] 'manufacturer of x.' (Poll.), -ποιία [f.] (X.). Thence  χλαν-ίδιον [n.] (Hdt, E.), -ἰδίσκα [f.] (Tanagra III*), -ἰδίσκιον [n.] (Aristaenet.); also

===Pag_1687: Beekes_Página_1687.tiff===

-ίσκιον [n.] (Ar. Aeschin. et al.), haplological; -ἰσκίδιον (Ar.). Also χλάνδιον [n.] (Samos, Teos). A third formation is χλαμύς, gen. -ὕδος, accus. -vv (Sapph.) [f.] 'upper-garment for men, especially for traveling or for battle' (Ar., X., Hell.). Compound χλαμυδ-ουργός [m.] 'manufacturer of x.' (Poll.), -ovpyia [f.] (X.). Diminutive χλαμύδιον [n.] (Hell.), -vdioxa [f.] (Tanagra 115). verb κεχλαμυδωμένος 'dressed in a y.' (Nicostr.). Unclear remain the glosses χλαμυρίς: πόα, ὁ κυρίως βρόμος 'wild oats', likewise χλανίαι: περιβολαί 'garments'; yAavitidec: οἱ ὅρμοι παρθένων 'necklaces of girls'; χλάνος: τὸ περὶ τοὺς τραχήλους δάσος 'rough part around the neck' (all from H.).

    *ETYM For χλαῖνα < *yAdv-14 and χλανίς, a common base form may be assumed. Fraenkel 1912: 178? attempted to derive them frém a common form yAau-, together  with χλαμύς. Fur: 338 connects χλαμύς with χλαῖνα as Pre-Greek, which is  convincing given the meanings. Also related are yAavict: περιβολαί, for the same  reason. yAavitidec 'necklace' is rather a different word. Fur. 220 connects χλαμυρίς with χλαβόν' εὐτραφές. The group of χλαῖνα, yAavic  and χλαμύς is no doubt Pre-Greek, given the suffix -v6-, and the interchange v/a  (see Fur.: 388). Add to these kAavioxiov (see above). From χλαῖνα was borrowed Lat. laena via foreign (Etruscan?) mediation.

XXXXXλαμύς = χλαῖνα.

XXXXXλαρός [adj.] only in χλαρὸν γελάσσαις (Pi. P. 9, 38), which acc. to the sch. means προσηνὲς Kai ἡδύ 'friendly and sweet'. <?>

    *VAR From H: χλαρόν: ῥυπαρόν, λεπτόν, τρυχαλέον 'dirty, small, XX'; also =  ἐλαιηρὸς κώθων 'oil vessel'; χλαρά' ψαιστὰ ἐν ἐλαίῳ 'ground in oil', cf. Myc. ka-ra-  re-we = xA\aptifec? See Morpurgo Davies 1963 s.v.

    *ETYM Unclear. Persson 1912(2): 791? hesitatingly compared it with ON gléra 'to  sparkle, etc; see also on "χλόη. A gloss yAdp- κόχλαξ (H.) = κάχληξ 'pebble'  reminds of Lat. gldrea 'id', and this is probably not accidental. Alessio Studi etruschi  18 (1941): 132 thinks it is a Mediterranian word.

XXXXXλεμερόν [adj.] - χλιαρόν, θερμόν 'warm, hot'; χλεμύρα: χλοανθοῦντα 'verdant' (H.). «ΡΟ»

    *ETYM Persson 1891: 94 and Persson 1912(1): 15 compares Lith. Zelmuo 'shoot of a  plant', to Zélti 'to become green, flourish', with further connection to the group of  ▶︎ χλόη. This is difficult because the root is probably *g'elh,-. The word seems Pre-  Greek: for the suffix cf. ▶︎ διφθέρα.

XXXXXλέος = χλῆδος.

XXXXXλευδόν - χύδην, σωρηδόν, πληθοῦντα 'unordered, in heaps, full' (H.). = χλῆδος.

XXXXXλεύη [f.] 'joke, jest, mock, scoff (h. Cer. 202, Lyr. [IV*], Ph., Luc.).

    *DER More usual χλευ-άζω [v.] 'to jest, mock, taunt' (Ar., D., Arist. Hell.), also with    δια-, ἐκ-, κατα-, etc. probably denominative; thence -ασμός [m.] (D., Arist., Hell.),  -ασμα [n.] (LXX, sch.), -acia [f.] (D., Arist, D. C.) 'mockery, taunt', -αστής [m.]

===Pag_1688: Beekes_Página_1688.tiff=== XXXXXχλίαίνω 1637 'mocker' (Arist., M. Ant.), -αστικός (also kata-) 'mocking, taunting' (Ὁ. H,, J. Poll.), -a& [m_.] 'id' (com. in Poll.).

    *ETYM The retention of antevocalic -ev- seems to point to a lost following consonant  (like in ▶︎ σκεῦος, σκευή, oxevdtw). χλεύη corresponds to OE gléo [n.] 'cheerful  conversation, convivial pleasure, joy' < IE *g*leu-o-, OE gliw = ON gly [n.] 'id' < IE  *g'leu-io-. Other cognates have a suffix *-m- (ON glaumr = OE gléam [m.] 'shouting,  joy', Ru. glim [m.] 'banter, scoff') or -d- (eg. Lith. glaudas 'banter'). See Pok. 451.

XXXXXχλῆδος [m.] 'debris, filth, rubbish' vel sim. (A. Fr. 16 = 264 M., D. 55, 22 and 27, Crates Com. 27, Hdn.), = ὁ σωρὸς τῶν λίθων 'heap of stones' (H.).

    *ETYM Fur. 136 and 123° mentions variants κληδόν: σωρόν (H.), KAndéa- φραγμοί  'fencings, partitions' (H.) and also χλέος (inscr. Tegea [IV*]). These ensure Pre-  Greek origin.

XXXXXxAtaivew [v.] 'to warm, soften' (Hp. S. Eleg., Ar. Arist., AP).

    *VAR Aor. -1avat, Ion. -ἰῆναι, pass. -ιανθῆναι, fut. -ιανῶ (Ar.); perf. κεχλίαγκα-  τεθέρμαγκα 'am warm' (H.).

    *COMP Also with ἀνα-, ἐπι-, ὑπο-, etc.

    *DER χλιάσματα [n.pl.] 'warming compresses' (Hp.). Further χλιάζω [v.] 'id' (sch. Nic. Al. 206), χλιάω 'id.' in pte. χλιόωντι ποτῷ (Nic. Al.io; v.l. χλιόεντι), xAiw (also év-) [v.] 'to revel, behave haughtily' (A.), ἐγχλίει-  ἐντρυφᾷ 'to live in luxury, be dainty' (H.), χλιά [f.] 'warmth' (Ὁ. S.), χλιόεις in  χλιόεντι (ν.1. Nic. Al.110), -ώδης 'lukewarm' (late medic.). Adjective χλιαρός, -ερός (Schwyzer: 482), -ηρῶς (Hp.) 'lukewarm' (Alcm., Epich.,  Hdt., com., Arist., etc.), -αρότης [f.] (Procl.). With 6-enlargement: yAid1 [f] 'effeminacy, luxury, haughtiness' (Hdt., trag., Pl. Smp. 197d, X. Cyr. 4, 5, 54), also χλίδος [n.] 'luxurious ornament' (Ion Trag. 3), χλίδ-  wv, -wvoc [m.] (accented acc. to Hdn. 2, 729, 18) 'bracelet, necklace, anklet' (Asios  VII-VI?, Ar. Fr. 320, 11, Att. inscr. IV', Hell.), χλίδανός (Aeol. χλίδ-) 'copious,  voluptuous' (Sapph., A. [anap.], E. [lyr.], Plu.), χλίδαίνομαι [v.] 'to live luxuriously'  (X), χλίδάω (rarely with kata-, kat-ev-) [v.] 'to be effeminate, revel, be haughty' (Pi.,  trag., Ar. [troch.], Posidon., Arr.), whence -njia [n.] = χλίδος (E. JA 74). Further  some seemingly primary forms: κεχλιδότα' ἀνθοῦντα 'flowering' (H.), διακεχλιδώς =  θρυπτόμενος (Archipp.); with full grade: διακεχλοιδώς: διαρρέων ὑπὸ τρυφῆς  'wasting away in luxury', διακεχλοιδέναι: θρύπτεσθαι 'to be effeminate, etc.' (H.). Thus also χλοιδᾶν- διέλκεσθαι kai τρυφᾶν, χλοιδῶσι: θρύπτονται, χλοιδέσκουσαι:  γαστρίζουσαι (H.), on the formation see Schwyzer: 708. MoGr. χλιός 'lukewarm can hardly be the old inherited basis of the above group, as  per Georgacas Glotta 6 (1958): 191.

    *ETYM The pair χλιαίνω : χλιαρός (like μιαίνω : μιαρός, maivw : πιαρός, etc.) belong  together both formally and semantically, due to their physiological meaning 'soft,  lukewarm'. χλιά, χλιόεις, χλιώδης fit with these semantically. The rare forms yAiw and χλιδή, in the metaphorical sense 'soft, luxuriant, etc.', seem  to be primary.

===Pag_1689: Beekes_Página_1689.tiff===

Some Celtic and Germanic words with the meaning 'to shine, etc.' are compared: Olr. glé 'clear, evident', MW gloew 'liquid, clear' < QIE ¢loiuo-, also ON glijd 'to shine, gleam', MHG glimen 'to lighten up, gleam', Lith. Zeja 'darkness, twilight, dusk' (extensively on this Fraenkel 1955 s.v.). These words point to a root g'lei-. χλιδή, on the other hand, would correspond to Go. glitmunjan 'to gleam', ON glita 'to glitter', etc. The semantic connection between 'shine, gleam' and 'warm' is difficult, so the reconstruction remains uncertain.

XXXXXχλόη [f.] 'first green shoots, young verdure, etc' (IA), also XA6n (Α΄. inscr., etc.), Xhoin (oracular saying [II*]) as an epithet or name of Demeter.

    <IE *é"elh,- 'green,  yellow'>

a

    *VAR  Also χλοίη (Hp., Hell. pap., Babr.), Dor. χλὅα (E. [lyr.]).

    *COMP E.g. χλοη-φόρος 'bearing young green' (E. [lyr.], Ph.), whence -popéw [v.]  (Thphr., Ph.); εὔτχλοος (or ἐύ-) 'verdant, fresh and green', of Demeter and others  (5. Nonn.).

    *DER 1. Χλόϊα [n.pl.] 'festival of Demeter Chloe' (Att. inscr. IT*). 2. yAo-epdc 'verdant,  bright green, fresh' (Hes. Sc. S, E. [lyr.], Theoc.), -ηρός 'id' (Hp.), -ἡρης 'id' (E. [lyr.]). 3. χλο-ανός 'id' (Lyd.). 4. χλο-άω (also év-) a) 'to green, sprout, bud' (Eup.,  Nic. AP, Ph.), Ὁ) 'to be pale' (Nonn.). 5. -άζω = yAodw (Arist., Nic. Plu.), whence  -ασμα [n.] 'greening'. Further yAdoc (Hell. poetry), χλοῦς (Hp. apud Gal.) [m.] 'light green, green-yellow  color, pallor', yAo-wdng 'color of grass, green-yellow, pale' (Hp., Pl, Thphr.), yAou-  όομαι (also éx-) [v.] 'to become green-yellow or pale' (Hp, Gal.). On itself stands, with other formation, χλωρός 'bright green, pale green, green-  yellow, yellowish, pale', also 'fresh, lively' (Il). Compounds, eg. χλωρο-φάγος  'eating green fodder' (Hp.), -payéw [v.] (Hippiatr.), weAl-yAwpoc 'honey-yellow' (PL,  Arist.). Hence 1. χλωρ-ότης [f.] 'bright green color, paleness' (LXX, Plu.). 2. -ittg λίθος  'bright green stone' (Plin.), see Redard 1949: 63. 3. χλωρ-αίνομαι [v.] 'to turn pale' (S. Fr. 1114, Gal.), -ασμα [π.] 'becoming pale' (Hp.). 4. χλωρ-ίζω 'to become green or  pale' (LXX). 5. χλχωρ-άζω [v.] 'to eat green fodder' (Gal.). 6. yAwp-tdw [v.] 'to become  pale, turn pale' (Hp., Longos), -ίασις (H. s.v. xAdoc). 7. χλωρ-ική epithet of the  ἀρτεμισία (PMag. Par.). 8. birdnames: χλωρ-εύς [m.] name of an unknown bird  (Arist., Plin., Ael.), see BofShardt 1942: 62; yAwp-ic, -ίδος [f.] 'greenfinch' (Arist.,  Nic., Ael.); xAwp-iwv, -ίωνος [m.] 'golden oriole' (Arist., Plin.), on yAwpriis s.v; on  the birdnames see Thompson 1895 s.vv. 9. Χλῶρις, -\v pet name (A 281).

    *ETYM The writing χλοίη, χλοιόομαι, which is probably Ionic, may have been caused  by the synonyms ποίη, πτοία (which is πόα in Attic); cf. cases like yvoin beside ▶︎ xvon,  ὀλοιός beside ▶︎ ὀλοός. The Greek words for vegetation belong to a group of words which is represented in  Baltic, Slavic and Latin in the same meaning: Lith. 2élti, 1sg. Zelit 'to green, sprout',  Zelmué 'plant, shoot, growth' < *¢*elH-mén, Zalias 'green, raw, uncooked', Zolé 'grass,  herb, flower' < *g'dl-, etc; in Slavic e.g. OCS zelend 'yAwpdc, πράσινος᾽, Ru. zelényj  'green', etc; Lat. helus, (h)olus, -eris [n.] 'green plants, vegetables, cabbage'. In Indo-  Iranian, Skt. hari- 'fallow, greenish' and Av. zairi- 'yellow' < *¢'e/olH-i- are related.

===Pag_1690: Beekes_Página_1690.tiff=== XXXXXχνόη 1630 From other languages, ζέλκια' λάχανα. Φρύγες (H.) and Oss. zelde 'low grass' may be mentioned. From χλωρός, which must derive from zero grade é"Ih,-ré-, it becomes clear that the root was elh,-. It is unclear, however, how χλόη and χλόος (with short -o-) can be derived from this root, as they point to xAdpn, Ἰχλόρος. The pair 71Adfac to πλώω has been compared, but there we have evidence for two roots pleu- and pleh,-. The comparison of yAwpdc with Icel. gldra 'to sparkle, gaze at', glér-eygdr, glor-dgd 'with sparkling eyes' is semantically not strong. Interesting is the identification of χλωρός with ▶︎ γλουρός - χρυσός, γλούρεα' χρύσεα. Φρύγες (H.). Other relatives are expressions for 'bile' and 'yellow', see ▶︎ χολή.

XXXXXχλούνης [m.] epithet of the wild boar (J 539, Hes. Sc. 168, 177, Call. Dian. 150), 'boar' (Nic. Fr. 74, 6, Opp. H. 1, 72), mg. unclear (A. Fr. 62 = 74 M., Hippon. 61 = 29 Masson). The meaning was already debated in antiquity: 'cut up, castrated, τομίας᾽; 'living solitarily, μονιός᾽; 'foaming, ἀφρίζων᾽; 'resting in the grass, 6 ἐν τῇ χλόῃ εὐναζόμενος᾽; 'wrong-doer, robber, κακοῦργος, λωποδύτης᾽. <?>

    *VAR Αςς. -ἢν.

    *DER Also χλοῦνις [f.] 'pubescence' vel sim. (A. Eu. 188), χλουνός' χρυσός 'gold' (H.). Also MoGr. dial. (Calabria) ἀσκλούνη(ς) = ἱμονόρχης κριός᾽ or ὑστεῖρος κριός᾽  (Kapsomenos; see Risch Glotta 35 (1956): 76 and O. Masson 1962: 29).

    *ETYM The word has no etymology, and the case is worsened by the unclear  meaning. For χλουνός = χρυσός, connection with χλόη, χλωρός is probable.

XXXXXχλωρηΐς, -ίδος [adj.] epithet of ἀηδών (τ 518), of κάμπη (Nic. Th. 88).

    *ETYM Poetical feminine formation of χλωρός after patronymics and derivations  from PNs, eg. Xpvoric, Bpionic (Risch 1937: 142); cf. ἀηδόνες ... χλωραύχενες  (Simon. 73). Prellwitz, however, reconstructed *yAwp-nfts-c 'brightly singing', a compound of  χλωρός and the zero grade of ἀείδω with compositional lengthening. The same  analysis by Duerbeck MSS 24 (1968): 15ff. (with extensive treatment), but in the sense  of 'singing in the fresh leaves'. ;    χλωρός 'χλόη.

XXXXXχναύω [v.] 'to gnaw (off), nibble' (Epich., E. Cyc. 358 [lyr.], com. IV*). «?»

    *COMP Also with παρα- (Ael.).

    *DER χναῦμα [n.] 'delicacy, titbit' (com. IV', Zen., Poll., H.), -μάτιον [n.] (com. V*),  -ρός 'dainty' (Pherecr.), -στικός [m.] 'gourmand' (com. III*). Further χνίει: ψακάζει,  θρύπτει (cod. -tre1) 'drips, breaks into pieces' and χνιαρωτέρα: yvow<deo>tépa (H.).

    *ETYM These words agree in their vocalism with ψαύω, θραύω, χραύω; the glosses    remind of ψίω, xpiw. Further see > χνόη, ▶︎ x voc; it is unclear what the original form  was.

XXXXXxvon [f.] 'axle-box, hub' (trag.). <?>

    *VAR Also xvoin (Parm., Emp. [conj.}); cf. χλοίη beside χλόη.

    *DER Besides χνόος, χνοῦς [m.] 'fluff, dust, foam' (ζ 226, Hp., Ar. Arist. Hell.), χνο-  ώδης 'fluffy' (Hp. Thphr., Dsc., Gal.), χνό-ἴος 'id.' (Anacreont.), yvo-dw [v.] 'to be

===Pag_1691: Beekes_Página_1691.tiff===

fluffy; to start growing a beard (Hell. and late poetry), also with ém-; also χνο-άζω (5. OT 742,com. V*, Him.), x vo-iCw (Crete ΠΡ, Gal.) 'id.'.

    *ETYM Starting from a meaning 'to plane, scratch, gnaw off, χνόος and χνόη may be  understood as action nouns 'what is planed or gnawed off, and 'place of planing off  (of the axle)'. It is tempting to connect the popular words ▶︎ yvabw and χνίω. Reasonable connections can then be found in Germanic and Slavic: ON gniia 'to  rub', OE gnéad < PGm. *gnauda- 'niggardly', Ru. gnus 'rabble, vermin', Pol. gnus  'sluggerd', OCS gnusond 'uapdc'; DELG speaks of 'rather loose' connections. The  forms mentioned in Pok. can hardly yield Gr. χναυ-. Cf. also »κνίζω, »kvbu,  ▶︎ κνόος, which agree in meaning.

XXXXXa χοάνη

    *VAR χόανος, χοή, χοῦς. =xéw. χοῖνιξ, -κος [f.] corn-measure = 4 κοτύλαι (since τ 28), metaph. a kind of fetter (Ar.,  D.), also of the socket of a door-hinge (Hell. pap.). <PG(s)>

    *COMP As a first member in χοινικο-μέτριης 'one who measures with a x. (as a daily  ration) (Ath.), ὁμο-χοῖνιξ 'one who shares a x. with someone else, fellow-slave'  (Plu.); further almost always thematically enlarged, e.g. τρι-χοίνικος 'measuring  three x. (Ar, X., Hell. pap., Poll.).

    *DER youvik-ic, -ido¢ [f.] in several mgs. like 'nave, drum' of a wheel, an axle, a door-  hinge, a crown, etc. (D., Hell.); -tov [n.] as a measure, also 'fetter' (Phid., Them.),  xorvikry τοῦ τροχοῦ, ἐν @ στρέφεται ὁ ἄξων 'socket of a door-hinge' (H.); -taioc  'measuring one x.' (Hell. inscr.).

    *ETYM The fact that no origin can be proposed for this technical expression, means  that it is almost certainly Pre-Greek; cf. the suffix -ik-.

XXXXXχοῖρος [m., f.] (young) pig, piglet' (ξ 73), metaph. 'pudenda muliebria' (com.); name of a Nile-fish (Str., Ath., Gp.), on the naming motive Strémberg 1943: 101; or is it a folk-etymology from Nubian (Thompson 1947 s.v.)?

    *COMP Often as a first member, e.g. χοιρο-πώλᾶς (Dor.) [m.] 'pig-seller' (Ar.); also as  a second member, e.g. καλλί-χοιρος 'with fair piglets' (Arist.), ἀγριό-χοιρος [m.]  'wild boar' (sch. Ar. Pl. 304).

    *DER 1. xoipa [f.] 'female piglet' (Orph.). 2. diminutive χοιρ-ίον [n.] (Ar.), -iétov [n.]  (Att., εἴς), -ἶσκος [m.] (Luc.). 3. χοιρ-άς, -ddoc [f] 'sea-cliff (Pi, IA), because of the similarity with the back of a  swine, plur. 'swollen glands in the neck' (Hp.), cf. Lat. scréfulae to scrofa, see WH  s.v.3 thence -αδώδης 'craggy' (Str.), 'full of glands' (Plu.), -αδικός 'suffering from  neck-glands', ntr. 'remedy against glands' (medic.). Pisani RILomb. 77 (1943-44):  566f. connected χοιράς < *xop-1ad- 'cliff with yépadoc 'gravel', but this is not  preferable. 4. χοιρ-ίνᾷς [m.] 'kind of cake' (Philox. Lyr. V-IV*). 5. χοιρ-ΐνη [f.] 'small sea-mussel'  (Ar, [anap.], Poll), like SeApak-, ἀθερ-ίνη and other fish names). 6. χοιρ-ίημα' τὸ  χοιρίδιον (HL), like ἐριφιήματα = ἔριφοι. 7. χοιρ-εών [m.] 'pigsty' (Tz.). 8. χοιρ-άφιον  [n.] 'furrow' (pap. IIIP), like θηρ-άφιον. 9. Adj. xoip-e(tog (IA, ξ 81), see S. Schmid  1950: 26 and 51; -ινος (Luc.) 'of (young) pigs', -tkd¢ 'id' (EM), -wéng 'dirty' (late  medic., Hdn.), -ωδία [f.] (sch.). 10. -i€w [v.] 'to behave like a swine' (sch.). 11.

===Pag_1692: Beekes_Página_1692.tiff=== XXXXXχολέρα 1641

XXXXXΧοιρξᾶται [π|.Ρ].] name of a phyle in Sicyon (Hat. 5, 68), a nickname devised by Cleisthenes. 12. χοιρόδανον [n.] name of a plant (Ps.-Dsc.), see Stromberg 1940: 147.

    *ETYM The inherited word for 'pig', σῦς or ὗς, gradually extinguished and was  replaced by γρῦλος, γρύλλος and χοῖρος. The latter probably represents ἔχορ-ιος,  and in this case may be cognate with Alb. derr < g'oiro- 'swine'. Since wild pigs are  brushed, it may also be related to ▶︎ yp 'hedgehog', which is related to Lat. ér. In  view of the limited distribution, we may wonder whether this etymon is a substrate  word. The other etymology by Lidén Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae B. 27 (1931):  117ff., that χοῖρος would be identical with Arm. gér , gen.pl. girac' 'fat (of men and    animalsy (which may derive from IE *g"oiro-) and related to Ru. Zir fat, bacon,  wealth', is not very convincing.

XXXXXχολάδες [f.pl.] 'entrails, guts' (A 526 = 181, h. Merc., Antim, AP). The sing. χολάς means τὸ κοινὸν ὑποχονδρίου καὶ λαγόνος, 'abdominal cavity' (Arist.). «ΝΑΙ χολλάδες (Pherecr., Men.). Fur.: 131 compares κόλον 'intestines; (Ar.).

    *DER Besides χόλικες (f.pl.) 'entrails, especially of oxen', also {m.], sing. χόλιξ 'gut'  (com., Milete V*), χολίκιον (n.] 'gut' (Thphr., Poll.).

    *ETYM A Slavic word for 'stomach' shows remarkable similarity with χολάδες: Ru. Seliidok, CS Zeludok», Pol. Zolgdek, which may be reconstructed as IE *g'el-ond-. The  formation is similar to that of χολάδες, if this derives from *g'ol-nd-, but not  identical. Lith. skildndis 'sausage-stomach, etc' is considered unrelated, but shows  the same suffix. There are a number of problems with this account: first, the deviating form χόλικες  remains unexplained (it is difficult to arrive at this form from *k'olnd-). Second,  Fur.: 140 compares not only κόλον, but also καλίδια: ἔντερα, Κύπριοι 'intestines  (Cypr.) (H.) and (ibid: 345) γόλα: ἔντερα. Μακεδόνες (Η.), γάλλια' ἔντερα (HL),  γάλλος (H.); he also adduces Arm. K'alird 'intestestines of animals. The variations    show that the word is Pre-Greek. 1

XXXXXχολέδρα [f.] 'roof-gutter, gutter' (Eratosth., Ph. Bel.).

    *ETYM Unexplained. It can hardly belong to ▶︎ χολή. The formation cannot be Indo-  European; is the word Pre-Greek?

XXXXXχολέρα [f.] 'cholera, a disease of the stomach, which causes vomiting and diarrhoea', ξηρὴ x. 'obstruction' (Hp., Aret.), 'vomit, nausea' (LXX). Acc. to H. also = σωλήν, δι᾽ οὗ τὸ ὕδωρ ἀπὸ τῶν κεράμων φέρεται ἐξακοντιζόμενον (= ▶︎ χολέδρα). «Ραΐ»

    *VAR Ion. -ρη.

    *DER χολερ-ικός 'belonging to x., suffering from x.', -ώδης 'like x., causing x.', χολερ-ιάω [v.] 'to suffer from x.' (medic.).

    *ETYM A medical expression. Formally, we may compare ὑστέρα and names of  diseases like ixtepoc and ὕδερος, Perhaps, xoAépa is a substantivation from Ἰχολερός  with shift of accent (Schwyzer: 482). As ἃ basic form, χολή or χόλος (Celsus) is more  probable than χολάς (Alex. Trall.), but Pre-Greek is also quite possible. Olr. galar [n.] 'disease' has to be kept separate (cf. Pok.: 411).

===Pag_1693: Beekes_Página_1693.tiff===

XXXXXχολή [f.] 'gall', also metaph. (mostly poet.) 'bitter hate, wrath' (IA), also of the exception of the cuttle-fish (Nic.).

    *COMP  Rarely as a first member, e.g. χολη-δόχος 'absorbing gall', of κύστις 'gall-bladder'  (late medic.), yoAd-Bagog (Arist.), also χολοί-βαφος (Nic.) 'immersed in gall, gold-  yellow', with metrically conditioned variation acc. to Schwyzer: 452°. On ▶︎ yoAédpa  {f.] 'gutter', see s.v. Frequent as a second member, eg. μελάγ-χολος 'containing black gall' (S.), -χολίαι  [f.pl.], -ἰη [sg.] 'melancholy', 'bilious complaint, gloominess, melancholy' (Hp., Ti. Locr.), -yoAdw [v.] 'to be gloomy, insane' (Att; on the matter see ΜΙ Mus. Helv. 10 (1953): 21ff.; on ▶︎ ἀκράχολος s.v. ἢ

    *DER 1. Diminutive χόλ-ιον [n.] (M. Ant.). 2. Adjective χολ-ώδης 'full of gall, bilious'  (Hp., Pl, Arist.), also 'wrathful' (Luc.), also connected with χόλος; -ὀεις 'bilious'  (Nic. Opp.), -1Kd¢ 'id? (Plu.), -atog 'id.' (Suid.). 3. Denominative yoAdw [v.] 'to be full of gall, rage, be wrathful' (Hp., com., LXX),  also with ék-, ὑπερ-; yoAaivw [v.] 'id' (Aesop., v.L), ἐκ-χολίζω [v.] 'to remove the  gall (Gp., v.L). Also χόλος [m.] 'bitter hate, wrath' (iL, epic poet., also Hdt. and late prose), rarely  'gal? (P 203). Thence yoA-wrdc 'wrathful' (Hom.), see Ammann 1956: 21f., -ἰος  'wrathful (AP). To χολωτός belongs a series of verbal forms: yoAw-Ofjvat, -σασθαι. -coptal, κεχόλω-  μαι, -μένος, -σομαι, pres. χολοῦμαι 'to become wrathful, be wrathful, grumble'; also  act. χολῶ-σαι, -σέμεν 'to make wrathful' (Hom, Hes., Pi. trag.); see Wackernagel  1916; 130, Chantraine 1942: 364. From medical language χολόομαι [v.] 'to turn into gall (Gal., Alex. Aphr.), rarely  -6w, mostly with é-, émt- (to ἐπί-χολος), connected with χολή,

    *ETYM Formally, χολή and χόλος are primary nouns to the root *¢'elh,- found in Lat. helus, (h)olus [n.] 'greens, vegetables'. A primary verb, which may be preserved in Lith. Zélti 'to sprout', originally referred  to the green-yellow color of germinating and sprouting vegetation, cf. OHG gruoni  'green' to gruoen 'to germinate', and Lat. viridis to vireo. This verb could also be used  of other objects that were characterized by a comparable color, e.g. gall: Av. zéra-  [m.], ON gall [n.] 'gall, poison', OHG galla [f.] < PGm. *galia-, *gallé(n)- < IE  *#olH-n-, OCS zloen < *$'th,-ti- (the appurtenance of Lat. fel, fellis [n.] 'id' with f- <  *¢'. presupposes that it is a dialectal form). A color adjective 'green, yellow, etc', is found in several variants, e.g. Skt. hdri- = Av. zairi- < IE *g*eli- or *g*olH-i-, Lat. helvus 'honey-yellow' < *gelH-i-uo- (see De Vaan  2008 s.v.), Lith. Zelvas 'greenish, yellowish' < *g'el-uo-, OHG σεῖο 'yellow' < PGm. *gelwa- << IE *gelH-u-), ON gulr '4. < PGm. *gula- < IE *#1H-0-, etc. The word for 'gold', which occurs in various forms, is also related: Skt. hiranya- =  Av. zaraniia- [n.] < *#lH-en-, Go. gulb, OHG gold [n.] < PGm. *gulba- < TE *#1H-  to-), OCS zlato, Ru. zéloto < IE *g*olH-to-. See ▶︎ χλόη, ▶︎ χολέρα,

===Pag_1694: Beekes_Página_1694.tiff=== XXXXXχορδή 1643

XXXXXχόνδρος [m.] 'grain, grain of salt, seed, barley-grain, cartilage, especially of the breastbone' (Ion., com. since Ar., Arist., Hell.). «Ὁ

    *COMP Some compounds, e.g. χονδρ-άκανθος 'with cartilaginous backbone' (Arist.),  ἔγ-χονδρος 'grainy' (Dsc.), ἐγχονδρ-ίζω [v.] 'to make grainy, form into grains' (late  medic.), ὑπο-χόνδρ-ιος 'located under the cartilage of the breastbone', -tov [n.]  'upper part of the abdominal cavity' (Hp. Arist. etc.).

    *DER 1. χονδρ-ός 'grainy, coarse' (Hp. Arist.), a secondary formation after the  oxytone adjectives in -ρός, 2. Diminutive yovdp-iov [n.] (Hp.). 3. χονδρ-ίτης (ἄρτος)  'bread made of barley' (LXX), see Redard 1949: 91. 4. xovdp-iAn [f.] 'gum-plant,  Chondrilla iuncea' (Dsc., Gal.), like κονίλη etc. 5. xovdp-tc, -i60¢ [f.] name ofa plant  (Plin.). 6 χονδρ-ώδης 'grainy, cartilaginous' (Hp., Arist.), τινος 'made of barley'  (Archestr.). 7. yovdp-woicg [f.] name of a disease of the breasts (Sor.), from  Ἰχονδρόομαι. 8. χονδρ-ιάω [v.] 'to swell with clots of milk', of female breasts (Dsc.). 9. χονδρεύει- σεμίδαλιν ποιεῖ 'produces flour' (H.).

    *ETYM Unexplained. The connection with a verb for 'to rub, etc.' in OE grindan 'to  grind', Lith. grésti, isg. gréndZiu 'to shave, scour, scratch', Lat. frendo 'to grind, gnash,  shatter', with dissimilation from *ypévdpoc, has to meet the difficulty that Greek  excludes an initial labiovelar, while Latin seems to require one. Another problem is  that Germanic -d- cannot be combined with Greek -5- and with the acute in  Lithuanian. Unclear is Alb. grundé 'clay'. Alternatively, a pre-form *xépd-poc (related to ▶︎ χέραδος, χαράδρα) dissimilated to  χόνδρος; in this case, the word would be non-IE.

XXXXXx6vvoc [m.] 'copper cup', a Cretan word (Hermonax apud Ath., H.). <?>

    *VAR  Plur. -οἱ as the name of a festival (Gortyn V-IV*)?

    *ETYM Frisk comments that it is probably from χοῦς, χέω, comparing ▶︎ xdavoc,  ▶︎ χῶνος. Unclear.

XXXXXχορδή [f.] 'gut, catgut, string, sausage' (since @ 407).

    *comp  As a first member in χορδ-αψός [m.] 'ileus, volvulus' vel sim. (medic.); on  connection with ἅπτω see extensively Stromberg 1944: 100f. Often as a second  member, e.g. ἑπτά-χορδος 'with seven strings' (Arist.).

    *DER Diminutives χορδ-ίον (n.] (Milete V-IV*), -άριον [n] (Alex. [lyr.]); further  -εύὐω [v.] 'to make sausages', τευμα [n.] 'sausage-dish' (Ar.), kata-xopdevw 'to chop  to sausage-meat, cut up, slit' (Hdt., Them.), -éw 'id.' (Ael.).

    *ETYM Derived from an Indo-European term for 'intestine', but without an exact  correspondence. A formation in -n- is found in Lith. Zérna (Zarna) [f.] (small) guts,  leather bag, hose', plur. Zérnos 'intestines', ON gorn 'id.', plur. garnar 'intestines' < IE  *$'orH-nh,-, OHG garn [n.] 'yarn' (made of dried gut). Without -n-, we find Lat. haru-spex 'diviner, soothsayer' < *'rH-u-, Skt. hira- [m.] 'band', hird [f.] 'vein' <  *$'rH-o-. Given the frequent forms with -n-, it has been proposed that χορδή is an irregular  development from ἔχορνή (e.g. Haas 1956: 131f.); the -6- would have been taken over  from a semantically close word, e.g. from the group of καρδία (the reverse may have

===Pag_1695: Beekes_Página_1695.tiff===

happened to Skt. μέδαγα- 'heart' with h- < g"- instead of s- < k- after the word for 'gut'. . The appurtenance of Lat. hernia [f.| 'rupture' and Alb. zorré 'gut, plur. 'guts, intestines' is doubtful because of the reflex of the initial stop.

XXXXXχόριον [n.] 'skin enclosing the foetus, afterbirth' (Hp, Arist, Thphr, Dsc.), 'membrane inside an egg' (Arist.), mg. unclear in Theoc. 10, 11; plur. -ta 'dish filled with milk and honey, a kind of pudding' (com., Theoc.). <?>

    *ETYM Unexplained. Neither χορδή nor χόρτος yields a convincing connection.

XXXXXχορός [m.] 'round dance, dancing-place, band of dancers, choir' (Il.), metaph. 'row, band' (Att.). «Ἰῦ g*er- 'seize, catch'> 4

    *COMP Numerous compounds, e.g. χοροι-τύπος 'stamping at the round dance (at the  dancing-place?), dancing, dancer' (Pi. Fr. 156, Opp. Nonn.), probably also h. Merc. 31 (of tortoises; see Porzig 1942: 210); others accentuate χοροί-τυπος (see Zumbach  1955: 40); thence -τυπίη [f.] '(stamping at the) round dance' (Q 261, AP), -tuxéw [v.]  'to stamp the floor at the round dance, to dance' (Opp.); also -τυπος (of ἄλσος)  'stamped by a band of dancers' (Nonn., perhaps also h. Merc. 31, see above), on the  first member, which may be an old locative, see Schwyzer: 452. As a second member,  eg. καλλί-χορος 'with fair dacing-places, choral dances' (epic and lyr. since A 581).

    *DER 1. Adjective χορ-ικός 'belonging to the choir, etc.' (Ar. flyr.], Pl. Arist.), -εἴος  [adj.] 14. (A. R., late), also [m.] name of a meter = τροχαῖος, τρίβραχυς (Οἷς, Ὁ. H.),  -elov [n.] 'dancing-place' (LXX), -eia plur. 'thank-offering for a victory of a choir'  (Delos III-II*), 'choir-tax' (Pergam. II'), -tog = tpoxatoc, tpiBpayuc (AP), of  ἐξελιγμός name of a tactical manoeuvre (Ael., Arr.). 2. -ἴτις [f.] 'dancer, choir-  member' (Call., Nonn.), -ἰτεία = -εἰα (Andania 15). as if from *-ttetw. 3. Verb χορεύω  [v.] 'to perform a choral dance, celebrate with dance, etc.' (Pi, IA), often prefixed,  eg. with ava-, ém-, ovv-; thence -evoic, -evpa, -ευτής, -ευτικός, 4. περιχορίζειν'  ἐνόπλως, συντόνως ὀρχεῖσθαι 'to dance in arms, vehemently' (H.). By across of χορός and κορωνός (-vic, -νη) arose χορωνός 'atépavoc', see Apion in  Ath. 15, 680d and Giintert 1914: 129.

    *ETYM χορός may originally have been a choral dance, but the original meaning of  χορός cannot be established with certainty. χορός has been connected, together with ▶︎ χόρτος, with a verb 'to seize, grasp' in Skt. hérati 'to bring, carry'. On the other hand, Lith. Zaras 'row, twig, etc.' is phonetically  identical with χορός. Meier-Briigger 2002 connected the root of χαίρω 'to rejoice',  i.e. *$*er-, which seems reasonable.

XXXXXχόρτος [m.} 'enclosure, court' (A 774, Q 640), cf. χόρτον obpavod: τὸ περιόρισμα 'enclosed place' (H.), 'pasture-ground' (Pi, E. [lyr.]), mostly 'pasture, fodder, grass, hay' (IA, Hes.). 1Ὲ *g"or-t- 'fence'> ""

    *COMP Very frequent as a first member (Hell. and late), e.g. χορτο-φόρος bearing  grass, transporting fodder'; also as a second member, eg. oby-xoptos (of χθών,  πεδία, etc.) 'whose χόρτοι are adjacent' (A, E.).

    *DER 1. Diminutive yopt-iov [n.] 'small enclosure' (Erinn.), -épia [n.pl.] 'coarse  grass' (Dsc.). 2. Adjective xopt-atog = μαλλωτός, ragged', from *"belonging to a

===Pag_1696: Beekes_Página_1696.tiff=== XXXXXχραεῖν 1645 court, rural, rustic' (Ar. Fr. 707a, D. H., Ael.), -aia γῆ 'pasture-land' (pap. ΓΨῈΣ; -τκός 'concerning hay' (Hell: and late pap., Ptol.), -ώδιης 'grass-like, rich of grass' (LXX, Dsc.). 3. Verb χορτ-άζωῳ (also ἀπο-, ἐπι- Sosith. 2, 13) [v.] 'to fodder, satiate, fatten' (Hes.), whence -aoia [f.] 'foddering, fattening' (LXX, late pap.), -ασμός [m.] 'id' (Anaxandr.), -άσματα [n.pl.] (τασμα [sg.]) 'fodder, nourishment' (Plb., LXX, Ὁ. H., Act. Ap.), -αστικώτερα 'foddering more' (H. s.v. καπανικώτερα).

    *ETYM χόρτος phonetically corresponds with an Italo-Celtic word: Lat. hortus  'garden', OLat. 'villa, estate', Osc. hiirz, acc. hiirtum 'enclosure'. and Celtic words like  W garth 'hurdle, field', Olr. gort 'field'. These three branches require a pre-form  *gtorto-. From other branches, several words which clearly go back on *g*ord"- must be  adduced: OCS grads 'πόλις, κῆπος᾽, Ru. gérod 'town', Lith. gardas 'bed, hurdle', Alb. gardh, -dhi 'fence', and (with zero grade) also Skt. gyhd- [m.] 'house'. This form,  however, would have yielded Gr. "κόρθος. For Germanic, it is necessary to pose JE *g*ord*- for some words, e.g. Go. gards [m.]  'house, garden', aurti-gards 'garden'; further cognates are ON gardr 'fence, enclosure,  garden', etc. Ambiguous regarding the suffixal stop is ToB kerciye 'palace'. It is also assumed that  a number of toponyms from Anatolia and the eastern Mediterranean derive from  this word: Hitt. gurta- [c.| 'citadel' (which can hardly be Anatolian, however; see  Kloekhorst 2008 s.v.), Phr. Mane-gordum (also -zordum), Γόρδος, -tov, Cret. Γόρτυς. This has been taken as evidence for an Indo-European substrate in Greece, see  Heubeck 1961: 58ff. IE *g'orto- is generally considered a to-derivation of a verb for 'seize, grasp' found in  Skt. hdrati 'to bring, carry'. This presupposes that the initial palatovelar *¢*- was  depalatalized in Balto-Slavic and in Sanskrit. An initial palatal is in fact found in  some semantically close Balto-Slavic words: Lith. Zardas 'scaffold for drying', Zardis  'RoSgarten, great pasture', OPr. sardis 'fence', Ru. zoréd 'heap, fenced place', εἴς, but  a problem is that their accentuation points to a pre-form *g"ord- (Winter/s Law), not  *ghord*.. The analysis as a participle from *g*er- 'to seize' has one remarkable detail: the o-  grade of the root is unexpected.

XXXXXχοῦς -'"χέω.

XXXXXχραεῖν [v.aor.] 'to attack, assault, inflict, take up, εἰς., also with inf. (Hom., Nic., A. R. AP); éitéxpae, -ov also 'to affect, touch' (A. R, Q. S.).

    *VAR Also with ἐπι-, only 356. (ἐπ-)έχραε, 3pl. (ἐπε éxpaov, 2Ρ]. ἐχράετε.

    *ETYM Expa(Fye, xpa(fetv are isolated thematic aorist forms, with zero grade of the  root (cf. fade, (F)adetv sv. ▶︎ ἀνδάνω, etc.). They are connected with Lat. in-gruo  (from -u6 or -aud) 'to rush', Lith. griduti, isg. griduju 'to destroy', and griiti, sg. griyvi 'to crumble'. This presupposes that the root is *g*rehu- and that the  palatalization in Lithuanian is secondary. A different (but not very attractive)  proposal was made by Peters 1980b: 342, who assumes an analogical, secondary zero  grade *k*rau- to a root PG *k*reu-. See ▶︎ ζαχρηής and ▶︎ χραύω.

===Pag_1697: Beekes_Página_1697.tiff===

XXXXXχραίνω [v.] 'to besmear, sully, stain' (Β,., ἱγὰρ., Nic, AP, Pl. Lg. 769a, also late prose). <?>

    *VAR Aor. χρᾶναι, fut. χρανῶ.

    *COMP Sometimes with ἀπο- in the sense 'to grade or tinge colors' (Pl. Lg. 769a,  Arist.).

    *DER Verbal adjective ἄ-χραν-τος 'unsullied, unstained' (trag., late prose, εἴς); also  ἀχρανές: ἄχραντον, ἀμόλυντον, καθαρόν, ἀμίαντον 'undefiled, clean' (H.), ἀχρᾶές  'id' (Nic, AP).

    *ETYM Unknown. Frisk compares ▶︎ ypiw and »uaivw and suggests that it is a cross  of both, See also ▶︎ χραύω, ▶︎ χρόα, ▶︎ χρίω, etc. Pok. 459 subsumes it under IE *g'ren-,  which is rejected by DELG. 4

XXXXXχραισμέω [v.] 'to be of use, help, promote' (II.). <?>

    *VAR Ind. -μεῖ (Nic. Th. 914), fut. χραισμήσω, aor. -ῆσαι, often them. aor. ἔχραισμε,  χραῖσμε, ipv. χραίσμετε (A. R.), to which a subj. ypaioun, probably also inf. -μεῖν (A.

    *DER Late epic nouns: back-formation χραίσμ-η [f.] 'use, help, promotion' (Nic.),  τ-ήεις 'useful, promotive' (Nic.), -ησις [f] = xpaioun (Nic. metr. inscr. Hypaepa),

XXXXXτήϊον [n.] 'means of help' (Marc. Sid.), τἠτωρ [m.] 'helper, promotor' (Nonn.).

    *ETYM An epic verb of unclear formation, which acc. to sch. A. R. 2, 218 was also  used by the Arcadian Clitorians (cf. Ruijgh 1957: 164). Its formation presupposes a  noun ἔχραισμός. The aorist ἔχραισμε could be best explained as analogical to  χραισμεῖν (which would originally be a pres. inf.) after examples like ἔκτυπε to  κτυπεῖν. Acc. to Schwyzer: 723 and 748, ἔχραισμε is originally an ipf. of ἃ denominative  *ypaiout-.w, which was reinterpreted as an aorist because of χραισμεῖν. The non-  presentic forms χραισμ-ήσω, -ἦσαι may have been built later to ἔχραισμε  (Chantraine 1942: 347) and have produced the late ind. pres. χραισμεῖ; the inf. χραισμεῖν was ambiguous from the beginning. Etymologically obscure. It is semantically plausible to connect χρή, χρῆσθαι, but an  analysis in ἴχραι-σμόςς with a further unknown zero grade beside χρῆ-σις  (Brugmann-Thumb Lc. after Mekler; also Bechtel 1914 s.v. and Schwyzer: 347) in  unconvincing.

XXXXXxpavw [v.] 'to graze, wound slightly, scratch' (II). <?>

    *VAR Only ipf. év-éypave (Hdt. 6, 75), aor. subj. χραύσῃ (E 138), évi-xpaton (Nic. Th. 277), pte. χραύσαντα (Q. 5. 11, 76). Further éxpavoev- ἐπέτυχεν 'hit upon' and χραῦσαι: καταξῦσαι, ypavai, σκιάσαι,  γράψαι, ἐπιτυχεῖν 'to scratch, touch, cast a shadow, engrave, hit upon' (H.); ptc. med. χραυόμενον, also χραυζόμενον (-avoc-?) 'grazing, adjacent' (Cypr. inscr. [V*]).

    *DER χραῦσις: ἄγκυρα μονόβολος 'anchor of one piece' (H.), probably also  ἐχραύτιζεν: iEevev 'to catch by birdlime' (Η.), like pavtilw, onatitw, etc, see  Schwyzer: 706.

    *ETYM The only remains of this verb are found in the epic tradition (cf. Ruijgh 1957:  131). It can hardly be separated from χρα(ρ)εῖν, Expa(F)e 'to attack, etc.'. Ifthe word °

===Pag_1698: Beekes_Página_1698.tiff=== XXXXXχρέμυς 1647 is Indo-European, we have to assume a root *g'reh,u-. For the vocalism cf. ψαύω, xvabw, ▶︎ θραύω. See further on ▶︎ χρόα, ▶︎ xpiw.

XXXXXχρεία

    *VAR χρέος, etc. >xpr}.

XXXXXχρεμετίζω [v.] 'to whinny, neigh' (M 51, Hdt. Pl., LXX, Q. S.).

    *COMP Rarely with ὑπο-, év-.

    *DER χρεμετ-ισμός [m.] 'whinnying' (Ar. [lyr.], LXX, Ὁ. H.), -topta [n.] 'id.' CAP,  Iamb. Bab.), -ἰστικός 'fond of whinnying' (Ph., 5, E., Plu,, etc.). Further χρεμ-έθω 'id' (A. R. Q. S., Opp. AP), also with ἐπι-, and -ίζω, only aor. 3pl. χρέμισαν (Hes. Sc. 348), χρεμετᾷ:' ἠχεῖ 'resounds' (H.), Χρεμέτης [m.] name of a river  in Libya (Arist. Nonn.). Several nouns: 1. χρόμος: ψόφος ποιός 'kind of noise'. οἱ δὲ χρεμετισμός and χρόμη:  φρυαγμός, ὁρμή, θράσος 'neighing, impulse, boldness' (H.). 2. χρόμαδος (γενύων)  'gnashing' ( 688), see ὅμαδος, KéAadoc. 3. fish names (after natural sounds; see  Stromberg 1943: 65ff): χρόμις, also χρόμιος [m., f] (Anan. Epich., Arist.), χρέμης, τῆτος [m.] (Opp. Ael.), also ▶︎ χρέμυς: ὁ ὀνίσκος ἰχθῦς CH, also Arist. ν.1. κρ-), cf. Thompson 1947 s.v. χρόμις. 4. Several PNs and nicknames, e.g. Χρέμης, Χρέμων,  Χρεμύλος, Χρομίος, Xpdpic, Χρομύλος,  On itself stands χρέμπτομαι, aor. χρέμψασθαι [v.] 'to clear one's throat, cough up,  spit out' (IA), also prefixed, eg. with dva-, dmo-, kata-, éml-. Thence ἀνά-, ἀπό-χρεμψις [f] 'coughing up' (Hp.), χρέμμα (also ἀνά-, év-) [n.] 'expectoration' (Hp... Perhaps the fish name xpéty is a back-formation (Strémberg 1943: 67).

    *ETYM As basis of these words we must posit a primary verb ἔχρέμω (cf. βρέμω, Lat. fremo; from this χρόμος etc.), which however had to give up for several popular-  expressive enlargements: χρεμ-ίζω (: γεμ-ίζω, otevay-itw, ἐρεθ-ίζω), -ἐθω (: prey-  έθω, τελ-έθω), -etdw, -ετίζω (: Χρεμέτης, vat-et-dw, aipe-t-itw, ἐρα-τ-ίζω,  τερετίζω). A special position has χρέμπτομαι (-πτ- onomatopoeic as in πτύωξ); perhaps it does  not belong at all here (cf. WH s.v. scratta with another hypothesis). There is no exact outer-Greek correspondence to the verb, but the root *g"rem- is  Indo-European. In Balto-Slavic, there are sound verbs with different ablaut, like Lith. gruméti, isg. grumu 'to thunder, roar, rumble', graméti, 156. gramu 'to fall in the  depth with noise', and OCS grométi, isg. gromljo 'Bpovtav, to thunder', Ru. gremét',  158. greml ju [v.] 'to thunder, tinkle, rattle', OCS grome 'thunder' (which formally  matches χρόμοςλ  Germanic has several expressions for anger and grumbling, which must originally  have referred to sounds like droning, gnashing the teeth, εἰς: ON grimmr 'grim,  excited', OHG grim 'wild, cruel' < PGm. *grimma- < *g'rem-no-, ON gramr, OHG  gram 'wrathful < PGm. *grama- < *g"romo-, Go. gramjan, OHG gremman [v.] 'to  get angry or embittered'. The same meaning is encountered in Av. gramantgm  [ptc.gen.pl.] 'of those who are wrathful to us', MoP yaram 'wrath'.

XXXXXχρέμυς 6 ὀνίσκος ἰχθύς 'kind of gadus or cod' (H.). < PG(V)>

===Pag_1699: Beekes_Página_1699.tiff===

    *ETYM Fur.: 131 connects κρέμυς 'a fish with a hard head' (Arist.), see on ▶︎ κλεμμύς,  and considers the word to be Pre-Greek. Frisk cites it under ▶︎ χρεμετίζω.

XXXXXχρή [subst.] 'it is necessary; one must, should', often with negation and in questions (

    *VAR Indeclinable in Homer; post-Hom. inflected forms ipf. χρῆν « χρὴ ἦν, later  ἐχρῆν, opt. χρείη, subj. χρῇ, fut. χρῆσται, inf. χρῆναι, ptc. χρηεόντα [n.pl.], all  univerbations with forms of εἰμί.

    *DER χρῶμαι < *xpr-opat [v.] 'to need, use, utilise; to treat, handle, associate with  someone' (since Y 834), also with ava-, kata-, mapa-, mpoo-, etc. in various shades  of meaning (1A); also 'to consult an oracle or a,god' (Od.). Ion. (also Dor. in Sophr. 126) has χρέομαι, ptc. χρεώμενος; 38g. χρῆται, inf. χρῆσθαι  (fon. Hell. also χρᾶται, -ἄσθαι after ὁρᾶται, -ἄσθαι, etc.), aor. χρήσασθαι, fut. χρήσομαι, perf. κέχρημαι. The aor. also means 'to borrow (from)', perhaps from 'to  put in use for oneself or to the act. χρῆσαι (E., etc.); the perf. (especially ptc. κεχριγμένος) means 'to require, crave, desire' (epic poet. T 262). It is probably an old denominative. Active forms in special mgs. were secondarily  created to the medial forms: to χρήσασθαι, χρήσομαι, χρῶμαι 'to consult an oracle',  χρῆσαι, χρήσω, χρῶ arose, in the sense 'to give an oracle' (since θ 79), with 3sg. χρῇ  and χρᾷ, ptc. χρείων = xprwv, also with ἐξ- etc., with pass. aor. ἐχρήσθη 'an oracle  was granted', plpf. éxéxpr(o)to, etc. (Pi, IA). In a similar vein, the active χρῆσαι 'to lend (to)' arose to χρήσασθαι 'to borrow  (from)'. Fut. χρήσω, also with mpo-, ἐπι- etc. (14) with κέχρηκα (Hell.) and the new  present κίχρημι, κίχραμαι, also χρήννυμι, -bw (Thphr., Hell. pap.). On itself stands with prefix, especially amo- (IA), also (Hdt.) éx-, kata-, ἀντι-χρᾷ  (Att. ἀπόχρη after χρή), -ἔχρησα, -χρήσω 'to suffice, to serve', mostly 3. sg. 'it is  sufficient', with unexplained development of mg. Secondary verbal forms: 1. ypn-éopat in Megar. χρηείσθω (Calchedon), Boeot. xpetero6n, El. χρεεσται 'to need'. 2. χρη-ἴζω, χρεΐζω, χρήζω [v.] 'to be in need, require,  desire, wish' (since A 835; cf. κεχρημένος above). 3. χρη-ἴσκονται 'they require, lack'  (Hdt. 3, 117). A concise survey of nouns derived from χρῶμαι or from χρή (a sharp distinction is  not possible in all cases): 1. ypew, -ovdc [f.] (secondarily [n.]) 'requirement, need,  necessity, desire' (Il., epic), also χρειώ = χρηώ. To this χρεών and χρεόν [n.] 'id.' (Pi,  IA), with -v after δέον, προσῆκον, etc. 2. χρέος 'obligation, debt, fee, commitment, engagement, affair' (IA, also 9 353, A  479), epic also χρεῖος = χρῆος (since Il), Att. also χρέως [n.], plur. ypé& (Hes. Op. 647), xpéa (Ar.), χρῆα (Arc. IV), which is much more probable than a lecture  ἔχρήατα from ἔχρῆραρ; further χρήϊα < ἔχρήεα (Cret.). 3. χρεία (lon. -ίη) [f.] 'requirement, desire, wish, use, praxis, benefit, help, service,  function, association', rhet. 'theme of a speech' (Thgn., Att. Hell.); χρηΐα' πενία  'poverty, need' (H.), χρει-ώδης 'needy, necessitous, useful' (Hell.), -ακός [m.]  'official' (Peripl. M.Rubr., pap. III?); &-xpetoc, Att. d-xpetoc, lon. a-xpriiog 'useless,  unusable, unapt' (since Hes.). The ntr. ἀχρεῖον as an adverb to ἰδών, ἐγέλασσεν (B

===Pag_1700: Beekes_Página_1700.tiff=== XXXXXχρή 1649 269, σ 163), to κλάζον (Theoc. 25, 72), but the mg. is not quite clear; after this χρεῖος 'useful, apt' (Hell., but rare). 4. χρῆμα [n.] 'affair which one needs, object, thing, etc', mostly plur. 'goods, property, money' (Od.), whence χρηματίτης ἀγών 'competition with a money-prize' (Marm. Par.), χρημα-τίζω, -τίζομαι [v.] 'to negotiate, do business, etc. (Att. Hell.), also 'to handle a name, give an oracle, prophesy' (Hell.), whence -τισμός, -τισις, -τιστής, -TLOTHPLOV, -τιστικός. 5. χρήμη [f.] 'need, requirement' (Archil. et al.). 6. χρη(σ)μοσύνῃη [f.] 'need, poverty' (Thgn., Tyrt.), χρησμ- also 'aid' (A. R.), cf. on χρησμός, but ἀχρημο-σύνη [f.] 'need, lack' (p 502, Then. 156) from ἀ-χρήμων. 7. χρῆσις [f.] 'use, application, benefit, intercourse, association' (Pi., [A), also 'response of an oracle' (Pi.), 'loan' (Arist., Plb.), whence χρήσ-ιμος 'usable, useful, proficient' (Thgn.+), -ἰμότης, -ἰμεύω. 8. χρησμός [m.] 'response of an oracle' (Pi., A), very frequent as a first member, e.g. χρησμο-λόγος 'prophesying, prophet' (IA); in the same mg. probably χρησμο-σύνη (Hdt. 9, 33). 9. χρηστήριον [n.] 'seat of an oracle, response of an oracle, sacrifice to it' (h. Ap.+), like μυστήριον, δικαστήριον, etc. Thence -ήριος 'belonging to an oracle' (Hdt,, A., E., etc.), -ηριάζομαι [v.] 'to consult an oracle' (Hdt.), but χρηστήρια σκεύη [n-pl.] 'utensils, furniture' (Argos [VI], Pl. Com., Hell. inscr. and pap.). 10. χρήστης [m.] 'lender, creditor', also 'debtor' (Att., etc.), also χρεώστης 'debtor' (late) after χρέως; χρήστης and χρήστωρ also = μάντις (H.); 11. χρητῆρες [pl.] = χρηστήρια 'furniture' (pap. II)? 12. χρηστός 'usable, fit, proficient, good' (IA), whence -ότης, -οσύνη, -εύομαι; often as a second member, eg. ἄ-χρηστος 'unusable, useless' (IA; = ἀχρεῖος» but πυθό- χρηστος (trag.), θεότχρηστος (Ph.) 'prophesied by (the Pythian) god' from xpaw 'to give an oracle, prophesy'. 13. χρεῖος 'poor, needy' (A., E, late prose) is probably for χρήϊος to χρή; beside it χρεῖος 'useful' from ἀ-χρεῖος (see 3). On χρή, χρῶμαι and their derivations see the extensive treatment by Redard 1953.

    *ETYM χρή is formally isolated within Greek. As a closest formal counterpart, we find  frozen accusatives πλήν and δήν < *pleh.-m, *dueh,-m and ἐπί-κλη-ν, further the  ambiguous forms ▶︎ ὀμοκλή and ▶︎ μεσόδμη. In other languages, monosyllables like  Lat. spés 'hope', and compounds like Skt. prati-ma [f.] 'picture' (from *meh,-), Lith. avi-de [f.] 'sheepfold' (to τίθημι) are found, cf. Pedersen 1926: ziff. Though χρή is best considerd a feminine, many scholars preferred to see an old  neuter in it (Wackernagel, Fraenkel, Hermann). As a basic meaning 'need, necessity,  duty, custom', which is usually assumed, arose without a doubt by abstraction or  generalization, all etymologies are quite hypothetical. Connection with χαρῆναι, χαίρω was proposed by Brugmann 1886-1900 II: 962,  Pedersen Lc.; that with Skt. hérati 'to bring, carry' (cf. on ▶︎ χόρτος) by Brugmann IF  37 (1916-1917): 239f. These proposals are far from convincing. As I found no noun  ending in a long vowel in Pre-Greek, nor any indication for laryngeals, I rather think  that the word is Indo-European, perhaps *g"reh,.

===Pag_1701: Beekes_Página_1701.tiff===

, -Tw χρίμπτομαι, -tw [v.] med. (mostly intr.) 'to force one's way near, come near, strike firmly', act. (mostly trans.) 'to force near, bring close to something, make crash' (epic poet. since k 516). 4182 greib*- 'grab'>

    *VAR  Aor. med. (ἐγ-)χριμφθῆναι, fut. ἐγχρίμψομαι; act. (ἐγ-)χρίμψαι; aor. med. χρίμψασθαι can be both trans. and intr.

    *COMP  Also with prefix, especially év- (Il, epic Ion. poet., late prose).

    *ETYM The similarity with xpiw (cf. also χραύω) has long since bee observed; for the  ending -μτίτομαι no parallel has been found except for (the imitation?) σκίμπτομαι. The resembling χρέμπτομαι is semantically far off. Kélligan, in a paper read at the 13" Fachtagung der indogermanischen Gesellschaft,  Salzburg 2008, proposes a nasal present to the root 'g*reib'- (Go. greipan, Lith. griébti 'to grab', 150. griebit, to which Greek secondarily made a yod-present. So  *ghrimb". > PGr. *k*rimp*- + -ie/o- > χριμπτεο-.

XXXXXXpiw, -ομαι [v.] 'to graze, spread, (be)smear, enqueue, anoint, plaster' (Il.). «188 * gtei(H)- 'strike'>

    *VAR Late also -i-. Aor. χρῖσαι, -σασθαι (IL), -σθῆναι (A.), fut. xpiow (EB), -copat  (Od.), -σθήσομαι (LXX), perf. κέχριμαι (Hdt.), -ἰσμαι (LXX), κέχρικα (LXX).

    *COMP Often prefixed, eg. with ἐπι-, év-, Kata-, ὑπο-.

    *DER 1. χρῖσις (also ἔγ-, κατά-, etc.) [f.] 'spreading, besmearing, anointing, tinging'  (Hp., Arist., Hell.), χρίσιμος (sch.). 2. χρῖμα (A, X., Call.), more usual χρῖσμα, later  χρίσμα (after κλίμα, θέμα, etc.) [n.] ' ointment, tincture, etc', also with ἐπί-, περί-,  etc. 3. δια-, συγ-χρισμός [m.] 'anointing, ointment' (medic.). 4. χρῖσται [m.pl.] (Η. s.v. κονιαταί). 5. χριστήριον [n.] 'oil, oil-bottle' (Suid.). 6. χριστός (also ἐπί-, κατά-,  etc.) fit for spreading or anointing' (A. Pr. 480, E.), 'anointed', msc. 'the anointed  one' (LXX), whence 'Messiah, Christ' (NT).

    *ETYM The regular inflexion of χρίω is clearly a late creation. A convincing outer-  Greek connection does not exist. Mostly connected with Lith. griéti, sg. gr(Deju 'to  skim cream from the milk'; the same root would be found in the Germanic group of  OE grima [m.] 'mask, helmet, ghost', MLG gréme [f] 'dirt', etc. The comparison with  NPhr. γεγρειμεναν [ptc.] 'painted, adorned, written, γεγραμμένος᾽ vel sim. (Haas  Sprache 6 (1960): 19ff.) is tempting. The Lithuanian verb seems to point to an anit  root, so if it is related to ypiw, the length in Greek must be secondary. From χρίσμα were borrowed Lat. chrisma (Eccl.), whence MoFr. créme, etc. from  Χριστός Lat. Christus, whence Christidnus.

XXXXXχρόα [f] '(contact) surface of the body, skin, skin-color, color' (ΒΞ 164), also 'surface, ἐπιφάνεια' among the Pythagoraeans (Arist.). <?>

    *VAR  Also χροιά, Ion. χροιή (see below). Further χρώς [f.], gen. χρο-ός, dat. -i, acc. χρόα, younger gen. ypw-tdc (since K 575), -ti (since Pi.), -ta (Od., Hes. Op. 556),  plur. -τες (Arist.) 'surface of the body, skin, skin-color', also 'flesh, body', rarely  'color' (Il, epic Ion. poet.). A fixed expression is ἐν χρῷ (Att.), which is older than ἐν  χροΐ (Ion.) 'close to the skin' (e.g. κείρειν), metaph. 'very close, hard by' (with gen.),  cf. Schwyzer: 578.

===Pag_1702: Beekes_Página_1702.tiff=== XXXXXχρόνος 1651

    *DIAL Probably Myc. a-ko-ro-we-e /a-k'rowe'e/ [n.du.] 'without spots', or /ha-  ktrowe'e/ 'of one color'.

    *COMP Very frequent as a second member, e.g. μελανό-χρο-ος 'with a dark skin' (τ  246), which is thematicized; athem. inflection preserved in plur. μελανό-χρο-ες (N  589), μελάγ-χρο-ες (Hdt.); younger μελάγ-χρωτες, -xpwta (CE. [lyr.]), nom. -χρως  (Pl. Phdr. 253e), etc. On -xpooc, -xpous, -xpwo as a second member see Sommer  1948: 21ff.; also μελαγ-χροιής 'id' (to χροιή [π 175]) and -χρής (com. pap.), after the  adjectives in -ἧς.

    *DER 1. Diminutive χρωτ-ίδιον (Cratin.). 2. Verbs: perf. med. κέχρωσμαι, -μένος (IA), aor. χρωσθῆναι (Att.) 'to take on a color  or hue, etc.', act. χρῶσαι (Arist.), ἐπι- κέχρωκα (Plu.), χρώσειν CH.) χροΐζω, χρῴζω  (Alex, Nic., Dsc.), 'to color, stain', later also χρώννυμι, -bw (Luc., Lib., Plot.); χροΐζω,  χρῴζω, -ομαι also 'to touch (a surface), unite with someone' (Pi. E. [lyr.], Theoc.);  often prefixed, e.g. with ἐπι-, kata-, mapa-; cf. also on χροιά below. Hence several verbal nouns: a) χρῶμα [n] 'color (of the skin), make-up;  characteristic appearance, e.g. of a chromatic scale, of a speech, etc.' (IA); thence  χρω-μάτια [pl.] = -ματα (AP), -ματικός (music, rhet.) 'chromatic' (Hell.), -μάτινος  'colorful' (Peripl. M. Rubr.), χρωματίζω, -opat (also ém-) 'to color, tinge' (Hp., Pl. Arist.). b) χρῶσις (also with ava-, ano-, ént-) [f.] 'coloring' (Epicur., pap., Plu.). c) χρωστήρ [m.] 'that which colors' (AP). 4) from xpot{w 'to color': xp6-ioic, -topds  (gloss.), émypd-ioig mg. unclear (Thphr.). 3. χρωτ-ίζω, -ίζομιαι (also ovv-ava-) 'to color, give an appearance' (Ar. (lyr.], Plu.). From χρώς, χρο-ός also χρο-ιά, -u (like oxon-1d, λοφ-ιά, etc.: χρόα is like pda (to  pod, pow), πόα, etc.). Hence xpoia [n.pl.] 'colors' (Emp.), ἐπιχροαί [f.pl.] 'id'  (Thphr.), χρο-άζω [v.] 'to color' (late medic.), cf. χροΐζω above. Further χροτιή [f.]  'skin' (AP 15, 35), a cross of χροιή and χρώς, -wtdc.

    *ETYM χρώς is an old s-stem, and its complicated declination reminds of that of  ἔρως, γέλως, αἰδώς. Acc. to DELG, the Mycenaean form a-ko-ro-we-e (cf. ἐδχροές, ξ  24) points to a root *k"row-, to which χρώς is an s-stem formation which underwent  hyphaeresis: gen. *k"rowosos > *k'rohos. DELG assumes that most forms arose by  such a process, eg. χροιά < *k"rowosia. κέχρωσμαι is probably an analogical form to  xpwitw. The superficial similarity with χραύω, xpaivw, xpiw is not sufficient for a solid  etymological proposal. The assumption of vowel assimilation from *ypafds  (Schmidt KZ 32 (1893): 370'f.) is dictated by the desire to connect ▶︎ χραύω. χρόμαδος

    *VAR χρόμις, χρόμος. Ξ'' χρεμετίζω.

XXXXXχρόνος [m.| 'period or course of time, (a definite) time, lifetime, time limit' (Il.), plur. χρόνοι also 'year' (= Lat. tempora, since III-IV"; see Schwyzer: 124f.), «Ὁ

    *COMP As a first member, eg. χρονο-γράφος [m.] 'chronicler, annalist' (Str.),  -ypagia [f.] 'chronicle, yearbook' (Plb.). Often as a second member, e.g. σύγ-χρονος  'at the same time', ovyxpov-éw, -[Cw, -σμός (Hell.); also suffixed, eg. πολυ-χρόνε-ιος  'comprising a long time, lasting, durable' (h. Merc.+), whence -[a, -ἰότης, -itw (Arist.,  Hell.).

===Pag_1703: Beekes_Página_1703.tiff===

    *DER 1. χρον-ίσκος [m.] 'small timespan' (LXX). 2. -ἰὸς 'protracted, late' (p 112),  -ἰότης [f.] 'long period' (Thphr.), -tdopat 'to become protracted, chronic' (Hp.). 3. τικός 'concerning time' (Ὁ. H., D. S., Plu.). 4. χρον-ίζω (also éy-) 'to spend the time  (somewhere), abide, be late, linger' (IA), whence -ἰσμός [m.] (Hell.), also with éy-. 5. χρον-ῶσαι 'to make temporal' (Plot.).

    *ETYM Etymology unknown. On the model of κλόνος and θρόνος, it has been  assumed that χρόνος should be analyzed as xp-ovo- < *g'r-ono-, from a root 'seize,  bring' also supposed for »ydptoc. On the semantic side, an original meaning  'encompassing time-limit' has been assumed for χρόνος, or even 'seizer' (Porzig  1942: 346). A number of verbal roots *g'er- etc, exist (see LIV*). However, it is rather  doubtful that ▶︎ κλόνος and ν» θρόνος shouldbe analysed in this way, as DELG  already remarked. Other words for 'time' are ▶︎ καιρός, which is etymologically  unclear too, and inherited ▶︎ αἰών.

XXXXXχρῦσός [m.] 'gold' (I].).

    *VAR Secondarily -ὕ-, see Schwyzer: 516.

    *DIAL Myc. ku-ru-so.

    *COMP Productive in compounds, e.g. Myc. ku-ru-so-wo-ko = χρυσ-ουργός (LXX)  'gold-worker'; χρυσό-θρονος (see on ▶︎ θρόνα), χρυσ-ώνητος 'bought with money',  designation of a slave (Callistr. Hist.), ὑπό-χρυσος 'with gold below', 'auriferous,  gilt' (PL, Hell. inscr.); on prefixed compounds with χρυσός, see Stromberg 1946: 136.

    *DER 1. xpvo-iov [n.] 'gold, golden ornaments, golden coins, money' (IA), -idtov [n.]  with contemptuous connotation (Att. orators), -ἰδάριον [n.] (Ar), also -άφιον  (Hdn., Eust.). 2. ypvo-giov, mostly plur. -efa [n.] 'goldmine' (X., Plb.). 3. χρυσ-ίς,  -ίδος [f.] 'golden vessel, dress, golden shoe, etc.' (com., inscr., Luc.). 4. χρυσ-αλλίς,  -ίδος [f.] 'gold-colored larva of a butterfly' (Arist., Thphr.), also = μηλολόνθη (Eust.),  cf. »θρυαλλίς, 5. χρύσ-αφος [m.] name of a fish (Marc. Sid.), like ἔλαφος; also  χρύσοφος (Cyran.), for χρύσ-οφρυς (Stromberg 1943: 26). 6. χρυσ-ίτης [m.], mostly  -ittc [Ε] 'goldish, auriferous, gold-ore' (Hdt., Hp., Str.). 7. Adjectives: a) χρύσ-εος,  late also -etoc, Att. -otc 'golden, gold-colored, etc.' (IL), -οὖς (scil. στατήρ) name of a  golden coin; also as a first member, e.g. χρυσεο-πήλῃηξ 'with a golden helmet' (hb. Mart., Call.), metrical variant of χρυσο-πήληξ (A. [lyr.], E.). b) χρύσ-ινος 'golden'  (late). c) χρυσ-ικός 'id', [n.pl.] 'hardcash' (pap.). 4) comparative ypvo-otépa ([f.]  'gold to a higher degree' (Sapph., late epigr.). 8. Verbs: a) χρυσ-όομαι (mostly perf. ptc. κεχρυσωμένος 'gilt'), also -dw 'to gild' (IA), also with prefix, especially kata-;  thence -ωμα, -woic, -ωτήρ, -wtpta, -wv. Ὁ) xpvo-itw 'to be golden or gold-like,  abound in gold' (Arist. Dsc.). c) χρυσ-αἴζεται- κοσμεῖται (H.). Also in PNs, e.g. Χρύσης, -ηΐς, -1.

    *ETYM A Semitic loan word, usually assumed to be Punic. Cf. Akk. hurdsu, Ugar. hrs,  Phoen. hirs%, Hebr. hdarus. See E. Masson 1967: 37f. for further details. An IE word for 'gold' from the root *gIh,- is found in Germanic, Balto-Slavic and  Indo-Iranian, eg. Go. gulp, Ru. zoloto, Latv. zélts, Skt. hiranya-, Av. zaraniia- (n.];  the root is found in Gr. ▶︎ χολή. Another IE word is retained in Italic and Baltic: Lat. aurum, Lith. duksas (with  secondary -k-), OPr. ausis, and perhaps in ToA was, ToB yasa.

===Pag_1704: Beekes_Página_1704.tiff=== XXXXXχωλός 1653 χρῶμα «ΝΑᾺ χρώς. Ξεχρόα.

XXXXXχῦλός [η1.] 'juice (of plants), gruel, broth', also 'taste, aroma' (IA). <?>

    *COMP Some compounds, e.g. χυλο-ποιέω [v.] 'to turn into juice' (medic.), γλυκύ-  χυλος 'with sweet juice' (Hp., Xenocr.).

    *DER 1. Diminutive χυλ-άριον [n.] 'little juice', hypocoristic (M. Ant.). 2. -ώδης  'juice-like, juicy (late). 3. yvA-dopat (also -dw) 'to convert into juice, be turned into  it, etc' (medic.), also with ἀπο-, ἐκ-, év-, etc. Thence χύλωμα, (ἐγ-)χύλωσις. 4. χυλ-  ίζω 'to extract juice, turn into juice' (Hp., Arist, Thphr.), also with ἐκ-, év-, ἀπο-;  thence -topa, -ἰσμός. 5. χυλ-ιάζω 'id.' (Aet:). Beside it stands χῦμός [m.] 'juice (of plants and bodies), liquid, taste, aroma' (1A). As  a second member eg. in ἔγ-χυμος 'having juice inside, juicy (Hp., Pl. Arist.,  Thphr.). Hence the diminutive χυμ-ίον [n.] (com.); -ώδης 'juicy' (sch.), verb -όομαι  'to be turned into juice' (Gal.), -όω 'to give taste' (Suid.), with éx- 'to squeeze out,  extract juice'; thence -ωμα, -ωσις (Hp.). χυμίζω [v.] 'to make tasty' (Ar.), with éx- =  ἐκχυμόω (Arist).

    *ETYM Both χυλός and χυμός have traditionally been connected with ▶︎ χέω 'to pour',  but it is unclear how the long ὃ can be explained. Positing a suffix *-slo- or *-smo- is  not really satisfactory, as no other form with *g"u-s- is known.

XXXXXxvpeia [f.] 'the art of alloying metals, alchemy' (Zos. Alch. Olymp. Alch.). 42>

    *VAR Also χημεία.

    *DER Besides χύμευσις (χήμ-) [f.] 'id' (EM, Eust., Tz.), -evtixdc 'concerning x.' (Zos.,  Olymp.).

    *ETYM As DELG remarks, the late attestations do not allow to draw a conclusion  regarding whether v or ἡ is original. The old etymology by Pott, deriving the word from the indigenous name of Egypt  Χημία (Plu.), copt. Kine, Χημι, which originally means 'Black-land' (Plu.), remains a  possibility. χυμεία would derive either from a verb *xnpebw 'to work in an Egyptian  way or, with -eia after μαγεία, it would mean 'the Egyptian art'. The notation χυμ-  would then be popular after χυμός. According to Diels, however, it is a Greek word deriving from χύμα (see ▶︎ xéw) in  the sense 'casting, alloying', whence *xupebw and then χυμεία = 'the art of alloying  metal'. It is beyond our reach to make a decision between these alternatives. Older  proposals, which are obviously dated, are given by Frisk.

XXXXXXUTAOV

    *VAR χύτρα, χύτρος. >xéw.

XXXXXχωλός [adj.] 'lame, paralyzed', especially of a foot, 'limping' (IL).

    *COMP E.g. χωλό-πους 'lame-footed' (Man.), χωλό-χειρος 'lame-handed' (Hippon.).

    *DER χωλότης [f.] 'lameness' (Plu., Jul.) and several denominatives: 1. ywA-evw (also  ἀπο-} [v.] 'to be lame', also 'to make lame' (Il.), whence -eia [f.] (Ρ].), -εὐματα [pl.]  (Hp.). 2. xwA-dopat (also ἀπο-) [v.] 'to be or become lame', rare -όω [v.] 'to make  lame' (Hp., Th. Paus.), whence -wotc, -wyta (Hp.). 3. xwA-aivw (also ὑπο-, ovv-) [v.]  'to be or become lame' (Hp., Pl., LXX, pap.), whence -avoic, -ασμα (late).

===Pag_1705: Beekes_Página_1705.tiff===

    *ETYM Seemingly, a formation with the suffix -lo-, like ▶︎ στρεβλός, ▶︎ τυφλός, but  without obvious etymology. Does it belong to ▶︎ χαλάω 'to slacken, relax'? Or is it  from *¢oh,-ld-, from the root *g'eh- 'to leave behind' seen in ▶︎ χήρα 'widow' (Van  Beek p.c.): a lame person being someone who lags or stays behind.

XXXXXχώννυμι [v.] 'to heap up, raise, stuff with rubbish or earth' (IA).

    <IE *g*eu- 'pour'>

    *VAR -bw (Arist., Hell.); rare προσ-χοῖ, χοῦσι, χοῦν, χῶν (as if from ἔχόω; Hdt., Th.),  aor. χῶσαι, -σασθαι, -σθῆναι, perf. med. κέχωσμαι (IA), act. κέχωκα (D,, Arist.), fut. χώσω (Att.).

    *COMP Very frequently prefixed, e.g. with ém-, προσ-, κατα-, συν-.

    *DER χῶμα (rare and late -cua) [n.] 'heap, rubbish, dam, wall (1A), -σις [f.] 'heaping  up, raising, damming' (Th., Hell.), often from prefixed verbs, e.g. ἀνάχωμα, ἔγχωσις,  etc. Also χωστρίς (yeAwvn) 'a shed to protect besiegers who fill up a ditch' (Hell.).

    *ETYM The above system of forms is built on the aorist χῶσαι, which replaced the  unclear form χέαι and may represent either *yow@oat (denominative of χόος, χοῦς) or  a contraction from *yorjoat to *yoéw (cf. νῶσαι « νοῆσαι from νοέω and σοῦμαι s.v.> cevouat), which would be a denominative or an intensive to ▶︎ yéw. All other forms  were secondarily created, e.g. the present χώννυμι, -dw. The presentic forms -χοῖ,  χοῦσι, etc. have never become dominant. Further details on the etymology s.v. ▶︎ χέω.

XXXXXχῶνος

    *VAR χώνη.

    *ETYM = χόανος, -άνη. See ▶︎ χέω.

XXXXXχώομαι [v.] 'to be angry, wrathful (I1., epic).

    *VAR  Aor. χώσασθαι.

    *COMP Also with ἐπι-, περι-.

    *ETYM Formation like ▶︎ ῥώομαι or ▶︎ πλώω, so is it perhaps deverbative to ▶︎ χέω 'to  pour', as was proposed already by Aristarchus (χωόμενος = συγχεόμενος) and  repeated by Frisk? On the formal side, see also Chantraine 1942: 365; on the meaning  in Hom. see Adkins JHS 89 (1969): 13ff.

XXXXXχώρα [f.] 'space, interspace, place, position, rank, location, region, estate, land, country' (IL, IA), also 'eye-hole' (Epid.). <?>

    *VAR  χῶρος [m.] 'space, region, land' (1].), rare in Att. prose, except in X.

    *COMP As a first member e.g. ywpo-ypag-oc [m.] 'describer of countries,  chorographer', whence -éw, -ia (Plb., Str.). Gained an enormous productivity as a  second member, e.g. πλησιό-χωρος 'inhabiting a nearby country, neighbouring,  neighbour' (IA), also in hypostases with an enlargement -o-, eg. ἐγ-χώρ-ιος  'situated in the region, native, indigenous' (Pi, IA).

    *DER 1. xwp-tov [n.] 'space, place, location, estate' (prose since Hdt.). 2. diminutive τίδιον [n.} (Lys., Plu.), τάφιον [n.] (Thphr.) 'small estate', -αφιαῖος (Hdn.). 3. On  ▶︎ χωριαμός: κίστη 'vessel' (H.), see s.v. 4. -ίτης [m.] 'countryman, farmer, native  inhabitant' (A, S., X.), -ittc [f.] 'woman from the countryside' (Luc.), -ἰτικός (X.,  Plu.). 5. Adjective -ἰκός 'rural, rustic' (late); -ἄσμιαι epithet of ἐλαῖαι (Pamphyl. [ΠΡ];  after ἀποδάσμιοςϑ).

===Pag_1706: Beekes_Página_1706.tiff=== XXXXXχωριαμός 1655 6. verbs: a) χωρέω, -ῆσαι, -ήσω (II. in Att. the act. fut. only with prefix, but otherwise τήσομαι); κεχώρηκα (IA), -ηθῆναι, -ηθήσομαι, κεχώρηται (Att.) 'to make room, give way, recede' (Il, trag.), 'to step (forward), go forth, make progress', trans. 'to comprehend, contain' (IA), also 'to catch' = 'to understand' (late), intr. 'to find a place' (Ev. Jo. 8, 37), very frequently prefixed in various mgs., e.g. dva-, ἀπο-, év-, mpo-, προσ-, ovv-, ὑπο-. Thence nominal derivatives in -ἡμα, -ημάτιον, -ησις, -ητικός, b) χωράζω, Dor. aor. -άξαι 'to situate, position, raise' (Hell. inscr.). Isolated χωρίς [adv., prep.] 'separated, detached, far from, apart' (H 470), χῶρι (accus. acc. to Hdn., Choerob.) 14. (Thera, Cos, Crete, Call. Test. Epict., pap. II?). The formation reminds of GAtc, μόγις, etc; the accent perhaps after dugic? Thence χωρίζω 'to separate, part' (IA), med. 'to depart' (Plb., D. S.), also with ava-, ἀπο-, éx-, etc. Also in hypostases like kata-ywp-iCw 'to put in place (κατὰ χώραν), publish, enrol' (X., Hell.); thence -totc, -ἰσμός, -ἰσμα, -ἰστής, -ἰστικός, -Lo TOC.

    *ETYM The formation in -p- has been compared with ἀγρός, τάφρος, ἕδρα and other  designations of place (Frisk), but is without agreement outside Greek. Assuming a  basic meaning 'unoccupied space', χώρα and χῶρος can be connected with ▶︎ χήρα  'widow', from a root *¢"eh,- 'to leave behind' (LIV? s.v. *geh,- 'zuriicklassen'). Under  this etymology, »yatéw cannot be connected. The analysis remains uncertain  (DELG).

XXXXXχωριαμός [f.] - κίστη 'basket, urn' (H.).

    *ETYM Fur.: 389 takes φωριαμός as a variant and concludes that the word is Pre-  Greek. I am unable to interpret the variation, however.

===Pag_1707: Beekes_Página_1707.tiff===

===Pag_1708: Beekes_Página_1708.tiff=== XXXXXΨ

XXXXXψάγδης [m.] name of an Egyptian ointment (com.), see Fraenkel 1912: 175'f.).

    *VAR Also -ἂς, -ἂν; od ySa(c).

    *ETYM From Egyptian, see Spiegelberg Herm. 65 (1930): 232f.

XXXXXψάγιον [adj.] mg. unclear; it qualifies a song in Pi. (N. 7, 69); glossed by Hesychius as πλάγιον, λοξόν, κεκλιμένον 'athwart, slanting, bent'. <?; PG(V)>

    *ETYM Fur.: 389 compares ▶︎ ψάδιον: κάταντες.

XXXXXψάδιον [adv.] - κάταντες 'steep, downwards' (H.). 4PG(V)>

    *ETYM M. Schmidt (the editor of Hesychius) connects wodiov- σκολιόν 'curved,  bent'; if this is correct, the word is Pre-Greek. See also Fur.: 389 and ▶︎ waytov.

XXXXXψᾷᾶέναι [inf.] = φθάσαι, [κτίσαι] 'to be first, [build]' (H.). «ὃ»

    *ETYM For the initial cf. ▶︎ ψίνομαι, with a Cretan development of ἔφθ- (Lejeune 1972:  39). Perhaps here also belong ψατῆσαι: προειπεῖν 'to say before' (H.) and ψατᾶσθαι:  προκαταλαμβάνειν 'to occupy in advance, etc.' (H.). See ▶︎ φθάνω.

XXXXXψαθάλλω [v.] 'to grind, scratch' (Hermipp., Pl. Com.); ἐψαθήλατο- ἐκνήσατο 'scratched' (H.).

    *ETYM Analyzed by Frisk as a popular formation to ▶︎ ψῆν, ▶︎ ψάλλω; comparing  ▶︎ ψαθυρός for the -θ-. This is just a guess. Fur: 196 compared yadupdév- ἀσθενές, μαδαρόν, ψαθυρόν 'weak, wet, loose' (H.),  with variation 0/6, further ψαιδρά- ἀραιότριχα 'thin-haired' (H.), and post-Hom. σαθρός 'weak', to ▶︎ ψαθαρός, A suffix -aA- is also found in Pre-Greek.

XXXXXψαθυρός [adj.] 'loose, brittle, friable' (medic., Arist. Thphr.).

    *VAR Also ψαθαρά: εὔθλαστα, σαθρά, ξηρά, ἀσθενῆ, ψαθυρά 'easily bruised, weak,  dry, weak, loose' and ψαδυρόν- ἀσθενές, μαδαρόν, ψαθυρόν 'weak, wet, loose' (H.).

    *DER ψαθυρ-ότης [f.] 'looseness' (Arist., Gal.), ov = ψωθίον (Ath.), -όομαι [v.] 'to  crumble' (Aq.), -ματα- ἀποκόμματα 'chips' (H.).

    *ETYM The formation looks like that of semantically close ν καπυρός. Frisk  compared ψάθεα (cod. -éa): ywuia 'morsel, bit' (H.), but an old formation is  excluded in view of the variants. See ▶︎ ψαθάλλω, > ψῆν.

XXXXXψαίρω [v.] 'to scrub, scrape gently'; also intr., of a slight movement, 'to flutter, vibrate, shiver'; also of the sound that arose from such a movement: 'to rustle', of leaves (Hp., A. Pr. 394, E., Hermipp., Ar., Nic., Opp.). <?>

===Pag_1709: Beekes_Página_1709.tiff===

    *VAR Only present.

    *COMP Also prefixed, especially with δια-.

    *ETYM Cf. the rhyming formations ▶︎ σαίρω, ▶︎ onaipw, ▶︎ σκαίρω and ▶︎ ψῆν. Perhaps,  σαίρω is the simplified form of waipw? Differently Benveniste MSL 23 (1930): 405,  who compared Av. fsarama- [m.] 'shame', Ru. sdrom 'shame', which to my opinion  (and that of DELG) is not better.

XXXXXψαίω [v.] 'to grind, triturate'

    *VAR  The present only in H. waiew (for wai<p>eiv); aor. ψαίσασθαι, ψαισθῆναι  (Thphr. apud Porph. Abst. 2, 6).

    *DER Ψαιστός 'triturated, ground' in ψαιστὴ μᾶζα (Hp.), also -στόν [n.], plur. -στά  (πέμμα, πόπανον, ἄλφιτα) 'sacrificial cake' made of flour and honey (com., Hell. inscr, Herod. AP); hence watort-tov [n.] 'id' CAP), -ὦδης 'like a yw.' (AB), ψαϊζσ)μα'  σῖτον ὀλίγον 'small bread' (H.), waiotwp 'scrubber', epithet of σπόγγος (AP). With simplification of the anlaut: σαιστός: ἐλαία θλαστή 'crushed olives' (H.), cf. σώχω : ψώχω. Other glosses from H. are ψαιδρός = ἀραιός 'loose' and with a suffix  -vv- ψαινύντες: ψωμίζοντες 'feeding in bits'; ψαίνυον: ἀχρεῖον 'rendering useless';  ψαίνυσμα: ὀλίγον 'little'; ψαινύθιον: wevdéc, μάταιον, εὐτελές, φλύαρον, οἰκτρόν  'false, idle, mean, rubbish, pitiable. This reminds of ψαίνυνθα θεσπίζοντα  'prophesying falsely' (Lyc. 1420) = Ψευδῆ νομοθετοῦντα ἢ pavrevdpevov (like  μίνυνθα, see Schwyzer: 629). The PN Ψαίδαρος confirms the gloss ψαιδρά:  ἀραιότριχα (H.), O. Masson 1992: 146.

    *ETYM Formation like in ▶︎ ῥαίω, »-Kvaiw (κνῆν), ▶︎ πταίω, etc; cf. also on ▶︎ ψῆν. The  word is probably Pre-Greek, in view of the variant with o-.

XXXXXψακάς [f.] 'drop', especially of rain; collective 'drizzle' (Hdt., Hp., trag.,, Ar, X., Arist.).

    *VAR Ion. and Hell. also ψεκάς, -άδος (cf. Schwyzer: 258).

    *DER Diminutive ψακάδ-ιον [n.] (Hell. com.,Thphr.), also yek-; -1ooa [f.] 'spotted,  dappled', of a mare (pap. III*) see Mayser 1906-1938, I: 3: 103; also ψακαδ ίσχιος of  horses (ibid.) 'with dappled haunches?'. Verb ψακάζω 'to drip, spray, drizzle' (A,  Ar., X., Plu), also wex-, and prefixed with kata-, ἐπι-, ὑπο-; aor. ptc. pass. Ψψακασθείς  'besprinkled' (Thphr.). We also find ψάκαλον [n.], -ος [m.] in the meaning 'new-born animal' (Ar. Byz., H.);  the same metaphor is found with ▶︎ δρόσος and gpon. The suffix reminds of  ▶︎ ἔταλον.

    *ETYM The formation is similar to that of κμάς, ψιάς, λιβάς (Frisk notes ψακάδ- next  to ψάκαλον, like ἰκμάδ- beside ἰκμαλ-έος). Connection with the group of ▶︎ ψῆν is  highly unlikely, because the k-enlargement would remain unclear. There is no reason to call -ak- an infix (as per Schwyzer: 497); it is simply part of the  root wak-/ ψεκ-. In view of the suffix -a5- or -aA-, it is probably Pre-Greek. The  connection with Lith. spakas 'drop, point' (also spagas) may be correct, in which case  both go back to a 'substrate language' of the northern Balkans. Beside ψάκαλον, Fur.:  339 cites a form ψαίκαλον: ἔμβρυον, βρέφος 'new-born, cub' (H.), with an  interchange -a-/-al- typical for Pre-Greek.

===Pag_1710: Beekes_Página_1710.tiff=== XXXXXψάλλω 1659

XXXXXψάκελον [adj.] - μέγα (Η.). <?>

    *ETYM One compares ▶︎ σφάκελος 2, as the middle finger is the largest.

XXXXXψαλάσσω [v.] 'to touch, infringe, pluck' (S., Ar, Lyc, Ael.), med. διαψαλάττεσθαι- τὸ εἰς ἔρευναν διαστέλλεσθαι 'to be instructed to do research', Cf. ἐψαλάξατο' ἔψαυσεν, ἐκινήθη 'was touched lightly, was moved' (H.). 4PG>

    *VAR Att. also -ττω; aor. -άξαι, fut. -άξω.

    *COMP Also with dva-, ὑπο-, mpo-, μετα-.

    *DER Verbal adjective ἀψάλακτος = ἄψαυστος, ἀκίνητος 'untouched' (δ, fr. 550, Ar. Crates Com.), ἀπο-ψάλακτος = ἀκρότητος (Phot.); cf. ψαλάξεις ... νευρᾶς κτύπον  'make a string sound by touching it' (Lyc. 139); referring to the sound also ὀρθο-  ψάλακτος (ἔρις) 'resounding loudly, making some real noise' (S. Ichn.).

    *ETYM Enlargement of ▶︎ ψάλλω; cf. ἀφάσσω to ἀφάω, σαλάσσω, παλάσσω, etc. also  ▶︎ ψαθάλλω. The word is most probably Pre-Greek, because of its a-vocalism.

XXXXXψάλιον [n.] 'curb-chain' vel sim. (Att. since ΑἿΣ on the unclear mg. see Anderson JHS 88 (1968): 3ff.

    *ETYM A technical word without convincing etymology; connection with ▶︎ ψάλλω  remains hypothetic. The gloss ψαλόν' εἶδος χαλινοῦ ΚΙηά of bit' (H.) is probably a  mistake for ψάλιον. Palmer recognized the word in Myc pa-sa-ro, see Morpurgo  Davies 1963 s.v. This was later defended by Taillardat REG 91 (1978): 1-11, but rejected  by Fur: 358°. See ▶︎ ψέλιον.

XXXXXψαλίς, -ίδος [f.] 1. 'subterranean (arched) passage, canal, (subterranean) vault, flying buttress' (5. fr. 367, Pl. Lg. 947d, Arist, Ph Bel, Hero, Hell. and late inscr.); 2. 'scissors' (S. fr. 413, Ar. fr. 320, 1, AP, pap. ΠΡ, Poll.); 3. 'ring or the like for supporting or strengthening' (LXX, Ph. Bel; also BGU 1028, 9 [ΠΡ]: ψαλλίδ[ων) 3).

    *VAR Gen. also -i60c?

    *COMP ψαλιδο-ειδής 'similar to a vault' (Ph. Bel., Gal.).

    *DER From 1: ψαλιδ-όομαι 'to arch' (Bito), -ωτός 'arched' (D. H.), -ωμα [n.] 'vault'  (Str., inser. ΠΡ). From 2.: ψαλιδότ-στομος 'nipper-mouthed, epithet of crabs (Batr.), Hence diminutive ψαλίδιον [n.] (pap. V?), ψαλίζω [v.] (also ἀπο-, dia-) 'to cut with scissors' (late  medic., Babr.), ψαλίξαι: κεῖραι 'to cut, shave' (H.), -ἰστός, -ἰσμός [m.] (late medic.).

    *ETYM In the third meaning, wadic-might be connected with ψέλιον, and probably  also with ψάλιον; for seemingly unconnectable meanings 'vault' end 'scissors' no  explanation has been found.

XXXXXψάλλω [v.] 'to pluck, twitch a string (also a bowstring) with the fingers, instead of with the plectrum' (IA), 'to sing to a harp, chant praises' (LXX, NT).

    *VAR  Aor. ψῆλαι, Hell. (LXX) ψᾶλαι, fut. ψαλῶ.

    *COMP Also with ἐπι-, kata-, δια-, etc.

    *DER 1. ψαλμός (also dta-, ἐπι-) [m.] 'twitching, plucking of the bowstring, string,  string music' (Pi, A. [anap.], E. [lyr.], etc.), 'a song to string music, song of praise'  (LXX, NT), ἀντί-ψαλμος 'accompanied by string music' CE. [lyr.]), -μίζω [v.] 'to sing  songs of praise or psalms', -μιστής (gloss.), etc. 2. ψάλμα (also διά-, and-) [n.]

===Pag_1711: Beekes_Página_1711.tiff===

'sound, melody of string music, etc.' (LXX, AP, Max. Tyr. Ptol.). 3. -σις [f.] 'plucking, twitching' (Philostr.). 4. -tn¢ [m.] 'player of a string instrument, lutenist, harpist' (Hell. and late), older fem. -tpta 'harpist' (Pl., Ion Trag., Arist., Hell.). 5. -τήριον [n.] 'stringed instrument, harp' (Arist., Thphr., LXX). 6. -τικός 'belonging to harp music' (late). 7. ψάλτιγξ' κιθάρα (H., Suid.), after φόρμιγξ etc.

    *ETYM No etymology; cf. ▶︎ ψηλαφάω. Probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXψαλόν [n.] - εἶδος χαλινοῦ 'kind of bit or bridle' (H.), in fact 'ring of a muzzle(?) (DELG). «PG(v)>

    *DIAL Myc. pa-sa-ro (Taillardat REGr. 91 (1978): 1-11).

    *DER Here belong all words with yadto-, ψαλιδ- (also with ε and σπ-). ψάλιον;  ψέλιον 'open ring' worn by the Persians (Hdt., X.), 'open collar' of the Gauls (Plb.);  also ψίλιον (Delos 115), ψίλλιον (inscr. III*), σπέλλιον (Aeol., sch. D. T., An. Ox. 4,  46). yedtow (AP 7, 234). ψαλίς, -ίδος with σπαλίς (sch. D. T. 320 H); also 'vaulted  construction' (S. fr. 367, Pl.). ψαλίζω [v.] 'to cut with scissors', ψαλιδόω 'to vault';  ψαλίττεται- ἁμιλλᾶται (H.), σπαλίων 'mobile covered galery', used in sieges.

    *ETYM Not to ψάλλω. Hypothesis by Taillardat REG 91 (1978): 1-11.

XXXXXψάμαθος [f.] 'sand' (IL. epic poet.), often plur.

    *COMP Asa second member in πολυ-ψάμαθος 'rich in sand' (Opp.), etc.

    *DER ψαμαθ-ώδης 'sandy' (ἢ. Merc, A. R.), -πίς [f.] 'id' (Nic.); poetic formation, cf. on χλωρηΐς; ψαμαθ-ίς, -ίδος [f.] name of a fish (Numen. apud Ath.), called after its  habitat acc. to Strémberg 1943: 81, -ia- αἰγιαλός 'beach' (H.). PN Ψαμάθη name of a Nereid (Hes. Th. 260), Ψεμάθη (Att. vase), by inverse writing  (Fraenkel Phil. 97 (1948): 161) or dissimilation (Kretschmer 1923: 193ff)? Also  σαμαθον (POxy. 1290, 1 [V?]) = -θών 'sandpit', for p-? (see Preisigke 1925).

    *ETYM Taken to be a cross of "ἄμαθος and ▶︎ ψάμμος. Fur. 209 adduces MHG sant <    (p)samtho-, MHG sam(p)t, samp < *(p)samatho-, so it could also directly continue a  word from the European substrate.

XXXXXψάμμος [f.] 'sand' (μ 243). ΝΑΙ Also msc. (Archim.). Dor. -@ (A. and Ar. [lyr.]), - CHdt. 4, 181)? See Schwyzer 1950: 324).

    *COMP Few compounds, eg. ψαμμό-γεως 'with a soil rich in sand' (Hdn.), ὑπό-  ψαμμος 'having sand underneath, sandy' (Hdt. X., Plu.); cf. ὑπό-χρυσος s.v. ▶︎ χρυσός; "ἐπί-ψαμμος in ἐπιψαμμ-ίζω [v.] 'to cover with sand' (Hero).

    *DER 1. ψαμμ-ία [n.pl.] 'gravel' in urine (medic.). 2. -ίτης [m.] designation of a  treatise of Archim., 'made of sand' (AP), -ἴτις [f.] name of a fish (Archestr.), cf. ψαμαθίς and Redard 1949: 23 and 113. 3. -wdn¢ (Hdt., Hp.), -tvo¢g (Hdt., Philostr.),  -αἴος (Priene) 'sandy'; -ἰαῖος 'as large as a grain of sand' (Olymp. in Phd.); -wtdc  'consisting of plaster or stucco' (LXX). 4. -ισμός [m.] 'burying in sand' (Paul Aeg.),  from *-iCw). 5. δια-ψαμμῶσαι [aor.] 'to polish with sand' (Lesbos). Further ψάμματα:  σπαράγματα 'fragments' and ψαμματίζουσα: ψωμίζουσα 'feeding morsels' (H.).

    *ETYM ψάμμος seems to be a Greek innovation and reminds of »ἄμαθος. Connection  with the group of ▶︎ ψῆν has been suggested, but the formation is not clear. In

===Pag_1712: Beekes_Página_1712.tiff=== XXXXXψέγω 1661 principle, ψάμμος may represent older ἡψάφο-μος (cf. γράμμα to ▶︎ γράφω) and thus belong to ψαφαρός, ▶︎ ψῆφος 'pebble', further to Lat. sabulum 'sand'. According to Deroy Glotta 35 (1956): 183 (extensive treatment and lit.), ἄμαθος, ἄμμος as well as ψάμαθος, ψάμμος would come from Pre-Greek *sam- 'sand, mud'.

XXXXXψάμαθος and ἄμμος may have arisen as crosses between ▶︎ ἄμαθος and ψάμμος. See Fur.: 209.

XXXXXwap [m.] 'starling', extensively discussed in Thompson 1895 s.v. <?>

    *VAR  Gen. yapdc, nom.pl. ψᾶρες (P 755 [gen. yapwv], Antiph., Dsc., AP 9, 373). Also ψήρ, gen. ψηρός, nom. pl. ψῆρες (P 583 [acc. ψῆρας], Q. S., AP 7, 172). Thematicized wapoc or wapog (Arist., Gal.).

    *DER Ψψᾶρός 'starling-colored, grey, speckled' [adj.] (Ar., Arist., LXX); cf. Georgacas  Glotta 6 (1958): 193.

    *ETYM The difficult epic gen. pl. yapm@v has been explained by metrical lengthening  of *yapav; the oldest flexion, then, would have been wrip, gen. *wapdc, to which a  new nom. wap was created (thus Schmidt KZ 25 (1881): 20; Kretschmer Glotta 4  (1913): 336). On the explanation of the vocalic interchange see also Bjérck 1950: 45  and 219. The word remains without a certain etymology. It seems impossible to  connect the Germanic name of the starling, OHG stara, etc., to which Lat. sturnus  'id' belongs (and perhaps ▶︎ aotpaddc). See also the bird names mentioned under  ▶︎ σποργίλος (IE *sper-, see Pok. 991).

XXXXXψαυκροπόδης 'swift-footed', epithet of the horse Arion (EM 817, 45); accus. -noda (H.). --σαυκρόν.

XXXXXψαύω [v.] 'to touch lightly, brush, infringe, etc.' pass. (rare) ἔψαυσμαι (Hp.), ψαυσθῆναι, yavouat (late) 'to be touched, brushed'.

    *VAR  Aor. ψαῦσαι (Il. very rare in Att. prose), fut. yatow (A., etc.), perf. ἔψαυκα  (late).

    *COMP Also with émt-, ποτι-, προσ-, συν-, etc.

    *DER ψαῦσις (ἐπί-, σύν-, etc.) [f.] 'touch, caress', ψαῦσμα [n.] 'id' (X. Eph.).

    *ETYM Frisk analyzes it as a rhiming formation to ▶︎ ypatw, ▶︎ χναύω, ▶︎ θραύω, with  the anlaut like in yaiw, yaipw [sic!], yiw. He compares ▶︎ ψῆν. However, semantically  the word has little to do with ▶︎ ψῆν, and a rhiming formation based on it is unlikely. Rather a Pre-Greek word.

XXXXXψαφαρός ''ψῆφος.

XXXXXyaw Ξψῆν. We

    *VAR ψιν. Ξσφεῖς.

XXXXXψέγος [3] - τάφος 'grave'. καὶ ἐπιψέγειν' ἐπικηδεύειν 'to form connections by marriage' (HL). <?>

    *ETYM Unexplained.

XXXXXψέγω [v.] 'to blame, chide' (Thgn.).

    *VAR Aor. ψέξαι, fut. ψέξω, perf. pass. ἔψεγμαι.

===Pag_1713: Beekes_Página_1713.tiff===

ΦὈΕΒ ψέκ-της [m.] 'censurer' (Hp., P1.), -τικός 'censuring' (Arist., Poll.), παμ-ψέκτωρ [m.] 'all-censurer' (Man.), ψέξις 'censure' (gloss.); ἄ-σεκτος: ἀγαθός, παρὰ 'Ῥίνθωνι Tapavtivy (H.) if < 'without blemish'; on o- instead of ψ- see Schwyzer: 329. ψόγος [m.] 'censure' (Xenoph.+); often as a second member, e.g. φιλό-ψογος 'censorious' (E., Pl.); thence yoy-epdc 'censorious' (Pi. Plu.), woyeia: woyepa, καὶ οὐκ ἄξια ἀκοῆς 'not worthy to be heard' (H., Choerob.); ψογ-ίσαι or -ῆσαι [aor.] 'to censure' (LXX), fut. pass. -ἰσθήσεται, -ηθήσονται (Vett. Val); ψογιστής [m.] 'censurer, captious person' (Rhetor.).

    *ETYM Old words for 'reproach, blame, revilement' are ὄνειδος (whence ὀνειδίζω  since 11.), which is inherited, and μέμφομαι, which is etymologically less clear, but  attested from Homer onwards, In comparison with these words, ψέγω seems to be a  younger creation. No etymology exists. Connection with wijv makes little sense; the  same holds for derivation of ψόγος from the interjection wo (the same holds for  ▶︎ ψόφος). The word seems to be Pre-Greek, although there is no clear formal  argument (except for the initial w-).

XXXXXψεδνός [adj.] 'thin, sparse', also 'bald' (of hair); secondarily 'bare', of the bottom (B 219, AP, Aret., Luc., Aristid.). < PG?>

    *DER Ψψεδνο-κάρηνος 'bald' (Orph.), -θριξ 'thin-haired' (Tz.), ψεδνότης [f.] 'baldness'  (Adam.), ψεδνόομαι [v.] 'to become bald' (S. E.).

    *ETYM Connection with ▶︎ ψῆν is not evident. Beside ψεδνός, we find synonymous  ψηνός (Semon.), ψανός (H.), ψιλός, ψαιδρά: ἀραιότριχα (H.), etc. The word is  probably Pre-Greek, like many other words with initial ψ-. Solmsen 1909: 136? suggested that ψεδνός B 219 is an old corruption of the text for  earlier *warSvdc or ἔψιδνός, and he explained all other places from there. But, as  Frisk remarks, why would *wotdvdc (to ψαίω) or "ψιδνός (to ψιλός) have been given  up for a seemingly isolated form wedvdc?    wei (wi) name of the letter y (Hellad. apud Phot.). πεῖ and χεῖ.

XXXXXweipet ' φθείρει 'destroys' (H.).

    *ETYM A dialectal form, probably Cretan. Cf. Lejeune 1972: 39.

XXXXXψέλιον [n.] 'bracelet, ring, arm jewel, anklet' (Hdt., X., Hell. and late inscr. and pap.).

    *VAR  Mostly plur. -1a. Also ψέλλιον and wid(A)jiov, Aeol. (gramm.) σπέλ(λλιον  (Schwyzer: 266).

    *DER ψελιο-φόρος 'wearing a bracelet' (Hdt.), aor. ψελιῶσαι στεφάνοις 'to adorn  with wreaths' (AP), ψελιουμένη [f.] designation of a statue of Praxiteles (Plin.).

    *ETYM Connection with ▶︎ ψάλλω (Schwyzer: 329) can at best be folk-etymological. The word is no doubt Pre-Greek, like many other words with w-. Here also belongs  ψαλίς, Fur. also connects Myc. qe-ro, /sk'elid/. The -e- may be a variant of PG ἴα  before palatal -"-, See ▶︎ waAtov.

XXXXXψελλός [adj.] 'speaking inarticulately,, like a child (Arist, Com. Adesp.); 'unintelligible', of words (A. Pr. 816).

===Pag_1714: Beekes_Página_1714.tiff=== XXXXXψεύδομαι 1665

    *DER ψελλ-ότιης [f.] 'inarticulate speech' (Arist., Plu.); ψελλίζομαι [v.] (late also -ἰζω)  'to speak inarticulately, faultily' (Pl, Arist, Hell. and late prose); the med. after  φθέγγομαι, εὔχομαι, etc; also with kata-, παρα-, ovv-, etc. Thence -topd6¢ [m.], -ἰσμα  [n.] (late).

    *ETYM Probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXψεύδομαι [v.] 'to lie, be wrong, break (an oath)' (Il.), in Att. also 'to lie to, deceive, cheat, be false, etc.', often regardless of intention. See Luther 1935: 80 ,, 115ff., 133ff.

    *VAR Aor. ψεύσασθαι, fut. ψεύσομαι (both 11.), pf. ἔψευσμαι (Hdt. Att.). On ψυθ- see  bel. A younger active form (very rare in Att. prose) is ψεύδω, aor. ψεῦσαι, fut. petow 'to  deceive, mislead (with lies)', also with dia-; more often pass. aor. ψευσθῆναι, perf. ἔψευσμαι 'to be deceived or misled' (Hdt, Att.), also with κατα-, δια-.

    *COMP Often with prefix, especially kata-.

    *DER 1. ψεῦδος [n.] 'lie' (Il.), which enjoys enormous productivity as a first member,  eg. ψευδ-άγγελος [m.] 'lying messenger, reporter of lies' (O 159), whence -ia [f.] (X. Ὁ. C), -éw (Phs uncertain Ar. Av. 1340); ψευδο-μάρτυς [m.] 'false witness' (Pl. Critias, Arist.); also as a second member, e.g. ἀ- ψευδής 'without deceit, truthful  (Hes.), whence -e1a, -éw, -ia; ἐπι- ψευδής 'fraudulent' (A 235). From ψεῦδος: a) ψευδ-άρια [n.pl.] title of a treatise by Euclid. b) ψευδής 'lying, false'  (Hes. Th. 229, IA), probably after ἀληθής; besides in the same mg. ψεῦδ-ις (Pi.),  -ήμων, -αλέος (Nonn.), ψεῦδ-άλμιον: yevdés (H.), cf. φυτάλμιος. 2. κατά-, διά-ψευσις [f.] 'false message, deceit' (Str. Stob.), ψευσί-στυξ epithet of  Apollo, 'Hater of Lies' (AP). 3. ψεῦσ-μα (also κατά-, διά-) [n.] 'lie, deceit' (Pl., Hell.),  καταψευσ-μός [m.] 'slander' (LXX). 4. -τῆς [m.] 'lier' (Q 261, probably also T 107, Pi.,  Hadt., S.), fem. -τις (epigr. Cyrene), -τήρ 'id.' (Man.), fem. -teipa (Orac. Sibyll.);  -τάζω [v.] 'to lie' (Tz.). 5. &-wevo-toc 'without deceit, truthful' (Ph. Plu. AP),  whence -téw (PIb.). ᾿  The expected zero grade in ψυδρός 'fraudulent, false' (Thgn. 122 [ν.1. ψυδνός], Lyc.),

XXXXXΨυδρεύς [m.] month name (Corc., IG 9(1), 682 [IV*]), referring to Hermes; also in ψύδος, plur. ψύδη (EM 819, 13, A. Ag. 999 [lyr.]), for which mostly ψύθος, -1 is found (A. Ag. 478 and 1089 [lyr.], Call. Fr. 184; EM), and éyu8ev- ἐψεύσατο (HL); cf. also ψυθιζομένων: γογγυζόντων 'murmuring' Ψψυθιστάς: ψιθυριστάς 'whispering', ψυθῶνες: διάβολοι 'slanderers' (Η.).

    *ETYM The zero grade found in ψυδρός agrees with Arm. sut (o-stem) [adj.] 'false',  [subst.] 'lie'. On the comparison see Clackson 1994: 168f. and Martirosyan 2010 s.v. sut. Clackson is inclined to believe the proposal by Taillardat BAGB 36 (1977): 344-354  that the Greek word is related to *psu- 'wind' (which is assumed in ψύχω 'to blow'  and in Skt."psu-). Taillardat gives a number of semantic parallels for a development  from 'wind' to 'nonsense, idle talk'. Intermediate forms, as far as the semantics are  concerned, may be seen in ▶︎ ψιθυρίζω and ▶︎ ψύδραξ. The full grade in ψεύδομαι reminds of a Slavic word for 'deceive' in Slk. Sudit', Cz. Siditi (see Machek Ling. Posn. 5 (1955): 7of.). If related, the Slavic words would point

===Pag_1715: Beekes_Página_1715.tiff===

to an initial cluster ks-, and we have to reconstruct k'seud- for Greek (Pronk and Van Beek, p.c.). To my mind, the forms with ψυθ- rather point to Pre-Greek origin (variation 5/ 8). The Armenian form may derive from a language cognate to Pre-Greek. Fur.: 197 adduces ψαυδής (inscr. Pholegandros) and ψούδιον 'lie' (H., Phot.).

XXXXXψέφας [n.] 'gloom, darkness' (Pi. Fr. 324, H.).

    *VAR Also ψέφος (H., conj. by Lobeck for ψόφου, σκότου Ale. Z 114).

    *COMP ψεφο-ειδής = ψεφαρός (Gal.), ψεφ-αυγοῦς' σκοτεινῆς 'dark' (H.).

    *DER ψεφαῖος = σκοτεινός (H.), ψεφηνός (Pi. N. 3, 41; -εννός Porson, -εινός Bergk),  ψεφαρός (Hp. apud Gal.) 'dark, gloomy, clandy'. Uncertain ψάφα- κνέφας and  σεῖφα' σκοτία. Κρῆτες (H.). ᾿

    *ETYM A rhyming formation to ▶︎ κνέφας. Usually, Skt. ksdp- 'night' is considered to  be somehow related, but a precise connection cannot be established (see Mayrhofer  EWAia s.v.). Fur.: takes σεῖφα as a shortened from of *weg-, and also suggests to connect  ζέφυρος. The variations would point to substrate origin.

XXXXXψέφει [v.]<?>

    *VAR in the glosses ψέφει: δέδοικεν, ἐντρέπει, λυπεῖ, φροντίζει 'to fear, take heed,  repent, think of (H.); μεταψέφω- μεταβουλεύομαι 'to repent' (H.); μεταψέφειν-  μεταμελεῖσθαι 'to repent' (H.); ἀψεφέων: ἀμελῶν 'careless' (H.); ἀψεφές:  ἀφρόντιστον Σοφοκλῆς Φαιδρᾳ [= fr. 692] 'heedless' (H.). Here perhaps belongs ἐπίσσοφος, name of a yearly changing official in Thera (Test. Epict.) if a variant of *énuyéqw; Schwyzer: 329 and 460; different Brugmann IF 16  (1904): 409f.

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXwrAagaw [v.] 'to feel, grope, caress, grope around, examine' ( 416).

    *VAR  Reshaped as ψηλαφ-ίζω 'id. (middle com.). Non-presentic forms are rare, and  mostly late: aor. ψηλαφῆσαι (Pl. Prt. 310c, LXX), -αφήσω, -αφηθήσομαι (LXX),  -αφηθῆναι (S. E, Plu.).

    *COMP Also with ént-, ete.

    *DER 1. ψηλάφ-ημα [n.] 'touch, caress' (X., Ph.), προψηλαφήματα [pl.] = προοίμια  (Procl. in Ti.). 2. -ησις [f.] 'touching' (Hp., Hell.), with ava- 'resumption of a cause'  (to ἀνα-ψηλαφάω Just.). 3. -ητής [f.] 'groper' (sch.), -ητικῶς (Eust.). 4. -ητός epithet  of σκότος (LXX), because in the dark, groping is a means of orientation. 5. ynAdg-ta  (Ion. -in) [f.] 'touching' (medic. Hell.), as if from "ψήλαφος; thus also 6. -ὦδης  'groping, groping around' (Hp.); 7. wnddg-ivda παίζειν 'to play blindman's buff  (Phryn.).

    *ETYM Analyzed by Fick BB 18 (1892): 102 as a univerbation from the aor. ψῆλαι to  ψάλλω and ἀφάω 'to handle'; cf. στρεφε-δίνηθεν and similar instances (Schwyzer:  645). It remains unclear, however, why the aorist was preferred. Bechtel recognized a  noun *waAG@ in the first member, referring to μηλ-αφάω 'to touch with the probe  (μήλῃ); but this rare verb was rather created after the example of ψηλαφάω, which is  a common word. If -ag- is rather a suffix, the word could be Pre-Greek.

===Pag_1716: Beekes_Página_1716.tiff=== XXXXXψῆν 1665 ψήν, ψηνός [m.] 'date wasp, fig wasp, gall wasp' (Hdt,, Ar., Arist.. Thphr.), also as a PN (Thera [VII*]?).

    *DER ψηνίζω (also ὑπο-, npo-) [v.] 'to impregnate the figs artificially by the sting of  the gall wasp, caprificate', also metaph. (Ar., Com. Adesp., Suid., Phot.).

    *ETYM The connection with ▶︎ wiv is hardly credible. For the suffix -n-, see also  > κηφήν 'drone'.

XXXXXψῆν [v.inf.] 'to rub, grate, scratch, stroke, wipe' (IA, Hdt., com., Hell. and late inscr. and pap., etc.).

    *VAR Ind. 3sg. wi < "ψήῃ, ptc. med. ψώμενος, etc., aor. ψῆσαι, ψήσασθαι, pass. ψη(σ)θῆναι, perf. ἔψησμαι; late also inf. wav.

    *COMP Mostly prefixed, eg. with kata-, ἀπο-, ovv-, περι-.

    *DER 1. ἀπό-, περί-ψημα [n.] 'scrapings, refuse, dirt' (Ep. Cor., Dsc., inscr.). 2. παρά-  ψησις = παρά-τριμμα (gloss.). 3. and-wnotpov- τὸ ἀπόμακτρον τοῦ μετρουμένου  σίτου 'what is wiped off the measured grain' (H.); παλίμ-ψηστος 'scraped again', ie. 'scraped and written on again', of parchment (βιβλίον), also -ov [n.] 'palimpsest'  (Plu.), Lat. palim-psestus (Cat. Cic.). 4. ψη-νός (Semon.), ψανός: ψεδνός (H.)  'bald(headed)'; ψῆ-ρός = ξηρός (Suid.), μεσόψηρον: ἡμίξηρον 'half-dried' (HL),

XXXXXwapov [n.] name of a siccative powder (Paul. Aeg.). 5. ψηκεδών- κονιορτός 'cloud of dust' (H.) (after thkedwv). 6. ψήληκες: τῶν ἀλεκτρυόνων oi νοθογένναι 'bastard cocks' (H., Suid.), originally 'without a crest'? With an enlargement -x-: ψήχω [v.] 'to stroke, comb, wear away' (IA, etc.), aor. ψῆξαι, ψηχθῆναι, fut. whew, perf. ἔψηγμαι, also prefixed, especially with kata-. Thence 1. ψῆγμα (éni-) [n.] 'granule, dust which is scraped off (Hdt., A., Arist. Hell.). 2. ψῆξις (παρά-, ἀπό-) [f.] 'combing, scraping' (X., late medic.). 3. ψήκτρα [f.] 'curry-comb for horses' (S., E., Ar., Hell. pap.), -tptov [π.] (gloss.), -tpic, -tpia (Η. s.v. Ewotpa), -tpilw (sch.). ἀπό-ψηκτρον [n.] name of a remedy against ὑπώπια (Gal.), παλίμ-ψηκτρον = deleticia [charta] (gloss.), cf. παλίμψηστον. 4. ψηκτός (μόδιος) 'level' (gloss.), ἀπό-ψηκτός metaph. 'shrewd' (5. Ichn.). To thitalso belongs 5. ψηχράν' τὴν λεπτήν 'peeled, husked, small' (Η., Suid.). With 4-vocalism (cf. below): ψακτήρ- ψήκτρα and ψάκταν- τὴν ψωκτὴν μάζαν (H.). With w-vocalism: 1. ψωμός [m.] 'morsel, bit' (since 1374), -iov [n.] (Hell. pap., NT),

XXXXXτίς [f.] (Arist.), -iGw 'to put morsels in the mouth, feed' (1A), whence -ἰσμα, -ἰσμός; also ψώμηκες: οἱ τοῦ σίτου τὰς ῥίζας ἀπεσθίοντες 'who eat the roots of the grain' (HL), after μύρμηκες, σκώληκες, and ψῶμιγξ: σφήκωμα 'point of a helmet' (H.). 2. ψώρα (Ion. -n) [f.] 'itch' (A), ψωρός, -αλέος, -ἰκός, -wdne, -ίτης, -ιάω, -iagic, -ωσις. 3. wwAdc 'without foreskin, circumcized, lecherous', also -ἡ (Dor. -&) [f.] 'exposed penis' (Ar., Diph.), whence ἀποψωλέω (Ar.), τῶν = πόσθων 'with a large penis' (H.). 4. ψωθ-ίον [n.], also -ia [f.] 'bread crumb, etc.' (Pherecr., Poll.). Uncertain 5. wwdapéov- adyunpov 'dry, withered' (H.), for wwpadéov? 6. ▶︎ ψώα 'rotten and malodorous stuff (A. R. fr. 5) 7. ψωχὸς γῆ: ψαμμώδης 'sandy' (H.), perhaps for ψῶχος: γῆ ψαμμώδης. With an enlargement -x- (cf. on ψήχω above) also ψώχω [v.] 'to grind, scrub' (Nic., Ev. Luc., Dsc.), also owxw (Nic.); with kata- (Hdt.), also with ano-. Unclear is ywktov- τράπεζαν 'table' (H.), cf. waxtav above.

===Pag_1717: Beekes_Página_1717.tiff===

    *ETYM The glosses ψακτήρ and ψάκταν in H. prove that the basic form of ψῆν, ψήχω  was *wa-, beside ablauting ww- as found in ψωμός, ψώχω, etc. (Solmsen 1909: 136). Old Indic has been supposed to show a counterpart in the athematic present psé-ti  'chews, devours', from IE *PseH-. An r-derivation is supposed by Nieminen KZ 74  (1956): 168ff. in Lith. séra 'millet' (< IE *psa-ra: wpa); on this Fraenkel 1955 s.v. Cf. also ▶︎ ψῆφος. Skt. psa-ti, Gr. ψῆν and ψώχω can be explained as vocalic enlargements (*psa-, *ps0-  < *b's-eh,-, *b's-oh,-) of IE *b'es- in Skt. bdbhasti 'to chew, digest'. Beekes Sprache 18  (1972): 126 gave semantic objections, and Mayrhofer EWAia 2: 198 (s.v. psd-) also  rejected the connection. DELG (s.v. * yw and Supp.) suggests that the rf'may continue an @, ie. -eh,. Finally,  Meier-Briigger in DELG Supp. states that the 'analyse définitive' of ψῆν has to  depart from the root *pes- seen in Hitt. pes(s)-' 'to rub, scrub (with soap)', with a  factitive suffix -eh,-. To my mind, the IE explanations must be given up; the group of words is probably  Pre-Greek, especially given the coexistence of ▶︎ yaiw, ▶︎ ψαύω, wiw, which cannot be  explained if we start from a PIE form.

XXXXXψηνός

    *VAR ψιηγρός. + ψῆν.

XXXXXψῆττα [f.] name οὗ ἃ flatfish, further identification uncertain ('plaice, flounder'?) (Att.), see Thompson 1947 s.v. Metaphorically 'glutton' (Pl. Com.). <?

    *VAR ψῆσσα (Alex. Trall.). Ψηττό-ποδες [pl.] name of a mythic people (Luc.).

    *DER Diminutive ψηττάριον (Anaxandr.), ψησσίον (Zonar.).

    *ETYM Frisk suggests it could stand for *wnx-ta (comparing θρίσσα from ▶︎ θρίξ, etc.)  from wrx, referring to the hard, raw skin (cf. Ital. = Lat. lima 'file', also 'flatfish' (=  MofFr. limande), and cf. Strémberg 1943: 87f. with more examples. Of course, this is  only a suggestion.

XXXXXψῆφος [f.] 'small stone, pebble', used especially for counting and calculating, 'voting stone, vote, decision' (Pi., IA); cf. ψηφίς below. <?> ΝΑΙ Dor. ψᾶφος.

    *COMP Numerous compounds, e.g. ψηφο-φορέω 'to give one's vote', -popia [f.]  'voting' (Arist., Hell. and late); -φόρος (Ὁ. H.), iod-wrgog 'with an equal vote,  having an equal vote' (Att.).

    *DER 1. ψηφ-ίς, -ἴδος [f.] 'little stone' (P 260, etc.), whence -16-wdnc¢ (Gp.), -iov [n.]  (late), -ίδιον [n.] (Iamb.). 2. Aeol. ψᾶφειγξ, -ἰγγος [f.] (Eresos [IV*]), cf. λᾶιγξ; ψᾶφαξ  (Greg. Cor.), to λίθαξ 'id.'. 3. ψηφ-άς, -άδος [m.] 'juggler, magician' (Cat. Cod. Astr.). 4. Adjective -ἰκός 'ptng. to calculating' (Vett. Val.), τινος 'of stones' (PMag. Par. H.,  AB). 5. Verb ψηφ-ίζομαι, -itw 'to vote, decide', act. 'to bring to vote', also 'to count (with  pebbles) (Dor., A), frequent with prefix, e.g. ἀπο-, ἐπι-, κατα-. Thence -ἰσμα, Cret. ψάφιγμα, -ἰμμα (Schwyzer: 523) [n.] 'vote, motion, decision' (Emp., Att.), -ἰσμός  (also with δια-, ἐπι-, mapa-, Kata-) [m.] 'voting, etc.' (Arist., late), -ἰσις (also with  ἐπι-, Kata-, etc.) [f.] 'id' (Att), ψάφιξξις (Locr. V%, see Schwyzer: 271, on the. gemination 238; -ἰστής (also ἐπι-, ovv-, etc.) [m.] 'an office' (pap.).

===Pag_1718: Beekes_Página_1718.tiff=== XXXXXψίζομαι 1667 6. Also ψηφόω 'to surface with pebbles, mosaics' (inscr., Lyd.), -ωτός (Lydia [I*]), -wots [f.] (gloss.). A zero grade wa-apdc (-ερός Hp.) 'loose, rotten, crumbled' (IA), whence -apia [f.] (Dsc.), -αρίτης [m.] (AP), ψαφαρόομαι (Olymp. Alch.); cf. λαγαρός, χαλαρός, etc.

    *ETYM A semantic proximity between ψῆφος, ψᾶφος and wiv cannot be denied. However, the formal side is difficult, for what would -~- have to represent? A zero  grade wa- is also supposed in ψάμμος, if this derives from ἡψάφ-μος, and it can also  be assumed for Lat. sabulum 'sand' (see on ▶︎ ψάμμος). The comparison with Hitt. passila- 'pebble' (Goetze Lang. 30 (1954): 403) does not make sense formally. Fur.: 381 compares ψαφαρός with ψαύριος: κονιορτός, φορυτός. οἱ δὲ ψαυρός 'cloud  of dust, rubbish' (uncertain).

XXXXXψήχω > ψῆν.

XXXXXψιά = ἑψία.

XXXXXψιάζωῳ [v.] 'to play', only in Lac. 3Ρ]. ψιάδδοντι (Ar. Lys. 1302 [lyr.]). < PG(V >

    *VAR ψιάδδειν- παίζειν 'id' (H.).

    *DER Also ψιά: χαρά, γελοίασμα, παίγνια 'joy, laughter, game' (H.).

    *ETYM On the anlaut also Schwyzer: 329. The variant ▶︎ ἑψία, etc. is due to a prothetic  vowel, which is characteristic of substrate words. Perhaps, the Pre-Greek form had  ps'-, of. ψίακα beside ψακάς (s.v. ψιάς) and ψίεσσα- εὐδαίμων, μακαρία and wievra:  τὰ αὑτά (HL).

XXXXXψίαθος [{., m.] 'rush mat' (Att. inscr. [V*], Ar, Arist, Thphr.), also used as ἃ screen (Apollod. Poliorc.) and as a means of transport (pap. III', Sor.).

    *VAR  Also ψίεθος.

    *COMP ψιαθο-πλόκος [m.] 'plaiter of mats' (pap.).

    *DER Diminutive ψιάθοιον [n.] (com. IV-IIP, pap. V-VI?), -w5n¢ 'like a mat' (Eust.,  sch.), -ηδόν 'in the style of a mat' (sch., Suid.), -iZopau 'to be cured by lying on a mat'  (Hierocl. Facet.).

    *ETYM A formation like γυργαθός, κάλαθος; a loan from the Pre-Greek substrate, as  is shown by the variation a/e.

XXXXXψιάς [f] 'drop of blood' (P 459), plur. ψιάδες αἱματόεσσαι.

    *VAR ψίακα: ψακάδα 'drop', widec: ψιάδες, ψακάδες, and wider ψακάζει (H.).

    *ETYM ψίακ- is found beside ψακ-άδ-; this points to a Pre-Greek palatalized  phoneme *s'. See ▶︎ wiw.

XXXXXψιβδεῖ [v.] - ὑποπνεῖ, βδεῖ 'to blow underneath, fart' (H.). <?>

    *ETYM Unknown.

XXXXXψίζομαι [v.] 'to weep', in ψιζομένη: κλαίουσα (H.).

    *VAR = Aeol. ψισδομένα (Sapph. 94, 2); also Zwid<d>ev: ἔκλαυσεν, ψίνδεσθαι- κλαίειν  (H.). ; ; ce :

    *ETYM Probably onomatopoeic; cf. ▶︎ σίζω; see also ▶︎ ψόφος, Cf. widec 'drops', and  note the prenasalization.

===Pag_1719: Beekes_Página_1719.tiff===

XXXXXψίθιος [adj.] epithet of οἶνος, σταφυλή, ἕλινος (com. ΓΝ, Cyrene ΓΝ 5, Nic., Dsc.), so a kind of grape. Lat. psithia (vitis, uva), psythium, scil. vinum (Verg,, Plin, etc.).

    *VAR  Also ψύθιος.

    *ETYM No etymology. Probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXψιθυρίζω [v.] 'to whisper, murmer, slander', metaph. of trees and birds, 'to rustle, chirp' (PL, Ar, Hell.).

    *VAR  Dor. (Bucol.) -ἰσδω.

    *COMP Also with dta-, προσ-, ὑπο-, etc.

    *DER ψιθύρ-ισμα (also ὑπο-) [n.], τισμός [m.],{whispering, rustling' (Hell.), -ἰστής  [m.] 'whisperer', epithet of Hermes in Athens' ([D.] 59, 39), 'slanderer, whisperer'  (Ep. Rom.), -ἰστικός (Cat. Cod. Astr.). ψίθυρος [m.] 'slanderer, whisperer' (Pi. Ar. Fr. 167 [anap.], LXX, Plu.), also [adj.] 'whispering, slandering' (S. Aj. 148 [anap.]), of  music 'humming' (Ar. Fr. 671), of birds 'chirping' (AP). It seemingly served as a basis  for ψιθυρίζω, but is probably a back-formation. Also ψίθυρ = ψίθυρος (ΗΔ. Gr. et  al.), after μάρτυρξ wedupdc (also wéd-) = ψίθυρος (A. Supp. 1042 [lyr.], Hdn. Gr., H.),  ψιδόνες: διάβολοι, ψίθυροι 'slanderers' (H.). Here also belongs ψιθύρα [f.]  designation of a Libyan musical instrument (5. Inach. [lyr.], Poll.), probably a folk-  etymological transformation of a foreign word. Cf. μινυρίζω, κλαυθμυρίζω,  τινθυρίζω, συρίζω (to σῦριγξ), etc; also λιγυρός, καπυρός, ὀϊζυρός (to ὀϊζύς), etc. ΕΤΥΜ If it dissimilated from *wu8up- (as assumed by Specht KZ 61 (1934): 277; on  the phenomenon see Kretschmer Glotta 26 (1938): 57f., and cf. pitv), it may belong  to ψύθος, etc., see ▶︎ ψεύδομαι. On the other hand, cf. ▶︎ ψίζομαι. Pisani Arch. glott. ital. 46 (1964): 23 considered relationship with Skt. ksvédati (also ksvédati) 'to hum'  < JE *k's- (not even mentioned by Mayrhofer EWAia s.v.),  Given the variant ψεδυρός and the nom. ψιθυρ, the word is no doubt non-Indo-  European, i.e. Pre-Greek.

XXXXXψίλον

    *ETYM Dor. for ▶︎ πτίλον.

XXXXXψιλός [adj.] 'bald, bare, smooth, exposed' (J 580). «ἢ»

    *VAR Also msc. subst. 'light-armed soldier' (IA).

    *COMP  Few compounds, eg. ψιλό-ταπις, -ίδος [f.] 'smooth carpet', ie. a carpet  smooth on one side and woolly on the other (Hell. pap.), opposite to ἀμφί-ταπις  'carpet woolly on both sides'; διά-ψιλος γῆ 'completely bare, uncovered land' (pap. II').

    *DER 1. ψιλ-ότιης [f.] 'baldness' (Hp., Arist., Plb.). 2. ψιλής, -ῆτος [m.] γυμνής᾽ (A. fr. 732 M.), plur. -ῆται (Eust.), also -itou after ὁπλῖταιξ 3. -ἂξ, -ἄκος [m.] 'the bald one'  (Ar. fr. 891), also as an epithet of Dionysus in Amyklai (Paus.), see Bjrck 1950: 48  and 264. 4. ψιλεῖς [m.pl.] 'the first choreutes' (H., Suid.), after the light-armed  vanguard. 5. ψιλ-όω [v.] 'to make bald, lay bare, expose', also with amo-, etc. pass. -όομαι 'to become bald, become bare, get exposed' (IA); thence -wotc (also ano-,  περι-} (f.] 'exposure, depilation' (medic.), gramm. 'removal of aspiration, inaspirate  pronunciation' (Eust.), -wpa [n.] 'bare situation' (Hp.), -ωτής 'one who drops the  aspiration' (Tz.), -ωτικός (Gal, EM, Eust.). 6. -ἰζομαι = -όομαι (Ὁ. C.).

===Pag_1720: Beekes_Página_1720.tiff=== XXXXXψόαι 1660

    *ETYM No etymology. Some semantic parallels can be found within the enormous  group of ▶︎ ψῆν, but the formation (cf. ψω-λός) remains unclear. Cf. ▶︎ wiw, wixes.

XXXXXψΐίμυθος [m.] 'white lead' (Ar., PL, X., Hell; Delos [3017], AP). «PG(v)>

    *VAR Often -ὕθιον, later -ίθιον (pap.), rarely -μμ-: also ψημύθιον [n.].

    *DER ψιμυθιόομαι 'to be colored with white lead' (Lys., Hell.), act. -6w 'to color ...';  also -θόω (Thom. Mag.), -θίζω (Zonar.) 'id.', whence -θιστής [m.] (gloss.).

    *ETYM Has been assumed to be a loanword, perhaps from Egyptian. However, no  evidence for this can be found. The variations rather point to a Pre-Greek word. See  Fur.: 367.

XXXXXψίνομαι [v.] 'to shed fruits before ripening' (Thphr.).

    *DER ψινάδες: al ῥυάδες ἄμιπελοι 'vines shedding (their fruits or leaves)' and wivdcet-  ἀπορρεῖ τὰ ἀσθενῆ τοῦ καρποῦ, φυλλορροεῖ 'to fall off (of the weak fruits), to shed  the leaves' (H.).

    *ETYM Cretan forms for φθίνομαι, etc. Cf. ψίνοντος = φθίνοντος (Tenos, [Ὁ 12(5),  867), ψίσις (= φθίσις): ἀπώλεια 'destruction' (H.), etc. See more examples and  phonetic notes in Schwyzer: 326. On the dialectal words in Thphr. see Strémberg  1937: 72.

XXXXXψίττα, ψύττα -'σίττα.

XXXXXψιττάκη [f.] 'parrot' (Arist.).

    *VAR wittakds (accent after Hdn. Gr. 1, 150) [m.] (Call. Plu, D. S.), also σιττακός  (Phid., Arr.), τάκη (vl. Arist.), ▶︎ βίττακος, cittac: ὄρνις ποιός, ἔνιοι δὲ τὸν ψιττακὸν  λέγουσιν (H.).

    *ETYM Formerly assumed to be a foreign word of Oriental origin, connected with  Skt. Stéka- [m.] 'parrot'. Fur.: 325 thinks the Indic word should be left aside, and asks  if it could be a Pre-Greek bird name that was transferred to the parrot. The variation  does seem to point to Pre-Greek origin. Borrowed as Lat. psittacus > MoHG Sittich.

XXXXXψίω [v.] 'to feed with morsels; to milk, pap'; = ψωμίζω, motitw. Also 'to chew up' in fut. med. (Lyc., Euph,, AP, Phot., Eust.). <?>

    *VAR Aor. ψῖσαι, fut. ψίσομαι, ἐπι-ψιεῖ, perf. pass. ἔψισμαι.

    *COMP  Also with kata-, ἀπο-, ἐπι- (EM, H.). ἐ«μ»ψίουσα = τροφὰς διδοῦσα χόνδρου  (A. Fr. 51 = 427 M.), = ἐρέγματα διδοῦσα (H.).

    *DER Wit [m., f.] 'morsel' (Plu., Aret., Alex. Aphr.), gen. ψιχός, nom.pl. ψῖχες (also -αἱ  H.). ψιχία [n-pl.] 'bread crumbs' (NT), -ἰδια (Η., EM), -ιώδεις ψωμοί (Eust.). Ῥιχ-  ἀἁἀρπαξ 'thief of bread crumbs' (Batr.).

    *ETYM The formation is similar to mpiw, ypiw, χνίω. The enlargement ψι-χ- reminds  of ψήχω, ψώχω. I do not think, however, that the word belongs to ▶︎ wijv. ψό 'pooh' (Ael. Dion. 337). A shepherd's call, also an exclamation of disgust: ἐπὶ τοῦ  σαπροῦ καὶ μὴ συναρέσκοντος. 4 ONOM>

    *ETYM See on ▶︎ ψώα. I see no sufficient basis to derive words like ψόλος, ψόθος from  this interjection, as suggested by DELG.

XXXXXyoat [f.pl.] 'psoas muscle, muscles of the loins' (Hp., LXX).

===Pag_1721: Beekes_Página_1721.tiff===

    *VAR Also ψοιαί, ψύαι, ψυαί. ψοΐτης μυελός 'lumbar part of the spinal chord' (Gal.),  ψυαδικός 'suffering from lumbago' (Orib.). Cf. ψειαί: ἀλώπεκες '(foxes,) psoas  muscles' (H.), ψίαι: ἀλώπεκες (H.); φοῦαι: ἀλώπεκες (H.), φύλλες ἀλώπεκες (H.).

    *ETYM The variations cannot be all understood in IE terms. The connection with  ▶︎ ὀσφῦς (Prellwitz), with 6- as a prothetic vowel instead of a- before v in the  following syllable, is quite possible. The word is clearly Pre-Greek. For further details  see ▶︎ ὀσφῦς.

XXXXXψόγξαι [v.inf.] - ἀκοῦσαι 'to hear' (H.).

    *ETYM A Doric form connected with ▶︎ φθογγήξ    wodiov >yaylov. %    ψόθος 1 [m.] = ἀκαθαρσία, ῥύπος, ψώρα (A. fr. 82 = 21 M,, Ar. fr. 829, Phryn. Com.,  H., Phot., Suid.); ψόθιον (-ἰον cod.)- αἰθαλῶδες, ψοθόν- μέλαν (H.); also ψοθώ«ρ»α'  ψώρα, yo8wp<ov>: αὐχμηρόν (H.), cf. Wackernagel Phil. 95 (1943): 191; ψοθόκ!)  ἀκαθαρσία (Hdn. Gr.), ψοθοιὸς ὁ ἀκάθαρτος (Theognost. Can.). <PG(V)>

    *ETYM Closest to ▶︎ ψόλος 'soot'. Fur: 197 connects ψοῖθος = σποδός 'ashes', and  assumes also "ψῶδος 'dirt' on the basis of ψωδαρέον: αὐχμηρόν (H.), cf. ψοθωρ-  above. Healso compares ψόλος 'soot, smoke' and ἄσβολος 'soot' (ibid.: 393').

XXXXXψόθος 2 [m.] - (...) θόρυβος 'noise, commotion'; ψοθάλλειν: ψοφεῖν 'to make noise' (FL); ψοθεῦσιν = ψοφέουσιν (Call. fr. 194, 106).

    *ETYM Frisk assumed a cross of ψόφος and ῥόθος, where ψοθάλλειν would be  formed after ψάλλειν. I do not believe in such 'crosses'. The word is no doubt Pre-  Greek.

XXXXXψοῖθος [m.] = σποδός 'ashes' (Theognost. Can., EM, Phot.).

    *ETYM See Fur. 197, and s.v. ▶︎ ψόθος 1.

XXXXXψόλος [m.] 'soot, smoke, fume' (A. fr. 24 = 88 M.).

    *DER ψολοκομπίαι (from *yoAd-Kopimoc) [fpl.] fumy pomposities' (Ar. Eq. 696). From this ψολό-εις 'sooty, smoky, fumy, smoke-colored, dark' (Od., epic poet.). Besides ψελός: αἰθαλός 'soot' (for -de1¢?) and ψόμμος: ἀκαθαρσία, καπνός 'impurity,  smoke' (H.), cf. ψάμμος.

    *ETYM The ending is similar to that of ἄσβολος, θολός, αἴθαλος. Connection with  »Ψψῆν makes little sense semantically. Fur.: 388 compares ψόθος 'dirt' and also (393)  σποδός, ἄ-σβολος (with prothetic vowel). In view of these variants, the word is most  probably Pre-Greek.

XXXXXψόφος [m.] 'clangour, noise, crash, vain noise, idle babble' (h. Merc.). «ἘΣ

    *COMP E.g. ψοφο-δεής 'fearing noise' (PL), ἄ-ψοφος 'noiseless' (8., E., Arist.).

    *DER 1. ψοφ-ὦδης 'full of noise' (Hp, Arist.). 2. ψοφαξ [m.] epithet (inscr. Phrygia). 3. ψοφ-ἕω 'to make noise or clamour, sound, blow' (IA), also with ἀπο-, ovv-, ἐπι-,  etc; thence -ro1c (also with ἀτιο-, émi-) [f.] 'making a noise' (Cratin., Arist., Plu.),

XXXXXτήματα [n.pl.] 'idle babble' (S. Inach.), -ητικός 'boisterous' (Arist.), ἀ-ψόφητος 'noiseless' (S.), -ητί, -ητεί [adv.] (PL, D. Arist.).

===Pag_1722: Beekes_Página_1722.tiff=== XXXXXψυχή 1671 Besides the glosses from H., in quite different mgs: yégei- δέδοικεν, ἐντρέπει, λυπεῖ, φροντίζει; μεταψέφω: μεταβουλεύομαι; μεταψέφειν: μεταμελεῖσθαι; ἀψεφέων: ἀμελῶν and ἀψεφές: ἀφρόντιστον. Σοφοκλῆς Φαίδρᾳ (Fr. 692), see ▶︎ ψέφει.

    *ETYM Like ψεῦδος and ψύθος, it may originally be onomatopoeic and somehow  belong with the interjection ψό 'pooh! [pfui!l]' (5. Fr. 521; 'ἐπὶ τοῦ σαπροῦ καὶ μὴ

XXXXXσυναρέσκοντος᾽ [Ael. Dion. cf. A.Fr. 21 M.]); in detail dark. After Petersson 1923: 20 to *b'es- 'to blow' (see on ▶︎ ψύχή) with broken reduplication.

XXXXXψύδραξ, -ακος [f.] 'pustule, blister', on the head, on the eyelid, on the nose, on the tongue (EM 819, 10). «?»

    *DER ψυδράκιον [n.] (Dsc., Cyran., sch. Theoc. 12, 24); ψυδρακόω [v.] 'to form a  pustule' (medic.).

    *ETYM After sch. on Theoc. it was called this way, because it betrayed the lier  (yvdpdc); they were also called ψεύδεα and ψεύσματα. Cf. Theoc. 9, 30 and 12, 24, to  which Kaibel 1899-1901(1); 218. Connection with ▶︎ wry should be given up.

XXXXXψύθος = ψεῦδος.

XXXXXψύλλα [f.] 'flea' (Epich., Ar, X. Arist., Thphr.).

    *VAR Secondary and rare ψύλλος [m.]. Also ψύλλακας: τὰς ψύλλας (Η.); ψυλλίζω  [v.] 'to catch fleas' (Suid.).

    *DER Plant name ψύλλ-ιον [n.] (Dsc., Luc.), -epi¢ [f.] (Ps.-Dsc.), after ἡμερίς, etc.)  'flea seed, Plantago psyllium'; because of the form of the seed (Stromberg 1940: 55).

    *ETYM An inherited word *plusi- 'flea', which underwent metathesis in Greek to  *psuli- (perhaps by association with yrjv): cf. Skt. plusi-, Arm. lu <*plus-, Lith. blusa  < *blus-, Lat. pilex < *pusl-, Germanic, e.g. OHG floh (probably folk etymology  after fly), etc; the variations are the result of euphemistic, playful or folk-  etymological distortions that may have been current already in the parent language.

XXXXXψυχή [f] 'aspiration, breath, life, vitality, soul (of the deceased), spirit', also as a representation of the dead, seen as a winged creature (ζῷον mtepwtdv) (2].). «ΡΟ»

    *COMP As a first member eg. in Ψυχ-αγωγός [m.] 'guide of souls, necromancer',  whence -ia, -€w (since A.); very productive as a second member, e.g. ἔμ-ψυχος  'animate' (IA), μεγαλό-ψυχος 'magnanimous' (Att., etc.).

    *DER 1. Diminutive woy-dpiov [n.] (Pl, M. Ant.) > MoGr. ψυχάρι 'butterfly', see  Immisch Glotta 6 (1915): 193ff.; -iov [n.] (epigr. IG 14, 2068), -ἰδιον [n.] (Luc., Ὁ. C.). 2. ψυχ-ικός 'mental' (Arist. Hell.), -aioc, -ἠΐϊος 'id.' (late). 3. ψυχόω [v.] 'to animate'  (Ph., Nonn.), whence -wotg [f.] 'animation' (Ph. M. Ant.); also ἐμψυχ-όω, -dopat  (yeT-), whence (μετ-)εμψύχωσις (D. S., Gal.) from ἔμψυχος (see above).

XXXXXψύχω [v.] 'to blow' (Hom. only Y 440), aor. ψῦξαι, pass. (also intr.) ψυχθῆναι IL), τῆναι (Att.), woy-Avat (Hell), fut. ψύξω, ψυχ-θήσομαι, -ἥσομαι, ψύγήσομαι, perf. ἔψυγμαι (IA), act. ἔψυχα (late). Often prefixed, in various shades of meaning: e.g. ava- 'to take breath', ἀπο-, éx- 'to expire, lose consciousness, die' (Od., IA), but more frequently 'to cool down', also intr. and pass. (I].), 'to dry (in the wind)' (TA). Also with kata-, dia-, ἐπι-. Other words meaning 'cool, cold' are treated s.v. ▶︎ ψυχρός,

===Pag_1723: Beekes_Página_1723.tiff===

    *ETYM The present ψύχω is clearly the basis of all other verbal forms. The nominal  formations fit semantically and formally to the verb: for ψυχή 'soul' from ψύχω 'to  blow, breathe', cf. πνεῦμα to πνέω, Lat. animus and anima to Skt. dniti 'to breathe',  etc. Greek had another verb for 'to blow, breathe': 1véw, which remains alive throughout  the history of Greek. Therefore, it is generally thought that ψύχω developed its  meaning 'to cool, make dry (in the wind)', from 'to blow'. Note that this is now  doubted by Mumm and Richter, IJDLLR 5 (2008): 33-108, who argue that the  meaning 'cool' is primary to 'breath, soul'. In the meaning 'cool', yoyw, ψῦχος and  ψυχρός are maintained in prose against other expressions for 'cool, cold', like ῥῖγος,  κρύος, πάγος. %    The earlier history of yoyw is obscure. It is tempting to analyze it as y0-x-w (like  τρύχω to τρύω, ψήχω and ψώχω to ψῆν), and to connect a verb *b*es- 'to blow  (Benveniste BSL 33 (1932): 165ff., who compares τρύω to teipw and Lat. terd). Derivatives of *b'es- would be seen in Skt. bhastra- [f.] 'bag, bellows', bhdsman- [n.]  'ashes' (for another possibility see on ▶︎ ψόλος) Moreover, Skt. 'psu- in d-psu  'without breath' (RV) would contain the same extension. See details in Mayrhofer  EWaAia s.w. A recent attempt was made by Mumm and Richter (l.c.). I do not find these suggestions convincing. There is hardly any evidence for an IE  root *b'es- 'to blow' (Mayrhofer EWAia 2: 257 puts the Skt. root bhas* between  brackets). Therefore, the word is more probably of Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXψυχρός [adj.] 'cold' (Hom.). «ἢ»

    *COMP ἔμψυχρος 'cold'.

    *DER ψύχω [v.] 'to refresh, etc.' often prefixed. For forms, see on ▶︎ ψῦχή. Nominal derivations: 1. ἀνα-ψύχή (Att, Arist.) 'refreshment, consolation' (also  mtapa-), where ὕ is explained from ψύχῆναι (Schwyzer: 460). 2. ψῦξις (also ἀνά-,  κατά-, περί-, ἔμ-, etc.) [f.] 'refreshment' (Hp., Pl, Arist.). 3. ψῦγμα (also ἀπό-, διά-)  [n.] 'means of cooling; dry or infertile land' (Hp., pap.). 4. ψυγμός (also mept-), ψυχμός [m.] 'refreshment, chill; place for drying' (LXX, Hell. pap., medic.). 5. ψυκτήρ (also ἀνα-, oivo-) [m.] 'cooler' (Att., Hell.), also 'place for drying' (sch. Od.),  -τήριον, -τηρίδιον [n.] 'cooler' (com. [IV*], Hell. inscr. and pap.), 'place for drying or  recovering' (Hes. A., E.), with mapa- 'consolation' (S. Ichn.), -τήριος 'cooling'  (Achae. [V*]), -tnpiac, -τηρίσκος [m.] 'cooler' (Hell. pap. and com.). 6. ψύκτρα [f.]  'place for drying' (Att. inscr. [1], H. s.v. τρασιά). 7. ψυκτικός (also dta-, év-, Kata)  'cooling' (medic., Arist.). 8. ψυγεύς [m.] 'cooler' (Alex.), perhaps directly from  ψυγῆναι. 9. ψυγός = tapods (sch. Od.). From ψύχω: 10. ψῦχος [n.] 'cold, frost' (Κ 555), 'winter' (Hdt.); ψυχόομαι 'to become  cold' (Hp.), ψυχάζω 'refresh oneself (Alciphr.), τίζομαι (gloss.) 'to cool down', ψυχ-  εινός 'cold' (Hp. X., Arist.), after the opposite ἀλεεινός, perhaps directly from ψύχω;  -eiov [n.] 'place for cooling water' (Semos Hist.). Cf. ψυγεῖα: ἀγγεῖα ἐν οἷς ὕδωρ  ψύχεται, Kal ὁ τόπος αὐτός (H.), also IG 27, 1695; 21 [11] (inser. yo[yleta)? 11. ψυχρός (like αἶσχος to αἰσχρός, etc.) 'cool, cold, numb; without success, etc.' (IL),  also with kata-, év-, ὑπο-, etc. Thence ψυχρότης 'cold(ness)', ψυχρία 'id', ψυχρασία

===Pag_1724: Beekes_Página_1724.tiff=== XXXXXψώα 1673 'making cold' (Epicur.); ψυχραίνομαι 'be cold' (Plu.), whence ψυχραντικός (Hdn.), ψυχρίζομαι 'id.' (Gal.), ψυχρεύομαι 'to have a cold style' (Hermog.).

    *ETYM ψυχρός and ψῦχος form a Caland sysem. It cannot be decided whether the  system is etymologically related to ▶︎ ψῦχή; see s.v. for attempts.

XXXXXWO

    *VAR Also ψωμός, ψώρα, ψώχω, etc. = ψῆν.

XXXXXψώα [f.] 'stench of rottenness' (A. R. fr. 5) 4? «ΝΑΙ ψωία' σαπρὰ δυσωδία 'rotten and malodorous stuff' (H.).

    *DER ψώιζος: ἄφοδος ὑγρά ἢ ὄνθος, δυσωδία, Kai ἣν καλοῦσιν μίνθαν: οἱ δὲ αὐχμὸν ἢ  μόλυσμα 'liquid excrement, dung, malodorous stuff, etc.' (H.).

    *ETYM DELG and Frisk posit an interjection yo, from which the word would have  been derived. Doubtful.

===Pag_1725: Beekes_Página_1725.tiff===

===Pag_1726: Beekes_Página_1726.tiff=== XXXXXΩ ὦ exclamation of astonishment and of complaint. 418 *6>

    *VAR  Also ὦ, especially before a vocative (I1.).

    *DER ὦζω [v.] 'to call Oh' (Ar.). Also wi 'hey, hello!' (A., E, X.), won a cry of rowers  (Ar.).

    *ETYM Similar interjections, which are in part independent, in part genetically  cognate, are: Lat. ὃ, 6h, Go. o, Lith. 6, OCS 0, Olr. a, Skt. a.

XXXXXᾧα [f.] 1. 'sheepskin, apron' (com., Att. inscr. [IV], Poll. H.). 2. 'fringe (of a garment), edge' (Corinn. [?], Ar. fr. 228 [?], LXX, Cret. inscr. [II], Longus, Poll., Hdn.). 418 *h,eui- 'sheep'>

    *VAR Also wa, Wa, da; gloss wiar ἄκραι, ἔσχατα, μηλωταί, λέγναι 'tops, utmost parts,  sheepskins, fringes of a garment' (H.).

    *ETYM In the sense 'sheepskin, apron (made of sheepskin)', it probably belongs to  ▶︎ ὄϊς 'sheep' and derives from *wfia or "ὥρια, with a lengthened grade like in Skt. avika- [n.] 'sheepskin' (Kretschmer KZ 31 (1892): 456). However, Mayrhofer EWAia  s.v. dvi- says that dvika- (SB) replaces earlier avydya- (RV), which casts doubt on the  connection. The meaning 'fringe' can be identical with 'sheepskin' if we assume that it denoted  an edge made of sheepskin (Sommer 1905: 18f., 154').

XXXXXὦβά = oin 2. @yavov [n.] - κνημὶς ἁμάξης 'spoke of a wagon (wheel)', also mepiwyava: ἐπίσσωτρα. οἱ δὲ τὰς κνημίας αἵ περιπήγνυνται ταῖς ἁμάξαις 'felloes; spokes by which wagons are fixed (?)' (H.). «18 *h.eg- 'drive'>

    *ETYM von Blumenthal 1930: 7 assumed Illyrian origin, connecting *ueg"- 'to drive'    (see ▶︎ ἔχω 2). Rather to »&yw, though the formation is unclear (not a lengthened  grade like in ▶︎ ἀγωγή, as per Frisk 1938: 17f.).

@5q «ΝΑΙ ᾧδός. = ἀείδω.

XXXXXὠδίς, -ivog [f] 'throes of birth, that which is born (out of pains), metaph. 'strain' (A 271). 4PG(S)> 'ΑΒ Usually pl. -ivec. Later nom. -{v.

    *COMP δυσ-ώδινος 'accompanied by. severe birth-pangs' (AP).

===Pag_1727: Beekes_Página_1727.tiff===

, -ἔομαι

    *DER ὠδίνω [v.] (A 269) 'to have birth-pangs, be pregnant of something', metaph. 'to  experience heavy pains, tire oneself out, labour hard', also prefixed with ovv- etc. Thence aor. ὠδῖν-αι, -ῆσαι, -oacba, -θῆναι, fut. ddiv-@, -ἦσω (Hell.).

    *ETYM Formation like yAwy-iv-,; deAg-iv-, dkt-iv-, but the root is unclear. It is  tempting to connect ▶︎ ὀδύνη, but the long initial vowel of ὧδ- has not been  explained so far. Van Beek (p.c.) suggests an old reduplicated formation *h,e-h,d-i-  of the type Skt. cakri- 'doing' (< *k'e-k'r-i-} from the root *h,ed- 'to bite' (see on  ▶︎ ὀδύνη for a demarcation of the root). Note that Lith. todas 'gnat' does not require  a lengthened grade: it derives from *h,od-o- by Winter's Law. A connection with 'eat'  cannot be demonstrated in Greek (in spite of A. 415). Alternatively, the word may be Pre-Greek, becatise of the suffix -iv- (which is already  remarked by DELG).

XXXXXὠθέω, -ἐομαι [v.] 'to push, thrust, drive, push away or forward, drive out, throw back', med. also intr. 'to force one's way'.

    *VAR Aor. ὦσαι, -ασθαι, ind. ἔωσα, -ἄμην (Hom., Att), @oa, -άμην (epic Ion.),  ὥθησα (late), pass. ἐώσθην (X.), ὥσθην (late), fut. dow, -ομαι (IL), ὠθήσω C., E.,  Ar.), pass. ὠσθήσομαι (E., D.), perf. pass. ἔωσμαι (Th., X.), ptc. ἀπ-ωσμένος (Hdt.),  act. ἔωκα (Plu.).

    *COMP Mostly prefixed, e.g. with ἀπ-, 2&-, δι-, mpo-.

    *DER Deverbal formations: 1. ὦσις [f.] 'pushing (away or forward) (Hp., Th., Arist.),  also with ἄπ-, ἔξ-, πρό-, etc; further ὥθησις ff] 'id' (Hero, late), also with an-, ἐξ-,  δι-, ete. 2. ὡσμός [m.] 'id' (LXX, Hero, late medic.), also with an-, δι-, mpo-, etc; ὠσμή [f.]  'push' (pap. {II?]); ἔξτωσμα [n.] 'exile' (LXX). 3. ὥστης (σεισμός) 'earthquake' (Arist.), ἐξώστης ἄνεμος 'wind which throws the  ship off course' (Ion.), also with npo-, ἀπ- (late); ἀπ-ωστός 'repellable, repelled,  driven away' (Hdt., S.); ὠστικός 'pushing (away) (Arist., Epicur., Gal.), also with  an-, ἐξ-, προ-. 4. δι-ωστήρ {m.] (LXX, Paul. Aeg.), δι-ώστρα [{ (Ph. Bel, Hero Bel.), ἐξ-ώστρα  (Plb.), -wotpa [n-pl| (Delos III*) designations of different instruments and  machines. Secondary presents: 1. ὠθίζομαι 'to push each other, jostle, quarrel', -0w 'to push'  (Hat, late prose), , also with δι-, elo-, ἐπ- (δι-, συν-)ὠθισμός [m.] 'pushing, jostle,  quarrel (Hdt, Th, X., Plb.). 2. ὠστίζομαι 'to push about, jostle with someone' (Ar.);

XXXXXὠὡστισμός [m.] = ὠθισμός (Moeris).

    *ETYM The iterative present ὠθέω is clearly the basic form of the verb in Greek. A  link with the present ἔθει, the ptc. ἔθων, ἔθοντες and the nouns ἔθρις, ἔθειρα is  highly unlikely; see on these words for objections. It is therefore not clear a priori  that ὠθέω contains an old lengthened grade of the type πωλέομαι : πέλομαι (for  which cf. Schwyzer: 720). It is attractive to compare the optative in Av. vadaiidit 'he  may push back', and primary forms in Sanskrit, eg. aor. dvadhit 'he killed'. Kloekhorst 2008 s.v. further suggests that Hitt. buett-"'" 'to draw, pull, etc.' is  related. This nicely fits the long scansion of the initial vowel in Skt. avadhit (2 times). The fact that the Skt. root is set and that the Hittite verb is consistently spelled with a

===Pag_1728: Beekes_Página_1728.tiff=== XXXXXὠκύς 1677 geminate -ἐ- (Kloekhorst ibid.) point to ἃ root-final laryngeal. This means that we have to reconstruct a root h,uwed'h,, whence an iterative h.uod"h,-éie- yielded Greek w@éw. This explanation nicely accounts for the fact that initial F- is not evident for ὠθέω in Homeric scansion. The only problem is that we have to assume a pre-Homeric development awot'- > w0-. 'Oxea vg [m.] name of a river that surrounds the world, 'ocean' (since Il.). 4 PG(v)>

    *VAR  Oyny, -ῆνος (H), Qyevdg (γε, St. ΒΥ2.,, Ὥγηνός (Pherecyd. Syr. Fr. 2 Ὁ).

    *DER Oxeav-ic ff] 'of the ocean' (Pi, etc.), -ίδες [pl.] 'the daughters of the ocean'  (Call.), -ivn [f.] 'daughter of the ocean' (Hes.), -itig [1 'of the ocean' (Ὁ. H., AP,  etc.), -ἴται [m.pl.] 'inhabitants of the ocean coast' (St. Byz.), -(e tog 'belonging to the  ocean' (Gal., etc.), fem. -πάς (Nonn.), -ης [m.] old name of the river Nile (Ὁ. S.).

    *ETYM Since theidea of a world-river is not of IE origin, the word must be a loan. All  attempts to find an IE etymology have failed: eg. connection with Skt. a-sdyana-  'tying on', approximately equivalent to ἐπικείμενος (literature in WP 1, 358); from IE  *oky-eianos '(le dieu fleuve) qui a la marche rapide' (to ὠκύς and Skt. dyana-  'course'), Borgeaud IF 66 (1961): 4off. Further indications that the word is not inherited from Proto-Indo-European, but  rather Pre-Greek, are the variants with y instead of κ cited above. In the framework  of Pre-Greek, the alternation εἰὴ may be due to *@ or *@ influenced by the preceding  palatalized *'. This is confirmed by the following: as the influence of the palatal  must have been strongest in the immediately adjacent part of the vowel, and less in  the more remote part, this resulted in a sequence faa] which was rendered as -ea- in  Ὠκεανός. In other forms, the vowel was changed as a whole, which resulted in Ὠγήν. Therefore, I reconstruct a Pre-Greek form *a#kan (with ὦ- from *i-).

XXXXXὥκιμον {n.] 'basil, Ocimum Basilicum' (com., Thphr., Dsc.).

    *COMP ὠκιμο-ειδές [n.] 'like ὦ. (Nic.), used as an adverb; as a substantivized  adjective in -ἧἥς also name of several plants (Dsc., Ps.-Dsc., Gal.), ; cf. Stromberg  1940: 43; ὠκιμ- ὦδης 'id' (Thphr.), τινος 'made of ὦ. (Dsc.). '

    *DER Besides ὦκινον [n.] name of a fodder-plant, perhaps a kind of clover in Lat. dcinum (Cato, Varro, Plin.); dkivoc, ἄκονος {m.] 'wild basil, Calamintha graveolens'  (Dsc.).

    *ETYM Foreign words of unknown origin. Connection with ἀκή, ἄκαινα, etc. is at  best folk-etymological, and it does not explain the initial w-. The variants ἄκινος and  ἄκονος rather suggest a Pre-Greek origin.

XXXXXὠκύς fadj.) 'fast, swift' (IL, epic). <1E *h,oh,k-u- fast'>

    *VAR Super]. ὥκιστος (Hom.), ὠκύτατος (poet. since θ 331), compar. ὠκύτερος  (Pi.+), for earlier *doowv? Adverb ὦκα (Hom.).

    *COMP    Very frequent as a first member in poetic compounds, e.g. ὠκύ-πους, -ποδος 'swift-  footed', epithet of ἵππος (Il.). Disputed is ὠκύ-αλος, epithet of ναῦς (Hom., 5. lyr],  Mosch.., also of ῥιπή (Pi., Opp.), of πτερά (H.), as the name of a Phaiacean (θ 111), cf. Evpv-, Aorb-ahoc, where -αλος is taken as an obscured second member after ayxi-,  ἀμφί-αλος etc. Bechtel 1914 sv. Risch 1937 §74d, Sommer 1948: 69 connected

===Pag_1729: Beekes_Página_1729.tiff===

ἄλλομαι, and Ruijgh 1957: 165 (following sch. O 705 and H.) assumed that -αλος was only enlarging, like in ὁμαλός : ὁμός. As a second member in ποδ-ώκης, epithet of Ἀχιλλεύς and others, also πόδας ὠκύς, ὠκύ-πους (Il.); these compounds seem to presuppose a neuter wkoc. After this ἱππ- ὦκης, ἀνεμ-ώκης (B., E. [lyr.]).

    *DER Few derivatives: ὠκύτης (Dor. -tac) [f.] 'swiftness' (Pi., E.); enlarged ὠκήεντα  tépetpa (AP), verse-final. Ruijgh |.c. extensively discusses ὠκύς and its compounds  and derivations.

    *ETYM The archaic adjective ὠκύς was pushed away and replaced by ταχύς at an early  date. It is etymologically identical with Skt. asd- and Av. dsu- < QIE *HoHk-1-. It is  quite possible that the pre-form is actually IE *h,o-h,k-1- 'swift', and that it contains  the same root and suffix as *h,ek-uo- 'horse' (see on ▶︎ ἵππος}. Latin preserves the comparative Lat. dcior = Skt. dsiydn, Av. dsiia. Celtic only  preserved it in composition with a negative prefix, eg. W di-auc 'slow' < 'un-fast'. Lat. acu-pedius probably contains *h,ek- 'sharp', while it is possible that Lat. accipiter  'hawk, falcon' derives from an old zero grade *HHku-petro- 'fast-flying', cf. Gr. ὠκύπτερος. On the other hand, Greek also uses ὀξύ-, eg. in ὀξύ-πους 'swift-footed'  (E.), ὀξύ-πτερος 'with swift wings' (Aesop.), ὀξύτρροπος 'inclining swiftly' (PL.).

XXXXXὠλένη [f.] 'elbow, the curved arm, lower arny (poet. since h. Merc., also Luc.), also 'bundle of reed' < *'armful', 'reed-mat' (Ph. Rel., pap.), = Lat. torus (gloss.).

    <IE  *h,eHl-en- (vel sim.) 'elbow'>

    *COMP Few compounds: ὠλέ-κρᾶνον, also ὀλέ-κρᾶνον [n.] '(point of the) elbow'  (Hp. Ar, Arist.), dissimilated from *wAevd-xpavov; cf. on κρανίον. Thence  ὠλεκραν-ίζω, -ίζομαι (also ὀλ-) 'to push with the elbow (Com. Adesp., Phryn.);  ὠλενο-στρόφος [m.] 'plaiter of bundles or mats' (pap. ITI*); λευκ-ώλενος 'with white  elbows, white-armed' epithet especially of Hera (IL, epic poet.). Hypostasis ἐπ-  ὠλένιος 'at the arms' (h. Merc. A. R.).

    *DER WAév-to¢ 'in the elbow' (Arat.), -ίτης [m.] 'id' (Lyc.), of χόνδρος; ὠλεν-ίς [f.]  'small bundle or mat' (Poll.). Also ὠλήν, -évos [f.] 'id' (Suid.); the plur. acc. ὠλένας and gen. wAevwv (pap.) are  ambiguous; also ὠλλόν: τὴν τοῦ βραχίονος καμπήν 'the curve of the arm' (H.). Aékpava: τοὺς ἀγκῶνας 'elbows' (H., Phot.).

    *ETYM Within Greek, we find different ablauting variants of an n-stem: ὠλήν, -ένος  (cf. αὐχήν, -évoc), enlarged wAévn, and wAAdv < "ὠλνόν. Also, there is a short initial  vowel in ὀλέκρᾶνον < ὀλένο-κρᾶνον. Related words, mainly from European languages, are: Lat. ulna '(bone of the) elbow,  forearm' < *olen-, the Germanic group of OHG elina 'ell' < *alin-, and the Celtic  group of MW elin 'elbow' < *olén-. It may be that these ultimately go back on forms  with a long initial vowel *dlén-, *dlén-, which was shortened in pretonic position in  these languages (Dybo's Law). Balto-Slavic forms like Lith. tolektis, Latv. udlekts 'ell' < *HoHl-ek-ti-, OPr. alkunis,  Lith. alktiné (arch.) 'elbow' < *HHol-k- and OCS laket» [m.], Ru. lékot' 'id? <  *HHolkuti- show that the word was not an n-stem in PIE yet, and that the initial

===Pag_1730: Beekes_Página_1730.tiff=== XXXXXὦμος 1679 long vowel, which is acute in Baltic, must be due to ἃ pre-form HoHI-. It is possible that an n-stem was made to this form in the Western languages in late PIE. The n-stem is also found in Arm. uln, gen. ulan, nom.pl. ulun-k, but in the sense of 'vertebrae, neck'. A similar formation is shown by Arm. ofn, gen. ofin, plur. ofun-k 'dorsal vertebra, spine, back, shoulder' from IE *olen-, olon-. However, it is unclear if the semantic difference between Armenian and the other languages can be bridged (see now Martirosyan 2010 sv. uln. The precise reconstruction of Skt. aratni- [m.] 'elbow' is not quite clear, but cf. Lubotsky 1990; Skt. ἄπί- [m.] 'the part of the leg directly above the knee, axle-pir' does not belong here, see Pinault BSL 98 (2003).

XXXXXὠλίγγη [f.] 'wrinkle, small furrow, crow's-feet in the corner of the eye' (Poll, EM, AB), also 'short nap, short moment, instant'. < PG(s)>

    *VAR Also @Aty&? ὠλιγγία (H.).

    *DER wAtyylov: ὀλίγον 'few (EM, AB), -ἠΐϊον: ὀλίγον, βραχύτατον 'very short' (H.),  -1av- νυστάζειν 'to doze, take a nap' (H.).

    *ETYM Without a convincing connection. Not related to Skt. ali- [f.] 'stripe, line', as  this derives from *adi- (see Mayrhofer EWAia s.v.). The word is clearly of Pre-Greek  origin in view of the nasalized suffix -\(y)y-. The connection with ὦλαξ (EM), Dor. for ἄλοξ 'furrow' is certainly wrong.

XXXXXὦλκα [acc.sg.] 'furrow'. = ἄλοξ.

XXXXXὡμαλία [f.] 'similarity, average' in ἐφ᾽ ὠμαλίαν 'on average' (Hell. inscr. and pap.), see Mayser 1906-1938, I: 3: 27. 4 GRE

    *ETYM After the opposite ἀνωμαλία [f.] 'unevenness, unconformity' (Att, Hell. and  late), which derives from ἀν-ώμαλος (with compositional lengthening), see  ▶︎ ὁμαλός.

XXXXXὦμιλλα [f.] name of a game in which nuts or similar objects were thrown in a circle; also metaph. of a sociable meeting (Eup., Poll. H.). <?, PG?> ~

    *ETYM Unexplained, perhaps Pre-Greek in view of the suffix.

XXXXXὦμος [m.] 'shoulder, shoulder with the upper army' (II.).

    *DIAL Myc. e-po-mi-jo [du.] /ep-omi6/.

    *COMP As a first member e.g. in ὠμο-πλάτῃη (mostly plur. -at) [f.] 'shoulder-blade'  (Hp, X., Arist.). Numerous hypostases, e.g. é-wyic [f.] 'upper part of the shoulder, a  garment buttoned over the shoulder' (Hp. E., X.), ἐξ-υμίς [f.] 'tunic with one sleeve'  (Ar, X.), κατ-ωμαδόν, -άδιος 'down from the shoulders' (IL), ἐξ-μίζω [v.] 'to  denude the shoulders' (Ar.); on ἐπωμάδιος (Exoup-) see below.

    *DER 1. Diminutive @piov [n.] (AP). 2. ὠμία [f.] 'angle of a building' (LXX), semitism  acc. to Scheller 1951: 54, also a part of a riverbed (pap. II*). 3. ὠμίας: ὁ μεγάλους  ὥμους ἔχων, ὁ εὐρύστερνος 'who has large shoulders, or a large chest' (H., Poll.). 4. ὠμιαῖος 'belonging to the shoulders' (Arist., Gal.). 5. ὠμισάμενος [aor.ptc.] 'taking on  the shoulders' (Suid., Zonar.), whence -ἰστής 'carrier' (Hdn.).

===Pag_1731: Beekes_Página_1731.tiff===

    *ETYM Related are Skt. dmsa- [m.], Go. ams [m.] (acc. pl. amsans), Lat. umerus, U

XXXXXonse [loc.] 'in umero', Arm. us, gen. us-oy, ToA es, ToB dntse, most of which point to QIE omso-. ToA es [m.] 'shoulder, element, etc', and ToB antse [m.] 'id.; bough' go back to PTo. anse. ToA es has e from an before s, and in ToB, t-epenthesis is regular. The PTo. a-vocalism is problematic, as a development h,mC- or h,emC- > anC- is unexpected. The unclear gloss ἀμέοω: ὠμοπλάται (H.) is probably foreign in view of the preserved intervocalic -o-; cf. Latte ad loc. It is unnecessary to postulate a special lengthened grade IE dmso- for ὦμος. Rather, Aeol. ἐπομμάδιος (in Theoe. 29, 29 as a vl. for ἐπωμάδιος) most probably points to PGr. omso-. Dunkel 1995 has suggested that the forms with long vowel as a reflex of the first compensatory lengthening are survivals from Mycenaean (ie. borrowings into the poetic language).

XXXXXὠμός [adj.] 'raw, uncooked', metaph. 'hard, gruesome' (II.). 416 *HeHmo- 'raw'>

    *COMP Very frequent as a first member, e.g. ὠμ-ηστής, Dor. -τάς [m.] 'eating raw  flesh, ὠμο-φάγος, sanguinary, wild' (IL, epic poet.), a compound from ὠμός and éw  with a suffix -ta- and old contraction (cf. Skt. dmdd- 'id' from dma-ad-); ὠμ-ήλυσις  [[1 'grist from raw grains', especially in preparing a poultice (Hp.), from the root  *h,leu- of ▶︎ ἀλέω (the simplex *GAvotc was later replaced by ἄλεσις), with later folk-  etymological connection with λύσις, λύω ('peta ὡμῆς λύσεως", Dsc.). As a second  member in ἔν-ωμος 'something raw' (Hp.).

    *ETYM Old adjective for 'raw', identical with Skt. dmd- and Arm. hum < QIE *6mo-. The word probably represents *h,eHmos or *h,eh,mos (see Kortlandt 2003: 42, 73,  123, 163, 183). See also De Vaan 2008 s.v. amarus.

XXXXXὦνος [m.] 'purchase price, buy' (Hom., also A. R., Theoc., inscr. Delos [IH]*]).

    *VAR More usual is ὠνή (1A).

    *DIAL Dor. wvd, Aeol. ὄννα [f.] 'purchase, purchase-charter' (partly adapted to the  verb, e.g. ovvwv-n [late] from ovv-wvéouat). On Samian ονονημένα see Ringe Glotta  62 (1984): 45-56.

    *DER εὔ-ωνος 'at a good price, low-priced' (Epich., IA), -ώνης [m.] (from the verb or  closely related to it), e.g. τελ-ώνης 'toll-holder, levier of tax' (Att. Hell), ὦὥν-ιος  'buyable', ta ὥνια 'merchandise' (Epich., Att.), -πακός 'id.' (pap. [VIP], Just. Nov.). Denominative verb ὠνέομαι (Hes.+) 'to buy', also with ἀντι-, ἐκ-, ovv-, etc; aor. ὠνήσασθαι (Ion., also recent Att. for πρίασθαι), pass. ὠνηθῆναι, fut. ὠνήσομαι, Dor. 38g. wvacetta (Sophr.), pass. ὠνηθήσομαι (Theopomp. Com.), perf. (med. and  pass.) ἐώνημαι (Att.). Cret. also has the act. @véw 'to offer for sale, sell' (Leg. Gort. εἴς. Thence 1. ὥνημα [n.] 'buy (Att. inscr.), also βώνημα: εἴρημα. Λάκωνες (H.)? 2.

XXXXXὥνησις [f.] 'the buying' (Att. decree apud Poll.). 3. ὥνητής (Att.), ὠνατάς (Delphi II*) [m.] 'buyer', whence -ητιάω 'to be desirous of buying, wish to buy' (Thphr,, Ὁ. C., Poll.), -τωρ 'id? (late). 4. ὠνη-τός 'buyable, bought', e.g. of slaves (since ξ 202), -τικός 'desirous of buying' (Ph.). 5. Desiderative ὠνησείω 'wish to buy' (Ὁ. C.).

===Pag_1732: Beekes_Página_1732.tiff=== XXXXXὥρα 1681

    *ETYM Both ὠνέομαι and the old aor. πρίασθαι were replaced, in the course of time,  by ἀγοράζω and ἀγοράσαι. Beside ὦνος < *uds-no- (see below) stands Lat. vénum  (ace.) in vénum dare 'to give for sale', Arm. gin, gen. gn-oy 'purchase-price', both  from IE *uesno-. Ambiguous as to the vocalism is Skt. vasnd- [n.] (also [m.])  'puchase-price', whence vdsniya- 'vendible, venal' (cf. Gr. dvioc) and denominative  vasnaydti in the ptc. du. -aydnta 'to bargain', cf. Gr. wvéw, both reflecting *wos-n-  éie-. It is not necessary to posit an awkward lengthened grade pre-form *uds-no- for  ὦνος, see on ▶︎ Moc. The noun *ues-no-, *uos-no- belongs to a primary verb still  preserved in Hittite: 250. wasti, 38g. uasi 'to purchase, acquire' < *uos-e-i. A zero  grade *us-n- is preserved in the denominative verb usnije/a-% 'to offer for sale, sell'. Kloekhorst 2008 s.v. uSniie/a-' argues that this form shows that the noun for 'sale'  originally was an n-stem *uos-n; gen. *us-en-s, which was later thematicized in the  individual IE languages. This would nicely explain the different root vowels of  Armenian, Greek and Latin.

XXXXXφόν [n.] 'egg' (IA). 4 IE *h,dui-o- 'egg'>

    *VAR  ὠόν (Hell.), Wiov (Sapph.), also ὥεον (Epich., Ibyc., Semon., Hell. poetry);  Pea: ta Wa. Ἀργεῖοι (HL), if = ὥρξεα.

    *COMP As a first member e.g. in φο-τόκος 'laying eggs', whence -toxia, -τοκέω  (Arist.).

    *DER Diminutive ῳ-ὕφιον [n.] (Theognost., pap. ΠΡ), τώδης 'egg-shaped' (Arist.).

    *ETYM An old word for 'egg', preserved in several languages, but in various forms:  Lat. 6vum, OHG ei, ON egg < PGm. *ajia- [n.], in Iranian eg, MoP χᾶγα < Plr. *aya-  without a trace of -u-. In Slavic we find the diminutive OCS ajoce, Ru. jajcd « PSI. *aje- < IE *dio-. Arm. ju, gen. juoy (from *idio-?), Alb. ve, voe, and Celtic forms like  W wy have an unclear pre- form. The many attempts to obtain a unified account of the different forms have not lead  to a conclusive result. See the extensive and careful treatment by Schindler Sprache 15  (1969): 144 ff. (with rich lit.); there also on the possibility to connect the word for  'egg' with that for 'bird' (Lat. avis, etc.).

XXXXXὥρα [f.] 'season, year, time of day, hour, right time, florescence, time of ripening', plur. also personified 'the Hours' (I1.); Hell. and late also ὧρος [π1.] 'year' (gender perhaps after ἐνιαυτός), plur. ὦροι 'annals' (of Ionian writers). IE *Hieh,r-, Hioh,r- 'year'>

    *VAR Ion. ὥρη.

    *COMP E.g. ὠρη-φόρος 'leading on the seasons, bringing on the fruits in their  season', epithet of Demeter (h. Cer, Orph.), wpo-Adyov [n.] 'hour hand, sundial,  water clock' (Hell. and late), d-wpoc 'untimely, unpretty' (IA, Cret.), also dv-wpoc  and ἀ-ώριος 4. (Thphr.), évvé-wpoc 'nine years old' (Hom.), 'for nine hours'  (Herod.).

    *DER 1. Wp-aiog 'according to the season, timely, ripe, florescent, beautiful' (Hes.),  often substantivized, e.g. τἀ wpaia 'fruits of the season' (IA); on ὠραῖα γάμου see  Fatouros Glotta 54 (1976): 239f. Thence ὡραιότης [f.] 'florescence, beauty' (X., LXX),  -αἴζομαι, -άζομαι 'to be beautiful, blossom, act nobly' (Att. com.), also with év-, &&-;

===Pag_1733: Beekes_Página_1733.tiff===

-αἴζω, -άζω 'id' (Amorgos III), 'to make beautiful' (Aristid. Quint.), whence -αἱσμός, -αἱστής. 2. ὥρ-ιος (epic poet. since t 131, late prose), poet. for -αἷος, see Treu 1955: 230f. wp- ιαίνομαι, -taivw = -αἴζομαι, -αἴζω (Clearch, H.). 3. ὥρ-ιμος 'timely, ripe' (Leg. Gort., Herod., Hell. pap., AP), whence -ἰμότης, -ἰμαία, -ιμάζω. 4. ὡρικός 'florescent, youthful, beautiful' (Ar, Crates Com., Ael.). 5. ὠριαῖος 'for one hour' (Hipparch., Ptol.). 6. 'Qpits epithet of Apollo (Lyc.).

    *ETYM Greek ὥρα continues IE *HioH-r-h., which matches the Germanic cognates  Go. jer, OHG jar [n.] 'year' < PGm. *iéra- (n.], IE *Hieh,r-. In Slavic, we find CS jara  'spring' and (with an old r-stem) Av. yara [n.] 'year'. On a trace of the word in Latin hornus 'grown in this year' (supposedly from *ho-idr-  ino-, with a prefix like in OHG hiuru 'this year' < *hiu jaru), see De Vaan 2008 s.v. It  is probable that the word contains the root *Hiek,- 'to send'; for the semantics, we  may compare MoHG Geschick 'fate' from schicken 'to send'. A loan word from Greek is Lat. hora.

XXXXXὥρα [f] 'care, precaution, concern' (epic Ion. poet., Hes., late prose).

    <IE *uer- 'notice,  be attentive, care for'>



    *VAR Ion. ὥρη.

    *COMP As a second member in οὐδενόσ-ωρος 'worth no notice or regard', epithet of  τείχεα (Θ 178), of ὀστέον (Opp. H. 2, 478), cf. Bechtel 1914 s.v.; ὀλίγ-ωρος 'taking few  precautions, indifferent, reckless', whence ὀλιγωρέω, -wpia (IA). The same element  is contained in ▶︎ θεωρός, ▶︎ τιμωρός, but not in ▶︎ εὐθνωρία.

    *ETYM From *fwpa, with a lengthened grade like λώπη, λώγη, etc. and derived from  the root 'to be attentive, care for', which is also contained in ▶︎ ὁράω. Note the gloss  βῶροι (= F-)- ὀφθαλμοί 'eyes' (H.).

XXXXXὡρᾶκιάω [v.] 'to faint, be or become dizzy', later also 'to become pale' (Ar., late prose). 4 IE? *uoH-r- 'faint', PG?(s)>

    *VAR Also wp-; aor. -taoat Also wpakitw 'id' (EM).

    *ETYM As a verb of disease in -tdw, it probably derives from *dpak 'dizziness, vel  sim.', formed like véat, πλούταξ, κνώδαξ, etc. This in turn derives from a noun  Ἐῶρος or *dpa that could be identified with ON rar [f.p].] 'fits of mind-confusion' <  IE *uoH-rh,, and (with a suffix -ja-) ON érr 'dizzy' < IE *uoH-r-io-. On the  derivational type see Bjorck 1950: 26off. As a root etymology between only Greek and Germanic, the Indo-European  proposal is not strong. Because of the element -ἄκ-, the word could also be Pre-Greek.

XXXXXὥρη ([f.] designation of a part of a sacrificial animal (Ion.). =awpor1.

XXXXXὥρυγγες [m.pl.] 'striped or piebald horses, including zebras' (Opp. K. 1, 317). 4 PG(S)>

    *ETYM Fur.: 279 compares ὄρυξ 'a kind of gazelle in Libya' (Arist.). He asks whether  it is the same word as ὄρυς 'wild animal from Libya' (Hdt. 4, 192). The prenasalized  suffix -v(y)y- seems to point to a Pre-Greek word.

===Pag_1734: Beekes_Página_1734.tiff=== XXXXXὠτειλή 1683 ὠρυγή

    *VAR Also ὥρυγμα, Wpvypldc. Ξοὠρύομαι.

XXXXXὠρῦομαι [v.] 'to howl, cry, wail' (Pi. Hdt., Hell.). 418 *h,rewH- 'howl, roar'> 'ΑΚ Aor. ὡρύσασθαι (ἀν-, ἀντ-, KaT-).

    *DER ὠρῦδόν [adv.] 'howling' (Nic.), ὥρῦμα [n.] 'howling' (LXX), ὡρῦτός [m.] 'id.'  (Theognost.). Often enlarged with -y-: @pvy (Dor. -ἀ) [f.] (Erinn, Plu. Poll.),

XXXXXὠρυγμός [m.] (Ael, Longus, Poll), dpvypa [n.] (AP) 'id'; ὠρυκτάς [m.] (Dor.) 'howler, howling' (Hymn. Is.). Also ὠρυθμός [m.] 'id' (Opp., Q. 5.; also Theoc. as a v.l. beside -γμόςλ after κλαυθμός.

    *ETYM Cognate with Skt. rauti, ruvdti 'to howl, roar' (set-root rav'-), OCS rjuti 'id.',  isg. rove, which presupposes a root *HreuH-. This perfectly matches the Greek data,  which also point to a root-final laryngeal. Other cognates are Lat. rimor 'noise', Lat. ravis 'hoarseness', Y Av. uruuant- 'roaring'. Forms with a velar enlargement (like @pvyn) are found in Latin, eg. Lat. rigid 'to  roar', and in Ru. rykd¢', Lith. rikti 'id', 19g. rikiu. They remind of Gr. épvyeiv (see  ▶︎ ἐρεύγομαι 2, etc.), ὀρυγμάδες, ▶︎ ὀρυμαγδός, but it is unclear if they are old. Initial w- is unexplained; there is not enough evidence for a prefix w- in Greek (as    per Brugmann-Delbriick 1897-1916 2:2, 817, who compares Skt. ὦ ruva [ipv.] 'cry  with' (RV 1, 10, 4]).

XXXXXὡς 1 [adv., conj.] 'as, so far as', also temporal 'when', causal 'because', final 'therewith', perhaps also as an exclamation (I.).

    *VAR Dor. also ὦ.

    *DER To this ὥστε (Dor. ate), ὥσπερ, etc.

    *ETYM Old instrumental-ablative of the relative pronoun ὅς, like Av. γα [instr.], Skt. γᾶ! (abl.], IE *Hioh,, *Hidd. On the auslauting -ς see ▶︎ ἕως 2.

XXXXXὥς 2 [adv.] demonstrative: 'thus' (IL.). 4 IE *so->

    *VAR Note the accentuation of kai ὧς, οὐδ᾽ we, ὧδε (see Vendryes 1904).

    *ETYM Mostly interpreted to derive from an IE instr. *soh, from the demonstrative  *sa-, to- (see ▶︎ ὁ). Besides, τώς (τῶς) is found, from ▶︎ to-.

XXXXXὥς 3 [postpos.] 'as, like' (epic), e.g. ἴσαν ὄρνιθες ὥς (Γ 2). 41Ε *se, seue>

    *ETYM Because ὥς 'like' often makes position, it is usually derived from ἴξως < IE  *sud, beside *sué in Go. swe 'as, like'; cf. also OLat. suad 'sic' (Festus). See Chantraine  1942: 126.

XXXXXὡς 4[prep.] 'to' (p 218, Hdt., Att.) <?>

    *VAR  With acc., only with persons.

    *ETYM Origin unclear; several propositions in Schwyzer 1950: 534.

XXXXXὥσχη

    *VAR ὠσχοί. >oxn 2.

XXXXXὠτακουστέω -»οὖς,

XXXXXὠτειλή [f.] 'wound', especially referring to close combat in Hom. (Hom., Hp., X., Plu.); see Triimpy 1950: 93ff. <?, ΡΟ»

    *VAR Aeol. ὠτέλλα (gramm.).

===Pag_1735: Beekes_Página_1735.tiff===

    *DER ὠτειλόομαι [v.] 'to scar' (Hp., Aret.), also with περι-, év-; ὠτειλῆθεν from the  wound' (Orph.).

    *ETYM The formation is unclear, and the etymology is controversial. Greek  formations which are candidates to be cognate are γατάλαι: obAai (HL), if = fat-,

XXXXXοὐτάω [v.] 'to wound', βωτίε]άζειν: βάλλειν (H.), if = ἔωτ-, and (less probable) ἄτη 'damage, guilt, blindness' < Τἀράτη. Bechtel 1914 s.v. remarked that a pre-form dra- is possible everywhere in Homer except at τ 456. From other languages, Lith. votis 'ulcer' and and Latv. vats '(festering) wound' are compared, which seem to require ueh,-ti-. Direct connection of ὠτειλή with Lith. votélis (which is a diminutive from votis) should be rejected in any case. The word could well be Pre-Greek; this seems confirmed by the form fataA- in the first gloss: is 0- from prothetic a- before F-? atic, ὦτος ods.

XXXXXὠφελέω = ὄφελος under ὀφέλλω 2.

XXXXXὠχρός [adj] 'pale, sallow' (IA), on the mg. see Capelle RAM 101 (1958): 23ff. <?>

    *COMP Some compounds, e.g. ὠχρο-μέλας 'dark and sallow', said of somebody who  suffers from jaundice (medic.), cf. Risch IF 59 (1949): 60; ἔξτωχρος 'very pale' (Arist.,  Thphr., Aret.), see Stromberg 1946: 68.

    *DER 1. ὦχρος [m.] 'paleness' (Γ 35; after this AP et al.), usually name of a sallow-  colored leguminous plant, 'birds' pease, Lathyrus Ochrus' (com. IV', Arist., Thphr.,  Hell. pap.). On the gender see below. 2. dxpa [f.] 'sallow color, ochre-color' (Arist.,  Thphr., Hell. pap.); also = ἐρυσίβη, 'mildew' (LXX), in this sense also wxpia [f.]  (EM). 3. ὠχρίας [m.] 'man with a pale hue' (Arist.). 4. -ὁτης [f.] 'paleness' (Pl,  Arist.), -oobvn [f.] 'id.' (late). 5. verbs: ὠχρῆσαι [aor.] 'to become pale' (A 529, Aret.,  AP), also with κατ- (kat-)wyptdiw 'id' (Ar, Arist, Babr.), whence -ίασις (late);  wxpaive 'to become pale' (Nic.), 'to make pale' (Orph.), -αίνομαι 'to become pale' (δ. E., Sor.), whence -αντικῶς [adv.] 'making pale' (S. E.).

    *ETYM The connection with Skt. vyaghrd- [m.] 'tiger' is untenable for formal reasons  (what would the element w- = -d- have to represent, and what is vi-?). Wackernagel  hesitatingly supposed (see Wackernagel 1916: 234f.) that a neuter ὦχρος (like  μάκρος! μακρός) would have replaced an older Ἰὦχος [n.] in Homer, like αἶσχος to  αἰσχρός, ψῦχος to ψυχρός, etc. *wy 'eye, face, countenance' (Hom.). 418 *h,ek'- 'see'>

    *VAR The gender is disputed: fem. acc. to EM 344, 55; msc. acc. to Ar. Byz., Eust. and  other sources (probably after ὀφθαλμός; cf. EM 233, 32); ntr. acc. to Sommer 1948: 10. Old only in fixed expressions ▶︎ ἐνῶπα (only in kat' év@na), εἰς ὦπα 'in the face, eye  in eye' (Hom., Hes.); recent forms are ὥπεσσι [dat.pl.] (Max.), μεγάλους ὦπας  (acc.pl.] (Ar. Byz.), etc, τὰ ὦπα (Pl. Cra. 409 regarding an etymology).

    *COMP As a second member in ▶︎ éAikwy, ▶︎ μύωψ and other forms; these may have  compositional lengthening (Schwyzer: 426'). To this numerous feminine formations,  e.g. ἑλικ-ὦπις, βο-ὥπις (perhaps originally -ὠπῖς < *-iH-s, see Chantraine 1942: 208  and Ruijgh 1995: 76f.

===Pag_1736: Beekes_Página_1736.tiff=== XXXXXτῶψ 1685

    *DER Hypostases: on ἐν-ὦπιος, -lov, -f, 5866» ἐνῶπα; ἐξ-ώπιος 'out of sight, without'  (E.); εἰσ-ωπός (to εἰς ὦπα) 'face to face, right in front of (Ὁ 653, A. R, Arat.); ὑπ-ὠπια [n.pl.] 'part of the face below the eyes, bruise under the eyes' (since M 463),  rarely -tov [sg.]; μέττωπον, ▶︎ πρόσωπον. Further derivations: 1. ὠπ-ή [f.] 'sight, view (A. R., Nic.). 2. dma: ὀφρύδια 'eyebrows'  (H.). 3. ὠπάω [v.] 'to observe' in ὠπῶντες (EM 322, 9 regarding éAix-wnec), med. aor. ὠπήσασθαι (Opp.), fut. -ἤσεσθαι: ὄψεσθαι (H.). With prefix ἐπτωπάω [v.] 'to  contemplate, overview, supervise' (A.), to which ἐπτωπή [f.] 'observation post, watch'  (A. Supp. 539 [lyr.}), TN'Enwnn = Ἀκροκόρινθος (St. B.), -eb¢ [m.] eponymous name  of kings (Apollod.), name or epithet of a god (Mycale [IV7]), Ἑκωπίς: Δημήτηρ παρὰ  Σικυωνίοις and -ίδες: ἐπίσκοποι, ἀκόλουθοι παρὰ Λακεδαιμονίοις 'watchmen,  followers (Lacon.), also -της: Ζεὺς παρὰ ᾿Αθηναίοις (H.). Enlarged ἐπωπάζει: ἐφορᾷ,  ἐποπτεύει 'to oversee, observe' (H.).

    *ETYM Old formation with lengthened grade beside ▶︎ Oy 'eye, face'; see on ▶︎ ὄπωπα  for further connections.